In front of you is my graduation project, made for the purpose of obtaining the master’s degree at the Academy of Architecture. This project was my last project at the Academy. It was the most intense period of my study time, it took me many hard hours to achieve this final result. But on top of that, I learnt a lot, and I am grateful to have been able to experience all of this. I would like to thank the people around me who have supported me during this process. My mentor, Arna, for her keen insights and support during graduation, and her users design approach. I would also like to thank Miguel for his creative thoughts on architecture, this helped me take the project to the next level. And of course Martine, I want to thank you for all the fine feedback you gave me, which especially helped me shape the design. I also want to thank my girlfriend, my family, and my friends because without your understanding of all the sacrifices you have to make for this, I would not have succeeded. I am grateful to you. I hope this project will inspire city makers, citizens, students and the municipality of Haarlem. It only remains for me to wish you much reading pleasure.
Dion Bruijn, Haarlem, 2025.
SITE
location
concept question
concept aim
spatial concept
structural concept
facade concept
event configuration
urban surroundings
floor plans
sections
interior and exterieur impression
facade fragment
building performance & climate system
Fascination
When I began my studies at the Academy, I always aspired to design a public building. At the time, I wasn’t sure what kind of public building it would be—but the desire to create something for the public realm was clear. That ambition, along with working on a specific site, forms the core of my personal motivation and fascination.
For this project I chose the station area in Haarlem. Haarlem is the city where I currently live. For 4 years now I have been cycling or walking past this place. I always felt that it can be so much better and more, than it currently is. It is a place that the citizens of Haarlem are not particularly proud of, and where the quality of “urban life” is very low. It is a monotonous area dominated by traffic flows, with no green and has no real quality to let people stay. A new stimulus should create a new atmosphere, which is extremely desired for this area. This is the starting point of my graduation work.
STATION HAARLEM
Fascination Introduction
STATION HAARLEM
Mobility and network
Haarlem is located in the Randstad and is easily accessible nationally. Due to the direct connection with Amsterdam Central Station and Rotterdam Central Station, Haarlem is easily accessible for everyone. From Amsterdam Central Station you can reach Haarlem within 15 minutes with a direct connection, and from Rotterdam or The Hague it is approximately. 30-45minutes. This creates the opportunity to attract visitors to an inviting program for which people would want to travel to Haarlem.
Haarlem Station is also easily accessible regionally and therefore easily accessible within the Randstad, with connections to Schiphol, the Zuid-As, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht and The Hague, the major economies are easy to reach. The buses and trains are well distributed locally.
Mobility and Network (regional)
Haarlem Station is also easily accessible regionally and therefore easily accessible within the Randstad, with direct connections to Schiphol, the Zuid-As, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht and The Hague, the major economies are easy to reach. The buses and trains are well distributed locally. Haarlem Station is therefore a mobility center in the distribution of people in its area.
Heemskerk
Alkmaar/Hoorn
Beverwijk
IJmuiden
20 km 10 km 5 km
Driehuis
Bloemendaal
Zandvoort
Haarlem Spaarnwoude
Haarlem Nieuw Zuid
HeemstedeAerdenhout
Hillegom
NieuwVennep
Leiden/Delft/Den Haag/Rottedam
HalfwegZwanenburg
Sloterdijk
Amsterdam
Station Zuid
Schiphol Airport
Hoofddorp
Bennebroek
Marnixstraat
Utrecht
Haarlem
Zaandam
Mobility and network Introduction
Mobility and Network (City)
Heemstede
Aerdenhout
Bloemendaal
Overveen
Centrum Haarlem Station Haarlem
Heemstede
Aerdenhout
Bloemendaal
Overveen
Centrum Haarlem
Station Haarlem
Heemstede
Bloemendaal
Overveen
Centrum Haarlem
Heemstede
Aerdenhout
Bloemendaal
Overveen
Centrum Haarlem
Heemstede
Aerdenhout
Bloemendaal
Overveen
Centrum Haarlem Station Haarlem
Heemstede Bloemendaal
Overveen
Centrum Haarlem
Heemstede
Aerdenhout
Bloemendaal
Overveen
Bloemendaal
Overveen
The evolution of the area
The station square in Haarlem was created by the construction of the railroad between Haarlem and Amsterdam. This was also the first train line in the Netherlands. In 1839, the railroad opened for the first time.
