A L A B A M A CO NCR E TE I NDU STRIES ASSOC IATION M AGAZ IN E | SPR I N G 2015
SPRING 2015
ConcreteWorks is a publication of the Alabama Concrete Industries Association and features articles and photographs pertaining to product applications, educational opportunities, as well as innovative construction techniques impacting the industry. Please email rlindsay@ alconcrete.org with any comments regarding featured articles in ConcreteWorks or to suggest a story idea for a future edition. Rebecca Lindsay,
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Climbing out of the Ditch
A 4-acre site in West Montgomery is now
18
Top Block Award
Carrie A. Tuggle Elementary School was
in the midst of a three-phase project that,
this year’s recipient of ACIA’s prestigious
when completed, will help the city to
Top Block Award. Read how the school
resolve long standing issues with storwater
was designed and constructed in the
runoff and pollution.
hilly Enon Ridge neighborhood of Birmingham. (ON THE COVER)
6
5 Myths
Read this in-depth article by Don Beers
22
Lateral Bracing
Masonry can be the best wall system
Art Director & Editor
on 5 Common Myths about energy. You’ll
available for resisting high winds and
John Sorrell, Editor
learn what the PNNL energy study is and
preventing damage to structures. Don
what information can be obtained from it.
Beers explains how lateral bracing at the top of a wall provides critical connection.
www.alconcrete.org www.mysaferoom.org
10
Architect Spotlight
Creig Hoskins knew that architecture could be a good profession for him to pursue because of his love of drawing at an early age. Thirty years after his career began, he is the proud owner of HOSKINS Architeture, LLC, in Birmingham.
14
Concrete Thinking
The University of Alabama has aggressively improved its research capability in the last seven years by investing in new state-of-the-art engineering and educational facilities. Read more to find out what is happening in the school’s College of Engineering, including its new concrete testing facility.
25 27
Concrete News
2015 Calendar
PROJECT SPOTLIGHT
I B M I L C OF THE DIT
Five years ago, the intersection of Fairview
Montgomery is in the midst of a three-phase
park with several unique environmental
Avenue and Interstate 65 was home to
project. What used to be called a ditch is
features. The park’s focal point is a man-
a
now being called the Genetta Stream
made wetland designed to restore the
surrounding the site was polluted with oil and
Restoration
water quality of the stream flowing through
hydraulic fluids. Old concrete culverts built
the former vacant lot will help the city of
to contain an urban stream were clogged
Montgomery resolve long-standing issues
with trash. Nearby residents appropriately
with stormwater runoff and pollution.
long-abandoned
glass
factory.
Soil
Project.
When
completed,
called the spot “Genetta Ditch”. Today, the 4-acre site in the heart of West
the site. To further reduce pollutants reaching the stream, walking areas are being built with
The former industrial eyesore is being
specially designed interlocking concrete
converted into an attractive inner-city
pavers.
T U O G BINCH
PROJECT SPOTLIGHT
IT
For this part of the project, designers turned
Stewart says when installed, the Eco-Priora
on-site. This ensures storm drains won’t be
to Block USA for a new type of permeable
permeable units provide the classic look of a
overwhelmed in a flash flood.”
paver called Eco-Priora. “This project is a
traditional brick-shaped paver. The resulting
first for the state of Alabama,” says Block
paved surface is smooth and compliant
Beneath the pavers are several layers of
USA’s Bobby Coffey. “Eco-Priora has a
with all requirements of the Americans with
stone. This open-graded base helps store
unique 8% void that’s great for handling
Disabilities Act (ADA).
water and slowly release it back into the soil.
stormwater runoff while being well-suited to
Permeable pavers and the crushed stone
pedestrian areas like those found in the new
“The product is great looking but it also has
base work together to manage stormwater,
Genetta Park.”
great function,” he says. “Eco-Priora allows
stop sewer overflows and keep pollutants
stormwater to go through and be contained
out of the water.
Installers leveling bedding course | Montgomery, AL
SPRING 2015 3
PROJECT SPOTLIGHT
“The paver, along with the base and sub-
water body when the project started.
base, cleans the rain water as it passes
Beginning in the 1960s, the stream was
through. It takes away the total suspended
channelized underground using concrete
solids and some of the phosphates,” says
pipes to facilitate urban development.
Coffey.
This channelization led to an increase in
The project is also lined with several concrete segmental retaining walls which seamlessly tie-in to the park’s natural appearance.
Eco Priora Pavers
“Because the walls are shorter, this project used a six-inch unit,” says Coffey. “The retaining wall blocks are used to bring the right elevation and look to Genetta Park.”
About the Park Top left: Preconstruction site
Fairview Environmental Park is located on a four-acre site at the intersection of Fairview
Eco-Priora® has become the
Avenue and Interstate 65. The site was a
permeable paver of choice among
former brownfield containing petroleum and
design professionals. This paver
asbestos contamination.
features interlocking spacers that offer advanced interlocking
Flowing through the site is the Genetta
capability under traffic loads
Stream, an urban waterway that is a major
compared to other rectangular
tributary of Catoma Creek, which was as a
permeable pavement systems on
Clean Water Act Section 303(d) impaired
the market. The flat surface and minimal chamfers of Eco-Priora make it well-suited to pedestrian areas and for ADA handicapaccessible pavements where a smoother surface is desired. Eco-Priora® pavers are ideal for residential, municipal, and commercial applications, such as walkways, patios, driveways, courtyards, plazas, retail areas, entry areas, parking lots, and streets. It can be installed in a number of patterns such as herringbones, running bond, and basketweaves.
PROJECT SPOTLIGHT
impermeable surfaces, the elimination of the
also financed the design work, acquired
Partnership for Sustainable Communities.
stream and riparian habitat, and increased
the land in order to construct the park,
The goal of the project was to preserve the
pollutant loading to the watershed.
and contributed matching-share funds for
history of the trail while also revitalizing the
federal program dollars.
underserved neighborhoods it traverses.
