E. Improvements to the legal framework: amendments are suggested to existing laws regarding (i) the regulation of the revolving seed fund in jamaats, and (ii) cooperatives taxation. F. Further development of the policy framework, including (i) the enforcement of penalties for violating PCs´ rules, and (ii) the development of a minimum common content for coordinating pasture management initiatives. G. With regard to institutional architecture and institutional strengthening, it is suggested to strengthen inter-institutional and inter-sectoral cooperation on issues of (i) pastures fees, (ii) investments of common interest of different sectors, and (iii) secondary pasture use, including by expanding the applicability of inter-institutional and inter-sectoral cooperative agreements. H. At the operational level, recommendations are (i) to invest in capacity-building in information handling with emphasis on livestock census, landscape inventory and electronic pasture management system use; (ii) to advance in the experimentation for the extension of the revolving seed fund to other ecosystems; and (iii) to prioritise different technical assistance activities in order to improve pasture-related value chains.
SDG Indicators National adaptation of SDGs is important in order to increase the effectiveness of SDGs in orienting national policy. In addition, SDGs indicators are critical tools to track the progress in policy-making and policy implementation towards the attainment of SDG targets. We have previously discussed that the KR is currently adapting a set of indicators for the transition from MDGs to SDGs. In addition, the analysis of NSSD and SDP showed a lack of concordance of national policy to SDG 2 – end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. Other relevant SDGs in the realm pasture management reforms are: SDG 1 – End poverty in all its forms everywhere; SDG 5 – Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls; SDG 13 – Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impact; and Goal 15 – Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss. An Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goals Indicators has been established under the UN Economic and Social Council to develop SDGs indicators, with special attention to environmentally fragile countries including landlocked countries as Kyrgyzstan (UN Economic and Social Council 2015, 2016). Specific suggestions for the development of indicators for SDG targets is beyond the scope of the present PSIA, but some general recommendations can be provided: (i) all indicators need to be disaggregated by gender, age (focusing the youth and elderly) and by socioeconomic stratifying criteria (poverty and extreme poverty line, livestock number ownership as used for social allowances allocation) and at the most local level as possible; (ii) indicators should try to relate livestock stock, animal products production, productivity and income for the groups under (i), tracking wealth concentration/distribution processes and their underlying factors; (iii) indicators should focus on key inputs for the groups under (i), such as access to infrastructure, credit, technical assistance and technology supply as well as multi-sectoral participation of beneficiaries in different policies and programmes; (iv) it is critical for the KR to develop indicators for capacity-building and inter-institutional coordination and apply them at different government levels as a critical gap exists between policy design and implementation, which is mainly the result of poor institutional capacity and fragile coordination