The first station building was a temporary one; it was located outside the city walls. This is the location where now the NS has its depot for the modernization of train engines, on the opposite of the Amsterdamse Poort.
In 1842, the temporary station was replaced, and the current location, became the permanent station. This station is now within the city walls.
The second building from 1842 was rebuilt in 1867 and again between 1906 and 1908. The last renovation from 1908 still stands and is characterized by the two different entrance and exit buildings.
The Koninklijke Fabriek van Rijtuigen
en Spoorwagens J.J. Beijnes moved into the station square, and was directly able to supply new carriages and equipment. Until 1950 the factory stood at the station square, then moved to Beverwijk due to capacity problems and industralization.
In all the years since, the square has undergone various transformations, from factory sites, to large parking lot to the current bus station with a residential tower. But also the current design, which was partially renovated in 2012, does not meet the current requirements and wishes for a redesign. Therefore, a vision was written for this location on behalf of the municipality in May 2021. This was done by Urhahn I urbanism & strategy, Goudappel Coffeng and APPM Management Consultants.
Plans were again shared with residents in 2024. Those were urban models on which input could be given. In the end, one urban design model remained. And this urban model forms the basis of my design.
The evolution of the area
1839, the first station
1842, the second station.
1867, the third station.
The evolution of the area
1906, start construction of the fourth station.
1908, a new station square
The evolution of the area
1908, a new station square
1838-1963, carriage manufacturer Beijnes
The evolution of the area
1970, demolishing exisiting structures across the station
korrelgrootte.
Aanleg N200
In de jaren 50 wordt het station aan uitgebreid met een derde perron, entreegebouw. Tot die tijd had het geen ingang. Aan de noordzijde van
Sloop en sanering in de jaren 70
The evolution of the area
1981 - offices, residential tower and sport hall
2012 - current
A new urban model
The station square in Haarlem is on the verge of transformation.Urban planning and mobility challenges need to be improved to create a vibrant and future-proof area. After various studies within the municipality in consultation with other organizations, there is currently one urban development model that will most likely be developed. This urban development model focuses on a new station square with new buildings and a diversity of functions. The municipality’s ambition is to create a lively area in which the 1970s buildings are partly demolished and partly transformed. The acquired knowledge and recommendations have been developed into an integrated vision, involving collaboration between the province, the
municipality, urban planners (Urhahn) and mobility advisors (Goudappel Coffeng), in collaboration with Spoorbouwmeesters. This integral vision forms the basic starting point for the design. By solving the urban development task and the mobility challenge, it must also become a futureproof station square. The final choices would allow this area to develop into a fully-fledged city entrance. It will be an area where the existing bus station will be relocated and a new “traffic square” and “urban square” will be created. The exact size of both squares forms a basis in the new urban development plan and must be finalized in the exact development.
A new urban model Introduction
Variant ‘Kruisweg’
De fietskelder onder het stationsplein wordt uitgebreid. Bussen en auto’s worden geweerd van de Kruisweg*
Busstation wordt verplaatst naar de oostzijde van het Stationsplein
* uitgezonderd nooddiensten en laden/lossen
ruimtegebruik
Opstelplek bussen NS vervangend vervoer
Proef met vervallen autorichting noord-west/west-noord
Op langere termijn fietskelder (2500+) onder het Kennemerplein. Via tunnel bereikbaar vanuit Haarlem-Noord en oost
Auto’s die uit de Jansweg komen kunnen niet linksaf slaan
* Een alternatief is om het eenrichtingfietspad op de Jansweg te laten vervallen en de vrijkomende ruimte te gebruiken voor vergroenen en meer ruimte voor voetgangers ! JANSWEG
Achtergrond – variant Kruisweg: onderdelen
Fietsroute
Omdat er geen bussen meer op de Kruisweg rijden, is daar meer ruimte voor fietsers en bredere voetpaden. De Jansweg blijft een fietsroute van de Parklaan naar de Bolwerken, in één richting.
Rijroute
Er komt een nieuw busstation bij de Jansweg. Bussen rijden van en naar het station op de Jansweg waardoor het daar drukker wordt. Op de Kruisweg zullen geen auto’s en bussen meer rijden. Dat geeft meer ruimte voor fietsers, voetgangers en groen op de Kruisweg.