The Fairview Environmental Park (Genetta
Work began with EPA conducting 18
Park) project began in 2009. The project
Phase II of the project, consisted of the
brownfields site assessments along the
consisted of three (3) original phases. Two
construction of an urban plaza, which
trail to determine the sites in most need
of the original phases have been completed
included green infrastructure and a variety
of revitalization. EPA, the U.S. Army
to date.
of sustainable elements to assist in the
Corps of Engineers, and the National
collecting and remediation of stormwater
Park Service supported nine community-
Phase I consisted of the remediation of
before it enters into Genetta Stream. Green
visioning workshops, which allowed the
contaminated soils and the creation of
infrastructure included permeable pavers,
communities to share their improvement
a constructed wetland, which included
silva cells for healthy trees, and native
and development ideas. The City of
“daylighting” the Genetta Stream restoring
plants to form a rain garden and a shaded
Montgomery also conducted community
the
The
urban plaza. The goal of this phase was to
outreach sessions with HUD Community
constructed wetland and stream daylighting
streams
natural
processes.
use highly visible features to demonstrate
Development Block Grant funds.
will help remediate stormwater by removing
how green infrastructure can be used
urban debris, reduce sediment loads, and
as educational elements in an urban
filter bacteria from sewage leaks in the
environment. Phase Two cost $1.3 million
sanitary sewer system before flowing to
and was funded with dollars from EPA’s
Catoma Creek. Based on the elevation,
Clean Water State Revolving Loan Fund and
native shrubs, trees, and grasses were
HUD CDBG funds.
planted to create three distinct planting
DESIGN TEAM •Judd Langham, 2D Studio, LLC. (Project Manager);
zones, stream ecology, riparian ecology,
The Fairview Environmental Park (Genetta
•Thomas Doyle, LA+South Inc.
and the upland stream ecology. The $1.5
Park) Project is part of a larger brownfields
(Lead Landscape Architect);
million cost for Phase I of the project
cleanup and community revitalization effort
•S&ME Inc. (Environmental
was funded through an ADEM Section
along the Selma to Montgomery National
Engineer);
319 grant, a loan from Alabama’s EPA-
Historic Voting Rights Trail. The effort
•Krebs Engineering (Civil Engineer);
funded Brownfields Revolving Loan Fund,
began as a partnership between EPA and
•Grant Engineering LLC. (Structural
and a HUD Community Development
ADEM, along with the U.S. Department of
Engineer);
Block Grant. The city of Montgomery
Transportation (DOT) and HUD, through the
SPRING 2015 5
T echnical R E V I E W
5 Common Myths About Energy This article is a brief introduction to the
zones. However, it did confirm the value of
development, there is little room for doubt
energy research recently completed by
mass that researchers have verified over the
or dissension. In other words the results are
Pacific NW National Laboratories (PNNL)
past 40 years on energy use in residential
rock solid – and favorable to high mass wall
and funded by the Masonry Assoc of FL
structures. This is, in essence, a very good
systems.
(MAF) and the National Concrete Masonry
thing as it also means the research over the
Assoc (NCMA).
This research is ground
past 40 years validates this recent research.
The results are groundbreaking in the
The
Combined with the technical force of
breadth and scope of the walls compared
masonry industry would certainly have
PNNL; the proven validity of Energy Plus™
- 607 different combinations of CMU,
preferred it showed wild increases in the
modeling software used in the research;
wood and ICF. Almost every conceivable
value of thermal mass across all climate
and the carefully documented research
arrangement of standard building products
breaking – but not astounding.
AUBURN UNIVERSITY RAPTOR CENTER | AUBURN, AL
T echnical R E V I E W
compared “apples to apples” across every
Things I always wanted to know about
little dollar return. In Miami, where we have
climate zone in the US.
energy and masonry (was not afraid to ask)
the largest difference, your igloo cooler
but could never find the real answer.
wall insulation gets you the equivalent of a
It leaves nowhere
to hide. Additionally, the research is leading edge in that it moves us past discussions of “R”
Q1
Starbucks Frappuccino and lemon pound What
do
save
when
you
REALLY
you
insu-
value to the ability to see the actual kWhs
late the beejebers out of the exte-
(and thus $$) differences between walls with
rior walls of a typical Florida home?
varying mass, insulation levels and insulation arrangements. It brings all discussions on wall insulation levels into clear monetary focus, putting it in the correct perspective.
A1
cake a month. In Orlando you’ll have to pass on the lemon pound cake.
Q2
As you continue to increase insulation in the exterior walls
Real Answer (as opposed to all
of a Florida home is there an optimum level
of the ridiculousness floating
beyond which you are just wasting your
around the internet)
money?
Quadrupling the insulation in your walls sounds great until you find out that it only
Super high R value wall systems don’t pay
saves you a mere $100 a year and will never
for themselves anywhere in the Florida
give you payback for the first cost of the
climate. The maximum dollar savings that
higher R value wall!
can be achieved by changing the insulation
A2
Real
Answer
(as
opposed
to what your local insulation
salesman is going to tell you)
of the exterior walls in a 2000 sf one story
In Florida your return on exterior wall
The data base is huge – nearly 22,000
home is roughly $100 per year. That’s it.
insulation starts to diminish rapidly. I always
individual analysis were run. Thousands of
And that is NOT going to pay for the $4000
knew this was generally true – but I now
Table 1: Comparison of Energy Savings of the Least and Most Insulated Walls in Florida] Total Energy $ Savings per Year Over Standard CMU w/R4 Added Insulation (2000 sf Single Story Home)
$ Savings in Miami
$ Savings in Orlando
$ Savings in Jax
Cost of Energy Upgrade
Payback Period 6 for Mia
Wall#
Wall Disc
Overall U Value
1
CMU R4
.172
0
0
0
0
0
3
ICF R20
.046
$101
$79
$96
$4,2075
41.5 yrs
energy use comparisons can be made on
plus dollars it is going to take to do it.
various wall types and climate zones. For
know EXACTLY how it is true. Insulation beyond the R4 to R8 range for mass exterior
the purposes of this article I have picked out
Table 1 was generated from the PNNL data
walls is a complete waste of money.
5 eye opening truths that specifically relate
and clearly shows the HVAC savings when
to Florida’s climate and building types. The
you change out the walls from R4 CMU to
Figure one shows the savings for various
PNNL research gives is the REAL answer
R20 ICF. The overall U value is - well – the
levels of insulation. Going from no insulation
to residential energy questions that have
overall U value. I haven’t got room for a
to a nominal R4 in Miami makes perfect
plagued masonry for the past 4 decades.
detailed answer in this article for U stuff so
sense. It costs around $240 and saves you
I am not going to go through the details of
just consider it the insulation value of the wall
$70 or so per year. Going from R4 insulation
the research – for that you can view the two
with the smaller number having the better
to R8 insulation is a marginal return of
technical reports on our website at www.
insulation.
