Kurier UEK nr 94 jesień 2022

Page 1

CZASOPISMO UNIWERSYTETU EKONOMICZNEGO W KRAKOWIE

,661 1U MHVLHġ

nauczmy się wspólnie oszczędzać


;XQ[ \ZMĬKQ 6ğRZR 5HNWRUD

3

,QDXJXUDFMD QRZHJR 5RNX $NDGHPLFNLHJR :\NğDG 5HNWRUVNL 3DQD 5REHUWD 0DNğRZLF]D

5 13

3LHUZV]D VDPRG]LHOQD VLHG]LED 8(. ]QÐZ MHJR ZğDVQRijFLã 8 3DQD .D]LPLHU]D

17 19

=DE\WNL QD U\QNX t PDUNHWLQJ G]LHG]LFWZD NXOWXURZHJR

=PLDQ\ Z =DNğDG]LH 3ROLJUDILF]Q\P 5]HV]ÐZ MDNR URG]ãFD VL÷ PHWURSROLD (XURSHMVND QDJURGD GOD SURMHNWX ] XG]LDğHP 8(. -XELOHXV]RZD NRQIHUHQFMD .DWHGU\ 3URFHVX =DU]ãG]DQLD 3DWURQDW .DWHGU\ 7XU\VW\NL 8(. 2 SU]HP\ijOH QD 8(. =PLHQLDMãFH VL÷ JUDQLFH G]LDğDQLD SDġVWZD +HULWRSROLV t 8(. Z QRZHM VLHFL ZVSÐğSUDF\ SRG HJLGã 21= 8URF]\VWH ]DNRġF]HQLH VWXGLÐZ SRG\SORPRZ\FK :DUV]WDW\ ] ]DNUHVX ,QGXVWU\ *U]\EREUDQLH t Z\MD]G LQWHJUDF\MQ\ SUDFRZQLNÐZ L HPHU\WÐZ

34 36 37 38 39

1RZL SDUWQHU]\ 3URJUDPX ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0%$ Z .6% ']LHġ 2WZDUW\ Z .UDNRZVNLHM 6]NROH %L]QHVX 8(. :LHONL SRZUÐW 7DUJÐZ 3UDF\ 8(. 3XEOLF 6SHDNLQJ &RQWHVW .U]HVğD (ZDNXDF\MQH t QRZ\ VSRVÐE HZDNXDFML ] EXG\QNÐZ 8(.

41 45 46 48

)ODVK

,QNXEDWRU ,QQRZDF\MQRijFL

53

6WXGHQFL SLV]ã

56

:VSRPQLHQLH R IJS $QWRQLQLH *U]ãND L MHM URG]LQLH

58

5DGRijå XF]HQLD VL÷

$GUHV UHGDNFML

5HGDNWRU QDF]HOQ\ 2OJD %RMDUVND

8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .UDNRZLH

6NğDG L ğDPDQLH 3DZHğ :ÐMFLN

L ]PLDQ UHGDNF\MQ\FK QDGV\ğDQ\FK DUW\NXğÐZ

XO 5DNRZLFND

=GM÷FLD MHijOL QLH SRGSLVDQR LQDF]HM 3LRWU 0DOHF

RUD] ]PLDQ\ LFK W\WXğÐZ

.UDNÐZ

:\GDZFD 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .UDNRZLH

EXG\QHN e.VL÷őÐZNDr SRN .

'UXN =DNğDG 3ROLJUDILF]Q\ 8(.

WHO

1DNğDG HJ]HPSODU]\

H PDLO JD]HWD#XHN NUDNRZ SO

5HGDNFMD ]DVWU]HJD VRELH SUDZR GR VNUDFDQLD

ISSN 1689-7757


;bIVW_VQ 8Iġ[\_W +ba\MTVQKa ¶3]ZQMZI =-3ª JMb _Ċ\XQMVQI KbMSI VI[ JIZLbW \Z]LVa KbI[ 8Zba[bðW VIU JW_QMU bUQMZbaČ [QĔ b VQMb_aSTM [SWUXTQSW_IVĊ [a\]IKRĊ UQĔLbaVIZWLW_Ċ Q WO{TVWĬ_QI\W_aU SZaba[MU ) UWĵM VI_M\ _QMTWUI SZaba[IUQ ?QMT] b VI[ bIXM_VM bILIRM [WJQM Xa\IVQM RISI JĔLbQM bJTQĵIRĊKI [QĔ bQUI KW LITMR b \WKbĊKĊ [QĔ \]ĵ bI VI[bĊ _[KPWLVQĊ OZIVQKĊ _WRVĊ RIS ZILbQČ [WJQM b ZW[VĊKaUQ KMVIUQ ZI\IUQ SZMLa\{_ Q QVNTIKRĊ B \Ċ VQMXM_VWĬKQĊ _SZWKbaTQĬUa _ VW_a ! :WS )SILMUQKSQ =VQ_MZ[a\M\] -SWVWUQKbVMOW _ 3ZISW_QM <MOWZWKbVI QVI]O]ZIKRI JaðI _aRĊ\SW_I JW_QMU [_WRĊ WJMKVWĬKQĊ bI[bKbaKQð VI[ 8ZMbaLMV\ :8 )VLZbMR ,]LI :MTIKRĔ b \MOW _aLIZbMVQI _ZIb b OITMZQĊ bLRĔČ bVIRLbQMKQM 8Iġ[\_W VI XQMZ_[baKP [\ZWVIKP \MOW V]UMZ] ? WJTQKb] KbMSIRĊKaKP VI[ _ab_Iġ Q ] XZWO] VW_MOW :WS] )SILMUQKSQMOW ĵaKbĔ VIU _[ba[\SQU L]ĵW bLZW_QI _[bMTSQMR XWUaĬTVWĬKQ [\IJQTQbIKRQ Q VILbQMQ 4QKbĔ ĵM _[X{TVaUQ [QðIUQ ]LI VIU [QĔ XWSWVIČ KbMSIRĊKM VI[ XZbMKQ_VWĬKQ

GU KDE 67$1,6Ğ$: 0$=85 SURI 8(. 5HNWRU 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH

3


4


,QDXJXUDFMD QRZHJR 5RNX $NDGHPLFNLHJR b ]LbQIðMU 8ZMbaLMV\I :8 SDŏG]LHUQLND U VSRğHF]QRijå 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH XURF]\ijFLH UR]SRF]÷ğD 1RZ\ 5RN $NDGHPLFNL

? \aU ZWS] XWLKbI[ 1VI]O]ZIKRQ U]Za =KbMTVQ [_WRĊ WJMKVWĬKQĊ bI[bKbaKQð 8IV )VLZbMR ,]LI 8ZMbaLMV\ :8

Z

JRGQLH ] WUDG\FMã UR]SRF]÷FLH XURF]\VWRijFL Z 8QLZHUV\WHFLH (NRQRPLF]Q\P SRSU]HG]LğD 0V]D ijZ Z LQWHQFML SUDFRZQLNÐZ L VWXGHQWÐZ 8F]HOQL (XFKDU\VWLL Z 6DQNWXDULXP ijZ -Ð]HID 2EURġF\ 0LDVWD .UDNRZD SU]HZRGQLF]\ğ -( DES SURI 0DUHN -÷GUDV]HZVNL t 0HWURSROLWD .UDNRZVNL 3R 0V]\ ijZ VSRG %XG\QNX *ğÐZQHJR 8QLZHUV\WHWX Z\UXV]\ğ RUV]DN :ğDG] 8F]HOQL GR +DOL 6SRUWRZR :LGRZLVNRZHM 8(. Z NWÐU\P XF]HVWQLF]\OL 3UH]\GHQW 53 $QGU]HM 'XGD &]ğRQNRZLH 5DG\ 8F]HOQL :ğDG]H 5HNWRUVNLH ']LHNDQL .ROHJLÐZ '\UHNWRU]\ ,QVW\WXWÐZ

&KÐU 'RPLQDQWD RGijSLHZDğ K\PQ e*DXGH 0DWHU 3RORQLDr 3R MHJR Z\VğXFKDQLX JğRV ]DEUDğ -0 5HNWRU GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. t ,QDXJXUXMHP\ G]Lij URN DNDGHPLFNL 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH 1LHEDZHP F]HND QDV ijZL÷WRZDQLH OHFLD LVWQLHQLD SRZVWDğHM Z URNX t ZWHG\ QD]\ZDQHM :\őV]\P 6WXGLXP +DQGORZ\P Z .UDNRZLH t 8F]HOQL

1LHPDO ZLHN LVWQLHQLD D WDNőH ORNDOL]DFMD Z GDZQ\FK GREUDFK .VLãőãW /XERPLUVNLFK VSUDZLDMã őH PRőHP\ VL÷ SRV]F]\FLå QDSUDZG÷ FLHNDZã KLVWRULã L GğXJã WUDG\FMã &KRå QLHZãWSOLZLH PXVLP\ SDPL÷WDå R SU]HV]ğRijFL MHV]F]H ZDőQLHMV]D PXVL E\å GOD QDV SU]\V]ğRijå 'EDğRijå R MDNRijå NV]WDğFHQLD L QLHXVWDQQ\ UR]ZÐM VğXőãFH RGSRZLDGDQLX QD SRWU]HE\ ZVSÐğF]HVQHJR ijZLDWD WR REHFQLH QDV] SULRU\WHW t SRZLHG]LDğ -0 5HNWRU 8(. =ZUÐFLğ VL÷ WDNőH GR QRZ\FK 6WXGHQWÐZ QDV]HM 8F]HOQL t 0LğR PL SRZLWDå Z PXUDFK 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH VWXGHQWÐZ SLHUZV]HJR URNX 0DP QDG]LHM÷ őH RNUHV VWXGLÐZ E÷G]LH GOD 3DġVWZD QLH]Z\NOH WZÐUF]\ SHğHQ FLHNDZ\FK Z\]ZDġ őH E÷G]LH WR F]DV RWZDUFLD VL÷ QRZ\FK SHUVSHNW\Z L ]GRE\FLD SU]\GDWQHM Z ő\FLX ZLHG]\ t QLH W\ONR WHM WHRUHW\F]QHM /LF]÷ őH ]DZLãőHFLH WX PQÐVWZR SU]\MDŏQL ]DVLOLFLH V]HUHJL RUJDQL]DFML VWXGHQFNLFK E÷G]LHFLH EUDå F]\QQ\ XG]LDğ Z RUJDQL]RZDQ\FK SU]H] 8F]HOQL÷ QDXNRZ\FK L SR]DQDXNRZ\FK Z\GDU]HQLDFK t PÐZLğ -0 5HNWRU

3R SU]HPÐZLHQLX -0 5HNWRUD 8(. RGE\ğR VL÷ ZU÷F]HQLH PHGDOL L RG]QDF]Hġ 3UDFRZQLNRP 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH NWÐUHJR GRNRQDğ 3UH]\GHQW 53 3DQ $QGU]HM 'XGD 3U]\]QDQR =ğRWH .U]\őH =DVğXJL RUD] ]ğRWH VUHEUQH L EUã]RZH PHGDOH ]D GğXJROHWQLã VğXőE÷ 3R SU]\]QDQLX QDJUÐG JğRV ]DEUDğ 3UH]\GHQW 53 NWÐU\ Z VZRLP SU]HPÐZLHQLX Z\UD]Lğ UDGRijå ] ]DSURV]HQLD QD W÷ Z\MãWNRZã XURF]\VWRijå t %DUG]R VL÷ FLHV]÷ őH WHQ QRZ\ URN DNDGHPLFNL PRJ÷ UD]HP ] 3DġVWZHP ZLWDå ZğDijQLH WXWDM t Z 8QLZHUV\WHFLH (NRQRPLF]Q\P Z .UDNRZLH t MHGQHM ] F]RğRZ\FK XF]HOQL HNRQRPLF]Q\FK Z QDV]\P NUDMX E÷GãFHM SU]\NğDGHP SROVNLFK WDOHQWÐZ QDXNRZ\FK L ijZLHWQHJR UR]ZRMX 6HUGHF]QLH G]L÷NXM÷ 3DQX 5HNWRURZL L :ğDG]RP 5HNWRUVNLP 8F]HOQL ]D WR ]DSURV]HQLH 7\P EDUG]LHM őH MHVW WR PRőOLZRijå REHFQRijFL WXWDM QD XF]HOQL NWÐUã GRVNRQDOH ]QDP NWÐUã NRġF]\ğR ZLHOX PRLFK NROHJÐZ QD XF]HOQL NWÐUã PLMDğHP SU]H] ZL÷NV]Rijå VZRMHJR ő\FLD MDNR ZUD] ] 3DġVWZHP ZVSÐğPLHV]NDQLHF .UDNRZD t ]D]QDF]\ğ Z Z\VWãSLHQLX 3UH]\GHQW 5


t ']LHG]LF]ã 3DġVWZR SL÷NQH WUDG\FMH VL÷JDMãFH SU]HGZRMHQQHJR VWXGLXP KDQGORZHJR NWÐUH ]RVWDğR XWZRU]RQH QLHPDO ODW WHPX D MHGQRF]HijQLH ] UR]PDFKHP SRV]HU]DMã 3DġVWZR GRUREHN XF]HOQL UR]ZLMDMãF G]LDğDOQRijå G\GDNW\F]Qã L QDXNRZã NV]WDğFãF W\VL÷F\ VWXGHQWÐZ L UR]EXGRZXMãF VLHG]LE\ 8QLZHUV\WHWX t GRGDğ JRijå KRQRURZ\ ,QDXJXUDFML 3R VğRZDFK 3UH]\GHQWD :RMHZRGD 0DğRSROVNL ĞXNDV] .PLWD RGF]\WDğ OLVW RG 3UH]HVD 5DG\ 0LQLVWUÐZ t 0DWHXV]D 0RUDZLHFNLHJR 1DVW÷SQLH RGE\ğR VL÷ NUÐWNLH SRGVXPRZDQLH RWU]\PDQ\FK OLVWÐZ JUDWXODF\MQ\FK NWÐUH SU]HGVWDZLğ GU KDE 3LRWU %XğD SURI 8(. t 3URUHNWRU GV 3URMHNWÐZ L :VSÐğSUDF\ .ROHMQ\P SXQNWHP SURJUDPX WUDG\F\MQLH E\ğD LPPDWU\NXODFMD QRZ\FK VWXGHQWÐZ 3U]HZRGQLF]\ğD MHM GU KDE .DUROLQD .OHFKD 7\OHF SURI 8(. t 3URUHNWRU GV .V]WDğFHQLD L 6WXGHQWÐZ : NROHMQHM F]÷ijFL ,QDXJXUDFML JğRV ]DEUDğ 3U]HZRGQLF]ãF\ 3DUODPHQWX 6WXGHQFNLHJR 8(. -DNXE 3LV]F]HN NWÐU\ SU]\ZLWDğ QRZ\FK F]ğRQNÐZ

