Iowa Vision Spring 2025

IOWA VISION

STATE OF THE DEPARTMENT

We’ve been looking forward to 2025 for a long time. This is the year we celebrate the 100th anniversary of our department, welcome new faculty members, and see our researchers continue to break new ground on projects focused on AI, inherited eye diseases, and more.

This year we welcomed Drs. Marc Toeteberg-Harms, Tina Hendricks (R ‘24), Tahreem Mir, and Ken Goins to our faculty. Dr. Hendricks finished her residency at Iowa in June of 2024 before seeking new educational opportunities in Africa and South Dakota. In her return she joined our comprehensive and cataract service. Dr. Toeteberg-Harms relocated to Iowa City from his role as Associate Professor for the Department of Ophthalmology and James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute at Augusta University in Augusta, GA. Prior to his faculty position at Augusta, Dr. Toeteberg served as Director of the Glaucoma Service and Director of Inpatient Ophthalmology for University Hospital Zurich in Switzerland. After completing his residency training in Germany and Switzerland, Dr. Toeteberg completed fellowship training in Boston, MA and Cleveland, OH. Dr. Mir, the newest member of our retina service, joined us after completing her residency at the Yale School of Medicine and a vitreoretinal surgery fellowship at Vanderbilt University. She also completed a post-doctoral research fellowship at the Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, where she served as Associate Director of the Retinal Imaging Research and Reading Center. Ken Goins returns to Iowa City as a Clinical Professor. Dr. Goins previously worked in the department from 2003 to 2018 in roles including Associate Professor, co-medical director, and director for the cornea service. Prior to his time at Iowa, Dr. Goins worked at the University of Chicago Hospitals and Clinics and Southeastern Eye Clinic. From 2018 to present, he has remained a Professor Emeritus for our department while he also worked as a Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology for the University of Kansas Medical Center.

This past year was a landmark for breakthroughs in ophthalmology research. Our department has been at the forefront of several transformative advancements. Notably, our researchers contributed to groundbreaking

studies in corneal endothelial disease and diabetic macular edema, and they used artificial intelligence to identify patterns in retinal layers, analyze retina texture, and diagnose eye disease. There were also advances in understanding genetic mutations in inherited eye diseases. We conducted clinical trials in cornea, retina, and thyroid eye disease. This research is pushing the boundaries of science and shaping the future of eye care.

Our commitment to advocacy was highlighted at the American Academy of Ophthalmology’s Mid-Year Forum in Washington, D.C. Our residents, serving as “Advocacy Ambassadors,” had the privilege of meeting with key policymakers to discuss critical issues affecting our field. It was particularly inspiring to see Dr. Aaron Dotson (R24) recognized for his outstanding work in promoting diversity and inclusion.

After almost two decades serving as the head of the department, I’ve decided it’s time for me to transition out of that role. The University has started the search process for my successor, and I’ll remain as head until that person has taken over. I’ve been a faculty member here for 37 years and that will continue, as I plan to remain on faculty even after transitioning out of my role as head. There are too many people and memories from my time at Iowa to mention here but it’s safe to say that I feel extremely grateful to have been able to serve the department alongside amazing physicians and friends.

As we look forward, we remain committed to our mission of excellence in patient care, research, and education. I am confident that with the continued support of our alumni, we will achieve even greater heights. Your contributions and engagement are invaluable to our success, and I encourage you to stay connected with us.

Thank you for your unwavering support and dedication to the University of Iowa Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. Together, we are making a difference in the lives of countless individuals.

Keith D. Carter, MD Chair and Department Executive Officer Lillian C. O’Brien and

Dr. C.S. O’Brien

Chair in Ophthalmology

PATIENT CARE & CLINICAL UPDATES

2024 Eye Clinic Visits by Service Area

PATIENT CARE & CLINICAL UPDATES

Dr. Elaine Binkley

A Rising Star in the World of Retinal Diseases and Ocular Oncology

BY MATT BROWNING

In the dynamic world of ophthalmology, Dr. Elaine Binkley stands out as both a skilled clinician and a pioneering researcher. An associate professor at the University of Iowa, she specializes in retinal diseases and ocular oncology—two complex and rapidly evolving areas where her work is already transforming patient care.

A Passion for Ocular Oncology

Dr. Binkley’s expertise in ocular oncology, particularly in treating eye cancers such as ocular melanoma, sets her apart. She utilizes advanced techniques like brachytherapy and vitreoretinal surgery to tackle these challenging conditions. Her recent retrospective study on postoperative echography emphasizes the need to adapt radiation treatment plans based on changes in tumor size and position due to edema or hemorrhage.

“Like many centers, we found that echography helps us localize the plaque that delivers radiation and align it properly during surgery,” Dr. Binkley explains. “But then we realized that for some patients, the tumor can shift slightly after plaque placement—meaning they may not be getting the intended radiation dose. That insight led us to start adjusting treatment accordingly.”

This refinement has led to more precise treatment, improving long-term outcomes and patient safety. Dr. Binkley’s work in this area reflects her commitment to both clinical precision and continuous improvement.

Advancements in Retinal Disease Research

Beyond ocular oncology, Dr. Binkley plays a key role in advancing retinal disease research. As the site principal investigator for the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research (DRCR) Network’s Protocol AL, she leads the largest nationwide study of radiation retinopathy in

patients treated for uveal melanoma since the landmark Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study.

These trials are exploring new therapies to prevent vision loss caused by radiation treatment. Her work is part of a larger shift toward evidence-based, personalized care in ophthalmology—targeting therapies to the specific biological and clinical profiles of patients.

She collaborates with top institutions and researchers nationwide, magnifying the impact of her findings. Her focus on the molecular and genetic mechanisms of retinal and oncologic eye conditions is helping shape a future where treatments are more targeted and effective.

Recognized Excellence

Dr. Binkley’s contributions have not gone unnoticed. She was awarded a $1.3 million research grant from the Gilbert Family Foundation for her studies related to neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a genetic disorder that can lead to tumors involving the eye and nervous system. This grant supports her ongoing investigation into better diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for patients with NF1-related vision issues. She has also been honored by her patients. Named among the top 10% of providers in the Patient’s Choice Awards, Dr. Binkley’s compassionate approach has earned her a strong reputation not only for innovation, but for human-centered care.

Training the Next Generation

As retina fellowship director at the University of Iowa, Dr. Binkley is shaping the next generation of specialists. Under her leadership, the program has become one of the few to offer direct hands-on training in both retina and ocular oncology. “Since I’ve been on faculty, we’ve trained three vitreoretinal surgery fellows who also now

practice ocular oncology,” she says. “Our fellowship gives them early and immersive exposure to treating complex conditions like ocular tumors, which most retina programs don’t offer.”

By integrating oncology into retina training, Dr. Binkley ensures that more clinicians are equipped to provide comprehensive, cutting-edge care in these overlapping disciplines.

A Dual Focus on Research and Care

Dr. Binkley’s approach to research is deeply rooted in her clinical experience. “I love my research projects because they are directly connected to the patients I care for,” she says. “They’re an extension of clinical care—helping to find better ways to treat blinding and life-threatening conditions.”

She uses state-of-the-art imaging and surgical techniques to enhance both diagnosis and treatment. Her research frequently stems from real-world questions that arise

during patient care—driving a cycle of inquiry, innovation, and improved outcomes.

Her attention to detail and empathy are hallmarks of her patient care. Whether in the operating room or the lab, Dr. Binkley is committed to improving quality of life for people facing serious vision challenges.

A Bright Future

Still early in her career, Dr. Elaine Binkley has already made significant contributions to the fields of retinal disease and ocular oncology. Her blend of scientific rigor, innovative thinking, and compassionate care marks her as a rising leader in ophthalmology.

As new technologies and therapies continue to evolve, Dr. Binkley’s work is shaping how complex eye diseases are understood and treated—both today and in the future. Her vision is clear: deliver better outcomes, develop smarter treatments, and train the next generation to do the same.

Dr. Binkley discussing a complicated case in the workroom with retina faculty member Dr. Timothy Boyce. Pictured from left to right: Recent Iowa medical school graduate, Grace Lee MD, now an ophthalmology resident at Mt. Sinai in New York, and Christopher Fortenbach, MD, PhD, who was a resident and retina fellow at UI.

How AI is Revolutionizing Equity and Access in Healthcare

BY MATT BROWNING

Breaking Barriers to Care

Imagine a world where cutting-edge technology helps doctors diagnose diseases faster, more accurately, and without requiring an in-person visit. Thanks to artificial intelligence (AI), that future is rapidly becoming a reality. Leading this charge is Dr. Michael Abràmoff, an ophthalmologist and computer scientist at the University of Iowa (UI), whose groundbreaking work is transforming healthcare accessibility.

In 2018, Dr. Abràmoff founded Digital Diagnostics, a UI spinoff company that made history by securing the FDA’s first-ever approval for an AI system capable of independently diagnosing disease. This revolutionary tool detects diabetic retinopathy—one of the leading causes of vision loss—without the need for a physician’s input. According to a recent study in the New England Journal of Medicine, this AI-powered diagnostic system is now the fastest-growing medical AI procedure in the world, giving patients faster, more efficient access to critical care.

AI’s Expanding Role in Medicine

Dr. Abràmoff’s vision extends far beyond diabetic retinopathy. As a UI professor and executive chairman of Digital Diagnostics, he is pushing the boundaries of AIdriven healthcare, exploring its potential to detect other diseases, including glaucoma, and conditions outside of ophthalmology.

But his research isn’t just about expanding AI’s diagnostic capabilities—it’s about changing how healthcare operates. He has been at the forefront of investigating AI’s ability to boost productivity and promote health equity, two areas that have historically lacked real-world scientific data. In a landmark randomized controlled trial, published in Nature Digital MeDiciNe, Dr. Abràmoff and his team provided the first evidence of AI’s impact on efficiency across industries— not just in healthcare. Their study revealed that retinal doctors using Digital Diagnostics’ autonomous AI system, LumineticsCore, completed 39.5% more patient encounters per hour compared to traditional methods. This breakthrough underscores how AI can alleviate physician workload while improving patient outcomes.

Bridging Health Disparities with AI

One of the most promising aspects of AI in medicine is its potential to close long-standing healthcare gaps. A recent study co-authored by Dr. Abràmoff, published in Nature Communications, found that Black youths with diabetes received eye exams at the same rate as their white counterparts when LumineticsCore was utilized. This finding is significant—it suggests that AI can help eliminate disparities in access to essential medical screenings. By delivering instant diagnoses, AI ensures that patients receive timely follow-up care, increasing the likelihood that they will return for future treatments and reducing the risk of preventable complications.

A Bold Vision for the Future

Dr. Abràmoff sees AI not just as a tool for improving productivity but as a force for democratizing healthcare. By leveraging autonomous AI, he believes healthcare systems can dramatically reduce costs while expanding access. For example, AI-driven diabetic eye exams could lower costs by two-thirds, making critical screenings more affordable and accessible to underserved populations.

To illustrate AI’s transformative power, Dr. Abràmoff draws a compelling parallel to the agricultural revolution. “A century ago, food shortages and famine were common, but mechanization and automation made food affordable and widely available,” he explains. “Today, AI has the potential to do the same for healthcare—making highquality medical care accessible to all, just as automation did for farming. Iowa, with its John Deere combines running autonomously, is a prime example of productivity in agriculture. I want that same level of efficiency in healthcare, where no one has to worry about getting the care they need.”

Shaping the Future of Medicine

Dr. Michael Abràmoff’s pioneering efforts in AI are reshaping the landscape of modern healthcare. By integrating AI into medical diagnostics, he is paving the way for a system that is more efficient, equitable, and accessible to millions worldwide. His work is not just an innovation—it’s a movement that could redefine how healthcare is delivered for generations to come.

RESIDENT & EDUCATION NEWS

Fellows 2023-24

Dr. Yehudit Brody (Neuro-Ophthalmology) San Francisco, California

Dr. Rupak Bhuyan (Retina)

Private Practice (Lancaster Retina Specialists), Lancaster, Pennsylvania

Dr. Lindsay Chun (Neuro-Ophthalmology) Los Angeles, California

Dr. Farzad Jamshidi (Retina)

Faculty, Pittsburgh Medical Center Vision Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Dr. Christian Mays (Glaucoma)

Private Practice (The Eye Guys), Augusta, Georgia

Dr. Marina Peskina (Cornea)

Private Practice (Eastern Maine Eye Associates), Bangor, Maine

Dr. Margaret Strampe (Pediatric Ophthalmology)

Private Practice (St. Paul Eye Clinic), St. Paul, Minnesota

Fellows 2024-25

Dr. Kyle Green (Surgical Retina)

Residency: University of Rochester, Flaum Eye Institute, Rochester, New York

Dr. Taariq Mohammed (Surgical Retina)

Residency: University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland

Dr. Jaffer Naqvi (Nuero-Ophthalmology)

Residency: Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brooke University

Dr. Rupin Parikh (Oculoplastics)

Residency: Dean Mcgee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

Dr. Nicole Somani (Surgical Retina)

Residency: Baylor College of Medicine, Cullen Eye Institute, Houston

Dr. Lupe Torres (Cornea)

Residency: UTHealth Houston McGovern Medical School, Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Houston

Dr. Richard Yi (Surgical Retina)

Residency: Prisma Health/University of South Carolina School of Medicine Columbia, Columbia, South Carolina

Dr. Andrew Zolot (Glaucoma)

Residency: Rush Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois

Fellows 2025-26

Dr. Rachel Chu (Cornea)

Residency: University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas

Dr. Kathy Dong (Oculoplastics) Residency: Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana

Dr. Justin Grassmeyer (Surgical Retina) Residency: Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon

Dr. Saloni Kapoor (Surgical Retina) Residency: University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Dr. Nicole Mattson (Glaucoma) Residency: University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

Dr. Valencia Potter (Ophthalmic Genetics) Residency: Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio

Residency Class of 2024

Dr. Aaron Dotson Cornea Fellowship, University of California San Francisco

Dr. Andrew Goldstein Private Practice (Shepard Eye Center), Santa Maria, California

Dr. Tina Hendricks Faculty, University of Iowa Department of Ophthalmology

Dr. Mahsaw Mansoor Medical Retina Fellowship, University of Michigan

Dr. Sean Rodriguez Vitreoretinal Disease and Surgery Fellowship, University of Colorado

Residency Class of 2028

Dr. Noor-Us-Sabah Ahmad MD, King Edward Medical University

Dr. Ella Gehrke

MD, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine

Dr. Nicolas Heckenlaible MD, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Dr. Thomas Meram

MD, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine

Dr. Peter Sanchez MD, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine

Dr. Lauren Tomlinson MD, Albany Medical College

Residency Class of 2029

Dr. Erin Capper

MD, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine

Dr. Caitlin Hackl MD, University of Texas Galveston

Dr. Emma Hartness

MD, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine

Dr. Meghan Hunt MD, University of Texas Houston

Dr. Alina Husain MD, Weill Cornell Medical College

Dr. Reiker Ricks MD, University of Utah School of Medicine

2024 P.J. Leinfelder Award Winners

The P. J. Leinfelder award was inaugurated in 1982 by alumni who wished to pay tribute to Dr. Leinfelder—scholar, teacher, and physician. Dr. Leinfelder served on the staff of the Department of Ophthalmology from 1936 to 1978. A faculty committee presents awards each year to the resident and fellow physicians who have made significant contributions in preparing and delivering seminars.

