RICEM 1 | ENGLISH VERSION | COLÉGIO ÁBACO

EDITORIAL TEAM

Editors Andrea Bortolotto

Guilherme Bergaro

English Text Review

Access International School Team

Creation and Layout

Isabela Pascoaso Rodrigo Fiorito

We are very proud to present the first edition of the High School Scientific Initiation Journal, a milestone in the history of our school. This project was born from my desire to create a space where our students can share their discoveries, ideas, and research, fostering scientific knowledge. With the help of teachers Andrea Bortolotto and Guilherme Bergaro, the journal took shape and is now in your hands.

Ábaco has always been committed to investing in various areas of knowledge. Science, in particular, is one of the keys to understanding the world around us and transforming it for the better. It is with this vision that we launch this journal, which now becomes yet another tool for learning and growth.

It is also a great pleasure to organize the 1st Scientific Initiation Congress of the school, an event aimed at bringing together students and teachers to exchange experiences and celebrate knowledge.

I would like to thank the entire teaching staff and the students who worked hard to make this dream a reality. I wish you all a great read!

Rodolfo Saad General Director of the Ábaco Group

EDITORIAL

It is with great pleasure that we present the first publication of RICEM, which showcases the final product of the scientific research process developed by High School students. Over the course of six trimesters, the students learned to recognize the main characteristics that distinguish scientific knowledge from other types of knowledge—such as mythological, philosophical, metaphysical, and traditional knowledge. After this stage, the students chose their research topics without any external interference. These topics were refined and narrowed down until they developed sufficient criteria to identify reliable scientific sources that underpinned their research. As a final step, they individually wrote their articles, which were compiled into a research line, resulting in the works published here.

This publication gathers a selection of these articles and serves to disseminate the initial steps of their journey into the world of scientific research.

Therefore, welcome to the first edition of RICEM, and we wish everyone an enriching and stimulating read.

Editors

Andrea Bortolotto Guilherme Bergaro Sagula de Almeida

PORTUGUESE VERSION

For those who wish to explore the Portuguese version, click the link below. Then, you’ll be directed to the Portuguese edition of our handbook and will be able to navigate all texts and scientific discoveries made by our students.

PORTUGUESE VERSION

ARTICLE 01. COLD WAR: REVOLUTION IN AVIATION

ARTICLE 02. IMPACT OF NUTRITION AND GASTRONOMY INTEGRATED WITH REGULAR PHYSICAL EXERCISE

ARTICLE 03. THE SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL INFLUENCES OF INDIVIDUALISM IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY CAUSED BY THE CAPITALIST SYSTEM: A LITERATURE REVIEW

ARTICLE 04. THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES

ARTICLE 05. COLOR PSYCHOLOGY AND CINEMATIC MAKEUP

06 69 17 86 27 95 41 105 51

ARTICLE 06. ANALYSIS OF THE NEED FOR INVESTMENTS IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS IN BRAZIL: USING HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS AS A PARAMETER

123

ARTICLE 07. THE RELATION BETWEEN MUSIC AND PSYCHOLOGY: THE EMOTIONAL BENEFITS AND DETRIMENTS IN HIGH PERFORMANCE

ARTICLE 08. GAMES AS A TOOL FOR THE COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS

ARTICLE 09. BRAIN REACTIONS: IMPACTS ON MEDICAL TREATMENTS

ARTICLE 10. REALISM IN 3D GAME GRAPHICS AND ITS IMMINENT PLATEAU

COLD WAR: REVOLUTION IN AVIATION

Laleska Rocha Ramos

Lucas Veloso Guerra

Patrick Storch De Souza

This paper examines the impact of the Cold War on technological advancements in aviation, highlighting how the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union drove significant progress in aircraft and security systems. During the Cold War, the arms race and the pursuit of air superiority led both blocs to invest heavily in research and development. Key innovations include the development of winglets, which reduced aerodynamic drag and improved fuel efficiency; variable geometry wings, which allowed aircraft to adjust their aerodynamic characteristics during flight, enhancing versatility; and advancements in cockpit design, transitioning to automated systems and implementing the “Glass Cockpit,” resulting in more intuitive and safer controls. Additionally, automatic devices, such as ground proximity alerts, significantly enhanced operational safety. These innovations impacted both military aviation, with more efficient fighters and bombers, and commercial aviation, with faster and more economical aircraft. In conclusion, the Cold War acted as a catalyst for lasting transformations in aviation, reflecting the interaction between geopolitical competition and technological innovation, with legacies that continue to shape modern aviation.

KEYWORDS: Aerodynamics, Aviation, Geopolitics, History, Safety.

1. Introduction

The human desire to fly has existed since ancient times, as exemplified by the myth of Daedalus and Icarus, who built wings made of feathers and wax to escape from captivity under King Midas. Throughout history, mathematicians, engineers, and scientists attempted to design a manned machine capable of sustained flight. It was only in 1783, however, that the first manned flight was achieved by the Montgolfier brothers in a hot air balloon.

From that moment, interest in developing both lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air aircraft (balloons and planes) grew steadily. In the early 1900s, two key figures emerged in the design of flying machines: the Wright brothers and Santos Dumont, who created the Flyer and the 14-bis, respectively. These achievements revolutionized aircraft construction and drew significant attention to this new technology.

Following the two world wars, during the Cold War, aviation technology began to be used by governments as a tool for warfare and espionage. This period saw the development of supersonic and stealth aircraft, leading to new technologies designed to meet the complex needs of avionic systems and structures. Consequently, the Cold War era became marked by an exponential leap in the development of aviation mechanisms.

This paper explores the key geopolitical factors of the Cold War that influenced this evolution. Additionally, it presents the aeronautical engineering advancements from this period and their contributions to the broader development of aviation.

2. Geopolitical Context Of Cold War

The Cold War was a period of intense political, ideological, economic, and military rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as their respective allies, lasting from the end of World War II until the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Although this conflict never escalated into direct military confrontation between the superpowers, it deeply influenced global geopolitics and affected the daily lives of

millions of people. The division of the world into two opposing blocs the Western bloc, led by the United States and supported by NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), and the Eastern bloc, led by the Soviet Union and backed by the Warsaw Pact defined international relations during this time.

One of the most significant aspects of this era was the arms and technological race. In this bipolar geopolitical context, an intense competition emerged across various fronts, including military aviation. Both superpowers sought to establish air superiority as a critical component of their deterrence strategies. This practice resulted in an unprecedented acceleration of technological innovation and development, with both sides investing massively in new aircraft technologies and designs.

3. Technological Advances In Aeronautics During Cold War

3.1.

Aerodynamic Development

In the context of Cold War aeronautical engineering, several aerodynamic technologies significantly boosted aircraft performance. Among them, two stand out: winglets and variable geometry wings.

3.1.1.

Winglets

The development of winglets, also known as wingtip devices, arose from the need to address the challenges posed by airflow over the wings, which is directly related to flight conditions such as relative airspeed, angle of attack, and the resulting lift force. These problems are evident through the formation of vortex trails behind the aircraft.

A vortex is an airflow with a tapered geometry, caused by the pressure difference between the area below and above the wing (FERRI, 2016, p. 44). This airflow can result in various consequences related to induced drag and affect the flight quality of aircraft on the same route, as they may experience severe turbulence due to air instability, a phenomenon also known as "wake turbulence." Thus, the need for the creation of wingtip devices arises.

The concept of winglets was originally proposed by Richard Whitcomb, an American aeronautical engineer, in the 1970s. Whitcomb observed that wingtips generate significant drag due to the formation of wingtip vortices, which reduced flight efficiency. He suggested that adding small vertical extensions at the wingtips could reduce these

vortices and, consequently, decrease aerodynamic drag (BARGSTEN, 2011, p. 1516).

By installing winglets at the wingtips, these small vertical extensions alter the airflow pattern around the wingtip (Figure1). This reduces the intensity and size of wingtip vortices, thereby decreasing induced drag. The reduction in drag allows aircraft to fly more efficiently, saving fuel and increasing range.

Source: NASA Glenn Research

Furthermore, winglets, in addition to reducing induced drag, can also enhance lift and improve directional stability during flight. Depending on the angle at which these devices are installed, they can generate lift through vortices and even contribute to thrust.

3.1.2.

Variable Geometry Wings

Variable geometry wings, also known as adjustable wings, are a type of wing capable of altering their shape and/or position during flight to adapt to different operating conditions. This adjustment capability may include variations in wingspan, angle of incidence, wing shape, or even the position of control surfaces (Min; Khac; Richard, 2010, p. 188).

Figure 1- Winglet

This technology allows an aircraft to adjust its aerodynamic characteristics according to the specific requirements of each phase of flight, such as takeoff, cruising, combat maneuvers (in the case of military aircraft), and landing.

There are various types of variable geometry wings, achieved through different processes: rotation, contraction, and inflation. In the context of the Cold War, morphing wings were developed using wing rotation processes, specific rotations within the same horizontal plane.

The first aircraft to adopt this new technology were military aircraft, such as the F-14 Tomcat (Figure 2). This is a military aircraft capable of reaching supersonic speeds, requiring structures that are favorable for both low-speed operations, such as takeoff and landing, and high-speed conditions, such as cruising or combat.

Source: NASA Photo, 1979

However, these requirements are aerodynamically conflicting. The greater the wing angle relative to the aircraft's longitudinal axis, the more lift is generated at low speeds, but this also increases drag. On the other hand, delta-shaped aircraft experience reduced drag at high speeds but produced less lift at low speeds.

To address these challenges, engineers developed wings that can move forward or backward depending on the flight phase. The most well-known example of wing retraction occurs during supersonic flights, which require a triangular geometry.

Figure 2: F-14 Tomcat

Thus, variable geometry wings are a technology that has allowed the development of increasingly versatile aircraft through small structural adjustments made during flight.

3.2. Cockpit Design Development And Safety

3.2.1.

Cockpits

Specifically in the cockpits of commercial aircraft, progress reflects continuous technological development and adjustments to safety and operational efficiency requirements, emphasizing the importance of ergonomics. Therefore, it is essential to examine how this evolution has been impacting flight safety.

According to Henriqson and Carim Júnior (2011, p. 36), "in the 20th century, aircraft cockpits were designed with numerous instruments to provide pilots with sufficient data to ensure flight safety. However, the current emphasis is on delivering information in a clear and direct manner, avoiding overwhelming the pilot with unnecessary data."

Coombs (2005) notes that with the widespread introduction of jet engines in commercial aircraft around 1955, independent measurement instruments, such as the pitot system, were installed to ensure that each pilot had access to their own set of instruments, thus preventing incidents resulting from incorrect readings or equipment failures.

In the 1970s, there was a rapid integration of automated devices into cockpits, aimed at improving flight safety, practicality, and efficiency. These devices automated systems that were previously operated manually, such as Ground Proximity Warning Systems (GPWS) and stall detection, helping crews to identify imminent dangers and consequently reducing the need for certain roles in the cockpit. With the launch of the Airbus A300 in 1974, the company introduced the concept of the "Forward Facing Crew Cockpit," referring to the crew being positioned forward in the cockpit, as the flight engineer, whose lateral position was once necessary, was no longer required.

In the 1990s, Airbus revolutionized cockpit design with the launch of the A319/20/21/30/40 models. These aircraft introduced the principles of the Glass Cockpit, replacing analog displays with digital ones. Additionally, the primary control of the aircraft was managed by autopilot and the Flight Management System, with engine thrust control integrated into the system, replacing traditional throttle levers with an automatic thrust system.

3.2.2.

Safety

In an industry that seeks to minimize the number of aviation accidents, increasingly technological work environments can pose a challenge for pilots, as they do not always account for their physical and mental limitations (Gomes do Carmo, 2022, p. 13). The accident involving an Airbus A-320 in France in 1996 was caused by an error in inputting, programming, and monitoring the pilot’s parameters. Additionally, it highlighted the crew's lack of preparedness in adequately managing the aircraft’s automation.

In 2007, a TAM Airbus A-320 crashed due to the complexity of the automation system. The pilots had to create simplified mental models to interact with the aircraft, but these were insufficient in complex situations. This incident emphasized the importance of alert systems in maintaining the crew's situational awareness (Carmo & Hasse, 2011, p. 84).

According to ANAC (Brazil, 2018), the implementation of an Operational Safety Management System (SGSO) improves global civil aviation safety. Intensive safety prevention programs and the dissemination of the SGSO have helped reduce accidents in Brazil. The introduction of Crew Resource Management (CRM) also aims to improve safety by enhancing situational awareness, decision-making, communication, and stress management due to the cognitive load caused by automation. CRM training benefits aviation by addressing human errors.

Therefore, flight safety is a top priority in modern aviation, and a wide range of tools and technologies are employed to ensure the safety of passengers, crew, and aircraft. These tools include advanced onboard systems and rigorous operational protocols and regulatory safety measures.

Modern commercial aircraft are equipped with sophisticated navigation and flight control systems, including GPS (Global Positioning System), satellite navigation systems, and autopilot. These systems assist pilots in maintaining precise control of the aircraft, even in adverse weather conditions or on complex routes.

Flight safety also depends on effective communication and cooperation among stakeholders, including pilots, air traffic controllers, airlines, aircraft manufacturers, regulatory authorities, and accident investigation organizations. These parties work

together to identify and address safety issues, share information about incidents, and implement corrective measures to improve overall aviation safety.

All these tools have been implemented as technological advancements expanded, creating safer and more efficient systems for transporting passengers.

4. Conclusion

The Cold War, characterized by intense rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, significantly propelled technological advancements across various fields, particularly in aviation. The arms race and the quest for technological superiority led both sides to invest heavily in aeronautical research and development. Notable innovations emerged in flight safety and control systems. The introduction of inertial navigation systems, the development of advanced flight control systems, and the integration of digital technology in aircraft contributed to a leap in the precision and reliability of military and, consequently, commercial airplanes. These advancements laid the groundwork for modern aviation systems that ensure high levels of safety and operational efficiency today.

Simultaneously, the aerodynamics of wings also saw substantial benefits during the Cold War. The competition for air superiority spurred the development of more efficient wing profiles and the use of lighter, stronger materials. Technologies such as delta wings, swept wings, and advanced control surfaces were refined to enhance highspeed performance and maneuverability of aircraft. These innovations not only increased the operational capacity of fighters and bombers but also directly influenced the design of civilian aircraft, resulting in faster, more economical, and longer-range planes. The aerodynamic research conducted during this period established the foundations for modern aviation, enabling the exploration of new concepts that continued to evolve in the following decades.

In conclusion, the Cold War served as a catalyst for significant advancements in aviation, with lasting implications in both military and civilian spheres. The progress in safety and flight control, alongside innovations in wing aerodynamics, underscores how pressure and competition can accelerate technological development. Today, we reap the benefits of these innovations, which have not only improved the efficiency and safety of aircraft but also expanded the boundaries of what is possible in aviation.

Therefore, the legacy of the Cold War is evident in the advanced technologies that shape the present and future of global aviation.

References

BARGSTEN, Clayton; GIBSON, Malcom. NASA Innovation in Aeronautics: Winglets, Striving for Wingtip Efficiency. Disponível em: https://lf5422.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/11/nasa_innovation_in_aeronautics.pdf. Acesso em: 9 set. 2023.

BORBA GOMES, Jerônimo. Segurança de voo: tecnologia na operação da aviação civil. 2019. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação em Ciências Aeronáuticas) – Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, 2019.

FERREIRA SILVA, Bruno. Fatores de risco a bordo das aeronaves comerciais relacionados à automação. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação em Ciências Aeronáuticas) – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2020.

FERRI, Rodrigo. Visão geral sobre os dispositivos de ponta de asa e os princípios físicos envolvidos na sua dinâmica operacional. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Aeronáutica) -Universidade de Taubaté, 2016.

GOMER DO CARMO, João Victor. A evolução das cabines de comando e a necessidade de adaptação aos fatores humanos. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Graduação em Ciências Aeronáuticas) – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás Escola Politécnica, 2022.

GUERREIRO, E. C. História da aviação: o legado de Alberto Santos Dumont e dos irmãos Wright. Unisul Digital / UNISUL, v. 36, n. 1, p. 1-37, 2023. Disponível em: https://repositorio.animaeducacao.com.br/bitstream/ANIMA/33236/1/VFD_EMER SONGUERRERO.PDFA.pdf.

HENRIQSON, Éder; CÉSAR JUNIOR CARIM, Guido; WAJNBERG GAMERMANN, Ronaldo. Fatores humanos no design de cabines de comando. In: Revista Conexão Sipaer, v. 2, n. 2, Brasília, Cenipa, 2011, p. 13-44.

LORENZINI COELHO, Maurício; HASSE, Margareth. Neurocognição e o emprego de aeronaves tecnologicamente avançadas: Um novo campo a ser explorado na segurança de voo. In: Revista Conexão Sipaer, v. 9, n. 3, Brasília, Cenipa, 2018, p. 82-90.

MIN, Zheng; KHAC, Vu; RICHARD, Liew. Aircraft morphing wing concepts with radical geometry change. The IES J. Part A: Civil & Structural Engineering, v. 3, n. 3, p. 188–195, 2010.

QUEVEDO, J. O.; Watchmen e o contexto histórico da guerra fria. 1.ed. Usp. p. 1-52. 2014.

Disponível em:http://repositorio.upf.br/bitstream/riupf/458/1/PF2014Jean_de_Oliveira_Quevedo. pdf.

RICCO, M. F. F.; ALMEIDA, C. A. A aviação e a segurança de voo em um contexto evolutivo da ciência. Revista da UNIFA, v. 33, n. 1, p. 36-42, 2020. Disponível em : https://dx.doi.org/10.22480/rev.unifa.v33n1. Acesso em: 1 mar. 2024.

SCHRAMM, J. F. O domínio do ar: surgimento, impacto e evolução do poder aéreo nas duas grandes guerras mundiais. Revista da UNIFA, v. 32, n. 2, p. 37-46, 2019. Disponível em: https://dx.doi.org/10.22480/rev.unifa.v32n2.444. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2024.

IMPACT OF NUTRITION AND GASTRONOMY INTEGRATED WITH REGULAR PHYSICAL EXERCISE

Antônio José Souza Pessolato

Arthur Henrique Broll

Lucas Bispo Zanatta

Lucas Sichel Daré

Luigi Catto Lazzarutti

Manuela Macedo Santiago

This article aims to discuss the impact of nutrition and gastronomy when associated with regular physical exercise, focusing on essential macronutrients: lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. It also addresses how the appearance and taste of meals can positively influence adherence to diets, helping people follow their meal plans more effectively. Furthermore, the relationship between physical exercise, balanced eating, and increased muscle hypertrophy will be explored, highlighting the importance of proper planning to maximize results. The text will also analyze the effects of creatine supplementation, emphasizing its benefits for muscle strength production and hypertrophy, as well as the mechanisms that support these effects. The goal is to make healthy habits more accessible and practical for everyone, providing both athletes and beginners with the opportunity to adopt a healthier and more active lifestyle. Additionally, it aims to combat health issues related to poor diet and inadequate nutrition by promoting awareness of the importance of a balanced diet combined with regular physical exercise.

KEYWORDS: lipids; proteins; carbohydrates; supplements; physical exercise; nutrition.

1. Introduction

Nutrition and gastronomy play crucial roles in health and physical performance. When combined with regular physical exercise, these aspects of diet can enhance the benefits for the body and mind. Lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, three essential macronutrients, are often misunderstood but are vital for the proper functioning of the body. This article aims to clarify the importance of nutrition and gastronomy in promoting a balanced and nutritious diet, exploring the impact of these macronutrients and gastronomy on athletic performance and overall health. Additionally, the effects of creatine supplementation, a popular ergogenic1 aid among athletes and healthy lifestyle enthusiasts, will be discussed.

2. Development

2.1.Lipids

Lipids are often associated with a negative connotation due to their high-calorie content, but they play essential roles in both health and physical performance. They are crucial for various biological functions, including the structure of cell membranes, hormonal regulation, the transport of fat-soluble vitamins, and energy supply. For athletes and health enthusiasts, lipids provide a concentrated source of energy, especially during low-intensity, long-duration activities. Additionally, they are important for muscle recovery and anabolic hormone synthesis, contributing to muscle growth and repair. While essential for health, it is important to consume them in moderation and choose healthy sources, such as unsaturated fats, rather than saturated and trans fats. The balance of different types of lipids in the diet is crucial to promoting cardiovascular health and overall well-being.

Lipids are necessary for cardiovascular health, brain function, and inflammation regulation. Essential fatty acids, such as omega-3 and omega-6, are particularly important. Dietary sources of lipids include vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, avocados, fatty fish, and dairy products. A balanced diet should include a variety of these sources to ensure adequate intake of essential fatty acids and other important nutrients (MARTIN, 2006, p. 4).