6

6SRğHF]QRijFL $NDGHPLFNLHM L ]DFK÷FLğ GR F]\QQHJR XF]HVWQLFWZD Z ő\FLX DNDGHPLFNLP

GU KDE 0DULL .RVHN :RMQDU SURI GU KDE 7DGHXV] .XGğDF]D SURI GU KDE 0DUND /LVLġVNLHJR L SURI GU KDE .D]LPLHU]D =LHOLġVNLHJR

,QDXJXUDFM÷ XijZLHWQLğ VZRLP Z\NğDGHP SW e1D ZVFKÐG RG =DFKRGXr SURI -DFHN 3XUFKOD .LHURZQLN .DWHGU\ +LVWRULL *RVSRGDUF]HM L 6SRğHF]QHM 8(.

3R RGijSLHZDQLX +\PQX 3DġVWZRZHJR -0 5HNWRU 8(. ]DNRġF]\ğ XURF]\VWRijå L SRG]L÷NRZDğ SU]\E\ğ\P JRijFLRP

:\GDU]HQLH E\ğR UÐZQLHő RND]Mã GR XF]F]HQLD -XELOHXV]X OHFLD SUDF\ SURIHVRUÐZ 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH SURI GU KDE :ğDG\VğDZD .÷G]LRUD SURI

4XRG ERQXP IHOL[ IDXVWXP IRUWXQDWXPTXH VLW URN DNDGHPLFNL Z 8QLZHUV\WHFLH (NRQRPLF]Q\P Z .UDNRZLH ]RVWDğ RILFMDOQLH UR]SRF]÷W\


7


8

wspomnienie


9


10

wspomnienie


11


12


:\NğDG 5HNWRUVNL 8IVI :WJMZ\I 5ISðW_QKbI :H ZWRUHN SDŏG]LHUQLND U Z 3DZLORQLH 6SRUWRZR '\GDNW\F]Q\P 8(. RGE\ğ VL÷ SLHUZV]\ Z W\P URNX DNDGHPLFNLP :\NğDG 5HNWRUVNL 2MOW XZMTMOMV\MU Jað 8IV :WJMZ\ 5ISðW_QKb § bVIVa

LbQMVVQSIZb SZa\aS S]TQVIZVa I]\WZ KaSTQ ZMXWZ\Iĵa XWLZ{ĵVQKbW S]TQVIZVaKP

S

]DQRZQL 3DġVWZR UR]SRF]\QDP\ NROHMQ\ F\NO :\NğDGÐZ 5HNWRUVNLFK :\MãWNRZ\ JRijå 3DQ 5REHUW 0DNğRZLF] NU\W\N NXOLQDUQ\ G]LHQQLNDU] SLVDU] SRGUÐőQLN SRUXV]\ Z\MãWNRZ\ WHPDW t SRZLHG]LDğ QD RWZDUFLH Z\NğDGX -0 5HNWRU GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(.

3UHOHJHQW VWDUDğ VL÷ RGSRZLHG]LHå QD S\WDQLH E÷GãFH WHPDWHP Z\NğDGX &R R G]LVLHMV]\P SROVNLP VSRğHF]HġVWZLH PÐZLã MHJR ]Z\F]DMH ő\ZLHQLRZH" : VZRLP Z\VWãSLHQLX Z\RGU÷EQLğ SRVWDZ\ 3RODNÐZ ]ZLã]DQH ] QDZ\NDPL ő\ZLHQLRZ\PL NXFKHQQ\FK WUDG\FMRQDOLVWÐZ RVRE\ SLHO÷JQXMãFH NXOLQDUQH G]LHG]LFWZR UHJLRQÐZ RUD] JUXS÷ NRQVXPHQWÐZ NWÐU]\ VZRMH ]Z\F]DMH XNLHUXQNRZXMã GREUHP RJÐğX RUD] WURVNã R ijURGRZLVNR =ZUÐFLğ UÐZQLHő XZDJ÷ QD ]PLHQQH HNRQRPLF]QH NWÐUH NV]WDğWXMã ]DFKRZDQLD ő\ZLHQLRZH NRQVXPHQWÐZ 3DQ 5REHUW 0DNğRZLF] FLHNDZLH RGQLÐVğ VL÷ GR NZHVWLL LVWQLHQLD NXFKQL QDURGRZHM 1LH PD F]HJRij

WDNLHJR MDN NXFKQLD QLHPLHFND F]\ NXFKQLD IUDQFXVND LVWQLHMãFD MDNR SRMHG\QF]D FDğRijå 2QH IXQNFMRQXMã MDNR ZLWUDő L WDN MDN ZLWUDő VNğDGDMã VL÷ ] ZLHOX HOHPHQWÐZ -HijOL VSRMU]\P\ QD QLHJR WR RQ Z FDğRijFL MHVW SL÷NQ\ DOH W\ONR SRG ZDUXQNLHP őH ZV]\VWNLH MHJR F]÷ijFL ]QDMGXMã VL÷ Z RGSRZLHGQLP PLHMVFX 1D W\P SROHJD W]Z NXFKQLD QDURGRZD t Z\MDijQLğ VğXFKDF]RP :\NğDG 5HNWRUVNL 3DQD 5REHUWD 0DNğRZLF]D FLHV]\ğ VL÷ RJURPQ\P ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLHP VSRğHF]QRijFL 8(. 3R SUHOHNFML SXEOLF]QRijå FK÷WQLH VNRU]\VWDğD ] PRőOLZRijFL ]DGDZDQLD S\WDġ X]\VNDQLD DXWRJUDIX QDV]HJR JRijFLD D WDNőH ]URELHQLD VRELH ZVSÐOQHJR ]GM÷FLD 5REHUW 0DNğRZLF] XU VLHUSQLD Z .UDNRZLH t SROVNL G]LHQQLNDU] L NU\W\N NXOLQDUQ\ : ODWDFK t VWXGLRZDğ SUDZR D QDVW÷SQLH KLVWRUL÷ QD 8QLZHUV\WHFLH -DJLHOORġVNLP = ]DPLğRZDQLD KLVWRU\N SDVMRQDW KLVWRULL $XVWUR :÷JLHU 6ZÐM F]DV G]LHOL PL÷G]\ GRP\ Z .UDNRZLH L 'DOPDFML

: ]RVWDğ SXEOLF\VWã e*D]HW\ :\ERUF]HMr GOD NWÐUHM SU]H] NROHMQH ODWD SLVDğ IHOLHWRQ\ $XWRU HPLWRZDQ\FK RG URNX F\NOX UHSRUWDő\ 3RGUÐőH NXOLQDUQH 5REHUWD 0DNğRZLF]D 0DNğRZLF] Z 3RGUÐő\ L 0DNğRZLF] Z 'URG]H HPLWRZDQ\FK QD DQWHQDFK 7HOHZL]ML 3ROVNLHM L )RRG 1HWZRUN : SURJUDPLH GRFLHUDğ GR PLHMVF PQLHM L EDUG]LHM HJ]RW\F]Q\FK Z 3ROVFH (XURSLH L ijZLHFLH : ODWDFK t ZVSÐğSUDFRZDğ ] W\JRGQLNLHP e:SURVWr SR F]\P QDZLã]Dğ ZVSÐğSUDF÷ ] F]DVRSLVPHP e1HZVZHHN 3ROVNDr SRQDGWR SLVDğ GOD e3U]HNURMXr $XWRU OLF]Q\FK NVLãőHN NXOLQDUQ\FK RUD] HVHLVWD : ODWDFK SURZDG]Lğ Z LQWHUQHWRZHM UR]JğRijQL QHZRQFH UDGLR VZRMã DXWRUVNã DXG\FM÷ PX]\F]Qã 2G 3XQN 5RFND GR %DUWÐND : PDUFX XUXFKRPLğ DXWRUVNL NDQDğ Z VHUZLVLH <RX7XEH QD NWÐU\P SXEOLNRZDQH Vã ILOP\ R WHPDW\FH NXOLQDUQHM L SRGUÐőQLF]HM

'HSDUWDPHQW 0DUNL L .RPXQLNDFML

13


14


15


16


3LHUZV]D VDPRG]LHOQD VLHG]LED 8(. bV{_ RMOW _ðI[VWĬKQĊ OLSFD U Z REHFQRijFL -0 5HNWRUD GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZD 0D]XUD SURI 8(. SRGSLVDQR $NW 1RWDULDOQ\ VI UWKa S\{ZMOW 5QI[\W

3ZIS{_ XZbMSIbIðW _ NWZUQM LIZW_QbVa VI ZbMKb =VQ_MZ[a\M\] -SWVWUQKbVMOW _ 3ZISW_QM VQMZ]KPWUWĬČ XWðWĵWVĊ XZba ]T ;QMVSQM_QKbI

T

ym samym, po prawie 70 latach burzliwej historii, UEK SRQRZQLH VWDğ VL÷ MHM ZğDijcicielem. Obecnie pod W\P DGUHVHP PLHijFL VL÷ .DWHGUD -DNRijFL L %H]SLHF]HġVWZD 3URGXNWÐZ 3U]HP\VğRZ\FK RUD] .DWHGUD -DNRijFL 3URGXNWÐZ Ő\ZQRijFLRZ\FK ] ,QVW\WXWX 1DXN R -DNRijFL L =DU]ãG]DQLD 3URGXNWHP GDZQLHM :\G]LDğ Towaroznawstwa). -HG\Q\ DGUHV SR]D Kampusem UEK &]÷VWR SRGNUHijODQã ]DOHWã VWXGLRZDQLD QD 8(. MHVW IDNW őH ZV]\VWNLH SDZLORQ\ ]QDMGXMã VL÷ QD NDPSXVLH SU]\ XO 5DNRZLFNLHM 0RőQD ZVND]Då MHGQDN Z\MãWHN t QLHUXFKRPRijFL SU]\ XO 6LHQNLHZLF]D :LHG]ã R W\P SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP FL NWÐU]\ VZRMH ORV\ ]ZLã]DOL ] NLHUXQNLHP 7RZDUR]QDZVWZR 1DWRPLDVW SRZV]HFKQLH QLH MHVW ZLDGRPH őH WR ZğDijFLZLH SLHUZV]D VDPRG]LHOQD VLHG]LED 8(. NWÐU\ IXQNFMRQRZDğ ZÐZF]DV MDNR :\őV]H 6WXGLXP +DQGORZH -DN ZVSRPLQDğ SURI =ELJQLHZ ŐDELġVNL PRW\ZDFMã GR Z\EXGRZDQLD ZğDVQHJR JPDFKX GOD :6+ E\ğD SRWU]HED XQLH]DOHőQLHQLD VL÷ RG 6]NRğ\ (NRQRPLF]QR +DQGORZHM

