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NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT · TUESDAY, APRIL 26, 2016 · VOL. CXXXVIII, NO. 125 · yaledailynews.com

INSIDE THE NEWS MORNING EVENING

RAIN CLOUDY

48 36

CROSS CAMPUS Rock the vote. Today is the Connecticut primary. From 6 a.m. to 8 p.m., Yale students will go to polling places around New Haven and cast ballots.

According to Public Policy Polling data from over the weekend, on the Democratic side, Hillary Clinton LAW ’73 has 48 percent support among Democrats, 2 points more than Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders.

Among GOP candidates, Donald Trump leads the pack, polling at 59 percent.

YD-Almost. This weekend,

the Yale Debate Association competed at the National Debate Championships.

For the second consecutive year, Evan Lynyak ’17 earned the honor of top speaker at the competition. Two Yale students, Justin Katz ’18 and Adela Lilollari ’18 also made it to the national quarterfinal, and an additional six students were octofinalists.

CIG-NIFICANT POLYMORPHISM AND WITHDRAWL

OFF THE FIELD

BULLDOG DAZE

Students band together to make athletics more LGBTQ-inclusive

FUTURE MEMBERS OF THE CLASS OF 2020 VISIT CAMPUS

PAGES 10-11 SCI-TECH

PAGE 3 SPORTS

PAGE 3 UNIVERSITY

Democrats invite students to join a conversation with Lorella Praeli, the director of Latino outreach for the Clinton campaign. Praeli will address topics such as immigration policy, the Latino vote and the 2016 election. The talk, which will be held in Sudler Hall at 7 p.m., is also a Bulldog Days event.

From the right. The William F.

Buckley Jr. Program welcomes Dr. Yuval Levin, the founding editor of National Affairs and the Hertog Fellow at the conservative think tank, the Ethics and Public Policy Center. Levin will speak on the topic: “What Are Conservatives For?” in Sudler Hall at 4:30 p.m. today.

Eat some (mat)za. The Slifka Center for Jewish Life will host a matzah pizza-making party for students keeping Passover.

Participants can choose from a variety of toppings and make their own pizzas from 9 p.m. to 11 p.m. tonight. The last day of Passover is April 30.

The other Republicans. The Young Republicans, a Yale student band that has opened for Spring Fling, have a gig at Three Sheets tomorrow. The show starts at 9 p.m.

THIS DAY IN YALE HISTORY

1991 Mayor John Daniels, New Haven’s first AfricanAmerican mayor, announces his bid for re-election outside the city’s Hall of Records.

The announcement comes on the same day as Daniels’ 55th birthday.

Follow along for the News’ latest.

Twitter | @yaledailynews

y

Yale Summer Session to launch creative-writing institute in 2017 PAGE 5 UNIVERSITY

Majority of students say change Calhoun

BY DAVID SHIMER STAFF REPORTER In the coming days, three naming debates that have dominated campus conversations throughout the academic year — the title of residential college “master,” the potential renaming of Calhoun College and the names of the two new residential colleges — will be resolved. The results of a recent survey by the News, which received responses

from more than 1,700 students, demonstrate a disconnect between how students feel on the issues and how they expect administrators to decide them.

Fifty-five percent of respondents called on the University to rename Calhoun College, while 45 percent believe the title of “master” should be changed. An overwhelming 82 percent said a concerted effort should be made to name one or both of the new colleges after a woman or person

of color.

And yet, according to the results, many students do not believe the naming announcements will reflect their opinions, and they do not trust members of the Yale Corporation with these decisions.

MAJORITY OPINIONS

Of the 55 percent of students surveyed who said Calhoun should be renamed, 65 percent said that November’s racial

protests influenced their opinions. In a similarly sized survey distributed by the News in September, 48 percent of students who elected to answer the question said the college should be renamed.

Of the students who said the name of Calhoun should change in the more recent survey, 89 percent opposed a partial alteration, such as a hyphenated name.

“Hyphenation will not suffice,” wrote one respondent. “The

college should not be named after one of the main proponents of slavery, regardless of what alumni say. The fact that it is still named Calhoun College bewilders me, and I think it disgraces Yale. In light of recent events regarding safe spaces, I think it would be ill-advised, even stupid, to keep Calhoun’s name branded on the backs of the college’s residents.”

For master, 66 percent of the SEE CALHOUN PAGE 6

Primary kicks off in Connecticut

Invictorious. Former President George W. Bush ’68 is the honorary chairman of this year’s Invictus Games — an international sports competition for injured military veterans. The games, which were created by Britain’s Prince Harry, will take place in Orlando from May 8 to May 12. Competitive events include archery, cycling, powerlifting, wheelchair basketball and wheelchair tennis.

From the left. The Yale College

SUMMER WRITIN’

LISA QIAN/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

On Monday, former President Bill Clinton LAW ’73 visited New Haven for the second time this election season.

Bill Clinton LAW ’73 holds event

BY MICHELLE LIU STAFF REPORTER To a crowd of roughly 200 at Wilbur Cross High School Monday evening, former President Bill Clinton LAW ’73 retold the story of his first date with Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton LAW ’73. The couple, law students who first met in the Yale Law School library, wandered through a Mark Rothko exhibit at the Yale University Art Gallery.

In his second Elm City appearance in five days, Bill Clinton emphasized that Yale and New Haven were the backdrop to his first few years with Hillary Clinton. The rally, which featured the former president alongside former U.S. Rep. Gabrielle Giffords, D-Arizona, Giffords’ husband — retired astronaut Mark Kelly — and Mayor Toni Harp, focused on Hillary Clinton’s strong stance on gun control, her ability to resolve political gridlock and her ties to both New Haven

and the state. Bill Clinton also stressed his wife’s political expertise, running through a laundry list of her accomplishments from her time as a law student to her four years as secretary of state.

“I can tell you being president’s a job,” Bill Clinton said. “She speaks more than well enough to handle the communications part of it, but she is the best changemaker I’ve ever known.”

Bill Clinton and Giffords are only two of a few Democratic establishment figures who have campaigned for Hillary Clinton in the state in the days leading up to the Connecticut primary. In what is expected to be a close race with opponent Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders, who spoke to an audience of thousands on the New Haven Green Sunday evening, the Clinton campaign has relied on local leaders, such as U.S. Rep. Rosa DeLauro, D-New Haven, and Harp, alongside figures such as Sen. Cory Booker LAW ’97, D-New Jer-

sey. Clinton herself spoke with DeLauro at an event held in Orangeside On Temple Saturday.

Harp described the event as a “homecoming” for Bill Clinton, reminding the audience of the Clintons’ “special connection” to New Haven.

“We know they first met here,” Harp said. “We know they fell in love here. We know they began their collective careers in public service, building on all they know here.”

Harp called for the audience to repay the commitment the Clintons have made to both New Haven and Connecticut by propelling Hillary Clinton to the Democratic nomination.

Accompanied by Giffords on stage, Kelly recounted greeting grieving parents after the 2012 shooting of elementary school students in Sandy Hook Elementary School, before calling for stronger regulations from SEE CLINTON PAGE 4

Candidates cater to Nutmeg State

BY NOAH DAPONTE-SMITH STAFF REPORTER The typical presidential election cycle runs like this: After early primaries in Iowa, New Hampshire and South Carolina, one candidate pulls ahead of the pack and gains an insurmountable delegate lead after rivals drop out. The nomination is wrapped up sometime in early spring — primaries in April, May and June are purely perfunctory.

But not this year. This cycle is unlike any other, with the outcomes of both the Democratic and Republican primary races still in flux. As a result, Connecticut — with its primary on the comparatively late date of April 26, after 35 states have already voted — matters. Candidates have thus come to Connecticut to seriously campaign, and in doing so have adopted a local flavor, tailoring their pitches and spiels to the vot-

ers of the Nutmeg State. Ohio Gov. John Kasich was the first candidate to bring his campaign to Connecticut, closely followed by businessman Donald Trump, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton LAW ’73 and Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders. Texas Sen. Ted Cruz was the only candidate to skip the Connecticut.

The most recent polling for the Republican race shows Trump with 59 percent of the vote, a commanding lead over his two rivals. Clinton and Sanders, meanwhile, are locked in a virtual tie, with Clinton boasting 48 percent and Sanders 46.

In Hartford earlier this month, Trump discussed Connecticut’s economic malaise, pinning his protectionist message on the resulting discontent.

“The economy of the state SEE CANDIDATES PAGE 4

Law profs deem tax bill constitutional

BY MICHELLE LIU STAFF REPORTER While Yale has maintained that a controversial bill regarding its property taxes is unconstitutional, 11 law professors — many of whom currently teach at or are affiliated with the Yale Law School — now argue otherwise.

In a letter delivered Monday to State Senate President Martin Looney, D-New Haven, and

House Speaker Brendan Sharkey, D-Hamden, the professors said they examined Yale’s concerns regarding the bill’s constitutionality and found them “significantly overstated.” The letter counters the University’s aggressive attacks on S.B. 414 that have discounted the bill as unconstitutional. The bill, which passed the state Finance Committee by a 28 to 22 vote on April 7, centers on which property taxes Yale pays to munici-

palities and now awaits debate on the full Senate floor. Yale has continued to advocate strongly against the bill, suggesting that S.B. 414 would tax Yale’s academic property and force the University to alter activities which occur inside buildings like the Yale Center for Genome Analysis and Woolsey Hall.

The University has argued that the legislation would unlawfully impair Yale’s right to nontaxation as established

in its state charter and violate the contracts clause of both the federal and state constitutions. In an April 22 statement released by the Office of Public Affairs and Communication, the University noted that Yale’s charter has been construed by the courts, including the state Supreme Court, to affirm the nontaxation of academic property, while the contracts clause has been upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court to protect char-

ters like Yale’s from “impairment” by state legislatures.

But in the April 25 letter, the law professors said Yale’s claim that the contract clause divests the Legislature of power to clarify between “educational” and “commercial” activities is unfounded, and that the state could indeed clarify or even modify Yale’s charter in service of a “legitimate public purpose.”

SEE TAX BILL PAGE 6

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YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 26, 2016 · yaledailynews.com

OPINION

.COMMENT “Complaining about the 'flawed status quo' is Yale's most popular pasyaledailynews.com/opinion

Bulldogs in New Haven B

ulldog Days is a time for dreaming and exploring.

We’re told that the possibilities for our undergraduate education are limitless.

We’re told that Yale provides us innumerable opportunities for growth, self-discovery and true friendship. As we drift from stately Gothic buildings to gorgeous manicured quads in search of free food, we use the campus as a canvas for our hopeful visions. We project the future memories we’ll make, and we create a set of goals and dreams for our Yale experience.

Class of 2020, as you start to imagine what your time at Yale will look like, I hope you’ll envision a Yale experience that includes being an active, engaged resident of New Haven.

It’s possible to go through four years of Yale without fulfilling any of your responsibilities as a citizen of the Elm City — remaining inside what’s called the “Yale Bubble,” never extending your knowledge of your host city beyond its delicious restaurants. But if you ignore the larger city, you’re not just doing a disservice to the community — you’re doing a disservice to yourself.

When I think about the moments that I’m always going to remember from my time at Yale, I’m struck at how many of them did not occur on campus. I’ll always remember running a relay race on an August afternoon at Scantlebury Park with one of the tiny fifth graders I taught the summer after my freshman year. I’ll never forget watching the sun set over the Long Island Sound as I ate dinner with a group of Fair Haven neighborhood activists at the Boat House Café. I’ll remember the farmers’ markets, knocking on doors in the Dixwell neighborhood to get out the vote in local elections, the lessons I learned from New Haveners who came here long before me and will remain here long after I leave.

Coming into Bulldog Days, I wouldn’t have thought that these would be my most treasured memories at Yale. My friend’s father had told me, “Be careful in New Haven!”

When I had first visited campus, “Don’t go past Popeye's,” was the joking refrain among my hosts. The pernicious stereotype is that New Haven is unsafe, crime-ridden, “ghetto,” and that we’re better off staying behind the iron gates.

That’s not New Haven’s story — as if there could even be one New Haven story. New Haven is not a monolith. It’s made up of many rich communities and vibrant neighborhoods. Nearly all of the world’s cultures are represented. Diversity abounds in our art, our food, our politics. It’s wildly unfair to let unfounded assumptions about

crime define our perception of the revolutionary city that invented the hamburger, the Frisbee FISH STARK and the lollipop.

Of course, Elm City all stereoemphasis types have some basis in fact, and it is true that after the city lost many factory jobs in the late 20th century, New Haven faced its fair share of struggles with poverty and, yes, crime. But by making incredible strides in job training, community policing and supporting at-risk youth in the past few years, New Haven has become an incredibly safe city. It’s a city, yes, and students must practice common sense, just as they would in New York or Boston. But those who label it as an unsafe slum aren’t just ill-informed, they’re perpetuating alarmist, outdated and racist stereotypes.

New Haven is a beautiful city that welcomes many Yalies with open arms as active members of its many communities: its places of worship, schools, shelters, galleries, theaters and restaurants. And for all the city gives us, Yalies have the opportunity to give in return. It’s naïve to think we have the answers to all of New Haven’s problems, but by supporting and working with the local leaders who know the city’s challenges better, we can play a role in the social change that New Haveners are working toward.

But the real reason to learn about New Haven is not because it has a lot to offer you, or that you have a lot to offer it.

It’s because understanding and getting involved in the community that surrounds you is a basic act of respect and citizenship. We are here for four years at least, and we’re New Haven citizens whether we choose to accept that responsibility or not.

