Zootecnica International - English edition - 11 November - 2021

Zootecnica International – November 2021 – POSTE ITALIANE Spa – Spedizione in Abbonamento Postale 70%, Firenze

Focus on feed, additives, and feed distribution systems A projection of egg production until 2030 The impact of anthelmintic resistance in parasites of poultry

11 2021

The new feeders of the «Gió» range, specifically developed for great poultry farms, thanks to the easiness in the regulation of the feed and to the absence of grill (that avoid chicks perching) have many advantages: they are easy to use and their cleaning is extremely easy and fast too, leading to an overall reduction in labour costs.

CODAF Poultry Equipment Manufacturers • Via Cavour, 74/76 • 25010 Isorella (Brescia), ITALY Tel. +39 030 9958156 • Fax: +39 030 9952810 • info@codaf.net • www.codaf.net

EDITORIAL A few weeks ago in Bonn, the birthplace of Ludwig van Beethoven, his Tenth Symphony - notoriously unfinished - was performed thanks to a team of artificial intelligence experts who, by elaborating the notes left on the Master’s work table, managed to complete the work. The result obtained, while undoubtedly sensational, confronts us with the question of whether the union between art and artificial intelligence is really feasible.

The news made me think a lot. There are many other masterpieces of art, from Leonardo da Vinci to Michelangelo, from Schubert to Mahler that within which, expert critics have detected many imperfections. In considering this we could assume all these imperfections could also be corrected, with the help of specific software.

It is terrible to think that technology can correct imperfection, which has always existed in the greatness of art, as in the artist’s mind a masterpiece is always incomplete and infinite. Just think of the great value of the indefinite, of the unexpressed, which is expressed by those who have the sensitivity of art.

Technological evolution, taking place over the course of a few years, applied at all levels and in all sectors, including poultry, is quite another story. We should be much more aware of the results attainable thanks to new technologies and we should equally be aware how we are managing to convey the right message to the consumer.

Perhaps we should avoid talking too often about welfare and sustainability and just be more transparent. One should not be afraid to talk about an industrial product which has been made using the most advanced technologies which have an ethical background.

Old Aza factory

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Since 1960

Leader in pig & poultry equipment

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SUMMARY WORLDWIDE NEWS............................................................................. 4 COMPANY NEWS................................................................................... 8 FOCUS Focus on feed, additives and feed distribution systems.................................. 10

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Facco’s different solutions for feed dispensation............................................ 11 Rafael Martinez, CEO of Alfama of Burgos, Spain, outlines the advantages of Aza International’s Pratika feed pan for broilers......................................... 12 Giordano Poultry Plast: the optimal solution for any feeding need.................. 14 VAL-CO, clean and dry feed from delivery to consumption............................. 16 Let’s talk about the importance of calcium How to optimise muscle function and leg & egg shell strength....................... 18

MARKETING A projection of egg production until 2030....................................................... 22

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TECHNICAL COLUMN Investigating the reasons behind a poor hatch............................................... 28

MANAGEMENT Brooding....................................................................................................... 32

NUTRITION Supplementation of broiler diets with a multi-protease enzyme increases growth performance and nutrient digestion of broiler chickens....................... 34 Sustainable chicken meat production is enhanced by tangibly reduced crude protein diets......................................................... 40

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VETERINARY The impact of anthelmintic resistance in parasites of poultry.......................... 46

PROCESSING Six questions about high-volume chicken fillet portioning............................... 48

MARKET GUIDE................................................................................... 52

UPCOMING EVENTS.......................................................................55 INTERNET GUIDE.............................................................................56

WORLDWIDE NEWS

The European Poultry Meat Sector commits to developing a Sustainability Charter During the General Assembly of AVEC – The European Poultry Meat Association – members committed to developing a Sustainability Charter which will be published at the beginning of 2022.

One hundred and fifty representatives from the European Poultry Meat Sector met on 10th of September 2021 in the beautiful city of Berlin where the German member of AVEC, BVG, hosted the 63rd AVEC General Assembly. The debates focused on the sustainability of the sector, in the context of the Green Deal and EU Farm to Fork strategy, with a lively exchange between first class speakers from both authorities and academia.

The General Assembly concluded with a major announcement, as AVEC’s President, Paul Lopez, presented the so-called “Berlin Declaration” in which the European poultry meat sector commits to developing a “Sustainability Charter” to be published at the beginning of 2022.

third countries. It is of huge importance that the efforts implemented in EU poultry meat sector which will raise the production costs are not met with a counter effect of larger imports of poultry meat from third countries. We produce meat in a very climate smart way in Europe – so importing more meat from third countries will in the end lead to higher GHG emissions globally.”

The launch of this sustainability charter is an unprecedented effort from the sector to respond to society’s concerns on sustainability and highlights the high level of responsibility from the sector to face the upcoming challenge of climate change.

The 63rd AVEC General Assembly was also an opportunity to say a huge thank you to the Vice President and former President of AVEC Paul-Heinz Wesjohann from the German PHW Group. Mr Wesjohann, who has dedicated a lot of work through the decades to fight for the best framework for the European Poultry Meat Sector, retired from the AVEC Board. He received a standing ovation as current AVEC President Paul Lopez informed participants that Mr Wesjohann was the first Honorary President of AVEC.

Through this commitment, AVEC intends to demonstrate that European Poultry Meat is part of the solution in the fight against climate change by developing concrete solutions to improve the sustainability of the sector.

The sector aims at finding a balance between the 3 pillars - Environment, Social and Economy to establish true sustainability.

AVEC’s Secretary General, Birthe Steenberg, made clear that “the level of commitment of the EU poultry meat sector is highly dependent on the willingness and capacity of the EU Commission to defend the sector from unfair competition from

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The 2021 AVEC Annual Report was launched during the General Assembly.

The report can be found here: www.avec-poultry.eu/resources/annual-reports

- worldwide news -

WORLDWIDE NEWS

Helping emerging egg farmers around the world achieve long-term business productivity and stability.

Production Manual launched to support sustainable, affordable egg production in developing countries The International Egg Foundation (IEF) has launched a new Production Manual to support emerging commercial egg producers (ECEPs). Created in collaboration with egg industry experts, the manual covers best practices for farm set-up, farm management and egg management, with a focus on the importance of biosecurity.

A new knowledge-driven Production Manual has been launched to support emerging commercial egg producers (ECEPs) to adopt best practices and achieve longterm business productivity and stability. Produced and designed by the International Egg Foundation (IEF), the manual delivers practical, actionable guidance on fundamental areas of egg production, based on extensive experience and expert knowledge from within the egg industry.

Topics include the importance of biosecurity, farm set-up, farm management and egg management, and is aimed at medium sized layer farms (100-5,000 birds).

IEF Chairman, Tim Lambert, said “Our main aim as a charity is to enable those in need to improve the lives of their families and local communities, today and in the future. Through our Global Egg Schools programme we have identified fundamental areas where knowledge is commonly limited, such as biosecurity and layer management. It has been our experience that once best practic-

es in these areas are shared, farmers have been able to significantly improve their outputs and profits. By helping them to produce more efficiently, not only do the farmers and their families gain direct access to high-quality nutrition through consumption of a portion of their output, but they can also support the nutritional status of their local community through egg sales.”

The IEF would like to thank Renée Cunningham of the Ebenezer Trust and the IEF Working Group members for their expert contribution to this project.

The manual is available in French, English and Portuguese and can be accessed via the IEF website at www. internationaleggfoundation.com/news-and-resources/ production-resources. The IEF plans to facilitate additional translations in the future to enable as many people to benefit from the document as possible.

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Source: International Egg Foundation

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WORLDWIDE NEWS

SPACE 2021: a great edition for starting and meeting again The 35th edition of SPACE, inaugurating its new format, was held from 14 to 16 September, in person, at the Parc-Expo in Rennes, and continued on 17 September in a digital version.

The visit of the Minister of Agriculture, Julien Denormandie, for the inauguration of SPACE, allowed professionals and sector managers to discuss the crucial issues that are relevant. These exchanges were like those that took place between exhibitors and visitors: high-quality, in-depth, and committed to the future of our agriculture in its diversity.

After two years without a physical edition due to the health crisis, this edition was a great success: 1,118 exhibitors, including 323 international exhibitors, welcomed 74,772 visitors, including 4,629 international ones. SPACE is pleased and proud to have given rise to these exchanges, which took place in a very positive atmosphere. All of the livestock farming family were finally able to see each other again at their show and there were many smiles.

This return of SPACE also symbolises the resumption of activity in the events sector, which has been severely impacted by the health crisis. SPACE 2021 was the first and only worldwide trade show this year for all animal sectors. It is a strong sign of encouragement for all event organisers who have to resume their activities in difficult conditions due, in particular, to difficulties in recruiting staff.

More than ever, SPACE has fulfilled its mission to farmers and exhibitors. Its fundamentals, which describe it as a professional, international and friendly trade show, have been confirmed or even strengthened this year. The multitude of exchanges, the modernity of the presentations and the booths and the many innovations presented, illustrated the dynamism and the ability to adapt and listen that guide the development of our livestock farming sectors.

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- worldwide news -

SPACE has been, once again, an exceptional platform for presenting innovations with 35 Innov’SPACE winners, including 5 special mentions. These products, services and equipment have illustrated how these companies are constantly looking for new solutions to offer working tools to farmers that improve their working conditions while ensuring animal welfare.

By placing the theme of Espace for the Future under the sign of welfare shared between farmers and their animals, this 35th edition has allowed professionals to express themselves on this subject, thus bringing more rationality to the discussions. Thanks to this space for demonstrations, testimonials and round tables by sector, the question of welfare has been at the heart of exchanges and discussions. This Espace for the Future, implemented with the expertise of the chambers of agriculture, has made it possible to highlight the constant and daily concern of farmers for the welfare of

WORLDWIDE NEWS

their animals. It also highlighted the need to always make it known, explain it and share it with citizens, while highlighting the economic aspect of these issues for farmers.

Despite the constraints linked to the health context, the difficulties of travelling and obtaining visas, international visitors were present at this 2021 edition. Several international delegations, in particular from several West African countries, made the trip. The Livestock Farming Ministers from Mali and Senegal, at the head of their delegations, were thus able to explain their needs in terms of training, equipment and genetics, to meet the food needs of their countries and to find suitable solutions for the work of their farmers.

This participation, which was unexpected at the time of preparing the show a few months ago, is proof of the importance and role of SPACE as a facilitator of links, but also as a provider of solutions to answer fundamental questions concerning food sovereignty at local, regional, national and global level.

SPACE will be back again in 2022, from 13 to 15 September, in person, and on 16 September, digitally.

For further information: uk.space.fr, digital.space.fr and SPACE mobile app – app.space.fr. Also visit SPACE’s “Podcast Area” on the website and on the app. where you can find all the show’s live broadcasts on innovation, food sovereignty, generational renewal, etc. On SPACE’s digital tools, you can also find some replays taken from the programme of the hundred conferences that took place during this 2021 edition.

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COMPANY NEWS

Hy-Line International offers exclusive benchmarking program

@Cover

Vision Egg analyzes customer data to emphasize flock performance and profitability.

Hy-Line International, the global leader in poultry layer genetics, provides unique support to its customers through a performance and profitability benchmarking program, Vision Egg. Vision Egg is a custom diagnostic tool used to analyze data and emphasize flock performance to achieve the highest genetic potential from Hy-Line layers with recommendations connected to customer profitability.

All Hy-Line customers are invited to take advantage of this opportunity by sending flock data to their regional business manager or technical service specialist. The information shared with Hy-Line is kept completely confidential.