] NWÐUã ZVSÐğG]LHOLğR EXG\QHN SU]\ XO .DSXF\ġVNLHM :\RGU÷EQLHQLH VL÷ W\FK GZÐFK SODFÐZHN E\ğR VSRZRGRZDQH SRZVWDQLHP ,QVW\WXWX 7RZDUR]QDZF]HJR NWÐU\ Z U ]RVWDğ SU]HNV]WDğFRQ\ Z :\őV]H 6WXGLXP +DQGORZH MDNR UHDOL]DFMD LGHL ]DğRőHQLD NUDNRZVNLHM XF]HOQL HNRQRPLF]QHM : U ]DWZLHUG]RQR SODQ\ EXGRZ\ EXG\QNX QD SDUFHOL SU]\G]LHORQHM V]NROH EH]SğDWQLH Z ]DPLDQ ]D XPRZ÷ F]\QV]RZã QD ODW SU]H] *PLQ÷ 0LDVWD .UDNÐZ -HJR DXWRUHP E\ğ DUFKLWHNW 7HRGRU +RIIPDQQ ]QDQ\ P LQ ] SURMHNWX JPDFKX 1%3 Z .UDNRZLH %XGRZD VILQDQVRZDQD ] ZğDVQ\FK ijURGNÐZ L NUHG\WÐZ EDQNRZ\FK ]DNRġF]\ğD VL÷ Z U 8URF]\VWRijå RGGDQLD QRZHM VLHG]LE\ :6+ SRğãF]RQR ] LQDXJXUDFMã URNX DNDGHPLFNLHJR SDŏG]LHUQLND U :]L÷OL Z QLHM XG]LDğ SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH QDXNL ZğDG] SDġVWZRZ\FK L VDPRU]ãGRZ\FK RUD] VSRğHF]QRijå DNDGHPLFND 3U]HPÐZLHQLH Z\JğRVLğ ÐZF]HVQ\ SUHPLHU 3ROVNL SURI .D]LPLHU] %DUWHO D SRijZLHFHQLD $XOL GRNRQDğ NVLãő÷ PHWURSROLWD NUDNRZVNL $GDP 6WHIDQ 6DSLHKD :UD] ] UR]ZRMHP V]NRğ\ MHGHQ EXG\QHN VWDğ VL÷ QLHZ\VWDUF]DMãF\ 'ODWHJR Z U Z]QLHVLRQR JPDFK

QDSU]HFLZNR t SU]\ XO 6LHQNLHZLF]D 0RGHUQLVW\F]QH RELHNW\ RG]ZLHUFLHGODğ\ GXFKD WDPW\FK F]DVÐZ GãőãF\FK GR QRZRF]HVQRijFL 7DNã LQQRZDFMã E\ğR QS ZSURZDG]HQLH Z U GŏZLJX RVRERZHJR 2NUHV WHQ SU]HUZDğ\ ODWD ZRMQ\ 2G U SRG DGUHVHP 6LHQNLHZLF]D PLHijFLğR VL÷ NDV\QR GOD SUDFRZQLNÐZ DGPLQLVWUDFML QLHPLHFNLHM :6+ ZÐZF]DV MXő SRG QD]Zã $NDGHPLL +DQGORZHM SRZUÐFLğR WDP Z U őHE\ MHGQDN Z U SU]HQLHijå VL÷ RVWDWHF]QLH GR NRPSOHNVX GDZQHM )XQGDFML NVL÷FLD $OHNVDQGUD /XERPLUVNLHJR SU]\ XO 5DNRZLFNLHM ODW EXU]OLZ\FK ORVÐZ budynku : U RELHNW E\ğ ZğDVQRijFLã *PLQ\ 0LDVWD .UDNÐZ D SLHF]÷ QDG QLP SU]HMãğ =DU]ãG 2ijURGNÐZ $NDGHPLFNLFK (NVSR]\WXUD Z .UDNRZLH 1DVW÷SQ\P ORNDWRUHP E\ğD 3ROLWHFKQLND .UDNRZVND = ELHJLHP ODW ]PLHQLDOL VL÷ QLH W\ONR Xő\WNRZQLF\ QLHUXFKRPRijFL DOH WHő MHM IXQNFMH 2G U PLHijFLğ VL÷ WDP DNDGHPLN -HGQDN SR ODWDFK GR EXG\QNX SRQRZQLH ZSURZDG]Lğ VL÷ :\G]LDğ 7RZDUR]QDZVWZD $NDGHPLL (NRQRPLF]QHM VW\F]QLD U XVWDORQR SUDZR Xő\WNRZDQLD JUXQWX QD 17


IRW SR SUDZHM JDELQHW G\UHNWRUD 6LHQNLHZLF]D

IRW SR SUDZHM L SRQLőHM NODWND VFKRGRZD t ZF]RUDM L G]Lij 6LHQNLHZLF]D

U]HF] ÐZF]HVQHM $( ]D URF]Qã RSğDW÷ SRQDG W\V ]ğ FR E\ğR PRőOLZH G]L÷NL VSğDFLH RVWDWQLHM GDQLQ\ SLHQL÷őQHM *PLQLH 0LDVWD .UDNÐZ 1DWRPLDVW RG U XF]HOQLD UR]SRF]÷ğD VWDUDQLD R QDE\FLH SUDZD ZğDVQRijFL GR QLHUXFKRPRijFL D GH IDFWR GR MHJR RG]\VNDQLD 7HQ őPXGQ\ SURFHV WUZDğ ODW L ]DNRġF]\ğ VL÷ SRP\ijOQLH OLSFD U : REHFQRijFL -0 5HNWRUD GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZD 0D]XUD SURI 8(. *ğÐZQHM .VL÷JRZHM PJU 0DJGDOHQ\ :RMDV SU]HGVWDZLFLHOD 8U]÷GX 0LDVWD .UDNRZD ] :\G]LDğX 6NDUEX 3DġVWZD t .LHURZQLND PJU -DQXV]D %XEDND RUD] 1RWDULXV]D PJU 6\OZLL %RUXWRZLF] :LHF]RUHN ]RVWDğ SRGSLVDQ\ $NW 1RWDULDOQ\ 1D MHJR PRF\ 0LDVWR .UDNÐZ SU]HND]DğR Z IRUPLH GDURZL]Q\ QD U]HF] 8(. QLHUXFKRPRijå SRğRőRQã SU]\ XO 6LHQNLHZLF]D R V]DFXQNRZHM ZDUWRijFL POQ ]ğ 7R Z\GDU]HQLH R]QDF]D őH ZV]\VWNLH QLHUXFKRPRijFL Xő\WNRZDQH SU]H] 8(. Vã MHJR ZğDVQRijFLã WDNőH MHJR SLHUZV]D VDPRG]LHOQD VLHG]LED

PJU $JQLHV]ND :LHU]ED 'HSDUWDPHQW 0DUNL L .RPXQLNDFML

18


8 3DQD 3IbQUQMZbI 0LMDMã ODWD =PLHQLDMã VL÷ GDW\ Z NDOHQGDU]X eŐÐğWH NDOHQGDU]Hr ] SLRVHQNL GDZQHM 3LRWUD 6]F]HSDQLND ]QLNDMã WDN MDN L ]ğRWH MHVLHQQH OLijFLH <W VI\]ZITVM 8ZbMKQMĵ VW_M bRI_QĊ [QĔ bM Ĭ_QMĵWĬKQĊ LI\

LW QKP _aXMðVQMVQI 8ZbMb T]LbQ S\{Zba JĔLĊ RM bIXMðVQIČ [_WQU ĵaKQMU [_WQUQ W[QĊOVQĔKQIUQ [\IZIVQIUQ Q \ZW[SIUQ

M

RőH WDN WHő MHVW ]H e]QLNDQLHPr OXG]L" $ PRőH MHGQDN QLH" t ER SU]HFLHő SR]RVWDMH SR QLFK SDPL÷å Z VHUFDFK L XP\VğDFK LQQ\FK OXG]L

3DPL÷å W÷ PRJã ZVSLHUDå NVLãőNL IRWRJUDILH ]DSLVNL WRP\ ZVSRPQLHġ SDPLãWNRZH WDEOLFH -HGQD ] WDNLFK WDEOLF ]QDMGXMH VL÷ RG SDŏG]LHUQLND U Z KROX 'RPX 6WXGHQFNLHJR e)DILNr SU]\ XO 5DFğDZLFNLHM QDOHőãFHJR GR 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH 3RZVWDğD ] LQLFMDW\Z\ GDZQHJR MHM PLHV]NDġFD DEVROZHQWD $NDGHPLL (NRQRPLF]QHM Z .UDNRZLH t GU 6WDQLVğDZD %LV]W\JL ] RND]ML URF]QLF\ ijPLHUFL .D]LPLHU]D *RğGDVD PDUFD U ZU]HijQLD U t OHJHQGDUQHJR NLHURZQLND WHJR 'RPX Z ODWDFK ;; Z L MHJR PLHV]NDġFD Dő GR ijPLHUFL &R URNX ZH ZU]HijQLX OXE QD SRF]ãWNX SDŏG]LHUQLND 6WDQLVğDZ %LV]W\JD ZUD] ] JURQHP NROHőDQHN L NROHJÐZ RGZLHG]D VZÐM GDZQ\ VWXGHQFNL GRP .ZLDW\ UR]PRZ\ IRWRJUDILH 7DN E\ğR L Z W\P URNX t ZU]HijQLD 8ijPLHFK\ L UR]PRZ\ 2 F]\P" t 2 ő\FLX : VSRWNDQLX Z]Lãğ WHő XG]LDğ

5HNWRU t GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. .D]LPLHU] *RğGDV SRZUÐFLğ Z U ZH ZVSRPQLHQLX SURI GU KDE -HU]HJR 0LNXğRZVNLHJR 3RPRUVNLHJR 5HNWRUD ÐZF]HVQHM $NDGHPLL (NRQRPLF]QHM Z .UDNRZLH Z ODWDFK 6ğ\QQ\ RSLHNXQ 'RPX 6WXGHQFNLHJR eŐDF]HNr QDOHőãFHJR GR 8- t -DQ %XV]HN GRF]HNDğ VL÷ VZRMHM XOLF\ Z .UDNRZLH =RVWDğ WDN XF]F]RQ\ SU]H] VZ\FK Z\FKRZDQNÐZ Z X]QDQLX MHJR ]JU\ŏOLZHJR KXPRUX GREUHJR VHUFD >f@

.D]LPLHU] *RğGDV E\ğ LQQ\ 0LDğHP VL÷ R W\P V]\ENR SU]HNRQDå >MDNR F]DVRZ\ RSLHNXQ GRPX VWXGHQFNLHJR t SU]\S 7 ) @ %\ğ DEVROXWQLH QD VHULR 6Zã ZLDU÷ SU]HMãğ RG RMFD >f@ , FKRFLDő GOD ZLHOX SURIHVRUÐZ F]\ PğRGV]\FK SUDFRZQLNÐZ E\ğ SLHUZV]\P PHQWRUHP ő\FLD Z DNDGHPLFNLHM JURPDG]LH QLH ZVSRPLQDğ R W\P ]DFKRZXMãF VZRMã SR]\FM÷ REVHUZDWRUD DOH WHő RFHQLDMãFHJR 2EVHUZRZDğ GDZDğ GR ]UR]XPLHQLD F]\ PX VL÷ FRij SRGRED DOH XQLNDğ RWZDUWHJR Z\SRZLDGDQLD VL÷1 GU 7DGHXV] )LODU 'HSDUWDPHQW 0DUNL L .RPXQLNDFML 2SLHNXQ 0X]HXP 8(.

-HU]\ 0LNXğRZVNL 3RPRUVNL .D]LPLHU] *RğGDV Z PRLFK ZVSRPQLHQLDFK >Z @ 3DQ .D]LPLHU] .D]LPLHU] *RğGDV ZH ZVSRPQLHQLDFK =HEUDğ L RSUDFRZDğ 7DGHXV] )LODU :\GDZQLFWZR 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH .UDNÐZ V

19


wywiad numeru

=DE\WNL QD U\QNX UIZSM\QVO LbQMLbQK\_I S]T\]ZW_MOW q1LH PDP\ IXQGXV]\r EDUG]R ğDWZR SRZLHG]LHå DOH NDGUD PHQHGőHUVND QLH SRZLQQD QDZHW WDN P\ijOHå +bMSIVQM VI UIVVĔ b VQMJI

_ XW[\IKQ LW\IKRQ VQM RM[\ LWJZaU ZWb_QĊbIVQMU TMXQMR _aSWZba[\a_IČ XW\MVKRIð ZaVSW_a LIVMOW WJQMS\] U{_Q XZWN LZ PIJ )VLZbMR ;bZWUVQS B I]\WZMU S[QĊĵSQ 0DUNHWLQJ G]LHG]LFWZD NXOWXURZHJR 2ELHNW ]DE\WNRZ\ QD U\QNX ZWbUI_QIUa U QV W \aU RIS bW[\IČ LbQMLbQKMU bIUS]