While you’re learning about all that Yale has to offer, learn about New Haven too. Visit Dwight Hall’s open mixer Tuesday night, sign up for service groups at the extracurricular bazaar, go to tonight’s “Social Justice and Cookies” event to learn about the great work Yalies do with New Haven’s homeless population.

And as you daydream about your new lives as Yalies, remember also the incredible gifts and opportunities that come with being a New Havener.

FISH STARK is a junior in Jonathan Edwards College. His column runs on alternate Tuesdays.

Contact him at fortney.stark@yale.edu .

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time”

'YALIE2' ON 'AMEND: TONI’S MAGIC'

The noble compromise W

hat happens when a staunch anti-establishmentarian gets tapped for Skull and Bones? Or when a grad-school hopeful gets an offer from Bridgewater to earn north of $20,000 in two months?

Well, simple. They accept.

I’m not here to criticize that decision to accept — a decision some might view as “selling out,” or “giving up on one’s principles.” I have a hard time believing that even those who moralize the act of “selling out” would have an easy time turning these — or analogous opportunities — down. Further, I have a feeling that this particular tension will always be an ingrained part of Yale, an institution itself predicated on prestige, class and hierarchy.

As we try and find our place in the world, our idealistic, bushytailed selves will inevitably encounter the fact that we are so often part of the institutions that we criticize — and that we, on some deep level, value precisely these institutions in one way or another, whether we like it or not.

As a friend put it, “growing up is doing things you hate”: It is attending a college that has historically bred the future’s elite,

taking part in groups that have structurally maintained power h i e ra rc h i e s and perhaps valuing money more LEO KIM than you initially thought.

On us It’s realizing that the reasoning you use to justify such decisions — “oh, I can change the institution from the inside!” — may not hold water, or may never come to fruition.

But that’s fine. I doesn't mean that our idealistic selves need to evaporate into nothing. Because I don’t think my friend was exactly right. Growing up isn’t doing things you hate — rather, growing up is learning how to compromise with yourself. It is about learning what values truly inform your worldview, and retaining those values despite what may come.

After all, being part of an institution that has historically conflicted with your values is one thing — actually buying into the entailments of such an institution, actually contradicting your values once you’re in that

institution is another.

Think of someone who firmly believes the rich should be highly taxed. Let’s say she then gets a job at a hedge fund and that in this world, the rich still aren’t highly taxed. Well, certainly she’s benefitting from a system she opposes. But that doesn’t mean she needs to buy into the typical, wealth-laced kickbacks that initially motivated her to oppose such an institution. She could donate a large chunk of her earnings or she could serve on the board of nonprofits seeking tax reform. She could act on the egalitarian values that motivated her without rejecting her membership within the structure.

Despite the fact that we at Yale view basically everything as existing along some spectrum, we don’t seem to extend this same courtesy to “selling out.”

But this creates a moral binary if someone sells out, they sell out all the way. We wholly reject a person’s decision on grounds that often lack the nuance we give to every other type of decision or lifestyle.

There are degrees for everything, and I think that it will never be the case that all Yalies will adhere strictly to the socalled “righteous path.” We exist in a place that would fall apart if

this occurred to the fullest extent possible.

Yet, I do think that we can begin to make steps in the direction of healthy compromise.

Instead of promoting a culture in which we demonize the act of “selling out,” we should instead promote a culture where we seek to foster responsibility. A place where phrases like “effective altruism” and “responsible citizenship” are more commonly used.

In a school full of flawed people, it’s unrealistic to expect us to be saints, immune from greed, self-interest or prestige.

The best we can do is to try and foster an environment in which those motivations don’t trump the things we value even more.

In doing this, we can avoid the worst pitfalls of selling out while maintaining a realistic worldview and upholding the normative standards that we impose on ourselves. While in many cases, moral radicalism may be important for change, realism also has value. When the former has failed, maybe it’s time to try out the latter.

LEO KIM is a junior in Trumbull College. His column runs on alternate Tuesdays. Contact him at leo.kim@yale.edu .

YANNA LEE/STAFF ILLUSTRATOR

A skin deep partnership B

ecause my parents refused to allow me to skip class in high school — an unconditional rule that apparently holds firm even when one’s child is admitted to the Ivy League — I did not attend Bulldog Days as a prefrosh. As a result, I first experienced the whirlwind of logistical crises and extracurricular proselytizing as a freshman.

I aggressively campaigned for my clubs, threw fliers at startled families and tried desperately to convince anyone who would listen to consider majoring in Classics.

Like everyone else, I was trying to sell the Yale experience.

The circus of Bulldog Days embodies everything Yale purports to offer — a Gothic paradise overflowing with dininghall ambrosia, prestigious extracurricular opportunities, close companionship and exceptional academic development. Yale is engaging, enriching and most importantly accessible. It has everything, and you can have it all.

Indeed, my own Yale experience has encompassed many elements of this vision. The claim of accessibility, however, has proven false for a significant number of the Yale population. Students on financial aid are required to fulfill a “student income contribution” by working a campus job. The aid they receive is adjusted to reflect the $5,950 amount they must earn every school year and sum-

mer to fulfill their payment to the U n i v e r s i t y.

The inflexible, mandatory 10 hours that so many SHERRY LEE of my peers and I work week A classical each directly jeopact ardize everything else that Yale promises to be. Caveant prefrosh.

In the past, the administration has justified the student income contribution on the grounds that it provides “skin in the game” for students on financial aid. In other words, the SIC operates on the premise that the (ostensibly talented and intelligent) students from low-income backgrounds who were admitted to Yale will not appreciate their education unless they have a financial stake in it. It assumes that 10 hours a week at an unrewarding clerical job will instill gratitude in students poor enough to be privy to the value of such a formative experience.

But what sort of “skin in the game” exists for students who don’t have to worry about Yale’s price tag?

Wealthy students are free to pursue the vibrant culture of extracurricular and academic opportunities offered at Yale without any institutional restrictions on their time. Finan-

cial-aid recipients, on the other hand, must contend with the considerable trade-offs that the SIC imposes on their time and energy, both of which could and should be better spent on their education. In other words, the SIC creates two different types of debt to Yale. Students who do not have to fulfill the SIC are allowed to devote their efforts toward enriching and improving the climate of the University; they give back to Yale by assuming leadership positions in various organizations, by investing valuable time in what they do best and are most passionate about. But for those on financial aid, their mode of debt has already been decided.

Last week, Director of Financial Aid Caesar Storlazzi ’75 MUS ’84 defended the SIC under a new premise — that of a “partnership” between the University, students and parents in which all three parties cooperate to satisfy the cost of education. Of course, the idea of a “partnership” is nothing more than another illconceived rhetorical effort to downplay the impact of the SIC, and to perpetuate the myth that students have a voice in financial aid at Yale. The administration has evinced chronic disregard for student calls to eliminate or reduce the SIC; past statements

by Storlazzi that financial aid does not define the Yale experience are especially discouraging.

Next year, I will be pursuing the highly demanding joint B.A./M.A. degree program in

Classics. Somehow the experience of having worked an onerous campus job did not influence the decision to take advantage of my education. It has, however, significantly limited the ways in which I pursued my academic ambitions. Perhaps if I weren’t working 10 hours a week, I could finally attend that optional reading group with my professors, or read the books on critical literary theory I checked out but didn’t have time to touch. Many argue that the primary purpose of a university education is just that, an education. But proponents of the SIC seem to have something else in mind — curiously, they never spell out quite what it is.

Prototypical justifications of the SIC insult and underestimate lower-income students.

They indefensibly assert that we do not sufficiently appreciate our Yale education, and that we do not have the right to decide what to do with it. More disgraceful still is the administration’s concession that eliminating the SIC would not pose any budget problems, especially considering that Harvard and Princeton both have far lower SICs. Instead of parroting antiquated maxims about “skin in the game,” Yale should be leading the charge to ensure a just and equitable academic climate for all students.

SHERRY LEE is a sophomore in Ezra Stiles College. Her column runs on alternate Tuesdays. Contact her at chia.lee@yale.edu .

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 26, 2016 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 3

NEWS

“Diversity has been written into the DNA of American life; any institution that lacks a rainbow array has come to seem diminished, if not diseased.” JOE KLEIN JOURNALIST

CORRECTIONS MONDAY, APRIL 25

The article “Berkeley Dean Genoni to depart” misstated the name of the former Branford College dean.

Group supports LGBTQ athletes

BY DANIELA BRIGHENTI STAFF REPORTER A group of six male studentathletes have banded together with the mission of making Yale and its athletic department more inclusive for LGBTQ student-athletes.

After meeting each other through coincidental interactions and mutual acquaintances, the six students gathered for the first time in October, when they decided to create an informal support network for LGBTQ student-athletes at Yale. The group has since then acquired administrative support from Brian Tompkins, senior associate athletic director of student services, who has played a role in multiple student-led initiatives since his transition from Yale head coach to athletics administrator.

Though the group is still in its initial stages, members stressed the importance of reaching out to incoming LGBTQ student-athletes, helping to integrate them into the Yale athletic community and tackling a “locker room culture” that, according to the students, can be harmful to male LGBTQ athletes.

“Our end goal is to create an infrastructure and a social and institutional culture where any athlete feels comfortable coming out and being a queer athlete at Yale,” said men’s diver Wayne Zhang ’18, who is also a staff reporter for YTV. When men’s golfer Jake Leffew ’19 arrived on campus last fall, he reached out to his residential college dean for help in finding other gay athletes at Yale, but his dean was not aware of any. It took Leffew many weeks and meetings with multiple administrators in the athletic department before he finally was connected with Luc Ryan-Schreiber ’17, a gay athlete on the Yale club men’s rugby team.

In their first interaction, RyanSchreiber and Leffew discussed the small number of openly gay athletes at Yale, and discussed potential ways of connecting those athletes, not just with each other but also with the larger Yale athletic community.

“We don’t want to have [another issue with finding peers at Yale] happen again,” Ryan-Schreiber said.

Since then, with the support of Tompkins, the group has reached out to residential college masters and deans to offer resources to those administrators for assisting LGBTQ student-athletes who come to them. Tompkins added that the group is planning on distributing informational flyers next fall to incoming student-athletes with details about Yale’s LGBTQ athletic community.

Previously, students could turn to a group called Athletes and Allies, which also worked to support LGBTQ athletes on varsity and club teams. But according to Ryan-Schreiber, the group was always tilted toward the Allies side, with “one [LGBTQ] athlete to 50 allies.” Athletes and Allies slowly became defunct, and as of last year it no longer exists on campus, Ryan-Schreiber said.

Though the group is currently made up of six male athletes, members said they hope to attract female students in the future who could run a parallel organization for female athletes.

Distance runner Timothy Cox ’17, who is also in the group, said

in the next school year he will be a peer liaison for the Yale LGBTQ Co-op, where he hopes to get female athletes involved in the group’s projects.

“It’s what we’re trying to look for moving forward, maybe two groups in parallel for gay male athletes and queer female athletes, because they have different experiences and it might be difficult to have both completely together,” Ryan-Schreiber said.

In addition to improving the experience of incoming Bulldogs, the group is also looking to tackle the notion of what Ryan-Schreiber called a pervasive “locker room culture” across many teams at Yale.

“There is just the core assumption of heteronormativity in the locker room because you’re sure no one is gay,” Ryan-Schreiber said. “The goal is to make it clear that you should not assume there isn’t someone gay.”

Leffew said the group plans to have meetings at the start of the fall semester with coaches and captains from all 35 varsity teams to ensure that athletes and coaches alike are aware that their language could be potentially harmful for LGBTQ athletes.

That conversation, Tompkins said, should also eventually be extended to the entire athletic department to ensure administrators are part of the dialogue and can provide support for studentathletes.

“As far as the culture goes, it’s really about unseen struggles for our athletes,” Tompkins said. “We have to see how we’re going to communicate that both within [teams] and to [department administrators].”

Tompkins added that he has learned a great deal about issues that LGBTQ athletes face while working alongside the six students over the last five months, and a similar education process within the department would also come gradually.

Still, Zhang highlighted that the Yale community is overall very accepting of all students, and that the locker room culture is not an issue of intention, but instead something all should be made aware of to prevent accidental offense.

In fact, the group began work on a video last month to promote inclusivity of LGBTQ athletes on sports teams. Thus far, all teams that the group has contacted have agreed to participate in the video.

The video is part of a larger initiative by the organization You Can Play, which supports similar videos made by both individual teams and schools — both high schools and colleges — across the nation.

“The message that athletes should be judged by their contribution to a team or a sport, without regard to sexual orientation or gender identity, is easy to understand,” You Can Play Co-Founder Brian Kitts said. “We’re excited to see Yale’s video and we appreciate the chance to work with Yale’s athletes, coaches and fans.”

In the long term, Leffew said he hopes the group will become a model for other Ivy League schools to follow. He added that he would also like to see a conference held at Yale on the topic of LGBTQ athletes.

Contact DANIELA BRIGHENTI at daniela.brighenti@yale.edu .

IRENE JIANG/SENIOR PHOTOGRAPHER

Members of the group are looking to tackle a pervasive “locker room culture” across many teams at Yale.

South Asian Studies suffers faculty attrition

BY VICTOR WANG STAFF REPORTER As faculty members and administrators continue to discuss implementation strategy for a recently announced $50 million faculty-diversity initiative, the mixed success of a 2008 initiative to bolster South Asian scholarship may serve as a cautionary tale that flashy multimillion initiatives do not guarantee success.