“Vision Egg benchmarking is a very strategic tool to identify problems or areas to improve performance and profitability with a presentation that is easy to understand,” said Vitor Arantes, Global Technical Service Manager. Key performance indicators are analyzed and used for recommendations including hen day percent, eggs

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per hen, egg weight, body weight, feed consumption and mortality. The data is compared to Hy-Line flocks and regional flock data for direct and precise changes that can lead to greater economic success for the customer. In addition, the data collected for Vision Egg is reviewed by our renowned R&D team to drive our accelerated genetic selections in the future, which continue to benefit our customers.

To take advantage of the unique and exclusive Vision Egg program, customers should contact their regional business manager or technical service specialist. More resources for Hy-Line varieties such as management guides, technical updates, and performance standards for reference can be found online at hyline.com.

- company news -

COMPANY NEWS

Sacco System announces its partnership with Landlab “Modern Agricultural innovation relies on sustainability and preservation of ecological balances. Our alliance with Landlab aims to develop innovative, sustainable and eco-friendly products, supported by the most rigorous and careful efficacy trials because we know that the success and the effectiveness of our products, depends on the health and the happiness of our Nature, our consumers and our future generations”, says Francesco Vuolo, R&D researcher.

Landlab is a cutting-edge research team, a place for pure thoughts, development and innovation for agriculture, active in this area for more than 20 years. Landlab develops products intended for sustainable agriculture; deals with plants nutrition, bio-stimulation and protection, by developing new products with special care for the changes of this sector.

“Soil life has to be dramatically enhanced since it has been almost forgotten in the last years. Microbials, bacte-

ria, yeasts will therefore have a growing role in this direction by promoting soil stability and the plants’ wellbeing.

Precisely identified Microbials consortia combined with balanced nutrition will be of high value in the robustness and performance of the crop. We think that single tools, single players are not the solution, but only a far more holistic approach will better promote the maximum yield potential of the crops. Integration, combination, contamination, hybridization: key values for a truly progressive research flow. Therefore we were looking, for years, for a reliable partner in the plant-soil-microbiome area, for establishing long-term oriented cooperation. For three years Landlab and Sacco System have in place several research projects. From here we decided to move ahead and establish a stable joint innovation platform.

We are now fully convinced: Landlab & Sacco System are on the same page, both devoted to going through this new and very promising path”, says Adriano Altissimo, Co-Owner Landlab.

WWW.FIERAGRICOL A.IT

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FOCUS

Focus on feed, additives, and feed distribution systems Feed is the most important input for intensive poultry production and the availability of low-priced, high-quality feed is critical for the sector’s expansion. For maximum performance and good health, poultry need a supply of energy, protein, essential amino acids, minerals and vitamins. Practical poultry diets are formulated from a mixture of ingredients including cereal grains, cereal by-products, fats, plant protein sources, vitamin and mineral supplements, crystalline amino acids and feed additives.

Flexible, low maintenance and reliable feeding systems are essential for distributing feed to the birds in line with the specific needs of any operation. All systems are built to reduce feed waste and operating expenses.

Feed additives have been developed to help farmers meet health and performance challenges. Innovative commercially available products provide birds with a wide range of benefits, improving welfare and profitability, reducing environmental impact, and enhancing product quality.

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Facco’s different solutions for feed dispensation Facco’s feeding system is the result of years of study and experience that allowed to optimize and refine the characteristics and methods of feeding’s distribution.

Facco developed over the years two different methods for feed dispensation according to the type of installation: the trolley feeding system and the flat chain feeding system.

The trolley feeding system is dedicated to the traditional battery systems and represents an excellent technical solution for a uniform and regular distribution of the feed in the feed trough. It’s characterized by the presence of a self-propelled steel trolley pulled by a rope. The distribution is continuous and uniform thanks to the leveler that regulates the feed distribution according to the quantity in the feed trough keeping it consistent and channeling the feed to the bottom of the feed trough.

elements of the trolley, make Facco’s feeding system the most reliable and precise on the market.

The flat chain feeding system has been introduced by Facco in the 70s and is found mostly in the cage free systems. This system is characterized by great flexibility which allows to adapt it to every installation. The flat chain distributes the feed consistently and the speed can be regulated allowing to adapt the system to every type of installation. The flexibility is identified by the hoppers which can have different capacities and can supply more circuits simultaneously including those of big dimensions.

The feed trough is equipped with edges that prevent feed wastage and its inclination allows the animal to eat all the feed including the smaller components which contains the majority of the nutrients. The shape of the feed trough has a unique structure that, together with the other

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Email: facco@facco.net Website: www.facco.net

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Rafael Martinez, CEO of Alfama of Burgos, Spain, outlines the advantages of Aza International’s Pratika feed pan for broilers Company Alfama based in Burgos, Spain, is one of the Spanish dealers of AZA International leader in pig, poultry and cattle feeding systems.

Mr Rafael Martinez, CEO of Alfama, has recently met Mr Paolo Pandolfi, export managing director of AZA International, to discuss about the Pratika feed pan for broilers designed and developed by AZA International and installed at Agrolyr SC poultry farms at Villanueva del Campo, Spain, whose general manager is Mr Lucas Gangoso.

Mr Martinez, why did Mr Gangoso choose AZA International for his farms and why did he decide to install the Pratika feed pans?

“Well, he chose AZA International because it’s been synonymous with quality and reliability for more than 60 years. As you know, we’ve been working with AZA for a long time

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and I’m still supplying spares to systems that are 30 years old. The main reason that made me go for the Pratika in the Spanish market is its simple use and competitive price in comparison with the other pans made by our competitors.”

What are the main advantages that Mr Gangoso noticed in this kind of feed pan?

“Surely the 6 easy adjusting positions of the maximum and minimum feed volume and the fully automatic change from the chick to the adult phase. The bottom pan is low and this helps the chick feeding during the first days. Roughly speaking, the real advantages of this pan concern the fast and simple

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opening of the bottoms (it really takes 1 second to open one bottom pan). Moreover, it’s very easy to wash and clean thanks to its automatic swinging opening system which allows deep cleaning even inside the tube hole, which is not always possible with some other pans on the market. Its accurate design persuades birds to eat, avoiding feed selection and waste.”

Could you briefly explain how the feeding systems with Pratika feed pans work?

“Pratika feed pans get filled by a flex auger system and, during the chick phase, all the pans of the line are lying on the floor so that the cone of the pans goes up in chick phase position and bottom pan is full of feed to help one or two day-old chicks to eat. This feed pan can be supplied with opening closers to close the pans during the chick phase. While birds are growing, the farmer raises the system using one manual or electrical winch and the feed pan changes from chick to adult phase and the feed inside the pan gets reduced. At the end of the cycle, the farmer raises

the line completely and carries out the washing operations that, as mentioned above, are fast thanks to the automatic opening of the bottom pans. The bottoms of the Pratikas, once opened, occupy limited space inside the farm and this is appreciated in all the buildings with low ceiling. The simple use as well as the performance of the Pratika are really appreciated by all my customers.”

Email: info@azainternational.it Website: www.azainternational.it

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Giordano Poultry Plast: the optimal solution for any feeding need Poultry farms, of any size, location and species they are earmarked for, constantly need to supply the best economic result, in terms of both conversion and group homogeneity, in accordance with regulatory and growing expectations of animal well-being and environmental sustainability.

It is therefore necessary that both those who set up farms and those who manage them are constantly updated about the context and the offer from the market, especially in its more dynamic fields, such as genetics, equipment, feeding and automation.

In its corporate itinerary begun in 1964, in Italy, and progressively expanded worldwide, Giordano Poultry Plast has always shared and often anticipated the search for effective solutions for the entire poultry production chain. From breeding to the slaughterhouse and to meat and egg handling, always with

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innovative solutions achieved by the ongoing interaction with the world of production and with leading technological partners in the aforementioned sectors.

As one of the most dynamic fields of its activity and to provide an increasingly more appropriate answer to one of the above mentioned key factors for the economic success of poultry production, namely, feeding, Giordano Poultry Plast has duly extended over time the range of its feeders and the species for which the same should be designed and implemented. Moving therefore from manual

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feeders, by now milestones worldwide, such as Manola B (for broilers) and Manola T (for turkeys and web-footed birds), we created the automatic innovative solutions Twist and Polyfeeder, designed to provide a precise answer to one of the main necessities of a farm manager – to optimise, both in terms of use and economically, the switch from the feeding of newly introduced subjects to that of animals up the end of the cycle.

That is how Twist was created. Since its presentation, it received significant awards at international fairs. It is distinguished by two peculiarities: • it is the first feeder in the world that consists of only 3 elements; • it is the only one so far to allow washing at the end of the cycle without the need for any disassembly or manipulation.

Indeed, by introducing a jet of water under pressure through an ad hoc opening on the cone and thanks to the special internal design, the water thus introduced and the quick rotation the bowl is subjected to allow a complete and deep internal washing. The way the bottom is shaped and the holes found on the bowl see to its rapid drainage and to completion of the internal and external cleaning operation.

Likewise without any direct intervention on the feeder, merely by changing the line height, Twist can be used for the entire life cycle of the broiler.

Lastly, inward inclination and specific design of the bowl edge enable a significant reduction in the quantity of feeder dispersed during feeding.

Polyfeeder deals instead with turkeys and ducks. Likewise dismount-

able and modular to enable a simple operation and disassembly, it preserves the same strong point of Twist, as it can be used throughout the breeding period. During the initial phase, the chick is fed by using the lower feeder bowl, while the upper one is resorted to in the next phase. In both instances, the feeder flow can be accurately adjusted, while the lower bowl can be removed at the end of the initial 6/8 weeks, maintaining better hygiene conditions for the farm.

As regards drinking troughs, too, the classic Jumbo B and Jumbo T (for broilers and for turkeys, respectively) have been joined by automatic watering lines set aside for all poultry species and for any breeding need.

Easy to assemble and maintain, the lines of the GPP Drinking Line allow a significant reduction in time and management costs. They are produced with a 28x28mm square anchoring section, far more rigid and stable than the conventional rounded section. The stainless steel nipple valves used enhance the effective flow of water.

The range of feeders and automatic watering systems developed for all species of relevance to the poultry zootechnical sector, the excellence of the technological solutions applied, and the identification of optimal complementary components currently enable Giordano Poultry Plast to offer not only excellent individual equipment, but also complete automatic and high-performance lines, ensuring effective solutions for all needs.

Email: info@poultryplast.com Website: www.poultryplast.com

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VAL-CO, clean and dry feed from delivery to consumption system doubles as a verification tool to check and confirm deliveries.

Transport large pellets, shelled corn, crumbled mash, and other feeds without newly redesigned flexible auger system that delivers clean, dry feed to your livestock at 220 pounds per minute! All of our augers are tested and tempered in house to en-

A VAL-CO feed storage and transport system is designed to keep feed clean and dry from delivery to consumption. Store your feed in our bulk feed storage bins made of galvanized steel and outfitted with a 22-inch warp-resistant lid and a drip edge to keep water away from the taper hopper and unloading boot. Available in a variety of sizes, we can customize bin storage to meet the requirements of any farm.

Add a BinTrac Inventory Monitoring system to your feed bin set-up to track the real-time feed inventory based on the weight of the bin. The BinTrac will show the current bin weight of individual feed bins and track 24hour feed use for the last four days. The

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sure quality and longevity. Our auger tubes have a UV protected exterior and a harder, more durable interior for great performance for many years. We’re so confident in our augers that we offer a 10-year warranty.

Contact your VAL-CO sales representative for more info.