Resident Winner: Joanna Silverman, MD “Is Suction-based Tectonic Stabilization Protective Against Endothelial Loss?”

Fellow Winner: Margaret Strampe, MD “Quality of Life Improves After Strabismus Surgery”

Global vision

UI Ophthalmology’s mission to improve eye care access from India to rural Iowa

BY BEN PARTRIDGE

By collaborating with international institutions, supporting student-led initiatives, and launching innovative programs for doctors from developing nations, the University of Iowa’s (UI) Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences is enhancing eye care access and quality for underserved populations worldwide, including in its own backyard.

Under the leadership of Dr. Kanwal Matharu, co-director of UI Global Eye, the department is forging connections with institutions across the globe, including a collaboration with India’s prestigious LV Prasad Eye Institute (LVPEI). This initiative has provided transformative experiences for medical students like Aditya Somisetty

After a month of hospital volunteering in Cuenca, Ecuador, UI medical student Brian Young found inspiration at the breathtaking Quilotoa Volcano Lake

“My time at LVPEI was a turning point in my journey toward global ophthalmology, showcasing the transformative power of low-cost, innovative solutions for preventable eye diseases in underserved communities,” said Somisetty, a second-year medical student. “Observing how a quick, reproducible procedure can profoundly enhance a patient’s life, especially in resource-limited areas, underscored the field’s unique potential.”

The department’s global efforts also extend to Africa, where medical students like Brian Young are engaging in cutting-edge research on conditions like juvenile glaucoma. Working alongside faculty mentors Dr. John Fingert and Dr. Olusola Olawoye, Young sees great value in the department’s international collaborations.

“Borders are just lines in the sand, and countless people need our help right now,” said Young, a secondyear medical student. “There’s a place for you in this community, and no matter how you choose to contribute, you’ll find many people eager to support you.”

Young also emphasizes the importance of local-global ophthalmology through his volunteer work with local underserved communities. “Patients receive care through several outreach clinics, including the University of Iowa Mobile Clinic, KidSight, Operation Hawkeyesight, and the Free Eye Clinic. These organizations provide services including free surgery, medical devices, exams, medication, and follow-up to individuals. Volunteering at these locations, and being able to speak Spanish, has deepened my understanding of healthcare disparities in other countries and strengthened my passion to make a difference abroad. Though the world is vast, I have found that I can effect global change right here in Iowa.”

Dr. Kanwal Matharu, who joined the department in 2023 as an assistant professor and member of the Cornea Service, brings a wealth of experience in global ophthalmology. After completing his medical education and training at McGovern Medical School, Baylor’s Cullen Eye Institute, and fellowships at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and Stanford University, Dr. Matharu has been instrumental in expanding UI’s global eye care initiatives.

Dr. Matharu has a strong background in global eye care, having completed a global ophthalmology fellowship this past year at Stanford and working with the Himalayan Cataract Project, a major nonprofit in the field. “Since I’ve been at Iowa, I keep pinching myself because in a very neat and tidy way, all the different things I’ve been studying are coming to fruition and coming together in synergistic ways,” said Matharu.

Dr. Matharu emphasizes the importance of building relationships with local communities to create sustainable eye care systems, as well as the critical role of education.

“In academia, there are three parts: direct patient care, research, and education. What I saw during my global ophthalmology fellowship was the global yearning for more education, and Iowa has been one of the best educational institutions—not only for ophthalmology but also in terms of our eye banking and just the ethos here— it’s second to none.”

Dr. Matharu envisions Iowa becoming a global leader in ophthalmology over the next two decades, beginning with establishing the university as a training hub for physicians from low- and middle-income countries. His long-term strategy involves building partnerships with institutions in developing regions to strengthen local care standards and create a replicable model for global eye care programs. The department’s reputation has already opened doors. “Because of Iowa’s prestige in ophthalmology, we were invited to participate in the Global Ophthalmology Consortium,” said Matharu. “Though we’re just starting to organize our international efforts, we’re already engaging at the national level.”

“The goal is to develop solutions that resonate within each community, whether in India or rural Iowa,” said Somisetty. “True change in healthcare arises from addressing barriers to access and empowering local providers.”

For the University of Iowa, this work underscores its commitment to global health and education, demonstrating the far-reaching benefits of academic and medical collaboration. UI’s International Programs office plays a crucial role in facilitating these global partnerships, assisting with Memorandums of Understanding and other agreements.

“International Programs is pleased to support the work of the Department of Ophthalmology, which has a strong record of global engagement,” said Russell Ganim, associate provost and dean of International Programs. “One of our chief goals is to facilitate connections within the data science community, enhancing clinical practice and research to develop innovative solutions that transform lives.”

The University of Iowa’s Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences is transforming global healthcare— one patient at a time. By connecting across borders and empowering local communities, they’re turning medical treatment into a human mission.

“Ophthalmology captivated me with its capacity for immediate, life-changing impact,” said Somisetty. “These experiences [in India] reminded me that while ophthalmology can be highly technical, it remains deeply human.”

UI medical student Aditya Somisetty (right) with LVPEI education department who helped make this experience possible

Journey of Compassion, Collaboration, and Change Building Hope and Vision in Zambia

BY BRIANNE ROE, RN, MSN, OPHTHALMOLOGY NURSING SUPERVISOR

As part of a Carver College of Medicine delegation, Dr. Kanwal Matharu and I recently traveled to Zambia, where we met with leaders from UIHC, International Vision Volunteers, and Hilary Twiggs from Orbis. One of the most impactful stops on our trip was the House of Hope, a transformative organization focused on children with hydrocephalus and spina bifida.

Founded nearly a decade ago with the help of Dr. Rebecca Reynolds (Neurosurgery), the House of Hope combats the deep-rooted stigma surrounding these conditions. In parts of Africa, such diagnoses are tragically linked to beliefs in witchcraft—leading, in some cases, to infanticide. The House of Hope offers an alternative: education, medical support, and empowerment for families.

They provide safe housing, coordinate hospital visits, and teach parents how to care for their children. One inspiring initiative teaches families how to grow and cook nutrientrich food, helping sustain their children’s health. Perhaps most powerfully, mothers are encouraged to become advocates—returning to their villages to raise awareness and break the cycle of stigma.

Dr. Reynolds, former Dean, Brooks Jackson, and University Teaching Hospital (UTH) staff are now exploring ways to integrate ophthalmic care into the House’s services. Since hydrocephalus often affects the optic nerve, early eye assessments could be life changing. We’re working toward equipping the facility with a dedicated exam room and essential tools for immediate eye evaluations.

During our visit, we also toured eye clinics at UTH and Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital. We met with leaders who voiced an urgent need for better training in pediatric ophthalmology, nursing curriculum, instrument care, and RetCam use. Dr. Matharu led a hands-on wet lab for second-year students, who were eager and incredibly appreciative.

We saw firsthand the challenges: overcrowded clinics, paper records, and sweltering rooms with no air circulation. One patient—a 24-year-old woman—needed bilateral corneal transplants after a severe infection. But without eye banks or trained corneal surgeons, treatment options remain heartbreakingly limited. Cultural beliefs

Dr. Matharu teaching surgery.

This trip was a powerful reminder of the impact of partnership, education, and community-led care. There’s still much to be done— but hope is growing.

BRIANNE ROE, RN, MSN, OPHTHALMOLOGY NURSING SUPERVISOR

around organ donation compound the issue, creating a severe tissue shortage.

Sterilization practices also differ. Instruments are soaked in chlorine, washed, rinsed, and then run through a small sterilizer—before being placed unwrapped in open trays for reuse. It’s a system born of necessity, but one that highlights the need for improved infrastructure and training.

Finally, we visited the Orbis Zambia office, where the team shared their incredible 15-year journey advancing eye care in the region. I’ll be collaborating with them to develop subspecialty curriculum for their Cybersight platform— bringing high-quality education to remote providers around the world.

This trip was a powerful reminder of the impact of partnership, education, and community-led care. There’s still much to be done—but hope is growing.

BELOW: Rebecca Reynolds and house of hope women.

BOTTOM: The Orbis Group.

Pioneering Vision

Cutting-Edge Research and Clinical Trials

Rare Inherited Eye Diseases

Researchers Dr. Arlene Drack, Dr. Alina Dumitrescu, Dr. Ian Han, and Dr. Stephen Russell are pioneering treatments for rare inherited eye diseases such as achromatopsia, albinism, Bardet-Biedl Syndrome, Batten’s disease, Leber’s congenital amaurosis, retinitis pigmentosa, and X-linked retinoschisis. Their work spans from preclinical studies to human trials, offering hope for patients with these challenging conditions.

Translational Science and Genetics

The department’s translational science efforts are uncovering the genetic underpinnings of eye diseases. Dr. Oliver Gramlich is investigating the role of cholesterol in optic neuritis in multiple sclerosis, while Dr. Markus Kuehn is exploring T-cell mediated damage to retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma.

Under the leadership of Dr. Edwin Stone, the Institute of Vision Research is delving into the genetics of ocular diseases. Dr. Stone focuses on genetic mutations in inherited eye diseases, Dr. John Fingert uses stem cell-derived cells to study glaucoma genetics, and Dr. Robert Mullins examines the pathophysiology of macular degeneration through genetic analysis. Dr. Seongjin Seo is developing gene therapy for inherited eye diseases, and Dr. Budd Tucker is researching ways to halt age-related macular degeneration through targeted gene therapy.

Dr. Mark Greiner, working with UI Associate Vice President for Research Dr. Aliasger Salem and Dr. Sara Thomasy, Professor of Surgical and Radical Sciences at UC Davis, are elucidating the mechanism of ferroptosis in the cornea and tests the efficacy of a novel, pathway-specific drug therapy combatting ferroptosis using Fuchs cell and animal models.

The University of Iowa’s Ophthalmology Department is at the forefront of groundbreaking research and clinical trials, leveraging the latest advancements in artificial intelligence and computer-aided morphological studies to revolutionize eye care.

The department continues to push the boundaries of vision science, offering new hope and improved outcomes for patients worldwide.

AI and Computer-Aided Morphology

chael Abrámoff has teamed up with Dr.

Dr. Miachael Abràmoff has teamed up with Dr. Friedman at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Institute and Digital Diagnostics, backed by a CDC grant, to tackle barriers in glaucoma treatment. Their innovative approach aims to enhance early detection and intervention.

Dr. Elliott Sohn and Dr. Milan Sonka from the College of Engineering are utilizing AI to identify patterns in retinal layers, predicting the effectiveness of anti-VEGF treatments for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This collaboration promises more personalized and effective treatment plans for patients.

Dr. Mark Greiner is working with Evolucare, a French company, to develop objective measures for assessing the progression of Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy. This research could lead to earlier, less invasive treatments, potentially reducing the need for corneal transplants.

At the VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Vision Loss, Dr. Matthew Harper and Dr. Mona Garvin are using AI to analyze retina texture, providing insights into the severity of traumatic brain injuries and the progression of glaucoma.

Dr. Budd Tucker, working with Drs. Robert Mullins and Edwin Stone and Dr. Kimerly Powell of OSU, is developing an AI-guided approach to facilitating high-throughput automated manufacturing of clinical grade photoreceptor cell therapeutics.

Clinical Trials

The department hosts numerous clinical trials aimed at treating various eye diseases:

Cornea:

• DEKS Trial: Investigates the impact of donor diabetes on endothelial loss post-DMEK surgery (NIH-sponsored).

• DTX Study: A natural history study of Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (funded by Design Therapeutics).

• PUTT Trial: Examines an experimental treatment for acanthamoeba (NIH-sponsored, led by UCSF).

Retina:

• DRCR Retina Workshop: Tests injections and implants for radiation retinopathy (NIHsponsored).

• NAC Attack: Evaluates N-Acetylcysteine for retinitis pigmentosa (NIH and Johns Hopkinssponsored).

• SPARK Trial: Follows patients receiving SPARK THERAPEUTICS’ experimental injection for RPEmutation eye disease (industry-sponsored).

• Hyperion tests the capacity of Sepofarsen to reduce the effects of Lebers’ Congenital Amaurosis.

Thyroid Eye Disease: treatment.

• Upcoming trials include new treatments for XLRS, Leber’s Congenital Amaurosis, and innovative glaucoma devices. The department is also collaborating with industry partners to enhance diagnostic tools for uveal melanoma and create a registry for inherited eye disease patients.

Glaucoma:

• The Elios and IStar trials both test the effects of minimally invasive surgical devices on lowering intraocular pressure for glaucoma patients.

Dr. Mark Greiner’s Groundbreaking Research on Ubiquinol and Corneal Health

Preventing Cell Death in the Cornea: A New Hope

BY MATT BROWNING

In the field of ophthalmology, few challenges are as daunting as preventing cell death in the cornea. Dr. Mark Greiner and his team at the University of Iowa are at the forefront of this battle, pioneering research that could revolutionize the treatment of corneal diseases. Their focus is on using ubiquinol, a powerful antioxidant, to prevent cell death in the cornea, potentially eliminating the need for corneal transplants in many patients.

Understanding the Problem

The cornea, the clear front part of the eye, relies on a layer of cells called corneal endothelial cells to stay transparent. These cells do not regenerate, making them vulnerable to damage from various sources, including sunlight, inherited diseases, and trauma. When these cells die, the cornea becomes cloudy, leading to vision loss. Traditionally, the only solution has been corneal transplantation.

Dr. Greiner explains, “These corneal endothelial cells don’t repair themselves. They don’t divide. They can get injured easily. They never turn over, which means that they’re constantly exposed to ultraviolet rays in sunlight, various diseases, and other factors that can cause damage.”

At the Iowa Lions Eye Bank, Greg Schmidt, who was the lead processing technician when Dr. Greiner first joined the faculty at Iowa in 2012, started to notice that some of the corneal tissue they were recovering and hoping to use for transplant surgeries were tearing.

Schmidt didn’t just accept these results; he wanted to know why this was happening, so he took a step back and started looking at the donor medical histories for the corneal tissues that were tearing and were unusable.

“He found a large number of those tissues that tore came from donors that had diabetes,” said Greiner. “As the Associate Medical Director at the time, I heard this and said, ‘We’re gonna study this.’ And that’s exactly what we did. We found that tissue from diabetic donors had a greater chance of tearing.”