$JQLHV]ND :LHU]ED -DNLHJR G]LHG]LFWZD NXOWXURZHJR GRW\F]\ NVLãőND" -DN PRőQD MH ]GHILQLRZDå" SURI GU KDE $QGU]HM 6]URPQLN ']LHG]LFWZR NXOWXURZH MDNR NDWHJRULD SRM÷FLRZD REHMPXMH ]ELÐU RELHNWÐZ SRZVWDğ\FK Z SU]HV]ğRijFL NWÐUH ]H Z]JO÷GX QD LFK ZDORU\ KLVWRU\F]QH HGXNDF\MQH NXOWXURZH F]\ HPRFMRQDOQH L V\PEROLF]QH ZLQQ\ ]RVWDå ]DFKRZDQH GOD SU]\V]ğ\FK SRNROHġ .VLãőND GRW\F]\ G]LHG]LFWZD NXOWXURZHJR QLHUXFKRPHJR R FKDUDNWHU]H PDWHULDOQ\P NWÐUHJR RELHNW\ VWDQRZLã VDPRG]LHOQH LQVW\WXFMH PDMãFH VZRMH IXQNFMH UHDOL]XMãFH ZğDVQH FHOH L SRVLDGDMãFH RNUHijORQH NLHURZQLFWZR 8ő\ZDMãF WUDG\F\MQHM WHUPLQRORJLL PRőQD E\ VWZLHUG]Lå őH SU]HGPLRWHP ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLD Vã RELHNW\ G]LDğDMãFH QD ZğDVQ\P UR]UDFKXQNX JRVSRGDUF]\P EH] Z]JO÷GX QD VSHğQLDQH IXQNFMH $ : &HFK\ G]LHG]LFWZD NXOWXURZHJR NWÐUH 3DQ 3URIHVRU Z\PLHQLğ QLH NRMDU]ã VL÷ UDF]HM ] FHODPL NRPHUF\MQ\PL -DN MH SRJRG]Lå ] NRQFHSFMã PDUNHWLQJX" 20

$ 6] ŐHE\ VSRMU]Hå QD G]LHG]LFWZR NXOWXURZH ] PDUNHWLQJRZHJR SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD QLH PRőQD XQLNQãå WHJR G\OHPDWX 2ELHNW\ G]LHG]LFWZD NXOWXURZHJR U]HF]\ZLijFLH UHDOL]XMã JğÐZQLH L SULRU\WHWRZR FHOH VSRğHF]QR HGXNDF\MQH DOH Z G]LVLHMV]\FK ZDUXQNDFK SHğQLã RQH WDNőH IXQNFMH W\SRZR NRPHUF\MQH MDNR KRWHOH UH]\GHQFMH RijURGNL HGXNDF\MQH D QDZHW ]DNğDG\ JDVWURQRPLF]QH VFKURQLVND RijURGNL UHNUHDF\MQH 7\ONR SHZQD LFK F]÷ijå G]LDğD MDNR PX]HD LQVW\WXFMH NXOWXU\ VLHG]LE\ ZğDG] XF]HOQLH V]SLWDOH LWG 0DUNHWLQJ D ZğDijFLZLH PDUNHWLQJRZ\ V\VWHP P\ijOHQLD L G]LDğDQLD GRW\F]\ QLH W\ONR SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZ Z ijFLVğ\P WHJR VğRZD ]QDF]HQLX DOH WDNőH SR]RVWDğ\FK SRGPLRWÐZ U\QNX GÐEU L XVğXJ Z W\P R FKDUDNWHU]H SXEOLF]Q\P QLH]RULHQWRZDQ\FK QD ]\VN F]\ SRZL÷NV]DQLH ZğDVQHM ZDUWRijFL 7R REV]DU ]DLQWHUHVRZDġ QRQ SURILW PDUNHWLQJX 7DND MHVW U]HF]\ZLVWRijå JRVSRGDUNL U\QNRZHM L R W\P SRZLQQD SDPL÷WDå NDGUD NLHURZQLF]D őHE\ QLH SROHJDå Z\ğãF]QLH QD SXEOLF]Q\FK GRWDFMDFK OHF] P\ijOHå R VDPRILQDQVRZDQLX VL÷ 'ODWHJR WU]HED V]HU]HM RWZRU]\å GU]ZL QD

PRőOLZRijFL NWÐUH GDMã QDU]÷G]LD PDUNHWLQJRZH $ : &]\P MHVW ]DWHP PDUNHWLQJ G]LHG]LFWZD NXOWXURZHJR NWÐU\ 3DQ 3URIHVRU RSLVXMH Z NVLãőFH" -DND MHVW MHJR UROD" $ 6] :LRGãFã UROã PDUNHWLQJX G]LHG]LFWZD NXOWXURZHJR MHVW ZGURőHQLH XJUXQWRZDQLH RUD] XSRZV]HFKQLHQLH U\QNRZHM RULHQWDFML RGSRZLHGQLFK RELHNWÐZ 6XNFHV LQVW\WXFML OHő\ Z U÷NDFK NOLHQWÐZ NWÐU]\ GHF\GXMã R DNFHSWDFML PLHMVFD LQVW\WXFML RUD] URG]DMX RIHUW\ =DOHő\ WR RG ZğDijFLZHJR UR]SR]QDQLD NV]WDğWRZDQLD SU]HZLG\ZDQLD L ]DVSRNDMDQLD LFK SRWU]HE RUD] SUDJQLHġ $GUHVDWHP G]LDğDġ PDUNHWLQJRZ\FK Vã ZL÷F NOLHQFL DNWXDOQL RUD] SRWHQFMDOQL 7R SU]HFLHő LFK XF]HVWQLFWZR MHVW ZHU\ILNDWRUHP DWUDNF\MQRijFL UHDOL]RZDQ\FK IXQNFML RUD] RGSRZLHGQLFK SURMHNWÐZ $ : &R PD ]DWHP GR ]DRIHURZDQLD G]LHG]LFWZR NXOWXURZH NOLHQWRP QD U\QNX" $ 6] 2IHURZDQH SU]H] RELHNW\ G]LHG]LFWZD NXOWXURZHJR ZDUWRijFL WR ERJDW\ ]HVWDZ SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP XVğXJ ,FK SDNLHW MHVW Z\SDGNRZã


t RJUDQLF]Då F]\ PDNV\PDOL]RZDå ]\VNL : W\P PLHMVFX QDOHő\ ZVSRPQLHå R W]Z PDUNHWLQJX FHORZ\P L XSRU]ãGNRZDQ\P ]HVWDZLH SU]HGVL÷Z]L÷å ]PLHU]DMãF\FK GR UHGXNRZDQLD L VHOHNFMRQRZDQLD VWUXPLHQLD NOLHQWÐZ : SU]\SDGNX G]LHG]LFWZD NXOWXURZHJR LVWQLHMã SHZQH RJUDQLF]HQLD NWÐU\FK RF]\ZLijFLH QLH PRőQD SU]HNURF]\å -HGQDN ]DP\NDQLH WDNLFK RELHNWÐZ E\ğRE\ QLH W\ONR PDUQRZDQLHP LFK SRWHQFMDğX U\QNRZHJR OHF] WDNőH RJUDQLF]HQLHP UHDOL]DFML FHOÐZ VSRğHF]QR HGXNDF\MQ\FK

$ : 8WU]\PDQLH ]DE\WNRZ\FK QLHUXFKRPRijFL EXG\QNRZ\FK Z\PDJD MHGQDN Z\VRNLFK QDNğDGÐZ ijURGNÐZ ILQDQVRZ\FK &]\ PDUNHWLQJ G]LHG]LFWZD NXOWXURZHJR MHVW V]DQVã QD LFK ]DFKRZDQLH"

$ : 6NRUR RELHNW\ G]LHG]LFWZD NXOWXURZHJR Vã Z SHğQL SRGPLRWDPL U\QNX F]\ GRW\F]\ LFK SUREOHP NRQNXUHQFML"

$ 6] %UDN OXE RJUDQLF]HQLH ]DVREÐZ QD ]DEH]SLHF]HQLH UHPRQW\ F]\ ELHőãFH IXQNFMRQRZDQLH RELHNWÐZ G]LHG]LFWZD NXOWXURZHJR WR V\WXDFMD QLHPDO SRZV]HFKQD Z QDV]\P NUDMX V]F]HJÐOQLH NLHG\ RELHNW\ WDNLH Vã ZğDVQRijFLã VDPRU]ãGÐZ WHU\WRULDOQ\FK OXE RVÐE IL]\F]Q\FK : ZLHOX SU]\SDGNDFK SUREOHP VSURZDG]D VL÷ GR QLHXPLHM÷WQHJR QLHVNXWHF]QHJR D SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP QLHSURIHVMRQDOQHJR SRV]XNLZDQLD ]HZQ÷WU]Q\FK ŏUÐGHğ ILQDQVRZDQLD t GRILQDQVRZDQLD RGSRZLHGQLFK SURMHNWÐZ 6SUDZD VSURZDG]D VL÷ GR PDUNHWLQJRZHM VWUDWHJLL SR]\VNLZDQLD SU]\MDFLÐğ SDUWQHUÐZ ZVSÐğZğDijFLFLHOL SU]\NğDG DNFMD =267$Ġ '=,('=,&(0 =$0.8 F]\ VSRQVRUÐZ RELHNWX : SUDNW\FH R]QDF]D WR RSDQRZDQLH V]WXNL eILQDVRZDQLD L UR]ZRMX FXG]\PL ijURGNDPLr $ WR SRGSRZLDGD PDUNHWLQJ L VSUDZG]RQH VWUDWHJLH VSRQVRULQJRZH

$ 6] .RQNXUHQFMD MHGQD ] SRGVWDZRZ\FK NDWHJRULL HNRQRPLF]Q\FK WR NDWHJRULD R ]QDF]Q\P ]DNUHVLH UR]XPRZDQLD 7R QLH W\ONR NRQNXUHQFMD EH]SRijUHGQLD NRQNXUHQFMD RELHNWÐZ R LGHQW\F]QHM D ]D]Z\F]DM SRGREQHM RIHUFLH SURGXNWRZHM DOH WDNőH NRQNXUHQFMD SRijUHGQLD &KRG]L R NRQNXURZDQLH R VSRVÐE ]DJRVSRGDURZDQLD IXQGXV]X VZRERGQHM GHF\]ML Z\GDZDå F]\ RV]F]÷G]Då NRQNXURZDQLH R RJÐOQã VWUXNWXU÷ Z\GDWNÐZ QD GREUD L XVğXJL MDNLH GREUD MDNLH XVğXJL" NRQNXURZDQLH Z\GDWNÐZ QD XVğXJL E\WRZH ] Z\GDWNDPL QD XVğXJDPL LQVW\WXFML NXOWXU\ MDNLH XVğXJL" Z NRġFX MDNLH RIHUW\ LQVW\WXFML NXOWXU\ Z\EUDå RUD]

Z MDNLP F]DVLH L PLHMVFX .RQNXUHQFMD PRőH ]DFKRG]Lå UÐZQLHő Z W\P SU]\SDGNX -HGQDN ] GUXJLHM VWURQ\ RIHUW\ NXOWXUDOQH PRJã VL÷ QDZ]DMHP Z]PDFQLDå &LHNDZ\P SU]\NğDGHP Z W\P NRQWHNijFLH MHVW ZLUWXDOQH ]ZLHG]DQLH 'OD SUDZG]LZHJR PLğRijQLND F]\OL NOLHQWD SURIHVMRQDOQHJR QLH E÷G]LH WR VXEVW\WXW D GREUR NRPSOHPHQWDUQH 7R WHő V]DQVD NWÐUã PRőH Z\NRU]\VWDå NDGUD NLHURZQLF]D LQVW\WXFML

wywiad numeru

QDVW÷SXMãF\FK ZDORUÐZ t U\QNRZHM DWUDNF\MQRijFL VDPHJR RELHNWX DWUDNF\MQRijFL MHJR RWRF]HQLD RUD] LVWRW\ WHJR SDNLHWX Z\QLNDMãFHM ] JğÐZQHM IXQNFML RELHNWX :DUWRijå GOD NOLHQWD MHVW NDWHJRULã Z\QLNRZã VXPã GR]QDġ ZUDőHġ L SU]Hő\å Z\QLNDMãF\FK ]H ]ZLHG]DQLD XF]HVWQLFWZD L REVHUZDFML 7R SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP ZDUWRijFL QLHPDWHULDOQH Z]PDFQLDQH UHQRPã RELHNWX MHJR UR]SR]QDZDOQRijFLã L LQQ\PL FHFKDPL PHGLDOQ\PL NWÐUH PRőQD ZNRPSRQRZDå Z RIHUW÷ NRPHUF\MQã

$ : 3RGVXPRZXMãF F]\ Z NVLãőFH ]QDMG]LHP\ UHFHSW÷ QD RFKURQ÷ ]DE\WNRZ\FK QLHUXFKRPRijFL EXG\QNRZ\FK SRSU]H] PDUNHWLQJ G]LHG]LFWZD NXOWXURZHJR" $ 6] : NVLãőFH QLH SRGDZDğHP WDNLHM UHFHSW\ DOH SRijUHGQLR PRőQD GRMijå GR RGSRZLHGQLFK ZQLRVNÐZ *ğÐZQã P\ijOã SUDF\ E\ğR ZVND]DQLH PHQHGőHURP RELHNWÐZ ]DE\WNRZ\FK LQQ\FK SRWHQFMDOQ\FK PRőOLZRijFL JHQHURZDQLD SU]\FKRGÐZ ZVSRPDJDMãF\FK ijURGNL ZğDVQH Z W\P SXEOLF]QH 7H GRGDWNRZH ijURGNL PRJã ]ZL÷NV]Då ]DVRE\ SU]H]QDF]DQH QD ]DEH]SLHF]HQLH NRQVHUZDFM÷ GRNXPHQWRZDQLH RUD] SURPRZDQLH NXOWXURZ\FK ZDORUÐZ RELHNWÐZ R UÐőQ\FK IXQNFMDFK QLHNRQLHF]QLH W\ONR PX]HDOQ\FK $ : ']L÷NXM÷ ]D UR]PRZ÷ PJU $JQLHV]ND :LHU]ED 'HSDUWDPHQW 0DUNL L .RPXQLNDFML

