General pathology Questions' book for 1st year

PATHOLOGY

Questions For 1st year

Cell injury 1

Previous exams & Formative:

1- Cell death is a sign of:

a. Irreversible cell injury

b. Cellular adaptation

c. General response to cellular stress

d. Reversible cell injury

2- Influx of which of the following ions plays a major role in irreversible cell injury:

a. Potassium

b. Calcium

c. Sodium

d. Iron

3- Irreversible cell injury includes:

a. Necrosis

b. Cloudy swelling

c. Fatty change

d. Hydropic swelling

4- The major mechanism of plasma membrane damage in ischemia is:

a. Increased ca ions in the cytoplasm

b. decreased intracellular accumulation of sodium.

c. Reduced aerobic respiration.

d. Reduced intracellular Ph.

5- Stimuli causing cellular injury do so by:

a. Increase free radicals’ production.

b. Increased intracellular calcium.

c. All are correct.

d. ATP depletion

6- Apoptosis is brought by a group of enzymes called:

a. Proteases

b. Lipases

c. Catalases

d. Caspases

7- Type of necrosis present in tuberculosis:

a. Coagulative necrosis

b. Caseation necrosis

c. Fat necrosis

d. Liquefactive necrosis

8- Which of the following describes Karyorrhexis:

a. Shrinkage of chromatin

b. Condensed chromatin

c. lysis of chromatin

d. Fragmented chromatin

9- Reversible cell injury is termed:

a. Regeneration

b. Degeneration

c. Adaptation

d. Resolution

10- Apoptosis is:

a. Degeneration

b. Autolysis

c. Programmed cell death.

d. Reversable Cell injury

11- Pyknosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis:

a. Nuclear changes seen in fatty change.

b. Cytoplasmic changes seen in fatty change.

c. Nuclear changes seen in necrosis.

d. Nuclear changes seen in hydropic changes.

12- Enzymatic fat necrosis is seen in:

a. Tuberculous lymphadenitis D

b. Acute hemorrhage pancreatitis D

c. Trauma to subcutaneous fat

d. Amoebic abscess

13- Fatty change means:

a. Change of proteins into fat

b. Accumulation of fat within parenchymal cells

c. Unmasking of the normal fat in the cells

d. Change of carbohydrates into fat

14- Commonest site of fatty change is:

a. Spleen

b. Kidney

c. Liver

d. Lung

15- All these features occur in fatty change EXCEPT:

a. Color is pale yellow.

b. The Cut surface bulges and is greasy to touch.

c. The cells appear swollen and show multiple tiny fat globules in the cytoplasm.

d. The borders of the affected cells are sharp.

16- Liquefactive necrosis occurred in abscess is due to the effect of enzymes:

a. Plasma cells

b. Macrophages

c. Neutrophils

d. Lymphocytes e. Fibroblasts

17- Coagulative necrosis in infarction occurred as a result of:

a. Fat necrosis

b. Coagulation of blood

c. Degeneration of collagen

d. Denaturation of tissue proteins e. Gangrene

18- Karyolysis means:

a. Fragmentation of the nucleus

b. Disappearance of the nucleus

c. Dark nucleus

d. Large nucleus.

e. Shrinkage of the nucleus

19- Liquefactive necrosis occurs in:

a. Kidney

b. Heart

c. Spleen

d. Centers of pyogenic abscesses e. Intestine

20- The process of cellular karyorrhexis refers to:

a. Disintegration of the cell cytoplasm

b. Mitochondrial swelling and lysis

c. Cell membrane lysis

d. Disintegration of the cell nucleus e. Oxygen toxicity

21- Apoptosis occurs in all EXCEPT:

a. During embryogenesis

b. Some physiological conditions

c. Tumors

d. Viral hepatitis

e. Tuberculosis

22- Coagulative necrosis results from:

a. Intestinal infraction

b. Acute myocardial infarction

c. Inflammation in brain tissue

d. Lung emboli

23- The major mechanism of plasma membrane damage in ischemia is:

a. Increased ca ions in the cytoplasm

b. Reduced aerobic respiration.

c. Increased intracellular accumulation of sodium.

d. Reduced intracellular pH.

24- What is the most common cause of cell injury?

a. Inflammation

b. Infection

c. Hypoxia

d. Trauma

25- When cells become under stressors, firstly what occurs?

a. Cellular adaptation

b. Necrosis

c. Apoptosis

d. Necrosis

Extra:

1- Which of the following granulomatous lesions may be associated with marked necrosis

a. Silicosis

b. Foreign body granuloma

c. Sarcoidosis

d. Tuberculosis

e. Crohn’s Disease

2- Which of the following statements is true for hepatic steatosis:

a. May be caused by alcohol intake.

b. May occur in cases of hepatitis C.

c. May be followed by cirrhosis (scarring or fibrosis)

d. All the above.

e. None of the above.

3- Caseous necrosis is characterized by all of the following features EXCEPT:

a. Cheese like material

b. Commonly seen in tuberculous lesions

c. Structural outlines of the necrotic cells are preserved.

d. It represents partially liquified coagulative necrosis.

e. Microscopically appears as amorphous eosinophilic granular debris.

