AFRICAN PEACE MAGAZINE by African Peace Magazine &Television

ISSUE 101 / 2022 N5,000 / $12 / 10 ...Providing a friendly plaorm towards achieving peace in Africa LTDMAGAZINEPEACEAFRICAN2360-8919ISSN ANEW DAWNFOR ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE ANGOLAN 2022 ELECTIONS. ANEW DAWNFOR ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE ANGOLAN 2022 ELECTIONS. PULSEOFTHECITYFROMTHESTREETSOFLUANDA NightLifeinSAngola urvivalof theﬁttest.

www.africanpeace.org africanafricanpeacemagazine africanpeacemag@gmail.com africanpeacemag peacemagazineltd +447448921266 +447466234902 Invitesyoutoattendthe International AfricanEnergy, OilandGas Summit. THEME: HARNESSINGTHE POTENTIALFORINCLUSIVE ENERGYTRANSITIONAND ASUSTAINABLEFUTURE 22NDOCT, 2022 ANGOLA

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Editorial Team HEADOFFICE: 3, New Bussa Close Off Orlu Street, Opp Water Board Area 3, Garki Abuja, Nigeria Tel : 234705 923 9969 UNITEDKINGDOM: 6, Houghton Parade, Houghton Rd , Dunstable, Bedfordshire Lu6 1DA, United Kingdom Tel : +44744 8921 266 Email: info@africanpeacemag org Website: wwwafricanpeacemag org wwwafricanpeacemag org ...Providing a friendly plaorm towards achieving peace in Africa Editor In Chief/Publisher Noah Ajare Editor Barakat Yakubu Deputy Editor Austin Otah Chairman Hon Justice Suleman Galadima, JSC CFR OFR rtd Managing Editor Arinola Suleiman Associate Editor Comfort ShukuratYahayaAbiolaSharafa. International Standard Control Manager Temitayo Atinuke Ajibade Social Media Manager Gabriel Ayite Baglo International Chief Consultant Nympha Chinenye Nzeribe. International Correspondent African Peace Team Angela Mandara (Kenya) Chief Alfred Solomon (United Kingdom) Joy Umekwe (United Kingdom) Olajide Ajayi (Ireland) Somie Kay (Kenya) Segun Victor (France) Johnny Mashigo (South Africa) Jemiriye Adeniji (USA) Laolu Omisade (Canada) Charles Acculley (Ghana) Tony Stony (Zambia) Mary Anyango Oluoch (Kenya) Noble W. Kel Ngozisonye (UAE) Deji Gbotosho (Nigeria) Hauwa Gadzama (Nigeria) Ayiroth Sandra (Uganda) Shreya Yadav (India) Sekao Phenyo Ntsosa (Botswana) Charity Lily (South Africa) Joseph Onele (Nigeria) Eric Emmanuel Sossah (Togo) Salama Kasoga (Uganda) Hadiza Abdulrahman (Nigera) Sylvia Nachilinda (Zambia) Tonye Suzanne (Cameroon) Sunday Honorine (Rwanda) Lillian Wamuyu (Kenya) Ntombi Magagula (South Africa) Marketing and Business Development Bizchart NG Investment Holdings (PTY) Ltd (South) Editorial Board Prof. Lloyds Williams (USA) Prof. Muhamed Tawq Ladan (Nigeria) Prof. Paul O. Idornigie (Nigeria) Dr. Abiodun Odusote (Nigeria) Graphics/Photograph Abdulrau Raimi John MattorOkwoyDigital Print CreativeReality Contributors Elvis UjuEjodameZinaZoeAdamLyorngurmAlkaliSeekerHarveyEmmanuelNnaji AFRICANPEACE 4

AFRICANPEACE 5 Tle of Content

From Nigeria, to Kenya, to South Africa, Angola and all other parts of the continent, electoral processes must be careful monitored to ensure credibility, transparency and fairness. In Angola, campaigning for the Presidential and NationalAssembly elections 2022 started oﬃcially on the 24th of July 2022 and ending on the 20th of August 2022 but the political landscape has been focused on the ruling partyand the opposition party Like most African countries Angola is emerging from the economic crises occasioned by COVID 19, and the fall in oil prices. And for manyAngolans, this election is a deﬁning moment that will shape the history of the oil-rich, southwestern African country On August 24, Angolan political parties would face their tightest race ever in a general election More than fourteen million registered voters are expected to participate in this year's presidential and legislative elections inAngola. Angola’s ruling party, the movimento Popular de Libertacao de Angola (MPLA), is currently taking lead, having been in power since Angola gained herindependence in 1975 from JPortugal.oaoLourenço, who is the incumbent President, has been commended for allowing more political opening than all his predecessors. Other innovative development credited to the President, Joao Lourenco includes allowing diaspora voting in more than 13 Countries, use of electronic voting, electronic transmission of results and several Tothers.heopposition is led by Adalberto Costa Junior, from the Uniao Nacional para a independenciaTotaldeAngola (UNITA).

At the event last year, Awards were given and received by H.E, the Vice President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Professor Yemi Osinbajo, SAN, GCON, The First Lady of The Federal Republic Nigeria, H E, Mrs Aisha Buhari, Hon Justice Stella Anukam Judge of the African Court on Human and Peoples Right. The former President of Sierra Leone, H E Ernest Bai Koroma, Secretary to the Federation of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Boss Gidahyelda Mustapha Esq, The First Lady of Kwara State, H.E Amb. Dr Olufolake Abdulrazaq, H.E the First Lady ofTaraba State, H.E Bar. Anna Mbasugun Darius Ishaku, Chief Akin Olujinmi SAN former Attorney General of the Federation, Chief Mike Ozekhome SAN, Ahmed Raji SAN Prof Bolaji Owasonye SAN, The Chairman of Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Oﬀences Commission, The President of the ECOWAS Court Hon Justice Edward Amoako Asante, Babatunde Irukera Esq, Chief Executive Oﬃcer Federal Consumer Protection Counciland severalothers.

ThisPetroAngola.isarare opportunity to be a part of Angola’s latest energy projects, and meet the Ministry of Energy oil and gas and countries major players, and those of other African Countries, including the African Development Bank, African Continental Trade African Continental Trade Agreements platform players and severalothers. You cannot aﬀord to miss both events RegisterNow

Angola holds abundant untapped oil and gas resources estimated at 9 billion barrels of proven crude oil reserves and 11 trillion cubic feet of proven natural gas reserves The country currently produces approximately 1.16 million barrels of oil per day (bpd) but hit as high as 2 million barrels of oil per day (bpd) by 2010 during prosperous oil production years. The oil production in Angola was measured at 1.32 million barrels per day in January 2022. The petroleum industry is key and accounts for almost 75 percent of the country’s revenues. It records an estimated 17,9billion cubic feet ofnaturalgas production from associated oil.

The African peace brand introduces its awards in the hopes of eﬀecting change and promoting peace globally and speciﬁcally in TheAfrica.Theme for the 2022 African Peace Award is Evolving a Sustainable Peace Architecture in a ChangingWorld. We also specially invite you to attend the International African Energy, Oil and Gas Summit 2022, with the theme Harnessing The PotentialForInclusive EnergyTransitionAndA Sustainable Future, Scheduled to hold in Angola from the 22nd ofOctober2022.

The event is designed to host business, political, and diplomatic leaders. It is also set to have in attendance, policy makers and think-tanks onAfrica andAfrica related issues.

Edior’s Not

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As for oil reserves, Angola ranks fourth in the list of producers on the continent with the largest reserves The country has an estimated reserve of7.23 billion barrels,writes

Elections are critical to the economic development and political stability of the country because they usher in new leaders. It is also vital because it could determine whetherthe countryis peacefulor not.Almost all elections in Africa are closely monitored by the global community. Some with genuine interest, others not. However, the fact remains that elections are very critical in the political historyofmanyAfrican states. There has been a history of insurrections due to the aftereﬀects of elections on both the candidates and the voters. Why is election and the entire transition process so delicate and fragile? Why should there be violence and tensions before, during and after each election? These questions really calls for genuine service?

While the world watches keenly to see how the process would be managed, the incumbent has promised to deliver on Angolan dreams. However, there are many underlying questions— will the people give him another chance? Are the National Electoral Commission fully ready? These and more arewhatwe’reyet to ﬁnd out andAfrican Peace Magazine UK is on ground to physically monitor the Elections and report the developments live from all the provinces and Mpollbooths.eanwhile, in line with African Peace Magazine’s mandate of promoting peace through innovation, entrepreneurship, unity and integration in the continent. The African Peace Magazine UK, in conjunction with her strategic partners, Rethink Africa Foundation, African Fact Checkers, Centre for peace and Conﬂict Management in Africa and African Right Watch is set to host the African Peace Award 2022 in London UK from the 11th to 12th November2022.

The African Peace awards 2022 seeks to honor persons, institutions, organization, governments and others whose laudible actions, and eﬀorts have in one way or the other improved or contributed to peace keeping and conﬂict management in Africa as wellas improving the lives ofAfricans.

The African Peace brand has noted Peace promotion and conﬂict management in any societyalleviates uncertainlyand riskwhich in turn promotes economic growth in any given community It contributes to the economic growth of the community by increasing the productivity in capital and labour as well as good governance.

By 2050, Africa is projected to house more than 2.2 billion people, making up over half of global population growth. With the attendant challenges, experts have warned that bad weather, conﬂict and inﬂation would lead to a major rise in percentage of Africans experiencing food shortages. Unfortunately it has been predicted that more than 38 3 Million Africans would experience food extreme food shortage and crises. One major way to address this issue is through transparent, focused and credible leadership.

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The purpose of this app will basically be for selling and buying food. It will stage as follows: will be an interface where food vendors advertise their businesses and the type of edibles they sell. The price for their edible and the price for delivery to a particular location app will also have interface where consumers can register and put in their address, select what they want to eat and let it be delivered to them food vendors will be arranged by location. Which food vendor is closer to the consumers location and if they deliver to the location as w the price of delivery will also be an interface for review on the delivery and the vendor will be an interface where consumers will track their delivery should be an interface where the consumers can give instructions with regards to their order should be an interface for different modes of payment and if the vendor accepts that mode of payment

President is automatically the leader of the largest party or alliance in the NationalAssembly.Thevice president, cabinet, and province governors may all be appointed directlybythe president, who is allowed to hold oﬃce fora maximum of two terms ofﬁveyears.

The MPLA is currently the main party in the nation, which has a one party system, and the Incumbent president, João Lourenço, w h o s u c c e e d e d J o s é

Eduardo dos Santos in 2017, is eligible for one more term and is running on a platform of Onpolicycontinuity.August24,the oil-rich country, Angola, will hold its ﬁfth multi party election since the country's ﬁrst one in 1992, to choose a new p r e s i d e n t a n d M P s Angolans, will in the same v e i n , v o t e i n t h e parliamentary elections. In addition to choosing a new president, voters will also select the local deputies

This week, millions of Angolans will cast ballots in a historic election that is being hailed as a test of democracy throughout Africa The ﬁerce contest b e t w e e n t h e p a r t i e s involved oﬃcially started on July24, 2022. In Angola, elections usually take place within the framework of a presidential system and multi party democracy.Voters elect the National Assembly via a direct election, and the

AllYou NeedTo KnowAbout the Angola 2022 AFRICANPEACE 8

to vote, each participating p a r t y m u s t p l a c e a presidential candidate at the top of its list. According to the 2010 constitution, the president is chosen from among the candidates of the party with the highest Tvotes.he2 2 0 s e a t s i n t h e

National Assembly are up for grabs and the elections will feature eight political formations on the ballot: People's Movement for the L i b e r a t i o n o f A n g o l a (MPLA), the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) the National Liberation Front of A n g o l a ( F N L A ) , t h e Nationalist Party for Justice in Angola (P-NJANGO), the Humanist Party of Angola (PHA), the Social Renewal Party (PRS), the National Patriotic Alliance (APN), and the Broad Convergence for the Salvation of Angola Electoral Coalition (Casa WCE).ith 150 seats in the N a t i o n a l A s s e m b l y , Angola's ruling MPLA, which has held that position since the country's 1975 i n d e p e n d e n c e f r o m Portugal, has an absolute majority The opposition party, UNITA is in second p l a c e w i t h 5 1 representatives, while the Casa CE is in third place with 16. Also, there are two PRS deputies and one BFNLAdeputyoththeruling party, the People's Movement for the L i b e r a t i o n o f A n g o l a (MPLA), and the opposition party, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) are led by c a n d i d a t e s f o r t h e presidency, João Lourenço and,Adalberto CostaJunior, Thisrespectivelyyear’selection will be t h e ﬁ f t h e l e c t i o n fo r Angolans since 1992 and their fourth since the civil war in 2002. More than 14 m i l l i o n p e o p l e h a v e registered and are eligible to vote in the general elections on Wednesday, accordingly, there is a ﬁrst f o r t h e s e e l e c t i o n s : Angolans residing overseas can now cast a remote b a l l o t N a t i o n a l a n d International observers in their hundreds are also set towatch the elections. a n d m e m b e r s o f t h e

National Assembly The results of the parliamentary elections will have the party's leader with the most members in parliament immediately assume the president's office. The 220 members of the National Assembly are chosen in the conventional Angolan electoral system u s i n g t w o d i ff e r e n t procedures: 130 are chosen via closed list proportional representation in a single countrywide constituency, with seats distributed proportionally Using the d'Hondt method, 90 are c h o s e n f r o m 1 8 constituencies with five seats each. Voters must be at least 18 years old, and be free of any outstanding debts, criminal convictions, dual citizenship, or mental h e a l t h d i a g n o s e s

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Candidates need to be 35 or Aoldermaximum of two terms a r e a l l o w e d f o r t h e president, who is elected to seat by a “ﬁrst past the post” double simultaneous vote for the same period as the assembly To be eligible

The Zulu kingdom is one of South Africa's largest Monarch Empire. The Kingdom that started small by Sheka Zulu with his conquest to ﬁnd against the British empire and united the kingdom in 1816 has grown to dominate a large part ofSouthAfrica.