The $75 million India Initiative, announced in 2008 by former University President Richard Levin, was supposed to launch Yale into a new era of “unprecedented” engagement with South Asian scholarship by supporting the MacMillan Center’s South Asian Studies Council and funding faculty hiring and new academic programs. The council itself has no hiring power but can partner with departments, whose hires in South Asian Studies would receive the initiative’s funding via the MacMillan Center. But eight years after the announcement, the alarming attrition rate of junior South Asian scholars has overshadowed vibrant academic programming and jeopardized the long-term future of South Asian scholarship at Yale. According to data that professors provided to the News, eight of 11 faculty members hired between 2006 and 2014 who engage in South Asian scholarship have left or are planning to leave Yale.

“We have lost all of our junior faculty — six in the last three years — except for one position in History. People have left or been denied promotion for various reasons,” South Asian Studies Council Chair and Political Science professor Karuna Mantena said. “Our program and major are doing okay, but it is important to know what happened to the University’s commitment, and to learn from this as we move forward with other initiatives for faculty recruitment and curriculum development.”

Professors interviewed said the India Initiative has been instrumental in developing the Council’s robust academic events and programs. But the continuous attrition of faculty members means that there are simply not enough professors to sustain all these programs. Political Science assistant professor Tariq Thachil, who will be leaving for a ten-

ured position at Vanderbilt this coming fall, said student interest and attendance in the South Asian Studies programs have increased over the past few years, but if the number of professors studying South Asia continues to decrease, the University may be forced to cut back on programming.

Mantena said that the South Asian Studies major and program are currently sustained by just a few active senior faculty members, part-time lecturers, visiting scholars and postdoctoral scholars — most of whom are not permanent faculty.

Despite the current lull in momentum, the ambitious India Initiative achieved tangible results during its early years. At the time of its 2008 announcement, the Yale India Initiative boasted a budget of $75 million, with $30 million from Yale’s unrestricted endowment resources and the rest from donations. Faculty members interviewed said that the council and South Asian Studies in general enjoyed “tremendous” growth during the first several years of the initiative, including the hiring of almost a dozen faculty members in related fields.

However, many junior professors hired during the growth of South Asian studies have since left Yale, either voluntarily or because of tenure denials. In particular, the denial of tenure to two scholars of South Asia in the History of Art and Linguistics Departments last year has damaged morale and raised concerns about how nontraditional fields such as South Asian Studies are judged in promotion and tenure reviews.

A scholar of South Asia who has left Yale recently said junior South Asian Studies-affiliated professors have tended to perform poorly in Yale’s tenure reviews. The professor said one of the reasons for these denials is that South Asian Studies scholars’ research does not have “broad appeal,” which the professor claims is a coded way of passing judgment about the value of the field. Similar charges of scholarship bias have been leveled by professors in other newer fields, such as Ethnicity, Race and Migration.

“The two tenure denials were surprising to us and that led to an effect where other junior faculty members felt vulnerable,” Mantena said.

DIAGRAM DEPARTING FACULTY & INDIA INIATIVE FUNDING

8 out of 11 faculty members hired between 2006 and 2014 for South Asian scholarship have left or are leaving Yale.

7 of the 11 were hired using India Initiative Funding.

PHOEBE GOULD/PRODUCTION & DESIGN STAFF

“There was a lot of demoralization. There is a feeling that some fields still don’t see South Asian study as an essential field.”

Political Science Department Chair Steven Wilkinson, who studies communal conflict in South Asia and whose hiring was also partially funded by the India Initiative, said he does not believe South Asian scholars are being disproportionately cut at the tenure review. But he acknowledged that Yale’s long tenure clock does lead to undesired attrition of junior faculty.

Still, Thachil said there were “concerning aspects” in both tenure denials last year, noting that these decisions played a role in his impending voluntary departure. He added that there have been general concerns about Yale’s broader interest in sustaining South Asian Studies.

“It was easier to leave after seeing the decisions made against my South Asian Studies colleagues,” Thachil said.

“There is tremendous institutional fluctuation. What we have heard is that there has been an institutional shift under the new administration [and] it doesn’t seem like there is the same level of enthusiasm.”

The level of institutional support for South Asian scholarship is hard to determine due to the uncertain status of the India Initiative and the availability of funding.

Faculty of Arts and Sciences Dean Tamar Gendler ’87 told the News that the MacMillan Center “has not reduced its South Asia funding.” But Mantena said that when she took over as chair of the council in 2014, the Initiative had funded three junior-faculty slots. Yet when two of the three faculty

members left, their departments were told that there was no initiative funding available to replace them.

“As far as I know, the India Initiative allowed junior positions to be hired, but that money seems to be gone now,” Mantena said. “We have lost the push on the junior faculty hiring.”

Political Science professor and MacMillan Center Director Ian Shapiro GRD ’83 LAW ’87, however, reaffirmed the center’s commitment to the India Initiative and to the support of South Asian Studies more broadly. He said that the center has not reduced its support for relevant faculty positions or teaching.

“In the instances where South Asia faculty are leaving, I will be surprised if any of the relevant departments decide not to replace them,” Shapiro said. “Certainly I don’t know of any such plans.”

Wilkinson added that the Political Science Department will try to replace the loss of Thachil and expects continued support from the MacMillan Center for the hiring of scholars who study South Asia.

Still, some faculty in South Asian Studies expressed doubts about the efficacy of the India Initiative, or of any similar new initiative designed to promote faculty diversity.

“It’s great to have a new initiative, but a lot of money was already spent [in the India Initiative],” Mantena said. “And we didn’t really learn anything and didn’t retain too many people.”

South Asian Studies can only be taken as a second undergraduate major in Yale College.

Contact VICTOR WANG at v.wang@yale.edu .

Bulldog Days draws 2,000 students, family members

BY JON VICTOR STAFF REPORTER Sporting matching blue T-shirts and drawstring backpacks, admitted students from every corner of the world descended on Old Campus Monday afternoon for the start of Bulldog Days.

More than 1,100 students admitted to Yale’s class of 2020, along with 900 parents and family members, will be on campus exploring the University’s academic and extracurricular offerings this week. While at Yale, prospective students can attend a multitude of panels, forums and master classes planned just for visitors over the next two days. More than 200 student organizations will participate in today’s extracurricular bazaar, and more than 100 departments and resource centers will be represented at the academic fair. Bulldog Days will conclude tomorrow afternoon with a pizza party on Old Campus.

“I am very excited to meet this class of 2020, the final class before the historic expansion of Yale College,” Dean of Undergraduate Admissions Jeremiah Quinlan said Monday night.

“As sophomores, this class will be called upon to be the pioneers for a new Yale, developing customs and establishing rituals that will become forever engrained in the Yale story.

This class will work closely with faculty and staff to harness the energy of expansion and growth.”

Last night, Quinlan officially

welcomed visiting students and their families to campus in a speech at the Shubert Theater, which was followed by a showcase of performing arts groups.

University Provost Benjamin Polak and Yale College Dean Jonathan Holloway will give the official welcome address in Woolsey Hall this afternoon.

While on campus, visiting students will stay in one of over 500 on-campus suites that have been offered up by current students.

“I am always in awe of the enthusiasm and generosity of the entire Yale community, who open their doors and make time to connect with your visitors,” Director of Outreach and Recruitment Mark Dunn ’07 said.

Master classes — taught by 11 faculty volunteers — will be held throughout the week in fields like physics, psychology and political science. Students and their families can also attend panels related to college life and tours of the residential colleges. One new panel this year will focus on the Center for the Study of Race, Indigeneity and Transnational Migration, which was established in February.

In addition to these keynote events, Yale’s four cultural centers were popular destinations for visiting students interviewed. Ale Canales, an admitted student from Texas, said she is interested in spending time at La Casa Cultural and the Yale Women’s Center while on campus, adding that it is important to her that Yale has a physical

OTIS BAKER/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

Over 1,000 admitted students have descended upon campus for the three-day extravaganza that is Bulldog Days. space for minority students.

Wilson He, an admitted student from Virginia, said he plans to visit the Asian American Cultural Center and the Native American Cultural Center.

He, who said he is definitely attending Yale, added that he plans to attend a Yale Political Union debate and is interested in joining one of the YPU’s political parties once he arrives on campus as a student in August.

George Zhang, an admitted student from Orange, Connecticut, said he is primarily interested in attending master classes during his time on campus. He added that he has already accepted Yale’s admission offer and plans to major in an engineering-related field.

Some students inter-

viewed remain undecided as to whether they will attend Yale.

Arnav Sharma, who hopes to major in computer science and who is from New York, said he wants to use his time on campus to scrutinize Yale’s academic offerings in STEM, adding that Yale’s social scene will also be a factor in his decision.

Sharma is also considering the California Institute of Technology and Brown, he said.

Next year, the Admissions Office will host two separate iterations of Bulldog Days due to potential overcrowding at events and limited hosting options. With the expansion of Yale College, the class of 2021 will be 15 percent larger than the class of 2020.

Contact JON VICTOR at jon.victor@yale.edu .

PAGE 4

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 26, 2016 · yaledailynews.com

FROM THE FRONT

“The best solution to income inequality is providing a high-quality education for everybody.” BEN BERNANKE AMERICAN ECONOMIST

Candidates compete for CT votes CANDIDATES FROM PAGE 1 of Connecticut has experienced absolute devastation about manufacturing,” Trump said in the Connecticut Convention Center. “And I don’t need statistics to know that.”

Connecticut is fertile territory for Trump’s protectionist message, which resonates well in the working-class cities he has visited — Hartford, Bridgeport and, above all, Waterbury, which has endured a prolonged economic downturn since manufacturing left the Naugatuck Valley after its postwar zenith.

There, appeals against free trade agreements — especially NAFTA — meet a receptive audience.

And, of course, Trump has emphasized his local ties in language that will be familiar to all who have followed his campaign over the last year.

“I have lots of friends in Connecticut,” Trump told the rally in Hartford. “I’ve lived in Connecticut. I love Connecticut — except your insurance companies, they always charge me too much.”

Meanwhile, in the Democratic camp, Clinton — the current front-runner for the Democratic presidential nomination — has highlighted her ties to the Elm City, where she lived for four years in the 1970s and for which she said she holds a “particular affection.” For the first three of those years, she attended Yale Law School; in the fourth, she worked at the Yale Child Study Center, helping doctors at YaleNew Haven Hospital treat victims of child abuse and prevent such abuse from spreading.

Each time candidates have come, they have been accompanied by local dignitaries — party officials, state legislators or representatives to Congress.

Clinton has boasted the highest-profile entourage, holding

a recent fundraiser in Stamford with Gov. Dannel Malloy, Lt. Gov. Nancy Wyman and Connecticut’s entire congressional delegation.

Clinton campaigned alongside Rep. Rosa DeLauro, the Democrat who represents the New Haven area in Congress.

In another nod to New Haven, Clinton noted that she had campaigned with DeLauro’s mother, Luisa DeLauro, at Sally’s Apizza in Wooster Square during her husband Bill Clinton’s LAW ’73 bid for the presidency in 1992.

Speaking to working families in Orangeside On Temple Saturday, Clinton praised the progress Connecticut has made in pioneering policies like paid family leave and public sector retirement plans.

“I’m a big believer in the states being the laboratories of democracy,” Clinton said in response to remarks from State Senate President Martin Looney, D-New Haven, at Orangeside. “We have to come up with some new approaches to help people save for retirement. So I’m really interested to see anything that you’re doing here in Connecticut.”

When Clinton hosted an event in Hartford last Thursday, the topic was gun control, an issue that has had particular relevance to Connecticut since the 2012 Sandy Hook massacre that left 26 dead. Joining her in Hartford was Malloy, one of her highestprofile surrogates and a fervent advocate of gun control. Clinton was also accompanied by Erica Smegielski, whose mother was killed in the Sandy Hook shootings.

Other candidates have made different local appeals. Speaking at Sacred Heart University in Fairfield earlier this month, Kasich referenced the opioid epidemic that has swept through

Connecticut and New England over the last year, encouraging attendees — mostly college students — to do what they can to stop their friends from using drugs.

Kasich also rallied against Connecticut’s high rate of income tax — which, he argued, bears much of the blame for Connecticut’s poorly performing economy and the highly public relocation of General Electric’s headquarters to Boston in January 2016.

“We’re in Connecticut, isn’t that interesting?” Kasich said. “I think the income tax is through the roof. And if I hear about another company that’s threatening to leave Connecticut … the proof’s in the pudding.”

The opioid epidemic provided material for Sanders, too, whose home state has suffered greatly from heroin overdoses. In his Sunday rally on the New Haven Green — which drew a crowd of 14,000 — Sanders discussed opiate use among a myriad of other issues, including family leave, income inequality and campaign-finance reform. Sanders used the issue of the opiate epidemic to call for treating drug addiction as a health issue, not a crime, and for marijuana to be removed from the list of federal Schedule I drugs — which have no currently federally recognized medical use.

In an audacious move from a politician vying for the Democratic nomination, Sanders had harsh words for Malloy. Sanders urged Malloy to restore millions of dollars in funding to mental health services that Malloy’s February budget proposals have cut.

Meanwhile, Yale student groups have spent the last several weeks encouraging voter participation, both on-campus and off.

Student groups backing Clin-

ton and Sanders have each conducted outreach in the state over the last few months, from registering voters to phone banking.

Yale Students for Hillary supported an event held at Wilbur Cross High School by Bill Clinton and former U.S. Rep. Gabby Giffords, D-Arizona, on Monday evening, and intend to phone bank today.