Email: info@val-co.com Website: www.val-co.eu/en

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YOUTUBE

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Let’s talk about the importance of calcium How to optimise muscle function and leg & egg shell strength The rising demand in commercial layer and parent stock performance increases pressure on the birds to metabolise and mobilise more and more calcium from the intestine to the bones and uterus for eggshell production. The skeletons and dietary requirements of hens are unique relative to the level of calcium intake and the capacity of bone that is constantly being built and resorbed. in calcium requirement during eggshell formation. All the rest has to be metabolised from the bodily reserves which is a unique but delicate system. Creating and maintaining a strong skeleton by assuring the provision and availability of essential nutrients is vital to ensure a productive laying hen.

Vitamin D3 is key to the maintenance of calcium homeostasis by stimulating its absorption and uptake. Deficiencies of this mineral can result in sub-optimal skeletons and eggshells.

Creating a strong skeleton

Timing is crucial for optimal laying egg performance The eggshell is formed from calcium carbonate and the layer will metabolize and transport the total weight of her skeleton several times to produce eggshells during the course of the laying cycle.

The hen requires approximately 2.5 g calcium in around 20 h to produce a fully developed egg of 60 g. About 60-70% of the required calcium can be provided via the feed which is not enough to cover the peak

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The development of the structural bones occurs during the rearing phase at which the layer has nearly achieved a mature skeletal frame size. From 15 weeks to 25 weeks hens develop their ovaries and the reproductive tract which also drives the formation of medullary bone and stops the formation of structural bone. It is therefore of importance that the formation of bones is optimal before the onset of sexual maturity.

Maintaining a strong skeleton Medullary bone is a unique woven bone which functions as a calcium reserve for the eggshell formation when feed is insufficient.

Medullary bone is ideally the first source mobilised when more calcium is required.

As modern hybrid laying hens have been bred for high egg production and medullary

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into consideration, the right times to provide supranutritional support with Intra Calferol are: • During rearing • First 20 weeks: 1 day / week • When experiencing egg shell quality problems in older layers • First 2 weeks: 6 days / week • Thereafter: 3 days / week.

Fortification of muscle functioning Figure 1 – Calcium & phosphorus: intake via feed.

bone is formed as soon as egg production starts, there is a high risk that it loses its structure and therefore strength resulting in leg problems, especially in older birds. Age of the layer is the most determining factor of eggshell breaking strength and quality. Especially in older hens (>40 weeks of age) eggshell quality is deteriorating and is mainly reflected in an increase of cracked eggs.

Timing is crucial Intra Calferol is a liquid mixture of concentrated and stabilised Vitamin D3 alongside organic calcium and magnesium and a phosphorus releaser. Supplementation is crucial to support the creation of a strong skeleton and also upon experiencing egg shell quality issues. The advised dosage is 1 L Intra Calferol per 1,000 L of drinking water. Taking these two critical periods

DRINKERS

TRANSPORT CAGES

In production animals, we know that calcium is essential for a strong skeleton and good eggshell quality.

But did you also know that it plays a critical role in muscle functioning?

The process of muscle contraction is one that is regulated by calcium.

Muscles are bundles of strong fibres made up of interlocking protein filaments. The muscle contracts by having these filaments slide past each other, thus shortening the entire muscle. To achieve this contraction, calcium is necessary to ‘unblock’ the binding sites on the filaments, thus allowing the filament to

FEEDERS

Made in Italy, the word of

EGGS BOX

Raffa di Puegnago - 25080 - Via Nazionale, 69 - Tel. +39 0365 654152 - Fax +39 0365 554798 Centenaro di Lonato - 25017 - Via Lavagnone, 8/A - info@arionfasoli.com - www.arionfasoli.com

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any given time. The balance is regulated by an elegant interplay of calcium absorbed from the intestines, transport of calcium into and out of the bones, and the kidney’s recycling and excretion of calcium into the urine.

Figure 2 – Timeline with problem point.

be pulled along and cause a shortening of the bundle. To put it simply, calcium is necessary for the sliding of these filaments past each other and creating a strong and optimal muscle contraction.

Relax those muscles!

Besides muscle contraction, the relaxation of the muscles is important. Magnesium plays an important role in regulating muscle contraction by blocking the effects of calcium, thus in contrast allowing the muscle to relax.

In genetically selected, high producing animals like sows and dairy cows around and during parturition, calcium requirements are shifted towards uterine contractions and colostrum secretion.

This drastic shift of calcium away from the blood can cause issues such as stillbirths and milk fever, especially when there are already inadequate reserves. With its high concentration of Vitamin D3, Intra Calferol helps to reduce risks of these calcium related complications by regulating calcium metabolism.

Intra Calferol – with concentrated Vitamin D3 for superior calcium metabolism

Figure 3 – Contraction of muscles is triggered by calcium (source: McGraw-Hill).

The heart is a muscular organ and sufficient Ca2+ is needed for a proper heart contraction. Calcium is necessary for the muscle (heart) contraction and neurotransmission. Activating the muscle function improves the robustness of animals. It has often been observed that broilers are more lively after administration of Intra Calferol, partially by getting the lethargic ‘sitters’ on the move again. In laying hens it is can facilitate an easier egg laying process.

The need for calcium around parturition The body maintains very tight control over the calcium levels in the blood at

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To ensure that calcium metabolism is kept at its optimal, Vitamin D3 is necessary to enhance its absorption from feedstuffs in the gastrointestinal tract. Without Vitamin D3, the body would be unable to absorb calcium and thus not be able to maintain balance of calcium. This would certainly cause deleterious effects related to muscle contraction.

The vitamin D3 content in Intra Calferol, together with the unique balance between organic chelated calcium & magnesium and phosphorus releaser, is contributing to a fortification of the optimal muscle functioning and improving liveability and viability of all animals described.

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REDBRO NEW

YOUR CHOICE A RESPONSE ADAPTED TO MARKET NEEDS OUR COMMITMENT OFFERING SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HIGHER ANIMAL WELFARE

WORLD LEADER IN SPECIALITY MARKETS! communication@hubbardbreeders.com

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21 www.hubbardbreeders.com

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MARKETING

A projection of egg production until 2030 Food supply for a growing global population is one of the great challenges for the next decades. A particular problem will be to produce sufficient proteins, especially of animal origin. Meat and eggs are beside milk the most valuable sources for human nutrition. In this paper, a projection of the development of egg production between 2020 and 2030 will be presented.

Hans-Wilhelm Windhorst

The challenge of feeding a growing global population

The author is Prof. Emeritus of the University of Vechta and visiting Professor at the Hannover Veterinary University, Germany

The development of the global population and the changing social and economic conditions will have decisive impacts on the demand for food. The expected increase in the per capita consumption of animal products by a broadening middle-call in threshold and developing countries will result in a growing demand. The question is, if and how this demand can be produced.

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African and Asian countries together will share 86.4% in the global population increase between 1960 and 2050 (Figure 2) and even 87.5% in the coming three decades. If it will not be possible to produce sufficient food, famines and a migration of people from regions with an insufficient food-supply to regions with an oversupply may be the consequence. Eggs will play an important role in food security not only because of their exceptional nutritional value, but also because of the lack of religious barriers regarding consumption and comparatively low production cost resulting from the favourable feed-conversion rate of laying hens.

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5

[billion]

Between 1960 and 2020, the global population increased from 3.0 to 7.8 billion or by 157%. Between 2020 and 2050, another growth by 2 billion is expected (Figure 1). To this increase, Africa will contribute 1.1 billion, Asia 650 million and Central and South America 110 million. Most of the threshold and developing countries are located in these three continents, which impressively illustrates the challenge of future food security.

3

2

0 Africa

1960

1990 Europe

Asia

N America

2020

CS America

2050

Oceania

Figure 1 – Global population growth between 1960 and 2050 at continent level (source: UN World Populations Prospect 2020).

Total: 6.7 billion 0,6%

3,3% 1,6%

8,1% 32,9%

Africa Asia Europe N America CS America Oceania

53,5%

Figure 2 – The share of the continents in the projected global population growth between 1960 and 2050 (design: A.S. Kauer, based on UN World Population Prospects 2019).

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Asian countries will dominate egg production dynamics

Considerable differences in the production dynamics at continent level Between 1960 and 2020, global egg production increased from 33.6 to 87.6 mill. t or by 160.7%. Only poultry meat production grew faster. It is expected that the dynamical development will continue over the next decade. Table 1 shows that 76.6% of the projected growth in egg production will occur in developing countries, documenting the important role which they will play in food security in the developing world. In the next decade almost 4.3 mill. t more eggs will be produced in developing countries than in developed countries.

Table 1 – The development of global egg production between 2020 and 2030 at country development level; data in 1,000 t (source: FAO data).

Development status

2020

2025

2030

Developing countries

64,385.9

66,958.9

Developed countries

23,200.5

Total

87,586.4

Increase absolute

%

70,527.9

6,142.0

9.5

22,243.3

25,076.0

1,875.5

8.1

91,202.2

95,603.9

8,017.5

9.2

A more detailed analysis at continent level reveals considerable differences in the absolute and relative growth rates (Figure 2, Table 2).

Table 2 – The projected development of global egg production between 2020 and 2030 at continent level; data in 1,000 t (source: FAO data).

Continent Africa

2020

2025

2030

Increase absolute

% 16.5

3,196.9

3,460.2

3,724.1

527.1

Asia

55,804.4

57,562.9

60,328.5

4,524.1

8.1

Europe

11,360.5

22,926.2

12,324.7

964.2

8.5 10.3

North America

7,182.2

7,579.4

7,921.0

737.8

Central and South America

9,685.7

10,196.7

10,885.8

1,200.1

12.4

355.7

387.9

419.9

64.2

18.0

87,586.4

91,203.2

95,602.9

8,017.5

9.2

Oceania World

Of the 95.6 mill. t of eggs which are projected for 2030, 60.3 mill. t or 63.1% will be contributed by Asian countries, followed by European countries with 12.3 mill. t or 12.9%. In the absolute growth of 8.0 mill. t, Asia will share 4.5 mill. t respectively 56.4%. The absolute increase in Central and South America is predicted with 1.2 mill. t, in Europe with 964,200 t. A closer look at the relative growth rates presents a different picture. Here, Oceania is in a top position with 18.0%, almost double the global average, followed by Africa with 16.5% and Central and South America with 12.4%. For North America, a relative increase by only 10.3% is projected. Figure 3 documents the changing contribution of the continents to the global production volume between 2020 and 2030. Asia and Europe will lose shares, Africa as well as Central and South America will gain shares.

The future development of egg production will not only depend on the increase of the population but also on the dynamics in the per capita consumption. The OECD-FAO outlook projects only a minor growth of the global per capita consumption from 10.50 kg to 10.53 kg in the analysed decade. Table 3 documents the projected changes for selected countries with a low respectively high per capita consumption.

A comparison of the composition and ranking reveals some interesting insights. The wide gap between Ethiopia with a per capita consumption of only 0.40 kg and Mexico with 23.82 kg not only reflects the development status of the countries, but also the availability of eggs and their role in the human nutrition. In several countries, consumption will decrease because of a stable production and a fast population growth (Turkey, Iran); in others, consumption will increase considerably despite a growing population (Colombia, Viet Nam, India).

In Japan, egg production will decline despite a growing per capita consumption because of the decreasing population. In China, the per capita consumption will remain stable on a high level; the increasing egg production reflects the population dynamics.

Table 4 presents the projected development of egg production between 2020 and 2030 in the ten countries with the highest production volume1.