Through studying the tissue of diabetic donors, the team realized that corneal endothelial cells in general were extremely sensitive to oxygen and that this played a role in the death of those cells. Greiner and his team started asking questions. “Jess Skeie along with our research scientist at the time looked at the results and said, ‘If we’ve got oxygen sensitive cells, shouldn’t we be looking at keeping these cells healthier by minimizing the impact of high oxygen on those cells?” Greiner said.

The Role of Ubiquinol

The Greiner lab’s research has uncovered that ubiquinol, the active form of Coenzyme Q10, can significantly reduce oxidative stress in corneal cells. Oxidative stress is a major factor in cell death, and by mitigating this stress, ubiquinol helps maintain the health and function of corneal endothelial cells. This discovery is particularly promising for patients with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, a common condition that affects millions worldwide and is characterized by oxidative damage.

“Ubiquinol is an antioxidant that can restore normal levels of mitochondrial function,” says Dr. Greiner. “By adding ubiquinol to the storage media for donor corneal tissue, we found that it could improve the tissue’s health. However, the challenge was its instability in liquid form.” Before they could translate this finding to patients and diseases like Fuchs dystrophy, Greiner needed to address this tricky formulation problem.

From Lab to Clinic

The Greiner lab team recognized that ubiquinol’s instability in liquid form posed a challenge that required thinking outside their skillset. In a move that he credits as a “total game changer,” Dr. Greiner reached out for help to Dr. Ali Salem from the College of Pharmacy and the current Associate Vice President for Research. The two

researchers struck up a collaboration and friendship that took Dr. Greiner’s work to the next level. Together, the Greiner and Salem labs developed a stable, soluble form of ubiquinol that can be used in various liquid formulations, including eye drops.

This breakthrough means that instead of using the ubiquinol solution exclusively in cornea storage media and relying solely on surgical interventions to treat corneal diseases, patients could potentially use a ubiquinol solution as a topically applied eye drop to maintain the health of their corneal endothelial cells. This non-invasive approach could prevent the progression of diseases like Fuchs dystrophy, reducing the need for corneal transplant surgery all together.

Meet the Team

Dr. Greiner’s research is supported by a dedicated and talented team. At the core is Dr. Jessica Skeie, the Senior Research Scientist. Dr. Skeie has been with the University of Iowa’s ophthalmology department for over 20 years. She began her journey as a bioengineering student, later switching to cell biology for her PhD. Her extensive experience and expertise are invaluable to the lab’s success.

“Jess [Skeie] is absolutely essential to our team,” says Dr. Greiner. “She has been in ophthalmology longer than anyone in my lab and brings a wealth of knowledge and experience.”

Greg Schmidt, the director of research and business development for the Iowa Lions Eye Bank, has played an outsized role in helping create the Greiner lab, as well as challenging Greiner to ask the big questions. “Greg helped found the lab and encourage me from the beginning to dream bigger than what we initially set out to achieve.” Greiner added, “Greg’s technical expertise in handling corneal tissues have been essential in establishing several techniques that have made our research possible.” As mentioned previously, it was also Schmidt who first started to notice the fragility of some cornea transplant tissue from diabetic donors that eventually set Greiner on his current course of research.

“Dr. Mark Greiner” continues on page 22

RESEARCH & DISCOVERY

Accuracy Gets Results at the Iowa Visual Field Reading Center

A visual field test is a measurement of the area where objects can be seen in the peripheral vision when someone focuses on a central point. Visual field testing is one way to measure how much vision a person has in either eye, and how much vision loss may have occurred over time. Because of this a series of visual field tests can identify patterns and the process of change one’s vision has undergone. In this way, visual fields can be essential for clinicians in identifying vision problems early on or for helping researchers understand the effect a certain therapy has on one’s vision.

BY MATT BROWNING

While the staff at the Iowa Visual Field Reading Center (IVFRC) might not work directly with patients, they’re having a huge impact on new and developing therapies for patients across the country. At its core, the IVFRC specializes in the meticulous assessment of visual fields— an essential component in diagnosing and managing a spectrum of ocular conditions, from glaucoma to neurological disorders affecting vision. Michael Wall, MD, director of the IVFRC, emphasized that their commitment to accuracy is paramount to the reputation the center has developed across the country. “We first use a digital checking method to evaluate a visual field in order to make sure the right test was given, the pupil size is appropriate, among many other things. A score out of 100 is provided by this digital tool based on how clean the results of the visual field test file are” Wall said. “But then we have two independent readers analyze the results to look for errors called perimetric artifacts that interfere with analysis. If those readers independently agree, we go with that result. If they don’t agree, a third independent reader is brought in until a consensus is achieved.” While it might seem tedious at points, it’s a process that produces the most accurate results—and accuracy is what has helped build the international reputation of the IVFRC. Wall said “Our job is to give the research sponsor the cleanest data possible.” Wall stressed that the iVFRC assists sponsors in clinical trials all the way from developing the study protocol to obtaining clean results, to performing visual field analysis and aiding in the study’s statistical analysis.

Before the IVFRC opened their doors in 2008, there was only one other visual field reading center in the country, which was at UC Davis. The IVFRC was the brainchild of Chris A. Johnson, PhD, DSc and Michael Wall, MD, who had a history of collaboration and a passion for creating accurate visual fields readings that could be used by researchers and clinicians alike. As the IVFRC ramped up, Trina Eden, COA was hired to manage many of the day to day logistics and help train research sites to accurately produce visual field results. When asked about Trina’s role at the IVFRC, Dr. Wall said, “she’s a vital part of our reading center. She takes care of all the nuts and bolts of the daily activities. When we start a study, Trina helps us develop the study protocol and then certifies all the perimetrists in the study and makes sure those collecting the visual field results know how to give the test properly. So she spends a lot of time teaching and making sure these people understand the proper technique to doing a visual field.”

While most of the IVFRC’s work is for researchers, Dr. Wall thinks it is also a valuable tool for clinicians to use directly. “We could, in addition to helping with clinical trials, we can also help clinical practices. Ophthalmologists really depend on this sort of data to make informed decisions, and analyzing visual fields gets pretty complicated, because there’s so many different statistics. Part of our job is training, and I think we could really help offices by training their technicians in the same way we train them for a clinical trial.”

As the IVFRC continued to grow, around 2018 they retained the services of Bio::Neos, an informatics and software development group, to design, implement and maintain a secure web site and database management system. This partnership allows the IVFRC to provide a paperless means of allowing clinicians and researchers to transmit data securely over the internet and to communicate and transmit information to Data Coordinating Centers.

With nearly all of the visual field data being processed digitally, this work seems like it would fit well with some of the pattern recognition A.I. is able to do. While Dr. Wall sees this as a direction they are headed, there is still plenty of work to be done in order to create A.I. that can produce

results with the same level of accuracy. “You know, AI is great, but, you know, it’s not the gold standard, and for what we do, the gold standard is anexperienced visual field reader analyzing the visual field patterns. But since we have so much clean data, we’re using some of that to train A.I. to help recognize these patterns.”

As one of the most notable visual field reading centers in the nation, the IVFRC continues to develop new services and abilities in reading visual fields. In addition to analyzing visual field results, the IVFRC also works to train, certify and monitor technicians and other clinical personnel for clinical trials, develop new analysis and interpretation tools for visual field assessment and validate new visual function test procedures.

RESEARCH & DISCOVERY

Publication highlights in 2024

112

180

10,913

2024 CITATIONS OF FACULTY PUBLICATIONS FROM ANY YEAR

2024 faculty publication that has been the most highly cited: Wolf R.M., Channa R., Liu T.Y.A., Zehra A., Bromberger L., Patel D., Abràmoff M.D.,et al. Autonomous artificial intelligence increases screening and follow-up for diabetic retinopathy in youth: the ACCESS randomized control trial. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):421. Epub 20240111. doi: DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44676-z. PubMed PMID: PMID: 38212308; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCID: PMC10784572.

Most highly cited publication of all time from current faculty:

“Image processing with imageJ” published in 2004 by Abramoff M.D., Magalhaes P.J., Ram S.J.,

Our top five most cited articles in 2024:

“Image processing with imageJ” by Abràmoff M.D., Magalhaes P.J., Ram S.J.

“Ridge-based vessel segmentation in color images of the retina” by Russell S., Bennett J.,Wellman J.A., Chung D.C., Yu Z.-F., Tillman A., Wittes J., Pappas J., Elci O., McCague S., Cross D., Marshall K.A., Walshire J., Kehoe T.L., Reichert H., Davis M., Raffini L., George L.A., Hudson F.P., Dingfield L., Zhu X., Haller J.A., Sohn E.H., Mahajan V.B., Pfeifer W.,Weckmann M., Johnson C., Gewaily D., Drack A., Stone E., Wachtel K., Simonelli F., LeroyB.P., Wright J.F., High K.A., Maguire A.M.

”Safety and efficacy of gene transfer for Leber’s congenital amaurosis” by Maguire AM, Simonelli F, Pierce EA, Pugh EN Jr, Mingozzi F, Bennicelli J, Banfi S, Marshall KA, Testa F, Surace EM, Rossi S, Lyubarsky A, Arruda VR, Konkle B, Stone E, Sun J, Jacobs J, Dell’Osso L, Hertle R, Ma JX, Redmond TM, Zhu X, Hauck B, Zelenaia O, Shindler KS, Maguire MG, Wright JF, Volpe NJ, McDonnell JW, Auricchio A, High KA, Bennett J.

“A common haplotype in the complement regulatory gene factor H (HF1/ CFH) predisposes individuals to age-related macular degeneration” by Hageman GS, Anderson DH, Johnson LV, Hancox LS, Taiber AJ, Hardisty LI, Hageman JL, Stockman HA, Borchardt JD, Gehrs KM, Smith RJ, Silvestri G, Russell SR, Klaver CC, Barbazetto I, Chang S, Yannuzzi LA, Barile GR, Merriam JC, Smith RT, Olsh AK, Bergeron J, Zernant J, Merriam JE, Gold B, Dean M, Allikmets R.

”Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences” by Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, Derge JG, Klausner RD, Collins FS, Wagner L, Shenmen CM, Schuler GD, Altschul SF, Zeeberg B, Buetow KH, Schaefer CF, Bhat NK, Hopkins RF, Jordan H, Moore T, Max SI, Wang J, Hsieh F, Diatchenko L, Marusina K, Farmer AA, Rubin GM, Hong L, Stapleton M, Soares MB, Bonaldo MF, Casavant TL, Scheetz TE, Brownstein MJ, Usdin TB, Toshiyuki S, Carninci P, Prange C, Raha SS, Loquellano NA, Peters GJ, Abramson RD, Mullahy SJ, Bosak SA, McEwan PJ, McKernan KJ, Malek JA, Gunaratne PH, Richards S, Worley KC, Hale S, Garcia AM, Gay LJ, Hulyk SW, Villalon DK, Muzny DM, Sodergren EJ, Lu X, Gibbs RA, Fahey J, Helton E, Ketteman M, Madan A, Rodrigues S, Sanchez A, Whiting M, Madan A, Young AC, Shevchenko Y, Bouffard GG, Blakesley RW, Touchman JW, Green ED, Dickson MC, Rodriguez AC, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Myers RM, Butterfield YS, Krzywinski MI, Skalska U, Smailus DE, Schnerch A, Schein JE, Jones SJ, Marra MA; Mammalian Gene Collection Program Team.

RESEARCH & DISCOVERY

“Dr. Mark Greiner” continues from page 17

The team also includes two outstanding research assistants, Hanna Shevalye and Tim Eggleston Hanna, who joined the lab from the VA, is known for her exceptional imaging skills, producing high-quality scientific images that are crucial for this research. Tim, a seasoned research associate with over 20 years at the University, excels in protein identification, contributing significantly to the lab’s projects.

“Hanna and Tim are my go-to people for hands-on bench work,” Dr. Greiner notes. “Their expertise and dedication are critical to our research.”

Additionally, the lab benefits from a cadre of students from the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Carver College of Medicine, and the College of Pharmacy. These students, ranging from undergraduates and medical students to PhDs and postdoctoral fellows, contribute to various projects and gain invaluable experience in the process. Most of them have gone on to successful careers in ophthalmology and fields related to the research done in the Greiner lab.

The Power of Philanthropy

The Greiner lab’s work has been significantly supported by philanthropic donations. Early funding from grateful patients enabled the initial research that led to these breakthroughs. Philanthropy continues to play a crucial role, filling gaps where federal funding falls short and allowing the lab to pursue innovative ideas without administrative hindrances.

“Philanthropy is why I’m here talking to you about this wonderful project,” says Dr. Greiner. “It opened the door and let us go to town with our work. It continues to sustain our efforts and is vital for our research.”

Philanthropic support has been particularly essential for funding the personnel who make up Dr. Greiner’s team. “Two-thirds of my budget is for our personnel, and not for my time or for the experiments,” Dr. Greiner explains. “It is the people in my lab who really need the support. Philanthropy helps us pay for these world-class researchers who are essential to our success.”

Looking Ahead

The journey from discovery to clinical application is long and requires substantial resources. Continued support from donors is essential to advance this promising and impactful research. One of the reasons private donors have funded this research in the Greiner lab in the past is because of the huge potential of this research to treat virtually any eye disease where cells are dying because of the effects of oxidative damage. By investing in Dr. Greiner’s work, these philanthropists feel like they can help bring new treatments to patients and prevent vision loss for millions across the globe.

Dr. Greiner emphasizes, “There is no source of funding that is too small or too big to make this research go forward. Philanthropy helps us in so many ways, from jump-starting new ideas to filling the gaps where federal funds fall short.”

Dr. Mark Greiner’s research on ubiquinol represents a beacon of hope for those suffering from corneal diseases. With the continued support of philanthropy, his team can push the boundaries of medical science and improve the quality of life for countless individuals. This groundbreaking work not only highlights the potential of ubiquinol in preventing cell death in the cornea but also underscores the critical role that philanthropy plays in advancing medical research.

You can help support the Greiner Lab’s work! Contact Matt Kuster to learn more about ways you can be a part of this groundbreaking research:

To learn more about how philanthropic support helps advance the work of the University of Iowa Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and UI Institute for Vision Research, please contact:

Matt Kuster

$16,431,253

Executive Director of Development matt.kuster@foriowa.org 319-467-3720

Katie Sturgell Senior Director of Development katie.sturgell@foriowa.org 319-467-3756

Frank Descourouez

Associate Director of Development frank@foriowa.org 319-467-3672

Jedd Spidell

Assistant Director of Development jedd.spidell@foriowa.org 319-467-3342

The University of Iowa Center for Advancement P.O. Box 4550 Iowa City, IA 52244-4550

319-335-3305 or 800-648-6973

The UI acknowledges the University of Iowa Center for Advancement as the preferred channel for private contributions that benefit all areas of the university. For more information or to donate in support of the eye program, visit the secure website at Givetoiowa.org/eye

70 Years of Sight

Celebrating Vision,Innovation & Community with Iowa LionsEye Bank

BY FRANCIE WILLIAMSON

This year marks a milestone worth celebrating: on September 13, 2025, the Iowa Lions Eye Bank (ILEB) turns 70! For seven decades, ILEB has been at the forefront of restoring sight and preventing blindness through groundbreaking work in corneal transplantation. None of this would be possible without the dedicated network of ophthalmologists, healthcare professionals, and donors who have shared in the mission of giving the gift of sight.