What is clear is that approx. 4
around $53/year on an initial investment of
floridamasonry.com.
times the insulation value nets you precious
$770 for the upgraded insulation package.
SPRING 2015 7
T echnical R E V I E W
Table 2 - Energy Differences Between R4 CMU and R13 Wood Walls Total Energy $ Savings per Year Over Standard CMU w/R4 Added Insulation Wall#
Wall Disc
Overall U Value
Miami
Orlando
Jax
11
CMU R4
.172
0
0
0
12
4” Wood R13
.092
$46
$15
$18
Increasing your insulation from R8 to R20
for all practical purposes a dead heat (your
homes, offsetting any incremental energy
costs you around $4000 and nets you a
monthly allotment is down to free coffee at
savings by 10 to 30 time.
whopping additional $48 per year of energy
Publix and a donut).
savings. This is a straight payback of over 80 years and not worth the investment no matter how you crunch the numbers.
Q3
Can masonry homes with R4 insulation be energy efficient in
Jacksonville with the cold winter weather? Are R13 wood frame homes really
much
more
energy
efficient than R4 masonry homes?
A3
Q4 A4
Real Answer (Not what you hear from the track wood frame
Q5
Do you have to put the insulation on the exterior of a
mass wall in order for it to be effective?
A5
Real Answer (Not what you get from self-appointed energy
gurus)
builders in Jacksonville) Real to
Answer what
(As
your
opposed
local
wood
distributor will tell you)
As we knew from past research, exterior We were surprised that mass did not
insulation is more efficient; however, this
perform better in Miami but elated at how
research allowed us to look at the actual
close CMU came to wood in Jacksonville
cost savings.
The energy efficiency of CMU with R4
- $18/year difference – nearly as good as
insulation and wood walls with R13 bat
Orlando! (see Table 2).
When you factor
Table 3 is a direct comparison of the same
insulation is neck and neck across Florida.
in the moisture/mold degradation of wood’s
wall with the only difference being insulation
Table 2 shows the real HVAC energy savings
batt insulation over time we are back to what
on the interior or the exterior of the wall. The
in Miami, Orlando and Jacksonville.
we always knew – CMU with a minimum of
research data shows that indeed, exterior
insulation is very energy efficient everywhere
insulation is more energy efficient but only at
Wood edges out CMU in Miami at $46/
in Florida! In addition, insurance for wood
around 4 to 6 cents per day.
year but this lead reduces to $15/year in
frame homes costs $150 to $575 (10-
Orlando. $15 per year ($1.25 per month) is
20%) more annually11 than CMU masonry
At this small savings exterior insulation is just
Table 3 - Comparison of Energy Savings of Interior vs. Exterior Insulation - Florida CMU Walls Total Energy Savings per Year of Exterior Insulation over Interior Insulation
Jax
Cost of Exterior Insulation 10
Payback Period 6 for Jax
Wall#
Wall Disc
Overall U Value
13
CMU Int Insul
.10
0
0
0
0
0
14
CMU Ext Insul
.10
$14
$17
$22
$3366
153 yrs
Miami
Orlando
AUBURN UNIVERSITY RAPTOR CENTER | AUBURN, AL
T echnical R E V I E W
not feasible. The interior insulation location
for use in the North Florida climate – FALSE!
currently being used in almost all CMU walls
deterioration of batt insulation over time (the average rainfall in South Florida is 60 inches
looks very cost effective. This is a 40-year
• Insulation is only effective on the outside of
discussion item solved for Florida – keep the
CMU – FALSE!
insulation on the inside of the wall.
per year). Masonry is the proven system for building
The energy data from the PNNL research will
Florida homes.
The comparisons presented in this article
certainly be dissected by those depending
has quietly dominated the market of
were chosen to highlight the amount of bad
on exaggerated claims of energy savings.
exterior wall building systems – for many
information and confusion associated with
For 60+ years masonry
good reasons – energy efficiency not the
them. When it comes to energy it seems
The force of this research is that there is
least.
like everyone has a product to sell or a
no better information currently available –
this comprehensive study to forcefully
personal “green” perspective to promote.
anywhere.
counteract the wild claims being promoted
The real value of this research is being able
The masonry industry undertook
in the residential construction arena. Added
systems. Not having the actual yearly dollar
The Rest of the Story
differences between walls leaves too much
In addition to energy efficiency CMU has
power and hopefully, with the knowledge
room for exaggeration and the imagination.
tremendous advantages.
Unlike wood
provided by this research, home buyers
“If no one knows - then anything goes” and
walls, CMU is unaffected by water and is
can make an educated decision on the
myths on energy efficiency abound:
not a food source for mold – no rot, no mold
best building material for their new home –
and no deterioration over time. Because it
concrete masonry.
to quickly and easily get to the real cost vs value relationship between virtually all wall
• Putting heavy insulation in your walls can
does not burn, your home insurance rates
save you hundreds of dollar PER MONTH
for CMU are 10 - 20% lower than for wood
– FALSE!
homes. Generally, this results in a savings
to these untruthful claims is the increasingly accepted notion that any amount of energy savings is worth any cost.
Knowledge is
of $150-$575 per year11 for insurance alone. • More insulation is always better – FALSE!
Structurally, CMU has proven far superior to wood in hurricanes and wind storms. CMU
• R13 wood walls are much more energy
is unaffected by the catastrophic termite
efficient than R4 CMU – FALSE!
damage to wood structures in Florida. And, getting back to energy, the minor differences
• R4 masonry is not energy efficient enough
in Table 2 are quickly reversed with moisture
SPRING 2015 9
A R C H ITE CT S P O T L I G H T
a Thoughtful Approach Creig Hoskins of HOSKINS Architecture LLC A natural leader and communicator,
always loved drawing. But as he entered his
State University where he was accepted
Creig Hoskins knew that architecture
high school years, he moved to Michigan to
into the school’s architecture program.
could be a good profession for him to
live with his uncle who worked for General
pursue. After dabbling in some drafting
Motors. He assumed he would just enter
After graduating from MSU in 1985,
and design classes while an undergrad, it
college and perhaps design cars rather
he was recruited by several firms but
sealed the deal.
than buildings but, as GM dealt with the
ultimately ended up at Giattina and Aycock
economic downfall of the early 80s, Creig
Architecture Studio, where he climbed his
returned home and enrolled at Mississippi
way up the ladder and ended up as senior
Creig was born in Clarksdale, MS and
AR CHI TE CT S P O T L I G H T
vice president before leaving the company
material, including George Washington
to open his own firm in 2005.