A detailed analysis of the ranking of the countries and the expected

The OECD-FAO Outlook until 2030 does not project the development of egg production at country level for the EU (27). For the analysed decade a growth from 6.3 mill. t to 6.8 mill t is projected, for the per capita consumption an increase from 13.9 kg to 15.1 kg.

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2020 0,4%

2030 0,4%

3,6%

11,1%

3,9%

11,4%

8,2%

8,3%

13,0%

Africa Asia Europe N America CS America Oceania

12,9% 63,7%

63,1%

Total: 87.6 mill. t

Total: 95.6 mill. t

Figure 3 – The share of the continents in global egg production in 2020 and 2030 (design: A.S. Kauer based on OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2021-2013 data).

Table 3 – The development of the per capita egg consumption in selected countries between 2020 and 2030; data in kg per year (source: OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2021-2030).

Low per capita consumption

High per capita consumption

Country

2020

2030

Country

2020

2030

Ethiopia

0.39

0.40

Mexico

23.54

23.82

Nigeria

1.61

2.02

China

23.83

23.80

India

3.42

4.42

Japan

21.74

22.24

Pakistan

3.47

3.88

Russia

18.34

20.22

Egypt

3.47

4.00

Argentina

18.40

19.46

Turkey

4.79

4.48

Ukraine

14.10

17.27

Philippines

4.56

5.01

Korea, Rep.

16.42

16.59

Iran

5.98

5.78

USA

17.05

17.88

Viet Nam

4.93

6.11

N. Zealand

14.51

15.31

Indonesia

6.30

7.33

Colombia

12.68

14.74

dynamics between 2020 and 2030 reveals some interesting changes (Figure 4). India is expected to replace the USA in second rank and to increase its production volume by almost 2 mill. t. Japan will be the only country with a production decrease.

The highest relative growth rates are projected for India, Pakistan and Indonesia. In 2030, the ten leading countries will share 69.5% in global egg production, 1.1% less than in 2020. To the total increase of the global production volume, the six Asian countries, as listed in Table 4, will contribute 40.7%.

The projected dynamics will have impacts on the share of the single countries in global egg production volume (Figure 4). China will lose 2.7% of it share in 2020 while India will gain 1.4%. The contribution of the six Asian countries will decrease from 53.6% to 52.3%. Nevertheless, they will still be dominating global egg production in 2030.

Summary and perspectives The preceding analysis showed that food security is one decisive challenge for the next decades. Eggs

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global egg production will be shared by this continent.

2030

2020

29,1%

30,5%

36,6%

39,3%

1,0% 1,3% 2,5% 3,0% 3,1%

3,3%

6,4%

1,2% 1,2% 2,8% 3,0%

7,5%

7,8%

2,7%

7,5%

China USA India Mexico Brazil Japan Russia Indonesia Thailand Pakistan Others

Total: 95.6 mill. t

Total: 87.6 mill. t

Figure 4 – The changing contribution of the ten leading egg-producing countries between 2020 and 2030 (design: A.S. Kauer based on OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2021-2030 data).

Table 4 – The projected development of egg production between 2020 and 2030 in the ten countries with the highest production volume; data in 1,000 t (source: OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2021-2030).

Country

Change

2020

2025

2030

China

34,400.0

34,085.8

34,953.1

553.1

1.6

India

5,571.9

6,597.2

7,493.0

1,921.1

34.5

USA

6,554.8

6,874.3

7,161.7

606.9

9.3

Mexico

3,028.1

3,193.6

3,349.0

320.9

10.6

Brazil

2,853.2

2,977.8

3,106.3

253.1

8.9

Russia

2,601.1

2,715.2

2,823.7

222.6

8.6

Indonesia

2,192.2

2,439.8

2,661.4

469.2

21.4

Japan

2,671.5

2,616.3

2,556.4

-115.1

-4.3

Thailand

1,111.2

1,155.4

1,178.6

67.4

6.1

Pakistan

915.1

1,030.3

1,168.5

253.4

27.7

10 countries

61,799.1

63,685.7

66,451.7

4,652.6

7.5

World

87,586.4

91,202.2

95,603.9

8,017.5

9.2

will play an important role in future food supply because of their high nutritional value. They are an important protein source not only for developed countries, but in particular for developing countries because of the excellent feed conversion rate of laying hens, which results in lower production costs in comparison to red meat.

In their Agricultural Outlook, OECDFAO predict an increase of the global egg production by 8.0 mill. t between

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OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2021-2030. https://stats.oecd.org.

UN World Population Prospects 2019. https://population.un.org.

3,2% 3,5%

3,5%

Data sources and suggestions for further reading

absolute

%

2020 and 2030. To this growth, Asian countries will contribute 4.5 mill. t or 56.4% They will also in future dominate egg production dynamics. The highest absolute growth is projected for India with 1.9 mill. t, followed by the USA and China. Of the leading egg producing countries, only Japan will face a decrease in the production volume. The situation of food security will still be critical in the next decade in Africa, as only 6.6% in the

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Windhorst, H.-W.: Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Part 1: The dynamics of the laying hen inventories. In: Zootecnica international 42 (2020), no. 3, p. 26-30.

Windhorst, H.-W.: Dynamics and patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017. Part 2: The development of egg production. In: Zootecnica international 42 (2020), no. 4, p.

28-32.

Windhorst, H.-W.: The forgotten continent. Patterns and dynamics of the African egg industry. Part 1: Laying hen inventory and egg production. In: Zootecnica international 42 (2020), no. 9, p. 24-27.

Windhorst, H.-W.: The forgotten continent. Patterns and dynamics of the African egg industry. Part 2: The egg industry in the sub-regions. In: Zootecnica international 42 (2020), no.

10, p. 22-28.

Windhorst, H.-W.: The Champions League of the egg producing countries. In: Zootecnica International 43 (2021), no. 1, p. 26-29.

Windhorst, H.-W.: The forgotten world: the egg industry in the least developed countries. In: Zootecnica international 43 (2021), no. 2, p.

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TECHNICAL COLUMN

Investigating the reasons behind a poor hatch Hatcheries – like most other production facilities – base their operations on planning. The results of future hatches can be estimated quite precisely. Knowing breed standards, a hatchery’s own general experience, and previous hatchability of eggs from the same source, allows us to estimate tendencies and predict the number of chicks expected in the next hatch. This is important, because output must match the orders. Farms can accept only limited deviations.

Maciej Kolanczyk Pas Reform Senior Hatchery Specialist

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Nevertheless, surprises happen – even in the best hatcheries. Let’s assume that an unexpectedly poor hatch has happened in a hatchery using a well-known egg source and a proven incubation program. Nothing was knowingly changed in the basic procedures like egg

- technical column -

TECHNICAL COLUMN

reception, storage, disinfection, egg preparations and the incubation program.

A poor hatch – substantially deviating from expectations – is usually a combination of two negative effects: fewer chicks produced and poor quality of those chicks. Both are a problem. The commercial issues related to a disappointed customer might become costly, but they can be solved. For the hatchery itself the burning questions are: What happened? What failed and why? How can we make sure these problems don’t happen again?

To answer these questions, we need to investigate the case in detail. The first step needed is information gathering: What is the scope of the problem? Was the poor result limited to just one particular unit? For example, a physical part of the hatchery: hall, group of machines, a single setter, some hatchers or even a single hatcher? Maybe just to a part of one machine? Maybe just to a particular technical procedure or handling? Maybe to a certain truck delivering the eggs? Maybe just to one batch of eggs?

What do the affected units have in common? It might be the air supply, electricity connection, piping, controllers, water chiller, or perhaps some factor at the breeder farm: treatment given to a breeder flock, a technical issue in a poultry house, disease, recent spiking of males, or something else? This helps to narrow down the investigation.

What picture do you see at candling (early or combined with transfer) and at hatch? Once we have identified the affected unit, we must look into the details. To identify the cause, we need to know in which phase embryo development stopped. Was it a drop in fertility or in hatchability? A sharp drop in fertility is rare. If it does happen, the farm manager usually knows the cause, and the effects are long lasting. Even if all males were removed from the house, fertility would decrease slowly over a period of more than a week. A much more likely cause of a drop in hatchability is the influence of some physical factor that is killing the embryos. Each physical factor affecting embryo development plays a different role in the successive phases of incubation. Identifying the timing at which most embryos failed helps to pinpoint which factor is responsible for the damage.

The first distinction can be made based on a rough timing of embryo mortality. It might be one of the following factor as follows.

Mortality prior to incubation or during the first days of incubation Nutritional deficiency or advancing flock age are unlikely to be the causes of a sharp increase in mortality at this stage, as these tend to progress gradually, bringing fewer sudden effects. A much more likely cause is intoxication resulting from presence of drugs (e.g. nicarbazin?) in a new feed delivery, mycotoxin contamination, or using wrong, expired or just poorly mixed feed ingredients.

These would probably affect the entire flock receiving this feed, although a local problem related to moulds developing in a certain silo is also possible. An acute outbreak of a disease has a long-term effect and will be visible in all batches of the same origin. Another possibility are the operational, technical factors resulting from changed egg handling procedures, where this might not even be realised if strict control procedures are not followed. Any changed conditions – in the farm’s egg storage, disinfection system (wherever disinfection is applied), technical status of a delivery truck, prolonged transport of the affected batch in hot weather on a bumpy road – deserve special attention here.

A sudden increase in the number of clears – which will probably only be noticed at transfer – requires further investigation. Were the eggs ever fertile? Did the embryos die before setting due to poor transport, or bad storage?

Or did they die later, during the first days of incubation?

To distinguish accurately between early-dead and infertile eggs a break-out needs to be done, and done early enough. If done at transfer, the result will be not reliable.

To diagnose the problem, candling (at least of samples) at a much earlier phase, or even opening fresh eggs just after transport, can be helpful. The latter will not prove whether embryos are alive or dead, but it can reveal their phase of development. If transportation was lengthy and at a high temperature, embryos will pass the optimum stage and can no longer be stored. The embryonic plate will be much bigger than normal, and embryos will die in the first days of incubation.

Embryo mortality during the first days of incubation cannot be caused by insufficient ventilation or excessively high or low humidity. To develop in this phase, embryos need only the correct temperature and turning. A defective temperature sensor can potentially cause serious damage, but in a machine equipped with more than one sensor the effect will only be local. Lack of turning (es-

- november 2021 -

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TECHNICAL COLUMN

pecially during the first days of incubation) or defective turning (where the turning angle is insufficient) would cause a drop in hatchability and an increased number of embryo abnormalities seen at break-out of unhatched eggs. These technical defects are also likely to only have localised consequences and therefore only affect part of the load.

Mortality in the late days of incubation A sudden, excessive rise in embryo mortality during the middle part of the incubation process is fairly rare. Most unexpected drops in hatchability are the result of late embryo mortality, but might stem from problems arising much earlier, even right at the beginning of incubation.

The presence of large groups of highly developed embryos, all dying at the same age during the later stage of incubation, frequently combined with weak, tired survivors, points to a common problem. They were developing successfully until a certain moment, which means that the previous conditions must have been good enough.

But like long-distance runners, they ‘hit the wall’ towards the end of the race. What might ‘the wall’ be in this case?

Different scenarios are possible. Towards the end of incubation, large embryos enclosed tightly by the eggshell become very sensitive to overheating and insufficient ventilation. The most common reason for increased late embryo mortality is the ventilation having cut out for too long. Ventilation provides both fresh air and air cooling.

The demand for ventilation increases quickly after day 10 and becomes critical during the last days of incubation.

Lack of oxygen becomes the fastest killer at that age.

