U Z B E K I S TA N CLIMATE FACTS AND POLICY 205 MILLION tCO2e 6.9 TONNES PER CAPITA
POLICIES AND PROCESSES Policy framework
Vision 2030: Resource-efficient growth National sustainable development strategy (under consideration) Programmes on industry modernization and energy efficient technologies Revised building code Strong interest in expansion of solar and wind energy Growing natural gas share of road transport Extensive environmental legislation covering clean air Standardized baseline for the national power sector under CDM
2020 targets
Increase natural gas power generation capacity Install 100-200 MW of solar- and wind-powered generation capacity Modernize existing hydropower stations to increase capacity by 120 MW
2030 targets
Mitigation Preliminary national targets under review and discussion Modernization in the energy and industry sectors leading to a reduction of 20 million tonnes of CO2 At least 20 per cent of renewable energies, including sun and wind, in country’s energy mix Reduce energy intensity of GDP by half
31.3
2 132
POPULATION
PER CAPITA GDP
US $
MILLION
98%
OF TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION FROM FOSSIL FUELS
Sources: 2005 national GHG inventory data submitted to UNFCCC; latest population, energy and economic data from the World Development Indicators of the World Bank http://data.worldbank.org/indicator
Adaptation priorities Water, agriculture, health and ecosystems
GHG inventory and projections
Second national communication to the UNFCCC provides GHG emission data for 1990-2005 Third national communication, with GHG data for 1990-2012, to be submitted to UNFCCC by end of 2016 82 per cent of GHG emissions originate in the energy sector Non-CO2 gases contribute about half of the total emissions
CLIMATE ACTIONS
Industrial and agricultural sector modernization
Lower per capita and per hectare water use, energy use and GHG emissions Reduction of energy-intensity of GDP by 50 per cent between 2000 and 2013 NAMA on solar energy development (2015-2030) with a potential for CO2 emission reductions of 10 million tonnes
Regional actions
Host of Central Asia regional centre on renewable energy Regional and CIS leader in CDM projects, with 15.23 million tonnes of CERs by 2015
CLIMATE FINANCE
World Bank
Climate Adaptation and Mitigation Program for the Aral Sea Basin (with Green Climate Fund) Energy Efficiency Financing Facility for Industrial Enterprises Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change Mitigation Project (with GEF)
ADB
Samarkand Solar Power Project Energy efficiency/renovation of power plants
Adaptation Fund
Climate resilience of farmers in drought-prone communities
Other international sources
Sustainable rural housing (UNDP-GEF) Energy-efficient water and transport systems Modernization of hydrometeorological service
Lake Balkhash
Baikonur Aral Sea
Baikonur r D
Aral Sea
rD
Sy
Beyneu
Sy
A A
Z Z
a
ar y
a
A A
Kyzylorda Kyzylorda
K K
H H
S S
T T
N N
Shu
Ta Ta
las
Moynoq
A A
Shu
las
K K
Moynoq
Lake Balkhash ar y
Turkestan
Taraz
Turkestan
Taraz
Nukus Sarygamysh Lake Sarygamysh Lake
(planned)
Dashoguz Dashoguz
Urganch
N N
0Map produced by100 ZOÏ km Environment Network, November 2015 Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, November 2015
Tejen Tejen
Mary Mary
Tejen Tejen
0
R A 100 Rkm A
Turkmenabat
Ashgabat Ashgabat
ar y a ar y a
Energy and emissions
Fossil fuel energy installations and carbon emissions Fossil fuel energy installations and carbon emissions
CO2 emissions from thermal power plants, million tons per year: CO2 emissions from thermal power plants, million tons per year: more than 5 Thermal power-plant (coal/oil/gas) more than 5 Thermal power-plant (coal/oil/gas) 2-5 21 - 52 0.5 - 1 1less - 2than 0.5 0.5 - 1 less than 0.5
Namangan (planned)
Qarshi
Jizzax
Khujand
Jizzax
Osh
T A J I K I S T A N
Termiz Mazar-e Sharif
Ferghana
Dushanbe T A J I K I PaSnj T A N Pa n Dushanbe j Kulob
Khorog
Kulob
Qurghonteppa
Mazar-e Sharif
UZB
Osh
UZB
Sherabad Denov (planned) Sherabad Qurghonteppa (planned) Termiz
Kerkichi
Ferghana
Panjakent
Shahrisabz Denov
Kerkichi
n Andijan
Andijan Kokand Khujand Kokand
Aydar Lake
ShahrisabzPanjakent
ab ab MurghMurgh
Bojnurd
Bukhara Turkmenabat
ek Bojnurd
I I
Bukhara
Talas K Y R G Talas YZSTAN Namangan K Y R G Yn Z S T A N (planned)
Tashkent
Aydar Lake Zaravs han Navoiy Zaravs Samarkand h Samarkand an Navoiy Samarkand (Under construction) Samarkand (Under construction) Qarshi
u D mu D A
A tr
aku Ka m Ca rak n um al Ca nal
ek
U Z B (planned) E K I S T A N U Z B E K I S T A N
Am
A tr
(planned)
T U R K M E N I S T A N T U R K M E N I S T A N
Serdar Ka r
Regional renewable energy centre and Shymkent International solar energy institute Regional renewable energy centre and International solar Tashkent energy institute
Uchquduq
Urganch
Golden Age Lake Golden Age Lake
Serdar
Uchquduq
VakhshVakhsh
Nukus
Shymkent
(planned)
Na Na ry ry
Beyneu
Kunduz
Feyzabad Feyzabad
A F G HKunduz A N I S T A N A F G H A N I S T A N
Renewable energy installations and plans Renewable energy installations and plans
Khorog
PAK. PAK.