2.2. Proteins

Proteins are essential nutrients for various functions in the body, including storage, reception, and transport of substances. They can be consumed in different forms, such as animal

1 An ergogenic compound is any substance, strategy, or practice aimed at improving physical performance, especially in sports activities or high-intensity exercises.

proteins or supplements like whey protein, which will be further discussed later. For proteins, recommendations vary between 1.2-2.0g/kg of body weight per day, depending on the intensity and type of physical activity (PREVIATO, et al, 2022, p. 4).

Proteins play a crucial role in muscle repair and growth. After exercise, protein synthesis is increased, and protein intake helps repair the microtears in muscles caused by physical exertion. It is important that natural sources of protein are preferred whenever possible to ensure complete and healthy nutrition.

The quality of the protein source is determined by its essential amino acid profile and the digestibility of the food. The best protein sources are animal-derived (meat, fish, eggs, and dairy), plant-based (legumes, cereals, nuts), and supplements (whey, casein, soy protein, and rice protein) (CABRITA, 2017, p. 8).

2.3. Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates play a crucial role in physical performance, being the main source of energy for both aerobic and anaerobic physical activities. Their importance goes beyond providing immediate energy, as they also help preserve muscle mass by preventing the use of proteins as an energy source, activate fat metabolism, and are essential for the proper functioning of the central nervous system.

In endurance sports, such as marathons, cycling, and triathlons, where the body heavily relies on aerobic pathways, the availability of carbohydrates stored as glycogen in muscles and the liver is essential. Likewise, in short-duration, high-intensity sports, such as strength training, adequate carbohydrate intake enhances performance and promotes muscle hypertrophy by providing rapid energy during intense exertion.

The recommended daily intake of carbohydrates for athletes ranges from 6 to 10g per kg of body weight or 60-70% of total caloric intake, depending on factors such as exercise type, intensity, energy expenditure, gender, and environmental conditions. Carbohydrate intake before, during, and after exercise is crucial to maintaining glycogen levels and blood glucose, ensuring the athlete has enough energy to sustain performance. During prolonged exercise, when glycogen stores are depleted, the body starts using fats and proteins as alternative energy sources. However, this can lead to muscle breakdown (proteolysis), reinforcing the importance of a carbohydrate-rich diet to avoid early fatigue and muscle loss. Thus, an inadequate carbohydrate diet can significantly impair physical performance, especially in high-intensity or long-duration exercises (OLIVEIRA, 2014, p. 5).

Low-carbohydrate diets (Low Carb) are defined as the intake of less than 200g of carbohydrates per day, usually between 50 and 150g per day or below 40% of energy derived from carbohydrates. These diets promote ketosis and lipid oxidation, causing a feeling of satiety and increased energy expenditure, which can result in weight loss (ATKINS, 1992, p. 125).

Although Low Carb diets can be effective for weight loss and controlling certain medical conditions, they may impair the ability to engage in physical activity, as they reduce muscle glycogen stores and increase fatigue during exercise (WHITE, et al., 2007, p. 1794). Additionally, carbohydrate restriction can lead to adverse effects such as headaches, diarrhea, weakness, and muscle cramps. In a diet for muscle hypertrophy, it is necessary to use 2 to 3.5 grams of protein per day to promote a decrease in carbohydrates and an increase in proteins, resulting in a reduction of body fat and an increase in muscle mass.

2.4. Macronutrients in Physical Exercise

In the case of protein, for example, athletes performing regular training (moderate intensity and volume) should consume between 1.2 and 1.4g/kg daily, while those engaging in advanced endurance training (low intensity and high volume) should consume between 1.6 and 1.7g/kg daily, and for ultra-endurance training (high volume and intensity), a daily intake of 2g/kg of protein is required. These data indicate that the amount of protein consumed by the athlete should be directly proportional to the training intensity, with more intense training requiring higher protein intake to support muscle recovery and the high demand for amino acids (DUNFORD, 2012, p. 34).

Carbohydrates are also fundamental for a good workout. Using the same classification, individuals engaging in regular training should consume between 55% to 60% of their daily calories from carbohydrates, while for intense training, a carbohydrate intake of 60% to 70% of daily calories is essential for maintaining health.

2.5. Gastronomy

Eating habits are complex and influenced by various factors at different levels. Modern diets not only provide energy and nutrients but also impact health and disease development. Therefore, dietary recommendations aim to prevent chronic diseases, prolong life expectancy, and improve quality of life. Recently, sustainability and the environmental impact of food systems and eating patterns have gained prominence. However, eating practices are also deeply connected to cultures, traditions, and social and emotional well-being. The pleasure, satisfaction, and comfort associated with eating play a fundamental role in food consumption,

although most strategies for promoting healthier habits often overlook this aspect. Learning to appreciate the taste and textures of food, enjoying the moment of eating with mindful attention, and dedicating time to meal preparation and consumption can facilitate the adoption of healthier habits (PÉREZ-RODRIGO,

ARANCETA-BARTRINA,

2021, p. 22).

Gastronomy, as the art and science of food preparation, plays a crucial role in how food is perceived, consumed, and metabolized by the body. It can be a powerful ally in promoting a balanced and nutritious diet, encouraging the use of a wide variety of ingredients that contribute to a more balanced diet rich in essential nutrients. The diversity of flavors, textures, and aromas stimulates appetite and increases the pleasure of eating, facilitating the adoption of a healthy diet in the long term.

It is essential to value local and healthy ingredients, emphasizing fresh and seasonal produce, which are generally more nutritious and sustainable than processed or industrialized foods. By prioritizing high-quality ingredients, chefs can create dishes that are both delicious and beneficial for health, offering a variety of preparation techniques that can preserve or even enhance the nutritional value of foods. Methods such as grilling, roasting, steaming, and sautéing, instead of frying, can reduce the addition of fats and the loss of nutrients. Additionally, the use of natural herbs and spices can enhance flavor without the need for excessive salt or sugar (OMS, 2017).

The visual presentation of dishes also plays a significant role in the gastronomic experience. The way food is arranged on the plate can influence the perception of taste and satisfaction with the meal. A well-presented dish can stimulate appetite and make the meal more enjoyable, encouraging healthier food choices. The use of vibrant colors and attractive food arrangement can increase the desire to consume fruits, vegetables, and other nutritious foods.

2.6. Supplementation

2.6.1. Creatine

Creatine is a widely used supplement in the sports world, known for its beneficial effects on muscle strength production and hypertrophy. This supplement is a compound naturally found in small amounts in meat and fish, but it can also be synthesized by the human body from the amino acids glycine, arginine, and methionine. The creatine stored in skeletal muscles is converted into phosphocreatine, which serves as a rapid energy reserve during high-intensity, short-duration exercises. This process occurs through the rapid regeneration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of cellular energy. (MUJIKA, PADILLA, 1997, p. 492)

Creatine supplementation has been extensively studied and has demonstrated several benefits for athletes and fitness practitioners. It is effective for increasing muscle strength and power, especially during high-intensity activities like weightlifting. Additionally, creatine can improve performance in repeated anaerobic exercises, allowing for greater force production in intense training sessions. It contributes to an increase in muscle mass, both through intracellular water retention and by stimulating protein synthesis.

Creatine can also accelerate muscle recovery after intense exercise, reducing fatigue and muscle damage. It may have beneficial effects on cognitive function, especially in situations of sleep deprivation and mental stress.

The standard dose of creatine is generally 3 to 5 grams per day, taken continuously. Alternatively, a loading phase of 20 grams per day divided into four doses of 5 grams for 5-7 days, followed by a maintenance dose of 3-5 grams per day, is also a common practice. Creatine can be taken with water or added to protein shakes. Its intake with carbohydrates or proteins can enhance muscle absorption.

2.6.2. Whey protein

Whey protein is a dietary supplement derived from whey, a liquid substance separated from curd during the cheese-making process. It is a rich source of high-quality proteins, containing all the essential amino acids that the body needs to build and repair tissues. However, this supplement does not completely replace the consumption of natural protein sources; supplementation should be done in moderation and under supervision. The types of whey are: concentrate, which contains a small amount of fat and carbohydrates (lactose), with a protein content ranging from 70% to 80%; and isolate, which undergoes an additional filtration process to remove almost all fat and lactose, offering a protein concentration of around 90% or more. It is often used by those seeking to increase protein intake, such as athletes and fitness practitioners, to improve muscle recovery and performance.

In a diet for muscle hypertrophy, it is necessary to use 2 to 3.5 grams of protein per day to promote a decrease in carbohydrates and an increase in proteins, resulting in a reduction of body fat and an increase in muscle mass. However, excessive use without nutritional guidance can lead to serious liver and kidney damage. (ABREU, et al., 2021, p. 5)

This supplement is used in diets for muscle hypertrophy due to its high protein content, amino acids, and low fat content. During cheese production, the released whey is processed to obtain a high-quality supplement, available in various forms and concentrations. This

supplement is particularly effective for promoting protein synthesis, muscle recovery, and lean mass growth. (PREVIATO, et al., 2022, p. 5)

3. Conclusion

Nutrition, gastronomy, and regular physical exercise are fundamental components for overall health and well-being. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids play essential roles in providing energy, muscle recovery and growth, and maintaining cardiovascular health. Gastronomy, as the art and science of food preparation, can be a powerful ally in promoting a balanced and nutritious diet. By combining these disciplines with a conscious and practical approach, it is possible to maximize health benefits and physical performance, encouraging healthy eating habits and combating issues related to poor nutrition.

The combination of adequate nutrition, healthy culinary techniques, and a regular exercise routine creates a synergy that can transform health and well-being. Promoting awareness about the importance of this combination can help encourage healthier eating habits, improve athletic performance, and combat problems related to poor diet and inadequate nutrition.

The combination of adequate nutrition and healthy culinary practices with a regular exercise routine is a strong ally in seeking benefits for health and athletic performance. The conscious inclusion of essential macronutrients such as lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, along with the intelligent use of supplements like creatine, can significantly improve physical results and quality of life.

It is essential that any nutrition and supplementation program be tailored to individual needs and specific goals, preferably under the guidance of health professionals and nutritionists. The focus should always be on achieving a balanced, sustainable, and enjoyable diet that promotes long-term health.

Bibliographic references

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CABRITA, André Felipe Oliveira. Dietas Hiperproteicas Metabolismo, Efeitos, Segurança e Suplementação. Dissertação (Mestrado em Medicina) - Universidade da Beira Interior, 2017.

DESBROW, Ben; SLATER, Gary; COX, Gregory R. Sports nutrition for the recreational athlete. Australian journal of general practice, v. 49, n. 1-2, p. 17-22, 2020. Disponível em: 10.31128/AJGP-10-19-5108. Acesso em: 20 mar. 2023.

DUNFORD, Marie. Fundamentos de nutrição no esporte e no exercício. São Paulo: Editora Manole, 2012.

GERMANO, Anderson. Dieta low-carb: perca peso sem passar fome. 3. ed. E-book, 2023.

MARTIN, Clayton A., et al. Ácidos graxos poliinsaturados ômega-3 e ômega-6: importância e ocorrência em alimentos, Revista de nutrição, v. 19, n. 6, 2006. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-52732006000600011. Acesso em: 4 out. 2023.

MCARDLE, William D.; KATCH, Frank I.; KATCH, Victor L. Exercise physiology: Energy, nutrition, and human performance. 7. ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkin, 2010.

MUJIKA, I.; PADILLA, S. Creatine Supplementation as an Ergogenic Aid for Sports Performance in Highly Trained Athletes: A Critical Review. International Journal of Sports

Medicine, v. 18, n. 7, p. 491-496, 1997. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007972670. Acesso em 27 jul. 2023.

OLIVEIRA, Romário A. Efeitos de uma dieta rica em carboidratos na hipertrofia muscular em praticantes de treinamento de força. Revista Brasileira de Prescrição e Fisiologia do Exercício (RBPFEX), v. 8 n. 47, 2014. Disponível em: http://www.rbpfex.com.br/index.php/rbpfex/article/view/643. Acesso em: 10 abr. 2023.

PÉREZ-RODRIGO, Carmen; ARANCETA-BARTRINA, Javier. Role of gastronomy and new technologies in shaping healthy diets. In: GALANAKIS, Charis M. (Org.). Gastronomy and food science. Espanha, 2020. p. 19-34.

POWERS, Scott K.; HOWLEY, Edward T.; QUIDRY, John C. Exercise physiology: Theory and application to fitness and performance. 12. ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2024.

PRAZERES, Marcelo Viale. A prática da musculação e seus benefícios para a qualidade de vida. Monografia (Graduação em Educação Física) – Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2007.

PREVIATO, Leonardo de Araújo, et al. O impacto da dieta hiperproteica na perda de peso e ganho de massa muscular. Revista Corpus Hippocraticum, v. 1, n. 1, 2022.

SIMON, Leticia; LIBERALI, Rafaela. Efeitos da Suplementação de Glutamina no Exercício Físico: Revisão Sistemática. Revista Brasileira de Nutrição Esportiva, v. 6, n. 33, p. 193201, 2012. Disponível em: http://www.rbne.com.br/index.php/rbne/article/view/300/303 Acesso em: 2 set. 2023.

SOUSA, Bruna A.; DRUMMOND, Maria G. O impacto da suplementação proteica na hipertrofia muscular de desportista. Revista Brasileira de Ciências da Vida, v. 6, n. 4, p.129144, 2018. Disponível em: http://jornalold.faculdadecienciasdavida.com.br/index.php/RBCV/article/view/797/454. Acesso em: 28 jun. 2023.

WHITE, Andrea M, et al. Blood ketones are directly related to fatigue and perceived effort during exercise in overweight adults adhering to low-carbohydrate diets for weight loss: A pilot study. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, v. 107, n. 10, p. 1792-1796, 2007.

RICEM - COLÉGIO

THE SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL INFLUENCES OF INDIVIDUALISM IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY CAUSED BY THE CAPITALIST SYSTEM: A LITERATURE REVIEW

João Victor Mendes Abreu

Luana Villarosa Simão Miguel Paz Martins Monteiro

Victor Gimenez Da Silva

Given the various socio-behavioral impacts that the transition between organizational systems in society can cause, this article aims to compile studies that discuss the problematizations arising from the shift to the capitalist system, relating them as possible causes for the emergence of individualistic mentalities in modern society and their subsequent repercussions. This review was based on 15 articles addressing the topics at hand. It highlighted the transition from economic systems such as feudalism to the post-Industrial Revolution period, as well as the influence of these transitions on the development of social and economic inequality. The article also defines contemporary consumerism and its behavioral consequences observed in individuals. Furthermore, it explores the social pressures imposed by the neoliberal mentality in the labor market, which has directly impacted education and students. Lastly, it discusses the psychological and behavioral changes in individuals brought by the use of digital media and the Internet.

KEYWORDS: Capitalism. Neoliberalism. Individualism.

1. Introduction

Humanity has experienced various forms of socioeconomic and political organizations, and the transition between these organizational systems has often sparked significant changes in how individuals act and perceive society. With this in mind, the text aims to address the causes and consequences of behavioral and psychological changes resulting from the introduction of capitalism as an economic and social system in contemporary society, focusing on the development of individualistic thinking. The research adopts a critical stance of the individualistic state of contemporary society, aiming to expose possible causes of the infiltration of neoliberal individualist mentality into modern society and its consequences for the present. The arguments are based on 15 scientific articles addressing the topic.

To discuss neoliberalism, individualism, and their connections to the individualist psychology of society, it is necessary to conduct a thorough historical analysis starting with the expansion of mercantile capitalism in the 14th century, during the Age of Exploration, and the development of liberalism, as these form the foundation of individualism. Therefore, the history of capitalism and its links to social and economic inequality, consumerism within this system and its impact on education and the digital environment will be examined. The results led to the conclusion that some of the causes of the rise of individualist mentality in contemporary society, due to the transition in the organizational system of society, include social inequality, changes in the labor market and education system, the spread of consumerism, and the dynamics of social relationships fostered by the internet. Moreover, some of the highlighted consequences stemming from these mentalities include behavioral changes in adolescents, the normalization of egocentric behavior, and increased insecurity regarding fitting into societal norms.

2. Development

According to Henrique Nardi (2003, p. 39), “the contemporary subject, in turn, emerges from the rubble, traces, and ruptures/continuities that mark the transition from industrial society to a society of flexible accumulation.” He also states that the onset of social inequality began with the emergence of mercantile capitalism in the 14th century. According to the author, it is at this point that the world transforms a holistic society

(centered on subordination between hierarchical sectors) into an individualistic society, whose defining feature is social relations emphasized by material goods. Thus, it can be said that in contemporary society, there has been an overvaluation of material goods to the detriment of hierarchical positions, in contrast to holistic society.

Paraphrasing Michel Foucault, Nardi explains that the individualization of people indeed existed before capitalism; however, it was directly linked to the hierarchization of society. The subjects, Nardi states, were not regarded as individuals but rather as subordinated to another who, in turn, was considered an individual in their own right. To illustrate the transition from a holistic society to an individualistic one, Nardi states:

"We must not forget that the French Revolution was a bourgeois revolution based on liberal principles and, therefore, it was impossible to conceive of the State as a regulator of labor relations. The imperative of survival forced the then French working citizens, ‘free and equal,’ to accept absolutely perverse labor relations.” (NARDI, H. C., 2003, p. 41).”

To emphasize that individualism emerged with the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution, Aline Scandelai (2010, p. 24) asserts that “under capitalism, the worker owns only their labor, and the only means of survival is to sell it as a commodity in exchange for a wage.” Thus, it becomes clear that, as no one truly owns the worker, holistic traditions began to decline, as they were based on these very principles.

Henrique Nardi also criticizes the failure of equal rights post-French Revolution, exposing the hypocrisy regarding the outcome of the movement, which did not align with the ideals previously disseminated. “Although the French Revolution granted equal political rights to citizens, workers, in turn, due to their condition of being ‘non-owners,’ did not enjoy true equality, as they were ‘dispossessed of themselves’” (Henrique Nardi, 2003). From this passage, it can be inferred that, even though the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution contributed to the modernization and eradication of holistic ideals and traditions in French politics, inequality persisted, now linked to the various manifestations of legislative injustice concerning labor rights. According to Quintaneiro, Barbosa, and Oliveira (2002, p. 49),

“[The workers] toiled in daily shifts of 12 to 16 hours, extended to up to 18 hours when gas lighting became available. It was in 1833, and only in textile factories in England, that children between 9 and 13 years of age were prohibited from working more than 9 hours a day hours, and those between the ages of 13 and 16 were prohibited from working more than 12 hours, with the night shift reserved for attending school."

To emphasize that individualism emerged with the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution, Aline Scandelai (2010, p. 24) states that “under capitalism, the worker owns only their labor power, and the only way to survive is to sell it as a commodity in exchange for a wage.” Thus, it becomes clear that the worker owns only their capacity to work, which proves that no one truly possesses the worker, indicating the decline of holistic traditions.

In her essay titled “Why Care About Inequality,” Celia Kerstenetzky (2002) uses Brazil as an example to discuss the issue, stating that “in Brazil, the ownership of valuable assets (physical capital, land, education, financial assets) has historically been highly concentrated, resulting in the persistently low income levels of the poorest.”

Therefore, it is possible to establish a direct and consequential, though not exclusive, relation between inequality, the onset of capitalism, the concentration of wealth and income, neoliberalism, and the rise of individualism. This individualism spread across various sectors of society, being both a consequence and a cause of certain social problems. One affected sector, for example, was the modern education system, which underwent significant changes due to the transition into the political-economic system, which altered the demands of the labor market and, consequently, the educational system.

It is thus necessary to emphasize the importance of labor in contemporary society, described as follows: “Even though unequal, labor was, in modern society, the central device of social integration and, at the same time, the means of access to social protection.” (NARDI, H. C., 2003, p. 11). Therefore, with the crisis of the Fordist accumulation system, individuals who did not acquire work, that is, those who did not adhere to this device of social integration, ended up being marginalized and labeled as “useless to the world” and “lazy” (CASTLE, 1998).

As a result, the neoliberal mentality, based on competition which is considered the best way to regulate activities relative to others, given the absence of state interference, leaving only the mentality of the individuals in question and meritocracy, which is founded on the success of those who truly stand out from others, ends up establishing the tools for individual ascension in society. Thus, the collective mentality, where everyone would have the same opportunity, is eventually replaced by the neoliberal one (RIBEIRO, M. de P, 2015, p. 843).

In this context, the concern arises of integrating individuals into the labor market, not only to preserve one's economic and social status but also to ensure the individual’s survival. Thus, the education system, which assumed the role of the primary preparatory means for integrating an individual into the labor market, has been greatly affected, since the individual’s "success" or lack thereof, from a neoliberal perspective, is tied almost entirely to their ability to enter the workforce (RIBEIRO, M. de P., 2015, p. 844).

This situation is compounded by the condition of late capitalist countries, where, according to NARDI, H. C., the economic system has caused a transformation of contemporary moral codes, resulting in increased individualism, the weakening of social bonds, the creation of a narcissistic culture, an uncertain outlook on society, competition taken to the extreme, and the elimination of stability guarantees for individuals (NARDI, H. C., 2003, p. 12).