When looking for the reason for poor hatch, it is important to look carefully at the climate history, even hour by hour, from day 15 onwards, as it is quite likely the explanation will be found here. Detailed investigation is necessary because even a relatively short break in ventilation – as little as 30 minutes – can cause a lot of damage.

A high percentage of dead in shells with a wet appearance, together with small air cells, are a sign of insufficient egg weight loss. As a matter of fact, this kind of mortality is another type of suffocation: embryos ‘drown in their shells’, as the air cells are too small. To avoid this happening, it is important to take control over evaporation early enough to ensure final optimum egg weight loss. If

30

relative humidity runs out of control in a particular machine that is executing a proven incubation program, look for possible water leakage or a defective sensor, resulting in an increase in the real level of humidity above the set point. The wrong application of some kinds of disinfectant (e.g. using the incorrect concentration) may result in the pores of the shells becoming blocked, which will in turn hamper gas exchange and water evaporation and thus impede development of the air cells.

Temperature remains critical throughout incubation. It acts like the gas pedal in a car – accelerating the metabolic processes if pressed more (too high) and slowing them down if pressed less (too low). The optimum range is narrow, so temperature can easily become either too low or too high. Overheating leads to weak chicks or can even kill embryos in shells. The survivors will be tired, and too exhausted to complete the hatch. Many will end up as live in shells or external pips. Too low temperatures will slow down development, delay the hatch and also make embryos too weak to hatch. Embryos and chicks will be small and retarded in development. In the affected unit, check the temperature sensor and cooling functions and revise the ventilation.

Many embryos in malposition suggests that eggs might have been placed sharp end up. Although affected embryos die late, the problems may stem from the very first incubation days. Another cause might be that the turning system is not working properly.

Setter or hatcher mortality?

Poor hatch results often go hand in hand with poor chick quality. In the hatcher, the effects of incubation in the setter and the influence of the hatcher conditions combine and accumulate. In the case of a poor hatch, the fundamental question is: where is the problem that caused the poor hatch? In the setter or in the hatcher? While symptoms may overlap, setter problems are likely to show up in many hatchers, unless only one section of the setter was defective.

A break-out of unhatched eggs and their distribution in the machine will provide more information. Many embryos dying during the internal or external pipping phase suggests the problem is to be found in the hatcher rather than the setter. The last days that the eggs spend in

- technical column -

TECHNICAL COLUMN

the hatcher are critical. The embryos are big, and they need a lot of fresh air and cooling. Too little ventilation and poor uniformity of temperature in the machine become dangerous. Water leakage (causing a cold zone in the machine), a blockage in the cold-water supply to the cooling system, defective sensors, a blocked ventilation valve, ignored alarms – whether by chance, mistake or lack of knowledge – are all possible items that should be checked first. A potentially uneven distribution of chicken quality and embryo mortality in the machine is mostly likely to be related to ventilation issues such as a disturbed air circuit. It may also be due to incorrect positioning of the dollies, or of the baskets on the dollies, or wrong settings of the supply and exhaust air pressures.

Cage Cage Free Free

Finally, the chicks, the survivors, may ‘tell us’ what their problem was. Typically, symptoms like big, hard bellies, often combined with poorly closed navels, suggest humidity issues. Are the navels dry or wet? At what height were the shells pipped? Tired, exhausted chicks with red spots above their beaks, red hocks and short fluff on their heads are all indications that their temperature should be checked. Could traces of blood be seen inside the shells? How was the humidity of the shells? Were the shells clean or dirty? Sticky chicks – maybe there was a turning problem?

This may seem like a lot of questions, but they need to be asked and answered in order to avoid disappointing hatch results happening again.

Summarising, if a poor hatch happens • Localise the problem: which part of the hatchery and which phase of the process?

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• Analyse the symptoms and identify their likely technical background.

• Identify timing of excessive embryo mortality and relate this to the most likely causes.

• If early mortality is the case, discuss this with the egg supplier.

• Revise your own routines and procedures. Check if anything has changed there.

• Do not overreact. Don’t change a successful incubation program too quickly.

• Check all other machines preventively, to avoid this problem happening again.

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MANAGEMENT

Brooding Getting chicks off to a good start is very important to overall flock performance. At no time does a bird grow faster than during the first week of its life.

Connie Mou, Ph.D. Poultry Environmental Management Michael Czarick, Extension Engineer Jones-Hamilton, Agricultural Division, University of Georgia

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Over the last week of a 42-day-old flock, a bird’s weight will increase by approximately a third.

In contrast, a chick’s weight will typically increase approximately four-fold, possibly more, by the time it reaches seven days of age. Of course, if a chick is going to grow this quickly it has to eat plenty of feed. Research has shown that over the first full day of a chick’s life it will eat approximately 1/4 of its weight in feed. By the end of the first week, a 40-gram chick (0.09 lbs) will eat approximately 0.33 lbs of feed and gain approximately 0.31 lbs, giving it a feed conversion ratio of approximately 1.1 lbs of gain/lbs. of feed.

This very high growth rate during the first week is only achievable if the chicks have access to plenty of water. A chick will not eat, and therefore will not grow, if it cannot drink. In the previously noted study it was found that during the first few days of a flock, a chick will drink nearly three grams of water for every gram of feed. By the end of the first week each chick in

- management -

MANAGEMENT

a house will drink approximately 12 ounces of water. This is over eight times their initial weight in water.

Being able to accurately track how much chicks drink can be instrumental towards understanding how well they are performing. Though there are many other ways to measure chick performance, most are unrealistic or far too expensive. Bird scales could be used to monitor chick weight, but will cost thousands of dollars per house to install. Bin/dump scales are a common, though costly, method of monitoring bird feed consumption but are not very effective with young chicks due to the very low rate at which feed is being drawn from feed bins.

On the other hand, a relatively inexpensive water meter can be used by producers to provide a fairly accurate, indirect measure of feed consumption as well as a rough idea if chick weights are ahead or behind where they should be. A flock’s daily water usage can provide a rough idea if the chick water usage, and therefore feed consumption, is on target. More importantly, through daily monitoring and recording of water usage, a historical record can be developed that future flocks can be compared.

Is a house ahead or behind the historical average for a given day? If it is behind, corrective actions (adjusting drinker height, house temperatures, feed availability, etc.) may need to be taken before bird performance suffers. If it’s ahead of the average then a producer might want to take a few moments to consider what may be different this particular flock.

It is important to note that water consumption during the first week can be low simply due to the fact the chicks are small. Smaller chick will tend to eat less starting off than larger chicks. This doesn’t mean over time they can’t catch up. With smaller chicks it is important to provide extra special care to insure they get off to a good start. Since small chicks tend to have lower body temperatures and an increased rate of heat loss, house temperatures may need to be increased. Drinker lines may have to be set closer to the ground and feed area increased (ie. feeder paper). Monitoring daily water usage can provide important insight into how the small chicks are progressing.

As with any monitoring tool, accuracy is crucial. The vast majority of poultry house water meters do a good job of accurately measuring water usage once the birds are a roughly week old, but struggle with measuring water usage the first few days of flock. To measure water us-

“Being able to accurately measure water usage during the first few days of a chick’s life can be of tremendous benefit. Generally speaking, the more water the chicks are drinking, the better they are doing. If water usage is lower than that seen during previous flocks, it typically means the chicks are eating less in previous flocks, and therefore growing less”

age during the first few days of a typical flock (approximately 24,000 birds), a water meter needs to be able to measure water flow rates down to at least 0.25 gals/min, ideally 0.10 gals/min. Meters with the ability to measure flow rates of 0.10 gals/min are typically able to accurately measure flock water usage on Day 1. Those only capable of measuring flow rates of 0.25 gals/min or higher were typically not able to accurately measure flock water usage until Day 2 or 3. As you might expect, the larger the house, the greater the number of birds, the easier it is to measure chick water usage on Day 1.

Being able to accurately measure water usage during the first few days of a chick’s life can be of tremendous benefit. Generally speaking, the more water the chicks are drinking, the better they are doing. If water usage is lower than that seen during previous flocks, it typically means the chicks are eating less in previous flocks, and therefore growing less. Maybe the house is too hot. Maybe it’s too cold. Maybe there is something wrong with the drinker system. Regardless of the cause, having a water meter capable of accurately measuring chick water usage is one of the best and most inexpensive methods of providing a farm manager an indicator of how good of a job they are doing getting their flock off to as good of a start.

References are available on request From the Proceedings of the Midwest Poultry Federation Convention 2021

- november 2021 -

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NUTRITION

1Department

Supplementation of broiler diets with a multi-protease enzyme increases growth performance and nutrient digestion of broiler chickens

2Kemin Animal Nutrition and Health, Asia Pacific, Singapore

The present study investigates the effect of protease on the productivity of broilers under reduced crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) diet conditions.

De Leon A.2, D. Wu2, J.M. Heo1, H. Lee2 and C. Bodenreider2 of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea

34

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A total of 504 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were allocated into nine treatments with eight replicates per treatment. Basal diets 1-3 weeks and 4-5 weeks included; positive control (PC), negative control one (NC1) with 0.5% lower CP and 2% lower AA and negative control two (NC2) with 1.0% lower CP and 4% lower AA compared to PC diets. Amino acids reduced in NC1 and NC2 diets were dig Lys, dig M+C and dig Thr compared to PC. These basal diets were used to create six more treatments by adding protease on top. Protease was included at 150g/ton and 300g/ton for NC1 and at 150g/ton, 200g/ ton and 300g/ton of protease for NC2 diets. All treatment diets were provided ad libitum in a mash form.

Production performance, carcass traits, carcass composition and production indices were analyzed at 21 and 35 days. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA in SPSS. Results showed that the supplementation of protease (P<0.05) improved the daily gain and breast meat yield in positive and negative control groups. In conclusion, the results indicated that the supplementation of protease into the reduced CP and AA diets can improve the growth performance of broiler chickens.

Comfort 2.0® aviary system

Soybean meal (SBM) is the primary protein source in broiler diets

Design stimulates the natural behaviour of the birds

Although SBM is highly digestible, it contains glycinin, protease inhibitors, and antigenic proteins that are indigestible and can cause intestinal damage and impair immune functions resulting in suboptimal growth performance. With the development of commercially available protease, protein and amino digestibility is greatly improved allowing the control of anti-nutritional factors in SBM and enables the use of alternative protein sources in formulations. This leads to lower formula cost and better growth performance. Reduction of nitrogen emissions in livestock production is also a growing concern because of its effect on the environment and human health.

An effective way to reduce nitrogen pollution is by enhancing nitrogen digestibility and reducing nitrogen excretion in animal production. Thus, it is important to explore effective proteases to improve the digestibility of protein and thus decrease nitrogen excretion for successful and a sustainable animal production. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine whether the supplementation of protease in lowered CP and amino acid

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35

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broiler diets can deliver the same or better performance compared to a standard diet. It is hypothesized that feed protease can help improve feed deficiency, lower crude protein level in basal diets and reduce nitrogen excretion.

Materials and methods This experiment was carried out at the Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology of the Chungnam National University. A total of 504 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were allocated into nine treatments with eight replicates per treatment using a completely randomized design. Treatments were made by creating basal diets 1-21 days and 28 to 35 days: positive control (PC), negative control One (NC1) with 0.5% lower CP and 2% lower amino acids and negative control Two (NC2) with 1.0% lower CP and 4% lower amino acids.

Amino acids reduced were dig Lys, dig M+C and dig Thr compared to PC. These basal diets were used to create six more treatments by adding a protease on top. 150g/ ton and 300g/ton of protease for NC1 and 150g/ton, 200g/

36

ton and 300g/ton of protease for NC2 diets were added.