$ : = GUXJLHM VWURQ\ ]QDQH Vã SU]\NğDG\ W]Z RYHUWRXULVPX QDGPLHUQHM WXU\VW\NL t :HQHFMD %DUFHORQD =DNRSDQH &]\ PDUNHWLQJ G]LHG]LFWZD NXOWXURZHJR PRőH SRPÐF Z ]PQLHMV]DQLX MHJR VNDOL QS SRSU]H] RGSRZLHGQLã SROLW\N÷ FHQRZã" $ 6] 0DUNHWLQJ GDMH VSHFMDOQH U\QNRZH PRőOLZRijFL UR]ZRMX LQVW\WXFML 1LHZãWSOLZLH ]MDZLVNR RYHUWRXULVPX PRőH PLHå PLHMVFH DOH WR GRW\F]\ UDF]HM W\ONR Z\EUDQ\FK RELHNWÐZ FHQWUÐZ G]LHOQLF F]\ PLDVW 'REU\P SU]\NğDGHP MHVW =DNRSDQH DOH WR VWUDWHJLF]Q\ Z\EÐU GOD ZğDG] WHJR PLDVWD 21


22

wydarzenia


wydarzenia

=PLDQ\ _ BISðILbQM 8WTQOZI KbVaU : SRQLHG]LDğHN ZU]HijQLD PLDğR PLHMVFH V\PEROLF]QH RWZDUFLH qQRZHJRr =DNğDGX 3ROLJUDILF]QHJR 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH 5QUW ĵM VQM bUQMVQðI [QĔ IVQ RMOW [QMLbQJI IVQ XZIKW_VQKa \W RMLVIS

Z{ĵVQKI _ N]VSKRWVW_IVQ] RMLVW[\SQ RM[\ WOZWUVI § ba[SIð WV L_QM UI[baVa S\{ZM VQMb_aSTM ][XZI_VQĊ RMOW XZIKĔ

N

LHğDWZã GHF\]M÷ R ]DNXSLH QRZ\FK XU]ãG]Hġ SRGM÷WR ]H Z]JO÷GX QD IDNW őH LFK HNVSORDWDFMD MHVW GXőR WDġV]D FR Z NRQVHNZHQFML SR]ZROL QD ]QDF]ãFH RV]F]÷GQRijFL :]URVW Z\GDMQRijFL L MDNRijFL GUXNX VSUDZL GRGDWNRZR őH 8F]HOQLD VWDQLH VL÷ SRG W\P Z]JO÷GHP QLHPDO VDPRZ\VWDUF]DOQD t QLH E÷G]LH MXő NRQLHF]QRijFL ]OHFDQLD Z\GUXNX NVLãőHN XORWHN F]\ SODNDWÐZ Z ILUPDFK ]HZQ÷WU]Q\FK

3UDFRZQLF\ =DNğDGX 3ROLJUDILF]QHJR 8(. FKFãF ]DSUH]HQWRZDå :ğDG]RP 8F]HOQL PRőOLZRijFL QRZ\FK XU]ãG]Hġ ]DSURVLOL LFK SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL QD V\PEROLF]QH RWZDUFLH qQRZHJRr ]DNğDGX RUD] NUÐWNL SRND] PRőOLZRijFL ]DNXSLRQ\FK XU]ãG]Hġ : XURF]\VWRijFL XG]LDğ Z]L÷OL SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH ZğDG] 8QLZHUV\WHWX QD F]HOH ] -0 5HNWRUHP t GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZHP 0D]XUHP SURI 8(. '\UHNWRU]\ 'HSDUWDPHQWÐZ D WDNőH SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH MHGQRVWHN NWÐUH ZVSÐğSUDFXMã ] =DNğDGHP 3ROLJUDILF]Q\P 8(. t P LQ .UDNRZVNLHM 6]NRğ\ %L]QHVX F]\ :\GDZQLFWZD 8(. -0 5HNWRU UR]SRF]ãğ VSRWNDQLH V\PEROLF]Q\P SU]HFL÷FLHP ZVW÷JL

: VZRLP Z\VWãSLHQLX ]ZUÐFLğ XZDJ÷ QD IDNW őH QRZRF]HVQD XF]HOQLD SRWU]HEXMH QRZRF]HVQ\FK UR]ZLã]Dġ NWÐUH XVSUDZQLã MHM IXQNFMRQRZDQLH =DNXS QRZ\FK PDV]\Q GOD =DNğDGX 3ROLJUDILF]QHJR MHVW ZL÷F F]÷ijFLã EXGRZDQLD LQQRZDF\MQHM L GRSDVRZDQHM GR ZVSÐğF]HVQ\FK Z\PDJDġ LQIUDVWUXNWXU\ XF]HOQL 3DQL .LHURZQLN =DNğDGX 3ROLJUDILF]QHJR 8(. -RODQWD .UÐODV GRNRQDğD SUH]HQWDFML QRZ\FK PDV]\Q RUD] LFK PRőOLZRijFL 3LHUZV]D PDV]\QD SU]H]QDF]RQD GR GUXNX RIIVHWRZHJR XPRőOLZLD GUXN Z\GDZQLFWZ Z\VRNRQDNğDGRZ\FK =Gãő\ğD RQD MXő Z\GUXNRZDå GZD QXPHU\ e.XULHUD 8(.r RUD] ZLHOH LQQ\FK SXEOLNDFML ']L÷NL WHPX őH SRVLDGD F]WHU\ ]HVSRğ\ GUXNXMãFH VSU]÷őRQH UD]HP L VWHURZDQH HOHNWURQLF]QLH RVLãJDQD MHVW Z\VRND SUHF\]MD GUXNX NRORU\ Z FDğ\P QDNğDG]LH Vã SRZWDU]DOQH &R ZL÷FHM XVWDZLHQLD NDğDPDU]\ GR]XMãF\FK IDUE÷ GUXNDUVNã Vã ]DSLV\ZDQH L Z SU]\SDGNX NRQLHF]QRijFL GRGUXNX EH] WUXGX PRőQD X]\VNDå WR VDPR QDW÷őHQLH NRORUÐZ

'UXJD PDV]\QD WR SURIHVMRQDOQH XU]ãG]HQLH GR F\IURZHJR GUXNX NRORURZHJR -HVW MHGQ\P ] QDMQRZRF]HijQLHMV]\FK XU]ãG]Hġ ]QDQHM ILUP\ ;HUR[ t OLGHUD Z G]LHG]LQLH SURGXNFML WDNLFK PDV]\Q -HVW WR EDUG]R SUHF\]\MQH XU]ãG]HQLH VDPRNDOLEUXMãFH VL÷ GR NRQNUHWQHJR SRGğRőD QD NWÐU\P GUXNXMH :LHOH F]\QQRijFL MHVW ]DXWRPDW\]RZDQ\FK DOH PDV]\QD GDMH WHő GXőH SROH GR SRSLVX GOD SURMHNWDQWÐZ JUDILNL L RSHUDWRUÐZ XU]ãG]HQLD PRőOLZRijå GUXNRZDQLD ODNLHUHP LPLWXMãF\P ODNLHU 89 F]\ WHő PRőOLZRijå GUXNX QD V]HURNLHM JDPLH PHGLÐZ t RG JUXE\FK NDUWRQÐZ SR FLHQNLH NDONL =DNXSLRQH PDV]\Q\ WR ROEU]\PLD ]PLDQD QLH W\ONR GOD RVÐE MH REVğXJXMãF\FK DOH SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP WR ]XSHğQLH QRZH PRőOLZRijFL Z VNDOL 8F]HOQL 'ODWHJR VHUGHF]QLH ]DSUDV]DP\ GR ZVSÐğSUDF\ ZV]\VWNLFK NWÐU]\ SODQXMã Z\GDQLH SXEOLNDFML OXE Z\GUXN PDWHULDğÐZ SURPRF\MQ\FK 3UDFRZQLF\ 3ROLJUDILL RIHUXMã NOLHQWRP WDNőH VSR]D 8QLZHUV\WHWX XVğXJL SROLJUDILF]QH Z W\P SURMHNWRZDQLH L VNğDG NRPSXWHURZ\ PJU -RODQWD .UÐODV 'HSDUWDPHQW 0DUNL L .RPXQLNDFML

23


24

wydarzenia


wydarzenia

Rzeszów jako rodząca się metropolia Rzeszów jako rodząca się metropolia – pod takim hasłem odbyło się dwudniowe wyjazdowe seminarium naukowo-dydaktyczne zorganizowane przez Katedrę Historii Gospodarczej i Społecznej/UNESCO Chair for Heritage and Urban Studies dedykowane studentom kierunku Studia Miejskie.

G

rono pracowników Katedry i reprezentanci I i II roku kierunku Studia Miejskie w dniach 21-22 października udali się do Rzeszowa, gdzie w pierwszym dniu miały miejsce m.in.:

na trasie Kraków-Rzeszów wiadomościami na temat historii, architektury i urbanistyki oraz problemów rozwoju metropolii nad Wisłokiem dzielili się ze współpasażerami prof. Jacek Purchla, prof. UEK, Rafał Matyja, dr Andrzej Laskowski i dr Michał Wiśniewski; po przyjeździe do Rzeszowa i miłym przyjęciu w salonie Harleya Davidsona uczestnicy seminarium zwiedzali strefę ekonomiczną w granicach miasta Rzeszowa i Jasionki (Dolina Lotnicza) z rzeszowskim architektem Andrzejem Depą, zjedli słynną już – dzięki wizycie prezydenta Bidena – pizzę w restauracji „Gusto” w Głogowie Małopolskim i zwiedzili tamtejszy historyczny rynek, a popołudniu, w biurze Architekta Miasta,

architekt Janusz Sepioł piastujący tą funkcję przekazał swoje przemyślenia i wizje związane z rozwojem Rzeszowa, a także wypunktował bolączki miasta wynikające z aktualnej sytuacji. W spotkaniu wzięli także udział: wieloletni przewodniczący Rady Miasta Rzeszowa Andrzej Dec i prezes rzeszowskiego oddziału Stowarzyszenia Architektów Polskich Piotr Rzeźwicki. Rozmowy kontynuowano w mniej oficjalny sposób do późnych godzin wieczornych; Drugiego dnia odbyły się natomiast wydarzenia takie jak: •

we wczesny sobotni poranek dr Andrzej Laskowski oprowadzał grupę po historycznym centrum miasta. Dwugodzinny spacer przy pięknej jesiennej aurze i przewodniku – historyku sztuki, znającym miasto od podszewki – pozwolił docenić architektoniczny zasób dziedzictwa; kolejnym punktem było spotkanie w siedzibie Urban Lab

gdzie debatowano nad przyszłością Rzeszowa i jego aspiracjami do tytułu Europejskiego Miasta Kultury. W tym miejscu również studenci kierunku Studia Miejskie podzielili się wrażeniami związanymi z wyjazdem i jego znaczeniem dla ich dalszej edukacji. Sprawy organizacyjne zostały powierzone dr Joannie SanetrzeSzelidze, jako inspiratorce wydarzenia oraz dr Lucynie Kępie. Zaś nad całością czuwał profesor Jacek Purchla, który nie tylko przekazywał swoją szeroką wiedzę urbanologa i prowadził obie debaty – w biurze Architekta Miasta i w Urban Lab, ale także pilnował programu i sprawnego przebiegu wyjazdowego seminarium, które przez wszystkich uczestników zostało uznane za bardzo owocne i integrujące. Nad seminarium patronat objął Prezydent Miasta Rzeszowa Konrad Fijołek.

dr Lucyna Kępa Katedra Historii Gospodarczej i Społecznej

25


wydarzenia

(XURSHMVND QDJURGD LTI XZWRMS\] b ]LbQIðMU =-3 -DN UHDOL]RZDå ZLHONLH SURMHNW\ Z PLDVWDFK KLVWRU\F]Q\FK"

7LXW_QMLbQ ]LbQMTI XZbaOW\W_IVI _ ZIUIKP XZWRMS\] 075-- ¶3IZ\I UMOI M^MV\{_ _ UQI[\IKP LbQMLbQK\_I ª JĔLĊKI _aVQSQMU XZIK UQĔLbaVIZWLW_MOW bM[XWð] JILI_KbMOW b ]LbQIðMU 3I\MLZa =6-;+7 ,bQMLbQK\_I Q ;\]LQ{_ 5QMR[SQKP WZIb XZIS\aS{_ 8ZWRMS\ bW[\Ið _aZ{ĵVQWVa -]ZWXMR[SĊ 6IOZWLĊ ,bQMLbQK\_I