Honoring the Past, Celebrating the Future

As we approach this landmark anniversary, we’re taking time to reflect on the trailblazers who built the foundation, the professionals and researchers who continue to push boundaries, and the donors and families who make every transplant possible.

Join the Fun: Vision-Themed Games & Family Activities

To kick off the celebration, you’re invited to a familyfriendly evening at Big Grove Brewery in Iowa City on Thursday, June 12, from 6:00 to 9:00 p.m., during the

annual Iowa Eye conference. Get ready for some fun with a purpose! Step into the shoes of someone living with Fuchs Dystrophy — a condition that often leads to corneal transplants — by wearing special simulation glasses. Then test your skills in unique games like “Mystery Spin,” “Blind Slide,” and “Cornea-Hole.” Compete for prizes and learn more about ILEB’s latest breakthroughs in transplantation, research, and public education from our passionate staff.

Save the Date: A Special Celebration on Sept. 13

Mark your calendars! A major anniversary celebration is planned for Saturday, September 13, from 2:00 to 5:00 p.m. in Iowa City. Stay tuned to our website, social media, and email newsletter for event details as the big day approaches.

A Traveling Exhibit to Inspire and Educate

We’re also thrilled to unveil a bold new initiative: an educational exhibit that tells the story of ILEB — our roots, our impact, and the life-changing power of eye donation. This exhibit will be located at the Eye Bank itself, but we’re also designing portable sections that can travel across Iowa to educate communities statewide.

Let’s Keep the Vision Alive — Together

As we celebrate 70 years of transforming lives through sight restoration, we know that our success is a reflection of an entire community working together. With your continued support, we can raise awareness, advance research, and bring hope to even more Iowans in the years ahead. Help us continue this legacy. Contribute to ILEB’s anniversary-year initiatives and ongoing projects at: https:// iowalionseyebank.org/contribute

Together, let’s make the next 70 years even brighter.

Iowa Lions Eye Bank Shares Expertise with Corneal Specialists in India

When Greg Schmidt arrived in Pondicherry in mid-November of 2024, he was greeted with a banana leaf on his door, welcoming him to the city in southeastern India.

Schmidt, director of research and business development at Iowa Lions Eye Bank, traveled to Pondicherry with Dr. Kanwal Singh Matharu, assistant professor of ophthalmology and visual sciences at the University of Iowa, to visit Aravind Eye Hospital and their eye bank.

“We were able to identify two immediate things the eye bank could implement that had a direct impact on their ability to better utilize transplantable tissue,” Schmidt says.

During his visit to Pondicherry, Schmidt says he was able to watch the Aravind eye bank staff process tissue. He also led training on processing tissue for Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty (DMEK) for the hospital’s cornea fellows.

In the operating room, Schmidt also conducted training on Descement Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty (DSAEK).

“They wear 3D glasses to watch the (monitor), so they can better observe and experience the depth perception of the procedure,” Schmidt says.

After the visit to Pondicherry, Schmidt and Matharu flew to New Delhi to tour Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital. While there, they were able to meet Lemlem Ayele, director of the Eye Bank of Ethiopia, who also happened to be visiting.

At Schroff’s, Schmidt met with Dr. Shalinder Sabherwal, director of public health and projects-SCEH Network, who visited Iowa Lions Eye Bank in September 2023. He also conducted DMEK training with some of the fellows at Shroff’s.

Matharu gave Dr. Virender Singh Sangwan, a surgeon at Shroff’s, an Iowa Hawkeye-themed tie, which Sangwan said drew many compliments.

This was the second international trip that Schmidt took in 2024. In January 2024, he traveled to the small African nation of Eswatini with Dr. Matthew Ward and visited the Miracle Campus of the Luke Commission.

Iowa Lions Eye Bank has long been involved in international eye care, including collaborations with surgeons and eye banks overseas. For more information on working with Iowa Lions Eye Bank, email Greg Schmidt at info@iowalionseyebank.org.

Departmental Awards

Lisa

Medical Student Award for Faculty Teaching -

Promotions

Resident Award for Fellow Teaching - Rupin Parikh, MD

Other Achievements

Dr. Lee Alward Award for Teaching Excellence - Alina Dumitrescu, MD, FACS

Dr. Elaine Binkley was promoted from Assistant Professor to Associate Professor with tenure.

Dr. Mark Greiner was promoted from Associate Professor to Professor and became the Beulah and Florence Usher Chair in Cornea/External Disease.

Dr. Ian Han was named Judith (Gardner) and Donald H. Beisner, M.D. Professor in Vitreoretinal Diseases and Surgery.

Dr. Vera Howe was promoted from Clinical Assistant Professor to Clinical Associate Professor.

Dr. Christopher Sales achieved tenure as Associate Professor.

Dr. Elliott Sohn was promoted from Associate Professor to Professor, as well as an Endowed Chair in Diabetic Retinopathy Research.

Dr. Andrew Pouw was selected to be a member of the Epic Ophthalmology Steering Board. The Ophthalmology Steering Board is working to define the gold standard for EHR use in their specialty. Drawing from their varied practice expertise and Epic experiences, the board will review existing configurations and build on them to improve Ophthalmologists’ quality of care and productivity. He was also awarded Digital Innovator award at Real World Ophthalmology Conference 2024 for “creativity and leadership in leveraging digital technologies to advance the field of ophthalmology”

Dr. Mark Greiner received $2,846,242 as part of a five-year National Institute of Health grant in hopes of creating eye drops that help keep cells in the cornea working well and improve the quality of life by preventing the need for corneal transplant surgery for people with Fuchs endothelialcorneal dystrophy. Dr. Greiner was also the recipient of the AAO Senior Achievement Award–which recognizes individuals for their contributions to the Academy, its scientific and educational programs, and to ophthalmology.

Trish Duffel Award - Nick Scanlon

Pavlina Kemp, MD

Stacy L. Thompson Resident Leadership Award - Aaron Dotson, MD

Drs.

and Amir Arbisser “Top Gun” Award - Mahsaw Mansoor, MD

Medical Student Award for Resident Teaching - Bilal Ahmed, MD

Patient’s Choice Awards | Top 10% Providers

Retina fellow, Taariq Mohammed, was recently awarded a Graduate Medical Education Innovation grant for his project “Digital Indirect Ophthalmoscopy” from the GME office.

Dr. Randy Kardon was this year’s William F. Hoyt Lecturer at the AAO Annual Meeting in Chicago. Dr. Kardon’s talk, “Ophthalmology in the Blink of an Eye!” explains how we can utilize the blink response to various sensory stimuli to diagnose and monitor treatment.

Each year, University of Iowa Health Care recognizes providers as Patient’s Choice Awardees for their excellence in patient experience. The awardees are selected based on patient responses. Only UIHC providers with an aggregate score in the top 10% nationally were recognized.

• Dr. Eliane Binkley

• Dr. H. Culver Boldt

• Dr. Ian Han

• Dr. Pavlina Kemp

• Dr. Andrew Pouw

• Dr. Stephen Russell

• Dr. Edwin Stone

• Dr. Mark Wilkinson ai

1. Mike Edrington and Dr. Jonathan Russell were featured on the cover of July’s Ophthalmology Retina Journal! “MIDD with Outer Retinal and RPE Atrophy” by Michael Edrington and Jonathan F. Russell, MD, PhD was the third-place winner in the Fundus Photo Wide Angle category at the Ophthalmic Photographers’ Society 2023 Scientific Exhibition.

2. Michael Edrington and Dr. Jonathan Russell were featured on the July/August cover of Ophthalmology Glaucoma. Image by Michael Edrington, Photographer, and Jonathan F. Russell, MD, PhD was the third-place winner in the UltraWidefield Imaging category at the Ophthalmic Photographers’ Society 2023 Scientific Exhibition.

3. Meghan Menzel, CRA and Dr. Jonathan Russell were featured on the August cover of Ophthalmology Retina. The image by Meghan Menzel, CRA and Jonathan F. Russell, MD, PhD was the Honorable Mention winner in the Color Fundus Wide Angle category at the Ophthalmic Photographers’ Society 2023 Scientific Exhibition.

4. Michael Edrington and Dr. Ian Han have an image featured on the cover of September’s Ophthalmology Retina! The image by Michael Edrington, Photographer and Ian Han, MD was the first-place winner in theUltra-Widefield Imaging category at the Ophthalmic Photographers’ Society 2023 Scientific Exhibition.

Retina fellow, Farzad Jamshidi, MD, PhD, was named a “Rising Star in Retina” by Retina Today.

Chau Pham, MD, FACS was inducted as a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons (ACS) during the ACS Clinical Congress 2024 in San Francisco. ACS Fellowship is granted to physicians who devote their practice entirely to surgical services and who agree to practice in accordance with the College’s professional and ethical standards. Surgeons voluntarily submit applications for Fellowship, thereby inviting an evaluation of their practice by their peers. In evaluating the eligibility of Fellowship applicants, the College investigates each applicant’s entire surgical practice.

Wanda Pfeifer, MME, CO, COMT presented this year’s Richard G. Scobee Memorial Lecturer at the AACO Annual Meeting in Chicago. Wanda’s talk was titled, “Astigmatism and Amblyopia— Who is at Risk?”. The Richard G. Scobee Memorial Lecture is an invited lecture delivered by an orthoptist selected for outstanding scientific contributions to the field of orthoptics through novel research, publications, and presentations.She also received an Honor Award and was recognized by the AAPOS for her dedication and service.

Erin Shriver, MD, FACS, received the Women in Ophthalmology (WIO) Recognition of Service Award at AAO 2024! The Recognition of Service Award is given to WIO members who have made a significant impact on the organization through volunteer leadership.

Dr. Elaine Binkley presented multiple talks and served as a panelist at the biennial conference of the International Society of Ocular Oncology (ISOO) in Goa, India. The ISOO is a leading non-profit organization dedicated to the practice of ocular oncology and brings together experts from all over the world. During the meeting, Dr. Binkley shared her experience on a variety of topics, including novel therapies for Von HippelLindau disease, choroidal metastases in the era of targeted systemic cancer therapy, and vitrectomy with membrane peeling in a patient with leukemia. She was also selected as a new member of The Macula Society for the class of 2025. The Macula Society is one of the leading retina organizations worldwide, bringing together a “Who’s Who” of leaders in our field. Obtaining membership is a very competitive process. By selecting Dr. Binkley as a new member,the society acknowledges her “extensive contribution to retinal literature” as per the organization’s high standards.

Dr. Elliott Sohn was named an Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) Silver Fellow. The title of ARVO Fellow is an honor established to recognize current ARVO members for their individual accomplishments, leadership and contributions to the Association.

Dr. Seongjin Seo was awarded the Blind Children’s Center (BCC) 2024 research grant. The focus of Dr. Seo’s research is the development of mutationindependent, generic gene therapy vectors to treat CEP290-associated Leber Congenital Amaurosis (CEP290LCA). Receiving this grant from the BCC provides a crucial opportunity to push the boundaries of gene therapy,” shared Dr. Seo. “With this support, we are one step closer to developing effective treatments that could transform the future for children with visual impairments.”

Mike Edrington received his Certified Retinal Angiographer (CRA) certification from the Ophthalmic Photographers’ Society! CRA Certification requires submission of work examples that meet established standards as well as successful completion of a written examination.

Castle Connolly Top Doctors represent the top 7% of all U.S. practicing physicians. “These individuals are peernominated and thoroughly vetted by a physician-led research team. These doctors are best-in-class healthcare providers, embodying excellence in clinical care as well as interpersonal skills.”

• Dr. H. Culver Boldt

• Dr. Keith Carter

• Dr. Arlene Drack

• Dr. Jaclyn Haugsdal

• Dr. Randy Kardon

• Dr. Thomas Oetting

• Dr. Stephen Russell

• Dr. Erin Shriver

• Dr. Edwin Stone

Dr. Arlene Drack presented the Distinguished Bryan Research Lecture at Duke University and was the invited speaker for Retina Symposium in honor of Gerald Fishman, MD at the University of Chicago.

She also received the Costenbader Award and was invited to give the Costenbader Lecture at the 2025 AAPOS conference. This was the first time an Iowa faculty member won the award since Bill Scott in 1994.

Dr. Marcus Noyes was named the 2024 Fellowship Chair for the Scleral Lens Society.

Dr. Edwin Stone was the recipient of the 2025 Helen Keller Prize for Vision Research.

Dr. Kanwal Matharu received funding from the Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board for a future project in Egypt.

Dr. Robert Mullins was named Treasurer for the International Society for Eye Research (ISER) in January 2025.

Dr. Michael Wall and Dr. John Fingert were named Carver College of Medicine Impact Scholars. Impact Scholars are selected based on the number of research papers a faculty member has published, and the papers’ impact as determined by how many times they have been cited by other scientists and scholars in subsequent research articles.

Dr. Marc Toeteberg-Harms was invited to give the Henry and Sylvia Yaschik Lectureship in Ophthalmology at the Medical University of South Carolina. His lecture was titled “Is there still a need for trabeculectomies in the modern surgical glaucoma armamentarium?”

Dr. Bill Scott was honored as the Presidential Guest of Honor at the 50th American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) meeting.

Drs. Bernardo Bach (former postdoctoral scholar), Edward Linton and Elliott Sohn won the Roberto Abdalla Moura Award for the best experimental free paper. Dr. Bach presented the paper at the annual BRAVS Retina meeting in Brazil.

BEFORE 1925

A VISIONARY CENTURY: 100 YEARS OF IOWA OPHTHALMOLOGY

The First Head of the Ophthalmology Department— Dr. C.S.O’Brien’s Path to Iowa City

Dr. Cecil Starling O’Brien grew up and graduated from high school, college (Central Normal College) and medical school (Indiana University) in the state of Indiana. The academic path Dr. O’Brien took wasn’t entirely new to him. His father, William O’Brien, was a doctor who started a medical practice in Danville, Indiana. In 1912, as the eye, ear, nose and throat department in Iowa City continued to grow, the elder O’Brien sold his general medical practice in Danville and began post-graduate studies focused on eye, ear, nose and throat. For three years he studied under some of the world’s top experts in New York and London. When he returned to Indiana in 1915, he opened a new medical practice with a focus on the eye. This is the world Cecil S. O’Brien entered as he left medical school.