The position of the Zulu Monarch is an inﬂuential one in South Africa The leader stands as a custodian of the ethnic group's traditional custom. The monarch has a large control over a large portion of land which was calculated about 28,000 square kilometres (10,810 square miles) which amounted to about a third of KwaZulu-Natal. Although the throne has no political power in South Africa but about a ﬁfth of the country's population is Zulu with a yearly taxpayer budget of more than $4.9m (£3.5m).

The Zulus have grown to be South Africa's largest ethnicity of about 12 million people who resides in KwaZulu-Natal. They are known in history as a kingdom that waged ﬁerce resistance to British Colonialism.

There has being a large number of leadership reign and each uniqueness. This reign has been a ﬁerce hand over of power which times can be bloody. Ranging from Shaka Zulu himself to Dingane, Mpande, Cetshwayo, Dinuzulu and many others to the recent monarch King Goodwill Zwelithini ka Bhekuzulu.

King Misuzulu ka Zeelithini's ascension to his father's position has been one with so many s u c c e s s i o n b a t t l e S o m e members insisted that he is not the rightful heir to the throne They complained that he has an elevated status because his motherwho is the third wife of the six wives of the late king is the daughter of a royal family They argued that Simagade Zulu Ka Zwelithine, the eldest son of the late Monarch is supposed to rise to his father's throne. Misuzulu on the other end has received the blessing of the royal family as well as his recognition bythe president ofSouthAfrica. His coronation which was done at Kwakhangelamankengane palace where he has to enter the sacred cattle kraal to invoke his ancestors in the hide of a lion that he hunted for the royal event before they announce him king to the living and dead as the new Zulu Monarch. The event had so many Zulus all around the world in attendance.

Zulu Zuluoc oc

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AFRICANPEACE 9 SunursSunurs

The effect of greenhouse emission is no longer a theory or theme for debate. Its real and here to stay, if action is not intensified to reduce the strength, it will destroy the earth and its occupants. Our problem is man made. For now four continents are a ffe c te d . Eu ro p e , No r t h America, Asia and Africa. This is t h e p r i c e w e p a y f o r i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n a n d destroying the environment, particularly the ozone layer The moon and other planets exist, as alternatives for habitation. How easy is that going to be? To evacuate people, and how long will it take us to destroy the " new Ahome"too.stateof emergency should be declared by the World leaders. If not already done on the climate situation. Several years of World summit and conferences yet the Earth is plagued by the damages on the environment. This is due to the fact that Countries have refused to execute the agenda of their numerous meetings Some trivialize the urgency for economic gains. Ev e r y d a y w e e n d a n g e r ourselves through selfish innovations that seek to make man extinct. Climate change affects all creatures; man, a n i m a l s a n d p l a n t s Unfortunately, the World is The scorch burns deep, and the heat intense Water only can quench this kind of thirst. The effect of the Sun stroke is extreme and damaging to one's health with cases of Heart attack and skin cancer in the increase. Many Countries are on high alert and a state of emergency has been declared by another. The surge is timeless and the end unknown fornow.

Tree planting is important to make a healthy environment. Oil and drilling Companies should be safety compliant. Recycling of used materials should be encouraged.

Businesseshabitable. around the globe should be made to take r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e environment. More taxes should go to certain industries than others. The Aviation industry should build more eco friendly planes Oil and drilling Companies should prevent Gas ﬂaring, this damages the ozone layer.

facing a food crisis due to the Russian and Ukraine War. With the heat weave, famine is imminent because food cannot grow under intense Sengeheat. et al (2010) states, the need for a revolution to obtain a sustainable world The increase in consumption of fossil fuel by industrial nations is worrisome because of its effect on the environment and s o c i e t y i n g e n e r a l T h e Greenhouse gas and petrol emissions all have an effect on the climate. Climate change is a moral change that will affect the politicaland economic lifestyle of the world. It is not a quick fix but a conscious sustainable way to live a balanced life. Coal was faced out by many developed nations With the recent energy crisis and war between Russia and Ukraine, coal is back in business. Due to the economic crunch nobody is talking about globalwarming orheatwave.We allare looking the other way We cannot eat ourcake and have it! T h e re i s a n e e d to l i ve responsibly and not jeopardize the future. There should be m o r e t e c h n o l o g i c a l advancement in terms of Gadgets and innovative d e v i c e s t o m a k e t h e environment emission free and climate friendly Solar panels are a good source of power, drawn from Sunlight Ecofriendly electric cars, windmill, and Dams are some of the inventions that make the environment safe and more should be encouraged. In Nigeria for instance the electricity being generated is just a little above 3,922 Megawatt which cannot Written by: Bolanle Adesina.

AFRICANPEACE 12 sustain a nation. Most citizens have a generating set that supplies power, which emits poisonous smoke in the atmosphere from fuel of petrol a n d d i e s e l . D u e to t h i s emission, many keep dying while some hospitalized. Tree planting is important to make a healthy environment. Oil and drilling Companies should be safety compliant Recycling of used materials should be encouraged. The ozone layer is depicted and we need an ecosystem that will make man and society ﬂ o u r i s h . W h a t a r e t h e implications of the test run of weapons on the environment?

Mormade.eirrigation channels and dredging Rivers is necessary to absorb the heat Safety measures should be taught at all levels especially those that go camping to avoid dropping used matchstick cigarette butts and other hazardous materials in unsafe places. At times like this, it is important to stay hydrated, in light clothes and indoors in a ventilated environment to avoid the impact ofthe heat.

PReferenceeterSenge,Bryan smith,Nina Kruschwitz,Joe Laur,Sara Schley(2010)The Necessary R e v o l u t i o n B r o a d w a y B o o k s , N e w y o r k www.crownpublishing.com

Morocco is the worst hit in A f r i c a p ro b a b l y d u e t o p r o x i m i t y t o E u r o p e

Thunderstorm, drought and w i l d ﬁ r e i s m a k i n g l i f e unbearable for the citizens. The wildﬁre is mostly man

Recently a Rocket test failed. How will that impact the environment? Russia and Ukraine are at war; the fight on water, air or land ultimately affects the earth. What about an uncontrollably fire outbreak that may lead to Volcanic eruption? Man has become an endangered species to himself Today we a r e b a t t l i n g h e a t w a v e , t o m o r row m a y b e w a t e r shortage. The World is a global village, what affects one, affects all. Dubai, a desert land, is now a business hub and luxurious home to thousands of people. Conscious effort is made byher government to dispel the heat by creating waterways and other forms of technology to m a k e t h e e n v i r o n m e n t

Mining industries in Africa, especially Angola should work with the world standard regulations Heat is used to process the mineral deposit, it will not come as a surprise if Angola as a Country feels the impact ofthe globalheatwave.

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A Successful Election is a recipe for Peace, unity and democracy.

Peace is usually deﬁned as the absence of war It could be postive peace or negative peace but as long as there is no violence and war, it is still regarded as peace. However, f o r p e a c e , u n i t y , a n d democracy to be achievable, a successful election plays a very big role. A free and fair election is very important and acts as the main ingredient in promoting peace, unity and also Whendemocracytheelectoral process is free and fair for all contesting parties, there is an automatic advance of democratization which in the long run help to p r o m o t e p e a c e f u l transformation. This leads to stabilitybecause there is unity When elections are free and fair, they are able to open opportunities that create a platform whereby supporters are able to engange in political debate and dialogue. This promotes peace and unity because both sides are able to highlightwhat theywant.

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Furthermore, free and fair and elections are an integralpart of e v e r y d e m o c r a t i c government. This is because, they give power to the common citizens to elect a government they want and also change it after a period of time to ensure everyone works for the best in the country It also ensures that power resides in the hands of the people.

In Africa, it is clearly evident that elections oﬀer ground for

However, in February 2020 a historical ruling by Malawi’s constitutional court annulled the results The court cited ‘widespread, systematic and grave’ irregularities'. This included included the use of corrective ﬂuid during the counting process and also the failure of the Malawi Electoral Commission in addressing c o m p l a i n t s b e f o r e announcing results. The court ordered fresh elections within 150 days. History was made when a fresh presidential election was held on 23 June, 2020 This election was under the strict supervision of a newly elected Tcommission.histime, the opposition c a n d i d a t e D r L a z a r u s Chakwera whowas the leader of the opposition and Dr S a u l o s C h i l i m a w e r e announced as victorious. They had formed an electrol a l l i a n c e w i t h s e v e r a l opposition parties. The fresh elections were held in a very peaceful environment and even after the results were a n n o u n c e d t h e p e a c e

This was not welcomed by the people and a series of anti government wide spread demonstrations followed this election result

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peace and unity if they are fair In Malawi for example, in May 2019, the people went to the polls where Prof Peter Muntharika of the Democratic Progressive Party was declared as the winner

Thiscontinued.isavery good example of how elections act as a recipe f o r p e a c e , u n i t y , a n d democracy. In the Malawi, 2019 May elections, the whole electoral process was marred with irregularities. The elections were termed as not free and unfair. There was mistrust from the people and this is why they demanded a rerun and the stepping down of the President They also demanded that the head of the electoral commission should step down If the elections were fair, this would not have happened. The demonstrations would not have occurred because peoplewould have trusted the whole electoral system and Hprocessed.owever,the aftermath of the rerun of the elections in June, 2020 is an indicator that the p e o p l e of Ma l aw i we re s a t i s ﬁ e d w i t h h o w t h e elections were conducted. T h i s i s w h y a f t e r t h e announcement that Dr Lazarus Chakwera and hisvice Dr Saulos Chilima had won therewas jubilation alloverthe country. The demonstrations stopped and peace and unity Sincreigned.edemocracy is about the majority rule, the majority had chosen. They went to the polls believing and trustimg in the whole electoral system. They used their power to elect a president they wanted and trusted. This is why after the second elections there was peace and unity The elections had served it's purpose of advancing democracy by providing a platform that was free and fair hence making it possible for the people to choose a leader they wanted and trusted. The peace and unity was achieved because the electionswere fairand free foreverycitizen.

The country was slowly becoming ungovernable b e c a u s e P r o f P e t e r

Muntharika was not being recognised as President. The violence escalated and other countries joined the call for Muntharika to step down.

Idiscrimination.nthehistory Malawi, these protests were biggest and most violent since the July 2011 protests. Water cannon and bullets were used by the police to disperse the anti government protesters but this did not stop them. Like a wild bush ﬁre, for s o m a n y m o n t h s t h e demonstrations kept growing all over the country Alot of people were injured and some were even shot during these a n t i g o v e r n m e n t demonstrations.