D

QLD ZU]HijQLD U Z JPDFKX 2SHU\ 1DURGRZHM Z 3UDG]H XF]F]RQR ]Z\FL÷]FÐZ 1DJUÐG (XURSHMVNLHJR ']LHG]LFWZD 1DJUÐG (XURSD 1RVWUD QDMZ\őV]HJR HXURSHMVNLHJR Z\UÐőQLHQLD Z REV]DU]H G]LHG]LFWZD

26

SU]\]QDZDQHJR SU]H] .RPLVM÷ (XURSHMVNã L (XURSD 1RVWUD IHGHUDFM÷ RUJDQL]DFML SR]DU]ãGRZ\FK G]LDğDMãF\FK Z REV]DU]H G]LHG]LFWZD :ijUÐG QDJURG]RQ\FK SURMHNWÐZ ]QDOD]ğ VL÷ PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\ SURMHNW EDGDZF]\ +20(( +HULWDJH 2SSRUWXQLWLHV

WKUHDWV ZLWKLQ 0HJD (YHQWV LQ (XURSH &KDQJLQJ HQYLURQPHQWV QHZ FKDOOHQJHV DQG SRVVLEOH VROXWLRQV IRU SUHVHUYDWLRQ LQ PHJD HYHQWV HPEHGGHG LQ KHULWDJH ULFK (XURSHDQ FLWLHV ZVSÐğILQDQVRZDQ\ SU]H] XQLMQã LQLFMDW\Z÷ -3, &XOWXUDO +HULWDJH 3DUWQHUHP


'OD PLDVW KLVWRU\F]Q\FK ERJDW\FK Z ]DVRE\ G]LHG]LFWZD UHDOL]DFMD W]Z PHJD HYHQWÐZ WDNLFK MDN IJZLDWRZH :\VWDZ\ (;32 LJU]\VND ROLPSLMVNLH F]\ (XURSHMVNLH 6WROLFH .XOWXU\ VWDQRZL ]DUÐZQR V]DQV÷ UR]ZRMX MDN L ]DJURőHQLD GOD SRVLDGDQ\FK ]DVREÐZ G]LHG]LFWZD &HOHP UHDOL]RZDQHJR Z PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\P SDUWQHUVWZLH SURMHNWX +20(( E\ğR OHSV]H ]UR]XPLHQLH UHODFML SRPL÷G]\ PHJD HYHQWDPL L SROLW\Nã RFKURQ\ G]LHG]LFWZD NXOWXURZHJR RUD] ZSğ\ZX GXő\FK Z\GDU]Hġ QD PLDVWD KLVWRU\F]QH 3URMHNW +20(( VNğDGDğ VL÷ ] WU]HFK ID] : SLHUZV]HM ] QLFK SU]HSURZDG]RQR EDGDQLH OLWHUDWXURZH GRW\F]ãFH ZSğ\ZX PHJD HYHQWÐZ QD PLDVWD W\P V]F]HJÐOQLH QD PLDVWD KLVWRU\F]QH 1DVW÷SQLH DQDOL]RZDQR VWXGLD SU]\SDGNÐZ

]UHDOL]RZDQ\FK PHJD HYHQWÐZ Z SROVNLP SU]\SDGNX E\ğ WR :URFğDZ (XURSHMVND 6WROLFD .XOWXU\ RUD] WUZDMãF\FK Z U REFKRGÐZ (XURSHMVNLHM 6WROLF\ .XOWXU\ ZH ZğRVNLHM 0DWHU]H 1D WHM SRGVWDZLH SU]\JRWRZDQR UHNRPHQGDFMH .DUW\ PHJD HYHQWÐZ Z PLDVWDFK G]LHG]LFWZD NWÐUH ]RVWDğ\ ]ZHU\ILNRZDQH Z UDPDFK ZDUV]WDWÐZ SU]H] SUDNW\NÐZ t RVRE\ ]DDQJDőRZDQH Z RUJDQL]DFM÷ PHJD HYHQWÐZ RUJDQL]DWRUÐZ L GHF\GHQWÐZ .DUWD ]DZLHUD ]DVDG\ L ZVND]ÐZNL PDMãFH XPRőOLZLå PLDVWRP Z\NRU]\VWDQLH OLF]Q\FK PRőOLZRijFL Z\QLNDMãF\FK ] XU]ãG]DQLD PHJD HYHQWÐZ MDN UÐZQLHő PLQLPDOL]DFM÷ U\]\ND ]ZLã]DQHJR ] LFK RUJDQL]DFMã 3RGHMPXMH WDNőH ZLHOH WHPDWÐZ L NZHVWLL SRF]\QDMãF RG QRZHJR VSRVREX Z\NRU]\VWDQLD SU]HVWU]HQL ]DE\WNRZ\FK SRSU]H] SU]HFLãőHQLD RELHNWÐZ KLVWRU\F]Q\FK Z\QLNDMãFH ] RUJDQL]DFML QD LFK WHUHQLH PHJD HYHQWÐZ SR ]PLDQ\ Z VSRVRELH UR]XPLHQLD L SRVWU]HJDQLD PLHMVF G]LHG]LFWZD 'RNXPHQW SRUXV]D WDNőH NZHVWL÷ Z\]ZDġ NWÐUH PHJD HYHQW\ VWDZLDMã SU]HG VDPRU]ãGHP ORNDOQ\P

&HUHPRQLD ZU÷F]HQLD 1DJUÐG (XURSHMVNLHJR ']LHG]LFWZD RGE\ğD VL÷ ] XG]LDğHP 0DUL\L *DEULHO XQLMQHM .RPLVDU] GV ,QQRZDFML %DGDġ .XOWXU\ (GXNDFML L 0ğRG]LHő\ =JURPDG]LğD RQD RNRğR VSHFMDOLVWÐZ ZRORQWDULXV]\ PLğRijQLNÐZ L V\PSDW\NÐZ G]LHG]LFWZD ] FDğHM (XURS\ Z W\P WDNőH GXőã JUXS÷ PğRG\FK OXG]L %\ğD RQD NOXF]RZ\P Z\GDU]HQLHP (XURSHMVNLHJR 6]F]\WX ']LHG]LFWZD .XOWXURZHJR NWÐU\ RGE\ZD VL÷ Z 3UDG]H Z GQLDFK ZU]HijQLD Z UDPDFK RILFMDOQHJR SURJUDPX F]HVNLHM SUH]\GHQFML Z 5DG]LH 8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM

wydarzenia

SURMHNWX E\ğD Z\UÐőQLRQD VWDWXVHP .DWHGU\ 81(6&2 ']LHG]LFWZD L 6WXGLÐZ 0LHMVNLFK .DWHGUD +LVWRULL *RVSRGDUF]HM L 6SRğHF]QHM : FHUHPRQLL XG]LDğ Z]L÷OL SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH SROVNLHJR ]HVSRğX EDGDZF]HJR SURI -DFHN 3XUFKOD L GU -RDQQD 6DQHWUD 6]HOLJD

3UÐF] 8(. SDUWQHUDPL SURMHNWX E\OL 3ROLWHFQLFR GL 0LODQR :ğRFK\ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI +XOO :LHOND %U\WDQLD 1HDSROLV 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 3DIRV &\SU 0L÷G]\QDURGRZH &HQWUXP .XOWXU\ Z .UDNRZLH :L÷FHM QD WHPDW SURMHNWX KWWSV PFN NUDNRZ SO KRPHH R SURMHNFLH GU -RDQQD 6DQHWUD 6]HOLJD .DWHGUD +LVWRULL *RVSRGDUF]HM L 6SRğHF]QHM

27


wydarzenia

-XELOHXV]RZD NRQIHUHQFMD 3I\MLZa 8ZWKM[] BIZbĊLbIVQI _ BISWXIVMU : GQLDFK ZU]HijQLD U RGE\ğD VL÷ NRQIHUHQFMD ] F\NOX e=DU]ãG]DQLH RUJDQL]DFMDPL Z VSRğHF]HġVWZLH LQIRUPDF\MQ\Pr

bWZOIVQbW_IVI XZbMb 3I\MLZĔ 8ZWKM[] BIZbĊLbIVQI =VQ_MZ[a\M\] -SWVWUQKbVMOW _ 3ZISW_QM

T

HJRURF]QD ;, MXő HG\FMD NRQIHUHQFML E\ğD ]ZLã]DQD ] MXELOHXV]HP OHFLD .DWHGU\ L VNRQFHQWURZDQD ]RVWDğD QD JğÐZQ\FK REV]DUDFK EDGDġ SURZDG]RQ\FK SU]H] SUDFRZQLNÐZ .DWHGU\ F]\OL ]DU]ãG]DQLX VWUDWHJLF]Q\P ]DU]ãG]DQLX SURMHNWDPL RUD] ]DU]ãG]DQLX SURFHVDPL 3R SU]HUZLH VSRZRGRZDQHM SDQGHPLã &29,' SRGF]DV NWÐUHM ; HG\FMD NRQIHUHQFML E\ğD SU]HSURZDG]RQD Z IRUPLH LQWHUQHWRZHM REHFQã NRQIHUHQFM÷ ]RUJDQL]RZDQR VWDFMRQDUQLH Z KRWHOX /RJRV Z FHQWUXP =DNRSDQHJR

8F]HVWQLNÐZ NRQIHUHQFML SU]\ZLWDğ GU KDE 3DZHğ &DEDğD SURI 8(. NLHURZQLN .DWHGU\ 3URFHVX =DU]ãG]DQLD 1DVW÷SQLH JğRV ]DEUDğ G]LHNDQ .ROHJLXP 1DXN R =DU]ãG]DQLX L -DNRijFL GU KDE %HUQDUG =L÷ELFNL SURI 8(. NWÐU\ SU]HGVWDZLğ KLVWRUL÷ L GRNRQDQLD .DWHGU\ 3URFHVX =DU]ãG]DQLD RUD] SU]HND]Dğ SUDFRZQLNRP .DWHGU\ WDEOLF÷ MXELOHXV]RZã 28

.DWHGUD 3URFHVX =DU]ãG]DQLD ]RVWDğD XWZRU]RQD Z URNX QD :\G]LDOH =DU]ãG]DQLD $NDGHPLL (NRQRPLF]QHM Z .UDNRZLH : W\P URNX SU]HVWDğ LVWQLHå ,QVW\WXW 2UJDQL]DFML L =DU]ãG]DQLD D MHJR ]DNğDG\ SRG]LHORQR QD NDWHGU\ 1D :\G]LDOH =DU]ãG]DQLD E\ğ\ WR NDWHGU\ 3URFHVX =DU]ãG]DQLD NLHURZQLN SURI $GDP 6WDEU\ğD RUD] 0HWRG 2UJDQL]DFML L =DU]ãG]DQLD NLHURZQLN SURI =ELJQLHZ 0DUW\QLDN = NROHL QD :\G]LDOH (NRQRPLL SURI -DQ 7DUJDOVNL XWZRU]\ğ .DWHGU÷ ,QQRZDFML L 3U]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL ] ]DNğDGDPL 3U]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL NLHURZQLN SURI -DQ 7DUJDOVNL 3RGVWDZ 2UJDQL]DFML L =DU]ãG]DQLD NLHURZQLN GRF -Ð]HI 0DFKDF]ND RUD] 6WUDWHJLL =DU]ãG]DQLD NLHURZQLN GRF 6WDQLVğDZ *DODWD 3RQDGWR QD :\G]LDOH (NRQRPLL SRZVWDğ =DNğDG /RJLVW\NL NLHURZQLN GRF -DQXV] 7HF]NH 6NğDG RVRERZ\ .DWHGU\ 3URFHVX =DU]ãG]DQLD Z PRPHQFLH MHM

SRZVWDQLD VWDQRZLOL GU KDE /HV]HN .R]LRğ GU KDE +DOLQD 3LHNDU] GU $GDP 1DOHSND GU &]HVğDZ 0HVMDV] GU -DQ ']LDGRġ PJU $QGU]HM .R]LQD PJU 0LURVğDZ &KHFKHOVNL PJU -DQ %HOLF]\ġVNL PJU %HDWD %DUF]DN PJU -RODQWD :DODV D WDNőH %HDWD 5DGHFND VHNUHWDULDW L 0LURVğDZ *U]HJRUF]\N SUDFRZQLN WHFKQLF]Q\ .LHURZQLNLHP SRZVWDğHM Z URNX .DWHGU\ 3URFHVX =DU]ãG]DQLD ]RVWDğ SURI $GDP 6WDEU\ğD D RG U IXQNFM÷ NLHURZQLND SHğQL GU KDE 3DZHğ &DEDğD SURI 8(. : SU]HFLãJX ODW Z .DWHGU]H E\ğR ]DWUXGQLRQ\FK Z ğãF]QLH RVÐE : MXELOHXV]RZHM NRQIHUHQFML .DWHGU\ 3URFHVX =DU]ãG]DQLD XF]HVWQLF]\OL SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH QDVW÷SXMãF\FK RijURGNÐZ QDXNRZ\FK Z 3ROVFH 6]NRğ\ *ğÐZQHM +DQGORZHM Z :DUV]DZLH 8QLZHUV\WHWX *GDġVNLHJR 8QLZHUV\WHWX -DQD .RFKDQRZVNLHJR Z .LHOFDFK 8QLZHUV\WHWX 3U]\URGQLF]HJR ZH :URFğDZLX 8QLZHUV\WHWX