Carver High School and the Boy Scout Headquarters.
And now, 30 years after his career began, Creig is owner of HOSKINS Architecture
“Just about all of my projects use concrete
LLC,
in some manner,” he says. “However,
a
minority-owned
professional
architecture firm in Birmingham.
none designed by Hoskins Architecture has had the opportunity to use concrete
The of
firm
specializes
healthcare,
in
the
educational
design
in so much of an expressive manner, but
facilities,
there are projects that I have managed
corporate, judicial, ecclesiastical and multi-
with my previous company that expressed
unit housing facilities while using concrete
concrete, such as the Carver High School
as a key component.
Entrance using board formed concrete and the Boy Scout Headquarters at Liberty
“Concrete is chosen for certain designs
Park is all concrete with a green roof.”
because it is a proven product,” says Creig. “It’s strong, simple, clean and versatile.”
“Creig has an innate ability to create very thoughtful designs, which has made him
While notable pieces of architecture that
an award-winning architect,” said a fellow
LEFT: Carver High School entry from
include concrete such as the Hoover Dam,
colleague. “He’s always fun to work with,
exterior photo courtesy of GA Studio
Le Corbusier’s Chapel of Notre Dame
and it makes the experience that much
TOP RIGHT: Carver High School interior
and Philips Pavilion are some of Creig’s
more seamless.”
entry photo courtesy of GA Studio
favorites for their ‘clean, simple forms,’ he
BOTTOM RIGHT Inglenook Library
tries to incorporate the product into all of
Creig notes that his favorite thing about
his personal designs as well.
his profession is how it can strengthen the
interior entry
community if thoughtfully done. Throughout his career, he has designed several structures that heavily used the
“The great thing about architecture is
SPRING 2015 11
A R C H ITE CT S P O T L I G H T
GET TO KNOW CREIG Q. What’s your favorite food? A. Grilled fish and candied yams. Not necessarily in that order. Q. What is an interesting fact that
About Hoskins Architecture
Since the creation of the United States Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
most people don’t know about you? A. It is hard for me to say no.
HOSKINS
Architecture
is
a
minority-
program,
many
design
professionals
owned professional Architectural firm in
are rising to the industry-wide call for
Q. Where did you grow up?
Birmingham, Alabama with more than
environmental
A. Mississippi & Michigan. However,
75 combined years of experience and
Creig’s 30 years of experience, however,
I would call Mississippi home.
the capability to develop sound design
environmental responsibility has always
strategies for a wide range of government
been a priority. In fact, as a member
and commercial projects.
of the project team, he helped design
Q. What’s the last book you read?
responsibility.
During
Homewood Middle School, the nation’s
A. Some of My Best Friends Are Black: The Strange Story of
HOSKINS Architecture’s philosophy is
first middle school to achieve a LEED
Integration in America.
to listen, learn and employ critical and
Silver certification. Not only were 95% of
creative thinking to use time, space, and
the school’s spaces day-lit, promoting
Q. Are any other members of your
resources effectively to enhance the
wellness
family architects?
client, community, and built environment
environment, but this design strategy
A. My brother-in-law Juan
without
Their
amounts to 38% energy savings, when
Milhouse is an architect.
team approach renders more efficient
compared to a code-compliant school of
and
our
its same size. Other sustainable design
Q. What are your hobbies?
clients whether the project requires
strategies were integrated as well, such
A. Golf
building and site design, renovations,
as a state-of-the-art building automation
interior
compromising
well-rounded
design,
quality.
solutions
landscape
for
and
the
optimum
learning
design,
system, the building’s orientation for
Q. What is the one tool you can’t
building information modeling, master
optimal use of daylight, low-flow plumbing
live without?
planning or feasibility studies.
fixtures, and recycled, local, and low-VOC materials. In addition to its notoriety for
A. I never thought I would say this. It’s my cell phone
Its understanding of diverse building
sustainability, its clever design won Honor,
typologies has created a well-rounded
Merit, and Best of Show Awards from the
and knowledgeable team capable of
American Institute of Architects and has
that no two problems are the same, and
undertaking
large
been published in Alabama Construction
everything is always new and challenging,”
or
project
News, Portico Magazine, The Birmingham
he says. “And using concrete is proven,
management, they have built relationships
News,
and helps to create a clean simple design
with other disciplines within the building
Construction.
that will respond to the owner’s needs
community with a proven record of
without any fussiness.”
technical competence as well as a shared
TOP: CHS Parking Deck & Data Center
passion for design excellence.
photo courtesy of GA Studio
small.
most Through
any
project,
years
of
and
Environmental
Design
+
Creig has an innate ability to create very thoughtful designs, which has made him an awardwinning architect
Regions Field from RR Park | BIRMINGHAM, AL
SPRING 2015 13
FE A T U R E
C oncr ete T hi nk ing The Un i v e r si t y o f A l a ba m a C onc r e te La b or ato ry
FE A T U R E
In 1837, The University of Alabama (UA)
lab is designed to offer maximum flexibility
studies. Extensive work with computer
became one of the first five universities in the
for research.