The protests which started as peaceful t u r n e d v i o l e n t a s t h e p r o t e s t e r s d e m a n d e d resignation of Professor Peter Muntharika, a re run of elections, and also an end to Police brutality They also demanded the resignation of the head of the electoral commission, Judge Jane MAnsah.alawian youths organised a "J a n e A n s a h M u s t Fa l l " campaign, which included days of protests in several cities. This did not sit well with s o m e w o m e n w h o i n response to this campaign held "I am Jane Ansah" solidarity protests They alleged that Jane Ansah was t h e v i c t i m o f g e n d e r

AFRICANPEACE 16 Top 50 African and Afro Caribbean Leaders 2022 Dianne Abbot (MP) Isha Sesay (Journalist) Ellen Thomas (Actress) Tunji Akintokun (Cisco Africa) Carol Lake (Managing Director and Head of Philanthropy JP Morgan) John Sentamu (Archbishop of New York) TidJane Thiam (CEO Credit Suisse) David Lammy (Member of Parliament) MO Ibrahim (Founder M.O Ibrahim Foundation) Trevor Phillips (Former Chair, Commission for Equality of Human Rights) Karen Blackett (Chairperson, Medicom UK) Rachel Wang (Director, Chocolate Films) MO Obadina (CEO. Mo’s Mojo) Dwain Reid (Business Leader) Kubi Springer (CEO, She Builds Brand) Alexander Amosu (Owner of AmosuAlexanderBrand)

AFRICANPEACE 17 Top 50 African and Afro Caribbean Leaders 2022 Tim Campbell (Business Man) Nefateri Asantewa (CEO Nsaa Nefateri) Tim Ilube (Entrepreneur) Stanley Mussengwa (Managing Partner, Takura Capital Partners) Zeinab Badawi (Journalist) Jonathan Akwue (Managing Partner Digital Bi) Sharon White (Chief Executive, OFCOM) Ismail Ahmed (Founder/CEO World Remit) Matthew Ryder QC (London City Hall) RIC Lewis (CEO Tristan Capital Partners) Professor Stanley Okolo (Executive Director WAHO) Edward Kobin Eninful (Editor in Chief, British Vogue Magazine) Ozwald Boateng (CEO Ozwald Boateng Fashion Line) Levi Roots {Keith Graham] (Restaurateur, Musician and Entrepreneur) Alistair Soyode (Ben TV) Trevor Faure (Global Head of Legal, Ernst & Young) ...to be cont’d on next edition

AFRICANPEACE 18 Music and Art are some of the oldest universal mediums of communication in almost every culture around the world For Peace Promotion

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For centuries, music and art h a s b e e n a c h a n n e l o f expression, a means of preservation of culture and tradition, a movement to mark the end of a generation and the emergence of another, a religion at a time when people n e e d e d h o p e a n d reassurance in the days of slavery which has taken another form even now in the 21st century Music and art are such a dynamic phenomimes such that its purpose cannot be accurately defined An author once wrote “When the purpose of a thing is not known, abuse is inevitable” can it then be said that music and art has been abused because in this generation, it is beyond entertainment, music and art has become a lifeline, a means for survival, a vehicle for fostering good governance and for promotion of peace. Forseveraldecades in Nigeria, music has served as a medium f o r c a l l i n g o u t b a d government, advocating for peace and good governance. Music legends like Fela Anikulapo Kuti, King Sunny Ade, Femi kuti, Onyeka Onwenu, Idris Abdulkareem and most recently Folarin Falana aka Falz, Burna Boy, Asa and Adekunle Gold are some of the most prominent musicians who are known for their lyrical eloquence and clear political activism for g o o d g o v e r n a n c e a n d peaceful coexistence in Nigeria. Music and art are a powerful force that has provoked and s p a r k e d o ff s e v e r a l movements across the world. Music as a universal language has brought people of diverse cultures together and have f o s t e r e d c o m r a d e s h i p amongst people of different races across theworld thereby promoting peace and societal reforms. Music and art, just like football has been a unifier of people all over the world who otherwise would not have anything in commonwith each other In a society deeply marked by conflict ranging from political to religious and ethnic crisis, the possibility of peace becomes wishful and a concept that seems nearly unattainable. But in the midst of all these, music and art snakes its way through the walls of differences and wraps its arms around the opposing parties making them forget the source of their differences. Music and art are as old as mankind, which has evolved throughout human existence, through the phases of worldwide wars and crisis, music and art has remained a consistent tool for peace Ipromotion.ncontemporary time, the fastest way to instigate a culture is through music, because everybody loves music, and the media has been designed in a way that everybody, regardless of status, tribe, age and religion is reached at the same time vie a language that they can all understand and relate to makes music a powerfultoolin the promotion of not only peace but about anything else that these influencers desire to promote The lyrics of a song often becomes the behavioral pattern of the p e o p l e l i s t e n i n g t o i t , especiallywhen the song is by a favorite artist who has b e c o m e a vo i c e to t h e voiceless. Music and art serve as a clarity lens for people to see humanity in one another, helping people to break barriers and negative social c o n s t r u c t s . W e h a v e witnessed how music and art brought people from different continents of the world together in one space all

#EndSARS protest of October 2020 in Nigeria which started on twitter and rapidly spread to everymajorcityin theworld, musicians like Falz and Burna Boy released several songs that sparked resistance among Nigerian Youths to d e m a n d fo r a p e a cef u l country and end police brutality Albums such as “Moral Instruction” and music videos such as “This is Nigeria” by Falz highlighted the issues Nigerians are facing and also challenged Nigerians to a higher moral standard in order to achieve a peaceful society while Burna Boy released songs such as “Soke” in 2015, “Another Story” and “Monsters y o u m a d e ” w h i c h a l l highlighted the plight of Nigerians and the untold hardship every Nigerian is facing regardless of tribe or religion. These songs and many others like them are aired throughout the country and beyond, it has brought people closer making them realize they are all ﬁghting a common enemy and the need for them to come together as onevoice against the enemy.

The place of music and art in peacebuilding is powerful, it is the only way to communicate and promote peace in a creative, entertaining and pressure free way thereby making the listener more w i l l i n g to p ra c t i ce a n d implement the message that is being passed. Art, especially music and performing art is understood by people of all ages and backgrounds, therefore serves as the most eﬀective way to inﬂuence mindsets and instigate a certain ideology, cajole people who otherwise are advocates for division and highlight the possibilities that a nation can achieve through u n i t y, p e a c e a n d g o o d governance.

AFRICANPEACE 20 e x p r e s s i n g t h e s a m e emotions making them realize that they are not so different at all The collaboration of Nigerian artists with several international artists is another example of how music and art has promoted peace around the world over the years thereby bringing people together to share a common s e n t i m e n t towa rd s a ny particular subject We can hardly talk about South Africa during the apartheid without talking about how music played a significant role in the way South Africans expressed their plight to the world through music and to the apartheid government in public protests, freedom and anti-apartheid songs fostered the resolve of every South African to press for the freedom of their nation, those songs also aroused the sympathy of other nations to aid South Africa in her quest forthe freedom ofherpeople. In Nigeria, music and art is a huge thriving industry not only because Nigerians love entertainment, music and art has been the most consistent medium through which the d e s i r e f o r a p e a c e f u l , corruption free and thriving n a t i o n i s ex p re s s e d by different artists for several d e c a d e s P r i o r t o t h e

Peace and security is criticalto everysocietysince it affects all aspects of economic and social development and a sine qua non to the realization of human rights. For decades until the present day, over fifty percent of the African States have been ravaged by one form of violence or another The types of conflicts have changed from the pre-colonial years of land invasion, ethnic conflicts. etc to present day threats of t e r r o r i s m , k i d n a p p i n g , Rbanditryetc.ecentdevelopments and security threats in Ethiopia, Mali, Central African Republic and Nigeria are alarming. The endless conflict in South Sudan and in Somalia is anotherconcern. The African Union (AU) at its 50th Anniversary solemn declaration pledge not to bequeath to African’s future generation, a legacy of war and conflicts by silencing the guns by 2020 but 2020 has come and gone Has that d r e a m b e e n r e a l i z e d ? Certainly not! What then is the Ovwayforward?erthepast years, countries such as Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia Eritrea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, R w a n d a , S i e r r a Le o n e , Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Uganda, Mali, Central African Republic and Nigeria have w i t n e s s e d o n e fo r m o f escalating conflicts or another w i t h t h e i r a t t e n d a n t consequences. Some of these Countries are still undergoing heart wrenching episodes of violence at the moment. The gory incidences of mass killings around states in Nigeria and the recent horror witnessed at a Church in Owo, Ondo State, South West Nigeria attest to this and in my opinion should spur our resolve as African to silence the guns in these Countries Inforeveraddition, are growing and menacing terrorist activities and insurgencies taking place in Kenya, Mali and North Eastern Nigeria to date. Some peace and security scholars AFRICA

SUSTAINING PEACE AND SECURITY IN

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RELIGIOUSCLASHES

TERRORISTACTIVITIES

Most episodes of violence in Africa in the last few years are associated with conﬂicts over political power at the highest level. Violence appears to be one ofthe tools used to access power or to secure it. As reported by the Institute of Security Studies, over 25% of elections were accompanied Fbyviolence.orinstance, Burundi Political impasse serves as a concrete example, Nkurumziza in his quest to retain power and to run for third term which is against the electoral law and constitution of Burundi which prescribed only two terms for the oﬃce of head of state succeeded in plundering Burundi into Political Crisis which cost the loss of over two hundred thousand lives and more than four hundred thousand people displaced. This is also synonymous with some African State such as Zimbabwe, Libya, Egypt, Mali, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau, Rwanda, Kenya, Sudan, Equatorial Guinea, cote d'ivoire, Liberia and many o t h e r s w h o s e l e a d e r s remained in power for over a decade which their inordinate ambitions resulted to political crisis.

Asecurity”ccording to the European Union delegate, H E Silvo Gonzato at the Security Council Open Debate on peace and security in Africa: c a p a c i t y b u i l d i n g s f o r sustaining peace held on the 8 August, 2022. “One quarter of humanity lives in conﬂict aﬀected areas.

The 21st century index on terrorism resulting in deaths h a s r e a c h e d a n unprecedented number in Africa and reports show that it continues to rise. Over 78% of the death toll occurred in many African Countries including Nigeria, Mali, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda and Somalia. Nigeria and Somalia are reported as the countries most affected by terrorism in Africa in terms of attack and life losses between 2007 to Tdate.he c o n s e q u e n c e s o f conflicts in their various manifestation on the State, human and collective security are enormous. It is therefore imperative for African leaders to muster the needed resolve and determination to ensure that these deadly conflicts a n d t h e i r n e g a t i v e consequences on the citizens became a thing ofthe past.

Continent is particularly conflict-prone and has hosted more than one forth (1/4) of global violent conflicts in the last years. In some respects, these conflicts and forms of insecurity are not new neither are their root causes nor triggers new According to the AU Peace and Security Council (PSC), Intra-State conflicts, terrorism and unconstitutional changes of government are the three biggest security issues in Africa to be monitored in 2022. The source and root causes of these conflicts are numerous and interwoven Some of these key conflicts are worth highlighting: POLITICALCRISIS

A s K o ﬁ A n n a n , f o r m e r Secretary General of United N a t i o n r i g h t l y p u t s i t

Religious clashes are also at the heart of a number of these conflicts on the Continent Notorious examples are the Boko Haram in Nigeria, the Al shabab Militia in Somalia, the Islamist Tuareg rebellion in Mali Examples abound to confirm religious dimension of violence. Many States in subSaharan Africa are bedevilled by religious conflicts. This is attributable to the spill over from North Africa and the Middle East; either directly from Libya or Algeria or indirectly through the Islamic extremism. Religious violence has apparently become a widespread phenomenon in sub Saharan Africa In Mali, Nigeria and Somalia jihadist organisations have staged rebellious attacks resulting in wanton deaths and loss of properties. In Central African Republic (CAR), a Muslim rebellion ousted a Christiandominated government; the ensuing turmoil escalated into b l o o d y c o n f r o n t a t i o n s b e t w e e n M u s l i m s a n d Christian militias and left thousands ofcivilians dead.

“Humanity cannot enjoy s e c u r i t y w i t h o u t development, cannot enjoy d e v e l o p m e n t w i t h o u t

AFRICANPEACE 22 c l a i m t h a t t h e A f r i c a n

H e f u r t h e r s t a t e d t h a t sustaining peace is one of the most crucial tasks of our time and that the EU and its members’ States are working together with other African partners to implement a holistic approach to sustaining peace in Africa. The EU has proposed to dedicate EUR 1.5 Billion to support conﬂict p re ve n t i o n , p e a c e a n d security initiatives at national

The United Nations also has supported the restoration of peace and security in Africa through the adoption of various resolution, which established peace keeping missions across the continent. These efforts have been furthered by financial and technical support from various development partners and non State actors across the Theglobe.question then is whether those efforts are sufficient to eradicate conflicts by 2030 as projected bythe UN?