Wind farms
Solar power stations
Hydropower stations
Wind farms
Solar power stations
Hydropower stations
Large (50 MW -100 MW) Large (50 MW -100 MW) Medium (Less than 50 MW) Medium (Less than 50 MW)
Policies and institutions Uzbekistan has extensive environmental legislation, which marginally covers protection of the climate system and mainly focuses on clean air. While the country does not have specific climate action plans or legislative acts, climate-related concerns are covered in energy, construction, transport, water and forest development programmes and investments as well as in the country’s vision 2030. This vision sets provisional goals for the reduction of the energy intensity of GDP and for increasing the share and use of renewables, primarily solar power. Currently, Uzbekistan is drafting legislation on renewable energy sources taking into account the experience of developed countries and the growing domestic needs for energy. Uzbekistan has also revised building codes to meet higher energy efficiency standards. The Hydrometeorological Service is the UNFCCC, GEF and GCF focal point, and is the key climate policy agency in Uzbekistan. While UzHydromet is formally in charge of international climate matters, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is a key player when it
comes to international negotiations and decisions. The Ministry of Economy is the CDM focal point and is responsible for climate investment projects and for coordinating the financial means of implementation. The State Committee on Nature Protection is the key player in domestic enforcement of clean air legislation, including actions on industrial and mobile source emissions and waste recycling and minimization. The inter-agency council on climate change chaired by the Deputy Prime Minister enables high-level discussions and coordination on climate change and CDM projects. Uzbekistan hosts relevant international and regional centres – such as the International Institute of Solar Energy, the Central Asia Regional Centre on Renewable Energies, the Executive Secretariat of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea, and regional scientific, research and training centres on agriculture, water resources and hydrometeorology.
Lake Balkhash
Baikonur
Beyneu
Sy
rD
Aral Sea
Baikonur
Beyneu
K
A
Z Z
a
Aa
K
A
K
ar y
Lake Balkhash
Kyzylorda
H
S
T
A
N
S
TTurkestan A
N
Kyzylorda
H
Turkestan
Amu Darya delta
I
R
A N
Tejen
Mary
ab Murgh
Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, November 2015
Tejen
100 km Bojnurd
Mary
0
100 km
Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, November 2015
Tejen
Rivers with intense water use and increased stress from Impacts of climate change climatic and hydrological changes
a
ar y a
uD
Ashgabat
Talas KYRGYZSTAN
h ka
dar y Kashkadarya a Shahrisabz ya
Qarshi Kerkichi
Kerkichi Mazar-e Sharif
Na ry
n
Na ry
Kokand Andijan
Ferghana Valley Ferghana Kokand UZBAndijan
Khujand
JizzaxPanjakent Zaravs Kas h Bukhara Navoiyhkadar y an Samarkand a Shahrisabz Qarshi ar y Panjakent Denov Kas
Am
Rek A N
Turkmenabat
Turkmenabat Tejen
Shymkent
Khujand
Jizzax Zaravs han Aydar Lake Zaravshan Valley Samarkand
uD
A tr
Ca nal
Ashgabat
Talas Taraz KYRGYZSTAN
Tashkent
Aydar Lake
Bukhara Navoiy
ab Murgh
I 0
Ka rak um
Ca nal
Shymkent
Ferghana Valley
Ferghana
Osh
Osh
UZB
T A J I K I S T A N Dushanbe Vakhsh
T U R K M E N I S T A N
Bojnurd
U Z B E KZaravshan I S T Valley A N
T U R K M E N I S T A N Ka rak um
re k
U Z B E Uchquduq K I S T A N
Am
SerdarAt
Urganch
Taraz
TKulob A J
Pa n
j
I K I S T A N
Dushanbe
Denov Qurghonteppa KashkadaryaTermiz Kulob Feyzabad ya
Pa n
j
Khorog
Vakhsh
Serdar
Dashoguz
Shu
n
Tashkent
Surha nda r
Golden Age Lake
Sarygamysh Lake
Urganch
Ta
Uchquduq
Surha nda r
Golden Age Lake
Nukus Dashoguz
Ta
las
Amu Darya delta Moynoq Nukus Sarygamysh Lake
Shu
las
Moynoq
A
Sy
K
Aral Sea
rD
ar y
Kunduz Qurghonteppa
Khorog
Termiz A F G H A N I S Feyzabad T A N
PAK.