Much of the large-scale
modeling and data acquisition and analysis
nation to offer engineering classes. Today,
testing equipment can be reconfigured as
is currently under way. A two-story facility
UA’s fully accredited College of Engineering
necessary to accommodate a wide variety
of approximately 20,000 square feet is
has approximately 5000 students and more
of research needs.
equipped
than 200 faculty and staff.
with
comprehensive
modern
metal casting equipment. It provides space The lab features an innovative hybrid testing
and facilities for teaching, research, and
In the last seven years, the University has
system working in sync with a new 17-feet-
service to metal casting and processing
aggressively improved its research capability
by-17-feet uni-axial seismic simulator, or
industries and is one of the largest
by investing heavily in new state-of-the-
shake table. It is capable of testing up to
facilities of its kind in the United States.
art engineering research and educational
two-story buildings with a full capacity of
The laboratory houses all basic types of
facilities.
approximately 50,000 pounds. Installed on
equipment used in operating foundries and
a 32-inch concrete slab, which exceeds one
permits demonstration to students of most
Opened in January 2012, the South
million pounds, the shake table will move
of the practices encountered in making cast
Engineering
(SERC)
directionally to replicate many of the world’s
iron, steel, and nonferrous alloys which may
is the first building dedicated solely to
Research
Center
largest and most environmentally damaging
be of interest in addressing the needs of
the College of Engineering since 1960
earthquakes.
urban infrastructure.
designed to encourage collaboration across
The hybrid testing system is unique in
Research
scientific disciplines. The new three-story
providing real-time theoretical modeling
faculty include the development of green
building has 175,000 square feet and was
coupled with physical seismic lab simulation
materials, advance materials engineering,
constructed at cost of approximately $70
as it is operating, and the feedback adjusts
solidification
million. There are seven large multimedia
the simulation immediately. With the largest
high-temperature superconductors; metal
classrooms that include two with 40 seats,
shake table in the Southeast, U.S. the
matrix composites; mechanical properties
three with 50 seats and two lecture halls
University of Alabama is uniquely qualified to
of
seating 90 people. There are more than 40
perform the research on structural aspects
information technology; materials for fuel
research and instructional labs including
of urban infrastructure in a variety of global
cells; mathematical and physical modeling
nine flexible-use instructional labs that can
environments.
of materials-processing operations such
and purposely creates research hubs
seat 36 students each.
interests
science
materials;
of
the
and
materials
for
materials
technology;
magnetic
as solidification and steelmaking; plasma The metallurgical and materials engineering
processing of materials; electromagnetically
Specifically, the South Engineering Research
laboratories also provide unique capabilities
driven flow systems; corrosion control;
Center has advanced laboratory capability
for
research.
facilities
refractories; ceramics; fracture mechanics,
in structural, materials, energy, and electro-
for
solidification
chemical
resource reclamation; foundry methods;
mechanical engineering.
The labs are
metallurgy, mechanical processing, heat
uniquely designed to accommodate large
treating, specimen preparation, light and
scale testing. One of the largest research
electron
labs, of particular interest to the concrete
corrosion, and electrochemistry.
They
include
processing,
microscopy,
X-ray
diffraction,
and metal casting. In the fall of 2013, the College of Engineering opened the North Engineering Research
industry, is the Large Scale Structures
Center (NERC) as part of the overall master
Laboratory, which supports the building’s
New, specialized facilities also exist for rapid
plan to reshape engineering education
theme of “engineering on display”.
It is
and unidirectional solidification, container-
and research at the university. Those who
designed to satisfy both research and
less melting, chemical-vapor deposition,
moved into NERC focus on research in
educational objectives.
sputtering of thin films, thermogravimetric
materials characterization and technology,
the laboratory are actually comprised of
analysis,
properties,
specifically in structural characterization,
ballistic glass, which allows students and
plasma processing of materials, fuel cells,
composite and nanocomposites, coatings
visitors to observe research in action. The
thermodynamic properties, and surface
and
Windows into
physico-chemical
corrosion,
materials
processing,
SPRING 2015 15
FE A T U R E
U niqu e Feat u r es of t h e L a b *For our undergraduates, each student can now makes and test their own concrete cylinder as part of their sophomore-level materials class. Students are also introduced to nondestructive testing equipment for concrete in these classes. *From a research perspective, the concrete lab and other new facilities in the college are a major improvement. Included are: -two mortar mixers -three rotating drum concrete mixers (up to 6 cubic feet capacity) -pan mixer capable of making ultraand a 7,000-square-foot clean room that
high performance concretes (UHPC).
hosts research under strict environmental guidelines.
This allows students to make mortar or concrete in just about any quantity
The instructional labs, like those in SERC,
needed for research purposes.
are designed to be flexible so they can handle any of the College’s disciplines
The lab houses one of the few “pore
each semester. Research and instructional
presses” in the United States, which
labs have the ability to accommodate new
is a high-strength steel die that allows
research tools and equipment without major
students to squeeze out a sample
disruptions or heavy costs, an important
of the pore solution in hydrated
part of its design and construction.
cement paste under pressures up to 100,000 psi, which contributes to
The lab is one of several at UA that offer
our knowledge of how cement-based
the ability to test a range of structural
materials hydrate over time. It also
materials,
bamboo,
has equipment for isothermal and
welding and joining, as well as electronic,
reinforcing steel, nanocomposites, and
including
wood,
semi-adiabatic calorimetry, which
magnetic and photonic devices.
unconventional cementitious materials such
are additional tools to study the
as geopolymers. We are able to test how
hydration of cementitious materials,
Like SERC, the building is a significant
these will respond to a variety of loads,
and a collection of nondestructive
upgrade in research and laboratory teaching
loading rates, and environmental conditions.
testing equipment. The environmental
space. The four-story building has about
chambers are particularly special for
206,000 gross square feet that includes 59
“Since opening at UA in 2012, my students
research laboratories, five instructional labs
and I have focused our research activities
their combination of size and flexibility.
FE A T U R E
in the area of concrete durability,” says Wei
construction and environmental engineering.
Song, Ph.D, assistant professor, civil
“Researchers from many universities will be invited to test out novel NDE methods on a
construction,
and
environmental
common collection of reference specimens.”
engineering. “It’s generally easy to make concrete that can meet the required 28-day
Wang’s research group focuses on applying
compressive strength for a project.
nanotechnology
and
green
chemistry
principles to enhance the sustainability of Making concrete that can stand the test of
construction materials. “
time remains a challenge, and researchers are constantly trying to find ways to predict
On nanotechnology, we invented a new
50+ years of field performance using
method to grow carbon nanotubes on
accelerated
Another
cement or fly ash particles which can
challenge we are seeking to address is how
laboratory
tests.
be used to manufacture self-dispersed
best to evaluate deteriorating concrete in
nanocomposite,” he says. “We also show
our existing infrastructure.”
that calcium carbonate core-silica shell nano-microparticles can be in-situ produced
“To that end, we have worked with the
in fresh concrete. A green routine to recycle
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) to
waste or demolished concrete has also
develop a set of mockup specimens with
been developed. “
different types and degrees of distress for their nondestructive evaluation (NDE)
Currently, two projects are being finished
center.,” says Ed Back, professor, civil,
that should lead to cost savings and benefit Alabama’s
transportation
infrastructure.