AFRICANPEACE 23 and regional levels in sub SaharanAfrica 2021 2027

It is worrisome that in spite of the continued support of international peace partners, the alarming rise in intra-state conflicts appear to undermine these efforts. These conflicts tend to be more intense and intractable. They range from large scale warfare to low intensity conflicts; and of late we have seen how public p r o t e s t s a n d p e o p l e ’ s movements can spark off a chain of violent events. There are numerous examples around Africa over the past years, countries such as Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Mali and Nigeria have witnessed one form of intra state conflicts and it attendant consequences. The EndSARS protest across Nigeria against police brutality and extra judicial killing, led to the death of several people on the 10 October, 2020 in Lagos. At the continental level, the African Union since its transformation from OAU to the AU in 2001, has embarked on a paradigm shift from its principle of non-interference t o a p r i n c i p l e o f n o n indifference and the right to intervene guided by the principle of“African Solution to African Problem” the AU has taken significant steps to enhance peace and securityin the continent. The AU has undertaken several peacekeeping mission in Burundi, Comoros, Somalia, Dafor and Central African Republic with significant results. Also worthy to note are the evolving AU agenda 2063, which places balancing state and human security as one of its core priorities. It is hoped that these efforts and interventions would lay the foundation for sustainable

AFRICANPEACE 24 peace in Africa. However, it is would be wishful thinking to assume that sustaining peace and security in Africa would be achieved where the state is still being captured by predatory elites who are more concerned with power than Thegovernance.wayforward will depend much more on our ability to engage in collective thinking and including the whole population; leaving no one behind in building capacity for sustainable peace. Ifwe must achieve sustainable peace and security in Africa, t h e f o l l o w i n g recommendations would help to fast track the already existing interventions: i. Adopt best practices for good governance to set in motion a robust cycle of development. Democracyand good governance must form the basis for management of the affairs of every country in A f r i c a I t a l s o m e a n s combating impunity, building capacity for integrated a p p r o a c h t o a c h i e v e s u s t a i n a b l e p e a c e a n d ii.securityTocurb religious clashes, government must make education accessible to all in an affordable way and provide employment for youth by meaningful engagement Government should desist from getting involved in religious matters as this can bring about discord, unrest and disunity There is also n e e d t o c a r r y o u t d e radicalization measures, t h r o u g h p e a c e f u l interpretation of faith Only Posts promoting religious tolerance and peace should be on socialmedia. iii. The growth in Africa’s communication technology should be harnessed to combat terrorism, kidnapping and other security threats, which in turn can translate into a stable peace and evident d e v e l o p m e n t f o r t h e ivcontinent.Investment in institutional and security infrastructure to work more effectively with the Peace Building Commissions to promote security and sustainable development on the continent. The partnership will foster the realisation of the goal of building capacity for peace building. v. Also, utilizing the potential of Africa’s energetic and y o u n g p o p u l a t i o n , i t s abundant resources, would redirect the focus from a combative approach against insecurity to an inclusive and transformative approach to building capacity for peace and security. All set and done, attempting the above will be vain without a transparent inclusive planning and budgeting system in place. African Leaders and decision makers m u s t p r e s e r v e l o c a l economies, ensure food security, promote education and empower women and the youths as the absence of these key priorities in arresting insecurity would only be an exercise in futility that could be likened to firing blanks. There is also need for a conceptual shift where peace is treated as the norm in human interaction rather than the exception. In the words of former President of America, Barack Obama “ … Peace is the onlypath to true security” We must therefore, all set our minds and do everything to d e l i b e r a t e l y p r e s e r v e harmonious co-existence. It is our collective action to protect our society where peace and security are ruptured and to nurture thanwhen restored.

StateAttorneyFederalMinistryofJustice

Visiting Angola? Brace up for the real expensive city nightlife, by all western s t a n d a r d s . A n g o l a ' s nightlife is fairly vibrant and buzzing, with a range of fun places that both locals and visitors may enjoy. You can select between the raucous clubs pumping out music until the sun comes up or opt for a quiet evening at a restaurant orthe movies. Angolan cities, especially Luanda, are where you see strange (fascinating) things happen. In Angola, the nightlife is deﬁned as beginning in the late evening and lasting into the early hours of the morning. Visitors to any nightclub in the nation are treated to a wide variety of drinking and dancing pleasures. There are several nightclubs all around Angola that can a c c o m m o d a t e e v e r y strange fantasy you may Onhave.Angola's streets, there are more than enough cafes to keep you satisﬁed well into the evening. The capital city of Angola, Luanda, is h o m e t o n u m e r o s p b s a n nightclubs that present

Highlight •Food •Music •Dance •Fun

r e n o w n e d

AFRICANPEACE 25 Ni Life i ol

Angola, there is no getting away from Portuguese Therefore, if you do not speak Portuguese, be prepared for the tongue diﬀerence Additionally, if you're traveling to Angola, make sure you have all the n e c e s s a r y m a l a r i a vaccinations and bug repellents Going out at night can be unpleasant, especially when there are Amosquitoes.ngolais g e n e r a l l y regarded as one of the top travel locations in the world for those who value safety, the outdoors, and superb m u s i c , a l l o f w h i c h complement the vibrant nightlife inAngola.

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audience members with intimate theater or movie Aperformances.dditionally, Angolan nightclubs host music performances that feature a n o u t s t a n d i n g combination of Caribbean, Brazilian, and Afro sounds. Both tourists and residents enjoy spending hours in these locations, which h e l p s t o m a ke e v e r y evening exceptional. These locations have extremely hot dance ﬂoors that draw in non-dancers aswell. There might not be a p l e t h o r a o f t h e a te r s , cinemas, or museums in Angola. However, dining out is a popular habit and there is a thriving restaurant scene Therefore, when traveling there, bring your appetite along;you're about to be overloaded with the nightlife's supply of food and beverages. The Clubs and Bars are always open for guests to chow down on a variety of drinks and dance theirwoes away in addition to the restaurants that are readily available. Last but not least, there is a private beach for individuals who love the o u td o o r s , a l o n g w i t h karaoke features that visitors can enjoy with their loved ones. You can always Google the greatest spots to have fun once you are in Angola, even if you don't have a tour g u i d e C a u t i o n : W i t h

By Nympha C. Nzeribe

Our future, security, prosperity, and ability to project power globally rests on free, open, and secure access in and around Africa. Africa and the world is looking forawayto get back to normal. Recovery from the pandemic is slow but steady Yet markets gyrate on every economic, geopolitical, and Covid19 update, with an unstable inﬂation rate Global tensions escalate between major political and economic world powers, with direct ripple eﬀects on Africa, and a growing population ofabout 2.2 Billion on the continent.

Africa is obviously facing a dilemma having lost the philosophy of nonalignment. Amid all these uncertainties, Political leaders on the continent, Government, Diplomats, CEOs, Banks Chiefs, investors, and Security and Economic Gurus will convene at the 2022 African Peace and Security Architecture Summit 2022 to share insights, spotlight opportunities, discuss the intersection between security and economic stability and globalinﬂuence and stake out awayforward forAfrica.

23RD24TH FEB.2023 THEAFRICANPEACEAND SECURITYARCHITECTURE SUMMIT2022 For more inquiries, kindly send a message to africanpeacemag@gmail.com. THEME: BOLSTERING AFRICA'S ROLE IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY 2022 AND BEYOND Boston Massachusetts, USA AFRICANPEACE 27

AFRICANPEACE 28 A KEYNOTE SPEECH DELIVERED AT THE 2021 EPIPHANYAZINGE FOUNDATION COLLOQUIUM By PROFESSOR MUHAMMED TAWFIQ LADAN, Ph.D, Hubert Humphrey Fellow, USA Member, World Jurist Association, USA, Member, IUCN Commission/Academy on Environmental Law 2017 2021 Director NigerianGeneral,Institute of Advanced Legal Studies ORGANISED BY The Epiphany Azinge Foundation Venue: Shehu Musa Yar’Adu Centre, Abuja (HYBRID) Date: 11th November, 2021 Time: 11am Prompt ECOWAS TREATY AND STATE SOVEREIGNTY: REDIFINING CONSTITUTIONAL PARAMETERS OF NATIONHOOD

e g i o n a l

c o n o m i c Community Law in West ECAfrica.OWAS as a Regional Economic Community seeks to achieve in phases: a Free Trade A r e a / Z o n e , M a r k e t Integration (common market), Customs Union, F i n a n c i a l Nigeriac(beahEJSERTEandpersons,fiencaUnionUIntegration/MonetarynionandEconomicbyliberalizingtradecrossborders,ouragingcrossbordernvestments,promotingreemovementofgoods,servicescapital.COWASinStatiscalermsOnTrade(Export,eExportAndImport):COWASof15MembertatesinWestAfricaasatanuary2021:-thetotalCOWAStradevolumeasincreasedbyanverageof18%peryeartween2005to2020:Themainactiveountriesintradeare-accountsfor76% AFRICANPEACE 29

OWA

i n s t i t u t i o n s o f t h e

h e

adoption of the Revised ECOWAS Treaty of 1993, movement away from the 1975 intergovernmental C S

approach to that of Tsupranationality8.he1993Re v i s e d E

INTRODUCTION R e g i o n a l e c o n o m i c i n t e g r a t i o n c a n b e pursued eitherthrough an Intergovernmental or supranational approach. T h e e c o n o m i c C o m m u n i t y of We s t African States (ECOWAS) was established by the founding Treaty of 1975 (the ECOWAS Treaty) to p r o m o t e e c o n o m i c cooperation within the Aregion.tits inception, the ECOWAS Treaty adopted an rTrciouponCaafHctfpdestheaAstaSoapprintergovernmentaloachtogovernanceftheintegrationprocess,ensuringthattheovereigntyofmemberteswasleftintact.saresult,therewasonlygeneralundertakinginTreatythatallmembertatesshallmakeeveryﬀortinplanningandirectingtheirnationaloliciestocreateavourableconditionsforheachievementofommunityobjectives.owever,duetotheailure7ofECOWAStochieveitsstatedgoalsndobjectives,theommunityembarkedareformagendainrdertoacceleratethentegrationprocessandontributeeﬀectivelytoegionaldevelopmentheoutcomeofthiseformagendawasthe

w h i c h i n t ro d u c e d a

Tre a t y re a ﬃ r m e d t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f

ECOWAS and decided underArticle 2, that it shall ultimately be the sole economic community in the region for the purpose of economic integration and the realization of the objectives of the African Economic Community. Under Article 6(2) of the 1993 Revised ECOWAS Treaty, the institutions of t h e C o m m u n i t y established under Article 6(1) shall perform their functions and act within the limits of the powers conferred on them by the Revised Treaty and the Protocolrelating thereto. C o n s i s n t w i t h t provisions of the 1975 Treaty an th 1993 Revised Treaty on the realization of Community aims and objectives, a total of 39 Conventions a n d P ro to c o l s we re ratiﬁed and entered into force between 1978 and 2006 The breakdown reve a l s a tot a l of 6 Conventions, 17 Protocols and 16 Supplementary Protocols relating to the programmes and projects of economic integration, Community, peace and security, democracy, human rights and access to justice in the ECOWAS region. These Community Conventions and Protocol relating to the founding Treatyof1975 as revised in 1993, also constitute the primary sources of the R E

of total trade, followed by Ghana 9.2% and Cote D’ivoire – 8.64% ). This volume of trade is dominated by mining commodities (such as oil and gas resources, iron, b a u x i t e , g o l d e t c ) ; followed by Agricultural products (like coﬀee, cocoa, cotton, rubber, fruits, vegetables, dry cereal, roots, tubers and livestock products etc). W h e r e L i e s t h e Concentration Of (Export, Import/Re-Export) Trade 1.InWestAfrica?:Nigeria,Ghana, Cote D’ivoire and Senegal concentrate 87% of this trade, with 79% of regional imports valued at 55.5 million dollars per year and 94% of Exports and Re-export valued at 77.7 million dollars peryear. 2. The total trade volume / value of the ECOWAS region has averaged 208.1 bn dollars; Exports are p r o j e c t e d a t approximately 137.3 bn dollars, while imports tot a l a b o u t 8 0 . 4 b n Idollars.tisa g a i n s t t h i s background that this presentation seeks to r a i s e t h e fo l l o w i n g fundamental questions for consideration by this colloquium: (i) Are Sovereign States Above the Law or are Bound bythe Law? (ii) Why do Sovereign States Join Regional Economic Integration Bodies Like ECOWAS, If T h e y A r e T r u l y Independent?(iii)AnyEvidence of the A p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e C o n c e p t o f Supranationalism in E C O W A S / U n d e r ECOWAS Community (ivLaw?) W h a t D o e s R e d e ﬁ n i n g t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n a l P a r a m e t e r s o f Nationhood Entails? 1. A R E S O V E R E I G N S TAT E S A B OV E , O R BOUNDBYTHELAW?