In this neoliberal capitalist mindset, education, especially during childhood and adolescence, is supposedly seen as a tool to "eradicate poverty," since by enhancing an individual's knowledge and instructing them still driven by competition and meritocracy it becomes more likely that they will achieve socioeconomic ascension within our contemporary system (RIBEIRO, M. de P., 2015, p. 844).

Thus, when considering the age group in question and the psychological changes caused by the neoliberal system, it can be observed that, according to GONÇALVES and SAMPAIO, adolescents are one of the most vulnerable sectors of society in terms of mental health. Adolescence is a phase of change, identity formation, and the establishment of one’s role as a member of society. Therefore, greater attention from teachers, family members, and healthcare professionals is required (GONÇALVES and SAMPAIO, 2016, p. 55).

In this context, according to GONÇALVES and SAMPAIO (2016, p. 56), when the adolescent, who seeks to acquire new knowledge and experiences, is approached incorrectly by their caregivers, a possible reaction is to "trigger a series of failures in the physical and psychological development of these young people." Such failures can stem from various causes, among which are contemporary social problems that may influence the formation of psychological disorders in young people, such as low family income, the use of alcohol, smoking, or narcotics (by the adolescent), family relationship problems, a

history of drug dependency (on the part of the parents), and domestic abuse (GONÇALVES and SAMPAIO, 2016, p. 57).

Another potential cause of these failures is the academic pressure placed on young people to acquire knowledge in preparation for the labor market. According to J. Q. Avanci et al. (2007), one of the main variables associated with minor psychiatric disorders was classroom participation. Students who reported low participation in class were 2.45 times more likely to develop such disorders compared to students who were considered active in class (J. Q. Avanci et al., 2007, p. 291).

Furthermore, many problems in students can be attributed to family-related issues, given that contemporary individualism and post-work stress often infiltrate the household. In J. Q. Avanci et al.’s study, another major variable linked to Minor Psychiatric Disorders (MPD) was family psychological abuse. Children who experienced such abuse were 4.17 times more likely to develop MPD than those who had not (1.65 times more in less severe cases). Additionally, it was found that children who faced any family relationship problems, such as conflicts with parents, divorce, remarriage, or the birth of a new sibling, were 3.15 times more likely to develop MPD than children who did not experience such events (J. Q. Avanci et al., 2007, p. 290).

Another aspect to consider is biological sexuality, where, according to GONÇALVES and SAMPAIO, men are more prone to developing psychological disorders due to the anatomical, chemical, and functional differences between male and female brains (GONÇALVES and SAMPAIO, 2016, p. 56).

The realm of consumption is another area related to the causes and consequences of individualism. Driven by the advancements and dynamism of modern times, excessive consumerism has become commonplace and embedded in contemporary society, fostering the impulse for material possessions and reinforcing the individualist mindset.

As mentioned earlier, capitalism refers to an economic society based on free competition, private property, and personal profit. A recurring consequence of capitalist society is the individualism it generates. Egocentrism becomes coherent when we understand its significance within the capitalist economic system. Louis Dumont’s notion of individualism (1983, p. 35) refers to a "set of ideas and values that place the individual at the center of attention and tend to attribute to this individual the possibility of personal fulfillment." Following this, society tends to attribute to the individual the idea of success

and superiority over those around them. In this environment, where meritocracy and freedom are encouraged, society, in general, becomes selfish (TOURINHO, Emmanuel, 1993).

Materialism essentially consists of the excessive consumption of material goods, products, and services that, in most cases, are not essential to the consumer. In contemporary society, this issue was characterized by the French philosopher and sociologist Jean Baudrillard as a “consumer society,” where he asserts that society "no longer consumes things, but only signs" (1970, p. 24). In this concept, he means that objects are consumed primarily for their superficial meanings rather than for any real need or functionality. According to Baudrillard, consumer society admires and exalts the new, imposing rules, customs, and needs, while bombarding individuals with campaigns that practically force them to consume modern products, which in most cases are unnecessary. This leads to an absurd rate at which new objects are created and, consequently, discarded. The cycle of continuous innovation renders objects almost inevitably obsolete, directly impacting the cycle of unrestrained consumption (Thiry-Cherques, 2010).

The culture of acquisition is directly related to "fashion," a term of French origin, “Mode,” which refers to customs and habits in a certain geographical area during a specific period. It is encompassed in a trend that most societies follow and enjoy, mostly related to clothing and accessories. In a consumer society, being linked to trends is synonymous with economic ascension, which is why people strive to be part of it. As a result, what was once a trend is quickly replaced and subsequently loses relevance, becoming "outdated." Fashion is also a form of class distinction, where participants in an economic elite are always seeking something new to express their lifestyle through appearances. According to the French philosopher Gilles Lipovetsky, in his work The Empire of Fashion, fashion initially emerges to fill a superficial gap left in society, and as we manage to meet this need, new needs arise, starting a cycle he refers to as a "snowball effect," which tends to continue infinitely. As the market is constantly renewing and seeking innovation, what is relatively “old” is devalued and seen as insufficient over time (Gilles Lipovetsky, 1983).

In today's society, where there is a constant need to be up to date with trends dictated by social media, there is a fear of being excluded. Businessman and writer Patrick J. McGinnis (2000), author of Fear of Missing Out, coined the term FOMO (fear of missing out) to describe this anxiety of not being in the know about everything exposed

on social media, leading users to feel the need to stay current with trends, which directly influences their consumption (Moura, Débora Ferreira, 2021).

Young people from Generation Z and Alpha tend to be more susceptible to external influences, especially through social media, and are prone to impulsive buying. This occurs for several reasons, but one of the most common is that they are in the process of developing their personal identity and seek to fit into social groups. As Rebeca Lira Cavalcanti Gomes, a master's degree holder in administration, explains in her research, this pursuit often results in high levels of unnecessary spending and the beginning of an infinite cycle of dissatisfaction directly tied to individualism, which prioritizes the idea that individual interests come first (Gomes, Rebeca Lira Cavalcanti, 2023, p. 26).

Another aspect directly related to the unrestrained consumerism of the population is the finite nature of the resources used to make products. For consumerism to occur, it involves three processes: first, creating a need to buy a specific product; second, producing a product that addresses the created need; and third, repeating the process for the capitalist economic cycle to function. During the second process, raw materials are indispensable for producing the desired goods. However, this situation highlights the limitations of using non-renewable natural resources compared to the exponential growth of the population. Although the global population growth rate at the end of the 21st century, according to the UN, was 1.1%, with projections that the world population will reach 8.5 billion by 2030, resource consumption for the production and distribution of goods and services has multiplied due to demand and excessive consumption by the global population (Silva, M. B. O.; Flain, V. S., 2017).

It is important to emphasize that the exploitation of natural resources is limited and that the large-scale production of consumer goods is influenced by the belief in the infinite renewal of raw materials, which is already leading to environmental crises. Promoting conscious consumption is essential to fostering awareness about creating an environment with responsible purchasing choices.

Given these consumerist trends, the correlation between the rise of neoliberal individualist thinking and the expansion of digital platforms becomes evident, especially due to the acceleration of various societal functions, one of which is consumption. Furthermore, it is noteworthy to highlight the relationship between individualism and the

emergence and spread of the internet and subsequent social networks, which have transformed the way humans interact.

According to Gerbasi (2014, p. 68), individualism on the internet is primarily shaped by the fact that the economy within this space is customizable, allowing people to consume content online in the way they wish, choosing from a catalog of videos, clothing, etc. As a result, internet content creators cater to consumers, producing in alignment with the increasingly specific interests of each user. On the one hand, the internet creates space for the exchange of cultures, languages, and values among people. On the other hand, it facilitates the development of individualism and a consumerist ideology, as can be seen in online advertisements, for instance.

According to Elliott (2018, p. 472), individualism is driven by instant change, which can happen at any time. This can be observed in the changes Nokia made over time to increase profits. The corporation gradually adjusted its products in response to what society most desired at any given moment. This demonstrates modern individualism, where the search for something new and personalized is always in high demand. Consumerism is embedded within individualism on the internet, as people are often driven solely by consumption and the mentality of "wanting now" or "changing now." Sellers of these products fuel this idea by constantly revolutionizing their offerings, showing consumers that they can reinvent themselves whenever they wish.

For Zygmunt Bauman, in Elliott's interpretation (2018, p. 474), people remain confined to certain markets due to the devaluation of products. For example, if someone buys a DVD player, it may no longer be the most up-to-date model the following day, as it could be surpassed by a more advanced device, leading the consumer to purchase the newer product, potentially creating a perpetual cycle. Another strategy used by the market is the "method of satisfying needs so that new ones continue to arise." A person who buys a product and likes it will be inclined to purchase other products from the same brand, attracted by its reputation.

Additionally, Elliott (2018, p. 476) highlights that globalization also plays a role in the construction of individualism and consumerism, as it has led to the expansion of certain cultures, including the American culture, which influences the entire world through "mass consumption." This globalization has also impacted on multinational corporations and their employees, contributing to the decline of lifelong, permanent jobs.

This results in the volatility of the economy. Mustaq et al. (2022, p. 2) further emphasize that globalization has brought significant changes to the labor market, with a focus on flexibility and constant adaptation. Temporary jobs and outsourcing, for example, have gained prominence, thus exacerbating the precariousness of working conditions. These changes not only affect job security but also widen the gap between highly skilled workers and those with lower qualifications (such as those without a university degree), leading to marked economic inequality.

According to Praprotnik (2019, p. 124-125), individualism is also evident in likes, comments, and followers on social media, as users gain more "social and cultural capital." This creates a type of "chain reaction," referred to as networked individualism. In this concept, a person forms a series of connections with other individuals, and these individuals, in turn, have even more connections. During the 1990s, people often used social networks to discuss common interests with strangers, thus building their relationships. Nowadays, this type of conversation is no longer common. People no longer remain anonymous, as platforms like Facebook encourage real and transparent identities, where user profiles become personal brands.

The personas of users are shaped within these profiles, and according to Praprotnik, it becomes increasingly difficult to maintain a consistent identity, as there is a growing need to adapt to the desires of others in order to be accepted in society.

3. Conclusion

Based on the information presented, it is possible to observe the trajectory and evolution of forms of capitalism over time and their impact on the societies in which humanity is embedded. Moreover, the presence and influence of neoliberal and capitalist practices and mentalities in shaping individualist tendencies across various sectors of society are evident.

In analyzing these different sectors, it becomes clear that the perpetuation and intensification of material and social inequality, stemming from the transition in the economic system, is one of the causes of the rise of contemporary individualist thinking. Since the Industrial Revolution, which marked the decline of holistic societies, the concept of individualism has been on the rise. Given that the Industrial Revolution also heralded the beginning of economic liberalism, it is correct to conclude that individualism is directly linked to both liberalism and capitalism. Regarding inequality, it is also

possible to assert that it is tied to individualism and liberalism. The transition from feudalism to capitalism signaled a shift from social inequality, where serfs were subjugated by feudal lords, to economic inequality, where the poor faced exploitative conditions in the workplace.

Concerning these aspects within the educational sector, it can be concluded that neoliberal mentalities, particularly the concept of an individual's “success” being tied to their social position as dictated by the labor market, are another cause of individualism in modern society. The consequences of this mentality affect students' mindset, behavior, and performance, who are primarily pressured by the labor market and contemporary social problems that surround them.

Furthermore, individualism can be associated with fostering an egocentric mindset that seeks constant self-improvement and self-acceptance, often seeking refuge in excessive consumption and trends known as fashion. This creates a vicious cycle of purchasing and the insecurity of keeping up with the latest innovations, as seen in the “Fear of Missing Out (FOMO)," which impacts both the individual's mentality and the environmental sustainability of the planet. This effect is further amplified by the subsequent rise of digital media, such as the internet and social networks, which have fueled even greater mass consumption.

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THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES

Ana Clara Pozenato Gerbino

Beatriz Menezes Rosa Mazzeti

João Rodolfo Magalhães

Lorena Ribeiro Moreira

Luana Allendes Zanon

Malu Moura Fernandes

This article discusses the impacts of smoking and electronic cigarettes on public health, emphasizing smoking as one of the most significant causes of preventable deaths. In a comparative manner, the article aims to analyze how electronic cigarettes emerged and how they are associated with a harm reduction policy for conventional cigarettes, despite the lack of scientific evidence ensuring their safety for users. Although they do not involve combustion, e-cigarettes contain harmful substances such as nicotine. They can also cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, including EVALI, and increase the risk of exacerbating COVID-19 complications. Additionally, the study explores the environmental impact of e-cigarettes, from production to disposal. Furthermore, it addresses the government’s lack of regulatory actions concerning these devices, with the aim of enhancing awareness of their potential health risks to the population. The article also considers their possible environmental consequences. It concludes that, despite certain limitations being imposed, the use of e-cigarettes has been increasing, often with unknown impacts to most of the population. The growing use among teenagers and young adults, the target audience, makes this trend even more concerning. In this way, the article seeks to compile the main information that may aid in recognizing this new addiction in contemporary society.

KEYWORDS: Electronic cigarettes; Conventional cigarettes; Biological impacts; Social impacts; Environmental impacts.

1. Introduction

The emergence of new smoking practices, with the creation of electronic cigarettes (ECs), also known as "vapes" or "pods," occurred with the aim of entering the market as an alternative to traditional cigarettes and as a possibility for reducing or ceasing the harm caused by them. This development led many users to switch from conventional cigarettes (CCs) to a product that was believed to be less harmful, as it delivers nicotine without the need for tobacco combustion. As a result, smoking has become one of the major contemporary issues, prompting significant debates regarding its social, economic, and environmental impacts, as well as its historical consolidation. Considering the recent popularization of these products, this article aims to compile information and previous studies related to the topic, even though the debate about their impacts is not yet widely discussed. On both a collective and individual level, these impacts must be critically and comparatively analyzed in relation to conventional cigarettes and tobacco, as the diffusion of this technology is still recent.

2. Development

Smoking is identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the leading causes of preventable deaths, representing a global public health threat. It causes the deaths of more than eight million people every year. Over the years, the fight against this infamous habit has been built by associating smoking with societal harms, leading to the implementation of various tobacco control measures, given that tobacco is the primary means of smoking today (Vitória, Raposo, Peixoto, 2001, p. 45).

In this context, ECs were introduced with the promise of reducing health risks associated with tobacco use. It is essential to first consider the consolidation of smoking through conventional cigarettes (CCs) and how they became the most common form of smoking.

Cigarette use became popular primarily during the First Industrial Revolution, leading to an increase in consumption and production in countries such as France and England. Decades later, audiovisual media and advertisements became the main methods of popularization. In globally impactful films, cigarettes were portrayed as symbols of rebellion, modernity, and elegance, influencing adolescents of the time to consume the product. Advertisements, on the other hand, aimed to increase cigarette consumption, primarily by convincing people that there were no risks associated with their use. Thus, smoking had not yet acquired a negative image. The exponential growth in sales within the tobacco industry made it extremely profitable, leading to the creation of a multimillion-dollar "lobby" of tobacco-related products. This

context created a series of challenges for governments, as increased sales and consumption led to growing social and biological impacts, such as the emergence of new diseases due to chronic cigarette use.

Conventional cigarettes are considered a public health issue, given the direct and indirect medical costs associated with treating the harmful conditions caused by smoking, which place additional pressure on healthcare systems and financial resources allocated to this sector.

The association of smoking with negative consequences, such as respiratory diseases and bad odor, has been crucial in reducing its prevalence in society. In this context, the emergence of ECs has been timely, as they are still relatively unknown but are gaining influence and users in today's society. While conventional cigarettes, which widely involve tobacco use, are still present, electronic devices have been gaining market share and are often marketed as an alternative to CCs. The former is considered "healthier" or "less harmful" than the latter, although this has yet to be scientifically proven.

The increasing popularity of electronic cigarettes has introduced a new type of product to the market that differs from conventional cigarettes (CC) in various ways. Thus, the analysis of their impacts must be conducted separately. Initially, the emergence of this product was associated with a potential therapeutic aid for those attempting to quit smoking, making electronic cigarettes appealing to current smokers. However, individuals who have never smoked are also being drawn to the use of this new drug.

Suppliers of these vapes have adopted persuasive rhetoric to convince potential users to try their products. Manipulative advertising campaigns, disseminated through social media platforms, sponsorship of popular events and influencers, and the development of visually and sensorially appealing products, exploiting pleasant colors and flavors, are some of the strategies employed by major tobacco industry players. Their goal is to create a positive association with the use of electronic cigarettes, often rendering the potential consequences invisible. Furthermore, the availability of a wide variety of pleasant flavors, eye-catching colors, and diverse models makes these cigarettes customizable. Combined with the perception that their “vapor” is less harmful than the smoke from conventional cigarettes, electronic cigarettes (ECs) become highly attractive. Through pseudoscience and appealing technology, the aim is not only to convince consumers to purchase the product but also to shift the historically negative image of the tobacco industry on a broader scale (ALMEIDA, 2017, p. 11).

The promotion of ECs has gained traction in the market due to the lack of regulation and standardization surrounding these products. Law 9294/96 addresses restrictions on the use and advertising of cigarettes, alcoholic beverages, medications, therapies, and pesticides (Agência

Câmara de Notícias). Unlike conventional cigarettes, which are subject to advertising restrictions by law, there are no similar prohibitions regarding these devices. In Brazil, the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) classifies the product as tobacco-derived and has prohibited its sale since 2009.

Globally, many countries are still developing specific regulations for electronic cigarettes. The lack of clear standards can lead to quality control and safety issues. The regulation of these products is a rapidly evolving area as more evidence of their impacts emerges. Effective proposals seek to balance the protection of public health, especially for young people, with the freedom of adults to make informed choices. For example, the United States, through the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), regulates electronic cigarettes as tobacco products, requiring pre-market review of new products, marketing restrictions, and warning labels.

Both in Brazil and the United States, the use of ECs has been increasing, particularly among young adults and adolescents. In the United States, usage among high school students rose from 1.5% in 2011 to 20.8%, and among middle school students, it increased from 0.6% in 2011 to 4.9% in 2018. In Brazil, although research is scarce, a study conducted at the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul found that 2.7% of students had already tried ECs, and 0.6% were regular users. Thus, despite the restrictions, the use of ECs is growing exponentially, often sold clandestinely and illegally, including to minors.

The individuals most affected by ECs experience both physical and mental health impairments. Additionally, there is no conclusive evidence that, like other drugs, ECs could serve as a gateway to other illicit substances. The rising incidence of electronic cigarette use, particularly among younger populations, raises concerns about its long-term impact on both public and individual health. The lack of knowledge about the effects of continuous EC use complicates research into its overall health impact. However, it is necessary to examine the active substances and their links to other diseases.

One of the primary substances found in ECs is nicotine, which is highly addictive and can adversely affect brain development in adolescents. Besides promoting usage, nicotine is also linked to cardiovascular and pulmonary issues. Present in EC liquids, it hinders lung development in young people and increases the risk of chronic respiratory diseases. Heavy metals and flavoring chemicals found in the liquids are the primary contributors to lung damage in users.

Moreover, the vapors inhaled by EC users contain chemicals that cause significant lung damage. These vapors are mainly composed of propylene glycol, glycerol, vegetable glycerin,

and water. While propylene glycol has a low toxicity level, frequent use can lead to eye and respiratory irritation, and even debilitate the nervous system and spleen. When exposed to high temperatures, propylene glycol forms propylene oxide (CH3CHCH2O), a substance classified as carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Similarly, when heated in ECs, glycerol produces acrolein, another carcinogenic and airway-irritating substance. Acetaldehyde (C2H4O) and formaldehyde (CH2O) are also cited as cytotoxic substances that could cause cancer and inflammation in humans (GUTECOSK, VIEIRA, BIAZON, 2022, p. 6).

Considering that EC use harms respiratory health and is directly linked to the weakening of this system, it is associated with other cardiorespiratory diseases that further impair airways and vital organs. For example, the relationship between COVID-19 and EC use has become highly relevant. EC users are at a higher risk of complications from the infection due to the effects of these substances on the lungs, which reduce the immune system's ability to fight the virus. Additionally, the sharing of devices increases the risk of transmission, as the same device comes into contact with multiple oral mucous membranes, exposing users to the disease.

The consequences of chronic EC use are not limited to pulmonary conditions, as ECs also harm oral health. The chemical components in EC vapors cause tooth enamel stains, dental caries, and irritation of the mouth and throat, increasing the risk of bacterial infections.

Beyond exacerbating infections, electronic cigarette use has led to the emergence of a new disease, E-cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI). The first cases of EVALI were reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in August 2019, and the condition quickly spread to all 50 U.S. states and other U.S. territories.

Within a year, the United States recorded 2,400 cases and 52 deaths associated with EC use. Although the number continues to rise, the lack of studies has not yet revealed the pathophysiological causes of the disease. However, data suggest that EVALI may be linked to the use of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, in EC devices that allow for the insertion of THC-containing substances.