4- Which of the following conditions is characterized by liquefactive necrosis:

a. Lung infarction

b. Cerebral infarction

c. Pulmonary tuberculosis

d. All of the above

e. None of the above

5- All of the following changes can be seen in necrotic cells EXCEPT:

a. Pyknosis

b. Mitosis

c. Karyorrhexis

d. Karyolysis

e. Cytomegaly

6- Hepatic steatosis may be caused by chronic alcohol intake :

a. True

b. False

7- Mitochondrial affection in cell injury will result in:

a. Increased activity of sodium pump leading to accumulation of sodium inside cell

b. Decreased activity of sodium pump leading to accumulation of sodium inside cell

c. Increased activity of sodium pump leading to accumulation of sodium outside the cell

d. Decreased activity of sodium pump leading to accumulation of sodium outside the cell

8- The following are features of apoptosis except:

a. It is characterized by fragmentation of nuclear DNA.

b. It is characterized by formation of nuclear blebs.

c. It is characterized by transformation of the affected cell into apoptotic bodies.

d. Phagocytosis of the apoptotic bodies is common

9- Which of the following is not a feature of reversible cell injury?

a. Cellular swelling

b. Reduction of ATP synthesis

c. Reduced cellular pH

d. Disruption in cell membrane

10- Caseation necrosis is caused by:

a. Hypoxia.

b. Bacterial toxins

c. Hyper sensitivity

d. Chemical irritation

11- Fatty change:

a. Is irreversible

b. Does not impair cellular function

c. Is most commonly due to diabetes

d. Can occur due to alcohol drinking

12- Which of the following is most likely responsible for cell death in a living body?

a. Cylolysis

b. Necrosis

c. Putrefaction

d. Autolysis

13- Morphologic changes in necrosis include:

a. Damage of the cell membrane

b. Pyknosis

c. Karyorthexis

d. Karyolysis

e. All of the above

14- Coagulative necrosis occurs in all EXCEPT:

a. Kidney

b. Heart

c. Spleen

d. Central nervous system

e. Lung

15- The following inflammation leads to fat necrosis:

a. Mastitis

b. Pancreatitis

c. Appendicitis

d. Hepatitis e. Pyelonephritis

16- All are correct about Necrosis EXCEPT:

a. Local death of small. or large group of cells in living tissue

b. Opaque whitewith hyperemia in the surrounding tissues

c. Nuclei of the cells are Notaffected

d. It often occurs due to ischemia

17- In the process of necrosis, a reduction in the size of the nucleus and a condensation of nuclear material is known as:

a. Pyknosis

b. Karyolysis.

c. Karyorrhexis

d. Metachromasia

e. Hypochromasia

18- Which type of the following types of necrosis is grossly opaque and chalky whites?

a. Coagulative

b. Liquefactive

c. Caseous Necrosis

d. Fat necosis

19- Coagulative necrosis occurs in :

a. Cerebral infarction

b. Acute pancreatitis

c. Pulmonary T.B.

d. Renal infarction

20- Liquefactive necrosis occurs in :

a. Pulmonary T.B.

b. Cerebral infarction

c. Renal infarction d. Acute pancreatitis

21- Caseation necrosis occurs in :

a. Pulmonary T.B.

b. Cerebral infarction

c. Renal infarction d. Acute pancreatitis

22- Enzymatic fat necrosis occurs in:

a. Cerebral infarction

b. Acute pancreatitis

c. Pulmonary T.B d. Renal infarction

Previous exams & Formative:

1- Fatty change means:

a. Change of proteins into fat.

b. Accumulation of fat within parenchymal cells.

c. Unmasking of the normal fat in the cells.

d. Change of carbohydrate into fat.

2- The commonest site of fatty change is:

a. Spleen

b. Kidney

c. Liver

d. Lung

3- All are features of cloudy swelling except:

a. Characterized morphologically by swelling of the cells and granularity of the cytoplasm.

b. Cellular swelling due to water accumulation.

c. Irreversible cell injury

d. Affected organ appears swollen and soft.

4- All these features occur in fatty change except:

a. The color is pale yellow.

b. The cut surface bulges and is greasy to touch.

c. The cells appear swollen and show multiple tiny fat globules in the cytoplasm.

d. The borders of the affected organ are sharp.

5- Female patient 40 years old, she is diabetic and obese. Liver biopsy showed cytoplasmic vacuoles in hepatocytes giving signet ring appearance. The most likely diagnosis is:

a. Fatty change

b. Cloudy change

c. Hydropic change

d. Apoptosis

Extra:

1- Intracellular fat accumulation may result in:

a. Fatty change

b. Lipid storage disease

c. Skin xanthoma

d. All of the above

2- Fatty change:

a. Is irreversible.

b. Does not impair cellular function.

c. Is most commonly due to diabetes.

d. Can occur due to alcohol drinking.