Last weekend, members of the organization participated in get-out-the-vote efforts in New Haven organized by the Clinton campaign, according to Yale Students for Hillary Co-President Delaney Herndon ’17. Previously, the group hosted a phone bank on April 6 with former Vermont Gov. Howard Dean ’71.

Adam Gerard ’17, Yale Students for Hillary vice president, underscored that members of the group have engaged not only with Yale students in these efforts but also with the New Haven community at large. Yale Students for Bernie Co-Founder and Co-Chair Matthew Massie ’17 said the group has arranged transportation for students to their polling places.

Although the Yale College Democrats do not endorse a candidate until the general election, the Dems have conducted a number of voter registration drives this semester, according to Dems Election Coordinator John Kauffman ’18.

“Regardless of who the Democratic nominee is, Dems is excited to campaign for a highly qualified, progressive presidential nominee against any of the current right-wing Republican front-runners,” Kauffman told the News.

Michelle Liu contributed reporting.

Contact NOAH DAPONTE-SMITH at noah.daponte-smith@yale.edu .

Bill Clinton LAW ’73 at Wilbur Cross CLINTON FROM PAGE 1 Congress to reduce gun violence. Kelly told the audience that Hillary Clinton would take on powerful corporate interests, such as the national gun lobby.

“Come January, I want to say these two words,” Giffords, herself nearly assassinated by a gunman near Tucson in 2011, said. “Madam President.”

Giffords and Bill Clinton also campaigned for the former secretary of state in Hartford on Monday.

In a Monday interview with the News, Booker predicted a close race between Hillary Clinton and Sanders in Connecticut, adding that Clinton would need to work hard to earn each of her votes in the state on Tuesday.

The former mayor of Newark also spoke in Meriden and Waterbury for the Clinton campaign Monday. Booker told the News he did not need to tailor Clinton’s message to audiences in Waterbury — a city with some of Connecticut’s highest poverty and unemployment rates — as she speaks directly toward the challenges of American cities, especially on issues of affordable housing and criminal justice reform.

Booker discredited a statement made by Sanders to Meet the Press earlier in the month, that the Vermont senator has lost primaries because “poor people don’t vote.” He pointed out that if more low-income individuals voted, Hillary Clinton

would have a greater lead, especially given her strong support in African-American and Latino communities.

“Frankly I’m frustrated because I come from an American city that has a lot of poor folks, and my city votes,” Booker said.

Likewise, Booker pointed to the lead of over 2 million votes that Clinton currently holds over Sanders as proof of nationwide enthusiasm for the candidate. He highlighted a desire from many voters for a political leader who could “actually move the ball out of the field,” citing Clinton’s ability to make practical change on issues like paid family leave and student debt.

In a poll released Monday by Public Policy Polling, Clinton had a minimal lead over Sanders at 48 to 46 percent in Connecticut, attributed to significant support among African-Americans.

Booker, who has repeatedly been mentioned in the last few months as a contender for Clinton’s running mate in the general election, told the News he found the possibility unlikely.

“I’m really loving being a U.S. senator,” he said.

“That’s where I’m intending to stay.”

Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania and Rhode Island will also hold primary elections Tuesday, when voters will determine which candidates will receive an aggregate 462 delegates.

Contact MICHELLE LIU at michelle.liu@yale.edu .

WIKIMEDIA COMMONS

BERNIE SANDERS

H I L L A RY C L I N T O N

HIGHER EDUCATION POLICY

HIGHER EDUCATION POLICY

HIGHER EDUCATION POLICY

HIGHER EDUCATION POLICY

HIGHER EDUCATION POLICY

-Make public colleges and universities tuition-free and debt-free

-Ensure fair process in campus sexual assault disciplinary proceedings and increase sexual violence prevention education in colleges and high schools

-Would reduce the power of the Department of Education and give local school districts and states more flexibility to use federal resources

- In a January 2015 speech, said the Department of Education could be “cut … way, way, way down.”

-Critical of affirmative action

-Implement a 10-year, $350 billion New College Pact to make college more affordable

-Freeze tuition at public colleges

- Started an online forprofit college in 2005 but has not discussed policy on for-profit colleges

-In March 2013, proposed an amendment to repeal the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 that expanded Pell Grants

-Believes college loan repayment is regressive, and calls for refinancing and forgiveness -Committed to supporting historically black colleges and universities facing funding pressures

JOHN KASICH

-Wants a performancebased funding formula for colleges and universities in order to incentivize higher graduation rates

DONALD TRUMP

TED CRUZ

-Has called for the abolition of the Department of Education

- Said he would introduce refinancing and extensions for student debt

IMMIGRATION POLICY

IMMIGRATION POLICY

IMMIGRATION POLICY

IMMIGRATION POLICY

IMMIGRATION POLICY

-Supports a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants

-Defend Obama’s executive actions that provide relief from deportation

-Advocates for a guest-worker program, wherein immigrants are allowed to come to the states and work, documented, within the country

-Build a wall across the southern border, to be paid for by Mexico

-Would also build a wall on the southern border, triple border security and set up surveillance and biometric tracking to secure the border

-Focused on bringing and keeping families together -Opposes deportation -Wants to secure borders without building a fence

-Eliminate current three- and 10-year bars to re-entry for undocumented immigrants -End family detention and close private immigrant detention centers

-Opposes deporting immigrants who are law-abiding citizens apart from their “illegal” status

-Expand access to the Affordable Care Act to all families regardless of immigration status

-Wants to give illegal immigrants a path to legalization but prefers to deny a path to citizenship; would end birthright citizenship for children of illegal immigrants

LIFE, MARRIAGE AND FAMILY POLICY

LIFE, MARRIAGE AND FAMILY POLICY

-Strongly advocates for at least 12 weeks of paid family leave

-End conversion therapy for LGBT minors and upgrade the service records of LGBT veterans dismissed due to sexual orientation; would also allow transgender personnel to openly serve in the military

-Aims to provide affordable childcare and early pre-K education -Believes LGBTQ+ values are family values

-Opposes Republican efforts to defund Planned Parenthood -Support on-campus child care and scholarships for college students who are also parents

-Triple the number of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement officers

-Promises to end Obama’s amnesty policies “on day one,” end catch-and-release and increase deportations

-Defund sanctuary cities, such as New Haven, and end birthright citizenship -Increase wages for H-1B visa holders to incentivize domestic hiring

-End sanctuary city policies

LIFE, MARRIAGE AND FAMILY POLICY

LIFE, MARRIAGE AND FAMILY POLICY

LIFE, MARRIAGE AND FAMILY POLICY

-Would declare a “war” on violence against women

-Demanded the defunding of Planned Parenthood in August but later defended the organization at GOP debates

-Maintains that marriage is a sacrament between one man and one woman

-Calls for the rebuilding and strengthening of families -Calls for the expansion of day care choices and removal of child care subsidy restrictions -Proposes The Families Reinforcement Act which includes tax incentives for adoption, strengthening parents’ rights in education and stronger child pornography laws

-Suspend and audit H-1B visas

-Opposes marriage equality for LGBTQ communities, despite claiming the Civil Rights Act of 1964 should be expanded to protect against sexualorientation discrimination

-Wants to defund Planned Parenthood -Has fought to ban abortion and prohibit state funds for groups that provide the procedure

QI XU/STAFF REPORTER & BRITTANY SMITH/CONTRIBUTING REPORTER

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 26, 2016 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 5

NEWS

“Great creativity is astonishingly, absurdly, rationally, irrationally powerful.”

ANDY HOBSBAWM ENTREPRENEUR

Summer writing institute to launch

BY JACOB STERN AND JON VICTOR STAFF REPORTERS Starting next year, creative writers will have more opportunities at Yale to hone their craft during the summer months.

Yale Summer Session will be launching a new creative-writing institute in summer 2017, where students from within and outside of Yale can enroll in forcredit courses taught by Yale faculty. The institute, which will be coordinated with the English Department, is designed to take place concurrently with the annual Yale Writers’ Conference, an event that brings professional writers to campus to give workshops and master classes to students from Yale and other colleges. Dean of Yale Summer Session Jeanne Follansbee said that in addition to master classes at the conference, students enrolled in Yale Summer Session creative-writing courses can go to panels hosted by publishers and literary agents that focus on a writer’s work beyond just their craft. In contrast to a traditional course, an institute boasts additional activities, shared meals and readings from instructors and participants, immersing students in a community of learners.

“Students will really get an

opportunity to think about how to move to creating, publishing and finding an outlet for their work,” Follansbee said. “It gives them a little bit of a taste of the practice of being a writer.”

The Writers’ Conference will be enhancing the for-credit offerings available through the institute, despite being separate from Yale’s official curriculum.

Among the writers who will speak at this year’s Writers’ Conference are English professors Michael Cunningham and Louise Glück, as well as Claudia Rankine, who will join Yale’s English faculty next year.

Follansbee said the institute will give Yale students an opportunity to take lower-level creative writing classes so that during the year they can take advantage of upper-level seminars, most of which require an application.

Students and faculty interviewed welcomed Yale’s new summer for-credit offerings. Nina Goodheart ’19 said the new institute is something she would definitely consider during the summer, as it would give her the opportunity to dedicate more time and attention to her English classes.

“It seems like a really great way for people who are trying to get English credits — such as myself, a prospective English major — to

accrue more credits and be able to focus on creative writing over the summer rather than having to juggle it with four or five other classes,” Goodheart said.

John Crowley, an English professor who teaches courses in creative writing, was enthusiastic about the institute and said it would be similar to those that already exist in other fields, like science and technology and language study.

Like Crowley, Carly Gove ’19, an English major and prospective creative-writing concentrator, said she was excited by the establishment of the institute, but added that the administration could use the institute to improve on issues already present in the English department, like a lack of diversity in courses offered during the fall and spring semesters.

“The English major at Yale is super white and that makes a lot of people not want to do it,” Gove said. “If they could work on that in the summer program that would be great.”

In the 2014–2015 academic year, Yale conferred 65 bachelor’s degrees in English.

Contact JACOB STERN at jacob.stern@yale.edu and JON VICTOR at jon.victor@yale.edu .

COURTESY OF MEG PALLADINO

Yale Summer Session will include a new institute for creative writing in summer 2017.

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BOE continues budget discussion

DENIZ SAIP/STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER

Board of Education members convened at Beecher School to discuss the upcoming budget.

BY REBECCA KARABUS STAFF REPORTER New Haven’s Board of Education will present and approve a finalized fiscal year 2017 budget by early June.

Darnell Goldson, a BOE member and co-chair of the board’s Finance and Operations Committee, said at a meeting Monday night that the board is waiting for feedback on the budget from school principals. The budget the board submitted last week to the alders, totaling $231.5 million, includes a $5 million increase in funding from the city from last year’s budget, the exact allocation of which is pending. While New Haven Public Schools Superintendent Garth Harries ’95 expressed optimism about conversation surrounding the budget, several line items drew opposition from alders at the Monday meeting.

“In totality I think [the budget presentation] was a healthy discussion, both of our operating and capital budgets,” Harries said. “The alders emerged with a sense of the level of scrutiny and transparency this board has applied.”

Despite Harries’ optimism about the overall success of the budgetary presentation, he noted that some alders, especially Morris Cove Alder Salvatore DeCola, expressed serious concerns over certain elements of the budget. DeCola, who

was in attendance at Monday’s Board of Education meeting, questioned the $5 million budget hike Thursday, arguing that his constituents were frustrated with tax hikes leading to what they felt were no noticeable improvements.

The budget proposal that sparked the greatest amount of debate was the relocation of the Strong School from its current location in The Hill to the campus of Southern Connecticut State University in West Rock. But Carlos Torre, a BOE member who has advocated consistently for the new Strong School, said the alders seemed more open to the proposed relocation than they had in the past. The proposed rebuilding would cost $10.7 million.

Goldson said one problem related to the budget was schools’ entering into contracts with outside consultants and construction-related vendors without the BOE’s approval. In the future, he said, vendors who begin any work in schools without formal contracts approved by the BOE must be held responsible for any costs incurred.

BOE member Edward Joyner, a former NHPS administrator, took Goldson’s proposal one step further. He said both vendors and school employees must be held accountable financially if work begins without BOE approval.

BOE Vice President Alicia

Caraballo added that going forward, no work in any school should begin before the board signs a contract.

“If you start something and you don’t have a signed agreement, that’s not a contract,” Joyner said.

Harries and the BOE also discussed protocol for filling teacher and administrative vacancies across the district.

Despite initial confusion over the hiring process in NHPS among board members, Torre clarified that Harries oversees the process of filling vacancies.

The BOE, however, is responsible for approving whomever is selected for a position in NHPS, he said.

Caraballo identified 13 new positions on the vacancy report Harries provided to board members. She asked that Harries provide the exact number of new positions created between July 2015 and the present in a future meeting.

Joyner urged caution and conciseness in creating new positions in NHPS due to the “dynamic fiscal position” in which the district currently finds itself. Due to limited resources, the district needs to ensure that new and existing positions are best serving NHPS students, Joyner said.

The BOE’s operating budget for fiscal year 2016 was $226.5 million.

Contact REBECCA KARABUS at rebecca.karabus@yale.edu .

PAGE 6

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 26, 2016 · yaledailynews.com

FROM THE FRONT

“The sublimity of administration consists in knowing the proper degree of power that should be exerted on different occasions.” CHARLES DE MONTESQUIEU POLITICAL PHILOSOPHER

Students favor change in Calhoun, but not “master” CALHOUN FROM PAGE 1 45 percent of students who said the title should be altered stated that campus protests influenced their point of view. The difference is significant: in September, just 33 percent of students said the title should be altered.