Diagnosing the disease can also be challenging. EVALI is primarily characterized by severe respiratory symptoms, such as coughing, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Other symptoms, including gastrointestinal (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting) and constitutional symptoms (fever, chills, weight loss), have been reported, varying from patient to patient.

"EVALI manifests with various presentations and, in isolated case reports, can exhibit mechanical injury (spontaneous pneumothorax), hypersensitivity pneumonitis without a single

entity, or pneumonias (organic, eosinophilic, and lipoid). Some additives in these products can cause oxidative stress on the pulmonary epithelium." (SANTOS, et al., 2021, p. 314)

Therefore, in this context, it is necessary to consider the consequences of the disease, which may be concurrent with other infections. Apart from the lack of legality and regulation, the absence of comprehensive knowledge on the subject makes it difficult to study and recognize the disease as such. Given that the health damages are still unknown, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that these devices should only be used in open areas, prohibiting their use in closed spaces where smoking is not allowed. In this regard, it is also important to consider the possibility of secondhand smoke when it comes to electronic cigarettes (EC), in order to observe the impacts on non-smokers in areas where they are exposed to the vapor.

In environments without air circulation, individuals present inhale the vapors exhaled by smokers, making them vulnerable to inhaling toxic substances, fine and ultrafine particles like air, with nicotine being particularly notable. Thus, although the quantity of gases released by electronic cigarettes is lower than that of conventional cigarettes, it is unclear whether this difference translates into lower contamination for people exposed to the emissions, as both cases involve a similar bodily intoxication when comparing nicotine levels.

Moreover, it is unknown whether the increased exposure to these toxic substances in the air in closed environments can be compared to the damages caused by conventional cigarettes to both health and the environment, impacted by smoke in the first case.

Similarly, it is also essential to explore how ECs affect air quality. These devices can be classified as aerosols due to the release of small particles containing various chemicals into the air. Experiments have been conducted to analyze the effects on air quality in closed spaces. However, there was room for variation in the effects of the aerosol, where in most of the analyzed cases, specific atmospheric conditions, humidity, and temperature changes were not considered, which can affect the study results. (CHANG, 2014, p. ii54)

Furthermore, it is important to emphasize that, due to the difficulty of enforcement, there are no mechanisms to clean environments contaminated by the residues from electronic cigarettes. The impact on air quality is not the only concern, as there are also environmental consequences due to the unregulated production and disposal of ECs.

The mining and industrialization processes for these products can generate various types of waste, with each production cycle needing to be analyzed differently from conventional cigarettes. The primary impacts are associated with greenhouse gas emissions during the manufacturing and transportation of these products.

Electronic cigarettes can be manually assembled by small companies with smaller production lines or in larger factories, where production occurs on a larger scale. Consequently, larger industries will leave a bigger environmental footprint due to higher emissions and waste generation. The information collected thus far, primarily regarding emissions, is analyzed individually and cumulatively, but it is insufficient to comprehensively assess the consequences of industrialization, making it difficult to take action to address the environmental impacts of EC production.

The materials used in the production of electronic cigarettes also have pollution potential, with most devices made of plastics. These plastics, which are derived from hydrocarbons extracted from petroleum, are already pollutants at their source, leaving a large environmental footprint due to the challenges of extraction. Additionally, the dispersion of microplastics affects ecosystems as a whole, as small particles spread more easily.

The batteries and electronic components, along with toxic substances and heavy metals, are other potentially contaminating elements. Thus, if these materials are not categorized and disposed of properly, they can pose a significant threat to both marine and terrestrial ecosystems.

Electronic cigarettes are not classified as toxic or electronic waste. Again, there is no regulation or instruction regarding their disposal, whether by government action or by the merchants themselves. Additionally, there are still not enough studies covering the etymology, origin, and final destination of the devices in electronic cigarettes, making it difficult for environmentalists to conduct more in-depth research.

3. Conclusion

The popularization of electronic cigarettes among young people is an increasingly worrying trend, driven primarily by the various attractive flavors these devices offer. Among the main consequences of this trend is the significant increase in the risks to both pulmonary and oral health among young consumers. In addition to immediate damage, electronic cigarette users are more susceptible to severe respiratory infections, such as COVID-19, as well as to the development of the syndrome known as EVALI (e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury).

This scenario underscores the urgent need to implement robust and effective public policies to prevent the use of these devices among the youth population. To that end, it is

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COLOR PSYCHOLOGY AND CINEMATIC MAKEUP

This text aims to examine the psychology of artistic makeup in cinema and the psychology of colors within the audiovisual context, with a particular focus on animated films for children. Both makeup and the use of colors are fundamental tools in character construction and transformation, serving as visual elements that subtly yet impactfully communicate characters’ traits and emotions. In the realm of children’s animation, these resources are especially vital, as they contribute to creating an engaging and accessible visual environment for young audiences. The psychology of colors, in particular, is strategically employed to elicit specific emotional responses from viewers, influencing their perceptions and reactions to stories and characters. By effectively combining these visual elements, filmmakers can significantly shape narrative experiences, creating films that resonate emotionally with audiences and leave a lasting impression, especially in productions aimed at children.

KEYWORDS: cinema; artistic makeup; colors; psychology; art.

Guilherme Ávila Ganaha

Larissa Soares De Almeida

RICEM - COLÉGIO

1. Introduction

Cinema is an art form that combines a variety of elements to create a unique visual and emotional experience for viewers. Within this complex interplay between image and emotion, artistic and visual elements play a crucial role in the final composition as a whole.

In this context, the aim of this article is to highlight the importance of research into artistic makeup within film studies, a facet often underestimated. It will discuss how makeup influences the construction of a character’s visual identity, transforming them into a recognizable symbol. Additionally, the psychological role that makeup plays in shaping character identity will be addressed, as alterations to a character's appearance can significantly change audience perceptions.

Furthermore, this document seeks to present the fundamental role that color psychology plays in cinematography, influencing mood, atmosphere, and scene interpretation. Colors are powerful tools capable of evoking a wide range of emotions and reactions in viewers, from the serenity of blue to the intensity of red. Therefore, understanding the interaction between artistic makeup and color choices in cinema allows us to appreciate how these elements collaborate to create profound emotional impacts on viewers, shaping their perceptions and cinematic experiences meaningfully.

2. The Psychology of Colors and Its Influence on Film Interpretation

Color theory is a field of science and art that studies how hues are perceived and how they interact with one another. Initially based on Isaac Newton's work and his discovery of the color spectrum, color theory encompasses principles such as the color wheel, color harmony, and context. The color wheel is a visual tool that organizes primary, secondary, and tertiary hues, facilitating an understanding of their relationships. Color harmony pertains to aesthetically pleasing and balanced combinations; colors can be perceived differently depending on the surrounding hues. In color psychology, this phenomenon is known as color interaction. For example, a blue hue may appear more vibrant alongside yellow but more muted when placed next to gray. This change in perception affects not only aesthetics but also the emotions and behaviors associated with these colors, influencing how we feel and react in

specific contexts. This theory is fundamental in various fields, such as graphic design, painting, fashion, and marketing, where color choices and combinations can influence emotions and behaviors.

(RODRIGUES, 2019, p. 32)

2.1. Historical Context

The study of colors is not a recent development; in the mid-15th century, Isaac Newton began his exploration of colors using a prism and light, resulting in a “flash” of light displaying various colors (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet). From his experiments, the renowned scientist developed the color wheel, which allowed for the creation of various concepts such as hue, chroma, and value.

(RODRIGUES, 2019, p. 25)

The theory of color psychology is not attributed to a single founder; however, a central figure in the history of this field is Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, a German poet, scientist, and philosopher, who published his work "Theory of Colors" (Zur Farbenlehre) in 1810. In this work, he explored the psychological properties of colors and their effects on human emotions. Goethe criticized Isaac Newton’s purely physical approach to colors, focusing instead on how they are perceived by the human eye and their emotional impact. He proposed that colors have a direct effect on the mind and emotions, a pioneering idea for its time. Another significant figure is Wilhelm Wundt, a German psychologist who founded the first experimental psychology laboratory. Although his work encompassed many aspects of psychology, he also explored how sensory stimuli, including colors, affect perception and emotional experience. More recently, researchers such as Faber Birren, who extensively wrote about the impact of colors on human behavior in the 20th century, have made substantial contributions to the field.

Therefore, while Goethe is often credited as a pioneering figure in color psychology, the comprehensive development of the theory results from contributions by numerous researchers over time.

3. The History of Color in Cinema

The history of color in cinema spans a period of experimentation and technological innovation. Until the 1930s, cinema was predominantly in black and

This technique is present in all films, even if indirectly, and this concept can reveal to viewers the story being told and possibly even hint at the narrative's potential plots.

Table 1 - Meaning of Colors

Color

Meaning

White Peace, purity, soul

Black Death, sadness, dirt

Gray Old age, dust, melancholy

Yellow Light, summer, joy

Orange Sun, pleasure, creativity

Red War, violence, alert, danger, love

Green Nature, calm, hope, health, courage

Blue Dream, sky, tranquility, harmony, cold, fidelity, infinite, cleanliness, sadness

Pink Romance, dreams, childhood

Purple Wisdom, creativity, royalty, power, ambition, luxury, magic, extravagance, pride, independence

Brown Earth, melancholy, dirt, countryside

Source: authors

Cinematographers utilize color theory to compose color palettes that reinforce the film's narrative. Colors help establish the tone and atmosphere of a scene, delineating emotional or psychological changes in characters and guiding the audience's attention.

A practical example of this can be found in "The Wizard of Oz," which begins in black and white, symbolizing regression or something outdated. However, after a pivotal event in the plot, the protagonist Dorothy is transported to Oz, a colorful world filled with vibrant and saturated colors, contrasting sharply with the dark and earthy tones present at the beginning of the narrative. (RODRIGUES, 2019, p. 33)

(source: Terra, 2014)

Figure 2 - The Wizard of Oz in black and white

Figure 3 - The Wizard of Oz in color

(source: Terra, 2023)

Another example of this application can be observed in the film "Inside Out" by Pete Docter, where the protagonist's emotions are personified by striking colors. The character Joy, for instance, is primarily associated with yellow, along with vibrant and warm hues that evoke happiness. Her blue hair represents harmony and tranquility, and her floral dress and flared skirt reinforce the image of a carefree and cheerful person. In contrast, Sadness is characterized by the predominance of blue, suggesting melancholy and introspection. Her clothing, such as a turtleneck sweater and heavy pieces, indicates a more reserved and reclusive personality. Fear is represented with purple skin, symbolizing helplessness and despair, complemented by a frantic expression and tousled hair that underscore his anxious nature. Anger is depicted in warm colors, particularly red, and his small, square form resembles a magma rock, while his serious clothing suggests an adult demeanor. Finally, Disgust is portrayed in green, a color evoking notions of contempt, associated with things like vegetables that the character detests. Her upturned nose reinforces an attitude of superiority and authority.

(Source:

Another example is the character Lotso from "Toy Story 3," who has a purplish hue that initially conveys notions of innocence, childhood, and wisdom. However, as the plot unfolds, it becomes clear that the purple of his skin actually signifies

Figure 5 - Inside Out Characters

Screen Rant, 2020)

arrogance, power, and ambition. This design was intentionally crafted to confuse the audience regarding the character's true intentions, leading them to believe in the villain’s compassion.

5. The Psychology of Artistic Makeup in Cinema

At this stage of the article, the discussion will focus on how different makeup techniques transform actors into characters, altering not just their physical appearance but also evoking a range of emotions and narratives. The psychology of artistic makeup in cinema goes beyond mere aesthetics; it delves into the depths of the human mind, exploring how facial features can communicate emotional states, personalities, and even cultural nuances.

5.1. The Issues of Artistic Makeup

Over the years, makeup in the film industry has been viewed as an integral part of special effects and character characterization, often seen as a superfluous attribute intended to highlight key characters or complement the visual narrative of a scene. Classic examples include the depiction of blood after a cut or the presence of dark circles under the eyes of a sick character. However, this raises the question: is makeup

Figure 5 - Lotso

Source: The Mary Sue, 2023

It was from 1920, known as the Golden Age of Hollywood, that cinema flourished as a co-adjuvant in popularizing makeup in the Western world, with main behavioral and cultural references coming from the U.S. The "ordinary woman" also wanted to feel like a movie muse, and to achieve this, among other artifices, she turned to makeup. The goal was to sell the beauty of actresses, portrayed as goddesses with perfect skin and angelic beauty, representing an unattainable standard desired by men. (LOPES, 2017, p. 10-11).

It was notable how each element contributed to the audience’s deep identification with the character, to the point of wanting to imitate them. Viewers observed in them characteristics that shaped their personas, such as the most sensual woman wearing vibrant lipstick and loose, wavy hair, or the heroine with carefully styled hair and lighter makeup, and the villain with pronounced dark circles and dark clothing. (LOPES, 2017, p. 13).

Makeup remains highly useful today. It can do things like reduce shine, create scenes of accidents, simulate aging or rejuvenation, and assist in character construction. Therefore, it is not solely about beauty, as it conveys emotions in scenes, serving as an important aspect of characterization, and equally essential as costume design. Consider the famous character of Charlie Chaplin, the Tramp, whose makeup including the white face, mustache, and black eyebrows is crucial for visual identification. In summary, makeup is a historical and fundamental tool for impacting and creating iconic and memorable visuals. (LOPES, 2017, p. 15).

3.3. Method of Comparison

At this juncture, it is important to draw a parallel between the topic and a major corporation that utilizes visual theory to engage the audience in a desired manner, manipulating it to create impact. In this regard, the study will focus on the feminine imagery created by the American company Disney and its influence on children, considering that culture is constructed by individuals. The emphasis is on Disney princesses, who represent ideals of femininity, and it questions how these characters shape children’s perceptions of the world.

Within the narrative, the princesses embody an ideal of beauty, behavior, and romantic love characteristic of the aristocratic nobility, ideals that still prevail in the

popular imagination of the 21st century. The happy endings of fairy tales are chosen not merely as clichés, but as a strategic approach: the happiness depicted in these stories is a commodity.

Fireworks, elaborate costumes, parades, and light shows are integral to the construction of the Disney imagination, characterizing its brand. When discussing a brand, it is not viewed solely as a trademark or the impression of a product crafted with technical quality by a specific corporation, but as an “entity” that disseminates beliefs and values through its products and services. The happy ending is sold through images and narratives that evoke what is good, pleasant, positive, and luminous, as well as victory and heroism (CHECHIN, 2014, p. 4).

Three romantic princesses Snow White, Cinderella, and Aurora exhibit a fair skin tone, graceful movements, warm voices, and soft, luxurious hair. The relationship between the appearance of the princesses and their character is made explicit in the tales, associating Snow White’s fair skin, Cinderella’s blonde hair, and Aurora’s docility. The association between kindness and blonde hair is quite ancient, as its golden luminosity is compared to the beauty and shine of gold. Therefore, while this is associated with grace, dark, curly, unkempt hair is traditionally linked to the wild, neglect, and evil (CHECHIN, 2014, p. 5-6).

Conversely, short hair on women signifies freedom and detachment from prevailing forms of femininity, often becoming a target of fear and punishment. In this context, it is pertinent to remember that Joan of Arc was executed, among other reasons, for her short hair, in addition to accusations of witchcraft. The heresy of her non-feminine modes of dress warranted cruel punishments (CHECHIN, 2014, p. 6).

In addition to being models of beauty, the princesses were also presented as virtuous, kind, of upright character, and idealized much like the Virgin Mary. They exhibited good behavior and passivity, often leaving the task of transforming their destinies and lives to animals, fairy godmothers, and other characters. The ideal of feminine beauty has shifted from extremely slender bodies to those resembling pubescent girls, which constitutes an ideal that is virtually unattainable for adult women (CHECHIN, 2014, p. 7).

However, other narratives, such as "The Ugly Duckling," "The Hunchback of Notre Dame," and "Dumbo," follow the traditional structure of stories about flawed characters. These characters face difficulties and prejudice, suffering cruel discrimination, yet through a special gift or their "inner beauty," they compensate for their deformities. Disney mitigates the prejudice against bodies that deviate from

In light of this, in traditional Disney films, such as those starring princesses, it is relevant to address how children who watch these productions may be indirectly influenced to adopt behaviors aligned with the virtues of the main characters. In particular, the emphasis on natural beauty and the aesthetic standards set by the heroines can subtly shape children's perceptions of what is considered acceptable and desirable. The visual representation of the characters, often associated with their goodness and virtues, can inadvertently reinforce stereotypes that beauty is directly linked to moral virtue. This association may influence children to internalize specific aesthetic standards and relate beauty to positive traits, potentially affecting their attitudes and behaviors in the future. Therefore, a critical analysis of these aesthetic elements in children's films becomes essential to understand the impact they may have on the development and worldview of children.

Another important audiovisual reference that aligns with the previous discussions is the transformation of the character Estella into the persona of Cruella, in the film "Cruella," which goes beyond a mere visual change. From the beginning, we see a talented but insecure young woman facing challenges and tragedies. Her initial goal of becoming a fashion icon and avenging her mother's death triggers an internal and external metamorphosis.

Figure 7 - Estella

Source: The Direct, 2023

As the narrative progresses, we witness the rise of Cruella, a bold and fearless persona adopted by Estella. Her transformation reflects a profound shift in attitude and confidence, exemplified by an increasingly daring and extravagant look, as she becomes ready to confront her antagonist face to face.

In this way, the transition to her new personality is directly reflected in the style she chose to adopt. The black-and-white smoky eyes, creating a contrast between them, are used to create a greater impact, drawing the audience's attention by conveying a villainous gaze. Combined with red lips and hair divided into opposite colors, this forms a hypnotizing combination.

Source: Disney Brazil, 2021

All these artistic changes adopted by the film’s production are essential in presenting a new perspective to the audience, allowing the generic Estella to become the infamous villain Cruella de Vil.

Given the above, when analyzing the psychology behind makeup in cinema, we perceive a complex link between aesthetics, representation, and the viewer's perception. Makeup not only contributes to the visual appearance but also plays a psychological role in shaping the characters' identities. Whether highlighting a princess's beauty or a villain's malice, makeup deeply influences how the audience interprets the emotions and personalities of the characters. Therefore, understanding this psychology offers important insights into how visual elements impact audience perceptions and emotions, becoming a powerful tool in cinematic communication.

6. Correlation

The psychology of colors plays a fundamental role in the creation of cinematic makeup, contributing significantly to the transmission of messages and the

Figure 8 - Cruella

construction of characters. Each color has a psychological effect that can evoke certain emotions and states of mind in the viewer, and the strategic choice of colors in makeup can reinforce the narrative and the characters' personalities. Red is a powerful color that symbolizes passion, energy, and danger. In cinematic makeup, red lipstick or eyeshadow can be used to convey a character's emotional intensity. For example, a female character with red lips may be perceived as seductive or determined, while the use of red in eyeshadow or blush may suggest anger or a state of alertness. Example: Queen of Hearts. Blue is often associated with calm and serenity, but it can also convey sadness and coldness. Blue eyeshadow or bluish skin tones can be used to create a distant appearance, ideal for introspective or otherworldly characters. Conversely, darker shades of blue may suggest melancholy or emotional isolation. Example: The Corpse Bride. Yellow is an ambiguous color that can represent both joy and warning. In makeup, yellow tones can be used to create an aura of optimism and energy, especially in youthful and lively characters. However, in subtler doses or combined with darker colors, yellow can hint at illness or a state of alertness, making it an interesting choice for complex characters. Green is a color associated with nature and renewal, but it can also evoke feelings of envy and jealousy. Green-toned makeup can be used for characters that symbolize growth or harmony with nature. Alternatively, green eyeshadow can be applied to suggest a jealous or deceitful nature, adding psychological depth to the character. Example: The Wicked Witch of the West.

Black is often used to suggest mystery, sophistication, and even malice. The use of black eyeliner or eyeshadow can intensify the expression of the eyes, creating a more dramatic and intriguing appearance. Characters with dark makeup are often associated with enigmatic or antagonistic figures, capturing the viewer's attention and adding an element of suspense. Example: Black Swan. White symbolizes purity, innocence, and sometimes otherworldliness. In makeup, white can be used to create a ghostly or celestial effect. Characters with a white or pale makeup palette often carry an aura of innocence or transcendence, ideal for narratives involving the supernatural or the divine. Example: White Queen.

7. Conclusion

By strategically combining these colors, cinematic makeup artists are able not only to enhance the actors' beauty but also to reinforce the visual narrative, intensify

characterization, and evoke specific emotions in the audience. Thus, the psychology of colors in cinematic makeup is a powerful tool for storytelling and enriching the cinematic experience.

Bibliographic Reference

CHECHIN, Michelle Brugnera Cruz. O que se aprende com as princesas da DISNEY? Zero-a-Seis, Porto Alegre, v. 16, n. 29, p.131-147, jan./jun. 2014. DOI https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-4512.2014n29p131. Disponível em: https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/zeroseis/article/view/1980-4512.2014n29p131. Acesso em: 3 mar. 2024.