DIA: Herinrichting Stationsgebied - Ervaring en beoordeling van inwoners
DIA: Schoonbeleving
auto’s en bussen
Challenges of the current situation
SHORTAGE OF BICYCLE PARKING NO GREENERY
September 2022, Trouw
September 2024, Haarlems Dagblad
NO SHELTER PLACES
July 2022, Haarlems Dagblad
Site ambitions
“If sufficient potential and new momentum is created in this area, opportunities will arise to, for example, make a special city building attainable full of public functions.”
Integrale visie stationsgebied Haarlem 2020-2040
SITE
location
concept question
concept aim
spatial concept
structural concept
facade concept
event configuration
urban surroundings
floor plans
sections
interior and exterieur impression
facade fragment
building performance & climate system
a public site invites a public building
Program
At the same time, this library doesn’t have to be just a place for books. The location opens up opportunities to rethink what a library can be. What else could it offer, given where it’s situated? Its setting makes it ideal for drawing people in—not just for reading, but for coming together.
That’s why I see the library evolving into a space for cultural exchange. It could host things like community gatherings, talks, live podcasts, exhibitions, performances, and music events. All of these activities form what I call the event program, which would take place in the event space—a key part of the library’s expanded role.
Which cultural building allows people to feel welcome, stay without paying, and can accommodate a diversity of users?
Program
cultural events & experimental programs
community gathering
exposition
presentations
live podcasts
Program
free & open accessible on site
LIBRARY
potential of the location and a new potential for the library
free & open accessible on site
potential of the location and a new potential for the library
service for the many commuters of the area
The program consists not only of a library and an event space, due to the relevance of the station and the buses, a waiting area is designed to this place for commuters.
Current Library
the city’s current library is made up of monumental building, with a new addition from the jare n70. This building has no connection to its mutual users, and has a very generic interior. This space will be replaced, and the functions of this library will be transferred to the new location in Station Square. The building that remains will be repurposed as housing.
Bezoekers - 2017 - Haarlem
Frans Halsmuseum incl. Hallen T eylersmuseum Het Dolhuys De V ishal
Source: municipality Haarlem visitors / year
ABC-Architectuurcentrum bibliotheek Het Patronaat T oneelen Filmschuur Stadsschouwburg&Philharmonie Haarlem De Pletterij Nieuwe V ide
Bron: Gemeente Haarlem, Bibliotheek Zuid-Kennemerland
Current Library
SITE
location
concept question
concept aim
spatial concept
structural concept
facade concept
event configuration
urban surroundings
floor plans
sections
interior and exterieur impression
facade fragment
building performance & climate system
Current Library
SINGLE USE PLACES
Teylers Museum
Patronaat
Frans Hals Museum
De Pletterij
Stadsschouwburg
Phil
Hart
ABC centrum
Nieuwe Vide
Grafisch Atelier
MIXED USE PLACES
The library is the only cultural building now used as a multi functional place. The museums and the other cultural institutions, offer purely program to suit their design. No truly mixed cultural building yet exists in the city.
Library Kennemerland
Users make the program
The basis of the program now consists of 3 main program components: the library, the event space, and the wait space. But a real subdivision, and specific definition of the program still needs to be explored. By means of characters this will be investigated and defined. The characters are fictional characters, but they are potential users of the building. Through 6 main characters a story line is created, after which the program can be more defined. The 6 characters are divided into people visiting the library, people going to an event, and the many travelers in the square. Together they each have their own story and need in this place. By giving this a visual form with collages, I found a method to shape the program and make a first step in the spatial experience of these spaces.
The cultural visitor someone with the interest of visiting the building during an event in the library
The performer someone that will perform on stage, during an event in the library
A parent and the kid a parent paying a visit to the library with her kid
The local a local citizen of Haarlem, grabbing a coffee and reading some newspapers, and wondering in and on the building
The student someone that wants to study in silence or together with other students
The commuter someone that travels between home and work for almost every workday of the week
3. Living Room elements: furniture, magazines, lounge, books
2. Atrium elements: atrium, void, balcony’s. open space, stairs, information desk.
4. Rooftop Garden elements: green, furniture.
CHARACTER 6: “THE COMMUTER”