Ydevelopment.etifstates are the subjects of international admits that they are, international law must surely be above them, a m s b i n a (including its primary Tsource,Treaty).heAmerican Judge Cardozo warned us that when we treat certain concepts, like state sovereignty, as if they exist and develop them without considering their consequences, these concept become our tyrants rather than our servants. We ought to dealwith ourconcepts, he t o l d u s , a l w a y s a s provisional hypotheses to be reformulated and restrained when their o u t c o m e s l e a d t o oppression and injustice. Sovereignty is merely a term which designates an aggregate of particular and very extensive claims that states habitually make for themselves in their relations with other s t a t e s ( s u c h a s i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d equality as part of their fundamental rights as well as their consent validating the basis of obligation in modern internationallaw).

The doctrine of sovereign of states was developed for the most part by political theorists who were not interested in, and paid little regard to, the relations of states with one another. And in its later forms, sovereignty not only involved a denial of the possibility of states being subject to any kind of law, but became an impossible theory for a world which contained more states than one and are interdependent for collective survival and s u s t a i n a b l e

l a w, a s O p p e n h e i m

t e t o i t

o r d

n d t h e y

u s t b e

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m e g e n e r a l

t e m w h e r e b y

F r i e n d l y R e l a t i o n s D e c l a r a t i o n , 1 9 7 0

A state, is an institution or a s y s individuals establish r e l a t i o n s themselves in order to secure certain objectives, the most fundamental being a system of order, we l f a re , p e a c e a n security within which they c a n c a r r y o n t h e i r activities. Modern States a re te r r i to r i a l , t h e i r governments exercise control over persons and things for the most part within their territories, and today, there are about 200 ofthese states. A state should neither be confused with the whole community of persons living on its territory, nor should a state be seen as the same thing as a “Nation”25, although in modern times, many states are organized on a n a t i o n a l b a s i s , a n d confusingly the terms are u s e d s o m e t i m e s interchangeably, as in the title “United Nations’” which is actually a league of states; in the trade and i n v e s t m e n t l a w e x p r e s s i o n “ m o s t favoured nation,’and even in the term “international Itlaw”isa moot point to assert a s t h o u g h a n independent state had a right to determine its own conduct without any r e s t r a i n t a t a l l ; ‘independence’ does not mean freedom from law, but merely freedom from control by other states The equality of states is perhaps best seen as another way of referring s o international rights that all states have accorded to N , explains the principle of ‘equality of states’ as follows: “All states enjoy sovereign equality They have equal rights and duties and are equal m e m b e r s o f t h e international community, n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g i ﬀ e r e n c e s o f a n economic, social, political orothernature. When the doctrine of sovereignty asserts that s u c h q u a l i t i e s a s i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d equality are inherent in the very nature of states, it overlooks the fact that such an attribution to states is merely a stage in an historical process. Rather than providing for vociferous assertion of the rights of states, we n e e d t o i n s i s t o n reminding states of their obligations towards one another. And it is certainly desirable that there should be a civil society movement towards the closer interdependence of states for the beneﬁt of all.

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a m o n g

The claim that nothing can be law unless states have consented to it, does not explain why the law is binding in practical internationalrelations and diplomacy even though this consent may be given expressly s in a treaty, or it may be implied by a stat a c q u i e s c i n g i n a customary law rule For consent cannot of itself create an obligation; it can do so onlywithin a system of law which already declared that consent duly given, as in a treaty or a contract will be binding on the partyconsenting. To say that the rule ‘pacta sunt servanda’ (treaties are binding on the parties) is itself founded on consent is to argue in a circle.The f u n d a m e n t a l diﬃculty of subjecting states to the rule of law is the fact that they possess power.Thelegalcontrolof power is always diﬃcult, and it is not only for international law that it constitutes a problem. The domestic law of every state has the same problem, though usually in a less acute f o r m . T h e u l t i m a t e explanation of the binding fo rc e of l aw i s t h a t individuals and groups in a state are constrained by the fact that in any

e a c h ot h e r T h e U

First, regional integration arrangements can help A overcome constraints a allowing them to reap the economies; stronger competition and more domestic and foreign investment. Such beneﬁts can raise productivity and diversify production and exports.Second, the small size of many African countries makes cooperation in international negotiations a a c

h i e v a b l e t h ro u g h regional integration a r r a n g e m e n t s

t h a v e

Third, the similarities and differences of African countries could make regional integration and cooperation beneficial Many African countries share common natural resources, such as rivers and problems such as H I V A I D S a n d l o w agricultural productivity But they also exhibit important differences, p a r t i c u l a r ly i n t h e i r endowments Though m o s l i m i t e

deposits, some have water resources suitable f o r h y d r o e l e c t r i c generation, and some have excellent academic institutions and capacity for improving research and development. By pooling their resources and exploiting their comparative advantages, integrated countries can devise common solutions and use resources more eﬃciently to achieve betteroutcomes.

n attractive option

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v e r

b e n e ﬁ t s o f s c a l e

Cooperation can increase countries’ bargaining powerandvisibility

politically organized society, order and not chaos is the governing principle of the world in which theyhave to live. 2. WHY DO SOVEREIGN STATES JOIN REGIONAL INTEGRATION BODIES LIKE ECOWAS, IF THEY A R E T R U L Y INDEPENDENT? The beneﬁts of regional integration are gains from new trade opportunities, larger markets, and increased competition.

resources, some have well trained workers, s o m e h a i c h o i l

Fourth, in many African c o u n t r i e s r e g i o n a l integration can help make reforms deeper and less reversible. Regional integration arrangements can provide a framework for coordinating policies and regulations, help ensure compliance, and provide a mechanism of collective restraint.

Fifth, regional integration arrangements can help prevent and resolve conflict by strengthening economic links among African countries and by including and enforcing r u l e s o n c o n fl i c t resolution. On a continent where political instability and conflict remain major problems, the potential importance of this role cannot be overstated. Economic theory and reliable evidence suggest t h a t t h e b e n efi t s of regional integration are neither automatic nor necessarily large. In this regard, a number of lessons are relevant for Af r i c a n co u nt r i e s :regional integration is just o n e i n s t r u m e n t f o r a d v a n c i n g A f r i c a n countries. To be effective, integration must be part o f t h e o v e r a l l development strategy; the nature and magnitude of the benefits depend on the type of integration a r r a n g e m e n t b e i n g pursued; realizing the b e n efi t s of re g i o n a l integration requires s t r o n g , s u s t a i n e d c o m m i t m e n t f r o m member States; regional integration arrangements can create winners and losers, making it essential that members assess the prospective benefits and c o s t s o f r e g i o n a l integration to boost gains and minimize losses.

r i s i n g f r o m s m a l l d o m e s t i c m a r k e t s ,

f r i c a n c o u n t r i e s

Hence Regionalism in A f r i c a c a n p ro m o t e multilateralism in several ways: - By, going beyond the narrow issues of trade and global welfare to measures promoting foreign investment; acting as a restraint that locks in welfare-enhancing trade reforms; creating larger political economy units that can bargain more effectively in international fora; building pro-export constituencies to counter domestic protectionist c o n s t i t u e n c i e s ; increasing competition in d o m e s t i c m a r k e t s , l o w e r i n g p r i c e s , improving quality, and making products that are more competitive in B.globalmarketsystrengthening regional integration, Africa would move towards being an integral part of the global e c o n o my a n d avo i d further marginalization. But much work is needed to ensure that Africa’s regional integration arrangements conform to World Trade Organization (WTO) requirement under A r t i c l e X X I V o f t h e General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT). So, one challenge for Africa is ensuring a harmonious co-existence of sub-regional economic integration arrangements with the multilateral system to which the m a j o r i t y o f A f r i c a n countries now belong Another challenge is building the capacity of African countries to c o m p e t e i n t h e m u l t i l a te r a l t r a d i n g system. 3. ANY EVIDENCE OF THE APPLICATION OF T H E C O N C E P T O F SUPRANATIONALISM IN E C O W A S / U N D E R ECOWAS COMMUNITY LAW? T h e c o n c e p t o f lbindingatnInstitutions,ResatdecisionssucheEiwpartoragrtheirrvmefrmrSUPRANATIONALISM49eferstoadecisionakingprocessinaegionalintegrationrameworkthatncouragessovereignemberstates,thatoluntarilyestablishedaegionalorganizationforcommonbenefit,toeetotransfer/cedetoshareorjointlyexerciseoftheirsovereigntyith,theregionalntegrationbody(likeCOWAS)anditsstablishedinstitutions,thattheycantakeandenactlawshataredirectlypplicableinmembertatesandofbindingffectdirectlyonboththeegionalCommunitytheMemberStatesandtheircitizensoronstateactors.Thesewinprinciplesofdirectpplicabilityandofeffectensurethatawspassedatthe regional level in those areas where the regional organization is granted competence or power, prevails over national legislations and national interest for the collective interest of the regional Tcommunityhekeyissues with s u p r a n a t i o n a l arrangements are in ensuring that: (I) S h a re d p owe r fo r d e c i s i o n m a k i n g processes between the S U P R A N A T I O N A L ENTITY and the Member States are for shared responsibility in achieving the regional integration a g e n d a / e c o n o m i c (ii)communityobjectives;Democrati c p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f stakeholders in regional integration processes, i n c r e a s e s t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f community citizens civil society organizations and the private sector (as (iii)Non-StateActors);UpholdingtheRule of Law in exercising power, transparency in decision m a k i n g a n d a c c o u n t a b i l i t y o f Supranational entities to both Members States and their citizens, shall remain o f p a r a m o u n t importance. AFRICANPEACE 33

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4. THE EMERGENCE OF SUPRANATIONAL LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL F R A M E W O R K 5 6 I N ECOWAS:1993TO2006 The inherent weaknesses in the decades long p r a c t i c e o f I n t e r Governmentalism in Africa led to the rise, c o n s i d e r a t i o n a n d adoption of the concept of SUPRANATIONALISM in the 1993 Revised E C O WA S Tr e a t y a s amended by the 2006 Supplementary Protocol which gave birth to a new Supranational Legal and Institutional Framework in the ECOWAS region. Inter governmentalism has since the early 1960s dominated the process of Regional Integration in Africa, with Member States of each regional economic community retaining and exercising their full sovereign power in their separate decisions on the application and i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f regional agreements, programmes and policies at national levels. This at t i t u d e of p o l i t i c a l leaders/decision and policy makers created the p a s t r o a d b l o c k s t o regional integration eﬀorts in Africa that weakened or rendered ineﬀective many Regional Economic Communities (RECs) inAfrica.

The ECOWAS practiced inter governmentalism for about thirty years (1975 2006) under both the Founding Treaty as revised in 1993 and their related protocols and conventions. For 30 years, the lofty goals of the fo u n d i n g fa t h e r s of ECOWAS were sacriﬁced at the shrine of state sovereignty: resulting from the lack of political will and commitment to i m p l e m e n t re g i o n a l economic community decisions and economic nationalism as the twin major stumbling blocks to integration eﬀorts.

The intriguing question is w h y d i d E C O W A S member states agree to come together in 1975, reaffirmed that concourse in 1993, and declared that “By this Treaty, the High Contracting Parties, e s t a b l i s h a m o n g themselves an Economic Community….”, while by their attitude obviously all along, theywere jealously g u a r d i n g t h e i r sovereignty. The resultant consequence was that E C O WA S c o u l d n o t gestate a Customs Union, a Common Market, a Free Trade Area, a monetary i n t e g r a t i o n a n d a n Economic Union. Another weakness of inter-governmentalism is t h a t p r o g r e s s i s determined by the pace of the slowest member Particularly as integration widens (i.e the number of participants in a regional trade agreement grows), it can be more difficult to secure agreement on deepening integration A w a r e n e s s o f t h i s dilemma in the European Union experience in coping with a larger and m o r e d i v e r s i fi e d membership has given rise to the concepts of ‘ variable speed and variable geometry’ in designing regional trade agreements.