LOPES, Jhennifer Azevedo e Silva. Maquiagem de efeito e caracterização: a maquiagem e a sua contribuição para o cinema e educação, e os desafios para ser entendida como prática educacional. 2017. 45 f. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Licenciatura em cinema e audiovisual), Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 2017. Disponível em: https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/12305. Acesso em: 3 mar. 2024.

RODRIGUES, Ana Raquel Ferreira Cardoso. A influência da cor nas emoções das crianças com base em filmes de animação da Pixar. 2019. 143 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em multimédia - especialização em culturas e artes), Universidade do Porto, Porto, 2019. Disponível em: https://hdl.handle.net/10216/121895. Acesso em 31 mai. 2024.

SAMPAIO, José Roberto Santos. A maquiagem nas formas espetaculares. 2012. 7 p. Anais VII Congresso da ABRACE, Salvador, v. 13, n. 1, p.7, ago. 2012. Disponível em: https://www.publionline.iar.unicamp.br/index.php/abrace/article/view/2211. Acesso em: 3 mar. 2024.

STAMATO, Ana Beatriz Taube; STAFFA Gabriela; VON ZEIDLER Júlia Piccolo. A Influência das Cores na Construção Audiovisual 2013. 12 f. Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Rádio e TV), Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, 2013. Disponível em: https://portalintercom.org.br/anais/sudeste2013/resumos/R38-13041.pdf. Acesso em 31 mai. 2024.

ANALYSIS OF THE NEED FOR INVESTMENTS IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS IN BRAZIL: Using hydroelectric plants as a parameter

Beatriz Delmondes Moura

Natalia Zanon Rodrigues

This article will discuss the need for nuclear power plants in Brazil, comparing them to hydroelectric plants. First, it will address the country’s energy demand, which is divided among various sources of generation, with hydroelectric being the most utilized. Nuclear plants, on the other hand, have received significant government investment but have faced challenges in expanding. As a second topic, the article will relate the costs incurred by the state for the production of both energy types, concluding that nuclear plants require much more investment relative to the potential generated by both sources and their construction time. Furthermore, there are issues associated with both subjects of analysis: the first has environmental impacts (as it is not as clean as claimed) and the potential for catastrophic events, including chromosomal problems, while the latter leads to environmental and social impacts. However, when comparing them side by side, it is determined that nuclear energy is more detrimental. Lastly, the article will emphasize the importance of investing in diverse sources and not relying solely on a single energy matrix. In conclusion, it is argued that if Brazil continues to invest in hydroelectric plants and starts to diversify into sources like solar and wind, it would be more advantageous than persisting with Angra.

KEYWORDS: Nuclear energy; hydroelectric power plant; investments; Brazil.

1. INTRODUCTION

Nuclear power plants tend to provoke debates regarding their necessity in Brazil. In order to delve deeper and reach definitive conclusions, it is essential to analyze both the costs and the disadvantages that these facilities may pose to the country's development. Establishing comparisons is an effective approach to facilitate decision-making. Hydroelectric energy is the most utilized source in Brazil, and therefore, it can help to ascertain whether there are greater advantages in maintaining investments focused on its generation or if it would be prudent to diversify them towards nuclear power production.

Brazil's history includes investments in uranium enrichment leading to its use as an energy source; however, it is crucial to determine whether these efforts have resulted in sufficient development and growth to meet the population's demand, or if the expenditures do not justify the output that such plants will generate for the country. In this context, examining the development of hydroelectric plants serves as a means to compare the costs, productivity, and even the lifespan of each type of facility.

In the 2000s, Brazil was heavily reliant on hydroelectric power, and as issues arising from this dependence became evident, the country began to expand its investments into alternative energy sources, as will be discussed throughout this article. Nonetheless, it is necessary to ascertain whether nuclear power possesses characteristics that can contribute to this array of innovations implemented during that period.

2. Energy demand and development of sources in Brazil

The large-scale economic development in Brazil began in the 20th century and is linked to the industrialization process. Alongside this, there was significant urbanization and, consequently, population growth. These events were notably driven after the end of World War II, as Brazil needed to initiate development to compensate for what it would not receive from the war-devastated countries (at that time, the major powers). Brazilian economic growth was not uniform, fluctuating between 3.5% and 5.5% during the 1970s and 1980s, and subsequently losing momentum, averaging around 2.2% to 3% in the following

decades. All these factors necessitated an increase in energy demand. In 1970, the primary energy demand did not exceed 70 million tep1, while the population reached 93 million. Thirty years later, in the 2000s, demand had nearly tripled to 190 million tep, while the population surpassed 170 million, which does not even represent double the number of people, as illustrated in Graph 1 below: (TOLMASQUIM; GUERREIRO; GORINI, 2007, p. 48-49).

Graph 1 – Evolution of Energy Demand and Economic Growth Rate in Brazil – 19702030

Source: Tolmasquim, M.T. et. al. Matriz energética brasileira: uma prospectiva

Around the world, there are various sources of energy, such as hydraulic, wind, solar, sugarcane bagasse, and many others. In a comparison over a tenyear period by the Brazilian state, there has been an increase in the generation of some of these sources; for instance, wind energy, which produced 5,050 GWh in 2012, showed a significant growth to 81,631 GWh in 2022. Another energy source that has gained popularity in Brazilian households is solar energy, which generated only 1.62 GWh in 2012 and recorded a production of 30,126 GWh in 2022. Hydropower, which had a generation of 415,342 GWh in 2012, increased to 427,113 GWh in 2022. This remains the most utilized source in Brazil, representing 63% of the total used in 2022. (MINISTÉRIO DE MINAS E ENERGIA, 2022)

1"Tep" is a unit of measurement that stands for tons of oil equivalent; it quantifies the energy required to burn one ton of oil, thereby allowing for comparisons with the energy quantities of other materials. One tep is equivalent to 11.63 MWh.

The Brazilian state has a long history of studies and production necessary for the establishment of a nuclear power plant. In 1956, the Atomic Energy Institute (IEA) was founded, which was renamed IPEN (Institute of Energetic and Nuclear Research) in 1979. In addition to this, many other institutions were created, but the first contact with the development of a reactor occurred in 1965 with the emergence of the Thorium Group, aimed at developing a reactor based on the Thorium cycle, of moderate power and cooled by heavy water. The decision to implement a nuclear power plant dates back to 1971 in Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro (CARVALHO, 2012, p. 293-294).

Despite having made significant investments in the production of nuclear plants and all their preceding processes, this energy source is increasingly representing a smaller percentage of Brazil's total generation. In 2012, this figure stood at 2.90%, which fell to 2.15% of production in 2022 (MINISTÉRIO DE MINAS E ENERGIA, 2022). This is a very small figure for a country that has been establishing atomic institutes since 1956. This indicates that this energy source has failed to gain traction in the country, as it has not expanded its reach.

There are countries with limited options to meet their energy demands, such as France and Japan. These countries have already maximized their hydroelectric potential, necessitating investments in nuclear power. However, such investments are excessively high. France, in particular, has 59 nuclear power plants, which supply approximately 70% of the country’s energy, producing 430,000 GWh per year. Even so, as early as 2012, these were considered medium-term alternatives to begin investing in renewable energies. Nevertheless, as long as the French supply cannot become independent of nuclear power, it will still need to maintain these plants in a functional and safe state. Therefore, new nuclear parks must be constructed to replace plants over 40 years old (the age of their operational lifespan, as will be explained throughout the article), which will incur a cost of approximately one trillion euros for the government (CARVALHO, 2012, p. 302-303).

3. Comparison of costs generated by nuclear power plants and hydroelectric plants

The costs generated by a power plant can be considered fixed, such as the materials required for construction, the hiring of specialists for the formulation and monitoring of processes, and the tests that must be conducted before it becomes operational all of these are part of the investments. There are also variable costs, which consist of taxes, salaries, and maintenance (CARVALHO; SAUER, 2009, p. 1580). Furthermore, three main areas require investment. The first is infrastructure, where funds are utilized to implement new plants. The second point is energy transmission, which involves reinforcing the construction of new interconnections between systems and strengthening the basic network grid. The last is distribution, which includes installations aimed at expanding the medium and low-voltage electrical grid (TOLMASQUIM; GUERREIRO; GORINI, 2007, p. 66).

Nuclear power plants, which demand substantial investments, are characterized by their low predictability of costs. The French nuclear construction company Areva spent 50% more than initially estimated for the construction of a pressurized water reactor in Finland. In the United States, the underestimation was over 200%; what was expected to be around $938/kW increased to $2,959/kW for the construction of 75 plants between 1966 and 1986. In Brazil, in 2009, the projected expenditure for the construction of Angra 3 was estimated at 7.91 billion reais (CARVALHO; SAUER, 2009, p. 1581), but by 2020, the estimate had risen to 25 billion reais for a plant that would generate 1,405 MW. This plant began construction in 1981 but was halted in 1986 due to a financial crisis and the uncertainties surrounding nuclear energy, especially as Europe was facing the aftermath of the explosion of reactor 4 at the Chernobyl plant in Ukraine. To this day, Angra 3 has not been completed, with operations expected to commence in 2026 (CANGUSSO; LEITÃO, 2020, p. 03-04).

Angra dos Reis in Rio de Janeiro was Brazil's first experience with a nuclear power plant. Construction began in 1972, and it became operational in 1985, meaning its construction took 13 years of investment. This plant has a capacity of 640 MW, and approximately 8.4 billion reais were spent on its construction

(CANGUSSO; LEITÃO, 2020, p. 03-04). However, there is a "shelf life" (operational lifespan) for this type of energy generation. A nuclear plant must be decommissioned and decontaminated after 40 years of operation (CARVALHO; SAUER, 2009, p. 1581). Therefore, Brazil's first nuclear power plant is nearing the end of its lifespan, which expires in 2024. In 2019, Eletronuclear requested an extension of this timeframe by another 20 years from the National Commission of Nuclear Energy. This extension aims to achieve peak generation only in January 2023, reaching 485,033 MWh (ELETRONUCLEAR, [2023]). This figure is quite low, representing only 1.1% of the energy generated by hydroelectric plants in the state: 427,113 GWh, with potential for further development.

Additionally, it is possible to analyze the costs associated with the production of a hydroelectric plant, which is the most utilized source to meet energy demand in Brazil. The Itaipu plant, located on the Paraná River, was constructed from 1975 to 1982, requiring 7 years of investment. This bi-national plant shared between Brazil, which consumes 8.6% of its output, and Paraguay, which accounts for 86.3% has a capacity of 14,000 MW, making it the second largest in the world. A total of $17.6 billion was spent by both countries on its construction (including financial charges from inception to completion), which amounts to approximately $857 per installed kW (excluding charges). In 2022, this plant generated 69,873,095 MWh (ITAIPU BINACIONAL, s.d.). Brazil also hosts the third largest hydroelectric plant globally, Belo Monte, located on the Xingu River. It has a capacity of 11,233 MW (PRAMAC ENERGY GENERATION, s.d.) and its production costs are around 20 billion reais (BARROS, 2021), taking 5 years to inaugurate (2011-2016) (CAMPOS JUNIOR, 2023).

An important point to monitor in hydroelectric plants is the wear and tear of the materials used in construction. This deterioration can result from abrasion, erosion, and cavitation. The first refers to the friction between two or more materials; the second relates to solid particles in river water removing portions of the plant’s surface; the last occurs due to the collapse of gas bubbles within the river caused by drops in pressure, repeatedly subjecting the material to this force (RIJEZA METALURGIA, s.d.). These forms of wear contribute to a hydroelectric plant's operational lifespan, which can range from 50 to 100 years (ITAIPU

BINACIONAL, s.d.), though maintenance is required every 20 to 40 years when issues begin to arise. Therefore, preventive monitoring is necessary to ensure optimal functioning (RIJEZA METALURGIA, s.d.).

After analyzing the two energy sources, it becomes evident that, in terms of costs, hydroelectric plants are more expensive. For example, Angra 1 cost 8.4 billion reais, while Belo Monte incurred 20 billion reais more than double the amount. However, the former has a significantly lower energy potential than the latter, with capacities of 640 MW and 11,233 MW respectively, making the latter 17.5 times more advantageous for the country. Even when compared to Angra 3, which is more recent, it produces only 1,405 MW and will have cost over 25 billion reais by the end of its construction. Another aspect to compare is the durability of these plants. Angra dos Reis took 13 years to be built and, as mentioned, is about to cease operations (unless Eletronuclear's request is granted) as it will complete 40 years in 2025. In contrast, the second largest hydroelectric plant in the world, Itaipu, was built in 7 years and is now 42 years old, yet there is no scheduled closure, only the need for ongoing maintenance.

Table 1 – ANGRA 3: 47% MORE EXPENSIVE THAN ANGRA 2, ALTHOUGH “TWIN”

General aspects of the construction and Brazilian nuclear power plants

Source: Instituto Escolhas – Angra 3: vale quanto custa?

Table 2 – Comparisons between the above data regarding Belo Monte and Itaipu Belo Monte Itaipú Custos de obra (R$ bi) 20 17,6

Source: Produced by the authors of this article using the same sources as the data presented above.

4. Problems generated by nuclear and hydroelectric energy

There are assertions circulating in the media regarding nuclear energy that favor its proliferation and acceptance by society; however, these are not truths. (CARVALHO, 2012, p. 295-296) One of these claims is that this type of energy lasts forever, but as previously demonstrated, nuclear plants have very short lifespans, typically only 40 years. Furthermore, the mineral reserves necessary for extracting the fuels used in the plants, such as uranium, are finite, and their extraction and transportation release CO2 into the atmosphere, exacerbating pollution. This chemical compound is also emitted in large quantities during the construction of nuclear facilities. The amount of this pollutant emitted throughout the life cycle of a plant varies depending on the research conducted; the World Information Service on Energy (WISE) estimates this to be 117 grams per kilowatt of generation. Another study by Mark Z. Jacobsen estimates this figure to range between 68 and 180 CO2/kWh. (IPEN, 2021)

Moreover, there are additional problems beyond the construction of the plants, which extend into the period following their deactivation. For example, there is no designated location for the disposal of the generated radioactive waste. These wastes are stored on-site within the facility, yet they will continue to pose risks to anyone who comes into contact with them, even after years of inactivity. After 30 years, they will still emit approximately 6% of their previous radiation, which can cause health issues ranging from mild redness to chromosomal alterations in affected individuals.

Another point of discussion regarding the rationale for establishing nuclear plants pertains to uranium, as Brazil possesses one of the largest reserves in the world. This raises the question of whether it would be advantageous to invest in nuclear energy due to the potential to exploit this resource. However, investments could instead focus on enriching this material and exporting a portion of it, which

would lead to profit and technological development. (CARVALHO, 2012, p. 295296)

An important issue to highlight as a problem associated with nuclear plants is the potential for catastrophic disasters. Despite protocols intended to mitigate such incidents, the possibility of accidents remains. When these occur, they can have repercussions spanning multiple generations. The largest recorded nuclear disaster was Chernobyl, known worldwide for its far-reaching effects beyond the immediate vicinity of the accident.

The Chernobyl accident occurred in Ukraine on April 26, 1986, during the time of the Soviet Union (USSR), due to the explosion of reactor 4 as a result of tests aimed at increasing energy output. This explosion resulted in over 15,000 deaths within six months of the disaster. However, epidemiological studies were not conducted, thereby obscuring the actual number of individuals affected by this radiation. Residents of Pripyat, a neighboring town, were evacuated only 36 hours later, and those responsible for cleaning up the radioactive waste were dispersed throughout the USSR those who did not die shortly thereafter from high doses of radiation. It is estimated that the number of individuals for whom studies should have been conducted to gauge the magnitude of the problem and its propagation through society was around 600,000 affected (based on the linear no-threshold model, which assumes that mortality is proportional to the amount of radiation received). However, in the official UN report, only 37 deaths were confirmed as a consequence by 2007. This illustrates the fear that governments harbor in allowing the population to know the true causes of a nuclear accident, thus facilitating ongoing investments in these plants. (DUPUY, 2007, p. 243-246)

Any physical, chemical, or biological alteration of the environment caused by human activity, which affects life both directly and indirectly, can be considered an environmental and social impact. Now, focusing on hydropower plants, these can cause climatic issues as they alter natural phenomena such as wind, humidity, and temperature. This is because constructing a plant alters the original structure of the river, including the water flow, the widening of banks, and the elevation of depth this last effect occurs due to the dam that is built to retain and

enhance the river's flow. These changes result in significant physical impacts on the natural environment. These factors lead to detriment to both fauna and flora by necessitating changes to areas that will be flooded, resulting inloss of biodiversity. Furthermore, damage to the flora leads to lower oxygen levels, as organic matter proliferates (with increased CO2 release), since the local plants die and consequently cease photosynthesis. One of the most impactful effects today on society is the displacement of families, who must uproot their lives, relocate, and lose part of their culture as their territory is flooded by the river serving as the hydropower source. (QUEIROZ, 2013, p. 2781-2782)

As an analytical comparison of the factors presented, it is evident that the damage caused by nuclear plants is more pronounced and detrimental than those associated with hydropower. When a nuclear accident occurs, as previously discussed, multiple generations are affected, and the generation that experiences the catastrophe is profoundly impacted, rendering such events among the most perilous disasters in human history, as was the case with Chernobyl. Additionally, there is the pollution generated by the life cycle of nuclear plants through CO2 emissions, thus presenting a certain impact and another potential one, albeit highly destructive. Although the impacts of hydropower plants are detrimental to the environment and the populations that previously inhabited those areas, they are comparatively less severe, as they constitute physical impacts, while those from nuclear plants can be chromosomal (affecting both animals and humans).

5. What can be developed in the country

Based on the information presented thus far, it can be concluded that hydropower represents fewer problems for the country than nuclear energy. However, there is a point that must be emphasized regarding its implementation: it should not solely sustain the local demand; that is, its dependence poses challenges. In the 2000s, Brazil's energy composition was dominated by hydropower, accounting for 87.2%. (MINISTÉRIO DE MINAS E ENERGIA, [2020], p. 09) From June 2001 to February 2002, the country experienced a significant blackout during Fernando Henrique Cardoso's administration, which necessitated energy conservation measures across the nation. Measures

implemented included a 35% reduction in public lighting and a 15% to 25% decrease in industrial consumption. This crisis was caused by low rainfall levels at the time, leading to the depletion of reservoirs and a consequent shortfall in energy production. The operational capacity of the plants was exceedingly low; the Northeast region reached 7.84% in November, while the Southeast and Central-West regions operated at 20.69% in September. Another reason for this electrical instability was the lack of investment, as the government was interrupting privatization. Consequently, neither the state nor the private sector invested in the new necessary plants. This blackout also resulted in economic repercussions, as evidenced by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which had previously grown by 4.4% in 2000 but fell to 1.3% during the crisis. (PEREIRA, [2006])

Had the Brazilian federation, at that time, directed more investments toward alternative energy sources, the blackout might not have been as severe, as these alternatives could have partially compensated for the shortfall in hydropower. Over the years, there has been an expansion of these investments, leading to a more diversified energy generation mix in Brazil, as illustrated in the following graph 2.

An alternative for investment, in addition to those already in growth, lies in renewable sources such as hydro-wind energy, given that Brazil possesses both wind and hydro potential to sustain energy supply for a stabilized population until 2050, as projected by the IBGE. This system interconnects these two sources, wherein one complements the other. Wind turbines would conserve water in

Graph 2 – Brazil: Generation by Source (%

Source: Informe Técnico – Oferta e Demanda Regional de Energia Elétrica 2000/2020

reservoirs, allowing it to be utilized during dry periods, which are commonly characterized by strong winds favorable for wind energy generation. By 2050, this system could provide 5,100 kWh per capita per year, aligning Brazil with developed European countries. (CARVALHO; SAUER, 2013, p. 121)

6. Conclusion

It is evident that Brazil's energy demand began to grow alongside economic development, and throughout this trajectory, despite all the investments and incentives provided by the government, nuclear energy has not been able to develop in the country. In contrast to other sources, such as wind and solar, which are gaining ground in the composition of the electricity sector. To analyze the problems that nuclear plants may generate with greater accuracy, hydroelectric plants were used as a parameter, as they still represent the largest share of production, despite their annual decline. This comparison led to the conclusion that investments directed toward hydroelectric plants provided greater returns to society than those made in nuclear energy.

One relationship is the cost incurred by the government; while hydroelectric plants were more expensive, they also have greater energy potential. For instance, the example of Belo Monte and Angra 1 illustrates that the former produces 17.5 times more than the latter. Another comparative factor is the operational lifespan of each type; nuclear plants must be fully decommissioned in 40 years, whereas hydroelectric plants require ongoing maintenance for their machinery, which begins to degrade in 20 years, but the plants can last up to 100 years overall.