3- In hypoxic cell injury, swelling of the cell occurs because of intracytoplasmic accumulation of:

a. Lipids

b. Proteins

c. Lipofuscin

d. Water

4- These are true for fatty change if the liver except:

a. It is an irreversible cell injury.

b. The liver may be markedly enlarged.

c. It can be caused by alcoholic abuse.

d. It is found in cases of nut meg liver.

5- Changes associated with water metabolism are the following except:

a. Irreversible cell injury

b. Cellular edema

c. Normal nuclei

d. Energy defect

6- Cloudy swelling occurs in:

a. Parenchymatous cells

b. Muscle cells

c. C.T fibroblasts

d. Non of the above

Previous exams & Formative:

1- Metastatic calcification means pathological deposition of calcium salts in:

a. Living tissue

b. Necrotic tissue

c. Injured tissue

d. Infarcted tissue

2- Russel bodies mean hyaline change in:

a. Lymphocytes

b. Plasma cells

c. Neutrophils

d. Eosinophils

3- Mallory bodies are:

a. Hyaline change in liver cells

b. Hyaline change in kidney

c. Hyaline change in plasma cells

d. Amyloidosis in liver cells

4- The commonest cause of death in patients with amyloidosis is:

a. Hepatic amyloidosis

b. Renal failure

c. Splenic amyloidosis

d. Intestinal amyloidosis.

5- Sago spleen means:

a. Deposition of hyaline material in spleen

b. Deposition of amyloid in the lymphoid follicles of the spleen

c. Accumulation of excess fat in the spleen

d. Accumulation of excess water in the red pulp of the spleen.

6- All are true about dystrophic calcification except:

a. Pathological deposition of calcium salts in injured and necrotic tissues.

b. It is the commonest type of pathological calcification.

c. The calcified tissue appears opaque white and hard in consistency.

d. Associated with elevation of blood calcium level.

7- ………stains amyloid material in tissue.

a. Sudan III

b. Giemsa

c. Congo red

d. Alcian blue

e. PAS

8- Primary amyloidosis occurs in:

a. Chronic inflammation

b. Rheumatoid arthritis

c. Multiple myeloma

d. Viral infection

7-c 8-c

Extra:

1- Amyloid material in primary amyloidosis is secreted by:

a. Histiocytes

b. Eosinophils

c. Mast cells

d. All of the above

e. None of the above

2- The walls of the arteries in long standing atherosclerosis undergo:

a. Amyloidosis

b. Mucoid change

c. Hyalinosis

d. Cloudy swelling

3- In hypertension, the central arterioles of the lymphoid follicles of the spleen show:

a. Amyloidosis

b. Hyalinosis

c. Mucoid change

d. Cloudy swelling

4- In benign hypertension, the microscopic examination of the arterioles shows:

a. Amyloidosis

b. Hyalinosis

c. Mucoid change

d. Cloudy swelling

5- All of the following are examples of dystrophic calcification except:

a. Atheroma

b. Chronic rheumatic valvulitis

c. Renal stones

d. Old infarcts

6- Metastatic calcification results from the following except:

a. Hyperparathyroidism

b. Multiple myeloma

c. Hypoparathyroidism

d. Hypervitaminosis D

7- In secondary amyloidosis, the type of the deposited fibril is:

a. AL protein

b. AA protein

c. AB2 protein

d. None of the above

8- Which of the following statements is true for dystrophic calcification:

a. It is due to hypercalcemia.

b. It can be seen in T.B

c. It commonly occurs in teeth and bone.

d. It is more common in arterial than venous thrombi.

9- Dystrophic calcification occurs in:

a. Dead parasites

b. Fat necrosis

c. Degenerated tumors

d. All of the above

10- Amyloid material of AA type occurs in all of the following except:

a. Leprosy

b. Chronic pyogenic lung abscess

c. Typhoid fever

d. Chronic osteomyelitis

Cellular adaptations 3

Previous exams & Formative:

1- _________ increase in size of an organ due to increase in number of its cells:

a. Hypertrophy

b. Hyperplasia

c. Metaplasia

d. Dysplasia

e. Neoplasia

2-_________ is an example of generalized pathological atrophy:

a. Starvation

b. Athletes

c. Pregnancy

d. Fracture

e. Poliomyelitis

3- A change of one type of tissue to another type is called:

a. Hyperplasia

b. Dysplasia

c. Neoplasia

d. Metaplasia

e. Regeneration

4- Chronic irritation of the mucosa of the urinary bladder predispose to:

a. Squamous metaplasia

b. Transitional metaplasia

c. Columnar metaplasia

d. Oncocytic metaplasia

e. Respiratory metaplasia

5- Hyperplasia is:

a. Increase in size of organ due to increase in size of its cells

b. Increase in size of an organ due to increase in the number of its cells

c. Increase in size of organ due to increase in size and number of its cells

d. Decrease in size of organ

6- Atrophy is:

a. Decrease in size of organ due to reduction in the number or size of its components

b. Increase in size of organ due to increase in size of its cells

c. Increase in size of an organ due to increase in the number of its cells

d. Increase in size of organ due to increase in size and number of its cells

7- The increase in the size of an organ due to increase in size of its constituent cells is called