The younger O’Brien followed in his father’s footsteps by getting his medical degree. But his path to becoming the first head of the ophthalmology department at the University of Iowa required some more experience that he couldn’t have foreseen. After completing his medical internship at Deaconess Hospital in Indianapolis, Indiana, Dr. Cecil O’Brien joined the military from 1914 to 1920. As part of his military duty in the Navy, Dr. O’Brien spent two and a half years working at various hospitals in China, along the Yangtze River. This time would begin O’Brien’s lifelong appreciation of the people of this region. O’Brien’s military service continued to develop him as a physician.

1870 1890

The first faculty of the new UI medical college

O’Brien was a strict disciplinarian and was said to have run his department like the Marine Corps. Residents were expected to be present and on time wearing a tie and a clean white coat regardless of outside factors such as their own weddings, floods, or department parties the night before.

His field experience with neurosurgery built his interest in neurology and between 1927 and 1929 he popularized the O’Brien facial never anesthesia block, better known as an “O’Brien Anesthesia.”

It was during a stint serving in the eye clinic at the League Island Hospital in Philadelphia from 19191920 that O’Brien decided to pursue a career in ophthalmology. After leaving the Navy, O’Brien enrolled in the Postgraduate School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania where he completed two four-month long courses in ophthalmology, before completing a 18-month residency at Wills Eye Hospital in Philadelphia. In 1922 O’Brien was certified by the American Board for Ophthalmic Examinations and spent two years practicing ophthalmology in Toledo, Ohio.

By the end of 1924, O’Brien had married Mary Gray and they had a daughter named Patricia. O’Brien was becoming a much sought-after ophthalmologist and nearly accepted an appointment at Tulane University in New Orleans to work with Dr. Marcus Feingold. He instead moved his young family back to his home state of Indiana where he opened a private practice in Indianapolis and was appointed clinical assistant in ophthalmology at Indiana University.

During O’Brien’s time in the Navy until he arrived in Iowa City in 1925, there were major changes taking place at the State University of Iowa Medical College. New departments within the medical college we create, there was talk of building a new hospital and medical college on the west bank of the Iowa River. Ophthalmology was on its way to becoming its own department, which would report to the dean, as opposed to the head of surgery.

For more on Iowa Ophthalmology before 1925, scan this code:

Edward Carter: First Black graduate of the UI College of Medicine

Surgical theater

First hospital ambulance, State University of Iowa hospital

1925 TO 1934

A VISIONARY CENTURY: 100 YEARS OF IOWA OPHTHALMOLOGY

Iowa’s Ophthalmology Residency Program Forms

Dr. O’Brien had definite ideas about how to teach ophthalmology and wanted his program to be one of the very best. He structured the program so that each resident was trained thoroughly with a gradually increasing sequence of responsibilities. Lectures in the basic sciences of pathology, histology, pharmacology and optics were given every afternoon. First year residents were put to work doing complete ocular examinations (mostly on university students) including refractions and some visual fields. Later in the first year they began to do simple surgery of the extraocular muscles, enucleations, and some lid procedures to learn the mechanics and fundamentals of ophthalmic surgery. They began cataract surgery in the second year. Research was encouraged, but it was not permitted to interfere with patient care.

In 1927 Dr. O’Brien chose Merle Taylor from Oregon as his first resident before the new University Hospital was built. A new resident was selected every six months and rotated through the program. Dr. O’Brien felt that if he selected residents from different states, Iowa’s reputation in ophthalmology would spread far and wide. This philosophy produced many department chairmen including James H. Allen (Tulane University), Alson E. Braley (New York University and later University of Iowa), Kenneth C. Swan (University of Oregon), Thomas D. Duane (Wills Eye Hospital), Philip P. Ellis (University of Colorado), Phillips L. Thygeson (Director of the Proctor Foundation at the University of California, San Francisco).

O’Brien was a strict disciplinarian and was said to have run his department like the Marine Corps. The residents respected and adhered to the policies and routines established by Dr. O’Brien. Residents were expected to be present and on time wearing a tie and a clean white coat regardless of outside factors such as their own weddings, floods, or department parties the night before. First year residents were required to live in the hospital (that’s why they were called “residents” after all). If a resident wished to be married and wanted to stay in the program, he needed to have O’Brien’s—generally reluctant—approval.

Many of his former residents mentioned in interviews that they had concerns as new residents about having to work with O’Brien, but all were quick to say that their fears soon resolved into respect for his knowledge and for his determination to train residents well.

Daily routines were established and very strictly followed. Many of these routines are still practiced today at the University and many are carried on at other academic facilities influenced by Iowa. Morning rounds began at 8:00 a.m. sharp, seven days a week, even on Sunday. Patients were brought into the clinic for these rounds. Everyone then had the opportunity to see all the interesting patients and discuss the problematic cases. When Dr. O’Brien asked a question, the resident was expected to provide an answer complete with a reason or explanation. Following the presentation of cases in the clinic, the residents

The Ophthalmology Residency Program forms; Merle Taylor is its first resident.

C.S. O’Brien receives a grant to study pathology and surgery in London, Prague,

Under the direction of College of Medicine

Dean Lee W. Dean, MD, Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology departments formed as independent academic units.

followed O’Brien to the ward to examine the post-operative patients that were still confined to bed. On Sundays, a paper was given by one of the residents. During the week, daily lectures were given promptly at 4:00 p.m. in the lecture room. If clinic patients were not finished in time for the lecture, the patient was asked to wait until after the lecture. The lecture topics were chosen by Dr. O’Brien, but the lectures were given by the faculty.

Dr. O’Brien supported and encouraged his residents, yet he demanded perfection. He was himself a facile surgeon and he would not tolerate work below his standards. Residents began by helping Dr. O’Brien in the operating room, first as a surgical assistant and then, on all except private patients, doing increasing amounts of the operation. They were expected to have read up on the procedure and to be alert enough to be helpful and to be cool enough to withstand sharp orders and reprimands.

O’Brien was a strong, forceful disciplinarian. Dr. Otis Lee (resident, 1941-1944) remembered Dr. O’Brien’s method of discipline. “He gave me hell during practically every surgery. Finally I said, ‘Dr. O’Brien, I thought I was doing everything you wanted me to do. Why do you still give me hell?’ Dr. O’Brien replied with a characteristically rough compliment, ‘Otis, I just want to remind you that it costs me a lot of effort to give you hell. So if I chew you out, it is because I think you are worth the investment.’ “

1928

The seven story, 900-bed General Hospital opens, greatly increasing clinical teaching opportunities for students and trainees.

When not in the clinic, Dr. O’Brien was gracious, friendly, and helpful. He hosted parties for the residents and faculty at his home in the country every week or two. Although these parties lasted until late at night, the residents and faculty were expected to report on time for morning rounds the following day.

*This sketch of Dr C.S. O’Brien and the residency program was adapted from a paper by Drs. John C. Lee and H. Stanley Thompson published in Documenta Ophthalmologica 94: 161-178, Jan 1997 and read at the tenth annual meeting of the Cogan Ophthalmic History Society, Philadelphia College of Physicians, March 8 and 9, 1997.

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UI’s ambulance fleet in 1930

A Department Grows and Attracts Talented Faculty 1935 TO 1944

A VISIONARY CENTURY: 100 YEARS OF IOWA OPHTHALMOLOGY

The University of Iowa’s Department of Ophthalmology saw remarkable advancements from 1935 to 1944, largely due to the visionary leadership of Dr. Cecil Starling O’Brien. Appointed in 1925, Dr. O’Brien’s tenure was marked by significant strides in both clinical practice and research. By 1937, his efforts were recognized nationally when he was elected as a director of the American Board of Ophthalmology. This period was crucial in establishing the department’s reputation for excellence in ophthalmic education and patient care.

One of the key developments during this time was the recruitment of talented individuals who would contribute to the department’s growth. In 1937, Lee Allen was hired to draw the fundus of the eye, and under Dr. O’Brien’s mentorship, he developed innovative photographic and gonioscopic techniques that were widely published.

Additionally, Dr. O’Brien brought in Peter Salit, a biochemist with a keen interest in cataract formation, and Phillips Thygeson, who specialized in the microbiology of the eye. These hires significantly bolstered the department’s research capabilities and clinical expertise.

The physical infrastructure of the department also saw notable improvements. Initially housed on the second floor of the new general hospital built in 1928, the department quickly outgrew its space. By 1946, plans for expansion were underway, and by 1949, the department moved into a newly remodeled and expanded area. This new space included a modern clinic area with advanced equipment, which greatly enhanced the department’s ability to provide high-quality patient care and training.

Dr. O’Brien was also instrumental in shaping the educational framework of the department. He established a rigorous training program for residents, emphasizing both basic and clinical sciences of ophthalmology. Morning rounds, a tradition he started, became a cornerstone of the department’s educational program and continue to be an integral part of the training process. This structured approach ensured that residents received comprehensive education and hands-on experience, laying a strong foundation for their future careers.

By the end of this era, the University of Iowa’s Department of Ophthalmology had firmly established itself as a leader in the field. The advancements made during these years not only enhanced the department’s reputation but also contributed significantly to the broader field of ophthalmology. Dr. O’Brien’s leadership and vision were pivotal in transforming the department into a center of excellence that continues to thrive today.

Lee Allen is hired to draw the fundus of the eye.

Phillips Thygeson, who specializes in the microbiology of the eye is hired.

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Drs. James “Jimmy” Allen, Alson Brlaey, and C.S. O’Brien

1944

Bausch & Lomb binocular ophthalmoscope

Faculty Photo 1944

LEE ALLEN

A VISIONARY CENTURY: 100 YEARS OF IOWA OPHTHALMOLOGY

The Artist Who Revolutionized Ophthalmic Illustration

Lee Allen, born Edwin Lee Allen in 1910 in Muscatine, Iowa, was a multifaceted artist whose contributions spanned from regionalist painting to groundbreaking work in medical illustration. His journey as an artist began under the tutelage of notable figures like Grant Wood and Diego Rivera, but it was his tenure at the University of Iowa’s Department of Ophthalmology that truly set him apart in the medical community.

Early Artistic Pursuits

Allen’s early years were marked by a deep engagement with the arts. After graduating from East High School in Des Moines in 1928, he studied at the Cumming School of Art and later at the University of Iowa. His artistic journey took a significant turn when he worked with Grant Wood on various public art projects, including murals funded by the Works Progress Administration (WPA). This period honed his skills in mural painting and introduced him to the fresco medium, which he studied further under Diego Rivera in Mexico in 1935.

Transition to Medical Illustration

In 1937, Allen accepted a position as a medical illustrator at the University of Iowa’s College of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology. This role would define his career for the next 39 years. His work involved creating detailed illustrations of the eye’s anatomy and various ophthalmic conditions, which were crucial for medical education and research.

Innovations in Ophthalmic Techniques

Allen’s contributions to ophthalmology were not limited to illustration. He was instrumental in developing several photographic and gonioscopic techniques that enhanced the field’s diagnostic capabilities.His meticulous

illustrations and photographs were published in numerous ophthalmic journals, making complex concepts more accessible to both students and practitioners.

Influence on Modern Ophthalmology

Allen’s influence on modern ophthalmology is profound and multifaceted. Here are some key areas where his contributions have had a lasting impact:

Advancements in Ophthalmic Photography

Allen developed innovative techniques and equipment for ophthalmic photography, including a specialized camera for photographing the fundus of the eye. This allowed for more precise and detailed documentation of retinal conditions, significantly improving diagnostic capabilities. His work laid the foundation for modern retinal imaging techniques used today.

Gonioscopy Techniques

Allen’s contributions to gonioscopy, the examination of the front part of the eye, were groundbreaking. He developed methods that enhanced the ability to diagnose and treat glaucoma, a major cause of blindness. His detailed illustrations and photographs made complex anatomical structures more understandable for both students and practitioners.

Educational Impact

Allen’s meticulous illustrations were used extensively in medical education. His ability to translate complex ophthalmic concepts into clear, detailed images helped train generations of ophthalmologists. His work is still referenced in ophthalmic textbooks and journals, underscoring its enduring educational value.

Founding of the Ophthalmic Photographers’ Society

In 1969, Allen co-founded the Ophthalmic Photographers’ Society and served as its first president. This organization has played a crucial role in advancing the field of ophthalmic photography, promoting professional development, and setting standards for practice.

Prosthetic Eye Development

After retiring in 1976, Allen co-founded Iowa Eye Prosthetics, Inc., where he applied his artistic skills to create realistic and functional prosthetic eyes. This work has improved the quality of life for many patients, demonstrating the practical applications of his artistic and technical expertise.

Personal Documentation of Macular Degeneration

In his later years, Allen documented his own experience with macular degeneration through drawings and writings. This unique perspective provided valuable insights into the condition and helped raise awareness about its impact on vision. His book, “The Hole in My Vision: An Artist’s View of His Own Macular Degeneration,” published in 2000, offers a detailed account of his journey with the condition.

Legacy and Later Years

Allen’s impact on the field of ophthalmology extended beyond his technical innovations. He was a founding member and the first president of the Ophthalmic Photographers’ Society in 1969, reflecting his commitment to advancing the profession. After retiring in 1976, he continued to contribute to the field by co-founding Iowa Eye Prosthetics, Inc., where he applied his expertise in creating prosthetic eyes. In his later years, Allen faced a personal battle with macular degeneration, a condition that gradually impaired his vision. True to his artistic spirit, he documented this journey through a series of drawings and annotations, which culminated in his book, “The Hole in My Vision: An Artist’s View of His Own Macular Degeneration.” This work provided a unique perspective on the condition, blending personal experience with medical insight.

Lee Allen’s career at the University of Iowa’s Department of Ophthalmology was marked by a blend of artistic talent and scientific innovation. His illustrations and inventions have left a lasting legacy in the field of ophthalmology, demonstrating the profound impact that art and science can have when they intersect. Allen’s story is a testament to the power of creativity and dedication in advancing medical knowledge and improving patient care.

1945 TO 1954

A VISIONARY CENTURY: 100 YEARS OF IOWA OPHTHALMOLOGY

Leadership Transition and Challenges

The late 1940s brought significant changes to the department’s leadership. Dr. O’Brien, who had been the only head of the ophthalmology department at Iowa and director of the American Board of Ophthalmology since 1937, announced his retirement from the University of Iowa in 1949. His departure marked the end of an era, but it also sparked a contentious search for his successor.

The O’Briens had always gone off to Florida for a couple of weeks in January, and in 1949 they came back to Iowa where the matter of his successor was still far from settled. O’Brien had given the Dean his opinion that he would support Dr. James Allen’s application for the position. Dr. Allen had been an O’Brien resident, and they had done some projects together. However, the ophthalmologists of Iowa did not know him well. On the other hand, they had grown to know and like Dr. P.J. Leinfelder because he had often, when asked, gone to an ophthalmologist’s office to see a patient or two, and then stayed overnight as a guest. These trips had often involved a small gathering of a few local ophthalmologists, to whom Dr. Leinfelder would show some slides on the living-room wall.