The risks that nuclear plants present to public health in the event of potential failures are irreversible and extremely catastrophic. The Chernobyl explosion, even after 38 years, still renders a city uninhabitable, and remnants of its radiation persist in the generations that were affected. Moreover, there is CO2 emission associated with nuclear processes. Hydroelectric plants also have associated problems, such as destroying the natural habitat of certain animal and plant species due to regional flooding, but these cannot be compared to the chromosomal mutations that the same species may suffer in proximity to radiation

released by explosions, and not only from that but also from the radioactive waste generated by the plants, which lacks a definitive disposal method.

A characteristic highlighted in Brazil's energy evolution is the increasing diversification of energy sources utilized to meet demand. In the 2000s, the country was heavily dependent on hydroelectric plants, which generated supply issues when these plants experienced low reservoir levels. Other forms of energy generation could attract new investments, such as hydro-wind systems. However, the disadvantages associated with nuclear plants do not render them suitable candidates for this range of new investment diversions.

Therefore, the disadvantages of energy generation through nuclear plants and the potential to develop sufficient sustainable and renewable energies to supply Brazil make the investment in new plants unnecessary.

7. Bibliographic References

BARROS, R. Plena crise energética, Belo Monte gera menos de 3% da energia projetada. Poder360, Brasília, 10 set. 2021. Disponível em: https://www.poder360.com.br/poder-energia/energia/em-plena-crise-energeticabelo-monte-gera-menos-de-3-da-energia-projetada/. Acesso em: 08 mai. 2024.

CAMPOS JUNIOR, G. Belo Monte gerou 12% de sua energia projetada em julho. Poder 360, Brasília, 5 ago. 2023. Disponível em: https://search.app/wF76EtK91wtNhoSZ7. Acesso em: 17 set. 2024.

CANGUSSO, S.; LEITÃO, S. Angra 3: vale quanto custa? São Paulo: Instituto Escolhas, 2020. Disponível em: https://escolhas.org/wpcontent/uploads/2020/05/TD_01_NUCLEAR_ANGRA-3_VALE-QUANTOCUSTA_2020.pdf. Acesso em: 26 fev. 2024.

CARVALHO, J. F. O espaço da energia nuclear no Brasil. Estud. av., São Paulo, v. 26, n. 74, p. 293-308, abr. 2012. DOI 10.1590/S010340142012000100021. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S010340142012000100021. Acesso em: 31 jan. 2024.

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THE RELATION BETWEEN MUSIC AND PSYCHOLOGY:

The Emotional Benefits and Detriments in High Performance

Maria Clara Ferenczi Fassio

Isabella Dalmolin Beraldo

Heloysa Laís De Souza Ribeiro

Giulia Travaglia Del Moro

Gabriel Carvalho Santos

This article explores the role of music as a significant therapeutic tool for mental health, reducing anxiety and depression, and improving self-esteem and well-being. Both in music therapy and in the lives of highperformance musicians, anxiety is a complex challenge, often triggered by the pursuit of perfection and performance pressure. Additionally, the symptoms and causes of performance anxiety are discussed in depth. This anxiety can be manifested in various ways, including physical, behavioral, and especially mental symptoms, and it is influenced by both individual and external factors, affecting musicians as well as the quality of the music. It is concluded that while professionalized music may lead to mental disorders, it can also be the solution to these issues, as seen in music therapy, which is considered a promising, innovative, non-invasive, and accessible therapeutic option. Thus, music and its applications are seen as a paradox.

KEYWORDS: Music Therapy, Mental Disorder, Anxiety, High-Performance Musicians.

1. Introduction

This study investigates the interrelation between music and neuroscience, exploring correlations between music and emotion, as well as music, cognition, and learning. The main objective is to analyze, through a systematic literature review, how these sciences correlate with each other. Music generates emotion and activates various brain structures, including the limbic system, which is responsible for emotions and social behaviors. In this process, the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is responsible for the sensation of pleasure, is also released.

The relation between professional musicians and their mental health is multifaceted, offering both benefits and challenges for the psychological well-being. On the one hand, the link between music and mental health can stem from the excessive selfdemand faced by high-performance musicians. Many musicians experience intense pressures to achieve high standards of musical execution, facing fierce competition and demanding expectations from the industry and the public. This constant pursuit of perfection can lead to high levels of stress, anxiety, and even depression. Excessive selfcriticism can create a harmful cycle of self-judgment and pressure, undermining musicians' self-confidence and emotional well-being, even when they achieve professional success.

On the other hand, music can serve as a therapeutic tool, capable of relieving stress, reducing anxiety, and enhancing mood. Rhythm and melody can act as a form of escapism, providing emotional comfort and a sense of connection with others. Moreover, music has the power to evoke positive memories and strengthen social bonds, fostering a sense of belonging and community.

2. Negative Aspects

The relation between psychology and music as a high-performance profession is multifaceted, presenting both positive and negative aspects.

On the one hand, music can have positive effects on psychological well-being, but it can also be harmful to high-performance musicians, leading to detrimental consequences for their mental and emotional health. It highlights that musical performance anxiety is a complex experience, influenced by individual and external factors, which can affect the quality and well-being of musicians.

2.1. High Performance in the Music Industry

A high-performance professional is an individual who has achieved an exceptional level of excellence in his or her career, and this concept can be applied to the field of music. According to Gabriela Kronemberger in the journal *Música Hodie*, Goiânia, “The profession of an orchestra musician is characterized by a high degree of professional qualification and prestige,” meaning that they stand out for their superior technical skills and their unique ability to express emotions and narratives through music. These artists dedicate themselves to refining their abilities, demonstrating a commitment to the pursuit of artistic perfection.

In addition to their technical mastery, a high-performance musician is resilient in the face of challenges and capable of handling the intense pressures associated with live performances, recordings, and the music industry's demands for exemplary performances. This contributes to an additional psychological burden and a tendency to set high standards for themselves.

Thus, it is essential to manage the pressure of perfectionism healthily, with emotional support and awareness of psychological demands, which are crucial to help musicians face this pressure constructively.

This relentless pursuit of perfection, despite being a commonly shared goal, is unrealistic and unattainable. The attempt to reach unreachable standards can create a significant emotional burden for professionals striving for excellence in their fields. Additionally, musicians may experience symptoms of anxiety from the preparation phase to the performance itself, meaning anxiety can be present in all stages of the musician’s process.

Musical performance is influenced by a variety of physical and mental processes, such as reasoning, cognition, memory, attention, muscle and joint abilities, motor learning, and body awareness. It is essential for musicians to recognize the interconnectedness of these elements and dedicate individualized attention to each, striving to improve their overall performance. This can be achieved by taking care of all the aspects involved.

Just as an athlete trains individual muscles before a race, for example, it is possible to train all these mechanisms and the range of subtleties individually. Focusing on oneself, on the external environment, on others, on memory, understanding the piece and the

setting (the stage, theater, audience, colleagues, conductor, etc.), various bodily perceptions, and a comprehensive understanding of the musical text all contribute to enhancing overall focus and performance. As Maciente (2016: 146) states:"Each increase in mastery of these small abilities can also increase the overall ability to maintain focus (in a broader sense)."

2.2. Psychological Detriments

Recognizing the causes of psychological detriments in high-performance musicians allows us to identify their possible symptoms.

According to Kenny (2011), musical performance is a demanding discipline, with perfectionism playing an etiological role in anxiety. This is an emotional experience characterized by feelings of apprehension, nervousness, and excessive worry about future events or unknown situations. Physical symptoms, such as muscle tension, increased heart rate, and sweating, often accompany these emotional aspects. While anxiety is a natural reaction of the body to prepare for challenges, it becomes problematic when it occurs disproportionately to the circumstances or interferes with daily activities.

The Institute of Psychiatry at the University of São Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, defines anxiety disorders as: "A phenomenon that sometimes benefits and sometimes harms us, depending on the circumstances or intensity. It can become pathological, that is, detrimental to our mental (psychic) and physical (somatic) functioning. Anxiety stimulates individuals to take action; however, in excess, it does the opposite, preventing reactions. Anxiety disorders are illnesses related to the body’s functioning and life experiences."

2.2.1.

Causes of Musical Performance Anxiety

According to Valentine (2002, p. 172), three factors contribute to musical performance anxiety: the Person, the Task, and the Situation.

The first term, "person," refers to the personality characteristics that can affect an individual's behavior, unique to each person, showing their usual tendency to react to their environment. Individual behavior results from the interaction between personal, physical, and social factors, meaning anxiety is influenced by individual’s intrinsic traits and how they interact with the surrounding environment.

The second term, "task," refers to the psychological and cognitive factors that arise when a musician encounters a challenge beyond their current technical and interpretative level. The potential failure or lack of control over the task, or performing something that exceeds their ability, can trigger physical symptoms from the stage preparation, leading to negative anxiety during the performance.

The third term, "situation," highlights public performance as an essential aspect of a musician’s life, which often becomes a source of anxiety. Public performance carries the musician's expectations and aspirations as well as those of the audience. Just as anxiety varies between individuals and tasks, it is also unique to the situation, differing from person to person.

Some performance situations are generally stressful for musicians, regardless of their individual sensitivity to anxiety. Examples include solo performances, public performances, competitions, and the presentation of difficult or underprepared pieces, which are less comfortable than group performances or performing familiar, well-learned pieces for enjoyment.

2.3. Symptoms

The signs of anxiety during musical performances are widely recognized and can be categorized into three groups: physical, behavioral, and mental (Valentine, 2002, p. 168).

The physical/physiological symptoms of performance anxiety resemble those experienced in stressful situations. They include increased heart rate, palpitations, shortness of breath, hyperventilation, dry mouth, sweating, nausea, diarrhea, and dizziness.

Mental symptoms can be subdivided into cognitive and emotional categories. Cognitive symptoms include loss of concentration, high distractibility, memory failure, improper cognitive processes, and misinterpretation of the score. Emotional signs stem from anxiety, tension, worry, fear, panic, apprehension, or dread.

It is evident that musical performance anxiety is not just an isolated reaction, but also a multifaceted phenomenon influenced by various factors, from individual characteristics to external pressures. Thus, it is essential for both musicians and mental health professionals to acknowledge the importance of holistic approaches that foster not

only technical development but also the emotional support necessary to ensure sustainable, high-quality musical performances over time.

3. Positive Aspects

Another facet of the relation between music and mental health can be explored through the therapeutic potential of music itself, particularly through music therapy. Music therapy has gained prominence as a complementary approach in the treatment of mental and behavioral disorders, offering valuable insights into how music affects the human brain and how this relation can be harnessed therapeutically.

In the search for effective therapeutic approaches for treating mental disorders, music has emerged as a complementary form of therapy, providing a holistic and accessible method for improving mental health. Its ability to evoke positive emotions and memories make it a valuable tool in the therapeutic arsenal. Reviewing current literature on the relation between music and mental health highlights the mechanisms by which music can positively affect mental health and the role of music professionals in this context.

Research has demonstrated that music can positively influence mental health through complex physiological and psychological mechanisms. Physiologically, music can stimulate the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin, which play crucial roles in mood regulation, pleasure, and well-being. This release of neurotransmitters can reduce cortisol levels, the stress hormone, promoting a state of relaxation and calm. Additionally, music can modulate brain activity by stimulating areas associated with emotion and memory, which can be especially beneficial in treating mental disorders.

Music evokes positive emotions and fosters greater connection with the environment and others. Through music, individuals can express and process difficult emotions, thus relieving emotional stress. Music can also serve as a form of escapism, allowing people to temporarily disconnect from worries and anxieties. Furthermore, the practice of music, whether listening or playing an instrument, can improve self-esteem and self-expression, which are essential elements for emotional well-being. In summary, music exerts a powerful influence on mental health, offering a variety of benefits, from stress reduction to strengthening emotional resilience. Its positive impact

can be observed in multiple areas of life, highlighting its potential as a valuable tool in promoting mental health.

As a result, musical interventions have been increasingly recognized for their role in managing psychopathologies, showing positive effects on self-esteem, communication, and overall well-being. Various applications of music therapy have been identified, especially its ability to enhance self-perception and personal achievements, while reducing anxiety, depression, and negative affect. Music therapy has also been shown to improve behavioral responses in institutionalized elderly individuals with dementia and patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder, promoting better interpersonal relationships.

3.1. Discussion

The findings of this review align with previous evidence on the use of music therapy to treat musicians' anxiety. The ability of music to positively influence the human brain and modulate emotional states has been well-documented. The identification of changes in brain structures in psychiatric conditions suggests that music therapy may not only alleviate symptoms but also impact brain neuroplasticity, paving the way for more effective and personalized interventions in the treatment of mental disorders.

The observed effects on brain structures and neuroplasticity reinforce music therapy as an effective therapeutic approach, which should be considered in the treatment of these disorders. It offers a non-invasive, innovative, and accessible alternative therapy. However, further research is necessary to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of action in music therapy and its effectiveness in different clinical contexts, in order to enhance its application and impact on mental health.

4. Conclusion

In conclusion, musical performance anxiety is not an isolated reaction but rather a phenomenon that can be influenced by various factors, from individual characteristics to external pressures. Therefore, both musicians and mental health professionals are advised to recognize the importance of holistic approaches that promote not only technical development but also the emotional support necessary to ensure quality and sustainable musical performances over time.

As a complementary treatment, the use of music as therapy for mental disorders has shown promising results, reinforcing the importance of interdisciplinary approaches, particularly the use of instruments, in the relation between music and mental health. This

therapy induces psychophysiological and cognitive-behavioral changes, offering an innovative and effective path for mental health improvement.

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GAMES AS A TOOL FOR THE COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS

This research examines the importance of electronic games in the cognitive development of children and adolescents, highlighting the educational benefits associated to their use. Based on the theories of Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, it analyzes how physical and electronic games influence children’s development. Physical games, such as boards and cards, can promote motor, social and cognitive skills. Moreover, electronic games, when used strategically, can stimulate memory, attention and problem solving. The theoretical contributions of Vygotsky, which emphasizes social interaction and the Zone of Proximal Development, and also Piaget, who addresses cognitive development in stages, provide a solid basis for understanding the educational potential of games. Furthermore, the study explores literacy through games, the benefits of entertainment and the development of logical-mathematical reasoning, highlighting how these games can be used to promote learning. It is concluded that the balanced incorporation of physical and electronic games in educational and home environments can bring broad benefits, such as social and cognitive skills. Thus, the use of games can be more incorporated into everyday life to maximize these benefits and promote diverse and interactive development.

KEYWORDS: Games. Development. Learning. Children’s. Cognitive

Bruno Do Nascimento Carvalho Caio Santos Casimiro

1. Introduction

The growth of electronic games on the market is a remarkable phenomenon, reflected in impressive sales figures and the development of a wide range of gaming genres and platforms. This growth not only highlights the economic importance of games, but also their cultural and social influence, which extends to the behavior and development of young people.

Gráfico 1: Regional video game and eSports revenues (in US$ million), from 2017 to 2026

Source: Pwc Global Entertainment and Media Survey 2022-2026, Omdia.

According to the graph, games have expanded and will still expand over the years. This growth can be seen in different parts of the world.

In recent years, electronic games have become a constant presence in the daily lives of children and adolescents, growing exponentially in popularity and in the global market. This growth raises important questions about the effects of games on young people's cognitive development.

Research, such as the study "Addiction to games" by Mendonça (2017, p. 142165), discusses the cognitive and behavioral impacts of games, highlighting both their benefits and risks. Mendonça points out that despite concerns about addiction, games can stimulate essential cognitive skills such as selective attention, working memory and problem solving. Understanding these benefits is crucial to promoting balanced and positive use of games.

Furthermore, in "Electronic games and education: constructing a script for its pedagogical analysis", Victor Azevedo (2012, p. 1-228) explores the role of games in the educational context. He suggests that, when used strategically, games can be powerful pedagogical tools, promoting engagement and active learning.

Analysis of different types of games reveals a variety of benefits and applications that vary depending on the context and purpose of use. This article aims to explore the intrinsic characteristics of each category of games, discuss their advantages and disadvantages, and identify the situations in which each type is most suitable.

2. Development

At the outset, it is important to remember that games have different classifications and how each one can correlate with each player's brain stimulus. Therefore, separating them into each type of game provides better clarity regarding the topic discussed.

2.1 Physical games

Physical games, such as boards, cards and manipulative toys, have a long history and are often associated with cognitive and social benefits. According to Piaget, physical play is essential for child development, as it promotes fine motor skills, coordination and the ability to solve problems. These games also encourage face-to-face interaction, which is crucial for developing social skills such as cooperation, negotiation and empathy.

One of the main advantages of physical games is motor development. Games that involve manipulating pieces, such as puzzles and building blocks, help develop fine motor skills and spatial awareness. Additionally, social interaction is significantly promoted, as these games often require multiple players, promoting communication and teamwork skills. The tangibility of these games is also a notable benefit, as the tactile experience can reinforce learning and memorization using multiple senses.

2.2 Electronic Games

Electronic games have evolved rapidly and have become a significant part of modern entertainment. Studies indicate that these games can be powerful tools for cognitive development, as long as they are used appropriately. According to the American Psychological Association, electronic games can improve visual-spatial skills, attention and problem solving.

One of the advantages of electronic games is the high level of engagement they provide. These games are highly engaging and can motivate players to persist at difficult tasks, promoting resilience and patience. Additionally, the flexibility and accessibility of electronic games are remarkable, as many can be played on mobile devices, making them virtually accessible. Another important benefit is cognitive development; Strategy games and puzzles can improve memory, perception and strategic planning skills.

Choosing the most appropriate type of game depends on several factors, including educational objectives, social context and individual player preferences. Physical games are excellent for promoting social interaction and motor skills, while electronic games can be powerful tools for cognitive development and engagement. Therefore, a balanced approach that incorporates different types of games can offer a broader spectrum of benefits, building on the strengths of each category.

2.3 Lev Vygotsky e Jean Piaget

When considering the different types of games and their benefits, it is essential to understand the theoretical bases that support these points. In this context, the contributions of Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget are essential. Both are renowned and important researchers in the field of psychiatry and development through games. Their theories offer a framework for understanding how games can be used as educational and cognitive development tools.

Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget are two professionals in the study of cognitive development. Their theories provide justifications for the use of games as educational and learning tools. Each of them analyzed the benefits of playful activities from different perspectives. While Vygotsky analyzes the social and interactive part, Piaget analyzes the individual part and the construction of knowledge.

2.3.1 Lev Vygotsky

Lev Vygotsky is renowned for his theories on the influence of social and cultural context on cognitive development. One of his main contributions is the concept called Zone of Proximal Development, which refers to the difference between what a child can achieve alone and what he or she can achieve with assistance. Vygotsky argued that games are effective within the ZPD, allowing children to perform tasks slightly above their current level of competence with the help of more experienced peers or adults. For

example, in a board game, a child can learn strategies from a more experienced player, expanding their own understanding and skills.

Vygotsky also highlighted the importance of pretending to play for cognitive development. During these games, children assume roles and follow social rules, promoting the development of self-regulation, language, and abstract thinking. Helping them build symbolic thinking and the ability to plan and solve problems. Other entertainment such as “pretending to play” facilitates the internalization of cultural and behavioral norms.

Furthermore, Vygotsky argued that learning is mediated by cultural tools such as language and other symbols. Games serve as cultural tools that mediate cognitive development by providing contexts full of social and cultural meanings. Digital educational games, for example, can incorporate cultural narratives and symbols, helping children connect new information with their pre-existing knowledge.

For Vygotsky, social interaction is central to learning. Games provide a rich environment for these interactions, allowing children to collaborate, share ideas, and learn from each other.

2.3.2

Jean Piaget

Jean Piaget is known for his theory of cognitive development, which describes how children construct knowledge through interactions with the environment. Piaget proposed that cognitive development occurs in four stages: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational and formal operational. Each stage represents a qualitative transformation in the way children think and understand the world. Games play specific roles at each stage, promoting appropriate skills for the development of each phase.

Piaget described the processes of assimilation and accommodation as mechanisms by which children adapt their cognitive structures. Games provide an ideal context for these processes, allowing children to assimilate new information and accommodate their cognitive schemas to solve challenges presented by games. He introduced the Concept of balance as a central part of his theory of cognitive development. Balancing describes the process by which a person seeks a balance between existing cognitive schemas and new information found in the environment. Cognitive

schemas are the mental structures capable of assimilating, recognizing, interpreting and classifying data from the environment, that is, acquired knowledge.

Piaget believed that cognitive development occurs through three main processes: assimilation, accommodation, and balance. Assimilation involves the input and processing of external stimuli to existing schemas, resulting in a quantitative change. Accommodation refers to internal reorganization, adjusting or creating schemas for better adaptation, which represents a qualitative change and modification of structure. Balancing is the process of seeking a state of balance between assimilation and accommodation.

Piaget considered balance a factor that drives cognitive development, as it involves the resolution of cognitive conflicts and the understanding and ability to solve problems. This process is essential for intellectual growth, allowing a person to evolve from simpler to more complex forms of thought.

Games, with their varied challenges and immediate rewards, offer a dynamic and interactive environment where children can constantly practice balancing, adjusting their cognitive strategies to overcome new levels, rules or obstacles, thus promoting cognitive flexibility and the ability to solve problems in a creative way.