All treatment diets were provided ad libitum in a mash form until 35 days of age. The AA contents in the diets were also measured according to a method described

by Cohen (2001) to countercheck formulated from actual amino acids in the produced diets. Cr2O3 (Chromium oxide powder, >99.9% purity, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was added as an internal indigestible marker for digestibility analysis in a proportion of 0.3% to all experimental diets.

Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were calculated from weekly body weights and feed consumption. Feed cost was measured by calculating raw material costs.

Digesta samples from the ileum were also collected and pre-dried at 55 °C for 24 h for analysis of dry matter, crude protein [Macro-Kjeldahl, N × 6.25 (1/0.16 = 6.25) to convert nitrogen content into protein content], ether extract, and gross energy according to the methodologies of AOAC, 2005. The digestibility coefficient of nutrients was calculated as described by Huang et al. 2005.

Data were analyzed using the general linear model (GLM)

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Table 1 – Effect of protease on growth performance of broiler1 for Week 1-3, Week 4-5 and Week 1-5.

1-21 D

PC

ADFI (g/bird)

ADG (g/bird)

54.2

39.7

28-35 D

1-35 D

FCR (g/g)

ADFI (g/bird)

ADG (g/bird)

FCR (g/g)

ADFI g/bird)

TFI (g)

ADG (g/bird)

Total gain

FCR (g/g)

1.3

149.1

93.95a

1.6

92.2

3,226

69.8

2,148a

1.4

1.5

88.9

3,111

70.9

2,182a

1.4

PC-150

52

39.9

1.3

144.1

96.06a

NC1

54

39.3

1.4

137.6

90.47abc

1.5

87.5

3,061

68

2,092abc

1.5

NC1-150

54.2

39.5

1.3

145

92.07ab

1.6

90.6

3,169

68.8

2,117abc

1.4

NC1-300

52.9

39.9

1.3

152.6

93.72a

1.6

92.8

3,246

69.8

2,149a

1.4

NC2

53.9

38.9

1.4

149

86.11c

1.7

91.9

3,218

65.7

2,022c

1.5

NC2-150

54.5

39.2

1.4

148.1

87.11bc

1.7

91.9

3,218

66.4

2,043 bc

1.5

NC2-200

51.8

39.4

1.3

150

92.19ab

1.6

91.1

3,188

68.8

2,117abc

1.4

1.7

92.7

3,244

69.1

2,126ab

1.5

NC2-300

52.4

39.6

1.3

153.1

92.52ab

SEM2

0.57

0.19

0.01

1.83

0.67

0.02

0.91

31.91

0.82

10.86

0.01

P-value

0.94

0.97

0.16

0.66

0.01

0.03

0.91

0.91

0.9

0.01

0.09

1 Dietary treatments were: positive control with standard diet (PC), PC + protease (Kemin; 150g/ton; PC-150), negative control with CP 0.5% and AA 2% down from PC (NC1), NC1 + protease (150g/ton; NC1-150), NC1 + protease (300g/ton; NC1-300), negative control with CP 1.0% and AA 4% down from PC (NC2), NC + protease (150g/ton; NC2-150), NC2 + protease (300g/ton; NC2-300).

2 TFI: Total Feed Intake.

Abc means within columns not sharing a common suffix are significantly different at the 5% level of probability.

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Table 2 – Effect of protease in diet on ileal digestibility co-efficient of dry matter, crude protein and energy in broilers1.

PC

PC-150

NC1

NC1-150

NC1-300

NC2

NC2-150

NC2-200

NC2-300

Crude protein, %

-

-

-0.5

-0.5

-0.5

-1

-1

-1

-1

Amino acid2, %

-

-

-2

-2

-2

-4

-4

-4

-4

Dry matter

0.79ab

0.80a

0.78bc

0.80abc

0.81ab

0.77c

0.78bc

0.78bc

Crude protein

0.70 bc

0.73a

0.67de

0.70 bc

0.71ab

0.66e

0.68cde

Energy

0.79ab

0.80a

0.78b

0.79ab

0.79ab

0.77b

Dry matter

0.81bc

0.82a

0.80 cd

0.81ab

0.81a

Crude protein

0.81b

0.82a

0.79 bc

0.80 bc

Energy

0.80ab

0.81a

0.79 bc

0.80ab

SEM3

P-value

0.79bc

0.002

<0.001

0.69bcde

0.69bcd

0.003

<0.001

0.77b

0.78ab

0.78ab

0.003

0.03

0.80 d

0.80 cd

0.80bcd

0.81bc

0.001

0.005

0.81b

0.78c

0.79 bc

0.79 bc

0.79c

0.002

<0.001

0.80ab

0.78c

0.78c

0.79 bc

0.79 bc

0.002

0.002

21 D

35 D

1 Dietary treatments were: positive control with standard diet (PC), PC + protease (Kemin; 150g/ton; PC-150), negative control with CP 0.5% and AA 2% down from PC (NC1), NC1 + protease (150g/ton; NC1-150), NC1 + protease (300g/ton; NC1-300), negative control with CP 1.0% and AA 4% down from PC (NC2), NC + protease (150g/ton; NC2-150), NC2 + protease (300g/ton; NC2-300).

2 List

of amino acid: lysine, methionine, threonine and methionine + cystine.

Total Feed Intake.

Abcde means within columns not sharing a common suffix are significantly different at the 5% level of probability.

3 TFI:

procedure of one-way ANOVA of SPSS software (Version 21; IBM SPSS 2012). Mean differences were considered significant at P<0.05. When treatment effects were significant (P<0.05), means were separated using Turkey’s multiple range test procedures of SPSS software.

The protease could compensate for the lowered CP (0.5% reduction) and AA (2% reduction) in NC2 diets at 200g/ton. Angel et al. (2011) also demonstrated that birds offered reduced CP diets supplemented with protease at doses of at least 200 mg/ton have comparable growth performance to birds offered standard CP diets.

Results and discussion

The effect of supplementation of protease on ileal digestibility in broilers after 21 days and 35 days are presented in Table 2. There were significant improvements observed in the ileal digestibility of dry matter, CP, and energy with supplementation of protease (P<0.05). The protease improved (P<0.05) energy digestibility as a cumulative effect of increased protein digestibility. In both experiments, the addition of protease had significant benefits on the performance of the animals, mainly by increasing the digestibility of CP, and consequently, digestible energy. The activity of the exogenous protease can complement that of the endogenous protease. In diets with deficient AA, the effect of the protease seems to be more pronounced.

The effect of supplementation of protease on growth performance in the broiler for 1-21 days; 28-35 days and 1-35 days performance is presented in Table 1. The PC Diets (PC and PC-150 had significantly higher P<0.05) ADG compared to NC2 and NC2-150 but no significant difference in ADG with NC1 diets (NC1, NC1-150 and NC1-300); NC2-200 and NC2-300 fed birds in week 28– 35 days. This may indicate that the 150g/ton inclusion of the protease is not enough to compensate for the lowering of CP by 1% and amino acids by 4% in 28–35 days.

Although the ADG in 1-21 days was not significantly different in all treatments, it is possible that the lowered ADG at 28–35 days for NC2 and NC2-150 is the effect of the numerically lower ADG at 1-21 days. The total gain of the birds from PC and PC-150 at 1–35 days was also significantly higher than the NC2 and NC2-150 fed birds.

38

References are available on request From the Proceedings of the 2021 Australian Poultry Science Symposium

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Sustainable chicken meat production is enhanced by tangibly reduced crude protein diets P.V. Chrystal1,2, S. Greenhalgh1, P.H. Selle1, F.J. Kleyn3, J.C. De Paula Dorigam4, S.Y. Liu1 1

Poultry Research Foundation, Camden, NSW, Australia 2

Baiada Poultry, Pendle Hill, NSW, Australia

3 Spesfeed Consulting, Broederstroom, South Africa 4 Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, Hanau, Germany

40

The environmental impact of soyabean meal is estimated to be approximately three times that of grain and successful implementation of reduced crude protein diets for meat-type chickens supports future sustainability for the poultry sector.

In a series of 4 trials using Ross 308 male broilers to 35 days post-hatch, dietary crude protein was, on average, reduced by 39.7 g/kg (from 209.9 to 170.2 g/kg) without compromising bird performance. Notably, in one of the studies broiler performance was maintained with a tangible decrease in dietary crude protein of 57 g/kg and a 66.2% reduction in soyabean meal content, suggesting it is possible to achieve sustainable growth of chicken meat production to meet an estimated 72% growth in demand to 2050. In the context of sustainability, the

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

environmental impact of chicken meat production was assessed using an Australian developed model whereby twelve environmental parameters were included in a single calculated “ecopoint” value. Additionally, as a comparison, six individual environmental parameters utilising European Institut National de Recherche Pour l’Agriculture (INRA) data, applied to individual feed ingredients were assessed. The environmental impact of soyabean meal is estimated to be approximately three times that of grain and successful implementation of reduced crude protein diets for meat-type chickens supports future sustainability for the poultry sector.

Introduction Whilst meat-type chicken production compares well with other forms of livestock production systems it is nevertheless considered to have a negative environmental impact primarily due to dependence on soyabean meal as the main source of dietary protein. In a review of comparative

life cycle assessment (LCA) de Vries and de Boer (2010) concluded that 1 kg of edible chicken meat production requires between 8.1 and 9.9 m2 of land, similar to pork (8.9 to 12.1 m2) and on average 76% less than beef (27-49 m2). Higher reproduction rates, reduced methane emissions and improved feed efficiencies were identified as the major drivers of these differences. However, reported LCA methodologies are not consistent partly due to the complexity in assigning CO2 emissions to deforestation for soyabean production, confounded by dynamics of grazing by livestock and logging.

More recently, a LCA was conducted by calculating single score “ecopoints” using 12 environmental parameters for Australian chicken meat production on a weighted average annual impact scale of 100 points per person.

Authors combined the life cycle impact of global warming, abiotic resource depletion, land transformation and occupation, water consumption, eutrophication, acidification, eco-toxicity, photochemical smog, ozone depletion, ionizing radiation, human toxicity and respiratory effects

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emissions) eutrophication and land competition, adapted from INRA data (www.feedtables.com) were assessed.

Methodology

“The environmental impact of soyabean meal is estimated to be approximately three times that of grain and successful implementation of reduced crude protein diets for meat-type chickens supports future sustainability for the poultry sector”

into a single score. On average, cooked roast chicken was ascribed 11.9 calculated ecopoints/tonne with feed ingredients identified to contribute 49% (5.83 ecopoints/tonne) towards this value and grains, soyabean meal and meat & bonemeal making up 79% of the feed contribution.

Over the past 10 years approximately 5.6 million hectares of additional land has been required annually to accommodate increasing soyabean production. Furthermore, projected increases of 72% in chicken meat production over the next 30 years have been estimated requiring an extra 121 million hectares globally, based on current levels of dietary soyabean meal inclusion. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to quantify the differences in ecopoints as described in Bengtsson and Seddon (2013) per tonne of cooked roast chicken between conventional and tangibly reduced crude protein (CP) diets over four broiler studies. Only feeds that resulted in similar broiler performance were selected and assessed for their conduciveness to sustainability of chicken meat production. Additionally, for comparative purposes, individual environmental impact parameters for feed ingredients; cumulative energy demand, phosphorus consumption, climate change (CO2

42

A combined total of 168 off-sex male Ross 308 broilers were used in this comparison from 7 to 35 days posthatch, comprising 6 birds per replicate treatment over 6, 7 or 8 replicates as described in Chrystal et al., 2020. Within each study, a conventional (high protein) diet was compared with the lowest selected dietary protein treatment, where broiler performances were statistically similar to the conventional diet. Dietary AMEn averaged 12.90 MJ/ kg and digestible lysine 11.15 g/kg across all treatments whilst average CP ranged from 209.9 to 170.2 g/kg (difference of 39.7 g/kg). All diets were steam-pelleted at a conditioning temperature of 80 °C and comprised of either maize-soyabean meal or wheat-soyabean meal, supplemented with non-bound amino acids (AA) to maintain “ideal protein” ratios as recommended by Aviagen, Ross 308 (2019). Concomitant with a reduction in dietary CP, dietary soyabean meal inclusion declined by 44.6% (from 325 to 180 g/kg) and grain inclusion increased by 28.4% (from 549 to 705 g/kg). All feeding studies fully complied with specific guidelines (2016/973) approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the University of Sydney.