The first is to help ALDOT to identify better bridge deck sealers, which protect our concrete bridge decks from moisture and salt ingress, which can lead to corrosion of the reinforcing steel over time. The second project is a PCA-funded study to examine the potential for reintroducing carbonate aggregates such as limestone and dolomite in concrete pavement construction. “Limestone, in particular, tends to have a low coefficient of thermal expansion; this reduces cracking and joint movement in pavements, and can allow for more efficient pavement designs.,” says Wang. “This work was primarily a review of the state-of-theart in pavement materials, design, and rehabilitation, but we have identified several research needs and hope to partner with ALDOT on experimental work in the near future.”
SPRING 2015 17
PROJECT SPOTLIGHT
Top Block
Award Winner Carrie A. Tuggle Elementary School, located
site with its 13 structures in 1934. It was
in Birmingham, Alabama in the Eron Ridge
renamed Enon Rige School.
neighborhood, was awarded the Alabama
Project at a Snapshot
Concrete Industries Association’s “Top
Two years later the Board honored Mrs.
Block Award” at the American Institute
Tuggle by renaming it “ Tuggle Elementary.”
The new 80-square-foot Tuggle
of Architect’s (AIA) Annual Design Award
She is buried on the school grounds.
K-5 School contains:
program in Birmingham in February.
• 28 Classrooms “We found it to be an honor to be
• A 300 –seat gymnasium
The school was founded as the Tuggle
commissioned to design the new Tuggle
•M usic, art and computer
Institute by social worker Carrie A. Tuggle
Elementary School K-5 based on the
in 1903.
founder’s legacy,” says Clay Dorsey of
• An open atrium area
Dorsey Architects.
•P oured in place concrete
As a privately run charity, Mrs. Tuggle’s
rooms
FEMA Storm Shelter with
passion was to provide safe housing and
The new two-story building is approximately
restrooms and emergency
a good education to orphaned African-
80,000 square feet, with 28 classrooms, a
power backup
American children.
300-seat gymnasium, and music, art and
•A memorial plaza around
computer rooms. A cafeteria, library and
the tomb of the school’s
In 1926, the institute became associated
media center and administrative offices are
namesake, Carrie A. Tuggle
with the Birmingham City Schools, and the
included in the design, as well as an open
Board of Education bought the 15-acre
atrium in the lobby.
Carrie A. Tuggle Elementary School | Birmingham, AL
SPRING 2015 19
PROJECT SPOTLIGHT
“We designed two towers one that is reminiscent of the one found on the school’s forerunner, the Tuggle Institute, and the other a clock tower placed over the entry and library and media center,” says Dorsey. “Separate areas are designated for school bus and car pick-up and drop-off points. Football and baseball fields are placed in the “bowl” area behind the school.” The
project’s
total
construction
cost
was $10.2 million. Enon Ridge is a hilly neighborhood,
and
extensive
grading
work had to be done before construction started. The design documents took seven months, with construction taking about 21 months. Some of the unique features of the school
and help slow down sound transition.”
include an open atrium with a 22’-8”
Interior corridor features stained concrete
high glazed opening area overlooking the
Precast concrete was used around the
hillside, and a Memorial plaza around the
main entrance area using precast concrete
existing tomb of the school’s namesake.
coping, bands and lintels over openings
floors
and precast concrete trim around the “We also we used brick veneer columns
window below the clock tower.
with concrete masonry unit (CMU) backup and interior brick veneer walls through
“We had a very challenging site with
the main lobby and the open atrium area
several anomalies; however it played to our
overlooking the hillside,” he says. CMUs are
advantage particularly the steep slopes,”
durable and economical for classrooms,
says Dorsey. “We incorporated a cast-in-
PROJECT SPOTLIGHT
place concrete FEMA storm shelter on the
“We blended the design of the school into
slightly sloped gamble parapets with
sloping side of the site.”
and complemented the neighborhood. The
alternating flat parapets and different brick
building floor elevation was set lower than
colors and patterns, which were all done
The monumental stair in the open atrium
the former school that was demolished,
with CMU backups throughout.
is also cast-in-place concrete, as well the
so that the two story spaces and the high
retaining wall, which serves as the backup
volume spaces would not over power and
“The exterior and interior walls of the
for the brick veneer on the curved memorial
dominate the residential area.”
structure
plaza wall. In addition, all of the CMU’s cells
are
100%
concrete
block,”
says Dorsey. “The CMU interior walls are
throughout were filled with concrete, with
Dorsey said they planned the design so
excellent for school construction because
re-bars every 8 inches.
that the administration wing of the building
of its durability, maintenance and long term
was angled along a curved drive in order
cost savings.”
“We were mindful that the school was
to break up the long linear elevation. The
being placed in a residential area,” he says.
various elevations were articulated with
SPRING 2015 21
T echnical R E V I E W
Best Practices
Lateral bracing
Don Beers, PE
at top of wall provides critical connection Research confirms resiliency of structural masonry in major wind events Masonry can be the best wall system
Structural
available for resisting high winds and
understand
engineers
and
builders
type construction with that of construction using best practices, IBHS tested two 30’
preventing damage to structures. The weight
x 20’, single-story structures side by side in
and stability of the concrete masonry unit
• masonry walls taller than 4’ or 5’ must be
their wind tunnel facility in Chester County,
(CMU) or structural brick combined with the
designed as cantilevers or be supported at
South Carolina. Associations affiliated with
grouted rebar connections throughout the
both the top and bottom.
the building envelope (including walls, roof
wall give masonry a unique ability to stand
and doors) were consulted.
up to high wind pressures, even pressures
• cantilevered walls taller than 8’ usually
far in excess of the calculated design loads.
require special oversized foundations and
Best Practice vs Common Practice.
For masonry, and any other type of wall, one
additional vertical reinforcement at the base
Because of their experience with masonry
of the essential requirements for resistance
of the wall.
structures in high wind, both in theory and
to horizontal wind load is support by a
practice, IBHS approached the Masonry
roof or elevated floor at the top of the wall
• walls above 15’ in height are not
Association of Florida and the National
(referred to as diaphragm action). Walls with
usually
very
Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA)
lateral support at the top and the bottom
large foundation and heavy reinforcement
for help in designing masonry walls for the
are called simply supported as opposed to
necessary to handle the overturning and
two side-by- side commercial buildings.
cantilevered walls, which have no horizontal
bending moment.