a. Hyperplasia

b. Hypoplasia

c. Atrophy

d. Hypertrophy

8- In aging postmenopausal females, fall in estrogen level leads to which of the following changes in the breast:

a. Atrophy

b. Dysplasia

c. Hyperplasia

d. Hypertrophy

9- When a motor nerve supplying muscle is cut, the underlying muscle undergoes

a. Neuropathic atrophy

b. Hormonal atrophy

c. Disuse atrophy

d. Hyperplasia

10- Failure of development of an organ is called:

a. Agenesis

b. Atrophy

c. Hyperplasia

d. Hypoplasia

11- Disturbance of cellular differentiation is called:

a. Hyperplasia

b. Hypertrophy

c. Dysplasia

d. Neoplasia

12- Change of one type of differentiated tissue into another type is called:

a. Hyperplasia

b. Metaplasia

c. Dysplasia

d. Hypertrophy

13- All are true about dysplasia EXCEPT:

a. May be graded into mild, moderate and severe

b. It is considered as disturbance of cellular differentiation

c. May be regarded as a premalignant change

d. Cells are uniform and have normal arrangement

10-a 11-c 12-b 13-d

Extra:

1- Which of the following is NOT true as regard atrophy

a. Can be caused by disuse

b. Common in skeletal muscles

c. Defined as increase cell number

d. Common in old age

2- Which of the following is NOT a character of atrophy?

a. May result from a disuse of organ

b. Decrease in size and number of cells

c. May be congenital

d. Common in brain of old age

3- Complete absence of an organ is called

a. Agenesis

b. Dysplasia

c. Hyperplasia

d. Anaplasia

4- Cellular hypertrophy is best illustrated by:

a. The ovary following menopause

b. The uterine myometrium in pregnancy

c. The cervix with chronic inflammation

d. The female breast at puberty

5- Metaplasia is always precancerous

a. True

b. False

6- The following conditions can occur as physiologic processes EXCEPT

a. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy

b. Uterine muscle hypertrophy

c. Cardiac muscle hypertrophy

d. Breast hyperplasia

7- Hyperplasia is a pathologic condition in

a. Endometrial hyperplasia

b. Prostatic hyperplasia

c. Thyroid hyperplasia

d. None of the above

e. All of the above

8- Abnormality of both differentiation and maturation of the tissue is called

a. Hyperplasia

b. Metaplasia

c. Dysplasia

d. Neoplasia

9- Histologic features of dysplasia include all EXCEPT

a. Nuclear hyperchromatism

b. Increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio

c. Loss of polarity

d. Abnormal mitotic activity

Previous exams & Formative:

1- Acute inflammation is a protective mechanism that lasts........:

a. More than 3 weeks.

b. One month or more.

c. 24 hours

d. Less than 3 weeks.

2- Pus cells are .............:

a. Dead plasma cells.

b. Dead eosinophil.

c. Mast cell.

d. Macrophages.

e. Dead neutrophils.

3- The cells in acute inflammatory exudate are mainly:

a. Neutrophils

b. Plasma cells.

c. Lymphocytes

d. Fibroblasts

e. All of the above.

4- Inflammatory edema at the site of injury is due to.......:

a. Vasodilatation and ↑ capillary permeability.

b. Vasoconstriction and ↑ capillary permeability.

c. Vasodilatation and ↓ capillary permeability.

d. Vasoconstriction and ↓ capillary permeability.

e. Bacterial toxins and hemorrhage

5- Acute inflammation is characterized by all of the following, except:

a. It has a short duration of action

b. Abundant lymphocytes and fibrosis.

c. Rapid tissue response

d. Presence of neutrophils and pus cells

6- The protein content in inflammatory fluid exudate is:

a. High

b. Low.

c. Absent protein in the exudate

d. Vary from case to another

7- The inflammatory fluid exudate can’t be drained by venules, due to:

a. High osmotic pressure.

b. Low osmotic pressure

c. Presence of dense fibrosis

d. Absence of venules in the inflamed area.

8- Ingestion and destruction of bacteria and necrotic material by acute inflammatory cells in acute inflammation is called:

a. Chemotaxis.

b. Phagocytosis

c. Diapedesis.

d. Margination

9- The following is not a step of phagocytosis:

a. Recognition and attachment.

b. Diapedesis

c. Engulfment.

d. Degradation

10- When neutrophils leave axial blood stream and adhere to endothelial lining of the capillaries in acute inflammation; this is called:

a. Margination

b. Emigration

c. Diapedesis

d. Phagocytosis

11- In acute inflammation; phagocytosis is achieved by:

a. Neutrophils and macrophages

b. Lymphocytes and fibroblasts.

c. Lymphocytes and plasma cells

d. Eosinophils and plasma cells.

Extra:

1- In acute inflammation, the directed movement of leukocytes towards a particular organism (irritant) is called:

a. Chemotaxis

b. Exudation.

c. Margination

d. Transudation

2- Which of the following is not a chemical mediator:

a. Vasoactive amines.

b. Bradykinines

c. Histamine

d. Growth factor.

3- Chemotactic agents include all except:

a. Complement component.

b. Cytokines

c. Vasoactive substances.

d. bacterial products.