Piaget identified three main types of games: exercise games, symbolic games and rule games. Each type of game is prevalent at different stages of development and contributes to different aspects of cognition and social skills. He also emphasized that children actively construct their knowledge through the interaction with the world. Games provide an ideal context for this active construction, allowing children to explore, experiment and discover new ideas and concepts.

3. Ways to use games

A new path opens to debate the different specific ways that games can and have the potential to help student development.

An addendum is the importance of understanding that games serve to add to education and not replace traditional methods used in classrooms throughout Brazil.

3.1 Can games help with literacy?

Literacy is one of the most crucial phases in children’s development, influencing a lot the child or adolescent's life over the years. Whether at work, social circle or in character development itself. Innovative methods have been explored to make this

process more effective and engaging. Among these methods, the use of games has gained prominence due to their potential to engage children in a playful and educational way. The objective of this part is to show some games and how they clearly help children.

A good point to notice is the relation between games and literacy. This is mainly because there is engagement or encouragement in the games themselves, whether with animal figures or visually attractive messages, in addition to providing an immediate correction, so that right after the game you can enjoy and analyze it with the educator as a means of improving learning.

There are different types of games that serve for this purpose. Some are word formation games that help children's morphology, while others provide phonetic assistance, with the aim of improving children's vocabulary.

3.2 Improvement of logical-mathematical reasoning

Mathematics is another approach in addition to literacy, which is also very essential for the student's profile and the development of the prefrontal cortex, responsible for logical reasoning.

Just as games have well-defined rules that players must follow, mathematics is governed by axioms and theorems that form the basis of its logical system. In a game, rules structure the path to victory, while in mathematics, axioms establish the foundations from which conclusions are derived. This structure provides a controlled environment where you can experiment, test hypotheses and develop strategies in playful contexts. Understanding and applying these principles stimulate logical reasoning, promoting deeper and more meaningful learning of the concepts involved. Therefore, studying mathematics through games can be especially advantageous, as it combines logical rigor with an interactive and engaging approach, facilitating the internalization of concepts in a natural and intuitive way.

In this way, games are effective for the assimilation of abstract concepts, providing an environment where these concepts can be manipulated in tangible ways, developing logical reasoning. Additionally, games, such as puzzles and strategy games, challenge players to think critically and develop problem-solving skills.

3.3 The relation between games and body dynamics

The educational institution, in addition to putting theoretical education into practice, must also provide practical activities to help the development of children and adolescents. In addition to the physical games themselves that are described as “games or sports”, there are electronic games that (only a certain part) can play a role in physical activities. Thus, the use of games in physical education classes can cater to different learning styles. According to Ribeiro (2019, p.33), the diversity of activities allows each student to explore their individual capabilities, promoting an inclusive environment. Games that involve physical and strategic challenges help students develop self-confidence and problem-solving skills, essential skills for personal and social growth.

Current games that use, for example, Xbox's “Kinect”, which provide mirrored movements of real life in the game, allow the playability of “games” that require a lot of movement, can be used to learn about an event or sports, adding the dynamism of games with the fun provided.

Playing games regularly can also positively influence students' physical health. Studies by Santos (2021, p.18-30) indicate that children and adolescents who participate in recreational activities tend to have better physical fitness levels and a lower risk of diseases related to a sedentary lifestyle. In this way, implementing games in physical education classes not only improves coordination, but also encourages healthy habits in childhood.

4.Methods for using games in Education

To maximize the benefits of games on cognitive development, it is crucial to implement specific strategies in educational settings. Board games and puzzles, such as chess and Sudoku, promote critical thinking and problem-solving skills, encouraging students to develop strategies and recognize patterns. Educational digital games can teach mathematics, science and language concepts in an interactive way, integrating theoretical learning with practice.

Word games, such as hangman and crosswords, expand vocabulary and promote language skills, as well as stimulating creativity and cognitive flexibility. Games that

require cooperation develop social skills such as communication and conflict resolution, teaching students to work as a team and value the contributions of others.

Additionally, many digital games offer immediate feedback and reward systems, encouraging persistence and continued effort, which reinforces positive behavior and promotes continuous learning.

5. Conclusion

Electronic games play a significant role in the cognitive development of children and adolescents. When used in a balanced and strategic way, they are diverse. They can stimulate skills such as attention, memory, communication, teamwork, problem solving and even abstract thinking, as discussed by Vygotsky and Piaget. Therefore, it is essential that educators recognize these potentials and integrate electronic games in a controlled and positive way into young people's daily lives.

The balanced incorporation of different types of games in educational and recreational environments can provide a broader spectrum of benefits, ranging from motor and social to cognitive development. Understanding Vygotsky and Piaget's theories about the role of games in child development reinforces the importance of a conscious and contextualized use of games as educational tools. Therefore, future research could continue to explore ways to maximize these benefits, integrating gaming modalities in a way that seeks to maximize young people's intellectual development, promoting not only cognitive but also social skills.

References

American Psychological Association. (2013). APA Task Force on Violent Media. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. American Psychological Association. (2014). The benefits of playing video games

AZEVEDO, Victor de Abreu. Jogos eletrônicos e educação: construindo um roteiro para sua análise pedagógica. 300915. repositorio.ufsc.br. Florianópolis, SC. 2012. 1-228p.

DIAS, Junio Araujo; Reis, Michelle. O impacto da prática de jogos eletrônicos na saúde dos adolescentes. 303. Centro Universitário do Planalto Central Apparecido dos Santos. Brasília - DF. 20/01/2020. 15p.

LA TAYLLE, I.; OLIVEIRA, M..K. e DANTAS, H.. Piaget, Vygotsky, Wallon. Summus: São Paulo, 1992.

LOPES, E. G. M. et al. Como jogos digitais auxiliam no raciocínio lógicomatemático logical fall. In: Cointer PDVGT, 4., 2020, [S.l.]. [...]. Recife: Sociedade 5.0: educação, ciência, tecnologia e amor, 2020.

MENDONÇA, L. H. F.; FANTINI, J. A. Adicção em Games: do cognitivocomportamental ao estruturalismo. Memorandum: Memória e História em Psicologia, [S. l.], v. 33, p. 142–165, 2017.

RIBEIRO, L. T. Jogos e suas contribuições para o aprendizado motor. Jornal de Educação Física, v. 15, n. 2, p. 33-47, 2019.

SANTOS, M. A. Saúde e atividade física na infância: uma revisão de literatura. Revista de Saúde Pública, v. 55, n. 3, p. 18-30, 2021.

SILVA, C. C. O. A importância dos jogos com regras no desenvolvimento infantil. 2012. 49p. Dissertação (Especialização em Docência na Educação Básica) - Faculdade de Educação, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 2012.

SILVEIRA, S. R.; RANGEL, A. C. S.; CIRÍACO, C. L. Utilização de jogos digitais para o desenvolvimento do raciocínio lógico-matemático. # Tear: Revista de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia, Canoas, v. 1, n. 1, p. 1-14, 2012.

SOARES, R. S. et al. A importância dos jogos na formação do raciocínio lógicomatemática no período introdutório. Intercursos - Revista das Unidades Acadêmicas da Fundação Educacional de Ituiutaba, Ituiutaba, v. 10, n. 1, p. 75-86, jan. / jun. 2011

BRAIN REACTIONS: IMPACTS ON MEDICAL TREATMENTS

Giulia Albelo Da Rocha

Isabelli Borges Grandolpho

Letícia Caramico Pinto

Luiza Nunes Lira

Mariane Rodriguez Caldeira

Vincenzo Speeden De Souza

This article deals with the study of some reactions and functions of the brain, including the functioning of neurotransmitters, which act as messengers in the brain; the study of the limbic system, rich in neurons and neurotransmitters and essential for emotions and social behaviors; synesthesia, a neurological disorder in which an unstimulated sense reacts involuntarily; depressive disorder, one of the causes of which is the lack of monoamine neurotransmitters; and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which affects people who have experienced trauma. In addition, two alternative treatments for certain diseases that are based on brain function will be discussed: MDMA treatment in psychotherapy and optogenetics (still experimental). Because they involve unorthodox methods, such treatment possibilities may be stigmatized, hindering the development of research. Consequently, it is possible that the misunderstanding already present regarding the disorders mentioned will continue, and those most affected will be the ones who have these disorders due to the lack of a more appropriate therapy. Therefore, the objective of this article is to discuss, through bibliographic research, the behavior of the brain in the face of neurological pathologies from a psychiatric and psychological point of view, in addition to possible techniques to assist in the recovery/improvement of patients with neurological disorders.

KEYWORDS: brain, neurotransmitters, neurological disorders, treatments.

1. Introduction

The human brain is a complex organ that regulates the nervous system, acting as a vital part of the species. The billions of neurons that form it perform numerous functions, including the ability to reason logically, regulate other vital actions (such as breathing, temperature, heartbeat, etc.), interpret the senses, and manage feelings and behaviors.

Neurotransmitters are important components present in the brain. They function as chemical messengers that transmit messages and signals between neurons. Through synapses, through nerve impulses, a neuron releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic clefts (space between neurons) and they are absorbed by the next neuron, thus, transmission occurs. In addition to acting in the area that controls vital functions, neurotransmitters directly affect the psychological part, being responsible for defining emotions, especially the so-called monoamines (serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine).

The limbic system is a set of brain structures located below the cortex that respond to environmental stimuli through emotions. Today, we know that the limbic system is not exclusive to Homo sapiens sapiens and that, in fact, Charles Darwin discovered that other animals on the same phylogenetic scale as humans possessed it (such as primates).

Neurotransmitter dysfunction can cause some disorders, including synesthesia, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Synesthesia is caused by the sending of reactions in a crossed and erroneous way, causing a mixture of senses. Depression, in turn, is caused by the lack of monoamines and is classified as a biological and mental disorder, in which there is a state of sadness and a lack of interest in daily activities. Finally, PTSD is a possible imbalance between neurotransmitters and is characterized by the revisiting of traumas through memories, dreams, or flashbacks, with symptoms such as malignant changes in mood cognition and avoidance of trauma-related stimuli.

Just as neurons and neurotransmitters can cause disturbances when they are not functioning properly, regulating or managing them can help treat other diseases, including some of those mentioned above. The use of MDMA, for example, helps with PTSD psychotherapy by possibly promoting better processing of traumas and triggers. There is also optogenetics, an experimental technique capable of marking specific neurons in the brain using genetic engineering and optical physics, activating or deactivating them. Such procedures are promising for modern times and may inspire future innovations.

In short, understanding the pathophysiology of psychological disorders is essential to understanding patients' symptoms and pain and to developing increasingly advanced therapeutic alternatives. This work is therefore necessary, as it will gather information on both

pathologies and certain treatments and may, in the future, enable an expansion of the range of therapeutic options compared to the few that currently exist.

2. Development

2.1. Neurotransmitters

The brain is a complex organ that belongs to the nervous system and controls the entire organism, and all the various functions performed by the body, whether motor, behavioral, emotional, or physiological. Billions of cells, called neurons, work in it and are involved in the transmission of information to be executed. Neurotransmitters, which are substances that are chemical messengers, are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting data and are responsible for transporting information between neuronal cells. (HYMAN, 2005, p. 154)

Neurotransmitters leave a presynaptic nerve terminal (transmission area at the end of a neuron) from a nerve impulse, which is called an action potential. They are previously stored inside vesicles. These merge during the impulse and the neurotransmitters are released and diffuse into the synaptic cleft (space between two neuron ends) and are thus captured and bound to receptors present in the postsynaptic cell. This process is repeated continuously between nerve cells so that information is transmitted. (HYMAN, 2005, p. 155 - 158)

There are several types of neurotransmitters present in the nervous system, among them, we can mention serotonin, dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline, endorphin, glutamate, GABA, oxytocin, and several others. (HYMAN, 2005, p. 155) Each of these substances performs specific functions in the body and their deregulation can cause disorders.

2.2. Neurotransmitters and emotions

Among the responsibilities of neurotransmitters, we can mention the emotions and behaviors of living beings. Human emotions can be greatly influenced by the action of neurotransmitters classified as monoamines, which are serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. (JIANG et al., 2022, p. 2) As can be seen in the article by JIANG. Y, et al, the “three-primary-color model of basic emotions” was analyzed and proposed, where the relationship between emotions and monoamine neurotransmitters was seen, mainly with those mentioned above, which would be neuromodulators.

Thus, it has been proposed that humans have three basic emotions, each created by a different monoamine. Serotonin (5-HT) is responsible for disgust or punishment; its role within normal emotions is still uncertain, since it also plays a major role in the treatment of depressive

and anxiety disorders, promoting a positive feeling. Dopamine (DA) is responsible for joy, due to the reward system and promotes a feeling of pleasure, which is related to addictions. Norepinephrine (NE) is related to stress and to fear since it is released to promote a flight or fight reaction, acting in conjunction with adrenaline (JIANG et al., 2022, p. 2-4), as seen in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1- Relationship between neurotransmitters and the expression of emotions

Sources: Monoamine Neurotransmitters Control Basic Emotions and Affect Major Depressive Disorders and The role of monoamine system in core affects and basic emotions

However, if monoamines are combined, complex emotions can be created, as proposed by LÖVHEIM, who analyzed the levels of monoamines during such emotions. Therefore, it is demonstrated that happy emotions, such as interest and excitement, are present when the three monoamines are at high levels in the body. But, sometimes, with slightly lower levels of noradrenaline, and still high levels of serotonin and dopamine in emotions such as joy and pleasure, because they are calmer emotions (since NE brings agitation). While in emotions such as humiliation and shame (negative emotions), all monoamines are at low levels. In addition, it agrees on some points with previous research, such as high levels of only serotonin promote disgust and high levels of only noradrenaline promote anger/fear, since it is associated with flight and fight. (LÖVHEIM, 2011, p. 342 - 345). These data can be seen in Figure 2 below.

Figure 2- Combination of monoamine neurotransmitters

Source: A new three-dimensional model for emotions and monoamine neurotransmitters

2.3. Limbic System

Mental pathologies can have their cause explained by biological factors, which are chemical imbalances in an individual's body. Taking depression as an example1 , the failure in the production of neurotransmitters, more specifically serotonin, in the limbic system, can be taken as one of the possible causes of this disorder (PORFIRIO; CARTONI, 2020, p. 61). Thus, understanding the structure and function of the limbic system is crucial to understanding the biological origin of emotional disorders.

Therefore, the Limbic System, or Papez Circuit, is located on the medial surface of the mammalian brain. It participates in emotions and social behaviors, being an area rich in neurons and consequently in neurotransmitters. It is composed of the brain stem, hypothalamus, thalamus, prefrontal area, and rhinencephalon. Its main function is to interact with sensory information (auditory and visual memories, emotions), influencing the psychic state and contributing to affect. (RAMALHO, (undated), p 2 - 18).

Below is an anatomical-physiological perspective of the limbic system:

1debilitating disease that has been defined as an individual's persistent and permanent sense of worthlessness, a meaningless world, and a hopeless future.

Figure 3- Anatomical structures that make up the limbic system

Source: Anatomy of the limbic system

I. The cingulate gyrus is present in both cerebral hemispheres and in the limbic cortex, acting alongside the Para hippocampal gyrus, which is responsible for states of stillness or anxiety. (BARRETO; SILVA, 2010, p. 386 - 394).

II. The hypothalamus, located in the diencephalon, below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland, has the main function of maintaining homeostasis, controlling blood pressure, diuresis, body temperature, hunger, thirst and emotions such as anger and pleasure, among other signals. (BARRETO; SILVA, 2010, p. 386 - 394).

III. The amygdalae, two almond-shaped masses of gray matter, are also part of the limbic system. Anatomically, the amygdalae are two spherical structures associated with the limbic system and the hippocampus and are essential for emotional responses and social behaviors. (BARRETO; SILVA, 2010, p. 386394).

IV. The mammillary body, composed of nuclei located on the lower surface of the brain, is part of the diencephalon and plays a role in the evocation of episodic

and spatial memories, associated with strong emotions. (BARRETO; SILVA, 2010, p. 386 - 394).

V. The hippocampus, located in the temporal lobes of the brain, has a curved shape and acts on memory. The inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is strongly present in the hippocampus, functioning as a brain decelerator to calm the body and mind, in addition to acting on sleep, motor control, vision, and muscle tone. (BARRETO; SILVA, 2010, p. 386 - 394).

VI. The thalamus, located medially to the striatum, receives different signals from the basal ganglia as the last stop before reaching the cortex. (BARRETO; SILVA, 2010, p. 386 - 394).

VII. The entorhinal cortex is an important source of two different groups of afferent fibers that provide information to the hippocampus. Many of these fibers carry olfactory, visual, and auditory information to the hippocampus. (BARRETO; SILVA, 2010, p. 386 - 394).

2.4. Disorders

2.4.1. Synesthesia

Synesthesia is a neurological disorder that consists of the involuntary reaction of an unstimulated sense. Its carriers are called synesthetes, representing 2 to 4% of the population. There are cases such as that of the writer Vladimir Nabokov, who, when he saw the letter "A", always had colored eyes. However, this is just one case of synesthesia. Currently, around 100 types have been found. The most common ones involve auditory stimuli and color perception (BUZZI, 2021, p. 2). In addition, synesthesia can cause mirrored reactions. For example, people who have their sense of sight involved may see someone else crying and feel enough pain to suffer the same reaction. It is then considered that these people have hyperdeveloped empathy, caused by the neurological disorder of synesthesia (CARDONA, 2017, p. 1). Currently, two theories are being studied, namely:

I. During childhood, neural connections are pruned, leaving only the most important ones. As a result, synesthetes would have a dysfunction in these eliminations, leaving all connections causing adjacent regions of the brain to be connected in a crossed manner (TOMASI, 2017, p.83).

II. In the brain of a person who does not have alterations, the information-sending system works correctly, that is, the organ receives the information, analyzes it, and sends it to

the receiving area. However, in the case of synesthetes, there is a leak, in which this information reaches unwanted areas. (CARDONA, 2017, p. 2)

Studies indicate that this disorder is genetically transmitted; in approximately 40% of cases, there are other relatives with the same condition. This genetic modification is observed on chromosome 2q21, in the LRP5 gene.2; on chromosome 2, TBR1 gene3; on chromosome 6, gene KIAA03194. Thus, affecting the neural anatomy of the carrier. However, there are still cases in which the use of narcotics causes synesthesia, due to changes in the central nervous system. (TOMASI, 2017, p.84)

The study of synesthesia was pioneered by Francis Galton, who studied the subject out of curiosity. At that time, synesthetes were considered crazy people or users of illicit substances, since the disorder is very similar to the effects of narcotics (such as LSD and Mescaline). Later, studies began to demonstrate that synesthesia was about memories linked to childhood, which were unlocked by a stimulus.

This theory was soon devalued, as it cannot explain why this disorder is passed genetically from father to son, concluding that what is currently known is that the brain anatomy of carriers has specific changes resulting from the area that synesthesia affects.

Synesthesia is not included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition, as it is not considered a serious disorder, only in extreme cases, commonly linked to dysfunctions such as Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

Current studies indicate that areas affected by dyslexia, epilepsy, and ASD are the same as those affected by synesthesia, that is, despite being distinct conditions, they may have some relationship with each other, so a synesthete person would tend to have some other dysfunction (TOMASI, 2017, p.82).

2.4.2. Depression

Depressive disorder, or depression, is a biological and mental disorder, which has as its main symptoms a state of sadness and lack of interest in daily activities for a period of time. In addition to these, the disorder includes the loss of belief in the future, no plans, low self-esteem,

2gene responsible for bone and eye development and influence on lipid metabolism

3gene responsible for cortical and neurological development, in addition to participating in the formation of neural connections

4gene responsible for the development of the nervous system and cognitive functions and in some of its variations generates dyslexia

insomnia, and thoughts of death, which affects the individual's way of life (social, and professional). According to the WHO (World Health Organization), it is estimated that 280 million people in the world suffer from depression. Some factors that cause this disease are biological factors (genetic, mental imbalances, psychological, physical health) and external factors, such as family problems, social problems, etc. (WHO, 2023). In addition to these factors, an important cause can be cited which is the change in the regulation or even deficiency of monoamine neurotransmitters, which are a group of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine mentioned above (LIU et al., 2018, p. 2).