One of the buildings (called Common) was
cantilevered
because
of
support at the top.
to contain the most common practices
IBHS Testing Gives Graphic Illustration of the Impact of Side Wall Connection
of masonry construction, many of which
the wall over, or if the connection to the
The Insurance Institute for Business & Home
best practices and current design code
foundation is strong enough, tries to over
Safety (IBHS) is dedicated to research and
requirements. The assembled design team
turn the foundation. This torque at the base
training as related to the evaluation of
agreed on four key differences in the two
is referred to by engineers as an overturning
residential and commercial construction
wall designs (see table page 23).
moment. The moment being simply a
materials and systems. Research performed
rotational force. This moment action has
at their test center is used to justify revisions
The virtual lack of continuity of the wall
to be resisted by a large founda tion with
to building codes and practices toward
vertical reinforcement into the bond beam
enough weight to resist the overturning
more resiliency in the built environment and
and poor connection to the roof in the
and creates excessive bending moment
a reduction of the cost to the public in both
common building was the primary failure
in the lower area of the wall. The bending
lives and property lost as a result of natural
area. Indeed, the Common building failed
moment in a cantilevered wall is four times
disasters.
in the wind test in the exact mode I have
The tall, unsupported cantilevered wall acts as a lever creating torque (high bending forces at the bottom) which tries to push
the bending moment in a wall of equivalent
include doing things as they have always been done. The second building (called Stronger) was to be built according to
seen played out in wind storms across
height braced (simply supported) at the top
In an effort to compare and contrast
Florida.
The
vertical
reinforcement
in
for horizontal (lateral) wind loads.
performance of typical commercial strip mall-
the wall of the Common building lacked
AUBURN UNIVERSITY RAPTOR CENTER | AUBURN, AL
T echnical R E V I E W
Common Building
Stronger Building
Amount of Vertical Reinforcement
Contained #4 vertical reinforcement on both sides of openings and in the corners
Added #4 vertical reinforcement at maximum spacing of 8’ on center along all walls
Connection of the bond beam to the vertical wall steel (Primary failure area)
No hook bars extended into the bond beam. Vertical bars were allowed to extend into the bottom of the bond beam ¼”
90° hook bars extended fully into the bond beam and extended down into the wall to lap with vertical wall steel
Corner bars for continuity of reinforcement in bond beams around corners
No corner bars were used in bond beams
Corner bars in bond beams were used to fully connect walls together at the top corners
Bond Beam Depth
Used an 8” deep bond beam at the top of the wall
Bond beam depth was increased to 16” (two courses). Both courses contained (2) #4 bars in top of ach course
adequate connection to the bond beam.
Portions of the test can be online seen at
to winds in the Category 2 hurricane range
Consequently,
of
disastersafety.org. Of all the masonry
(96-100 mph sustained wind speeds). The
approximately 45 to 50 psf pulled the bond
building designs I have ever been involved
collapsed wall was connected to the roof
beam away from the top of the wall leaving
with, this is the only one that was built to be
structure with a cut nail every 48’’, which
no horizontal support for the wall. It had little
blown down!
was obviously provided during – and for –
the
net
roof
up-lift
capacity since it was not designed to act as a cantilevered wall and thus had little means to resist the approximately 35 psf of wall net wind pressure.
construction, not for lateral support.
Most Vulnerable Structures
Pictured (on page 24) is an endwall of a
Churches, gymnasiums, box retail stores,
warehouse structure. While the wall was
warehouses and other structures with walls
very well reinforced, there was no tie in
The top wind gust during the test was
above 10’ in height and a single span roof
between the vertical wall reinforcement and
136 mph, or the equivalent of a 97 mph
system are at increased risk from high winds.
the bond beam (sound familiar?)
oneminute sustained wind speed. All wind
Where cast-in-place floors and roofs lock in
speeds are referenced to standard open
the exterior walls, the problem is much less
country con di tions at an elevation of 10m
likely. However, every exterior wall must be
(33’) (Exposure C in wind code terms).
properly connected into the structure at the
Both the IBC and the MSJC call for lateral
top and bottom for best performance.
support at the top of the wall. Section
Results indicate that proper reinforcement
Best Practices
1.7.4.1 of TMS 402-08 states, “Walls, After Hurricane Andrew made landfall in
columns and pilasters shall be designed to
turn,
Florida in 1992, we observed some classic
resist loads, moments and shears applied at
protects occupants and property. This
failures due to lack of connection. Large
the intersections with horizontal members”.
is especially important to the insurance
doors are vulnerable in high winds. If the
The location and number of these structural
industry as their research indicates that
large door fails on the windward side,
elements are obviously left up to the
one in four businesses that close during
increased pressure develops inside the
designer, but their presence is essential, as
a disaster does not repair their facilities
building and may blow out the side wall,
we have seen, to the wind load resistance
and reopen. This can have disastrous
particularly with a lack of connection bet
of the structure.
repercussions on the economy, as small
ween the wall and pre-stressed roof. This
businesses are vital, occupying 30- 50%
type of collapse would likely completely
Communication.
of all commercial space and accounting for
demolish the interior of the structure.
collaboration and communication between
and
detailing
structural
significantly
damage,
which
reduce in
54% of all sales in the US, according to the Small Business Administration.
Early
and
regular
members of the design team, construction We encountered a church structure exposed
team and inspectors can reinforce the
SPRING 2015 23
T echnical R E V I E W
singlefamily homes fair no better than their commercial counterparts. A standard failure mode is wind on the leading edge of the roof pries up decking, trusses progressively collapse into the structure, and the endwall, with no lateral bracing, collapses into the structure also. It is instructive to note that during the development of the Florida wind codes, the arguments over the proper bracing of the gable end were the most contentious and animated. Subsequent wind storms have ended the argument. Bracing of the gable endwall is essential! The solution is either adequate bracing of the importance
to
effort with out clear understanding of how
gable endwall back into the roof structure
lateral
critically important to the survival of the
or balloon framing where the endwall
structure the connectors are. The IBHS
spans from the foundation all the way up
study showed, how ever, that while
to the underside of the roof decking (roof
Detailing. Designers often have a floor
a building may perform accept ably
diaphragm including proper connection).
or roof near the top of the wall to act as
under normal conditions without those
lateral support (diaphragms). Without one,
connections, the time and cost of
solutions are not immediately obvious. For
rebuild ing after a storm or earthquake
some large open structures with tall walls, I
is exponentially more expensive than
Masonry
have gone to the extent of creating horizontal
the original savings were worth. And
advances in both design codes and
trusses span ning between the bearing
you run the risk of human injury or loss
computerization. Real-life failures are often
walls. In other cases, long tall walls may
of life as a result. Acting on the big picture,
from a simple omission. Not providing lateral
require regular vertical pilasters spanning
for the long term, is always better than a
support at the top of all walls is an easy-to-
between the foundation and roof diaphragm
shortterm savings.
understand and easily correctable mistake,
structural
of
proper
elements
to
connection prevent
connections from being overlooked.
with the wall spanning horizontally between these members.