4- The inflammatory exudate colts on standing because of its high content of:

a. Prostaglandins.

b. Growth factors

c. Cytokines.

d. Fibrinogen

e. Inflammatory cells

5- Functions of inflammatory exudate include all of the following except:

a. Killing the organism

b. Helping infection to spread.

c. Bringing antibodies to the area of the information

d. Liquifying the necrotic debris.

6- Phagocytosis means:

a. Ingestion of foreign material by red blood cell

b. Ingestion of foreign material by pus cell.

c. Production of phagocytic cells

d. Ingestion of foreign material by phagocytic cells.

7- Histamine is:

a. One of the arachidonic acid derivatives

b. The cause of increased vascular permeability

c. Released from neutrophils

d. A delayed mediator of type I hypersensitivity

8- Which factor is involved in formation of inflammatory exudate:

a. Decrease intravascular hydrostatic pressure

b. Decrease interstitial osmotic pressure

c. Vasoconstriction

d. Increased vascular permeability

9- Signs of acute inflammation include all EXCEPT:

a. Anemia.

b. Redness.

c. Hotness.

d. Pain.

e. Loss of function.

10-According to inflammatory exudate all are true except:

a. Clots on standing due to presence of fibrinogen

b. It's turbid.

c. It has low protein content

d. It's specific gravity more than 1018

11-What is the first response of arterioles to injury in acute inflammation:

a. Hyperemia

b. Vasoconstriction.

c. Vasodilation

d. Edema

12-During acute inflammation, histamine-induced increased vascular permeability causes the formation of exudates (inflammatory edema). Which one of the listed cell types is the most likely source of the histamine that causes the increased vascular permeability?

a. Endothelial cells.

b. Fibroblasts

c. Lymphocytes.

d. Mast cells

e. Neutrophils.

13-Vasodilatation of the blood vessels at the site of injury is caused by:

a. Tissue necrosis.

b. Prostaglandins.

c. Bacterial toxins

d. Complement C3&C5.

e. Histamine

Acute Inflammation 5

Previous exams & Formative:

1- A diabetic patient had a swelling on the back of the neck which is red and hot. Surgical exploration of this swelling showed multiple sinuses filled with pus. This type of inflammation is called:

a. Carbuncle

b. Furuncle

c. Cellulitis

d. Abscess

2- Carbuncle type of inflammation is:

a. Acute suppurative local inflammation.

b. Acute non suppurative inflammation

c. Chronic inflammation.

d. Acute suppurative diffuse inflammation

3- Cellulitis is a type of diffuse inflammation because:

a. The tissue produces enzymes which lead to spread of infection.

b. The organism produces enzymes which lead to spread of infection

c. The patient has weak immune response.

d. The organism secretes toxins which lead to infection spread

4- Common cold is a type of:

a. Catarrhal inflammation.

b. Membranous inflammation

c. Serous inflammation.

d. Sero-fibrinous inflammation

5- Pseudomembranous inflammation is caused by:

a. Diphtheria.

b. Staph aureus

c. Streptococci.

6- Example of Fibrinous inflammation:

a. Ascites.

b. Common cold

c. lobar pneumonia.

d. Pleural effusion

7- A 9-months baby is brought with his mother to the hospital with fever and diffuse swelling of his Rt leg for 2 days. On examination the baby’s leg is swollen, red, hot and tender. What is the possible diagnosis of this case?

a. Abscess

b. Furuncle

c. Cellulitis

d. Carbuncle

8- Abscess is a............ suppurative inflammation.

a. Diffuse.

b. Chronic.

c. Localized.

d. Irreversible.

e. Reversible.

9- A 18-years-old man presented to the emergency room with severe Rt iliac pain and vomiting. He had an immediate surgery and his appendix was excised. Microscopic examination of the appendix revealed dense acute inflammatory cell infiltration of the mucosa with reactive lymphoid follicular enlargement. What is the diagnosis?

a. Acute suppurative appendicitis.

b. Chronic non-specific appendicitis.

c. Ulcerative colitis.

d. Acute food poisoning.

e. Acute enteritis

10- What is the most serious complication of the previous lesion?

a. Chronic non-specific appendicitis.

b. Perforation and peritonitis.

c. Spread of infection to distant organ.

d. Spread of infection to the regional LN

e. Direct spread of infection to the peritoneum.

11- A 13-years female complained of fever and sever pain and swelling of her Rt leg for 2 days. On clinical examination the Rt leg is red, edematous tender and hot. What is the diagnosis?

a. Abscess.

b. Carbuncle

c. Furuncle.

d. Cellulitis

e. Ulcer.

12- Select the odd inflammatory type:

a. Carbuncle.

b. Diphtheria.

c. Allergic rhinitis

d. Lobar pneumonia.

e. Measles

13- Complete restoration of acutely inflamed tissue to normal one, is called:

a. Resolution.

b. Regression.

c. Progression.

d. Chronicity

14- A 12-Years old child complained of cough and fever for 2 weeks. X-ray chest showed a small face of opacity in the Lt upper lobe of the lung. A biopsy from the lesion showed exudate and pus; What is the possible diagnosis?

a. Acute non-suppurative inflammation of the lung.

b. Acute suppurative inflammation of the lung.

c. Tuberculosis

d. Carcinoma of the lung.