Compared to overall results, these response rates remained relatively stable for students of color as a whole but shifted significantly for black students: 65 percent said Calhoun should be renamed, and 58 percent said “master” should be altered.

The debate about whether to eliminate “master” began in August, when head of Pierson College Stephen Davis asked that students no longer refer to him by the title. Notably, 55 percent of Pierson respondents said master should be

changed — 10 percentage points more than the student body as a whole.

Some respondents regretted that the upcoming naming announcements could be disproportionately influenced by the opinions of a small group of students.

“It is upsetting that a few loud voices can bully such prestigious universities into changing their lasting traditions such as the title of master and the name of Calhoun College, and pressure them into actively seeking a person of color and/or a woman to name the new colleges after, when they should reflect the true history of Yale,” one respondent wrote.

But nearly all undergraduates surveyed agreed on the naming of the new colleges: 82 percent said a concerted effort should be made to

CALHOUN & “MASTER” STUDENT OPINION CHANGE OVER TIME Should Calhoun be renamed?

Should “master” be altered?

55%

48%

YES

YES

45% 33%

YES

YES

Sept. 2015

April 2016

Sept. 2015

April 2016

REBECCA YAN/PRODUCTION & DESIGN STAFF

name one or both of the new colleges after a woman or person of color. Campus protests seem to have had a smaller impact here: just 45 percent of students said November shaped their opinions on the matter.

When presented with these results, Salovey declined to respond specifically and instead explained that Woodbridge Hall has been soliciting opinions from the entire Yale community. He emphasized that all perspectives have been considered.

“I suspect that students recognize that there are multiple Yale constituent communities who have opinions on these matters: current undergraduates, of course, but also other current students, alumni numbering around 150,000, faculty and staff,” Salovey said. “It pleases me that individuals in all of these parts of the Yale community have felt free to express their opinions. And these opinions are quite varied. We are listening, of course, and taking them into account.”

CALHOUN & “MASTER” STUDENT EXPECTATIONS VS. DESIRES Think Yale should change

Expect Yale will change

55%

39%

45%

70%

Change the name of Calhoun College

Change the title of “master”

A DISCONNECTED ADMINISTRATION?

The majority of undergraduates surveyed want certain naming decisions but expect others. While 55 percent said Yale should alter Calhoun, just 39 percent think the college’s name will change. And 70 percent of students think the University will alter the title of “master,” even though the majority of respondents oppose such a change.

In explaining their views, many students noted that Yale is lagging behind Harvard and Princeton — both of which have already decided to eliminate the title — and that moving away from “master” is an easy way to appease students.

Student responses indicated a schism between desires and expectations for the names of the two new residential colleges as well. Of the 92 percent of students who said

ELLIE HANDLER/PRODUCTION & DESIGN EDITOR

they expect at least one of the colleges to be named after a woman or person of color, 55 percent expect that the other college will be named after a white male. Of the 82 percent of students who said efforts should be made to name at least one of the colleges after a woman or person of color, 73 percent said such an effort should be made for both colleges.

Salovey declined to specifically comment on whether these differences reveal a disconnect between the student body and his administration Although the Yale Corporation has jurisdiction over these three naming debates, a majority of respondents said they lack confidence in the University’s official

policy-making body — an explanation for the apparent lack of faith that the announcements will reflect their desires.

Fifty-six percent of respondents said they do not trust the Corporation with these naming decisions; 73 percent of black respondents said the same.

Many respondents said Corporation members are primarily focused on increasing the size of the endowment, not improving campus life, and are out of touch with the Yale community. One said the Corporation is “too white and secretive” for these types of issues, and another doubted that its members care about the best interests of students.

“I do not know all of the individ-

uals on the Yale Corporation, but I do know that not one of them is a student, most graduated from college at least 30 years ago and only a couple are people of color,” said one black female respondent. “I am not sure they understand as a group the value of envisioning a Yale that is not centered on white and male interests and experiences.”

Salovey objected strongly, stating that Corporation members “love this University” and are legally obligated to act in its best interests.

The three naming decisions will be announced before final exam period.

Contact DAVID SHIMER at david.shimer@yale.edu .

Law professors dispute constitutionality of S.B. 414 TAX BILL FROM PAGE 1 “The legislature is fully empowered to clarify, by legislation, that university property on which certain commercial activities occur is not exempt from real estate taxation,” the letter states.

“In fact, we believe the legislature has the authority to go substantially further than the proposed legislation in providing for the taxation of university property.”

The letter does not intend to make specific policy proposals for legislation that goes “substantially further,” Yale Law School clinical lecturer Jonathan Brown, who signed the letter, told the News. Instead, the letter affirms that S.B. 414 is not an “ambitious” clarification of the current legal standard, and could in fact go much further, Brown said.

According to Henry Weaver LAW ’18, the letter originated as a project between among law students who wanted to study the University’s claims on the legality of the state bill. After discovering that Yale’s claims were “far from airtight,” Weaver and three other

Law School students — Adam Bradlow LAW ’18, Wally Hilke LAW ’18 and Amit Jain LAW ’18 — sought the support of clinical faculty at the Law School to craft the letter. Prior to the letter, commentary on the bill’s constitutionality had been one-sided, Weaver said.

“Our hope by putting out this statement, which has received significant support from the legal academy, is simply to provide more clarity and more balance to the public discourse on this subject,” Weaver told the News.

The bill’s proponents, including New Haven’s state delegation and Mayor Toni Harp, say S.B. 414 will only clarify tax exemptions set forth by current law, which exempts real estate owned by certain private colleges and universities in the state except for property which generates over $6,000 in annual income. S.B. 414 would only affect institutions with real estate valued at over $2 billion, singling out Yale.

Looney told the News in a statement on April 20 that the General Assembly was modifying the bill’s language to narrow its scope. The

goal of the legislation is to remove the ambiguity currently in the state statute, Looney said.

“We must evaluate all exemptions in a contemporary context,” he added.

The letter cites two cases, Yale Univ. vs. New Haven (1899) and Yale Univ. vs. New Haven (1975), which affirmed that university property for education and training is tax-exempt while property used for “income-generating commercial purposes” can be taxed. Echoing Looney, the letter said the bill will update “ancient terms for a 21st-century economy.”

The professors noted that the scope of the contract clause is limited by states’ authority to “safeguard the vital interests of its people.” The writers suggest that occasions do exist when “public interest or social welfare demand revision of past agreements,” adding that charter is not a permanent contract separate from policy-making.

“In Yale’s case, a tax could help rectify the educational inequities produced by a private university’s

concentration of massive wealth, or condition the continued enjoyment of tax privileges on fundamental, structural changes to a university’s admissions, research, employment or expenditure policies,” the letter states.

Responding to the letter, University spokesman Tom Conroy told the News that a national law firm had advised the University that, based on five Connecticut judicial decisions and two centuries of Supreme Court rulings, the proposed legislation would violate Yale’s charter as well as the federal and state constitutions.

“We respectfully disagree with the law professors and students who have argued otherwise,” Conroy told the News. “Ultimately the courts would resolve the issue and we have every confidence that Yale would prevail, just as Yale has prevailed in every case attacking its charter rights over many decades.”

The University’s charter was established in 1701.

Contact MICHELLE LIU at michelle.liu@yale.edu .

recyclerecyclerecyclerecycle

YOUR Y D N DA ILY

COURTESY OF YALE LAW SCHOOL

Michael Wishnie ’87 LAW ’93 is one of the professors who signed the letter.

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 26, 2016 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 7

AROUND THE IVIES

“I actually started off majoring in computer science, but I knew right away I wasn’t going to stay with it.” J. COLE HIP HOP ARTIST

C O L U M B I A D A I LY S P E C TAT O R

T H E H A R VA R D C R I M S O N

Bollinger invites CDCJ to meet

Gender gap in Harvard CS

BY CAUVERI SURESH University President Lee Bollinger sent an email to Columbia Divest for Climate Justice members on Saturday following the end of their eight-day sit-in at Low Library. He renewed his invitation to meet with CDCJ, but declined to provide his comment on full fossil fuel divestment.

Protesters agreed to end their sit-in after Bollinger promised he would send them such an email — the first direct communication between Bollinger and CDCJ since the start of the sit-in. Protesters had originally said that they would not leave Low until Bollinger recommended full fossil fuel divestment to the Columbia Board of Trustees.

Before CDCJ began its sitin, it had a meeting scheduled with Bollinger for April 29.

Once the group began occupying Low, Bollinger offered to move up their meeting in exchange for the group’s departure. But the protesters declined the offer, and in turn Bollinger said he would not meet with the group while members were in violation of the Rules of University Conduct.

“Now that the protest has concluded, I renew my invitation to meet with representatives of CDCJ once a time and appropriate context can be set,” Bollinger said in his email.

The Advisory Committee on Socially Responsible Investing, the body tasked with advising the trustees on the university’s investments, had rejected CDCJ’s proposal for full fossil fuel divestment in November.

But Bollinger said in his email that the conversation about fossil fuel divestment

has not ended, and that the committee has continued to COLUMBIA e n g a g e w i t h Columbia’s responsibility with regard to fossil fuel and climate change. Bollinger cited the proposal from faculty at the Earth Institute — which recommended coal divestment and a set of criteria designed to assess all companies in which Columbia is invested — that was presented to ACSRI on Thursday.

ACSRI has also put forward its own recommendations in Stand Up for Science, a proposal designed to address fossil fuel reliance more comprehensively. The proposal encourages Columbia to become a signatory to the CDP climate change project, which seeks high-quality disclosure about firm-specific, carbonrelated activity. Most recently, the committee voted to create a proposal that would recommend that Columbia divest from tar sands.

Bollinger said that since ACSRI is currently considering these proposals, he would not provide his opinion “until a later time.”

He also said that these are indications that the conversation about the university’s involvement in the fossil fuel industry is not over, but that CDCJ’s proposal is only one means of engaging with the issue.

“To insist that CDCJ’s preference for blanket divestment must stand ahead of other alternatives is at odds with the core value Columbia places in robust debate and participation,” Bollinger said

in his email. “The proposals we have seen in recent weeks from Earth Institute faculty and from ACSRI itself are signs that the process we have is a healthy one.”

Daniela Lapidous said that CDCJ would be responding to Bollinger’s email on Monday, and that the group still plans to meet with him on April 29, the original date they had planned.

“I’m still disappointed that President Bollinger did not issue his own personal recommendation in favor of fossil fuel divestment in this email,” Lapidous said. “However, I have faith in the experts who crafted the [Earth Institute] proposal, in the students in CDCJ, [Barnard Columbia Solidarity Network] and on this campus to hold the ACSRI and the board and President Bollinger accountable to divesting still. Especially now that this institutional weight has been thrown in and ACSRI’s excuses get fewer and fewer.”

Lapidous also said that, while the group has not received any new information about sanctioning, she interprets the email, which reaffirms the right to freedom of expression, to mean that the protesters involved in the sitin would not receive harsh sanctions.

In the email, Bollinger reiterated the importance of freedom of expression.

“We must continually rededicate ourselves to standing up for members of the community who may want to express or hear views others among us might reject,” the email said. “We are all free to express our thoughts, our ideas and our objections to the thoughts and ideas of others.

We are not free to freeze that process in time.”

BY AHILYA KHADKA 67 percent of women in computer science courses this year said they had one or fewer years of programming experience before arriving at Harvard, compared to only 41 percent of men, according to data collected by the student group Women in Computer Science.

The group presented the results of a yearlong effort to collect data on the gender gap in computer science at an event Friday, after having surveyed more than 900 undergraduates to analyze students’ experience with Harvard’s computer science department.

Female computer science concentrators with eight years of programming experience report being as confident in their skills as their male peers with zero to one year of programming experience.

While 47.5 percent of women respondents reported the process of recruiting for jobs and internships as “very stressful,” only 27 percent of men reported said the same.

Computer science professor Margo Seltzer also presented results from a survey of students in introductory computer science classes. Seltzer found that the ratio of men to women who take the introductory course CS50 is 2 to 1. The ratio in CS50’s spring follow-up course, CS51, is 3 to 1. Another introductory course, CS61: “Systems Program-

ming and Machine O rga n i z a tion,” has a 5 - to -1 m a l e female ratio.

“What HARVARD I’ve been looking into, is this intro sequence and where we’re losing the women, where the ratios change, and trying to come up with some hypothesis so that in the next round of data collection we can get the right information to figure out what’s going on” Seltzer said.

Alongside the data presentation, a panel of computer science professors highlighted how the study of computer science could improve at Harvard.

Computer science professor Radhika Nagpal emphasized blind grading, a process by which students’ problem sets would remain anonymous, as one possible way to respond to implicit biases and create a more equitable experience.

“There is a lot of evidence that suggests that we are biased in many ways, we use names, we use assumptions about them, even people who don’t want to make mistakes, make mistakes. So, one way to stop that is to take every opportunity we have to remove names, do things and then put the names back,” Nagpal said. “It’s the big intro classes where it’s most effective and I think most

needed.”

Students who intend to concentrate in computer science also expressed their support for tackling the larger issue of gender inequality in the field of technology.

“Seeing the data presented right in front of me, I think that was an eye-opener because I am not the only one feeling that way, and a lot of the other women are going through the same experience,” prospective computer science concentrator and WiCS Marketing Director Yong Dich said.

Other students said they were heartened by faculty members’ focus on gender inequities in the field.

“It’s really cool to see how many of the CS professors were at this event and how committed they are to it,” Alex Wendland said. “It sounded resoundingly that they are all very invested in fixing this gender-gap problem.”