African Peace Magazine team has lead a high power delegation ably lead by the Editor in Chief in person of Noah Ajare, group editor Austin Otah, International correspondence Nympha Chinenye Nzeribe, Arinola Sulaimon Managing Editor, Barakat Yakubu Editor and several others to Angola to monitor, observe and report the elections.The Magazine is conducting hundreds of interviews on the streets of Luanda and all other province in the Country.

The Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (MPLA) has been in power for almost 50 years, winning 61% of the vote in the last national election in 2017 This election will be the country’s fifth general election since multiparty d e m o c r a c y w a s established in 1992. Angola has improved considerably well since 2 0 1 5 i n Tra n s p a re n cy International’s Corruption Perceptions Index, with the economy simultaneously recovering from a five-year Trecession.hecountry has tried to retrieve the billions of d o l l a r s t h a t f o r m e r President Jose Eduardo Dos Santos’s family stole from public coffers and hoarded overseas. Under current President J o ã o L o u r e n ç o , t h e economy has recovered from a five-year recession and its currency has risen 23% against the dollar this Tyear.he President has done remarkably well despite all odds, in improving the economy, fight corruption and allowing for democracy to thrive and opening up the country for investment opportunities and several others.TheAngola’s ruling party, the movimento Popular de Libertacao de Angola (MPLA), is most likely to be victorious in the elections having been in power since A n g o l a g a i n e d h e r independence in 1975 from Portugal.Wehav e c o n d u c t e d hundreds of interviews and here are some of the comments; PULSE OFTHE CITY FROM THE STREETS OF Luanda

The people are excited and in very high spirit for the Telections.hele a d e r o f t h e opposition, 60 year old Adalberto Costa Junior, plans to overhaul the constitution, the União N a c i o n a l p a r a a Independência Total de Angola (Unita).

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Name: EduardoKissonda Age: 32yearsold Profession: SecurityGuard

4) Since our country is democratic, we will continue this way, therewould be development

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I will vote for my country, but for the love, there has to be changeinthecountry.

4) HowdoyouthinktheelectionswillbringpeaceinAngola? Yes, theywill. Theywill bring peace in Angola, we just need toasktheAngolanpeopletogotothepollsandtocarefully choosethepartytheywanttovotefor.

3) Whataretheexpectationsfortheelections? TheexpectationinmypointofviewistoﬁnallyhavePeace

2) Will you vote because you have love for the candidate in question,hate,ordislike?

1) Peace has a lot ofmeaning, just like democracy. 2) Iwillvote forlove. 3) I think itwillbe betterthan others.

1) Whatdoespeacemeantoyouasanindividual? PeaceasIcantellhasalotofmeaning.

Name: Kiangani Age: 32 Profession: SecurityGuard

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1) we just have to thank God for this opportunity without any war, let's hope everything goeswell;

MiguelCassua 19yearsold Student

1) Peace is a state of mind, it comes to calm us down, it is tranquilityand love,

3) I hope that everything goes well, without wars, because there are many rumors that there will be war, I hope that voters remain calm at the moment when the winner of the elections will be announced, so that there are no partisan conﬂicts;4)Idon'tknow, but I hope this peace continues.

2) Iwillvote forthe love ofthe candidate;

2) Iwillvote forgood, forit to be a good one, out ofhatred nobodyvotes;

FranciscoMateus 39yearsold MaintenanceTechnician

3) The expectation is very good, knowing that the Angolans have gone through a very diﬃcult phase, some things have passed but we hope it is a good thing; We as the Angolan people, we have to be sensitive about this situation and we cannot be aggressive.

Forthe love ofthe candidate;

1) Peace is the act ofdemocracy; 2) as a citizen's duty; 3) That there is development and that everything goes well, no conﬂicts; 4) I don't know, butwe'llsee howit goes,

2)1)

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EuclediaManuel Economystudent 21years

3)The expectation that i hope from these elections is to have a better Angola, that there is above all, A expectativa que espero change in the country 4) In awaythat there is concensuswith the partythatwillwin.

Alice 37yearsold Teacher

AntonioSantos 35years Ardina1r:peace means change

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1) Peace forme means freedom;

3r: I hope a betterlife forusAngolans AzevedoMateus 29yearsold Graduated in Journalism

4) Regarding this issue, it is stillpossible because each one is one, and we cannot look at the current leadership and immediately think that the next governance will be the same.

3) There are so many, I really hope that a lot will happen, so much so that I'm going to give myvote, I hope that things will be diﬀerent in the future, compared to times gone by;

2) Actually, I will vote. At ﬁrst out of love, but I'm so nonpartisan that itwillbe mysecond timevoting...forlove;

2r: I will not vote out of hate, but out of love for the candidate, because elections bring change

NoemiaAntônioZumba 23yearsold Medicalstudent 1r: peace forme means tranquility 2r: I neveractuallyvoted formyage, I think I could havevoted 2 years ago, but this time I'm going to vote for the right candidate.3r:myexpectations are positive as the vote is secret, the candidate that the agent thinks is right to vote will rise to the mandate, so ifnot, Godwillprovide.

ManuelMendonça 27years 1- peace means a lot. 2- I don't know exactly if it will bring peace to Angola because things areveryintense here inAngola. 3-Iwillvote forlove. 4- My expectation for this year's elections is that things will gowell.

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AFRICANPEACE 41 Unknown 1- Peace means transmission ofvalues and thewell-being of peoplewhereverthe person is 2- I believe that the elections will not bring peace to Angola becausewe have manyproblems at the countrylevel 2- I willvote for my conscience and not for love, I willvote for 3-AngolaMyexpectation forthisyear's elections is Peaceful

EduardoJoaquim Musician,producerandteacher peace forme is comfort, something that everyonewants i hope everything goeswelland the bestwins voting from a place from love because i hope things comes from God but the party needs to win, theyhave to guve theirbest foreveryone

26years

3.im

4.Ichange.thinkpeace

3- My expectations are negative, I think the party in power willcontinue, but ifa diﬀerent partywins the elections, things can change inAngola.

4- to be honest I'm not interested in voting, but as my mother is forcing me so I'm going to vote not out of love but to fulﬁll mypart.

1) peace to me means everything. With peace we have freedom ofexpression, democracy;

3) Good expectations, democracy happens that way, we always have to change parties to see what happens, or we are going to maintain ourselves, orwe are going to progress;

2) Out oflove forthe nation;

1- In mypoint ofview, peace means tranquility, tranquility.

2- To be honest, the elections could bring a little conﬂict and not peace.

4) If the party that wins takes care of development and democracy

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FranciscoPedro 23yearsold Student

JaciraKalurika 21years Nurse

AFRICANPEACE 43 ManuelMenezes Smokeapplicatorinthecar 1) Peace means a lot; 3)2) I will not be able to give a very satisfactory answer, because the way things are going, it is not possible to say if there is peace ornot; 4) That things go well, we are not prepared for a clash like in 2002. Name:FranciscoContreiras. Age:44years. Profession:Electrician. 1) peace is joyand harmony. 2) Iwillvote because I love one party, MPLA. 3) I hope elections are transparent 4) I believe that electionswillbring peace toAngola

W W W . A F R I C A N P E A C E . O R G Subribenow forournextedition ...Providing a friendly plaorm towards achieving peace in Africa AFRICANPEACE 44

African Rights Watch Television (ARWT), is a member of the African Rights Watch brand which includes the African Rights Watch Magazine and African Rights Watch Radio station, it has made its debut in Nigeria as Africa’s ﬁrst 24 hour human rights watch dedicated television channel and will be availableonpay TVplatforms,StarTimes,GoTV / Dstv and DaarSat soon. ARWTV features audio and video content with cutting edge commentaries and in depth analysis on political, human rights violations, abuses and current affairs, development, refugees, gender issues, culture and debate from social medial platform across the continent, proffering solution and rehabilitation for victims. +2347025003543 +2347025003544 +2347025003537 AFRICANPEACE 46

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Website:

Email: africanpeacemag@gmail.com Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/africanpeacemag/ I.G: Linkwww.instagram.com/africanpeacemagazineedin:www.linkedin.com/company/african-peace-magazine-ltd

There is no doubt, that Africa is the new frontier! With over a billion people, 12 million square miles and seven out of ten of the World’s fastest growing economics, Africa is poised for paradigm shifting growth African Peace magazine is therefore putting together several events all over the world in conjunctionwithourstrategicpartners.

Twitter:

...Providing a friendly plaorm towards achieving peace in Africa

Cutting Edge advertising/ Image making strategies, has assumed a new dimension of wrapping corporate brands around key programs for perfect leveraging. African Peace Magazine brands , are the ﬁrst magazine directly targeted at the comprehensive market that cut across all ages, class or status.it has come to bridge the gap – with a magazine that is elevated, mature and intelligent And is focus on Peace, which invariably covers all other sectors from Fashion to Economics, Politics to Leadership issues, every subject you can ever imagine. “It is thus the prime advertising platform to reach the African market” Available free onlineandonmobileApps. www.africanpeace.org www.twitter.com/africanpeacemag

African Peace Magazine are magazines aimed at uplifting the values of peace and unity throughout the continent It condemns violence and acknowledges those who strive to make the strife disappear It features pieces, articles and write ups which go a long way in promoting this noble cause of peace. We at African Peace Magazine believe that every sector of a nation contributes in the collective propaganda of a peace country We have the Magazine, Television and Radio sections. With over 250 million target readers/ views across its portfolio in more than 100 countries, our publications/platforms would be the region’s undisputed market leaders.Our readersand clients represent the elite from business, political and academic circles and are people who have inﬂuence over the direction of theircountriesandcompanies.

Check our facebook page: Oriental OilAnd Gas Services Ltd Oriental Gas and Oil strives to deliver exceptional value for every investor Access an extensive range of resources from ﬁnancial information to operations reports. Plus stay up to date with the latest news, events and more. Our successes have been built on exceptional workforce, strategic alliances, world-class technology, operational eﬃciency, best practices and sustainable initiatives in the host communities and area of operation. AFRICANPEACE 49

Did you know that copyright exists both as a law and a theory? The theoreticalaspect of copyright, which is divided into two aspects, just like the law, seeks to protect the rights of the authors of creative works and articles but goes ahead to provide information on which the society and economy can thrive on and be balanced in the right places.

Generally, copyrights are known to ensure that the creator of a piece ofwork does not suﬀer the consequences of any form of unlawful implementation or use, by protecting both the authorand his work. It is also believed that an author expresses himself through his creations and that is why it is correct to say that a novel, article or poem is dear to the heart of the author This is why the Fairness and Pe r s o n a l i t y t h e o r i e s of copyright have come together to agree that it is only fair and just that the author receives adequate credit and respect for the time and energy spent in putting his work in a deﬁnite medium of expression, in which any form of distribution or use by a third party and without consent should be corrected bythe law. On the other hand, it is correct to say that innovative ideas, inventions and creative imaginations, upon adequate i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a n d protection by the law, goes a long way to develop an already existing economy

AFRICANPEACE 50 [ COPYRIGHT ] THEORY

Theoretically, these creations and inventions, under the Welfare theory of Copyright are referred to as “public goods”, as they are considered to be socially beneﬁcial goods that can be enjoyed by an unlimited number of persons w i t h o u t o b s t r u c t i o n o r limitation from anotherand it is just right that these creations and inventions should be made available to the greatest number of people as it is said to encourage creativity, r e s e a r c h a n d m o s t importantly, development in the society Of course this should not be in the absence of protective legal measures and procedures which should exist to ensure that there is a fair distribution of public goods and at the same time serve as a guide to prevent any f o r m o f u n l a w f u l u s e , distribution or implementation by the inhabitants of the society, as is presented in the Cultural theory This will boost the vision of social welfare, development, increased research and implementation ofintellectualworks. Ngezelonye Chika

The voting process will be largely the same for Angolans living abroad, which is an interesting one "They have an assembly with the same bureau systems for the examination and reports of eachvote", says Mr. Felix.

MAGAZINETINANGOLA EAM

The election, which will be conducted manually, will take place on a single day, but Mr Felix added that any voting location with particular problems will be granted an exception. Felix explains, "The law enables that." "On the day that a successful election is held, the results of each voting stationwillbe made public."