Serotonin (5-HT) is produced in nerve cells, using tryptophan as its raw material, which affects mood, emotions, behavior, and several other functions of the body, and is related to psychological disorders, with reduced levels of the neurotransmitter. It can be used to treat dysfunctions and, thus, is one of the main neurotransmitters used in antidepressants. (JIANG et al., 2022, p. 4) Several studies prove its influence on the disorder. As presented by SHAO, X; ZHU, G, in examinations in patients with depression, a lower activity was found in one of the several receptors of this neurotransmitter (5-HT1A), when compared to the control group, (SHAO, ZHU apud LANGENECKER et al., 2020, p. 2) which causes the non-uptake of monoamine. Furthermore, another study conducted by NEUMEISTER, A. et al., analyzed cases of depletion (exhaustion) of tryptophan, a precursor molecule of serotonin, removing it from antidepressants, and among the depressed individuals undergoing treatment, some took the placebo (antidepressant without tryptophan), and others ingested it normally (without knowing which one they were taking). Thus, it was analyzed that with the lack of tryptophan, there was a return of depressive symptoms, which suggests that the dysfunction of this substance plays a role in the cause and treatment of the disease. In this same study, it was reported that patients with the disorder have lower levels of tryptophan, which does not make the synthesis of serotonin possible. Therefore, having low levels of this monoamine in cases of depression worsens this condition. (NEUMEISTER, et al., 2004 p. 765- 773)

The reduction of dopamine (DA) also contributes to depressive disorders, since dopamine is responsible for the brain's reward system, giving motivation and pleasure to the individual. The low level of this monoamine leads to being less motivated to achieve your goals. (LIU, et al., 2018, p.4) Therefore, in a study carried out by HUANG, D et al., with the objective of observing the changes in monoamines in depressed rats, it was noted that the levels of all monoamines were low, but mainly dopamine, could only be detected in the control group, concluding that the rats induced with the disorder had a great reduction in the levels of the monoamines studied. (HUANG, et al., 2018, p.170 - 172) Furthermore, another study by

BELUJON, P; GRACE, A. apud MEYER et al., points out that depressed patients have a lower dopamine transporter (DAT) binding than healthy patients, decreasing dopamine concentration levels. (BELUJON, GRACE apud MEYER et al., 2017, p.1037) Therefore, it is seen that dopamine dysfunction also contributes to depression.

The decrease in the concentration of norepinephrine (NE) also leads to depressive conditions. This substance is released by the locus coeruleus (LC), responsible for fight-andflight behavior, aiming at survival, and also responsible for attention and energy. (JIANG et al., 2022, p. 4) Thus, research shows that, in depressed patients, there is an increase in the density of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, which inhibit the release of norepinephrine by the LC. (SHAO, ZHU apud COTTINGHAM, 2020, p. 4) Furthermore, other studies report that in depressed patients, there is a reduction in the binding of the norepinephrine transporter in the region where it is released. (MORETE. C; BRILEY. M, apudKLIMEK. V, et al., 2011, p. 11) Therefore, it is seen that norepinephrine, as well as other monoamine neurotransmitters, when unbalanced, has an influence on depressive disorder.

2.4.3.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition that characterizes a person who has suffered a trauma and revisits it through memories, dreams, or flashback episodes, with symptoms such as malignant changes in mood cognition and avoidance of trauma-related stimuli. Symptoms related to anxiety and depression may also occur (CASTANHEIRA, DM, 2022 WYNN et al., 2017; FINK et al., 2016). The disorder has a debilitating nature and can reach a state of chronicity (CALISTO, FAVM, 2021, p. 3 apud SANTIAGO, PN et al., 2013). It can be generated from exposure to war, threats, or real occurrences of violence, serious accidents, etc. (FONTES, E. et al., 2022, p. 3). PTSD causes high resistance on part of the individual and is often linked to self-harm and suicide. With this in mind, it is common for treatment to be abandoned. (FONTES, E. et al., 2022, p. 3 apud American Psychiatric Association, 2013; SESSA, 2017).

Despite the existence of treatments, such as sertraline and paroxetine-assisted psychotherapy, which are not medications designed for the disorder but rather for depression and anxiety, the functioning of PTSD has not been fully elucidated. It has even been shown that current therapies have a high refractory rate (40% to 60%) (CASTANHEIRA, DM, 2022 apud FEDUCCIA & MITHOEFER, 2018).

2.5. Treatments

2.5.1. MDMA

The potential of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine was discovered in the 1970s, which would motivate research aimed at its possible use in psychotherapy, especially regarding PTSD. Despite plans to keep the compound only within the confines of the laboratory, its commercialization and intense popularization began, earning the name “Ecstasy”. This led to the criminalization of MDMA and the complete demotivation of its studies, being classified as one of the drugs prohibited from having medicinal use by the Drug Enforcement Administration Schedule 1. The return of research would occur with the creation of MAPS and the first clinical study would be published in 2010 (FONTES, E. et al., 2022, p. 3 apud NICHOLS, 1986; SESSA et al., 2019).

MDMA is a psychedelic that produces neurological effects that last 4-6 hours. Upon entering the blood-brain barrier, it interacts with excretory, mainly serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine transmitters. Symptoms of depression and anxiety are contained thanks to the 5HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors, which jointly reduce the amygdala's fear reflex, increasing relaxation and self-confidence. Focus is also increased, as a consequence of the substance's action on dopamine and norepinephrine receptors (CASTANHEIRA, DM, 2022 apud SESSA et al., 2019).

Thus, we can see the possibility of an alternative to the pharmacological assistance of MDMA, since it mitigates the response to stimuli that cause anxiety and fear in a gentle way, when compared to LSD, and has a shorter duration, allowing clinical control. It increases empathy and other interpersonal skills that make users better process and access their traumas and triggers (FONTES, E. et al., 2022, p. 3 apud SESSA. et al., 2019). Expanding the focus, in fact, it is conducive to greater commitment to treatment (CASTANHEIRA, DM, 2022 apud SESSA et al., 2019). This hypothesis is corroborated by analyzing clinical experiences that indicate the long-term benefits of MDMA as a psychotherapeutic aid.

MAPS supported six phase 2 studies, summarized in Figure 4 below, from April 2004 to March 2017, which were conducted in the USA, Canada, Switzerland, and Israel. The FDA also compared their results with existing sertraline and paroxetine treatments that will soon be addressed (CASTANHEIRA, DM, 2022 apud FEDUCCIA et al., 2019). It is important to note that individuals in both the placebo and experimental groups would have to abstain from any psychotropic medications to participate (FONTES, E. et al., 2022, p. 8) and that anxiety symptoms may return after successful treatment (CASTANHEIRA, DM, 2022).

Although there is still no proof of the effectiveness of MDMA, research by Feduccia and collaborators (2018) showed that, after ingesting the psychoactive substance, the patient's fear of the harmful event is eliminated beneficially and efficiently, if combined with psychotherapy. In addition, Mithoefer and colleagues (2019) demonstrated that the new assisted therapy reduces PTSD symptoms after 2 or 3 administrations with long-term remission. After comparing the results of phase 2 with the current use of sertraline and paroxetine, the FDA called MDMA-assisted psychotherapy a “breakthrough therapy”, and the studies were approved for phase 3 in 2018 (CASTANHEIRA, DM, 2022).

Figure 4- Main investigator information, name, code, number of participants, year of start and completion, and location of the 6-year phase 2 clinical trial for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy

Source: (CASTANHEIRA, D, M., 2022)

In two studies sponsored by GlaxoSmithKline, sertraline and paroxetine showed greater results compared to the placebo group in reducing the CAPS-2 value, which show their scores, being 6.8 and 9.8 points and scores between 6 and 14 respectively, while MDMA had 26.2 points. It is therefore clear that existing drugs, despite having a higher score than placebo and being able to be marketed as treatments for PTSD, have effects that, when compared to those of psychedelic drugs, are moderate and have ineffective therapies (CASTANHEIRA, DM, 2022 apud FEDUCCIA et al., 2019).

There are many treatments that act on the brain to be effective. Some of them can even work by manipulating neurons, such as optogenetics.

2.5.2. Optogenetics

Optogenetics is a technique in which certain proteins (ChR) reach neurons and, once activated by light, are capable of controlling the transfer of ions across membranes and, consequently, capable of regulating cellular activities.

The first studies that would have led to the emergence of optogenetics were based on the algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, which, as was discovered in the United States, has proteins that cause light to regulate the behavior of the alga. It is worth noting that such research began at the Kazusa Genetic Research Institute in Japan, which published genetic sequences of Chlamydomonas, and passed through Germany – where they discovered the existence of these light-sensitive proteins, called channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) –before arriving in the United States (MORGADO, 2016, p. 124).

Years after these studies, at Stanford University, Karl Deisseroth was able to introduce the ChR2 gene into mammals using benign viruses as a means of transport. Thus, the technique that would later be called optogenetics emerged.

Although this method has never left the experimental phase to be used in humans, there are already other means of controlling cells that are applied in current medicine. The main one is electrical stimulation, considered a “gold standard” (KRUEGER et al., 2012, p. 303), that is, it is the most commonly used and taken as a reference.

For experiments using optogenetics, rats were mainly used. Among them, it is possible to mention studies that showed that it may be possible to apply optogenetics, among other things, in the marking of neural maps5. For this, the BOLD (Blood oxygenation level-

5study of the functioning and execution of certain regions of the brain

dependent) functional magnetic resonance technique would be applied, together with optogenetics (KRUEGER et al., 2012, p. 299).

Furthermore, it has been shown to be capable of assisting in suppressing the cocaine reward system. To this end, research was conducted based on dopaminergic pathways.6D1 and D2, are related to the reward center during cocaine use. Optogenetics was used to activate and deactivate the receptors (D1 and D2). At the end of the experiment, it was seen that when the D2 receptor was activated, the cocaine reward system was eliminated and the opposite occurred when the D1 receptor was activated (KRUEGER et al., 2012, p. 300).

At first, analyzing the experiments carried out with optogenetics, it seems like a very promising technique within medicine and that it could replace electrical stimulation. Despite this, it is inevitable to assume that, by allowing a certain control over the behavior of neural cells, optogenetics would bring a kind of unimaginable power. Therefore, it is worth highlighting that, for a future application of this technique, it would be necessary not only to carry out more studies and experiments on the subject but also to develop measures and laws that prevent the possible use of optogenetics for unethical purposes (MORGADO, 2016, p. 128).

Furthermore, this possibility may not happen. After all, the few tests carried out on human beings did not produce good results, and the lack of information regarding possible dangerous side effects makes the application of optogenetics in humans even more complex. Furthermore, even if its use is proven to be safe, there is still the ethical issue, mentioned above, to be taken into consideration.

Therefore, optogenetics may not be able to efficiently assist in the treatment process through the activation or deactivation of neurons, and research on the subject remains slow and unproductive. However, it is still an innovative technique with great potential. Thus, it is possible and even extremely important to use it as a basis for future studies on the subject, remaining an intriguing method that is different from the others.

3. Conclusion

This article deals with the functioning of neurotransmitters, which generate emotions, and their release anatomically promoted by the limbic system. Furthermore, the imbalance of these triggers the emergence of numerous neurological disorders, which have continually been

6brain pathways through which dopamine passes

the target of various studies seeking understanding and possible therapies, such as the examples already mentioned.

It is possible to verify the utmost importance of conducting studies and research focused on diseases that occur in the brain. After all, there are countless diseases, and, currently, many of them are poorly addressed, resulting in consequences for the individuals who suffer from them, such as the lack of emotional support in their social circle and the lack of prospects for improvement due to the scarcity of well-developed treatments.

Furthermore, it is worth highlighting how this lack of information can lead to the creation of stigmas towards such illnesses and even towards the treatment methods that are being studied, as the latter can be interpreted as dangerous due to their innovative technique. Thus, keeping such research ongoing, through government investment in such studies and in approaches in schools that aim to elucidate the different mental pathologies, will allow for a better understanding of these treatments and these illnesses, in addition to helping to provide higher quality and safer care for those who have the disorders addressed.

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REALISM IN 3D GAME GRAPHICS AND ITS IMMINENT PLATEAU

Matheus Barbosa Da Silva

João Pedro Koji Bam Santos

Bruno Barreto Ferrari

Marcela Jungers Serafim

The video game market has been growing rapidly, driven by technological advancements that enable the creation of games with increasingly realistic graphics. This pursuit of visual fidelity has become a central strategy for major producers, resulting in highly popular products with global recognition. However, as the continuous development of this approach is observed, the possibility of a saturation point arises, where further improvements in graphical realism become less perceptible to the audience. In light of this eventual limitation, alternative styles, such as stylized graphics, are gaining traction in the market, offering a creative and more accessible solution. In addition to allowing productions with lower costs and greater compatibility across various devices, these styles provide a unique identity to games, distinguishing them in a competitive market. Thus, it is likely that the future of the industry will value both graphical realism and artistic originality, balancing the demands of a diverse audience with technological challenges.

KEYWORDS: Video Games; Game Industry; 3D Graphics; Art in Video Games; Realistic Graphics.

1. Introduction

Video games, a modern form of entertainment, allow players to interact with virtual environments through electronic devices, providing a variety of sensations. Depending on the type of game, these sensations can include emotions such as excitement, challenge, satisfaction, and even fear. Within this process, the importance of immersion stands out an element that represents the degree of connection players have with the game's narrative or environment and, when well developed, contributes to creating a more engaging and captivating experience.

According to projections from Statista, a German platform specializing in data collection and visualization, the video game market generated approximately $184 billion in 2022, maintaining a continuous growth trajectory compared to previous years, as shown in Figure 1.

Chart 1 - Annual Growth of the Video Game Market (in billions of dollars)

Source: <https://www.statista.com/statistics/539572/games-market-revenue-by-region/> Access: 03/02/2024

In response to this rapid growth, companies have been constantly seeking new ways to attract more consumers and, consequently, increase their revenues. For this reason, they invest in the development of technologies and games aimed at continually enhancing the player experience.

One of the strategies employed is the use of realistic graphics, which, although not essential for generating a sense of immersion, can play a crucial role in enhancing the player experience (see Ford, 2023). This is because a more faithful representation of reality can intensify the feeling of being inside the game, allowing players to engage more deeply with the environment and characters.

Furthermore, advancements in technology and the increased processing capacity of devices enable developers to create more detailed environments and more expressive characters, contributing to a richer and more immersive experience. In this way, games tend to become increasingly realistic as a means of enhancing immersion and providing better experience for players.

2. 3D Graphic in games

Game graphics are represented in either three-dimensional (3D) or two-dimensional (2D) formats. Compared to 3D graphics, 2D graphics are relatively simple, as they involve objects drawn on horizontal planes, making them easy to render, or process, by computers. 2D graphics were prevalent in the early generations of video games. As technology improved and machines became capable of performing more complex calculations, the possibility of creating three-dimensional graphics emerged. Unlike their two-dimensional counterparts, 3D graphics rely on several aspects for their implementation in a game, including:

2.1. Polygons

Considering the definition of polygons in the context of three-dimensional modeling provided by the 3d-Ace group (2024, n.p.):

“Each polygon is defined by vertices and edges that come together to form a closed shape, typically triangles or quadrilaterals (quads). Triangles (tris) and quads are the industry standard for meshes due to their efficiency (...). In 3D modeling, an edge is represented as a line connecting two vertices. When at least three edges join, a polygon is formed, like a triangle. The flat 2D shape that emerges when a polygon is formed is known as a face. For example, a basic cube in 3D modeling is composed of six faces, twelve edges, and eight vertices, demonstrating how these elements interlink to form a 3D object ”

Each vertex of a polygon is calculated by the computer through coordinates that represent its position in space. Since 3D models require the calculation of multiple vertices for each polygon, the number of polygons in a model exponentially increases the computational load. This explains why polygons, especially triangles, are the most efficient shapes, as they are the smallest figures that can be created using a minimal number of points. In contrast, 2D games involve only the calculation of pixels on the screen, which requires significantly less processing power.

Figure 1 - Comparison of Polygon Count Between Two 3D Models

Source:<https://www.lightshape.net/en/blog/article/from-cad-data-to-low-poly-models-forinteractive-applications> Access: 05/09/2024

Notice that both models have a visibly different number of polygons. The polygon count in a three-dimensional object significantly impacts its complexity, which explains the increase in polygon counts throughout generations of video games. Ultimately, in the pursuit of greater realism, it is also necessary to achieve higher fidelity in representations.

2.2.Texture

According to the definition provided by Adobe (2024, n.p.) in 3D Texturing Solution with Adobe Substance 3D, it can be stated that the texture on a three-dimensional model acts

like a "piece of clothing" that covers the object, adding details that make it more realistic and interesting. Essentially, it is a surface, that is, a 2D image that covers the faces of a 3D model, giving it characteristics such as color and a sense of depth (as seen in Graph 2).

In models with a higher number of polygons, there is a greater density of points that make up the surface of the model. This allows the texture to be applied more accurately, as there are more points to map the details of the image. For example, in a human face model with a large number of polygons, the skin texture can be applied more realistically, capturing details such as pores, wrinkles, and textures. In summary, a higher number of polygons in a threedimensional model allows for the application of more detailed and complex textures.

Figure 2 - Three-dimensional model with and without its texture. Source: <https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Left-3D-Model-with-and-without-texture-mappingRight-2D-texture-Image-taken-from-7_fig5_301818620> Access: 05/02/2024

2.3.Visual Limit

Despite the advancements shown in previous images and explanations, the increase in realism in three-dimensional graphics has its limits. The number of polygons, as well as the differentiation of textures in a 3D model, becomes a factor whose improvement becomes increasingly less noticeable.

dimensional models as the number of polygons increases. Source :<https://wccftech.com/difference-polygon-count-resolution-xbox-one/>

Access: 05/09/2024

As can be seen in the example (Figure 3), although the number of polygons was multiplied by 10, increasing the complexity of the model, such a change becomes significantly less perceptible as it occurs. Following this pattern, an eventual plateau is expected to emerge, a term used to classify something that lacks expectations or potential for evolution and growth, in the realism of three-dimensional games. More specifically, the plateau is linked to the limit of visual perception of realism, a factor responsible for the ongoing pursuit of graphical improvements that strive to resemble reality more closely. In other words, the visual limitation will lead to a decrease in demand for increasingly realistic games, as their evolution will make no difference after the plateau.

3. Possible alternative

Referred to as stylized graphics, these follow a path oriented toward artistic expression, distinct from realism. Currently, there are numerous examples of games that have taken this direction and achieved significant success in the gaming market, such as The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild, for instance.

Figure 4 - Illustration from the game The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild. Source: <https://nintendoeverything.com/zelda-breath-of-the-wild-art-director-on-how-the-windwaker-hd-shaped-the-games-art-style/> Access: 10/05/2024

Released in 2017 for the Nintendo Switch console, this title from the renowned Zelda series features a visual aesthetic that combines cell-shading art elements with a vast and vibrant world. The graphics of "Breath of the Wild," thanks to its focus on a more cartoonish style, contribute to the distinct and lasting identity of the Zelda series, attracting players from around the world. It won the Game of the Year award at The Game Awards 2017, where it also competed for Best Art Direction.

Games that move away from realism are proving to be an increasingly attractive alternative in the gaming industry, mainly due to distinct factors that positively impact both developers and players.

Firstly, the accessibility of stylized games is a significant advantage. By adopting a graphic aesthetic that does not rely on realistic details, these games can run on less powerful computers. This means that a larger audience can enjoy the gaming experience, regardless of whether they own a top-of-the-line machine. While realistic games may require a financially prohibitive setup to ensure adequate performance, stylized games offer a more inclusive option for players who lack the financial resources to invest in high-end hardware.

Another important factor is that the production cost of stylized games is considerably lower than that of realistic games. According to an article published by MAGNA LUDUM CREATIVES (2023), How to Choose your Game’s Art Style: Is Stylized a Smarter Choice Than

Hyper-Realism?, stylized models are typically 60% cheaper to produce compared to realistic models. While realistic games may demand substantial resources to create detailed models, complex animations, and highly realistic lighting and reflection effects, stylized games benefit from a more simplified and stylized approach. This significantly reduces production costs, allowing developers with limited budgets to still create visually high-quality games with engaging gameplay. It is noteworthy that many independent developers, with limited financial resources, choose to adopt stylized graphics in their games. This not only confirms the economic viability of this approach but also highlights a preference for a unique visual aesthetic that helps define the developer's identity and brand. Additionally, giants in the video game market also show a preference for this strategy, such as Nintendo, the producer of The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild.

Furthermore, stylized graphics provide an opportunity to highlight and differentiate a product (game) in a highly competitive market. With their distinct and original visual aesthetic, stylized games have the potential to capture players' attention and leave a lasting impression in their memories, as stated in the aforementioned article published by MLC. This market prominence is particularly beneficial in an industry where competition is fierce, and players are constantly seeking new and captivating experiences.

3. Conclusion

Stylized games represent an attractive alternative to realistic games, offering a more accessible experience for players, reduced production costs, and a unique opportunity to highlight and differentiate a product in the competitive gaming market. With the demand for realistic graphics being curtailed or weakened after the graphical plateau, it is to be expected that many companies will pursue this new path due to its growing appeal. Therefore, it is likely that games following this pattern will become increasingly common in the video game market.

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FORD, Rhianna. How to Choose your Game’s Art Style: Is Stylized a Smarter Choice Than Hyper-Realism?. MAGNA LUDUM CREATIVES, 2023. Source: https://magnaludumcreatives.com/stylized-or-hyper-realismgame/#:~:text=Cost%2DEffective%3A%20Creating%20stylized%20graphics,effective%20th an%20pursuing%20hyper%2Drealism. Access: Feb 27, 2024.

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