1. Waiting elements: facade bench, windows, seating element
3. Work lounge/ café/ waiting room elements: work space, vending machine, furniture, lounge, coffee.
2. Atrium elements: atrium, void, balcony’s. open space, stairs, information desk.
4. Restaurant elements: restaurant, furniture, open space, terrace, outside.
program
from characters different rooms
Program Breakdown
Total Program program from characters added program for complete library added program for complete library
The Dining Room
The Living Room
The Commuter Room
The Waiting Room
The Youth Room
The Study Room
The Reading Room
The Playgarden
The Read Garden
Foyer
Stage
Auditorium
Artist Foyer
Entrance
Program
The Dining Room
The Living Room
The Commuter Room
The Waiting Room
The Youth Room
The Study Room
The Reading Room
The Playgarden
The Read Garden
Foyer
Stage
Auditorium
Artist Foyer
Entrance
The Switch Rooms
The Make Room
The Digi Room
The Archive Room
The Educational Garden
The Switch Terrace
The Silent Room
The Film Room
Exposition Room
Toilets
Staff
Technical spaces
Storage
Visitors Bikes Parking
Instrument Storage
Dressing Room & Rehearsal
Bathroom
To supplement the library with the right program on the found program components of the various characters, additional library program is added, consistent with a library that focuses on cultural expression, diverse use and everyday activities.
Program Breakdown
Total Program Library Event Space Wait Space
Rooms
The Living Room
The Switch Rooms
The Youth Room
The Study Room
The Reading Room
The Make Room
The Digi Room
The Archive Room
The Silent Room
The Film Room
Support
Toilets Staff
Technical spaces
Storage
Visitors (Bikes) Parking Lift
Auditorium
Stafe
Stage Back of the House
Entrance
Toilets Staff
Technical spaces - Parking
Instrument Storage
Rehearsal Room
Artist Foyer
Dressing Room
Bathroom
Front of the House
Entrance
Information desk
Staff
Foyer
Public (commuter) Space
The Dining Room
The Commuter Room
The Waiting Room
Auditorium/Stage
SITE
location
concept question
concept aim
spatial concept
structural concept
facade concept
event configuration
urban surroundings
floor plans
sections
interior and exterieur impression
facade fragment
building performance & climate system
Objective Project Ambition
SOCIAL EVENT CENTRE fashion movies art performance health music/dance a new layer for the future
SOCIAL CULTURAL EVENT LIBRARY
source OMA (small scale, library size) fashion show music, dj, night entertainment solo performance debate
2024
2025
SOCIAL CULTURAL EVENT LIBRARY
small scale, library size events
Ambition
The library should become a place for everyone, in such a public place, perhaps the most diverse place in terms of people in Haarlem, should provide space for different users. It should have the appearance of being open and accessible. The interior and exterior should invite you to go inside, or hang around the building. Besides attracting more visitors because it is in a more prominent location and new users can easily enter, this library will be able to be an amplifier of the cultural network in Haarlem. It can become a catalyst for the other cultural institutions. Space will be made in the library for an exhibition room. This can be a shared exhibition space of all cultural institutions, on the station square. This is the first place a tourist will walk by before continuing his/her way towards the city center. With this, the exhibition room can be a kind of advertising board. The goal with this is that the other cultural institutions will also attract more visitors.
Bezoekers - 2017 - Haarlem
Frans Halsmuseum incl. Hallen T eylersmuseum Het Dolhuys De V ishal
Source: municipality Haarlem
visitors / year
ABC-Architectuurcentrum bibliotheek Het Patronaat T oneelen Filmschuur
Bron: Gemeente Haarlem, Bibliotheek Zuid-Kennemerland
Stadsschouwburg&Philharmonie Haarlem De Pletterij Nieuwe V ide
Project Ambition
Ambition
STADSCHOUWBURG
PATRONAAT
DE HALLEN
PHILHARMONIE
DE KOEPEL
TEYLERS MUSEUM
FRANS HALS MUSEUM
PLETTERIJ
KENNEMER HART
MUSEUM VAN DER GEEST
ABC CENTRUM
THE EXPO ROOM AS A CULTURAL ENHANCER FOR THE CITY
FRANS HALS MUSEUM
NIEUWE VIDE DE PLETTERIJ
MUSEUM
Ambition Project Ambition
Bezoekers - 2017 - Haarlem
Source: municipality Haarlem visitors / year
Bron: Gemeente Haarlem, Bibliotheek Zuid-Kennemerland
SITE
location
concept question
concept aim
spatial concept
structural concept
facade concept
event configuration
urban surroundings
floor plans
sections
interior and exterieur impression
facade fragment
building performance & climate system
Variant ‘Kruisweg’
De fietskelder onder het stationsplein wordt uitgebreid. Bussen en auto’s worden geweerd van de Kruisweg* Busstation wordt verplaatst naar de oostzijde van het Stationsplein
* uitgezonderd nooddiensten en laden/lossen
Opstelplek bussen NS vervangend vervoer
Proef met vervallen autorichting noord-west/west-noord
Op langere termijn fietskelder (2500+) onder het Kennemerplein. Via tunnel bereikbaar vanuit Haarlem-Noord en oost
Auto’s die uit de Jansweg komen kunnen niet linksaf slaan
* Een alternatief is om het eenrichtingfietspad op de Jansweg te laten vervallen en de vrijkomende ruimte te gebruiken voor vergroenen en meer ruimte voor voetgangers
JANSWEG
The municipality’s existing model is used as a basis for the redesign. The various volumes will be set up more clearly, and the loose building forms will be adapted to the building lines of the surrounding buildings. This creates a square volume in the middle of the station square. This creates a clear demarcation between the urban square and the traffic square. The position of this building block is placed between the carriage hood (rijtuigenkap), between the entrance and exit building of the station. By modeling a square volume, a 4-sided building is created, making it none of the adjacent situations considered less important. The buildings on the south side of the station are situated to match the building outlines of the adjacent structures.