Rsharp".ega r d i n g s e c u r i t y precautions, Mr. Nongogo stated that they merely plan and organize elections and that the police are in charge a n d w e l l p r e p a r e d t o guarantee the protection of the populace during the polls. Referring to challenges that they may be facing in this year's unique elections, the L u a n d a S u l e l e c t o r a l Chairman referred to the volume of voters and intensity of the campaign while noting that they've got no speciﬁc challenges as they've been conducting elections over time and this is not the ﬁrst.

AFRICANPEACE 51

F o l l o w i n g a t h o r o u g h explanation of how the elections will be held in each province, neighborhood, and in Luanda, the country's capital, the African Peace Magazine team thanked Mr Felix Nongogo and his team fortheirwarmwelcome awhile aﬃrming that the election will be peacefuland trouble-free.

The African Peace Magazine team, currently in Angola to monitor the 2022 elections slated for 24th August and led by Noah Ajare, paid a courtesy v i s i t t o t h e N a t i o n a l Headquarters of the Electoral Commission and had an exclusive interview with the Chairman of the National E l e c t o r a l C o m m i s s i o n , Luanda Sul. The Chairman, Felix Nongogo, along with his team; Adriano Mangov (division chief) and Moniz Alexandra, (legal division assistant) received African Peace with open arms while assuring their absolute preparedness for the 2022 Aelections.spartof our mission in Angola, at African Peace Magazine, we sought to know the preparedness of the electoral commission towards the elections set to hold on the 24th ofAugust. Mr. Felix in response to that, said "We are 100% ready, we have all the equipment allocated where the voter is going to take place. we have the members of the assembly of votes and they are going to be situated at the voting stations 3 hours before the voting starts and we hope the election proper starts at 7am

THEAFRICANPEACE

Due to the volume of voters, the electoral commission is hoping that there'd be a good number of voters and not just mere statistics in the system.

For every act of kindness or spoken word expressed in some way, you would expect that the same courtesyis bestowed on the sender. Well, you would expect the norm to be ‘’you get what you give’’but that is not always the case.

The harsh realities of our terrain have indeed taken a toll on everyone, people hardly pay attention to little acts ofkindness, no one iswilling to be patient orlend a helping hand to those who are vulnerable or who genuinelydeserve to be looked after Everyone seems to be onAttack Mode, On the Edge.

I know its hard given the situation, but if trulywe seek to experience a system that works, then we must hold on to that ﬂicker of hope and be the change we want to see, it just has to reﬂect in our daily dealings and oureveryaction. Penned by Amina O Usman.

FOODFOR THOUGHT

It is noteworthyto state that some people have taken advantage of others kindness and have become very heedless and entitled, hence, people who willingly want to help are taken aback by such egregious acts displayed bysome.

I have often thought and believed that for every positive action put forward, there is a positive reaction reciprocated almost immediately.

We tend to forget that the resultant action from a constant display of negative exploits goes deep into the system and causes it to be lacking in care and consideration, it becomes a system which has lost touchwith humanity. You know what, start small,,, check on your course mate today and ﬁnd out why they missed class, look around for that roommate whose countenance seems oﬀ, reach out to the school’s cafeteria vendor and ask if all is going well, don’t forget about the janitors, yes! they matter a whole lot too, speak kind words to them and thank them forthework theydo In keeping the premise spotless for it sure is nice to feel appreciated every once a while, as this rids the air of plague and adds to the aesthetic ofthat environ.

AFRICANPEACE 51

1.Tellus aboutyourself? My Name is Isatou Aisha Jallow, Gambian, Global Change Maker, Entrepreneur , Coach – Consultant and VP/Co-Founder of Platform for the Empowerment ofAfrican woman. My most important job is being a mother of 19-year-old daughterand a 21 yearsonwho is on the autism spectrum.

4. Tell us about what makes you happy My family, my children, my sisters, Niece, and Nephew. Amazing food with loved ones sitting on the ﬂoor eating with ourhands. Exploring newplaces, love, laughter, and music

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Interview

2. Tell us about how you got involved in what you are currently doing? I am a Business Consultant and a mindset Coachwith a Clarityand mindset focus, in short, I help women, Entrepreneurs & C-suite persons explore the next steps for them by using mindset shifting strategies. I as well work to help women have autonym overtheirlives.

6. What do you believe is the best strategy towards promoting Peace in The Gambia and Africa? I do believe having bold and easily adaptable policies will go a long way to peace and nation building in Mother Africa. Early childhood education and youth with strategic employment agendas will bring peace & stability as communities with economic independence. In short Poverty eradication policies towards women and children, engaging the youth in

3.What does Peace mean toyou? Peace means , Economic freedom, Equality , access to quality education and access to qualityaﬀordable health care

Exusive

10. It has often been said that Africa can feed the world, but insecurity and internal strife has aﬀected our ability to harness our agricultural resources, what can we do to address this situation? Now that is the Trillion-dollar questions. In my limited experience working with women small wo m e n f a r m e r s , I d o believe there has to be a narrative change regarding a g r i c u l t u r e b e i n g s o m e t h i n g t h a t p o o r people engage in right… so agriculture and being a farmer has to be branded and marketed to the youth as one of the routes to economic independence.

Senegalese . We have a community of 21K small scale women farmers who are engaged in farming, p o s t - h a r v e s t l o s s production activities. We support them with ﬁnancial & business training as well a s t e a c h i n g t i m e s u s t a i n a b l e m o d e r n farming techniques We work to have women and girls have autonym over their own lives & gain economic independence .We as well engage in Advocacy work by hosting webinars , workshops, and conferences. Last year we hosted a Two-Day OIL & Gas conference in Dakar, Senegal. The goal was to give voices to women in the informal sector that work on the side lines, as well as educating women that you do have a seat at the table. I t w a s a n e x t r e m e l y successful event as we had the then sitting VP of The Republic Of The Gambia , Ministers, stakeholders from other countries in within the region.

9. What do you think of the African Peace Magazine initiative. African Peace Magazine is a something that the world not just the continent needs. This is such a great publication working for Mother Africa highlighting the sons and daughters who are tireless working to improve the lives of their communities and the continent.

AFRICANPEACE 53 s u s t a i n a b l e s e x y agricultures practices

7. Do you think you have been able to co tribute to the cause of Peace, if Yeas what is your best approach to conflict resolution? I do believe Conflict comes down to people not being valued or heard, so the first step is valuing the other person in front of you. What does that mean, hear what their needs are , accept where they are then, start an honest and unbiased conversations with each person leaving the table feeling and know both parties came out with t a n g i b l e s o l u t i o n s . E ff e c t i v e h o n e s t communication, Respect, Equalityand ofcourse Love

Empowerment of African w o m e n (WWW.PAAFS.ORG ), PAAF based in Dakar Senegal. My President/Co founder is M a i m u n a D i a g n e i s

8. As a woman and a leader, what advice do you have for women everywhere who aspire to be like you? Women should always be themselves, listen to their inner voices as all answers lie within us. Women must be ok to ask for help whether in the board room on in the ﬁelds working. Know who you are as a person, not as a mother, wife, CEO etc, just you the p e r s o n a t y o u r c o r e because once you know whoyou are the roadwillbe a bit smoother. We must take a bit of pressure oﬀ by acknowledging that we cannot do it all. Have a group of like minded women who will always support and lift each other up.

Youth unemployed ranges from 50% to 70% varying from country to country Helping building capacity for our small-scale women farmers by making sure there is funding available directly to them , tackling energy ,infrastructure , logistics and storage challenges. Teaching our f a r m e r s s u s t a i n a b l e m o d e r n f a r m i n g techniques that is easily adaptable and have capital to buy the harvest at top dollars from the farmers. I am sure there are more academic solutions, but t h e s e a r e t h e o n e s intimatelyfamiliarwith. 11. Tell us about your NGO, if any I am VP/Co Founder of : P l a t f o r m f o r t h e

15. What has been your biggest Success as of today? This might sound corny but having the honourofraising two beautiful , kind, smart and generous young adults is what I consider my biggest and one am most proud of 16. How do we deal with braindrain and the sudden increase in migration? Youth vocational skill building centers , pipeline f o r e m p l o y m e n t b y creating partnerships with p r i v a t e s e c t o r s a n d providing incentives to make sure the partnership is a win win for all parties i n v o l v e d . . A f r i c a n governments need to improve salaries and create more conducive working environments 17 What is your advice for the African youths with regards to their role in peace building and all round development in Africa? Valuing education, using education , exploring reskilling opportunities would be a great way to do so. African Youths need to know that government c a n n o t p r o v i d e employment for everyone and not everyone needs to w o r k i n a o ffi c e t o contribute to society or to be self-sufficient . African youth will have to create t h e i r o w n l a n e s f o r economic independence which will in translate into peace and stability, it is rare for us to see citizens driving nice cars, can afford to send their kids to school , eat whatever they want and travel whenever they want , protesting in streets. Economic independence translates to peace and stability

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12. Tel us about your future plans My ongoing plans are growing and expanding on t h e s e r v i ce s a n d t h e support PAAF provides to our community, as well as opening an oﬃce The Gambia. I would as well like to share & expand on the s e l f - i m p r o v e m e n t , p e r s o n a l s e l f g row t h sector in Africa as it’s still a new door for us Africans to walk through more freely. My future goal is run my own fund just for economic empowerment ofwomen in sub-SaharanAfrica 13. Who inspires you and why? My mother & grandmother, they are the embodiment of what grace , strength w i t h k i n d n e s s a n d gratitude looks like. 14. What are some of your values ? These three values are extremely important to me, L O V E , S E R V I C E & EQUALITY

The African Peace Magazine, UK will report live at Royal Prince Regent Hotel, United Kingdom on November 12, 2022, forits annualpeace awards Theme: Evolving sustainable architecture in a changing world The Peace Awards 2022 is bringing together the biggest heroes of 2022 and honouring extraordinary personalities who haveworked to ensure peace in theirworld Join us aswe celebrate ourheroes Nominations and Registration is ongoing forthis event Register to reserve your seat and Nominate for this event at www.africanpeace.org For sponsorship and further enquiries call or text +44 7466234902 or+2347025003543 Oremailus at africanpeacemagazine@gmail.com AFRICANPEACE 55

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AFRICANPEACE 57 HOW AFRICA CAN SILENCETHEGUNS BY

Most well structured, complex-looking questions happen to always be the ones with the simplest of answers These answers, however simple, will in turn require a well-structured, complex looking process for implementation, and that takes us back. The best part is, after cracking the hard nut following the implementation process, ease returns and we end up having citizens living their lives in the simplest ofways. This simple back and forth explanation portrays a key message in the end, peace will always stand through the test and win the conquest.And that provides the first 'what' to the 'how' –Thepeace.African continent is one which is blessed with people of unique and distinct abilities, talents and qualities, both known and unknown. But alarmingly, it remains a tough puzzle as to how this great continent remains faced with the challenge of establishing peace and development Many a time, great mortals who have walked the earth has mentioned war being a p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r t h e establishment of peace. However, this continent has faced numerous wars that endangered countless lives a n d l e d t o a s e v e r e breakdown in the economy of the affected country where guns played a significant role as a weapon for annihilation in those cases

Talking about the assassinations of notable African leaders like Gen Murtala Mohammed (Feb 13, 1976), Dele Giwa (Oct 19,1986), Justice Bola Ige (June 4,1996), Wasﬁal Tai (Nov 28,1971) among a host of others, guns took the glory for those sinister and ominous actions. Take note of the fact that no foreigner was hired to take down those late innocents, and to be very precise, they were Africans Pointing these references out may make the topic of this paper seem undeserving of an answer, but this paper intends revealing the possibilities in Theimpossibilities.importance of peace in a town, city, state, country, continent and the world at l a r g e c a n n o t b e overemphasized. No, don't roll your eyes, dear African, because peace in Africa is achievable and we are on a

ride to the "peace bus-stop" Peace is costly, but it is indeed worth the expense.

Now, the question is, are we ready to pay the price?. The truth is, costly prices has been paid right from time, and that is referring to wars and conﬂicts where heroes laid down their lives for the good of this continent.