DenselyMazar-e populated and agriculturally importantKunduz areas with increased Sharif A F G ofHclimate A Nchange I S T A N environmental stress and projected impacts
PAK.
Impactwith of regional change and dust storms due to Rivers intense climate water use and increased stress from shrinkageand of the Aral Sea changes climatic hydrological
Reduction of ice cover and risk of glacial lakesareas outburst floods Densely populated and agriculturally important with increased environmental stress and projected impacts of climate change
Increased risk of climate-related in the mountains Impact of regional climate changehazards and dust storms due to and impacts on populated shrinkage of the Aral Sea areas and infrastructure
Reduction of ice cover and risk of glacial lakes outburst floods
Increased risk of climate-related hazards in the mountains and impacts on populated areas and infrastructure
Uzbekistan scorecard Country’s share of global emissions Country’s emissions per capita General climate action ambition
Mitigation commitment: Emissions reduction Decoupling from population growth Decoupling from economic growth Renewable energy prospects
Adaptation action
National climate policy actors Policy leadership: shared responsibilities between the Uzbek Hydrometeorological Service, Ministry of Economy and the Uzbek State Committee for Nature Protection UNFCCC focal point: Hydrometeorological Service GHG inventory and projections: Hydrometeorological Service GEF and GCF focal point: Hydrometeorological Service
Million tonnes
Greenhouse gas emissions and projections for Uzbekistan
300
250
200
150
50
0
Projections 1990
1992
1994
Energy
1996
1998
Industrial processes
2000
2002
Agriculture
2004 Waste
2006
2008
Lower range
2010
2012
2020 2030
Higher range
Š Zoi Environment Network (2016)
100
Climate actions Uzbekistan is the only country in Central Asia where emissions have remained relatively stable since 1990. A slight increase around 2012 is attributable to a more stable economic situation after the dissolution of the Soviet Union; diversified industries; the growing use of natural gas as a fuel in the power and transport sectors; agricultural and forestry sector dynamics; and population growth. Among greenhouse gases, emissions of CO2 remained stable and then declined slightly by 2012 compared to 1990 or 2000. Emissions of N2O also declined as a result of decreases in the use of mineral fertilizers and increases in the application of organic fertilizers. Methane emissions increased almost constantly due to growth in the agricultural sector (emissions from livestock, manure) and in the population (waste). 82 per cent of all GHG emissions originate in the energy sector. In Samarkand province, with ADB support, Uzbekistan is building the largest solar power plant in Central Asia (100 MW). Two more stations of similar capacity are planned for Surkhandarya and Namangan provinces by 2020. Nearby, in the industrial city of Navoi, a PV panel plant will be built to serve the growing energy needs of the country. A wind power survey was completed in 2015 and several priority sites proposed. Laser levelling of agricultural fields is becoming one of the leading tools to reduce water use in agriculture, and is expected to reduce the energy needed for water pumping by 30 per cent. Large investments are going into fruit and nut orchards and tree plantations, and the forest cover is constantly growing. Since 2005, Uzbekistan has invested heavily in modernization of the industrial and agricultural sectors. These investments have helped the country lower per capita and per hectare water use, energy use and GHG emissions. Air pollution levels have decreased, including in Tashkent and other industrialized cities with heavy vehicular traffic. The energy intensity of GDP declined by 50 per cent between 2000 and 2013. Still, Uzbekistan remains one of the most energy inefficient countries in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia regions. Industry and agriculture are among the largest power consumers in the country and also the largest sources of energy inefficiencies due to outdated technologies and high reliance on water pumping. On the other hand, inspired by the success of its UNDP-GEF project on energy efficiency in the construction sector, Uzbekistan undertook revisions to its building standards, and plans to build
more energy-efficient urban and rural housing and to develop incentives for energy savings in the residential sector. The Uzbek government and its international development partners are actively promoting both small-scale biogas and hydropower and large-scale solar power and solar water heating.
Climate finance Uzbekistan is a first phase participant in the Climate Adaptation and Mitigation Program for Aral Sea Basin (CAMP4ASB) financed by the Green Climate Fund and the World Bank. ADB provides support to renewable energy (including Samarkand solar), energy efficiency and transportation networks. The Adaptation Fund provides support via UNDP to climate resilience of farming communities in the drought-prone parts of Uzbekistan.
Sources of information for the scorecard Uzbekistan’s strategies and legislation National climate-related assessments and reports: Second national communication to UNFCCC (2008); Third national communication to UNFCCC (expected 2016); Uzbek MDG 2015 implementation assessment Zoï expertise and interviews with stakeholders in Uzbekistan This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.
The designations employed and the presentation do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or region or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.