The event also marked WiCS’s launch of an online portal to access the survey data.

“The purpose of this is to showcase the data about the campus so that everyone can learn about how these issues play out here and be a part of solving it.

The other purpose of this is to showcase some of our thinking on this issue and resources that are available for people,” Ramya Rangan, a former president of WiCS, said.

Three don’t-miss opportunities: Pick one.

the macmillan center

Celebrating a decade of global engagement

April 28, 2016 Luce Hall Auditorium 34 Hillhouse Avenue

Whether your passion is culture, food, or politics, we’ve got a unique don’t-miss course just for you this summer.

macmillan.yale.edu 10 Weeks + NFP Internship!

Food and Social Justice WGSS S381

3:00 PM | REFUGEES, FORCED DISPLACEMENT, AND HUMANITARIAN RESPONSES

Moderated by Ian Shapiro, Sterling Professor of Political Science and Henry R. Luce Director, The MacMillan Center Jason Lyall, Associate Professor of Political Science Mushfiq Mobarak, Professor of Economics Catherine Panter-Brick, Professor of Anthropology Margaret Peters, Assistant Professor of Political Science

May 30–August 5 Yale Summer Session.

Explore the issues of food justice on a national scale and how they are reflected in the food systems of New Haven. And put your learning into action with a 10-week not-for-profit internship with a local food or agriculture non-profit.

The Sustainable Preservation of Cultural Heritage ANTH S207

Understanding Chinese Foreign Policymaking PLSC S164

July 4–August 5

July 4–August 5

IARU in New Haven Following on the U.N. Global Colloquium on Cultural Preservation, collaborate with students from around the world to address the strategies needed to protect a mutual cultural and natural heritage threatened by decay, climate conditions, and, increasingly, changing social and economic conditions.

IARU in New Haven What is China thinking as it evolves into an international political force? Professor Qingmin Zhang, from the Department of Diplomacy at Peking University leads this Global Summer Program examining the leaders, legacies and constraints of Chinese foreign policy.

Summer Session

4:30 PM | GLOBAL DEBT—CHALLENGES FOR POLITICAL GOVERNANCE AND FINANCIAL STABILITY

Moderated by Ernesto Zedillo, Professor in the Field of International Economics and Politics and Frederick Iseman ’74 Director, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization Kathryn Dominguez, Professor of Public Policy and Economics, University of Michigan John Geanakoplos, James Tobin Professor of Economics Andrew Metrick, Michael H. Jordan Professor of Finance and Management

the whitney and betty macmillan center for international and area studies at yale

summer.yale.edu | email: summer.session@yale.edu Yale Summer Session 2016 | Same Veritas, More Lux © Copyright 2016 Yale Summer Session

PRODUCTION & DESIGN We’re the best-looking desk at the YDN. Come make us look even better.

design@yaledailynews.com

PAGE 8

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 26, 2016 · yaledailynews.com

SPORTS

“I feel like I’ve always played within the rules … I would never do anything outside the rules of play.” TOM BRADY FOUR-TIME SUPER BOWL CHAMPION SUSPENDED FOUR GAMES FOR ROLE IN “DEFLATEGATE”

Teams look toward postseason TRACK FROM PAGE 12 “They are both excited and confident as we move toward the championship portion of our season.”

Other highlights of the meet, held at the University of Virginia, included a fifthplace finish by Marc-André Alexandre ’17 in the 400meter run with a time of 47.17, as well as a sixth-place showing and a time of 14.38

by Paedyn Gomes ’18 in the 110-meter hurdles. Additionally, the 4x400 relay team of Alexandre, Connor Hill ’19, Alex McIntyre ’19 and Alexander McDonald ’16 ran the seventh-fastest time in Yale history at 3:11.46, which placed the squad in sixth place ahead of Ivy League foes Brown and Dartmouth, Yale’s only two conference opponents to race in that event.

On the women’s side, Shannon McDonnell ’16 excelled in the 800-meter run with a time of 2:07.09, good for fifth place. Behind Schmiede in the 1500-meter run, Emily Waligurski ’17 set a new personal best with a time of 4:22.11. Amid other personal bests for distance runners, the Eli sprinters saw less success, including a last-place finish in the 4x100 relay behind Ancient Eight teams from Cornell and Harvard.

Unlike the Bulldogs’ home meet against Harvard last weekend, this invitational was unscored. Shoehalter said the athletes enter their events with the same mindset — “to compete and get better” — whether a meet is scored or unscored. Still, Schmiede noted that the difference in meet style does change the runners’ focus from the team to the individual.

“I think there is a big difference because you can actually go out and go as hard as you can and not worry about other people in

the race,” Schmiede said. “At a scored meet it sometimes can be tactical, so it can be hard with a lot of pressure on you to keep your eye on where other people are in the race. It’s nice to go to a race like Virginia, where you can just see where your training is and go as hard as you can.”

While the majority of the team was at the Virginia Challenge, four throwers competed at Princeton’s Larry Ellis Outdoor Invitational on Friday. Katherine Simon ’17 set a new personal record in hammer throw with a distance of 48.87 meters, and Evelyn Roberts ’19 was just behind her with a throw of 48.3 meters.

The men competing at Princeton were shot putter Luke Persichetti ’17 and discus thrower Marcus Downs ’19. Downs placed 12th with a throw of 44.95 meters, and Persichetti was not able to record a distance due to fouls.

Because the Bulldogs are nearing the end of their season, they are gearing up for the Ivy League Heptagonal Championships. Frances and Randon agreed that the team, which finished last in both men’s and women’s last year, has a chance to improve on that result this season.

“Overall, we are a lot stronger than we were in past years,” Randon said. “Especially, we tend to do better in outdoor season, so I think compared to past years, we are a definitely stronger and a more well-rounded team.

That being said, we’ll need to fill in holes when people get injured.”

In the meantime, the Elis will compete in the Penn Relays and the Yale Springtime Invitational this weekend. The Ivy League Heptagonal Championships will be held at Princeton from May 7–8.

Contact ALYSSA AMICK at alyssa.amick@yale.edu .

CONNEELY FROM PAGE 12 Shared adversity as well as triumph creates a uniquely tight bond.

There is something about being so simultaneously excited and exhausted because of a united effort, like coming from behind three times against Princeton to win in over 100 minutes of play. I will never forget summoning a final burst of energy to join the postgame pigpile. Moments like those are ones that bond you forever.

Just as sisters would, my teammates have helped me get through the best and worst moments of my college experience.

When I had a fever of 103 degrees Fahrenheit, quarantined due to strep throat, my teammates brought me soft food and Pedialyte. In the groggy moments following my knee surgery sophomore year, they sent me fruit baskets and cards. When I finished my thesis just a few weeks ago, some teammates brought me out to dinner while others baked me a cake to celebrate.

Others visited The Wizarding World of Harry Potter and bought me a Gryffindor T-shirt, just because they know how much I love it.

They have celebrated my achievements and lifted me through my lowest moments. They have cared for me in a way that only family members do, and I hope that I have been able to reciprocate even half of what they have given me.

With these young women I have been physically, mentally and emotionally drained, as well as jubilant. I have shared social successes as well as personal. In lieu of direct access to my family, my teammates filled that void and were responsible for maximizing my Yale experience.

I’ve always joked that the reason I only play team sports is because I am not athletic enough to stand on my own. However true this is, I think the real reason I have sought out team sports is that I crave that sense of camaraderie and family. To my teammates on Yale women’s soccer, I would like to thank you for giving me four years of support, love, and of course, fun.

ELINOR HILLS/PHOTOGRAPHY EDITOR

Shannon McDonnell ’16 finished fifth overall in the 800-meter run with a time of 2:07.09.

Losing skid caps season W. TENNIS FROM PAGE 12 programs, with updated rankings set to be released on Tuesday.

On Saturday, after first enduring a 45-minute rain delay at the CullmanHeyman Tennis Center, the Bulldogs opened with a convincing victory in doubles. A 6–4 victory by Madeleine Hamilton ’16 and Tina Jiang ’17, as well as a 6–0 win by captain Ree Ree Li ’16 and Carol Finke ’18, secured the point for the Bulldogs, who finished the season with an impressive 5–2 doubles record in Ivy League play.

Sherry Li ’17 and Valerie Shklover ’18 led 4–3 in the third doubles match before the Bulldogs clinched on the other courts, halting the duo’s play.

Not including Saturday’s unfinished contest, the pair finished a perfect 4–0 in conference doubles play.

“Success in doubles has been important and [a] really fun aspect of this season,” Caroline Lynch ’17 said.

“From the fall to the spring we’ve had some doubles pairs stay together and some switch up, but everyone has improved and competed better and better as the year went on.”

The singles matches began with evenly matched competition from the two teams, with games being traded back and forth on all courts.

The Bears, however, pulled away to seize momentum in the match, breaking open the singles static with four first-set wins. Excluding success by Elizabeth Zordani ’18 in an epic three-set match on the sixth court, the Bulldogs went winless in the match’s remaining sets, as the Bears earned sweeps against Hamilton, Jiang, Ree Ree Li and Finke to seize the match victory.

With a Brown win guaranteed, Zordani nevertheless continued to battle on the far court, finally defeating Bears senior Ammu Mandalap 7–6, 4–6, 10–8 for the Bulldogs’ lone singles win of the afternoon.

“Going into the match, I really wanted to focus on what I had been working on all week in practice and making sure that I capitalized on key opportunities,” Zordani said. “I ended up winning some crucial deuce points in the first set and then I went on to win both of the tiebreakers, so it was a good test of my mental strength and discipline.”

Filling the void

0–7 Ivy record without Lu ’17 M. TENNIS FROM PAGE 12

MATTHEW STOCK/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

In the final weekend of collegiate action for captain Ree Ree Li ’16, she and Carol Finke ’18 won 6–0 in doubles.

Despite the emphatic win from Zordani to close Yale’s spring competition, the Bulldogs will nonetheless have to shoulder the program’s worst conference record and first-ever lastplace finish in the team’s 37-year history throughout the offseason. With seniors Ree Ree Li, Hamilton and Courtney Amos ’16, the last Bulldogs on the active roster to hoist a championship trophy, set to graduate, the Bulldogs will begin next season anew as they try to rejoin the ranks of the

conference’s top teams.

“The season overall had a lot of ups and downs, but I think it definitely shows some great potential for our future,” Ree Ree Li said. “It’s been a great learning experience and building year for the team.”

Princeton finished the season at 5–2 to win its third consecutive Ivy League championship.

Contact MATTHEW STOCK at matthew.stock@yale.edu .

SHANNON CONNEELY is a senior in Davenport College and a four-year contributor on the Yale women’s soccer team.

Contact her at shannon.conneely@yale.edu .

some success during the regular season — including one seven-match winning streak against nonconference opponents — the winless conference campaign was perhaps more memorable.

Lu, a first-team All-Ivy selection in both his freshman and sophomore seasons, expressed a positive outlook for the team upon his return next year.

“I would have much preferred to be out on the court playing, but my time spent as a player-coach was pretty rewarding, too,” Lu said. “I thought that numerous members of the team competed very well throughout the season and, with a good class of players coming in next year, I’m really looking forward to next season.”

Yale began competition Saturday against Brown with a narrow loss in the doubles matches. Though Martin Svenning ’16 and Photiades earned a lopsided 6–2 win in the No. 2 match to start the afternoon, the Bears had the last laugh, winning 6–3 over Yale’s top duo of Fedor Andrienko ’18 and Stefan Doehler ’18 before clinching the point with a 7–5 nailbiter over captain Jason Brown ’16 and Alex Hagermoser ’17. After winning four out of seven doubles points in last year’s conference season, the Bulldogs dropped all of them in 2016.

The struggles continued early on for the Bulldogs in the singles matches, with Brown seizing the first set in five of six matchups. Photiades was the lone firstset winner for Yale, taking the opening set 7–5 from Brown’s Charles Tan in the No. 6 singles spot.

Ziqi Wang ’18 and Svenning both found themselves on the losing end of sweeps in the No. 1 and No. 4 singles matches, falling 6–1, 6–4 and 6–3, 6–2, respectively.

Playing in the top spot in place of Lu for the entire Ivy season, Wang finished with a 1–5 record, the lone win coming against Harvard’s Nicky Hu. Despite facing a 3–0 match deficit following the pair of losses, the Bulldogs nevertheless refused to go down without a fight. Andrienko and Hagermoser, playing in the No. 2 and No. 3 spots, both rallied back from first-set losses to upend the Bears, winning 4–6, 7–6, 6–4 and 3–6, 6–3, 6–4 to close the gap against Brown to one match.

Needing wins on both remaining courts to notch the win, the Elis came up short, with Brown sophomore Aaron Sandberg sweeping Doehler 6–3, 7–6 to clinch the match for the Bears. With Brown already beginning to celebrate its first win of the conference season, Photiades won his match in a super tiebreaker, 7–5, 4–6, 1–0, to earn a third point for Yale.

“It was a tough match, and the guys fought well and made a valiant comeback,” Brown said.

The loss to Brown this past weekend punctuates the Bulldogs’ fifth losing conference season in the past six years.

Though head coach Alex Dorato has accumulated the most wins in program history, with 294, the Bulldogs have last won an Ivy League Championship in 1993, with Dorato as the interim head coach.

Princeton, which last won a championship in 1988, has the longest title drought in Ivy League men’s tennis.

Daniela Brighenti contributed reporting Contact MATTHEW STOCK at matthew.stock@yale.edu .