Dr. Allen demonstrated his academic enterprise by arranging to put together, with O’Brien’s support, a meeting in Iowa City in May 1949 on the management of strabismus. He managed to get on the program almost every ophthalmologist in the country who had developed a reputation as a specialist in straightening children’s eyes.

Thus, the Eye Department in Iowa City, the Dean’s Search Committee, and the practicing ophthalmologists of the State had all fallen into two camps regarding the succession to the Head: it was to be either P.J. Leinfelder or Jimmy Allen. The Dean hesitated until somebody finally suggested that Alson Braley might be interested; he was an Iowan, and trained by O’Brien – but he had just accepted the chairmanship of the Eye department at New York University, in New York City. The Dean’s Search Committee agreed that Braley seemed a better choice.

Al and Hazel Braley were both Iowans and they were eager to take the job, but he felt that he should honor his commitment to NYU for at least a year, and it was arranged that he would spend all of 1949 in New York City, and move back to Iowa City at the end of the year. The Braleys returned to Iowa City in January 1950. When the O’Briens left Iowa City in 1949, just about everyone had decamped. Some of the residents left. Jimmy Allen went to New Orleans and Lee Allen went with him. The story goes that Jimmy Allen did not get the job he had hoped for, so he had little power or financial support. This resulted in Lee Allen, who followed Jimmy Allen to New Orleans, also having a rotten time there. He got a tiny room with bad light and no running water to develop film. He had no money for a good camera (he borrowed one from one of the residents) and no budget for film, so he got his hands on only two rolls of Kodachrome in the 10 months he was there.

Trainees doing surgery with Dr. O’Brien looking on.

Drs. Paul Boeder and Fred Blodi in the clinic

When Lee Allen heard that Braley would be returning to head the program in Iowa, he said “that’s it—I want to go back to Iowa!” So he called Glenn Walker (the acting head), and Walker said, “I’ll be calling Dr. Braley this evening, I’ll ask him about it.” Braley of course said “Wonderful! Wonderful! I couldn’t be happier!” So in the Fall of 1949, Lee Allen packed his family in the car and drove back to Iowa.

Otis Lee, O’Brien’s protégé, who was now the main anterior segment surgery teacher, soon decided that without O’Brien, Iowa would never amount to anything, and had zero prospects of ever again being “One of the best places in the country to learn Ophthalmology.” He decided to bail out in 1949 and moved to Tulsa, OK.

When Al and Hazel Braley got back to Iowa in January 1950, the Department was empty. Glenn Walker had already moved to Burlington, and Dr. Leinfelder was the last remaining faculty member, and he was on his winter holiday. Lee Allen had also recently arrived back in Iowa City, and Elsie Laughlin, the nurse-orthoptist, was still there.

Naturally, the first thing that Braley did was to go pay a visit to the Dean. On hearing Braley voice concerns about there being only one other faculty member, the Dean said, “I suppose that a hospital Eye Department needs only one faculty member; what, after all, is there to do but keep the hospital employees in glasses?”

Celebrating the Chief, Alson Braley, on his birthday

To this point the department had been primarily general ophthalmology—everyone in the department did everything. During Dr. Braley’s time in New York, he saw that sub-specialization was beginning to take place in the field of ophthalmology. Braley was able to secure some federal funding from grants to support sub-specialization and started hiring anyway. The exact sequence of his recruiting is impossible to determine because it happened so fast.

Braley knew Fred Blodi from post-war days at Columbia in New York. VA funds were used to bring Fred Blodi to Iowa in 1950. The breakup of the Dartmouth Eye Institute dispersed a very talented faculty and Hermann Burian was recruited to the University of Iowa as an Electrophysiologist and Strabismologist. Paul Boeder came to Iowa City with his wife Evelyn and joined the Iowa faculty to teach optics. Boeder was still supported in part by the American Optical Co. in gratitude for his work on the mathematics of optics. Braley found himself doing retinal detachment surgery—so he recruited Ed Ferguson. Within a year, Ferguson was swamped with retina work and suggested that Robert Watzke join the Department. Dean Nelson (formerly medical Dean at the American University of Beirut) encouraged Braley to take Mansour Armaly, a young ophthalmologist from Beirut, who eventually started the Iowa Glaucoma Service.

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The Early Days of Iowa Lions Eye Bank 1955 TO 1964

A VISIONARY CENTURY: 100 YEARS OF IOWA OPHTHALMOLOGY

When Ruth Fisher reported to work in September 1955 at the newly-established Iowa Lions Eye Bank at University Hospital in Iowa City, there was no official office space. Dr. Alson E. Braley handed her a shoe box with office supplies and few instructions.

Fisher’s first order of business was to work with the Iowa Lions to design a registration card for eye donors. The first half of the card was filled out by a prospective donor, notarized, and returned to the eye bank. The bottom part remained with the donor, and they were instructed to tell their family members of their plans. Members of Lions Clubs of Iowa were enlisted to recruit their fellow residents

to sign donor cards and suggest general rules and regulations for the operation of the eye bank. They also funded and placed enucleation kits in hospitals around the state.

At the time of death, a licensed Iowa physician would remove the donor’s eyes and then call Iowa Lions Eye Bank to let them know the tissue was available. The physician would place the eyes into glass vials surrounded by wet ice in an aluminum thermos-like container. The eye bank would call the Iowa State Highway Patrol, which would send a trooper to pick up the container from the physician. The container would then be delivered to the eye bank at University Hospital in Iowa City.

Fisher also developed a waiting list of those who needed cornea transplants. As eyes became available, Fisher would notify the recipient by phone that they would have to be at University Hospital within four hours.

In the early days of corneal transplantation, a patient would have to remain hospitalized and lay still for up to two weeks to prevent complications and potential rejection.

In addition to overseeing the operation of the eye bank, Fisher traveled around the state educating Iowans about the eye bank and encouraging them to sign donor cards. By the late 1980s, when they were phased out, more than 100,000 donor cards had been submitted to the eye bank.

Early Eye Donor Card for ILEB

History of the Eye Bank Network

In the early days of eye banking, there were significant challenges in ensuring a consistent and reliable supply of corneal tissue for transplant surgeries. By 1962, although several eye banks had been established and the Eye Bank Association of America had just been founded, it was particularly difficult to find tissue for emergency surgeries. During an interview with James Beilman in 1977, Dr. Alson E. Braley, founder of Iowa Lions Eye Bank, said that in those days, in many instances, perforated corneas could only be repaired with a transplant. “I’d had this man come in. He’d had a perforation of the cornea,” Dr. Braley explained. “I called every place trying to find an eye. They didn’t have one, so the poor man lost his eye.”

Braley approached Ted Hunter, a member of the Iowa City Lions Club and fervent eye bank supporter. Both Braley and Hunter were amateur ham radio operators, and the two decided that radio could be utilized to bridge the gap between eye banks, hospitals, and surgeons across wide distances.

On December 20, 1962, Braley and Hunter established the Eye Bank Network to coordinate the exchange of donor eye tissue between 10 eye banks in the Midwest. At first, ham radio operators in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Nebraska would tune in to the frequency 3970 at 7 a.m. six days a week, to see where tissue was available and which locations had an immediate need. They then would figure out how to transport that tissue by road or air.

1963

The first cornea the Eye Bank Network placed was on Christmas Eve 1964 for a two-year-old girl in Oklahoma City who had fallen and injured her eye. Ham Radio Operator Travis Harris of Oklahoma City, who himself was blind, helped arrange for the transfer of the cornea from a Chicago-area hospital, and the operation was a success. Twenty-six years later, Braley was able to meet that girl in person.

In its first year of operation, the Eye Bank Network helped place 75 corneas for emergency transplants. Within eight years, 4,000 corneas had been distributed because of the Eye Bank Network.

The Eye Bank Network went off the air in 1992, after modern computing methods made the network obsolete. By this time, 11,000 corneas had been distributed due to the network.

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Dr. Braley with his ham radio

Ruth Fisher, a cornea transplant recipient and first executive director of the ILEB

Ted Hunter, Iowa City Lions Club

1965 TO 1974

A VISIONARY CENTURY: 100 YEARS OF IOWA OPHTHALMOLOGY

Dr. Charlotte Burns—Iowa’s first female ophthalmology resident & faculty member

Dr. Charlotte Burns (67R) holds a significant place in the history of the University of Iowa’s Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. As the department’s first female resident, she broke barriers and paved the way for future generations of women in ophthalmology. Her journey was marked by determination and excellence, setting a high standard for those who followed.

Dr. Burns attended both undergrad and medical school at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where her father, Bobbie Burns, was a well-known orthopedic surgeon and faculty member. After medical school, she was admitted to the University of Iowa ophthalmology residency program while Dr. Alson Braley was department head.

After finishing her residency in 1967, Dr. Fredrick Blodi, the new department head, invited Dr. Burns to join the Iowa faculty. She served from 1968 to 1971 before returning to Wisconsin to practice.

Dr. Burns’ time at Iowa was not just a personal achievement but a milestone for the institution. Her presence in the residency program reflected the university’s commitment to diversity and inclusion in medical education. She excelled in both clinical and surgical training, earning the respect of her peers and mentors. Her contributions extended beyond patient care;

she was involved in research and education, helping to advance the field.

One of her notable accomplishments was her pioneering research. During residency, she was second author on four publications with Dr. Herman Burian. Her two most cited works came as a faculty member. Her most cited publication remains “Indomethacin, Reduced Retinal Sensitivity, and Corneal Deposits,” which she authored solo in 1968. Her second most cited was “The Iowa enucleation implant. A 10-year evaluation of technique and results,” co-authored with Dr. Bruce Spivey and Lee Allen, the renowned artist and ophthalmic imaging pioneer.

In addition to her research, Dr. Burns was a dedicated educator. She played a key role in developing the residency curriculum, ensuring the program stayed at the forefront of medical education. Her commitment to teaching and mentorship helped shape many careers, as her trainees went on to make their own significant contributions.

Throughout her career, Dr. Burns was a strong advocate for women in medicine. She mentored many young female ophthalmologists, encouraging them to pursue their goals despite challenges. Her legacy is reflected in the growing number of women excelling in ophthalmology at Iowa today. Dr. Burns’ story is a testament to the impact one individual can have, inspiring countless others to follow in her footsteps.

Drs. Braley, Burian and Blodi

Faculty and trainees, 1965

The Visionary of Vascular Ophthalmology—Dr. Sohan S. Hayreh

From a small farming village in Punjab, India, to international prominence in ophthalmology, Dr. Sohan S. Hayreh’s life is a story of resilience, curiosity, and dedication to science.

Born in 1927 in Littran, Punjab, Dr. Hayreh was encouraged by his mother to pursue medicine. He began studies at King Edward Medical College in Lahore, then transferred to Punjab Medical College in Amritsar after the partition of India. He earned his M.B.B.S. in 1951 and Master of Surgery in 1959.

Following surgical training, Dr. Hayreh served in the Indian Army Medical Corps to support his family. He later joined the anatomy department at Government Medical College in Patiala, where his research on ocular vasculature earned international recognition.

In 1961, he was awarded the prestigious Beit Memorial Research Fellowship, which brought him to London to work with Sir Stewart Duke-Elder. Their collaboration led to his Ph.D. and launched a prolific research career.

Dr. Hayreh joined the University of Iowa’s Department of Ophthalmology in 1973. He established both the Ocular Vascular Experimental Laboratory and the Ocular Vascular Clinic, which became central to the department’s research

[Dr. Hayreh’s] discoveries have improved care for countless patients and continue to inspire the next generation of vision scientists.

efforts. Supported by NIH grants, these programs advanced understanding of optic nerve and vascular eye diseases.

At Iowa, he made landmark contributions: solving the mystery of optic disc edema from raised intracranial pressure, clarifying the role of the posterior ciliary artery in optic nerve head circulation, and identifying nocturnal arterial hypotension as a key factor in ischemic eye disease.

After becoming professor emeritus in 1999, Dr. Hayreh remained active in research. With over 400 peer-reviewed articles, six monographs, and more than 50 book chapters, his work continues to shape modern ophthalmology.

Dr. Hayreh’s legacy is one of scientific excellence and enduring impact. His discoveries have improved care for countless patients and continue to inspire the next generation of vision scientists.

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1970

Dr. Boldi teaching in the pathology lab

1975 TO 1984

A VISIONARY CENTURY: 100 YEARS OF IOWA OPHTHALMOLOGY

Educational Excellence and Advancements in Clinical Services and Research

The residency program at the University of Iowa remained one of the most sought-after in the country, attracting top medical graduates. It was during this era that the department continued to expand subspecialty fellowship offerings. While some subspecialties, like retina and glaucoma, had accepted fellows sporadically before Blodi’s tenure as chief, it was in the 1970s that most subspecialties at Iowa were accepting fellows on a consistent basis. The fellowships that began under Blodi’s leadership include: Cornea-External Disease (1972), Echography (1972), Neuro-Ophthalmology (1969), Ocular Pathology (1967), Oculoplastics (1978), Pediatric Ophthalmology (1973), and Vascular Disease (1976).

Beyond formal training, the department hosted national and international conferences, symposia, and continuing medical education (CME) courses. These events facilitated knowledge exchange among ophthalmologists worldwide, ensuring that faculty and trainees remained at the forefront of emerging trends and innovations in the field. The department broadened its clinical services during this period, ensuring that patients had access to specialized ophthalmic care. Subspecialty clinics flourished, with key advancements in retinal diseases, glaucoma management, pediatric ophthalmology, and corneal transplantation. The development of innovative surgical techniques and treatments, including vitrectomy and laser photocoagulation for retinal diseases, significantly improved patient outcomes.

Research also saw remarkable progress, with faculty securing substantial funding from the National Institute of Health (NIH) and other granting agencies. Pioneering studies in retinal degenerative diseases, intraocular lenses, and cataract surgery led to groundbreaking treatments. The department also made major strides in glaucoma research, particularly in understanding genetic factors and developing early diagnostic techniques that later became standard practice in the field.

The original “barn photo” at Stan Thompson’s farm

Left: new cornea center opens Above: Braley’s cornea transplants get publicity

Iowa’s First Neuro-Ophthalmologist—H. Stanley Thompson

H. Stanley Thompson, M.D., joined the University of Iowa in 1967 as its first neuro-ophthalmologist. Born in China in 1932 to missionary parents, he spent his early years there and was interned in a Japanese-run camp during World War II. After the war, his family returned to Ireland, where he completed secondary school before relocating to Minnesota in 1948.

Dr. Thompson began college at the University of Minnesota, later transferring to Wheaton College, where he met and married Delores Johnson. Drafted into the U.S. Army, he served as a photographer before becoming a naturalized citizen in 1955. He then returned to Minnesota, earning his M.D. from the University of Minnesota in 1961.