The Answer design
has
made
incredible
not only in masonry construction but in all Checks and Balances. Without some
construction types. Sadly, it is also the most
foreknowledge by the inspector on the
common and unneces sary masonry failure
Another common oversight happens when
importance of proper roof-to-wall detailing,
mode I have seen from Florida hurricanes
the engineer of record assumes that the wall
he may miss checking for this when work is in
and tornados.
to roof connection is being detailed by roof
progress. After construction, the connection
supplier. Again, this can be resolved by early
areas may not be obvious or be hidden from
Reprinted with permission from SMART |
and open communication between parties.
view, especially if 20’ or 30’ off the ground,
dynamicsofmasonry v1.4
so verifying their placement may be difficult The Big Picture. Bearing wall connections
after the fact. Again, early commu ni cation
to the roof are generally not where the issue
and planning can help ensure not only that
arises, because there has to be some type
the work is being executed properly, but that
of connection to hold the roof in place.
it will be inspected for accuracy and verified.
Not so for the non-bearing walls. Special brackets or odd connectors attaching the roof and top of the endwall (non-bearing) may be ignored simply as a cost-saving
Is Residential Exempt? Unbraced
gable
endwalls
in
smaller,
C O N C R E T E NE W S
Concrete News
SPRING 2015
ACIF Pheasant Shoot raises $20,000+
Charles Bell was presented with the 2015
For more than 22 years, the Alabama
Chairman’s award at this year’s Annual
Concrete
Meeting held in January. He worked
awarded scholarships to students enrolled
in the concrete industry for 51 years,
in
and was involved with many notable
architecture at our state’s universities. Since
projects around the state and at Auburn
1993, we have awarded 44 scholarships
University. We were pleased to honor
totaling over $240,000, and since 2006
Charles with this coveted award, and are
the foundation has given away two $8,000
grateful to his service in the industry.
scholarships annually.
Scholarship Recipients recognized at 2015 Annual Meeting
Industries
building
science,
Foundation engineering
has or
Congratulations to Katie Sheibley, a student at UAB and Heath Roeber, a student from Auburn University who were awarded the scholarships.
The ACIF Continental Pheasant Shoot was held this past November, and raised more than $20,000 for the Foundation. Fourteen companies sponsored four
member
companies
teams, with serving
as
overall sponsors. A total of 56 shooters participated. The event was held at Extreme Whitetails in Oneonta, AL, and takes place every two years to raise money for the Alabama Concrete Industry’s Foundation.
Charles Bell receives 2015 Chairman’s Award
Alabama Concrete Industries Foundation
SUMMER FALL 2014 25
C O N C R E T E NE W S
on the ACIA Board of Directors and the Concrete PAC.
ACIA introduces 2015 Board
Phil Webb named the Anniston Star’s 2015 Citizen of the Year
organizations including the Calhoun County
2015 Board of Directors
Home Builders Association, Calhoun County
• Sam Reed- Chairman
Habitat for Humanity, the JSU Foundation,
(Midsouth Aggregates) • Jeff Blankenship- Vice Chairman (Sherman Industries) • Greg Bowman- Secretary (Delta Industries) • Cosby Carmichael- Treasurer (Cosby Carmichael) • Stephen Snipes • Bart Moore • Bill Martin • Mike Lanier • Byron Hunt • Clark Gates • Evans Duncan • Tyler Davis • Phil Webb • Brent Brusser
Anniston Museum Endowment Corporation
• Bill Warr
The ACIA would like to congratulate
Board, the Calhoun County Chamber of
• Stacey Renfroe
Phil being
Webb
of
recognized
Webb as
for
Commerce, the Anniston Country Club,
the Anniston
Concrete
Noble Bank & Trust, McClellan Development
Star’s 2015 Citizen of the Year. Phil has
Authority, the Knox Concert Series, YMCA
devoted a large portion of his life working to
of
improve Calhoun County and is most worthy
Council of Boy Scouts of America, and the
of the distinguished award. Currently, Phil
Governor’s Circle. Phil also finds time to give
serves on the board of directors of nine local
back to the concrete industry by serving
Calhoun
County, Greater
Alabama
2 0 1 5 C A L END A R
MARK IT
DOWN
2015
MAY ACI Certification
07-08 montgomery, al
ACI Level 1 is a two-day only program that will consist of classroom review followed by a written test and hands on performance test. To register, visit www.alconcrete.org/classes.
MAY
13 Birmingham, al
Parking Lot Seminar
AGC Headquarters | 11 a.m.-1 p.m. *Topics to be covered: • Pavement Design, Construction, Concrete Materials, Testing, and NRMCA CPA Software To register call (334) 265-0501. Free of charge, 3 hours of education
WINTER 2014 27 SPRING 2015
2 0 1 5 C A L END A R
JUNE ACI Certification
02-03 Troy, al
ACI Level 1 is a two-day only program that will consist of classroom review followed by a written test and hands on performance test. To register, visit www.alconcrete.org/classes.
JUNE
04-07 Biloxi, MS
Summer Convention
Please join us for our annual summer convention this year at the beautiful Beau Rivage Hotel & Casino in Biloxi, MS.
AUG. ACI Certification
11-12 Grove Hill, al
ACI Level 1 is a two-day only program that will consist of classroom review followed by a written test and hands on performance test. To register, visit www.alconcrete.org/classes.
ARBA AD 2015.pdf 1 1/9/2015 9:33:05 AM
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1745 Platt Place Montgomery, AL 36117 www.alconcrete.org 334.265.0501
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