Soyabean meal was allocated 6.7 ecopoints/tonne whilst wheat varied from 0.4 to 0.8 and barley was estimated at 3.1 ecopoints/tonne; surprisingly, canola seed was highest at 8.5, canola meal 5.0 and by deduction, canola oil 3.5 per tonne. Non-bound, supplemental AA were not individually defined but formed 21% contribution within a normal diet and could thus be proportionately calculated for all diets. Using ecopoints for grain (average 2), soyabean meal and vegetable oil and allocating ecopoints to the balance of the feed, the relative influence of feed differences on ecopoints per tonne of cooked roast chicken was calculated. Thus, the lower the ecopoint value, the lower the total environmental impact. In contrast, applying INRA data and soyabean meal associated with Brazilian deforestation, six environmental impact parameters were individually assessed, emphasising disparity between measures of environmental degradation and depletion of non-renewable resources. Furthermore, INRA assign environmental impact values for only five supplemental AA, requiring assumptions for non-documented dietary AA. Thus, there is a paucity of data on environmental impact of individual AA not commonly used in feeds.

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

Results Reducing dietary CP resulted in an average reduction of ecopoints/tonne of feed by 21.2% (5.83 versus 4.59 ecopoints/tonne) whilst dietary soyabean meal inclusion declined by 44.6% and grain content increased by 28.4% (Table 1). Interestingly, the largest decrease in calculated ecopoints/tonne (31.4%) was in maize/soyabean-based diets whereby dietary CP was successfully reduced by 57 g/kg (from 222 to 165 g/kg) and supplemented with nonbound AA. In these diets, soyabean meal inclusion declined by 66.2%, from 334 to 113 g/kg and maize inclusion increased by 41.1% from 511 to 721 g/kg. Average broiler performance across all treatments compared favourably with Aviagen Ross 308 (2019) performance objectives, whereby weight gain exceeded the breed performance objectives by 7.2% (2067 versus 1929 g) cumulative feed intake increased by 3.1% (3113 versus 3018 g) and feed conversion improved by 3.6% (1.510 versus 1.566 g feed/g of liveweight).

Assuming standard feed contributes 49% towards ecopoints/tonne of roast chicken, an average reduction in dietary CP by 39.7 g/kg results in a decline of 1.2 ecopoints/ tonne, reducing the average environmental impact of roast chicken by 10.1% from 11.9 to 10.7 ecopoints/tonne.

Surprisingly, when applying INRA data to the diets used in the ecopoints exercise, four out of six calculated environmental impact parameters were higher for reduced CP diets (Table 2). INRA climate change value for L-lysine HCl is 34.7 times higher than maize (10004 versus 288 CO2 eq/kg) whilst land competition is 377 times higher than maize (0.0377 versus 0.0001 m2 yr/kg) and further elucidation of these discrepancies is required. Thus, in reduced CP diets, land competition (m2 yr/kg) was calculated to be 140% higher than standard broiler diets; cumulative energy demand (MJ/kg) 48% higher and similar values of 22% for eutrophication (PO4 eq/kg) and acidification (H+ eq/kg). However, on climate change measured as CO2 eq/kg, reduced CP diets were 11.8% lower and utilised 29.4% less phosphorus (Table 2).

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Discussion Irrespective of the method used to determine impact of chicken meat production on the environment, data reported varies considerably, primarily due to the complexity of calculating relevant data. For example, published

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Table 1 – Effects of selected dietary treatments from 4 studies on growth performance from 7 to 35 days post-hatch and calculated ecopoints/tonne of cooked roast chicken.

Diet content (g/kg)

Average growth performance

Ecopoints

Grain

Soyabean meal

Vegetable oil

Crude protein

Weight gain (g/bird)

Feed intake (g/bird)

FCR (g/g)

Roast chicken (/tonne)

Conventional

549

325

43.0

209.9

2047

3073

1.507

11.9

Reduced CP

705

180

14.9

170.2

2088

3152

1.513

10.7

Treatment

Table 2 – Comparison of individual environment impact factors on conventional broiler grower diets compared with reduced crude protein diets applying INRA table data (feedtables.com).

Diet parameters

Calculated environmental impact factors

Crude protein (g/kg)

Cum. energy demand (Mj/kg)

Phosphorus consumption (g/kg)

Climate change (CO2 eq/kg)

Acidification (H+ eq/kg)

Eutrophication (PO4 eq/kg)

Land competition (m2 yr/kg)

Conventional

209.9

6.407

8.934

941.4

0.01053

43.20

0.0005

Reduced CP

170.2

9.486

6.310

830.4

0.01282

52.49

0.0012

Treatment

values for liveweight broiler emissions range from 2000 to 5480 kg CO2 equivalent per tonne, with Ingham’s average in Australia reported to be 2613 kg CO2 (Bengtsson and Seddon, 2013), which is in close agreement with 2600 kg CO2 estimated by Williams et al. (2009).

Commonly, feed and the broiler farm are identified as the two main components of the LCA for chicken meat production.

In the Australian scenario, based on ecopoints, Bengtsson and Seddon (2013) attributed 29.9% of the environmental impact to cereal grains compared with an equivalent quantity of soyabean meal. In contrast, a Portuguese case study by González-García et al. (2014) regarded both maize and wheat equal and estimated far higher values of 65.4% of the environmental impact of soyabean meal. Presumably geographical distance between country of origin (South America or USA) and Australia relative to Europe may partly explain these differences.

A single ecopoint value is useful in assigning an overall dietary effect on the environment although individual values calculated using INRA data provide absolute measures per LCA category of feed indredients. Importantly, decreasing dietary CP by 30 g/kg is associated with a dietary equivalent CO2 reduction of 306 kg/tonne of chicken meat (Martin, 2020) and a 14% reduction in N excretion emphasising the need to include farm effects

44

in environmental LCA of reduced CP diets. Additionally, INRA estimate yields of cereal grains per hectare to be superior to soyabean meal by a factor of 6 with respect to land competition, in close agreement with Williams et al. (2009). This suggests there is less pressure on deforestation with successful development of tangibly reduced CP broiler diets. These data appear to be inadequately assessed in environmental LCA and warrant further consideration. However, despite data inaccuracy, these tools provide new insights into improving sustainability of chicken meat production.

Projected growth in demand for chicken-meat production will increase its environmental impact. However, based on present studies, adopting reduced CP diets with dietary soyabean meal inclusion equivalent to 310 g/kg, without a deterioration in broiler performance, means this demand can be met without reliance on increased soyabean production. Whilst predicted ongoing improvements in efficiency of broiler performance have not been factored into this future scenario, initial outputs from this study suggest that chicken meat is well placed to meet growing demand over the next 30 years in a sustainable manner.

References are available on request From the Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium 2021

- nutrition -

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VETERINARY SCIENCE

The impact of anthelmintic resistance in parasites of poultry USPOULTRY and the USPOULTRY Foundation announced the completion of a funded research project at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, in which researchers investigated the impact of anthelmintic resistance in parasites of poultry.

The research was made possible in part by an endowing Foundation gift from Wayne Farms LLC, and is part of the Association’s comprehensive research program encompassing all phases of poultry and egg production and processing.

46

Project #F081: Investigating the impact of anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of poultry - Dr. Ray Kaplan, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.

Dr. Ray Kaplan and colleagues at the University of Georgia recently completed a study evaluating anthelminthic resistance in parasites of poultry. The project aimed to measure the production impact of drug-resistant Ascaridia dissimilis on turkeys, develop a molecular diagnostic that would allow for screening of resistance in populations of Ascaridia dissimilis, and determine the efficacy of fenbendazole on a population of Heterakis gallinarum. Overall, results demonstrate the impact that poultry nematode parasites may have on the health and

- veterinary science -

VETERINARY SCIENCE

productivity of poultry and highlights the need for new control strategies for continued efficiency in production.

©wtop.com/hypatia

An important factor in the profitable production of poultry is the management of helminth parasites. Ascaridia galli and Ascaridia dissimilis are nematodes of the Ascarididae family and are two of the most common and economically important nematode parasites of chickens and turkeys, respectively, with up to 100% of birds in some flocks infected. Helminth control is typically achieved via the frequent administration of anthelmintic drugs, with fenbendazole (FBZ) being the most commonly used drug.

Fenbendazole is currently the only FDA approved anthelminthic for use within the poultry industry. Researchers have recently completed a study in turkeys that definitively demonstrated resistance to FBZ in Ascaridia dissimilis, which has led to further investigations.

In this study, the researchers had three primary objectives: • measure the production impact of drug-resistant Ascaridia dissimilis on turkeys in a production-like setting, • develop a molecular diagnostic test to detect and measure resistance in Ascaridia dissimilis using a next generation deep sequencing approach, and • measure the efficacy of fenbendazole against a suspected resistant isolate of Heterakis gallinarum.

To address the first objective, production parameters, such as feed conversion, weight gain and worm counts, were measured in turkeys infected with either a drug-susceptible or drug-resistant strain of Ascaridia dissimilis and either treated or not treated with FBZ. Data showed birds infected with resistant parasites and treated with FBZ had significantly poorer feed conversion when compared to those infected with susceptible parasites and treated. Also, as might be expected, birds infected with susceptible parasites and treated with FBZ had significantly better feed conversion than infected birds that were left untreated. Together, these results highlight the impact parasites may have on feed conversion in poultry and the costs associated with failure to clear resistant parasites. Fenbendazole-resistant Ascaridia dissimilis has the potential to impart substantial economic losses in the production of commercial turkeys.

Objective two was unable to be accomplished. A molecular diagnostic could not be developed as analyzes of sequence data from resistant parasites failed to show

any known resistance-associated variants in the betatubulin genes. It appeared that resistance in ascarids did not involve the typical mutations in the betatubulin gene.

Further, genomic work and mapping studies will be needed to determine the underlying mutations associated with Benzimidazole resistance in ascarids. However, once resistance-associated mutations can be identified, the proposed diagnostic can likely be developed in a future study.

Experiments conducted for objective three revealed that neither the label dose of FBZ, nor a dosage twice that of the label dose, significantly reduced parasite burdens, indicating that the isolate was highly resistant to FBZ. These results raise significant concerns for Blackhead control, as vector control is currently one of the few options available.

Overall, results demonstrate the significant impact that nematode parasites may have on the health and productivity of poultry and highlights the need for new control strategies for continued efficiency in production. The lack of known resistance-associated mutations in FBZ-resistant nematodes is entirely novel and presents an important new avenue of study for all ascarids.

A complete report, along with information on other Association research, may be obtained through USPOULTRY’s website: www.uspoultry.org.

- november 2021 -

47

PROCESSING

Six questions about high-volume chicken fillet portioning Modern technology and software bring an infinite number of cutting options.

The huge volumes of chicken fillet needed to satisfy global demand go way beyond doing the job at home by hand.