Extra:

1- Cellulitis is characterized by:

a. Occurs in loose tissues

b. Caused by staphylococcus aureus.

c. Inflammatory cells include plasma cells and lymphocytes

d. Inflammation occurs around hair follicles.

2- A localized suppurative with multiple sinuses is called:

a. Abscess

b. Furuncle.

c. Cellulitis

d. Carbuncle.

3- Cellulitis is caused by:

a. Streptococci.

b. Klebsiella.

c. Staphylococcus aureus

d. Clostridia.

4- Which of the following is the cause of the diffuse nature of cellulitis?

a. Excess fibrin in the inflammatory exudate.

b. Production of fibrinolysin and hyaluronidase by the organism.

c. Occurrence in loose tissues

d. Large doses of infective organisms.

e. Poor patient resistance

5- The main feature of catarrhal inflammation is:

a. Formation of abscesses.

b. Granulomatous react.

c. Cellulitis.

d. Formation of deep ulcers

e. Excess secretions from superficial mucosal surface.

6- Features of pseudomembranous inflammation include:

a. Severe type of suppurative inflammation affecting mucus membranes.

b. Accompanied by excessive mucus production.

c. Characterized by an exudate rich in eosinophils

d. All of the above.

e. None of the above.

7- Serofibrinous inflammation is characterized by:

a. Most commonly affects the pleura & peritoneum

b. May affect the oral mucosa in case of diphtheria.

c. Excess mucous production.

d. The most efficient phagocytosis among all types of inflammation

e. All of the above.

8- All of the following are features of cellulitis except:

a. Caused by Streptococcus hemolyticus infection.

b. Pus is thin and sanguinous.

c. The main inflammatory cells are lymphocytes and plasma cells.

d. Mainly occurs in loose tissues.

e. Most common in diabetics

9- A child presented with fever and sore throat, laboratory investigations revealed leucocytosis. Endoscopic examination shows ulceration of the laryngeal mucosa which is partially covered by a dirtly friable material. This type of inflammation is called:

a. Fibrinous inflammation.

b. Catarrhal inflammation.

c. Membranous inflammation.

d. Serous inflammation.

e. Suppurative inflammation.

10- The main causative organism of abscess is:

a. Streptococcus haemolyticus

b. Streptococcus viridans.

c. Staphylococcus aureus

d. E. coli.

e. Clostridia

11- Abscess is a localized suppurative inflammation because:

a. The patient has good immune response.

b. The organism produces coagulase enzyme which localizes infection

c. The organism is of low virulence.

d. All of the above

e. None of the above.

12- Which of the following zones in the abscess is called pyogenic membrane:

a. Central necrotic area

b. Mid-zone containing pus.

c. Peripheral zone of granulation tissue

d. The surrounding healthy tissue.

Chronic Inflammation 6

Previous exams & Formative:

1- ……………… is a chronic specific inflammation.

a. Abscess

b. Cellulitis

c. Granuloma

d. Gangrene

e. Granulation

2- ……………… is a modified macrophage formed in tuberculosis.

a. Epithelial cells

b. Plasma cells

c. Lymphocytes

d. Epithelioid cell

e. Fibroblast

3- Chronic hepatitis C is an example of:

a. Chronic specific inflammation

b. Chronic non-specific inflammation

c. Acute catarrhal inflammation

d. Acute fibrinous inflammation

e. Chronic Suppurative inflammation

4- Chronic irritation of the mucosa of the urinary bladder predispose to:

a. Squamous metaplasia

b. Transitional metaplasia

c. Columnar metaplasia

d. Oncocytic metaplasia

e. Respiratory metaplasia

5- Cells are mainly involved in the pathogenesis of infective granuloma:

a. Lymphocytes & macrophages

b. Macrophages & neutrophils

c. Eosinophils & lymphocytes

d. Lymphocytes & fibroblasts

e. Fibroblasts & microphages

6- Chronic inflammation is defined as an:

a. Inflammation lasting three months

b. Inflammation with gradual onset and prolonged duration.

c. Inflammation with gradual onset and short duration.

d. Inflammation with sudden onset and short duration.

e. Inflammation with sudden onset and long duration.