Pedestrian zone
- orientation zone when entering/ leaving the station building.
Central placed cube shape
- 4 sided connection - symmetrical organization between the squares
Urban Mass
- following the existing street structures (rooilijn aansluiting)
Jansstraat
Kruisstraat
Event Bieb Haarlem
Station Haarlem
Kennemerplein
Location
Haarlem Station 40x40
In order to create a better context, the new urban plan has been designed further. This urban design proposal is a schematic plan for the new area, consisting of different routes and paths, for cyclist, pedestrians and cars. It is not a definitive design based on logistic analysis or traffic analysis. It creates a better contex for the new EBH.
Sketch Design
SITE
location
concept question
concept aim
spatial concept
structural concept
facade concept
event configuration
urban surroundings
floor plans
sections
interior and exterieur impression
facade fragment
building performance & climate system
HOW CAN A LIBRARY ON HAARLEM STATION SQUARE HOST EVENTS WITHOUT LOSING ITS LIBRARY IDENTITY ?
AUDITORIUM WITH A STAGE
CIRCULATION
Spatial Organisation
By applying a round stage with auditorium, the first floor becomes a kind of urban pit, or an urban plaza where you can wait for friends, family, or for your train. The round design also offers the possibility of using this in a different way than a normal theater would have. Here there are fixed seats, or fixed setups. But anything is possible here, leaving room for experimentation in use, but also for experimentation in type of performances. The round shape also leaves room to easily walk around it.
AUDITORIUM WITH MULTIPLE POSSIBILITIES
Spatial Organisation Concept
Haarlem Station
station Haarlem
station Haarlem
Haarlem Station
Spatial Organisation
Haarlem Station
Haarlem Station
Spatial Organisation
Haarlem Station
Haarlem Station
Spatial Organisation
Spatial Organisation
Structural Concept
structural seperation of space
storage
interior achitecture
Mulit purpose of architectural elements
The EBH aims for a low environmental impact. By combining architectural elements into one integrated use, the materials needed for different functions is reduced. The choice of structural material is therefore also wood.
01. Structural columns
the main structural element of the building
02. Backwall
the divider of space, made from CLT
03. Opening
adding a structural beam will create a poosibility for an opening
04. Bookshelves
the bookshelves and the door can have any height that is desired
Structural Concept
The supportive core will consist out of the main circulation route, lifts, hosts and installations shafts.
Wooden Core
Columns and
Beams
The books of the library will be stacked in bookshelves. The columns will serve as the base for these bookcases.
Structural Concept
CLT
Floors, Roofs & Overhang
The floors are made from wooden CLT elements, and will span in the shortest directions.
Facade Concept Concept
structural grid as base
different needs from the interior in relation to the outside
wooden facade with different openings
organic greenery as contrast to the rigid facade
Spatial Concept Concept
CONVENTIONAL
CONVENTIONAL
CONVENTIONAL
CONVENTIONAL
‘EXPERIMENTAL’
CONVENTIONAL
CONVENTIONAL
CONVENTIONAL
CONVENTIONAL
Back of the House
CONVENTIONAL
CONVENTIONAL
CONVENTIONAL
FLEXIBLE STAGE
CONVENTIONAL
CONVENTIONAL
Spatial Concept
Spatial Concept
CURTAIN DEPLOYMENT
Curtains will be installed on the ground floor, these can be used flexibly. And they are part of the set up during an event. The curtains provide privacy on the first floor. So people looking in from outside cannot have a view of an event.
