Legal and Government policy framework
The mitigation and management of aircraft noise is heavily informed by national and international initiatives and regulation imposed by:
• The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO);
• The UK and Scottish Government;
• Local authorities; and
• Glasgow Airport itself.
3.1 ICAO and the ‘Balanced Approach’
ICAO is a specialised agency of the United Nations, created to promote the safe and orderly development of international civil aviation throughout the world. It sets standards and regulations necessary for aviation safety, security, efficiency and regularity, as well as for aviation environmental protection. After a Standard is adopted it is put into effect by each ICAO member state in its own territories.
ICAO recognises that aircraft noise is the most significant cause of adverse community reaction related to the operation and expansion of airports and it requires all of its member states to adhere to an approach to managing aircraft noise known as the ‘Balanced Approach’. The Balanced Approach (see Figure 1) aims to address noise management in an environmentally responsive and economically responsible way, and encompasses four principal elements:
1
2
3
4 Reduction of noise at source; Land-use planning and management; Noise abatement operational procedures; and Operating restrictions on aircraft.
• Aircraft Design
• Aircraft Systems
• Engine Design
• Ground Supply Solutions
• Modified Aircraft Operations
• Modified Airspace Operations
• Modified Airport Operations
• Voluntary Codes of Practice
• Insulation Schemes
• National Planning Policy Framework
• Noise preferential routes
Our Noise Action Plan embraces the Balanced Approach and the plan outlined in Section 7 adopts this format. As we recognise the importance of engagement with our local communities, we have added an additional pillar to the Balanced Approach titled ‘working with our local communities’. This is in alignment with the Sustainable Aviation Noise Roadmap4.
ICAO is also responsible for aircraft certification and it has set progressively tighter certification standards for noise emissions from civil aircraft. Aircraft operating in member states must conform to these standards, which are known as ‘Chapters’.
4The
• Sharing best practice
• Agreed Noise Metrics
• Community Meetings
• Online media/track displays
European Union
Whilst the UK has left the European Union, many of its directives have been mapped across to UK legislation. For example, the Environmental Noise Regulations (Scotland) 2006 (as amended) has mapped across the requirements of the Environmental Noise Directive (EC Directive 2002/49) for major airports to produce strategic noise maps and Noise Action Plans every five years.
3.3 UK and Scottish Government
3.3.1 Current Government policy framework
The UK Government plays an important role in setting policy for aviation noise management. The Civil Aviation Acts of 1982 and 2006 granted the UK Government the power to introduce mitigation and noise control measures. The 2013 Aviation Policy Framework set out the challenges of noise control at airports and noted the UK Government’s recognition of the Balanced Approach principle of aircraft noise management. More recently, the UK Government has published, and consulted on, its Airspace Policy framework5. The UK Government has also published the Air Navigation Guidance6, which provides guidance to the CAA on its environmental objectives when carrying out its air navigation functions, and to the CAA and wider industry on airspace and noise management. The UK Government’s consultation response on the Airspace Policy provides an update to some of the policies on aviation noise outlined in the Aviation Policy Framework and should be viewed as current UK Government policy. Whilst the UK Government has also published recommendations for its long-term plan for sustainable aviation growth in the Aviation 2050 green paper, the UK Government has yet to fully respond to the consultation, so the recommendations contained within the paper are not yet current UK Government policy.
In March 2023 the Department for Transport published their new overarching aviation noise policy statement:
The government’s overall policy on aviation noise is to balance the economic and consumer benefits of aviation against their social and health implications in line with the International Civil Aviation Organisation’s Balanced Approach to Aircraft Noise Management. This should take into account the local and national context of both passenger and freight operations, and recognise the additional health impacts of night flights.
The impact of aviation noise must be mitigated as much as is practicable and realistic to do so, limiting, and where possible reducing, the total adverse impacts on health and quality of life from aviation noise.
Noise is addressed in the Scottish Government’s National Planning Framework 4 through Policy 23 ‘Health and Safety’ which ensures that noise is taken into account in planning decisions to protect health and wellbeing. This includes the principal of ‘agent of change’ which requires that where an application is made for noise sensitive development which is likely to be affected by existing sources of noise such as an airport, the applicant for the new development is required to demonstrate both that they have assessed the potential impact on occupants of the proposed development and that the proposed design incorporates appropriate measures to mitigate this impact.
3.3.2 Aviation noise compensation policy
The UK Government’s current policy on compensation and insulation is contained within the Aviation Policy Framework and is modified by the UK Government’s Airspace Policy and consultation response. The UK Government expects airport operators to offer financial assistance towards insulation for residential properties and noisesensitive buildings such as schools and hospitals exposed to aviation noise of 63dBLAeq,16h and above.
Our proposed extension to the Noise Insulation Scheme (see Section 6) goes beyond these UK Government requirements.
3.3.3 The Independent Commission on Civil Aviation Noise
The Independent Commission on Civil Aviation Noise (ICCAN) was active from November 2018 to September 2021. During this time, ICCAN’s role was to create, compile and disseminate best practice to the aviation industry on the management of civil aviation noise and to advise UK Government in this area. ICCAN published several reports and guidance documents relating to aviation noise metrics and measurements; engagement with local communities; links between aviation noise and health; and airport noise insulation schemes.
Glasgow airport, through its membership of Sustainable Aviation, engaged heavily with ICCAN on several of its initiatives including guidance on noise metrics, the ICCAN noise attitudes survey, future of aviation noise management and handling of noise complaints.
We have carefully considered ICCAN’s publications in the development of our Noise Insulation Scheme, the way we engage with our local communities and other noise mitigation measures. We will continue to engage with the CAA who adopted the majority of ICCAN’s former functions in April 2022 and will take into account any best practice and guidance documentation that they publish.
3.3.4 Thresholds for assessing noise impacts
Long term exposure to environmental noise such as road, rail and aircraft noise can lead to adverse impacts on health and quality of life. This is recognised and addressed in UK Government noise policy which aims to avoid, mitigate and minimise the adverse impacts of noise on health, in the context of sustainable development. Glasgow Airport shares these objectives and has adopted them as part of our Noise Action Plan.
Thresholds for noise assessment are defined in current UK Government policy in terms of the Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL). The LOAEL is the level above which adverse effects on health and quality of life can be detected. Current UK Government policy proposes a LOAEL of 51dBLAeq,16h based on the most recent large-scale research study in the UK on aircraft noise7.
A night-time LOAEL of 45dBLAeq,8h is also proposed in the UK Government policy, based on the UK Government’s current monetisation methodology (known as WebTAG)8 and the World Health Organization’s methodological guidance for estimating the burden of disease from environmental noise9. Glasgow Airport supports such proposals to assess noise down to these thresholds and we have reflected this in our annual noise mapping.
7CAP1506: Survey of Noise Attitudes 2014: Aircraft Noise and Annoyance, Second Edition
8Guide to WebTAG Noise Appraisal for non-experts, Department for Transport, 2017
9Methodological guidance for estimating the burden of disease from environmental noise, World Health Organization Regional Office For Europe, 2012