2EUDG\ WHJRURF]QHM NRQIHUHQFML Z =DNRSDQHP ]RVWDğ\ SRG]LHORQH QD NLOND F]÷ijFL 3LHUZV]ã ] QLFK VWDQRZLğ SDQHO G\VNXV\MQ\ Z NWÐU\P XF]HVWQLF]\OL SURI GU KDE LQő $JQLHV]ND =DNU]HZVND %LHODZVND SURI GU KDE -DURVğDZ .DUSDF] SURI GU KDE LQő 6HZHU\Q 6SDğHN GU KDE %HUQDUG =L÷ELFNL SURI 8(. RUD] GU KDE 0DWHXV] -XFKQLHZLF] SURI 6*+ 8F]HVWQLF\ SDQHOX G\VNXWRZDOL R ZVSÐğF]HVQ\FK Z\]ZDQLDFK VWRMãF\FK SU]HG QDXNDPL R ]DU]ãG]DQLX L MDNRijFL .ROHMQã F]÷ijå NRQIHUHQFML VWDQRZLğ\ VHVMH WHPDW\F]QH SRGF]DV NWÐU\FK SUH]HQWRZDQR UHIHUDW\ RUD] G\VNXWRZDQR NROHMQR R ZVSÐğF]HVQ\FK SUREOHPDFK ]DU]DG]DQLD

wydarzenia

(NRQRPLF]QHJR ZH :URFğDZLX $NDGHPLL *ÐUQLF]R +XWQLF]HM Z .UDNRZLH 3ROLWHFKQLNL :DUV]DZVNLHM 3ROLWHFKQLNL ĞÐG]NLHM 3ROLWHFKQLNL *GDġVNLHM 3ROLWHFKQLNL IJOãVNLHM 3ROLWHFKQLNL 5]HV]RZVNLHM 3ROLWHFKQLNL :URFğDZVNLHM :RMVNRZHM $NDGHPLL 7HFKQLF]QHM Z :DUV]DZLH *ÐUQRijOãVNLHM :\őV]HM 6]NRğ\ +DQGORZHM 6RSRFNLHM $NDGHPLL 1DXN 6WRVRZDQ\FK 0DğRSROVNLHM :\őV]HM 6]NRğ\ (NRQRPLF]QHM Z 7DUQRZLH RUD] :\őV]HM 6]NRğ\ (NRQRPLL 3UDZD L 1DXN 0HG\F]Q\FK Z .LHOFDFK

GU KDE %HUQDUG =L÷ELFNL SURI 8(. G]LHNDQ .ROHJLXP 1DXN R =DU]ãG]DQLX L -DNRijFL RUD] GU KDE 3DZHğ &DEDğD SURI 8(. ] SDPLãWNRZã WDEOLFã MXELOHXV]RZã DXWRU ]GM÷FLD SURI GU KDE 6HZHU\Q 6SDğHN

RUJDQL]DFMDPL GHWHUPLQDQWDFK UR]ZRMX LQQRZDF\MQRijFL XZDUXQNRZDQLDFK VWUDWHJLF]QHJR ]DU]ãG]DQLD RUJDQL]DFMDPL D WDNőH R ZVSÐğF]HVQ\FK WUHQGDFK Z ]DU]ãG]DQLX SURMHNWDPL RUD] ]DU]ãG]DQLX SURFHVDPL EL]QHVRZ\PL 3R UD] SLHUZV]\ ]RUJDQL]RZDQR UÐZQLHő VHVMH VHPLQDU\MQH GOD GRNWRUDQWÐZ NWÐUH VNXSLRQR ZRNÐğ GZÐFK REV]DUÐZ WHPDW\F]Q\FK ]DU]DG]DQLD SURMHNWDPL RUD] XZDUXQNRZDġ ]DU]ãG]DQLD RUJDQL]DFMDPL 3RGF]DV W\FK VSRWNDġ XF]HVWQLF]ãF\ Z NRQIHUHQFML GRNWRUDQFL PLHOL RND]M÷ SU]HGVWDZLå NRQFHSFMH EDGDġ

ZğDVQ\FK L SRG]LHOLå VL÷ Z\QLNDPL SUDF ]ZLã]DQ\FK ] SU]\JRWRZDQLHP UR]SUDZ GRNWRUVNLFK 3UH]HQWDFMH GRNWRUDQWÐZ Z\ZRğDğ\ Rő\ZLRQã G\VNXVM÷ ZijUÐG NDGU\ SURIHVRUVNLHM D GRNWRUDQFL PLHOL RND]M÷ Z\VğXFKDå ZLHOX FHQQ\FK XZDJ VXJHVWLL RUD] ő\F]OLZ\FK SRUDG GRW\F]ãF\FK GDOV]\FK NLHUXQNÐZ EDGDġ L VSRVREÐZ LFK SURZDG]HQLD .ROHMQD ;,, HG\FMD NRQIHUHQFML SU]HZLG\ZDQD MHVW QD ZU]HVLHġ U GU KDE 3DZHğ &DEDğD SURI 8(. GU 7RPDV] 0DğNXV .DWHGU 3URFHVX =DU]ãG]DQLD

8F]HVWQLF\ NRQIHUHQFML e=DU]ãG]DQLH RUJDQL]DFMDPL Z VSRğHF]HġVWZLH LQIRUPDF\MQ\Pr Z =DNRSDQHP DXWRU ]GM÷FLD GU .U]\V]WRI :RŏQLDN

29


wydarzenia

3DWURQDW .DWHGU\ 7XU\VW\NL 8(. VIL STI[IUQ W [XMKRITVWĬKQIKP \]Za[\aKbVaKP _ B;- VZ 3U]\NğDG VWUDWHJLL ZLQ ZLQ UHODFML V]NROQLFWZR Z\őV]H t V]NRğ\ ijUHGQLH

RISW WLXW_QMLbQ VI _[X{ðKbM[VM XZWJTMUa RISWĬKQ S[b\IðKMVQI Q XW\ZbMJ ZaVS] XZIKa

:

VSÐğF]HVQ\ V\VWHP HGXNDFML ]PDJD VL÷ ] ZLHORPD SUREOHPDPL L Z\]ZDQLDPL :ijUÐG QLFK ZVND]\ZDQH Vã P LQ WDNLH DVSHNW\ MDN QLHGRLQZHVWRZDQLH EUDNL NDGURZH MDNRijå QDXF]DQLD D WDNőH QLHGRVWRVRZDQLH QDXF]DQ\FK WUHijFL GR REHFQ\FK L SU]\V]ğ\FK SRWU]HE

30

U\QNX SUDF\ : VSRğHF]HġVWZLH SDQXMH SRZV]HFKQH SU]HNRQDQLH őH NZHVWLH WH ZLQQ\ E\å UR]ZLã]\ZDQH QD V]F]HEOX U]ãGRZ\P L OXE VDPRU]ãGRZ\P 2EVHUZDFMD G]LDğDġ PLQLVWHULDOQ\FK QD SU]HVWU]HQL RVWDWQLFK G]LHVL÷FLROHFL SRND]XMH SUÐE\ Z\FKRG]HQLD LP QDSU]HFLZ SRSU]H] UÐőQH UHIRUP\ D MHGQDN

SUREOHP\ SR]RVWDMã L ZFLãő HZROXXMã =DXZDőD VL÷ RJUDQLF]RQã VNXWHF]QRijå Z\VLğNÐZ U]ãGRZ\FK FR MHGQRF]HijQLH VSU]\MD SRZVWDZDQLX SU]HVWU]HQL GR NUHRZDQLD L ZGUDőDQLD ZV]HONLHJR URG]DMX LQLFMDW\Z RGGROQ\FK SRGHMPRZDQ\FK VDPRG]LHOQLH SU]H] MHGQRVWNL V\VWHPX HGXNDF\MQHJR


6DPD ZVSÐğSUDFD SRPL÷G]\ XF]HOQLã D ZZ WHFKQLNXP PD MXő ZLHOROHWQLã WUDG\FM÷ -HM SRF]ãWNL VL÷JDMã MHV]F]H URNX NLHG\ WR SRGSLVDQR SLHUZV]H SRUR]XPLHQLH PL÷G]\ ÐZF]HVQã $NDGHPLã (NRQRPLF]Qã Z .UDNRZLH D =HVSRğHP 6]NÐğ (NRQRPLF]Q\FK QU 2VWDWQLH RGQRZLHQLH SRUR]XPLHQLD R ZVSÐğSUDF\ SRGSLV\ZDQH E\ğR Z URNX 3ULRU\WHWHP WHM NRRSHUDFML E\ğR L MHVW XPRőOLZLHQLH XF]QLRP ]DSR]QDQLD VL÷ ] IXQNFMRQRZDQLHP Z\őV]HM XF]HOQL JğÐZQLH Z ]DNUHVLH MHM RIHUW\ HGXNDF\MQHM RUD] SRVLDGDQHJR SRWHQFMDğX GRW\F]ãFHJR ]DVREÐZ OXG]NLFK L LQIUDVWUXNWXUDOQ\FK &R ZL÷FHM 5HNWRU 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH REHMPXMH VZRLP SDWURQDWHP KRQRURZ\P Z\EUDQH ZDőQLHMV]H Z\GDU]HQLD Z ő\FLX WHFKQLNXP L MHJR XF]QLÐZ .DWHGUD 7XU\VW\NL SRVWDQRZLğD MHGQDN SÐMijå R NLOND NURNÐZ GDOHM L Z UDPDFK REM÷FLD SDWURQDWHP NODV R SURILODFK WXU\VW\F]Q\FK Z\Mijå QDSU]HFLZ QLHNWÐU\P ZVSÐğF]HVQ\P SUREOHPRP HGXNDF\MQ\P 8URF]\VWD LQDXJXUDFMD ZVSÐğSUDF\ PLDğD PLHMVFH ZU]HijQLD ELHőãFHJR URNX Z PXUDFK =HVSRğX 6]NÐğ (NRQRPLF]Q\FK QU Z .UDNRZLH 3RGF]DV Z\NğDGX JRijFLQQHJR SRSURZDG]RQHJR SU]H] GU KDE -DGZLJ÷ %HUEHN÷ SURI 8(. RUD] GUD 0LFKDğD 5XGQLFNLHJR RILFMDOQLH SRZLWDQR XF]QLÐZ NODV SLHUZV]\FK WHFKQLNXP t SU]\V]ğH NDGU\ ]DZRGRZH EUDQő\ WXU\VW\F]QHM 3RGF]DV WHJR VSRWNDQLD ZUD] ] ] Fã '\UHNWRUD =HVSRğX 6]NÐğ (NRQRPLF]Q\FK QU Z .UDNRZLH t PJU 'DQXWã *ÐUVNã