COURTESY OF YALE ATHLETICS

Fedor Andrienko ’18 won his No. 2 singles match but dropped the No. 1 doubles matchup alongside Stefan Doehler ’18.

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 26, 2016 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 9

BULLETIN BOARD

TODAY’S FORECAST Rain. High near 48.

Northeast wind 8 to 10 mph. Chance of precipitation is 90%.

TOMORROW

THURSDAY

High of 60, low of 38.

High of 58, low of 41.

A WITCH NAMED KOKO BY CHARLES BRUBAKER

ON CAMPUS TUESDAY, APRIL 26 10:00 AM Bringing Order out of Chaos: A Century of Robert Shaw. Robert Shaw was the most renowned choral conductor of the 20th century, and a major orchestral conductor as well. Our exhibit features musical scores annotated by Shaw, correspondence with prominent persons as well as letters he wrote to his choruses, photographs of Shaw throughout his long career and a variety of other items. Sterling Memorial Library (120 High St.).

5:30 PM Amy Howden-Chapman: “After Ice: Representations of Climate Change in Contemporary Art and Popular Media.”

Amy Howden-Chapman is the co-founder of TheDistancePlan.

Org, a project that brings together artists, writers and designers to promote discussion of climate change within the arts. The Distance Plan works through exhibitions, public forums and the Distance Plan Press, which produces publications, including an annual journal. Distance Plan #3 includes contributions on climate and precarity, data centers and the vulnerability of cities. LinslyChittenden Hall (63 High St.).

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 27 4:30 PM Women at War: Gayle Lemmon Tells the Story of Women Soldiers on the Special Ops Battlefield. Gayle Tzemach Lemmon is a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. She has reported on Afghanistan since 2005, when she made her first trip to the country. Lemmon has written about the country’s politics and economy, the evolving roles of Afghan women and the small but important class of young entrepreneurs in the country. William L. Harkness Hall (100 Wall St.), Sudler Hall.

7:00 PM The Creative Writing Concentrators’ Ball. The writing concentrators of the Yale College English Department cordially invite you to The Creative Writing Concentrators’ Ball, where students will read original works crafted during the 2015–16 academic year. Branford College (74 High St.), Commons.

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To visit us in person 202 York St. New Haven, Conn. (Opposite JE)FOR RELEASE APRIL 26, 2016

Los Angeles Times Daily Crossword Puzzle

CROSSWORD ACROSS 1 Doorbell sound 5 Radio switch 9 Pop out of the CD player 14 “Young Frankenstein” helper 15 “Deck the Halls” syllables 16 Use crayons 17 “The West Wing” actor Alan 18 Fed. agent 19 Best way to sing 20 Keep in suspense 23 Maker of Fiesta Flats taco shells 24 Gorilla who learned sign language 25 “__ you for real?”

28 Half a Mork-toOrson farewell 30 Symbol 32 Suffers from 35 Department store fixture 38 Tunnel effect 40 Actor’s prompt 41 “We gotta move!”

42 Shingle securer 47 Roulette bet 48 Like a spoiled child 49 Didn’t need to guess 51 Weekly NBC offering since 1975, briefly 52 Takes notice of 55 Like some country songs 59 It may be affixed to an email ... and, literally, what the last word of 20-, 35and 42-Across can have 61 Drummer Ringo 64 Sheepish smile 65 First name in bike stunts 66 Japanese verse 67 Tupperware tops 68 Harvest 69 Kentucky Derby racer 70 Sporting weapon 71 Lacking, in Lorraine

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DOWN 1 Old way to place a collect call 2 Creepy admirer 3 Signal silently to 4 Sculptured, as an image 5 Kabul native 6 Wee one’s word 7 __ steak 8 Tropical fruit 9 Political debate topic 10 “Fear of Flying” author Erica 11 Antlered animal 12 Two-time 1500meter gold medalist Sebastian 13 Give it a whirl 21 “My stars!”

22 Maker of NORDLI furniture 25 Texas tourist spot 26 Fix a green 27 Revise 29 Shoreline protection gp.

31 Discreetly send a dupe email to 32 Chef’s flavorings

Monday’s Puzzle Solved

SUDOKU GETTING MISTAKEN FOR A PRE-FROSH

2 3 9 2 7 5 ©2016 Tribune Content Agency, LLC

33 Oak-to-be 34 Sandbar 36 Lewis Carroll specialty 37 Security issue 39 Time and again, to a bard 43 “Honest!”

44 Kremlin rejection 45 Passionate 46 R-rated, perhaps 50 Thin cookies 53 Sharp-eyed flier

4/26/16

54 Rx, for short 56 Skin lotion brand 57 Collect incrementally 58 Sounds from a kennel 59 Sacred chests 60 Hole up 61 Librarian’s warning 62 Confucian “path” 63 Go public with

8 7 4 5 9 2 3 1 8

6 9 4 2 3 3 7 2 1 9 1 5 5 7 2

PAGE 10

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 26, 2016 · yaledailynews.com

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Nicotine dependence associated with DNA polymorphism

BY ELLEN KAN STAFF REPORTER Variations in a single DNA nucleotide — the smallest subunit of DNA — could impact how smokers experience nicotine withdrawal, according to a new Yale study.

Researchers at the Yale Department of Psychiatry, in conjunction with the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System and the Boston University School of Medicine, have pinpointed genetic factors — three DNA single nucleotide variations, or polymorphisms — that affect the severity of nicotine withdrawal. After conducting a scan of tobacco smokers’ genomes, the team determined that these polymorphisms code for protocadherin, a cellular adhesion protein. Although protocadherin’s exact role in nicotine dependence has yet to be determined, the study offers further insight into the molecular basis for nicotine addiction, which could lead to more effective smoking cessation treatment.

“If [people who are trying to quit smoking] develop withdrawal symptoms, it increases their risk of relapse, so it’s important to know about the biological mechanisms,” said lead study author Kevin Jensen, Yale associate research scientist in psychiatry and VA health-science specialist. “This new information could

be used to understand the biological processes involved and potentially be used to build new models of how [nicotine withdrawal] works and develop new treatments.”

According to Jensen, prior studies have shown that individual responses to nicotine withdrawal are a genetically inherited trait. However, he said, the study, which was published on April 12 in the journal Molecular Psychiatry, is one of the first to use a genomewide scan to find cellular evidence that nicotine withdrawal is genetically inherited. Marina Picciotto, a psychiatry professor and researcher at the Center for Nicotine and Tobacco Use Research at Yale who was unaffiliated with the study, lauded the team’s decision to employ a genome scan in their study.

“A genomewide study doesn’t h ave

assumptions ahead of time on what [the researchers] might find, so the things they do find can be completely novel, like the protocadherin cluster,” she said.

After the genome scan, the research team decided to focus their efforts on one of the three polymorphisms, which had already been analyzed extensively in previous genomic studies. They conducted a separate laboratory study, which involved giving smokers an intravenous nicotine infusion after a night of abstaining from smoking. Following the nicotine infusion, smokers with the polymorphism displayed a greater decrease in the urge to smoke

than patients without the polymorphism. This greater alleviation in the urge to smoke indicates that the person with the polymorphism is more dependent on nicotine. This can also lead to a higher risk of relapse if they try to quit.

The study’s findings have many implications for research on nicotine dependence, according to the researchers.

For example, the DNA polymorphism could predict better responses to nicotine replacement therapies, such as the nicotine patch, said Director of Yale’s Division of Substance Abuse Research Stephanie O’Malley, who was not affiliated

with the study.

The researchers also suggested investigating further the relationship between the protocadherin protein and nicotine dependence. Picciotto, whose research focuses on the molecular basis of nicotine addiction, said there are many roles protocadherin could play in nicotine uptake. The altered protocadherin could influence the strength of signaling in existing neurons, or it could affect the development of neurons in embryonic cells, she said, while hypothesizing future avenues of research. According to Department of Psychiatry Chair John Krystal MED ’84, who was not affiliated with the study, the gene variant could be studied in relation to smoking-

related cancer, which often involves cadherin proteins. The most intensive studies of nicotine effects on cadherins thus far have been related to cancer, he added.

Jensen said his team hopes to conduct more extensive genetic analyses to expand understanding of these polymorphisms.

“We could potentially discover more variance with larger samples,” he said. “This is just one of probably hundreds of thousands of variances that could potentially have a role and be informative [in assessing nicotine dependence].”

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 16.8 percent of American adults were regular cigarette smokers in 2014.

Contact ELLEN KAN at ellen.kan@yale.edu .

SONIA RUIZ/CONTRIBUTING ILLUSTRATOR

Increased HPV vaccination is cost-effective

BY GRACE CASTILLO STAFF REPORTER

ASHLYN OAKES/ILLUSTRATIONS EDITOR

Recent Yale-led research shows that increasing vaccination rates of the new, nonavalent HPV vaccine — which protects against nine different strains of HPV — in low-coverage areas like Utah, Tennessee and Mississippi would be a cost-effective way to reduce cancer rates nationally.

Researchers developed an age-structured compartmental model of HPV infection, cervical cancer and vaccination rates across the United States. The researchers factored in interstate migration, which is a key factor in determining the efficacy of herd immunity — when a population with high vaccination rates protects unvaccinated individuals within the group. In order to ensure the accuracy of the statistical model, the researchers broke citizens into 24 different age groups and quantified estimated numbers of sexual partners, rates of vaccination and susceptibility to HPV. They concluded that switching to the new vaccine, which covers nine strains of HPV compared to the previous version’s four-strain coverage, and targeting areas with low vaccination rates would be a costeffective way to reduce rates of cervical cancer.

“The new nonavalent HPV vaccine, which targets nine HPV types compared to two or four types in older vaccines, is cost-effective despite the greater per-dose of the new vaccine,” said David Durham, study co-author and a researcher at the Yale School of Medicine. “Furthermore, as a result of the indirect benefits of vaccination in reducing the rate of HPV transmission, policies promoting vaccination will be much more effective if targeted in those states with the lowest coverage compared to states with the highest coverage.”

Utah, Tennessee and Mississippi have some of the lowest coverage rates in the country while California and North Carolina have some of the highest rates.

According to the study, which was published on April 18 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, the new vaccine, which comes in three doses, is a few dollars more expensive than past vaccines. However, the amount of federal money saved in cancer treatment offsets the new expense, with per capita savings ranging between $1.84 and $4.40.

The Centers for Disease Control recom-

mends routine HPV vaccination for 11- or 12-year-olds, Durham said. Although the vaccine has been proven effective, the U.S. vaccination rates for the HPV vaccine are considerably low compared to other vaccines, ranging by state from 20 to 60 percent coverage of the recommended population. Durham noted that some physicians are reluctant to broach the subject with parents, as it involves discussing adolescent sexuality. One approach that has been suggested is to present these vaccines as vaccines against cancer, rather than as vaccines against sexually transmitted infections, he added.

According to the CDC, HPV is so common that nearly all sexually active men and women get some form of the virus at some point in their lives. It can be transmitted even when the infected person has no signs or symptoms, and even when couples use condoms correctly, since HPV can infect areas that are not covered by condoms.

When an infection with a carcinogenic HPV type does not clear spontaneously, it can promote changes in the infected cells that, if undetected, may develop into cancer, Durham said.

As compared with previous vaccines, which protected against two and four HPV types respectively, the new nonavalent vaccine protects against an additional 18 percent of vaginal, 14 percent of vulvar, 9 percent of penile, 8 percent of anal and 6 percent of cancers of the throat, Durham added.

Chris Bauch, study co-author and a professor of applied mathematics at the University of Waterloo in Canada, said he has worked on infectious disease modeling for years. “[I think the model] will stimulate further research into the economics of crossjurisdictional vaccination policies for cervical cancer and other diseases,” Bauch said.

Durham noted that since their study focused primarily on HPV and cervical cancer, the economic benefit would likely be higher than the study projected when other related cancers, such as oropharyngeal cancers and anal cancers, are taken into account.

According to the CDC, every year approximately 17,600 women and 9,300 men are affected by cancers caused by HPV. Contact GRACE CASTILLO at grace.castillo@yale.edu .

YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 26, 2016 · yaledailynews.com

PAGE 11

“Being naked approaches being revolutionary; going barefoot is mere populism.”

JOHN UPDIKE AMERICAN NOVELIST

Researchers thicken blood vessel understanding

CATHERINE YANG/CONTRIBUTING ILLUSTRATOR

BY LUKE CIANCARELLI CONTRIBUTING REPORTER A Yale-led team of researchers has taken the next step in understanding blood vessel development.

The researchers helped to illuminate the “crosstalk,” or the communication of pathways within a cell, among various processes involved in the formation of blood vessels. The published findings represent a significant advance in the understanding of the genetics associated with vascular maturation.

The team was led by senior author Hyung Chun, professor at the Yale School of Medicine. Chun and his lab collaborated with a multinational group of researchers, including scientists from the Max Planck Institute, the Sookmyung Women’s University, Stanford University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Their results confirmed a connection previously suggested by other studies — that blood flow regulates the expression of CXCR4, a gene important to vascular development. However, they also identified and characterized two new chemical players involved in this process of regulation.

Specifically, the study showed that blood flow patterns directly regulate the expression of the Apelin gene, which in turn controls the expression of the CXCR4 gene through microRNA139-5p, a small RNA molecule. Because certain statin drugs — a class of medications that lower cholesterol levels — are known to influence this microRNA, the discovery will empower researchers to develop new treatments for vascular disease, according to the study.