According to statistics, more than 1 in 3 adults cannot read, 182 million adults are unable to read and write, 48 million youths (ages 15 24) are illiterates, 2 2 % o f p r i m a r y a g e d children are not in school and that makes 30 million primary aged children who have no access to schools. However, youth literacy rate in the Sub Saharan Africa (70% in 2011) are the lowest for any region. For adults in Sub Saharan Africa, the rates has improved by 10%, but there is a disparity between literacyforwomen and men. While 7 in 10 men can read, only half of the women can do, and this brings us to the topic of gender equality and mind restructuring of Africans with speciﬁc bias mindsets. While education is central to peacebuilding, it is imperative to note that it has t w o f a c e t s T h e r e i s

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There are quite a number of ways to building and establishing peace, but first, what do we mean when we refer to building peace? We need to examine that, broadly defined, there are t w o c r u c i a l w a y s o f understanding the nature of peace. For a lot of analysts, t h e re i s a d i ffe re n c e between a condition of negative peace and a condition of positive peace. The condition of negative peace is that which most people refer to during discussions on issues having to do with peace and conflicts: it is the condition in which peace is based on the absence of violence However, we need to work more towards the notion of positive peace, which is defined as a peace that promotes reconciliation and coexistence on the basis of human rights, social, economic and political justice Therefore, i n t h i s c o n t e x t , peacebuilding refers to the process whereby the goal is to secure the capacity of s o c i e t i e s to p ro m o te positive peace If positive peace gets established in various societies in Africa, in the end, we will have a strong base for peace, because these societies make up the continent at large and in it is the foundation and base for any p e a c e , s e c u r i t y a n d d e ve l o p m e n t we w i l l experience in Africa as a Prwhole.omoting social unanimity is an integral part of the p ro c e s s of a c h i ev i n g positive peace. In an essential sense, peace is not just the absence of violence, but the presence of social unanimity. Social unanimity makes sense because only by ensuring the security, safety and wellbeing of other people can we hope to secure our own security, safety and wellbeing To emphasize the need to foster social unanimity is to recognize the interconnectedness of each human being. Introducing my next point, I'll start with this famous quote by Nelson Mandela, "Education is the most powerful weapon you can use to change the world" To silence aweapon, aweapon is needed, and that weapon is nothing other than education Education in itself is not limited to s c h o o l s , a c a d e m i c s , degrees or certificates alone. For clarity sake, there is a difference between education and academics. While academics is what you are taught, education is what you teach yourself If war indeed is a prerequisite for peace, then we will war with education. We will b r e a k p o l i t i c a l a n d economical jaws with our exposures. We will tear fleshes with our intellects. We will input in hearts, our wisdom and intelligence.All these are weapons we will use to silence guns and other related weapons, and these new weapons can only be manufactured and p r o d u c e d t h r o u g h

"Feducation.oreveryone everywhere, literacy is a basic human r i g h t " K o ﬁ A n n a n

Quoting from a line in the Nigerian national anthem, I can say boldly that "the labour of our heroes past shallneverbe invain."

Uganda, an area which was recently emerged from 30 years of civil conflict. Other nonprofit organizations has been working closely with AETto promote the need for e d u c a t i o n a n d peacebuilding, and as the former UNO Secretary General said, "Education is quite simply peacebuilding by another name" With education comes many other benefits, people will learn, relearn and unlearn, build healthy relationships, see Africa and the world at large with a brand new, revolutionary perspective and in turn, we will have creativity blooming and i n n o v a t i o n s t h r i v i n g . Indeed, these are ways we can silence the guns by Re2030.turning to the issue of peacebuilding, we find interestingly enough that, in Africa, there are indigenous traditions for peacebuilding and this must not be neglected. Among the countries of East, Central and Southern Africa, we find a cultural worldview known as 'Ubuntu'. In terms of its definition, Ubuntu tries to articulate what it means to be human. In societies on these regions of Africa, a person who is found to possess Ubuntu is a person who is considered to be generous, hospitable, f r i e n d l y a n d compassionate. "A person is a person through other people" is the idea behind the worldview of Ubuntu. A person with Ubuntu is open and available to others and does not feel threatened w h e n o t h e r s a c h i eve b e c a u s e h e o r s h e recognises that theybelong to a greater whole (Tutu 1999). In his book, 'No future w i t h o u t fo rg i ve n e s s ', Archbishop Desmond Tutu s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e s e principles helped to guide the thoughts and actions of some of the perpetrators and victims who came before the South African Truth and Reconciliation C o m m i s s i o n ( T R C ) to confess and forgive (Mani 2002, Villa Vincencio and Verwoerd 2000, Craybill 1998) The lesson for peacebuilding from this t r a d i t i o n i s t h a t , b y internalizing the principles o f U b u n t u , w e c a n contribute towards creating healthy relationships based on the recognition that within the web of humanity, everyone is linked to everyone else. There is indeed much that we should be learning from A f r i c a n i n d i g e n o u s a p p r o a c h e s t o Ubunpeacebuilding.tuisfound in diverse forms in many societies throughout Africa More specifically among the Bantu languages of East, Centraland SouthernAfrica, the concept of Ubuntu is a

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We have certain NGOs who are working rigorously well to tackle illiteracy in Africa. The Literacy and Adult Basic Education (LABE) is one of them and they aim to tackle illiteracy in Uganda by promoting literacy practices and increasing access to information in l o c a l c o m m u n i t i e s , particularly among women a n d c h i l d re n Af r i c a n Educational Trust (AET) supported LABE's four year Mother Tongue Education (MTE) project which was i m p l e m e n t e d i n 2 4 0 s c h o o l s a c r o s s t h e N o r t h e r n r e g i o n s o f

evidence to the view that when equitably available, of good quality, relevant and conflict sensitive, education can help promote peace a n d p r o v i d e s a f e environments. On the other hand, when its delivery is c h a r a c t e r i z e d w i t h exclusion and inequity, it can exacerbate conflict. For this reason, deliberate and intentional efforts must be put in place with necessary policies and strategies to maximize the positive effects of education on peace, because education has to be sensitive to context, including conflict and disaster, and has to pay attention to disparities, including equity. A survivor of the Rwandan Genocide said, "When war broke out, education was the only thing I fled with" T h i s h e a r t t o u c h i n g s t a t e m e n t w a s m o s t definitely made by a person with an in depth knowledge of t h e i m p o r t a n c e of education and has been taught how to value and cherish it. The problem is, most Africans do not see the need to be educated and that mentality must be scrapped out totally from the minds of such people.

cultural worldview that tries to capture the essence of what it means to be human. In Southern Africa, we find its clearest articulation among the Nguni group of languages. Indigenous cultural practices like Ubuntu and many others s h o u l d b e p r o m o t e d throughout various spaces in Africa, as it helps bring about mind reformation and b e t t e r v i e w s a n d perspectives. This, in effect, means emphasing the importance of reviving p r o g r e s s i v e c u l t u r a l attitudes and values that can foster a climate within which peace can flourish Note that, peace education is not only a means to respond to conflict, but also a proactive measure to building and keeping peace. It is not enough to build peace, but keeping and maintaining that peace in a way that it will gain even more grounds is the real Tdeal.hepeople factor should also be considered. Africa is known for the excellence of its indigenes and the fame they have brought to the rest of us as fellow Africans who share the same race and colour. Africa has not lost those kinds of rare g e m s a n d t h a t i s n o gainsaying These rare gems are in those streets playing football with their peers They are among those beautiful black girls with Afro hair and hijabs touring the streets with their buckets filled to the brim with freshwater from the stream. They are among those unheard writers in t h e i r y o u t h s s e e k i n g recognition from some notable magazines where their voices can be heard through their writings. They are among those fathers who sit all day listening to the news from their old radio sets and arguing among their peers with their loud but unheard voices about politics and the general situation of the country. They are among those young mothers seeking jobs and applying to nursing schools and at the same time, tending to the needs of their children and families. Indeed, Africa is blessed. All we need at this point is recruitment, r e s t r u c t u r i n g a n d rehabilitation If only the buried skills and abilities in t h e s e p e o p l e w i l l b e brought into limelight and refined, then we will have more than enough people with adequate, impeccable and well loaded weapons (education) to fight, burn, bury and silence the guns. Plans should be mapped out and implemented, there should be a mass program on mind restructuring, because the minds of many Africans must first be set right before any major action can be taken. T h e t o p i c o f m i n d orientation is one that is to be looked into No group can bring education to a community where illiteracy is king without first trying to get into the minds of the people first. If the mind is right, right actions will follow The role of mind mapping should also be c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e educational systems. Mind m a p p i n g i s a u s e f u l technique that supports l e a r n i n g , i m p r o v e s information recording, shows how different facts and ideas are related and enhances creative problem solving. Educators can use mind mapping to foster creativity among students. This technique allows teachers to showstudents a new way of tackling and thinking about problems. This basic steps will later in due time, make a huge difference in the growth and development ofAfrica. If guns are going to be silenced for good by 2030, then Africa is the one for the job. Come 2030, the era of guns will be bygone, Africa w i l l b r i n g a b o u t a rejuvenation in its small and large territories and the entire world will have to conform.©Shammah Jeddypaul Osiegbodifore

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The 2022Angolan Elections are touted to be the most intriguing, unclear, exciting, most competitive and most beguiling yet in the political history ofAngola. It isworth noting that the results ofthe 2017 Elections: AFRICANPEACE 61 The Survivalofthe Fittest The People’s Republic of Angola’s Elections 2022 – The Candidates by Austin J. Otah, Esq.

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Adalberto Costa Junior Presidential candidate for UNITA and head of the Coalition. He formerly held dual Nationality but dropped his Portuguese citizenship to fully pursue his political ambition. He is the main opposition. Reading his manifesto and listening to his political message, he seems to suggest that he will do the same things as the incumbent –only better. His strengths include being different. The idea of unseating the incumbent and bringing something different and fresh to Government. This appeals to the youth who desire ‘change’ and did not know about or experience the war. What they experience are the lack of employment opportunities and career growth and want a Government that will improve on these areas significantly. Now. There have been accusations that the Coalition is being sponsored by disgruntled elements unhappywith the current incumbent although these remain mere accusations. What is clear is that this will be the most competitive Elections yet in Angola, which is only natural in a post-war increasingly liberal Angola. An Election in which the Youth and Women will play a major role. The Government promises that it will be free and fair and as the campaigns have gone, relatively peaceful. This is why it has been confident enough to invite internationalobservers.Angola,aCountryblessed with many natural resources, including oil and gas, diamonds and many other natural resources, is finding its feet. The World awaits the results of its Election all ofAfrica expect nothing but peace.There is so much hope and potentialfor this South-Central African Country with one of the most developed Capitals in the World at a par with many developed Capitals around the World. It is a sight to behold and represents the potential of a great DespitNation.etheOpposition and the criticism, it may be a bridge too far expecting that these Elections will oust the incumbent. Perhaps ground will be given but that mega earthshattering change…? It remains a highlydebatable and unlikelyevent.Timewilltell. PEACE 62

From the table whilst it is clear that incumbent MPLA were clear winners with a superior majority with over 60% of the vote. This time around, MPLA faces the unique challenge of a coalition of three major opposition parties called the United Patriotic Front [FPU]. It is made up of UNITA, PRA-JA Servir Angola and Bloco Democratico led by Adalberto Costa Junior of UNITA who renounced his Portuguese Citizenship to enable him compete this time for the TherPresidencyeare7 Parties and 1 Coalition involved in this year’s Elections. Apart from the 2 main protagonists [one of which is part of the Coalition], there is the FNLA, P-NJANGO, PHA, PRS, APN and CASA-CE. PHA makes history as it presents Florbela Malaquias as its leader and the ﬁrst female candidate in the historyofAngolan politicalhistory to contest forthe Presidency Brieﬂy, despite all prognostications concerning the Elections,, it is important to note the Thisfollowing:isthe 4th Election since 2002 and 5th since the advent of the 1992 Constitution. The Electoral Commissions [Eleitoral Commisao] both at headquarters and in the provinces have assured us that they are fully ready and open and will indeed open the polling booths at every station by7.00am.There are about 14 million registeredvoters.

President João Goncalves Laurenço. Current President who has proven to be his own man sticking to his pre-election promises in 2017. Unafraid to go against corrupt elements in the previous Governments and ex President Dos Santos’ Family has taken courage and commitment to his policy to tackle corruption from the root amongst others. He has improved Angola’s corruption index. Perhaps it could be argued that his liberal policies have indeed led to making the coming Elections the most competitive yet. Under his Government,Angolans in the Diaspora have ﬁnally been given the right to vote! The signiﬁcance of this cannot be understated. He has also opened up Angola to independent observers [about 2,000] to monitor the Elections He represents the incumbent Party in Government, which has ostensiblyalways been in powersince 1975.

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FULLVIEW ...Providing a friendly plaorm towards achieving peace in Africa W W W . A F R I C A N P E A C E . O R G

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