Following an ophthalmology residency at Iowa, he trained in neuro-ophthalmology and pupil function. A fellowship with William F. Hoyt, M.D., at the University of California, San Francisco, further shaped his expertise. He rejoined the Iowa faculty in 1967, eventually focusing exclusively on neuro-ophthalmology.

In 1971, Dr. Thompson spent six months in London before returning to establish Iowa’s neuro-ophthalmology fellowship program. His research, particularly on pupil function and Adie’s syndrome, left a lasting mark. Many trainees fondly recall his cafeteria napkin sketches that brought complex topics to life.

Throughout his career, Dr. Thompson was a driving force in building Iowa’s neuro-ophthalmology program, training over 40 fellows and mentoring countless residents. His work on afferent pupillary defects and related disorders significantly advanced the field. He helped shape the department’s collaborative, research-driven approach to education and care.

A respected leader, Dr. Thompson served as co-president of the International Neuro-Ophthalmology Society in 1988 and chaired the American Board of Ophthalmology in 1996. He contributed widely at conferences, elevating Iowa’s global reputation in neuro-ophthalmology.

Beyond medicine, he and his wife raised five children on their Iowa farm, hosting annual gatherings for faculty and staff complete with tractor rides, games, and fellowship. His long-standing collaboration with Dr. James Corbett helped further strengthen the division until Corbett’s departure in 1990.

After 30 years of service, Dr. Thompson retired in 1997. In retirement, he pursued his passion for history—especially the history of ophthalmology—contributing to several publications and continuing to educate and inspire.

Faculty and trainees, 1979

1981

In less than 30 years, the eye bank receives its 10,000th eye

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1985 TO 1994

A VISIONARY CENTURY: 100 YEARS OF IOWA OPHTHALMOLOGY

A Visionary Century

Pioneering Research and Diagnostic Innovations

One of the most notable achievements during this period was the establishment of the Carver Laboratory for Ophthalmic Molecular Diagnosis. Drs. Edwin Stone and Val Sheffield were awarded a $450,000 grant from the Roy J. Carver Charitable Trust, enabling them to delve deeper into the molecular genetics of ocular diseases such as macular degeneration, Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy, and retinitis pigmentosa. Dr. Stone, who established the Molecular Ophthalmology Laboratory while still a resident, emphasized the importance of this grant: “The Carver Award will enhance our ability to offer unique diagnostic services to a worldwide population and increase our visibility on a national and international level.”

The department’s research prowess was further demonstrated by the numerous grants and awards received by its faculty. Dr. Thomas A. Weingeist secured an $18,800 award from the Iowa Order of Eastern Star to support research and care for premature babies and adults with macular degeneration. Additionally, the Free Eye Clinic, a vital community resource, received significant financial boosts from various fundraising events and donations, underscoring the department’s commitment to accessible eye care.

Faculty Achievements and Contributions

The faculty’s dedication to advancing ophthalmology was evident through their numerous accolades and research contributions. Drs. Wallace “Lee” Alward and Edwin Stone were awarded $15,000 by the Glaucoma Foundation for their study on juvenile open-angle glaucoma. Dr. Culver Boldt received a College of Medicine research grant for his work on retinal neovascularization, while Dr. David Brown was honored with the Ron Michels Memorial Award for his contributions to vitreoretinal surgery. Dr. Randy Kardon’s research on visual dysfunction, supported by a $298,900 VA grant, exemplified the department’s focus on innovative diagnostic techniques. His work on the pupillary light reflex as a measure of visual dysfunction highlighted the department’s commitment to integrating cutting-edge research with clinical practice. Dr. Kardon remarked, “Our goal is to develop objective methods for visual testing that can significantly improve patient care.”

Dr. Culver Boldt

Dr. Blodi meets the Pope, John Paul II

New hires during this decade: Keith Carter, Jeff Nerad, Ron Keech, and Mariannette Miller-Meeks

Community Engagement

The department’s impact extended beyond the university, with alumni making significant contributions to the field of ophthalmology. Updates on alumni achievements and appointments highlighted the department’s far-reaching influence and the success of its graduates in various professional settings.

The Free Eye Clinic, supported by donations and fundraising events, played a crucial role in providing eye care to underserved populations. This initiative, along with the department’s numerous community outreach programs, underscored its commitment to improving public health and accessibility to eye care services. Dr. Robin Ross, who spearheaded the Free Eye Clinic, emphasized its importance: “Our primary goal is to address the needs of the indigent and medically uninsured population, ensuring they receive the eye care they desperately need.”

Technological Advancements and Infrastructure Development

The decade also saw significant technological advancements and infrastructure development within the department. The establishment of the Molecular Ophthalmology Laboratory, led by Dr. Edwin Stone, was a key milestone. This laboratory facilitated groundbreaking research on the genetic causes of inherited eye diseases, paving the way for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

The department’s facilities were further enhanced by the addition of state-of-the-art equipment, including an argon laser, an ocular fundus camera, and an automated perimeter. These technological upgrades not only improved patient care but also provided valuable tools for research and education.

For more on Iowa Ophthalmology 1985 to 1994, scan this code:

Dr. Weingeist and the admin team

Dr. Edwin Stone

1990

Dr. Wallace “Lee” Alward

Dr. Charles Phelps

1995 TO 2004

A VISIONARY CENTURY: 100 YEARS OF IOWA OPHTHALMOLOGY

Scientific Breakthroughs and Research Milestones

The department made significant strides in ophthalmic research, particularly in molecular genetics. In 1997, Dr. Val Sheffield was appointed as an investigator by the prestigious Howard Hughes Medical Institute, acknowledging his pioneering work in genetic ophthalmology. That same year, the University of Iowa Center for Macular Degeneration was established, focusing on research and treatment of age-related macular degeneration.

In 1998, Drs. Edwin Stone, Wallace Alward, and Gregory Hageman launched a five-year project to identify new targets for glaucoma drug development. This research culminated in 1999 with the prestigious Lewis Rudin Glaucoma Prize, awarded for their publication identifying a gene responsible for primary open-angle glaucoma. Dr. Sohan Hayreh, a leading expert in ocular vascular diseases, received a $60,000 Senior Investigator Award from Research to Prevent Blindness in the same year, supporting his continued contributions to the field.

The turn of the millennium ushered in further research accolades. In 2000, the “Coming to Your Senses” program was launched in collaboration with the Otolaryngology Department, leading to the Iowa KidSight initiative, which screened young children for early vision and hearing impairments.

In 2002, Dr. Gregory Hageman received the Lew R. Wasserman Merit Award from Research to Prevent Blindness for his contributions to understanding macular degeneration. The department also secured a $3.2 million grant from Alcon Laboratories to support glaucoma research, followed by a $3.5 million grant from CIBA Vision Corporation in 2003 to fund research on age-related macular degeneration. By 2004, Drs. Edwin Stone and Andrew Lotery had secured a $240,000 grant from Ronald McDonald House Charities for research into Stargardt disease and early-onset macular degeneration.

Training the Next Generation of Ophthalmologists

Throughout the decade, the University of Iowa Ophthalmology Department remained committed to educating future leaders in the field. Each year saw the successful graduation of residents and fellows who carried forth the department’s legacy of excellence. The department’s dedication to training was evident in the comprehensive and rigorous programs offered, which included hands-on clinical experience, cutting-edge research opportunities, and mentorship from leading experts in ophthalmology.

Fellow, Dr. Jeremiah Brown, received the Ron Michels Award

Dr. Hansjoerg Kolder becomes professor emeritus

Among the many distinguished trainees was Dr. Kean Oh, who received the prestigious Ronald G. Michels Fellowship Foundation Award in 1999, recognizing his outstanding research efforts. This award highlighted the department’s emphasis on fostering research skills and innovation among its trainees. The department also welcomed numerous faculty members who went on to make lasting contributions, including Dr. Andrew Lee and Dr. Hilary Beaver, both of whom joined the faculty in 2000. Dr. Lee brought expertise in neuro-ophthalmology, while Dr. Beaver contributed significantly to comprehensive ophthalmology and medical education. Their appointments underscored the department’s commitment to expanding its faculty with individuals who excel in both clinical practice and academic leadership.

Advancements in Clinical Care and Technology

The department remained at the forefront of clinical innovation. The introduction of confocal microscopy in 1995 revolutionized the diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis, a rare but serious corneal infection. This advanced imaging technology allowed for detailed visualization of the corneal structure, enabling more accurate and timely diagnosis. Dr. John Sutphin played a key role in refining diagnostic techniques for the disease, improving early detection and patient outcomes. His work included developing protocols for the use of

confocal microscopy in clinical settings and training other ophthalmologists in its application.

In 1999, the department celebrated the retirement of Michael Bresnahan, a long-serving administrator who contributed significantly to the department’s growth. Bresnahan’s tenure was marked by his efforts to enhance the department’s infrastructure, streamline administrative processes, and support faculty and staff in their professional development. His leadership helped the department navigate numerous challenges and achieve sustained growth.

The year 2000 marked the department’s 75th anniversary. This anniversary was celebrated with a series of events that highlighted the department’s achievements and its impact on the field of ophthalmology. The department’s history of innovation and dedication to patient care was showcased, along with its ongoing commitment to advancing the science and practice of ophthalmology through research and education. The milestone also served as an opportunity to honor the contributions of past and present faculty, staff, and trainees who have shaped the department’s legacy.

For more on Iowa Ophthalmology 1995 to 2004, scan this code: Drs. Val Sheffield, Ed Stone and Lee Alward identify a gene responsible for primary open-angle glaucoma

The new reception area in the Pomerantz Family Pavilion

2005 TO 2014

A VISIONARY CENTURY: 100 YEARS OF IOWA OPHTHALMOLOGY

A Visionary Century

Clinical Expansion and Patient Care

The department continued to expand its clinical services, improving access to state-of-the-art care for patients across Iowa and beyond. The relocation of the Alson E. Braley Auditorium and the acquisition of a second refractive laser instrument enabled a broader scope of services, particularly in refractive and corneal surgery. The Iowa Lions Donor Memorial and Healing Garden, a tribute to eye donors and transplant recipients, was another testament to the department’s commitment to vision preservation.

Dr. Keith Carter

2005

2008

text

Dr. Scott Larson Longtime staff member, Jan Riley

One of the most notable programs was KidSight, which screened over 50,000 children for vision problems, helping to detect and treat conditions early. Additionally, faculty optometrists were integrated into the clinical team to enhance contact lens services and low-vision rehabilitation programs.

Philanthropy and National Recognition

Private support played a pivotal role in the department’s growth. A landmark $25 million gift helped accelerate vision research, particularly in genetic therapy for inherited eye diseases. The department also benefited from endowed lectureships and research chairs, further fueling academic and clinical advancements.

Faculty members were widely recognized for their contributions. Multiple ophthalmologists were named among the “Best Doctors in America,” highlighting their exceptional skills and dedication to patient care. This prestigious recognition is a testament to the high standards maintained by the department. Faculty promotions further reflected the department’s commitment to academic excellence, with several members advancing to higher academic ranks due to their outstanding research, teaching, and clinical achievements. Additionally, Iowa faculty made their mark internationally, delivering lectures and participating in global ophthalmic initiatives such as Project Orbis. Project Orbis, an international non-profit organization, focuses on preventing and treating blindness in developing countries. Iowa faculty members contributed by providing hands-on training and sharing their expertise with local ophthalmologists. Their involvement in such

initiatives not only enhanced their global reputation but also underscored their dedication to improving eye care worldwide.

Moreover, faculty members were actively involved in various international conferences and symposiums, where they presented their research findings and engaged in collaborative projects with peers from around the world. These activities fostered a spirit of innovation and knowledge exchange, further solidifying the department’s position as a leader in the field of ophthalmology.

Pioneering Research and Innovation

At the heart of the department’s success was its commitment to cutting-edge research. The establishment of the University of Iowa Center for Macular Degeneration and the Hansjoerg E. Kolder Electrodiagnostic Laboratory marked significant milestones in advancing the understanding and treatment of retinal diseases.

The department also played a crucial role in genetic testing and stem cell research, with NIH-funded studies on retinal degeneration and the impact of gene mutations on vision loss.

Technological advancements further enhanced research capabilities. The department spearheaded the use of adaptive optics for high-resolution retinal imaging and launched the Iowa Ophthalmic Imaging Group under the leadership of Dr. Michael Abramoff. This initiative enabled early detection of retinal diseases and laid the groundwork for telemedicine applications, such as the telediagnosis of retinal conditions in rural Iowa.

Dr. Budd Tucker is added to IVR’s roster of talented scientists

For more on Iowa Ophthalmology 2005 to 2014, scan this code:

2013 2010

New, innovative equipment for the Iowa Ophthalmic Imaging Group, led by Dr. Michael Abràmoff

A VISIONARY CENTURY: 100 YEARS OF IOWA OPHTHALMOLOGY

A Digital Revolution in Ophthalmic Education EYEROUNDS.ORG

Launched in 2009, EyeRounds.org has swiftly become an indispensable resource for ophthalmologists, residents, and students seeking high-quality educational content. Developed by faculty and trainees at the University of Iowa, the website offers an extensive collection of clinical case studies, surgical videos, and interactive discussions on complex ophthalmic conditions. By providing open-access content, EyeRounds.org has broken barriers in medical education, allowing practitioners from around the world to benefit from the expertise of Iowa’s ophthalmology department.

Origins and Early Development

The roots of EyeRounds.org trace back to the University of Iowa’s Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. In 1925, Dr. Cecil Starling O’Brien was appointed as the head of the newly autonomous Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Iowa. Dr. O’Brien initiated the tradition of daily morning rounds to teach residents at the bedside, which later evolved into the grand rounds format. This tradition laid the foundation for what would eventually become EyeRounds.org.

The Birth of EyeRounds.org

EyeRounds.org was established as an extension of the University of Iowa’s commitment to ophthalmic education. The website was designed to provide a platform for sharing case reports, tutorials, videos, and images from the department’s morning rounds. The goal was to create a comprehensive resource that could be accessed by medical professionals and students globally.

Growth and Expansion

Over the years, EyeRounds.org has grown significantly. The website now receives thousands of hits daily from over 40 countries, reflecting its global reach and impact. The content on EyeRounds.org includes a wide range of ophthalmic cases, many of which have been presented during the University of Iowa’s grand rounds. These cases are invaluable for teaching purposes and are intended for students, residents, and physicians.

Impact on Surgical Education

The platform’s impact has been particularly significant in surgical education. With detailed surgical videos and step-by-step procedural guides, residents gain critical exposure to advanced techniques before performing procedures in the operating room. “Being able to watch a detailed, narrated surgical video before my own procedures gave me a huge confidence boost,” recalled one former resident. This digital approach complements hands-on training, reinforcing the department’s commitment to producing highly skilled ophthalmologists. The inclusion of peer-reviewed cases and faculty-led discussions further enhances the credibility and educational value of the platform.