7- Bilharzial granuloma depends on.........hypersensitivity:

a. Type I

b. Type II

c. Type III

d. Type IV

e. Type V

8- A 13-year-old girl complains of anorexia and low graded fever for 3 weeks. Clinical examination revealed cervical lymphadenopathy and pallor. A biopsy from LN showed non-caseous granuloma. What is the most possible diagnosis?

a. Primary T.B

b. Primary syphilis

c. Lepromatous leprosy

d. Sarcoidosis

9- The following are examples of chronic specific inflammation except:

a. T.B

b. Syphilis

c. Leprosy

d. Chronic pyelonephritis

e. Sarcoidosis

10- The inflammatory cells that are characteristic for TB granuloma are:

a. Eosinophils & plasma cells

b. Mast cells & Eosinophils

c. Langhans's giant cells & epithelioid cells

d. Neutrophils & Macrophages

11- End arteritis obliterans could be seen in....except:

a. T.B

b. Bilharziasis

c. Leprosy

d. Acute suppurative appendicitis

e. Cat scratch disease

12- Caseous necrosis of TB infection due to:

a. Type I HSR

b. Type II HSR

c. Type III HSR

d. Type IV HSR

e. Type V HSR

13- Madura foot is an example of:

a. Chronic non-specific non-infective inflammation

b. Chronic non-specific infective inflammation

c. Chronic specific non-infective inflammation

d. Chronic specific infective inflammation

14- Epithelial changes in urinary bladder bilharziasis include all except:

a. Brun's nest

b. Cystitis cystica

c. Squamous metaplasia

d. Cell nest

15- All are primary sites for TB infection except:

a. Lung

b. Intestine

c. Kidney

d. Skin

e. Lymph nodes

16- Male patient presented by fever, night sweating, loss of weight and dry chough for 3 weeks. Microscopic examination revealed focal lesion composed of aggregation of epithelioid cell, Langerhans giant cell, lymphocytes and fibroblasts. The most likely diagnosis is:

a. Bilharziasis

b. Cellulitis

c. Tuberculosis

d. Frunculosis

Extra:

1- The chronic inflammation of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by:

a. Polymorphs

b. Lymphokines

c. Complement

d. Histamine

e. Bradykinin

2- The appearance of granulomas with Langhans giant cells and caseation in the lung from a 54-year-old male with fever, night sweats, weight loss, and cough for several months suggests that infection with which of the following is the probable diagnosis:

a. Influenza A virus

b. Bilharziasis

c. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

d. Streptococcus pneumoniae

e. Cytomegalovirus

3- Methods of infection in tuberculosis include all except:

a. Inhalation

b. Ingestion

c. Transplacental

d. Blood transfusion

4- Pathogenicity of tubercle bacilli is due to:

a. Production of exotoxins

b. Production of endotoxin

c. Production of histolytic enzymes

d. Induction of delayed hypersensitivity

5- The primary tuberculosis complex consist of all Except:

a. Tuberculosis of the site of infection

b. Tuberculosis of distant organ

c. Tuberculosis Lymphangitis

d. Tuberculosis Lymphadenitis

6- Sarcoidosis is caused by:

a. Bacteria

b. Fungus

c. Protozoa

d. Virus

e. None of the above

7- Tuberculosis cold abscess is a wrong name because:

a. It is NOT cold

b. It does NOT contain pus

c. It does NOT contain caseous material

d. It does NOT contain tubercle bacilli

e. It has no pyogenic membrane

8- Which of the following granulomatous lesions may be associated with marked necrosis:

a. Silicosis

b. Foreign body granuloma

c. Sarcoidosis

d. Tuberculosis.

e. Crohn's disease

9- Chronic inflammation is:

a. Always preceded by acute inflammation

b. Characterized by hyperaemia, oedema and leukocyte infiltration

c. Most frequently results in resolution

d. The factors underlying monocyte infiltration are the same as for acute inflammation

10- Granulomatous inflammation:

a. indicates the presence of tuberculosis

b. Consists in part of microscopic aggregates of transformed lymphocytes

c. is always associated with the presence of Langhan’s giant cells

d. May result from non-immune mechanisms

11- Chronic inflammation is characterized by all of the below except:

a. Tissue destruction

b. Marked edema

c. Fibrosis

d. Increased tissue concentration of lymphocytes

12- Which of the following is not an outcome of chronic inflammation?

a. Progressive destruction of the organ

b. Dissemination to other organs

c. Healing by fibrosis

d. Complete absolution (recovery)

13- Morphologic changes seen in chronic non-specific inflammation include an increase in:

a. Neutrophils, lymphocytes and liquefaction Necrosis.

b. Neutrophils, macrophages and fibrosis.

c. Lymphocytes, plasma cells and fibrosis.

d. Giant cells, macrophages and coagulative necrosis

Previous exams & Formative:

1- …………. heals by Iry intension.

a. Surgical wound

b. Extensive burn

c. Large ulcer

d. Abscess

e. Infarction

2- …………. impairs healing process.

a. Vitamin C

b. Proteins

c. Infection

d. Clean wound

e. Zink

3- A 50-Y old female suffered from lacerated wound on her leg in an accident. The wound was cleaned and sutured. Which of the following help healing of the wound?

a. Corticosteroid

b. Poor blood supply

c. Infection.

d. Foreign body

e. Vitamin C

4- After 2 weeks, the wound was not healed properly. Which of the following impaired wound healing?

a. Corticosteroid

b. Vitamin C.

c. Proteins

d. Zink

e. Good blood supply.