By targeting this microRNA molecule, scientists can manipulate the expression of the CXCR4 gene, which is implicated in diseases

as diverse as cancer and atherosclerosis, the thickening of artery walls. The study was published in the journal Nature Connections on April 12.

“We found that maturation of blood vessels in vertebrates require ‘turning on’ or ‘shutting off’ of distinct signaling pathways through a microRNA,” Chun said in a Sunday email to the News.

“The crosstalk achieved by this microRNA-based signaling was found to be necessary for normal blood vessel development.”

According to both Chun and co-author Arndt Siekmann, researcher at the Max Planck Institute, the main driving force behind the study was the Chun lab’s previous work on signalling pathways involved in cardiovascular health.

In particular, the conclusions the team reached about blood flow and the participation of the Apelin gene in the regulation process were directly prefaced by much of

the Chun lab’s work with zebrafish embryos, said Siekmann.

This most recent study relied heavily on knocking out certain genes in order to correlate them with their functions in the vascular system. For this study, mice, not zebrafish, were used as the test organism. The team’s results eventually suggested a rather surprising mechanism, according to Siekmann, because the role of microRNA in the process was unexpected prior to the study.

MicroRNA are small noncoding RNA molecules that work to regulate messenger RNA, which encodes proteins. The small microRNA molecules attach to complimentary strands of mRNA to “silence” the mRNA and ensure that its information is not translated to create proteins. According to the researchers, this silencing is a form of “down” regulation, which is what is seen in the crosstalk between blood flow patterns

and the expression of the important CXCR4 gene, which governs many elements of vascular development. By isolating the role of microRNA in this process, the researchers were able to fill in the missing steps in the pathway regulating CXCR4.

According to the study, the practical implications for the researchers’ findings are broad: Many diseases related to the vascular system are associated with the CXCR4 gene.

“We hope that our recent studies on blood vessel development will shed novel insights into the mechanisms that may be playing key roles in disease contexts, such as in cancer and heart disease,” Chun said.

Another avenue for future research suggested by this study is the process of transcription for the involved microRNA molecule, Siekmann said. Transcription is the process in which the DNA of a

cell is converted into RNA so that it can be used to create proteins.

The transcription factors that regulate the process of transcription are currently not identified nor understood in the case of the microRNA molecule involved in the CXCR4 pathway. Understanding this would allow scientists to more fully explain the pathway connecting the Apelin gene to the expression of microRNA, and for this reason, Siekmann said he believes the next step for research related to this area in vascular development will focus on bringing to light this process of transcription.

According to the Centers for Disease Control, around 610,000 people each year die of heart disease in the United States, accounting for approximately one in four deaths.

Contact LUKE CIANCARELLI at luke.ciancarelli@yale.edu .

Reason for molecular weakness discovered by researchers

BY FLORA LIPSKY CONTRIBUTING REPORTER Chemistry postdoctoral associate Aaron Bloomfield GRD ’14 was studying renewable energy at a molecular level in his lab last year when his research took a surprising turn.

Bloomfield started with what he expected to be a simple task: getting two nearly identical chemical molecules to behave the same way for the purposes of storing and transporting elec-

YANNA LEE/STAFF ILLUSTRATOR

trons. Bloomfield was surprised when the task, which he thought would be a quick, weeklong project, ended up taking several months and resulted in a cover paper for the March 2016 issue of the New Journal of Chemistry.

In Boomfield’s team’s original research inquiry, confusion arose when one of the molecules reacted exactly how it was supposed to while the other did not. The only difference b e twe e n

the two molecules was the supposedly trivial difference between a hydrogen atom and a methyl group. Bloomfield and his fellow researchers soon discovered that the change was not trivial: a key chemical bond in the molecule proved much weaker than expected as a result of the added methyl group.

“A lot of the best science has happened because someone said: ‘That’s odd,’ and then tackled that,” Bloomfield said. “The universe is a huge mystery and we can carve out paths that are little research projects and weave a self-consistent theory.”

Bloomfield worked with Subhajyoti Chaudhuri GRD ’19, Research Support Specialist Brandon Mercado and chemistry professors Victor Batista and Robert Crabtree on the paper.

Bloomfield spent nine months attempting to break an ester bond in the molecule while leaving the amide bond intact. By all conventional logic, this should not have been that difficult, as an ester is nor-

mally much easier to sever than an amide, Bloomfield said. He ultimately determined that there must be a reason that his basic chemical knowledge was failing.

It turned out that what was originally considered a minor change to the composition of a molecule was a significant structural change, he added. When Bloomfield grew the crystal structure of molecules with the help of Mercado, they observed that the amide bond was bizarrely contorted in an unnatural position.

Bloomfield enlisted the aid of a more theoretical researcher, Chaudhuri. Chaudhuri used density functional theory, a quantum mechanical method used to investigate the electronic structure of molecules, to help explain the previously never-examined phenomenon. Together, the researchers determined that the unstable, twisted amide bond resulted from the structure of the electrons in the bond, which interacted differently with the molecule due to the methyl substitution.

Ultimately, the research has important implications in several areas. In the past, the field of chemistry has brushed this phenomenon aside, Chaudhuri said.

“It’s a phenomenon that’s been recognized for more than 50 years now, but there really wasn’t a good explanation as to why this happens,” Bloomfield said. “[Our paper] should help people in the future design molecules which

either will or will not do this and it should also serve as a warning as to what the implications are.”

Bloomfield said that though he and his team were dealing with a more extreme case of instability, many other researchers have worked with molecules sharing the same issue, but to lessextreme detrimental effects. He added that his aim is to ensure that all of the phenomenon’s implications are properly understood. He is currently working on a follow-up paper identifying studies that did not sufficiently account for the phenomenon.

Mercado, who worked with the crystalline structure of the molecules, also highlighted the impact of this study on chemical reactions, but for different reasons.

He valued the research for further validating the use of crystals and X-rays to study molecules, especially over other means of structure determination such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

“In this case, X-ray was critical for determining the exact configuration and molecular structure,” Mercado said. “When you have a crystal, you get a nice little picture, and those pictures you really can’t get otherwise. That’s true data.”

Mercado and Bloomfield grew crystals that Mercado was able to X-ray so that he could determine how the atoms were spaced within the molecules. He could understand how the atoms were spaced by examining the patterns

that result from the X-rays’ constructive interference with the crystal.

Once the team had completed and compiled their evidence in a paper that was accepted by the New Journal of Chemistry, they began a new type of work. Chaudhuri and Bloomfield started working on artwork to compete for a chance to be featured on the cover of the journal.

Chaudhuri was the main artistic force behind this part of the project. He and Bloomfield brainstormed an image for a unique cover that would have more creativity than traditional covers, which often “leave something to be desired,” Chaudhuri said.

“One of our goals was to make this cover good enough that it could outcompete others,” Chaudhuri said. “We wanted to do it not just as some necessary process, but we also wanted to have fun.”

They chose a comic book design for their cover because they needed to depict a process as well as structure. To combine these two aspects, Chaudhuri drew representative molecules using the metaphor of two similar, but subtly different cowboys being attacked to explain their research pictorially.

Bloomfield is now working on catalysis using iridium catalysts in search of new renewable energy sources.

Contact FLORA LIPSKY at flora.lipsky@yale.edu .

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YALE FOOTBALL SPRING GAME IN BOOKS The Bulldogs completed their annual spring game this past Saturday at the Yale Bowl, continuing Yale’s preparation for the 2016–17 campaign. A rash of injuries forced head coach Tony Reno to adapt the game into more of a practice than a scrimmage.

y

JOHN HAYDEN ’17 NEWEST MEN’S HOCKEY CAPTAIN The junior forward, a third-round draft pick of the Chicago Blackhawks in 2013, was elected by his teammates to lead the 2016–17 Bulldogs. Hayden paced the Elis with 16 goals this year, and he has earned All-Ivy honors in each of the past two seasons.

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“With a good class of players coming in next year, I’m really looking forward to next season.”

TYLER LU ’17 MEN’S TENNIS YALE DAILY NEWS · TUESDAY, APRIL 26, 2016 · yaledailynews.com

Randon ’17, Schmiede ’17 break records again

SHANNON CONNEELY

TRACK AND FIELD

The family I needed

Until then, the two runners have four more weekends, including the Ivy League Heptagonal Championships in two weeks, to improve on their times.

“James and Frances had impressive days, and the good news is that it looked as if there was a good deal more in the tank for both of them,” head coach David Shoehalter said.

As far back as I can recall, I have been an athlete — not just an individual running around and kicking a ball, but a team-oriented athlete.

In those 18-odd years, I have been a member of dozens of different teams: school teams, town teams, travel teams and club teams, each with its own mentality, attitude and make-up.

In reflecting on my time at Yale, as well as my athletic career, I’ve struggled at pinpointing what exactly it is about my Yale teams that gives them a special place in my heart.

Being at Yale also meant being away from my home and family for the first time in my life. I worried that I would not have a place of belonging, a space where people would help me grow into the adult I am in the process of becoming.

I was young and vulnerable and looking for a niche.

In Yale women’s soccer, I found not a niche, but a family.

People throw this term around when describing teams, and it’s about as corny as it gets, but I mean this in the most literal sense. In my four years as a member of YWS, my teammates cared for me, fought with and for me and were my greatest champions.

Teammates are always unique friends because of the simple realities of athletics: they don’t hesitate to hold you accountable, they push you to your max and they are endlessly supportive, however constructive, when it is necessary.

SEE TRACK PAGE 8

SEE CONNEELY PAGE 8

LEFT: COURTESY OF YALE ATHLETICS, RIGHT: ELINOR HILLS/PHOTOGRAPHY EDITOR

Randon, left, finished the 1,500-meter run in 3:40.15, while Schmiede, right, ran the event in 4:17.70. Both times were new school records.

BY ALYSSA AMICK CONTRIBUTING REPORTER Frances Schmiede ’17 and James Randon ’17 added two more achievements to an already historic season this weekend, breaking their respective 1,500-meter Yale records on the same day at the Virginia Challenge on Saturday.

Randon ran his race in a time of 3:40.15, beating the previous male

record set by James Shirvell ’14, 3:41.09, and placing third overall in an 86-runner field. Likewise, Schmiede shattered the previous record of 4:20.77, set by Kate Grace ’11, with her time of 4:17.70.

Schmiede finished in sixth place overall out of 79 runners.

“I knew I was in good shape because of times I had run indoors this season, but it’s difficult to know the day of if you’re going to be able

to do it,” Randon said. “I was super excited when it happened.”

Even after their record-breaking times, both runners intend to use this momentum going forward into the postseason meets. While she was excited about setting the Yale record, Schmiede said that going into the race she was more focused on qualifying for the NCAA East Preliminaries next month, which she likely did with her time.

Winless Ivy season ends at Brown

BY MATTHEW STOCK CONTRIBUTING REPORTER

COURTESY OF YALE ATHLETICS

At the No. 3 singles spot, Alex Hagermoser ’17 came back from a loss in the first set to win 3–6, 6–3, 6–4.

Doubles triumph but Yale falls

BY MATTHEW STOCK CONTRIBUTING REPORTER

The Yale men’s tennis team finished its conference season on Saturday with its closest match of the Ivy League season.

But not even the Bulldogs’ best could keep the team from the disappointment of its first 0–7 Ivy League finish in 14 years.

In Saturday’s match against Brown, the Yale women’s tennis team won the doubles point for the fifth time in seven conference matches. However, it was also the third time that the Bulldogs managed just one singles victory against an Ivy League opponent.

MEN’S TENNIS

WOMEN’S TENNIS

Facing Brown (9–18, 1–6 Ivy) in Providence, the Elis (12–13, 0–7) fell behind early, and despite splitting singles matches with the Bears could not rebound to earn the win. The 4–3 defeat marked Yale’s eighth consecutive loss and put the final stamp on the worst conference season in recent memory for the Bulldogs, who have now won just three conference matches in as many seasons.

“Brown is a good team and similar to us, so we were expecting an even match,” Photos Photiades ’17 said. “[Yale] showed great character, great determination and fighting spirit, but in the end it was really disappointing to lose in such a close manner.”

The Elis’ 2016 season was made difficult early on when Tyler Lu ’17, the team’s previous No. 1 singles player, went out for the year with an injury.

Though the Elis proceeded to see

No. 67 Yale (8–13, 2–5 Ivy) entered this weekend the loser

STAT OF THE DAY 4

SEE M. TENNIS PAGE 8

of three straight matches, and was unable to snap the skid in its regular-season finale at No. 62 Brown (15–10, 3–4) this past Saturday, falling 5–2 to the Bears. After starting conference play by winning two of their first three Ivy League matches, the Elis finished winless in their final four, matching Harvard’s 2–5 conference mark in a tie for seventh place at the bottom of the Ancient Eight standings. “[The Ivy League this year] was tough competition,” Yale head coach Matej Zlatkovic

said. “We learned as a team this year that we have to work hard every week at practice and get ready for the matches since every week is tough and challenging competition. It was great to compete against ranked opponents in our league and gain valuable experiences for the future.”

The Ivy League owned the unique distinction of being the only Division I conference to have each of its teams ranked among the ITA’s top 75 SEE W. TENNIS PAGE 8

MATTHEW STOCK/CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHER

Madeleine Hamilton ’16, pictured, and Tina Jiang ’17 teamed up to win the duo’s 12th match of the year.

THE NUMBER OF SCHOOL RECORDS NOW COLLECTIVELY HELD BY JAMES RANDON ’17 AND FRANCES SCHMIEDE ’17. The two Yale runners were already one-mile record holders from races earlier this season, and they both shattered their respective 1,500-meter records this past weekend.