In high volume processing plants, intelligence has now become a truly indispensible aid in the automatic production of breast fillet. Factories need solutions, which, combining hardware and software in imaginative ways, can really think for themselves to make the best of each individual fillet. This means the optimum use of raw material, truly minimal give-away and maximum profit.

1. How do consumers want their fillets?

Most people eat their breast meat products either at home or in a restaurant. In both cases, their choice will depend on family size and taste. This could be for fillets, tenderloins, medallions, strips, nuggets or cubes, each with its own detailed specification. Products should look and weigh the same and it should be possible to pro-

48

duce them in large volumes. Only high-speed intelligent portioning equipment can achieve this. Such systems should preferably have dual lanes and it should be easy to change from one portioning option to another.

2. How to cut a large chicken breast?

Broilers are becoming heavier with their large breast fillets increasingly difficult to accommodate on retail tray packs. These packs often have a fixed weight and a fixed price. Heavier fillets, however, make it more difficult to hit the required pack weight, resulting in avoidable and unwanted give-away. Portioning fillets to a uniform size and weight is an excellent solution to this problem. Intelligent equipment, making use of smart software, will calculate how each fillet can be portioned most effectively to give the best possible use of raw material, reducing any giveaway to a minimum and maximizing yield.

- processing -

PROCESSING

3. How to make more of offcuts?

Trim is an inevitable by-product of portioning. You will always have offcuts, however small. These are from top quality muscle meat and can be used to maximum effect in value-added further processed products. To realize their full potential, even the smallest pieces must be managed efficiently. It may sound obvious but the best way to do this is to automatically separate trim from the main product in a controlled way, so that both proceed on separate conveyor systems to their next destination in the process.

Valuable off-cuts don’t then end up as a bulk low value item; their own dedicated processing line upgrades them to high-quality poultry meat.

4. How to make portion cuts look natural?

Good presentation is important too. Trimmed breast fillet for sale retail should look natural, as though it has not been trimmed at all. This means cutting with a slanting fillet edge. When cutting medallions, strips, nuggets or

cubes, it is particularly important that all portions look identical and weigh exactly the same.

Modern portion cutters work extremely precisely and produce identical natural looking cuts. It is even possible to

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Both magazine and website offer a broad overview on the poultry industry, providing in-depth news on international markets, business management, trends and practices in poultry, genetics, incubation, nutrition, veterinary and management.

49

PROCESSING

adjust the angle of cut. This natural look no longer has to result in costly give-away. Today, portioning is a fast process, where every gram counts. Cutting precision is now down to 5 grams. 5 grams may seem nothing but it all adds up. Let’s take an example. At 14,400 pieces per hour over an 8 hour shift, this comes to 115 kilograms of valuable meat lost per day. When using modern portion cutting equipment, such losses are a thing of the past. No matter how the fillet is cut, it is done precisely, using raw material to maximum effect.

5. How can technology help optimize portioning fillets?

Using the very latest vision control technology such as laser light together with innovative portioning software, it is possible to determine the exact shape of each fillet and calculate the best possible way of portioning it. A screen shows clearly how fillets are to be cut. Software enables remote programming and the storage of a large number of customer-specific cutting programs in its software menu.

Today’s customers, whether supermarket chains or quick service restaurants, demand a large portfolio of different products from poultry processors. It is therefore important that any portioning system not only handles high hour-

50

ly volumes but can also handle more than one product specification at the same time. Besides the ability to make different products on different lanes, it must be possible to switch quickly from one product to another. Intelligent software makes such changes a matter of tapping a few keys.

6. What’s the ultimate in portioning fillets?

Intelligent software is also about collecting data. You don’t know what you don’t know! Having collected data and converted this into useful reports, operators will then have instant access to all key performance indicators presented centrally in a user-friendly format. Only supported by this information can operators keep the equipment performing at maximum efficiency.

Intelligence could then be taken a step further by linking separate intelligent systems. Supposing it were possible to link equipment, a pick and place robot, producing fixed weight tray packs of breast fillet to our intelligent portioning system. The robot would tell the portioner which pieces of meat to trim and by how much; the result would be packs with truly minimal give-away. Dream or very real reality!

- processing -

PROCESSING

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UPCOMING EVENTS 2022 January, 25 to 27 IPPE International Production & Processing Expo Georgia World Congress Center 285 Andrew Young International Blvd NW Atlanta, Georgia, USA For information contact: U.S. Poultry & Egg Association 1530 Cooledge Road Tucker, GA USA Tel.: +1 770 493 9401 Fax: +1 770 493 9257 Email: pstates@ippexpo.org Website: www.ippexpo.org

February, 7 to 9 33rd Australian Poultry Science Symposium F23 Administration Building, University of Sydney, Camperdown Campus, Sydney, Australia For information contact: Website: www.apss2022.com.au

March, 15 to 17

March 30 to April 1

September, 7 to 9

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VICTAM Asia and VIV Health& Nutrition Asia 2022 Trade show & forum focusing on feed, pharma & genetics in the animal protein production

International Conference on Poultry Intestinal Health Cartagena de Indias Convention Center Cartagena, Colombia For information contact: IHSIG vzw Intestinal Health Scientific Interest Group Knokstraat 38 - 9880 Aalter, Belgium Email: info@ihsig.com Website: www.ihsig.com

May 31 to June 2 VIV Europe 2022 World Expo from Feed to Food Jaarbeurs Exhibition Center Utrecht, The Netherlands For information contact: Ruwan Berculo Email: ruwan@vnueurope.com Website: www.viveurope.nl VIV worldwide VNU Exhibitions Europe P.O.Box 8800 3503 RV Utrecht – the Netherlands Tel.: +31 (0) 30 295 2700 Tel.: +31 (0) 30 295 5911 Fax: +31 (0) 30 295 2808 Email: info@jaarbeurs.nl Website: www.jaarbeurs.nl

Meat & Poultry Industry Russia Crocus Expo Moscow, Russia For information contact: Exhibition company Asti Group Tel.: +7 495 797 69 14 Email: info@astigroup.ru For participation in the exhibition Email: Info@meatindustry.ru Participation in the conference: Email: conference@astigroup.ru Website: meatindustry.ru

June, 8 to 10 7th Mediterranean Poultry Summit - WPSA University of Cordoba Cordoba, Spain For information contact: Email: cordoba2020@mpn-wpsa.org Website: www.mpn-wpsa.org

August, 3 to 5 March, 22 to 24 Midwest Poultry Federation Convention Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA For information contact: Tel.: +1 763 284 6763 Email: info@midwestpoultry.com Website: midwestpoultry.com

ILDEX Vietnam Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center (SECC) Ho Chi Min City, Vietnam For information contact: Saengtip Techapatiphandee Tel.: +662 111 6611 ext. 330 Email: saengtip@vnuasiapacific.com Website: www.ildex-vietnam.com

IMPACT Exhibition Center - Halls 9-10 Bangkok, Thailand For information contact: Panadda Kongma Tel.: +662 670 0900 Ext. 204 Email: panadda@vnuexhibitionsap.com Zhenja Antochin Tel.: +31 (0) 6 8379 9693 Email: zhenja.antochin@vnuexhibitions.com Tel.: +66 (0) 2 726 1999

+66 (0) 2 366 9797 Website: victamasia.com Victam International BV Maliebaan 24-26, 3581 CP Utrecht The Netherlands Tel.: +31 33 246 4404 Fax: +31 33 246 4706 Email: expo@victam.com

October, 5 to 6 Poultry Africa 2022 Kigali Kigali, Rwanda For information contact: VIV worldwide VNU Exhibitions Europe P.O.Box 8800 3503 RV Utrecht, the Netherlands Tel.: +31 (0) 30 295 2999 Email: poultry.africa@vnuexhibitions.com Website: www.poultryafricaevent.com

November, 9 to 11 lLDEX Indonesia Indonesia Convention Exhibition (ICE) Jakarta, Indonesia For information contact: Panadda Kongma Director - Agribusiness & Operations Tel.: +662 111 6611 ext. 210 Email: panadda@vnuexhibitionsap.com Website: www.ildex-indonesia.com

INTERNET GUIDE Agritech commerce@agritech.it www.agritech.it Arion Fasoli info@arionfasoli.com www.arionfasoli.com Aviagen info@aviagen.com www.aviagen.com Aviagen Turkeys Ltd turkeysltd@aviagen.com www.aviagenturkeys.com Aza International info@azainternational.it www.azainternational.it Barbieri Belts info@barbieri-belts.com www.barbieribelts.com Big Dutchman big@bigdutchman.com www.bigdutchman.de Biochem info@biochem.net www.biochem.net Carfed International Ltd carfed@carfed.co.uk Carfed Italian Branch carfed@carfed.it www.carfed.it Cobb Europe info@cobb-europe.com www.cobb-vantress.com Codaf info@codaf.net www.codaf.net Corti Zootecnici S.r.l. info@cortizootecnici.com www.cortizootecnici.it DACS mail@dacs.dk www.dacs.dk EuroTier eurotier@dlg.org www.eurotier.com Facco Poultry Equipment facco@facco.net www.facco.net FIEM fiem@fiem.it www.fiem.it FierAgricola Verona fieragricola@veronafiere.it www.fieragricola.it FierAvicola info@fieravicola.com www.fieravicola.com Gasolec sales@gasolec.com www.gasolec.com Giordano Poultry Plast info@poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.com GI-OVO B.V. sales@gi-ovo.com www.gi-ovo.com Hendrix Genetics info@hendrix-genetics.com www.hendrix-genetics.com Hubbard contact.emea@hubbardbreeders.com www.hubbardbreeders.com Hy-Line International info@hyline.com www.hyline.com Impex Barneveld BV info@impex.nl www.impex.nl Intracare info@intracare.nl www.intracare.nl Jamesway sales@jamesway.com www.jamesway.com Jansen Poultry Equipment info@jpe.org www.jpe.org Lubing System info@lubing.it www.lubingsystem.com Marel Poultry info.poultry@marel.com www.marel.com/en/poultry Mbe Breeding Equipment info@mbefabriano.it www.mbefabriano.it Menci commerciale@menci.it www.menci.it Meyn sales@meyn.com www.meyn.com MOBA sales@moba.net www.moba.net MS Technologies info@mstegg.com www.mstegg.com Newpharm info@newpharm.it www.newpharm.it Officine Meccaniche Vettorello luciano@officinevettorello.it www.officinevettorello.com Omaz srl omaz@omaz.com www.omaz.com Petersime N.V. info@petersime.com www.petersime.com Prinzen B.V. info@prinzen.com www.prinzen.com Reventa info.reventa@munters.de www.reventa.de Royal Pas Reform info@pasreform.com www.pasreform.com Roxell info@roxell.com www.roxell.com Ska ska@ska.it www.skapoultryequipment.com Socorex socorex@socorex.com www.socorex.com Space info@space.fr www.space.fr Specht Ten Elsen GmbH & Co. KG info@specht-tenelsen.de www.specht-tenelsen.de Sperotto S.p.A. info@sperotto-spa.com www.sperotto-spa.com TPI-Polytechniek info@tpi-polytechniek.com www.tpi-polytechniek.com Val-co intl.sales@val-co.com www.val-co.com Valli info@valli-italy.com www.valli-italy.com VDL Agrotech info@vdlagrotech.nl www.vdlagrotech.com Vencomatic Group B.V. info@vencomaticgroup.com www.vencomaticgroup.com Victoria victoria@victoria-srl.com www.incubatricivictoria.com VIV Europe viv.europe@vnuexhibitions.com www.viveurope.nl

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English Edition Year XLIII November 2021

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