5- After the drug therapy, a follow-up chest X-ray chest healing of the previous lesion leaving no scar. What is the type of the healing in this case?

a. Chronic inflammation

b. Fibrosis

c. Regeneration

d. Metaplasia

e. Degeneration

6- Hematopoietic cells and lymphoid are examples of:

a. Labile cells

b. Stable cells

c. Permanent cells

7- The Resulted avascular fibrous tissue from maturation of granulation tissue is:

a. Scar

b. Scab

8- ………. Replacement of the injured tissue by new one of the same types.

a. Degeneration

b. Regeneration

c. Fibrosis

d. Amyloidosis.

e. Necrosis

9- Labile cells include all EXCEPT:

a. Transitional epithelial cells.

b. Muscle cells.

c. Columnar epithelium.

d. Lymphoid and hematopoietic cells.

e. Stratified squamous epithelium.

10- Types of repairs are:

a. Degeneration and fibrosis

b. Regeneration and fibrosis

c. Regeneration and Degeneration

11- Replacement of damaged cells by new healthy cells of the same type is called:

a. Regeneration

b. Fibrosis

c. Degeneration

12- All of the following are from the general factors affecting tissue repair EXCEPT:

a. Age

b. Protein deficiency

c. Tissue damage

d. Diabetes

13- Cells which never regenerate are called:

a. Bone cells

b. Haemopoietic cells

c. Labile cells

d. Stable cells

e. Permanent cells

14- Stable cells Are:

a. Cells which multiply continuously during life

b. Cells which multiply only when stimulated

c. Cells which never multiply

d. Mucous cells

e. Nerve cells

15- Cells of the renal tubules are stable cells:

a. True

b. False

16- Healing by first intention is not characterized by:

a. Minimal loss of tissue

b. No infection

c. No foreign body

d. More common complications

e. Clean wounds

17- Healing by second intention isn’t characterized by:

a. More common complications

b. Wound contraction

c. Clean cut wound

d. Take long to heal

e. Abundant granulation tissue

18- Angiogenesis is NOT essential for healing:

a. True

b. False

19- Heal by second intention occurs only in clean cut wound with minimal loss of tissue:

a. Ture

b. False

20- Healing by organization can be seen in the following sites EXCEPT:

a. Myocardial infarction

b. Thrombosis

c. Wounds

d. malignant tumor

e. Abscess

21- Healing without generation of fibrosis is called:

a. Resolution

b. Organization

c. Primary intention

d. Secondary Intention

22- A Painful mass formed at the site of a healed wound (especially amputation site) is usually:

a. Implantation Cyst

b. Vascular nodule

c. Neuroma

d. Keloid

e. A Calcified Nodule

Extra:

1- Which of the following factors may adversely affect healing of the bone?

a. Glucocorticoid therapy

b. Old age

c. Soft tissue interposition between the fracture ends.

d. All of the above

e. None of the above

2- The Following lesions does not heal by second intention:

a. Surgical wound

b. Abscess

c. Surgical wound

d. Abscess

3- Of the conditions listed below, the most common cause of delayed wound healing is:

a. Foreign body reaction to sutures

b. Infection

c. Malnutrition

d. Vitamin c deficiency

e. Zinc deficiency

4- Repair of the peripheral nerves occurs by:

a. Resolution

b. Organization

c. Gliosis

d. Regeneration

Hemodynamic disorders 8. 1

Previous exams & Formative:

1- The presence of a sold mass of blood elements in the blood stream during life is called:

a. Blood clot.

b. Infarction.

c. Thrombus

d. Atheroma.

e. Hematoma

2- A 43-Y old female teacher complained of edema and swelling of her Rt leg. She had a history of varicose veins in her lower limbs for 2 years. What is the possible diagnosis?

a. Hematoma

b. Hemangioma.

c. Deep venous thrombosis

d. Hemorrhage.

3- Active hyperemia is always pathological:

a. True.

b. False.

4- Lines of Zahn are composed mainly of fibrin:

a. True.

b. False

5- Septic thrombophlebitis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of pyemic abscesses:

a. True.

b. False

Extra:

1- Chronic general venous congestion is noticed in patients with:

a. Right sided heart failure.

b. Compression by a tumor

c. Intussusception.

d. Portal hypertension

2- Virchow’s triad is concerned with the formation of:

a. Embolus.

b. Hematoma

c. Ecchymosis.

d. Thrombus

3- Lines of Zahn consist of:

a. Red blood cells.

b. Columns of platelets

c. White blood cells.

d. Network of fibrin

4- Heart failure cells are:

a. Cells causing heart failure

b. Cells seen in the heart in case of heart failure.

c. Cells seen in the lung in case of heart failure.

d. All of the above

e. None of the above.

5- Heart failure cells contain:

a. Melanin pigment.

b. Microorganisms.

c. Hemosiderin pigment.

d. Schistosomal pigment.

6- The thrombus is differentiated from the clot by all EXCEPT:

a. Formed during life.

b. Formed in flowing blood

c. Platelets are essential for its formation.

d. Adherent to vessel wall.

e. Rounded.

7- Which of the following statements is true for chronic general venous congestion:

a. It is caused by right sided heart failure.

b. It leads to nutmeg appearance of the liver.

c. It is characterized by generalized oedema.

d. All of the above.

e. None of the above.