Support and Funding

The development and maintenance of EyeRounds.org are supported by the University of Iowa’s Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and the Iowa Eye Association. This support ensures that the website remains a free and accessible resource for all users.

Current Status and Future Directions

By 2014, EyeRounds.org had grown into one of the leading online ophthalmology education resources globally. It was frequently cited in academic literature, referenced in ophthalmic training programs, and praised for its role in democratizing access to ophthalmic knowledge. “The success of EyeRounds.org proves that digital education has the power to reach beyond traditional academic settings, bringing top-tier knowledge to anyone with an internet connection,” Dr. Oetting noted. The University of Iowa’s forward-thinking approach to digital education cemented its reputation as a leader in ophthalmology training, ensuring that generations of eye care professionals could benefit from its expertise, regardless of geographic location.

Today, EyeRounds.org continues to be a leading resource in ophthalmic education. The website’s editorial board, consisting of experienced ophthalmologists and educators, ensures that the content remains current and relevant. As technology and medical knowledge advance, EyeRounds.org is poised to continue its mission of providing high-quality educational materials to the global ophthalmic community.

EyeRounds.org has come a long way since its inception, evolving from a local educational initiative to a globally recognized platform. Its commitment to providing comprehensive, accessible, and high-quality ophthalmic education has made it an invaluable resource for medical professionals and patients alike. As it continues to grow and adapt, EyeRounds.org will undoubtedly remain at the forefront of ophthalmic education for years to come.

2015 TO 2024

A VISIONARY CENTURY: 100 YEARS OF IOWA OPHTHALMOLOGY

A Visionary Century

Revolutionizing Patient Care

The department’s unwavering commitment to improving vision health has led to significant advancements in patient care. One of the most impactful developments has been the expansion of the Vision Rehabilitation Clinic, which has helped countless individuals adapt to vision loss. The introduction of new optical and electronic magnification devices, computer enhancements, and smartphone apps has empowered patients to maintain an active lifestyle. Dr. Mark Wilkinson, OD, emphasized, “There is a whole range of exciting new technologies that can greatly enhance a patient’s quality of life.”

The expansion of eye care services to eastern Iowa was also a game-changer. The department partnered with the Midwest Vision Clinic of Clinton and Mercy Medical Center–Clinton, increasing accessibility to high-quality eye care. Additionally, the introduction of prosthetic scleral lenses, developed by Dr. Christine Sindt, OD, FAAO, has offered solutions for individuals with corneal diseases and irregularities. These custom-made lenses, designed using EyePrintPRO™ technology, ensure an unprecedented level of comfort and vision correction.

Cutting-Edge Research and Innovation

The University of Iowa has long been a hub for innovative research in ophthalmology. Dr. Mark Wilkinson, OD, has played a crucial role in raising awareness about low vision technologies as part of the National Eye Institute’s Low Vision Committee. His contributions to the Living with Low Vision resource have provided essential guidance to patients navigating life with impaired vision. Wilkinson’s message is clear: “Encouraging patients to seek help from low vision specialists is crucial for improving their quality of life.”

In the field of neuro-ophthalmology, Dr. Enrique Rivera, MD, was awarded the NANOS Best Paper by Fellow Award for his groundbreaking research on chronic optic neuropathy. His study, conducted alongside renowned colleagues, provided invaluable insights into retinal and optic nerve blood flow, paving the way for a better understanding of neuro-ophthalmic disorders.

Perhaps one of the most exciting areas of research has been stem cell therapy. Dr. Budd Tucker, PhD, has led pioneering studies on regenerative medicine for age-related macular degeneration. His innovative work on producing retinal cell grafts from fibroblasts offers new hope for restoring vision. His research has earned prestigious recognition, including the Research to Prevent Blindness/International Retinal Research Foundation Catalyst Award for Stem Cell Research Approaches.

The opening of the new Dr. John Graether Simulation Lab

For more on Iowa Ophthalmology 2015 to 2024, scan this code:

Left: Dr. Budd Tucker in the lab

Top: Dr. Christine Sindt exams a patient

Bottom: The remodeled reception area in the eye clinic

Iowa Lions Donor Memorial and Healing Garden

Dr. Jennifer Ling and Lisa Leavy work on a patient

Vision in a Pandemic COVID

A VISIONARY CENTURY: 100 YEARS OF IOWA OPHTHALMOLOGY

When the COVID-19 pandemic swept across the world, the University of Iowa’s Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences faced an unprecedented challenge. As one of the leading eye care centers in the nation, the department had to rapidly adapt to ensure continued patient care, medical education, and research, all while safeguarding the health of staff, trainees, and patients.

A New Reality in Eye Care

Ophthalmology is a specialty that depends on in-person interactions—eye exams, surgical procedures, and direct patient engagement are at its core. However, with the onset of COVID-19, the department had to reimagine its operations. Safety protocols were overhauled with strict infection control measures, mandatory personal protective equipment (PPE), and social distancing requirements.

One of the biggest hurdles was navigating restrictions on elective surgeries and routine eye care appointments. Ophthalmologists had to prioritize urgent and emergent cases while postponing non-essential procedures. This required a meticulous triage system to ensure that patients with conditions such as retinal detachments, glaucoma progression, or corneal infections received immediate attention while others were rescheduled.

Despite these challenges, the department continued to provide exceptional patient care. One patient noted in a Press-Ganey survey, “Given the current health crisis with COVID-19, I felt that everyone took great care to protect patients and make me feel safe.”

Embracing Telemedicine

A silver lining of the pandemic was the accelerated adoption of telemedicine. The University of Iowa’s ophthalmology team quickly expanded its virtual care services, allowing doctors to conduct remote consultations for follow-ups and preliminary assessments. While certain eye conditions still required in-person evaluations, telehealth became a vital tool for managing chronic diseases and post-operative care.

Dr. Christine Sindt, Director of the Contact Lens Service, praised the department’s ability to adapt, stating, “I love that while our faculty are all pursuing academic and research excellence, our main focus is patient care… I believe our patients and our faculty benefit from our group approach, and it allows me to focus on the subspecialty I love best.”

This shift in care delivery was particularly beneficial for vulnerable populations. Pediatric ophthalmologists, for example, leveraged telehealth to screen children for conditions such as amblyopia using a web-based vision test developed in collaboration with the University of Utah.

Vaccine Rollout and Staff Safety

As the pandemic evolved, the department took an active role in the institution-wide COVID-19 vaccine rollout. Faculty and staff were vaccinated in phases, ensuring that frontline workers received protection as early as possible. The department worked closely with UI Health Care leadership to keep employees informed about vaccination schedules, eligibility, and safety measures. Denise Rettig, Clinical Department Administrator, reassured employees, “We have been able to get many of our faculty and staff scheduled for their first dose. Everyone will get the opportunity for the vaccine. This is being done in a phased process.” The rollout proceeded efficiently, helping to alleviate concerns and restore a sense of security within the department.

Medical Education and Research Persevere

The University of Iowa has long been a leader in ophthalmic education, and the pandemic tested its ability to maintain that standard. Traditional morning rounds transitioned to virtual platforms, allowing faculty, residents, and fellows to continue discussing clinical cases safely. Despite the shift, the commitment to excellence remained unwavering.

Faculty members also continued groundbreaking research, adapting to laboratory shutdowns and restrictions on clinical trials. The Iowa KidSight program, which screens children for vision problems, successfully adapted to pandemic conditions, screening over 18,000 children in 2020 despite the challenges.

Lori Short, an Iowa KidSight representative, highlighted the program’s resilience. “Possible vision problems were detected in 914 Iowa children in 2020. That’s an average of 17 children per week requiring referral to an eye doctor. The total number of children safely screened in 2020 totaled 18,606. That’s an incredibly productive year during a global pandemic.”

Additionally, research efforts at the Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, located at the Iowa City V.A. Hospital, continued advancing telemedicine initiatives and diagnostic innovations. Director Dr. Randy Kardon emphasized the importance of the work, saying, “We recognize the sacrifice that veterans have provided through their dedicated service and remain focused on developing innovative diagnostic and treatment options for their vision loss.”

Resilience and the Road Ahead

Through it all, the University of Iowa’s Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences demonstrated resilience, innovation, and a steadfast commitment to patient care. While the pandemic presented obstacles, it also reinforced the department’s ability to evolve in response to crisis.

As the world moved beyond the pandemic, the lessons learned—embracing telemedicine, prioritizing safety, and maintaining educational excellence—continue to shape the future of ophthalmology at Iowa. The department’s ability to adapt during one of the most challenging times in modern medicine is a testament to its leadership and dedication to preserving vision, no matter the circumstances.

Top: Residents meet via Zoom Bottom: Dr. John Fingert receives the COVID vaccine

A VISIONARY CENTURY: 100 YEARS OF IOWA OPHTHALMOLOGY

The History of the Institute for Vision Research

The Early Years: Pioneering Molecular Ophthalmology (1986-1997)

The Institute for Vision Research (IVR) traces its origins to Dr. Ed Stone’s fascination with using molecular biology to understand inherited eye diseases. In 1986, he arrived in Iowa City for his ophthalmology residency, encouraged by faculty members who recognized his unique interests. Dr. Thomas Weingeist, then head of the Department of Ophthalmology, played a crucial role in guiding Stone toward research. By 1987, Stone had established a small molecular ophthalmology lab—one of the first of its kind.

Breakthroughs in Genetic Research

Early funding from the Roy J. Carver Charitable Trust, Research to Prevent Blindness, and the Foundation Fighting Blindness allowed Dr. Stone to focus on genetic research. He and his team traveled worldwide, collecting DNA samples from families affected by inherited eye diseases. Their first major success was mapping the gene responsible for Best disease, a hereditary form of macular degeneration.

This breakthrough led to further discoveries of genetic mutations linked to glaucoma, macular dystrophies, and corneal disorders. In 1990, Dr. Val Sheffield, a medical geneticist, joined the research effort, greatly accelerating their work. Together, they used advanced techniques like linkage analysis to identify mutations responsible for retinitis pigmentosa and other blinding disorders. Their research generated over 160 published papers, establishing Iowa as a global leader in molecular ophthalmology.

Expanding the Mission: The Center for Macular Degeneration (1997-2010)

By 1997, Dr. Stone realized that treating inherited eye diseases required more than just identifying genes—it required a team effort spanning multiple disciplines. This led to the founding of the University of Iowa Carver Family Center for Macular Degeneration (CMD), a stateof-the-art research center bringing together geneticists, ophthalmologists, bioengineers, and data scientists.

The Role of Philanthropy

Funding such an ambitious endeavor required more than traditional research grants. Stone assembled an advisory board, including business leaders, philanthropists, and scientific advocates, to secure financial backing. These efforts led to the establishment of the Seamans-Hauser Chair of Molecular Ophthalmology in 2006, providing longterm support for genetic research.

A turning point came in 2007 when the Carver family, longtime supporters of the University of Iowa, contributed $10 million. This donation enabled CMD to expand significantly, leading to the recruitment of top scientists and the establishment of new research initiatives.

Project 3000: A Nationwide Effort

Anticipating the potential of gene therapy, CMD launched Project 3000, an ambitious initiative to identify and genetically test every person in the U.S. with Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA), a severe inherited retinal disease. Through a combination of grassroots outreach, clinical partnerships, and high-profile support, the project successfully identified 90% of affected individuals under the age of 20. This work laid the foundation for future clinical trials and treatments. By 2010, CMD researchers had published over 200 peer-reviewed studies, advancing

knowledge on macular degeneration, genetic risk factors, and potential treatments for inherited retinal disorders.

The Institute for Vision Research: A Bold Future (2010-Present)

As research expanded, CMD evolved into the Institute for Vision Research (IVR) in 2010, reflecting a broader mission to treat all inherited retinal diseases. This transition was marked by a major expansion in lab space and the arrival of new faculty, including Dr. Budd Tucker, a stem cell biology expert specializing in retinal regeneration.

Revolutionizing Gene Therapy

One of IVR’s most significant breakthroughs came with the development of an in-house Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) facility. Traditional gene therapy production was prohibitively expensive—costing over $1 million per patient. By creating its own GMP facility, IVR reduced these costs to under $20,000 per patient, making gene therapy more widely accessible. IVR’s research team also refined delivery methods, improving the precision and effectiveness of gene therapy treatments. Clinical trials showed promising results, giving hope to patients who previously had no treatment options.

A Unified Mission

IVR’s approach to treating inherited blindness is built on three core strategies:

• Gene therapy to correct defective genes and slow disease progression

• Stem cell transplantation to replace lost retinal cells and restore vision

• Affordable treatment models to ensure accessibility for all patients

This holistic approach sets IVR apart from many research institutions, which often focus on only one aspect of treatment.

Transformative Discoveries and Continued Growth

Philanthropy continues to be a driving force behind IVR’s success. In 2012, entrepreneur Brian Walker led a major fundraising campaign, supporting research that identified the TRNT1 gene, which causes a rare and severe form of retinitis pigmentosa.

Other technological advancements include the development of 3D biopolymer printing techniques, which improved the survival rate of transplanted retinal cells by 40-fold. The creation of the Ruby Human Retinal Engineering Laboratory further strengthened IVR’s ability to translate lab discoveries into real-world treatments.

A Lasting Legacy

With over 186 published research papers and ongoing clinical advancements, IVR remains at the forefront of vision science. By combining cutting-edge genetic research, regenerative medicine, and cost-effective treatment models, IVR is turning the dream of curing blindness into reality.

As the institute continues to innovate, its mission remains clear: to ensure that no person loses their sight to an inherited disease when a cure is within reach.

*Adapted from the IVR chapter, written by Dr. Stone, in Stan Thompson and John Lee’s book.

Most of the research for this section, especially from the earlier decades, is almost entirely based on the book Ophthalmology at Iowa: The Founding and the History of the Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Iowa by Drs. H. Stanley Thompson and John C. Lee.

The book is available on Amazon, but for a higher quality version, reach out to Dr. John Lee at:1714 S. Blaine Lane, Decatur, IL 62521 // (217) 423-9000 // Leedec@aol.com

IOWA VISION

IOWA VISION is published for alumni, colleagues, and friends of the University of Iowa Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.

Editor-in-Chief

Keith D. Carter, MD, FACS

Editors

Matt Browning, MFA

Caroline Allen, MLIS Kelsey Hunold, BFA

Design

Benson & Hepker Design

Photography

Kelsey Hunold, Brian Young, Aditya Somisetty, Brianne Roe, Dr. Kanwal Matharu, and the Iowa Lions Eye Bank and other University of Iowa Health Care sources

Contributors

Ben Partridge, Brianne Roe, Francie Williamson

Please direct comments and inquiries to Matt Browning 319-384-8529 matt-browning@uiowa. edu

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