SITE
location
concept question
concept aim
spatial concept
structural concept
facade concept
event configuration
urban surroundings
floor plans
sections
interior and exterieur impression
facade fragment
building performance & climate system
Urban Surroundings
The ground floor is open and is part of the logistic routes between the station, the city, the busstation and Poreus Ground Floor
Urban Surroundings
Foyer Interior
Urban Atrium
Urban
Youth Room Design
Exposition Room
Roof
Rooftop
Dynamic Public Route
Daily life with music
Cultural/ community gathering
Facade drawings
Buurt Poort
Stads Poort
West Facade
Forenz Poort
Lively Plinth: City at Eye Level
Stads Poort
Facade fragment
Fraké Exterior
Facade Column
Installations in bookshelves
Integrated Sun Screen
Fraké Wood Windows Floor
Wooden top floor
Floor heating
Granab Wood System floor
CLT Floor
Structural Beams
Interior Ceiling
Facade
CLT wall
Flax insulation
Wooden framework
Bamboo cladding
scale 1:50 (A3)
New Urban Design
Plinth with illuminiation (24HRS)
Fraké Wood Window Frames
baluster
Nabasco® bio composiet rain profiles
Fraké cladding
Fraké exterior column
Green overhang
Design Implementation
Building performance & climate system
Rain evaporation / Retantion
Green roof absorbs rain and evaporates water for cooling, or holds water to irrigate the greenroof.
Wooden Mass
Wood mass limits temperature fluctuations inside, and warms up slowly.
PV Panels
PV panels provide and daily use
provide electricity for heat pump use
Rain evaporation / Retantion
Green roof absorbs rain and evaporates water for cooling, or holds water to irrigate the greenroof.
Wood mass stores the heat and releases to indoor environment.
Wooden Mass
SITE
location
concept question
concept aim
spatial concept
structural concept
facade concept
event configuration
urban surroundings
floor plans
sections
interior and exterieur impression
facade fragment
building performance & climate system
With the challenges at the urban planning level, opportunities arose to design a new cultural building for the Haarlem station square. By paying attention to the potential users, they created space for a new library at this location. But with this location, the library has become more than just a place for books - it has become an open, inclusive space where people come together through culture, events and daily use, it is a third place, a place for people. By making the building flow from inside to outside, it becomes one integral design along with the walkways to the city, and the routes to the station building. With the special combination mix of different programs in this location, the library becomes something new: a mix of programs formed by what people need, what the urban situation needs and what the potential of the location can be - a new kind of space for the city, a new kind of cultural building that does not exist yet, it has an experimental, inclusive and open character, inviting the different users. With the EBH, Haarlem gains a totally new cultural building that appeals to diverse audiences in its use. Through the integration of the library, an event space, and diverse program for commuters, this offers a total design. With this, this whole place, becomes a new city center, it is no longer a place of quick departure, but rather a place to stay.
During my graduation, I have had immense support and understanding from my graduate committee, my girlfriend, my family, and my friends. In particular, I would like to thank:
Arna Mackic
Miguel Loos
Martine van Vliet
Martin Frederiks
Ward Margry
Tess Hoogendam
Kito Samson
Casper Laan
Maxime Bruijn
Tessa De Jong
Appendix
Gemeente Haarlem. (2021). Integrale visie Stationsgebied Haarlem 2020-2040. https://www. noord-holland.nl/bestanden/pdf/Integrale%20visie%20stationsgebied%20Haarlem%202020-2040. pdf
Studio MAPA. (z.d.). Cultuur maakt Haarlem. In Cultuurplan 2022-2028. https://haarlem.nl/sites/ default/files/2023-04/Cultuurplan%20Haarlem%202022-2028.pdf
Haarlem van Boven. (z.d.). Siebe Zwart. https://www.siebeswart.nl/image/I0000vN.wlbKS85g
History Images Stationsplein Haarlem, found on Noord Hollands Archief
Stationsgebied | Gemeente Haarlem. (z.d.). Gemeente Haarlem. https://haarlem.nl/stationsgebied