wydarzenia

-HGQ\P ] SU]HMDZÐZ WDNLHJR G]LDğDQLD MHVW ZVSÐğSUDFD .DWHGU\ 7XU\VW\NL 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH ] =HVSRğHP 6]NÐğ (NRQRPLF]Q\FK QU t QDMZL÷NV]ã NUDNRZVNã V]NRğã ijUHGQLHJR V]F]HEOD NV]WDğFãFã ]DZRGRZR Z NODVDFK R UÐőQ\FK VSHFMDOQRijFLDFK = LQLFMDW\Z\ GUD 0LFKDğD 5XGQLFNLHJR t SUDFRZQLND .DWHGU\ 7XU\VW\NL SRG NLHURZQLFWZHP GU KDE -DGZLJL %HUEHNL SURI 8(. Z GQLX PDUFD URNX SRGSLVDQR SRUR]XPLHQLH R ZVSÐğSUDF\ SROHJDMãFH QD REM÷FLX SDWURQDWHP NODV NV]WDğFãF\FK VL÷ Z ]DZRGDFK WHFKQLN RUJDQL]DFML WXU\VW\NL RUD] WHFKQLN KRWHODUVWZD SU]\EOLőRQR LGH÷ SDWURQDWX L MHJR ZLHORDVSHNWRZH NRU]\ijFL 0LPR őH ZVSÐğSUDFD WD MHVW GRSLHUR Z SRF]ãWNRZHM ID]LH UR]ZRMX SODQRZDQ\ MHVW V]HUHJ G]LDğDġ ] NWÐU\FK F]÷ijå MHVW MXő Z WUDNFLH UHDOL]DFML 0RőQD WX P LQ Z\PLHQLå ELHőãF\ QDG]ÐU L RSLHN÷ PHU\WRU\F]Qã QDG MDNRijFLã ZLHG]\ SU]HND]\ZDQHM XF]QLRP WHFKQLNXP Z\PLDQD GRijZLDGF]Hġ PL÷G]\ NDGUã XQLZHUV\WHFNã D QDXF]\FLHODPL XF]ãF\PL Z WHFKQLNXP XG]LDğ QDXF]\FLHOL L XF]QLÐZ Z NRQIHUHQFMDFK V]NROHQLDFK RUD] Z\NğDGDFK RWZDUW\FK RUJDQL]RZDQ\FK SU]H] SUDFRZQLNÐZ .DWHGU\ 7XU\VW\NL XPRőOLZLHQLH XF]QLRP ZUD] ] LFK QDXF]\FLHODPL XG]LDğX Z VSRWNDQLDFK EUDQőRZ\FK ZğãF]HQLH XF]QLÐZ WHFKQLNXP Z SURFHV\ RUJDQL]DF\MQH ZLHOX UÐőQ\FK Z\GDU]Hġ EL]QHVRZ\FK EUDQő\ WXU\VW\F]QHM RUD] Z\GDU]Hġ NXOWXUDOQ\FK QS QD ]DVDG]LH ZRORQWDULDWX ']L÷NL W\P RUD] LQQ\P G]LDğDQLRP XF]QLRZLH WHFKQLNXP QLH W\ONR RWU]\PDMã NRPSOHNVRZã ZLHG]÷ SRWU]HEQã GR Z\NRQ\ZDQLD ]DZRGX DOH SRV]HU]ã VZRMH KRU\]RQW\ RVRELijFLH GRijZLDGF]ã UHDOLÐZ U\QNX SRSU]H] NRQWDNW ] RVREDPL SUDFXMãF\PL Z WXU\VW\FH RUD] X]\VNDMã PRőOLZRijå DGDSWDFML SR]\VNDQ\FK ZLDGRPRijFL Z ZDUXQNDFK IXQNFMRQRZDQLD EUDQő\ .RU]\ijFL ] WHM ZVSÐğSUDF\ RGQLRVã QLH W\ONR VDPL XF]QLRZLH DOH WDNőH WHFKQLNXP L QDXF]\FLHOH Z QLP XF]ãF\ ']L÷NL WHM ZVSÐğSUDF\ SRGQRVL VL÷ UDQJD L SUHVWLő =HVSRğX 6]NÐğ (NRQRPLF]Q\FK QU G]L÷NL F]HPX LFK RIHUWD VWDMH VL÷ EDUG]LHM NRQNXUHQF\MQD ZijUÐG V]NÐğ ijUHGQLFK

3RQDGWR QDXF]\FLHOH WHM V]NRğ\ PDMã PRőOLZRijå XF]HVWQLFWZD Z UÐőQ\FK Z\GDU]HQLDFK EUDQőRZ\FK L GRV]NDODMãF\FK &R ZL÷FHM G]L÷NL VWDğ\P NRQWDNWRP ] SUDFRZQLNDPL .DWHGU\ 7XU\VW\NL SURJUDP QDXF]DQLD QD ELHőãFR X]XSHğQLDQ\ MHVW R WUHijFL SRőãGDQH ] SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD EUDQő\ WXU\VW\F]QHM L SRWU]HE U\QNX :VSÐğSUDFD WD PD WDNőH SU]\QLHijå Z\PLHUQH NRU]\ijFL GOD 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH RUD] NLHUXQNX 7XU\VW\ND L UHNUHDFMD ']L÷NL OLF]Q\P Z]DMHPQ\P NRQWDNWRP REX SRGPLRWÐZ QLH W\ONR SU]HGVWDZLRQD ]RVWDQLH RIHUWD HGXNDF\MQD DOH SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP VNUÐFRQ\ ]RVWDQLH G\VWDQV SR]QDZF]\ VDPHM XF]HOQL L NLHUXQNX =DNğDGD VL÷ ]ZL÷NV]RQH ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLH RIHUWã VWXGLÐZ NWÐUH Z GDOV]HM SHUVSHNW\ZLH XPRőOLZLã Z\NV]WDğFHQLH VSHFMDOLVW\F]Q\FK NDGU EUDQő\ WXU\VW\F]QHM WDN WHUD] SRWU]HEQ\FK Z REOLF]X REVHUZRZDQ\FK ]MDZLVN PDNURHNRQRPLF]Q\FK 2EM÷FLH SDWURQDWHP NODV R SURILOX WXU\VW\F]Q\P Z =6( QU Z .UDNRZLH SU]H] .DWHGU÷ 7XU\VW\NL 8(. MHVW RGSRZLHG]Lã QD LGHQW\ILNRZDQH SUREOHP\ QLH W\ONR R FKDUDNWHU]H HGXNDF\MQ\P DOH WDNőH RGSRZLHG]Lã QD FRUD] OLF]QLHMV]H JğRV\ SU]HGVL÷ELRUFÐZ L RVÐE ]DU]ãG]DMãF\FK EUDQőã WXU\VW\F]Qã R SRWU]HELH Z\NZDOLILNRZDQLD VSHFMDOLVW\F]Q\FK NDGU 3R]RVWDMH PLHå QDG]LHM÷ őH Z\VLğNL WH SU]\QLRVã RF]HNLZDQH HIHNW\ L ZV]\VWNLH VWURQ\ WHM UHODFML RGQLRVã NRU]\ijFL

GU 0LFKDğ 5XGQLFNL .DWHGUD 7XU\VW\NL

31


wydarzenia

2 SU]HP\ijOH na 8(. &]ZDUWD UHZROXFMD SU]HP\VğRZD PD PRFQH HNRQRPLF]QH NRQVHNZHQFMH § La[S]\W_ITQĬUa W \aU VI SWVNMZMVKRQ =VQ_MZ[a\M\]

-SWVWUQKbVMOW _ 3ZISW_QM

Z

t &]ZDUWD UHZROXFMD SU]HP\VğRZD D QDPL F\NO NRQIHUHQFML MHVW Z RVWDWQLFK ODWDFK MHGQ\P SRGVXPRZXMãF\FK QDMZDőQLHMV]H RVLãJQL÷FLD SURMHNWX ] QDMZDőQLHMV]\FK Z\]ZDġ GOD ijZLDWD QDXNL 2EVHUZXMHP\ FRUD] e6SRğHF]QR JRVSRGDUF]H VLOQLHMV]H RGG]LDğ\ZDQLH QRZ\FK NRQVHNZHQFMH F]ZDUWHM UHZROXFML WHFKQRORJLL QD IXQNFMRQRZDQLH SU]HP\VğRZHMr 5(9 &\NO V\VWHPX VSRğHF]QR JRVSRGDUF]HG]LHZL÷FLX NRQIHUHQFML Z÷]ğRZ\FK JR 'ODWHJR UR]PDZLDP\ R W\P RGE\ğ VL÷ Z WHUPLQLH ZU]HijUÐZQLHő Z NRQWHNijFLH HNRQRPLL QLD U QDWRPLDVW NRQIHUHQFMD JğÐZQD RGE\ğD VL÷ Z GQLDFK – SRGNUHijOD GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. OLGHU SURMHNWX ZU]HijQLD U

32

e6SRğHF]QR JRVSRGDUF]H NRQVHNZHQFMH F]ZDUWHM UHZROXFML SU]HP\VğRZHMr (IHNW\ ]DFKRG]ãF\FK ]PLDQ RUD] LFK ]QDF]HQLH ]RVWDğ\ QD]ZDQH 3U]HP\VğHP D Z QDVW÷SVWZLH t F]ZDUWã UHZROXFMã SU]HP\VğRZã 1LHEDJDWHOQã URO÷ Z SURFHVLH UR]SR]QDZDQLD L SRMPRZDQLD PHFKDQL]PÐZ RUD] VNXWNÐZ F]ZDUWHM


2GSRZLHG]Lã QD WH Z\]ZDQLD E\ğ SURMHNW e6SRğHF]QR JRVSRGDUF]H NRQVHNZHQFMH F]ZDUWHM UHZROXFML SU]HP\VğRZHMr UHDOL]RZDQ\ SU]H] 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .UDNRZLH ZH ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] 0LQLVWHUVWZHP (GXNDFML L 1DXNL 5R]OHJğD WHPDW\ND SURMHNWX VSRZRGRZDğD NRQLHF]QRijå SRG]LDğX ]DGDġ SRPL÷G]\ ]HVSRğ\ %DGDQLD QDXNRZH ]RVWDğ\ ]DSODQRZDQH ZRNÐğ SUREOHPÐZ Z÷]ğRZ\FK 3UREOHP\ Z÷]ğRZH ZUD] ] OLGHUDPL ]HVSRğÐZ •

=ğRőRQRijå ]DU]ãG]DQLD RUJDQL]DFMDPL Z ZDUXQNDFK F]ZDUWHM UHZROXFML SU]HP\VğRZHM t GU KDE 0DULXV] 6RğW\VLN SURI 8(.

&\IU\]DFMD SURFHVÐZ SURGXNFML L ]DU]ãG]DQLD t GU KDE 'DULXV] '\PHN SURI 8(.

3U]HPLDQ\ QD U\QNDFK ILQDQVRZ\FK L Z NOXF]RZ\FK LQVW\WXFMDFK U\QNRZ\FK t GU KDE 0DUFLQ &]XSU\QD SURI 8(.

=DU]ãG]DQLH SURGXNWHP t GU KDE LQő 0DJGDOHQD :RMQDURZVND SURI 8(.

1RZH UHODFMH SU]HP\VğRZH t GU KDE 0DULD 8UEDQLHF SURI 8(.

=DVRE\ UR]ZRMRZH QRZHM JRVSRGDUNL t GU 0DğJRU]DWD .RVDğD

3ROLW\ND UHJXODF\MQD t GU KDE ĞXNDV] 0DPLFD SURI 8(.

0HFKDQL]P\ ]DU]ãG]DQLD G]LDğDQLDPL ]ELRURZ\PL t GU 0LFKDğ 0RőGőHġ

wydarzenia

UHZROXFML SU]HP\VğRZHM RGJU\ZDMã QDXNL HNRQRPLF]QH :\]ZDQLD WHRUHW\F]QH L DSOLNDF\MQH RJQLVNXMã VL÷ ZRNÐğ ZSğ\ZX MDNL UHZROXFMD Z\ZLHUD QD SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZD U\QHN SUDF\ L PHFKDQL]P\ NRRUG\QDF\MQH

.DőG\ ]HVSÐğ ]DSUH]HQWRZDğ HIHNW\ VZRLFK SUDF SRGF]DV NRQIHUHQFML Z÷]ğRZ\FK QD NWÐU\FK OLGHU]\ RUD] F]ğRQNRZLH ]HVSRğÐZ SU]HGVWDZLDOL QDMZDőQLHMV]H Z\QLNL EDGDġ UHDOL]RZDQ\FK Z WUDNFLH WUZDQLD SURMHNWX : NRQIHUHQFMDFK XF]HVWQLF]\ğR ]DFQH JURQR QDXNRZFÐZ t NUDMRZ\FK RUD] ]DJUDQLF]Q\FK NWÐU]\ UÐZQLHő G]LHOLOL VL÷ VZRLPL ERJDW\PL GRijZLDGF]HQLD ] ]DNUHVX F]ZDUWHM UHZROXFML SU]HP\VğRZHM &\NO NRQIHUHQFML Z÷]ğRZ\FK ]ZLHġF]\ğD NRQIHUHQFMD JğÐZQD SRGF]DV NWÐUHM ]DSUH]HQWRZDQR QDMZDőQLHMV]H RVLãJQL÷FLD SURMHNWX .RQIHUHQFM÷ RWZRU]\ğ -0 5HNWRU GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(.

:ijUÐG HIHNWÐZ UHDOL]DFML SURMHNWX ZDUWR Z\PLHQLå SXEOLNDFM÷ SW e,QGXVWULDO 5HYROXWLRQ (FRQRPLF )RXQGDWLRQV DQG 3UDFWLFDO ,PSOLFDWLRQVr SRG UHGDNFMã GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZD 0D]XUD SURI 8(. 1D VWURQLH UHY XHN NUDNRZ SO PRőQD ]QDOHŏå PDWHULDğ\ ILOPRZH ] F\NOX NRQIHUHQFML 3URMHNW e6SRğHF]QR JRVSRGDUF]H NRQVHNZHQFMH F]ZDUWHM UHZROXFML SU]HP\VğRZHMr ILQDQVRZDQ\ MHVW SU]H] 0LQLVWHUVWZR (GXNDFML L 1DXNL ZF]HijQLHM 0LQLVWHUVWZHP 1DXNL L 6]NROQLFWZD :\őV]HJR PJU LQő :RMFLHFK 6\SHN 0DğRSROVND 6]NRğD $GPLQLVWUDFML 3XEOLF]QHM

0RGHOH Z\WZDU]DQLD L G\VWU\EXFML GÐEU L XVğXJ SXEOLF]Q\FK t GU KDE 0DULD 3ğRQND SURI 8(. 33


wydarzenia

=PLHQLDMãFH VL÷ JUDQLFH G]LDğDQLD SDġVWZD ī_QI\ XW XIVLMUQQ Q _WRVI VI =SZIQVQM '\VNXVMD ZRNÐğ RVğDELHQLD LQVW\WXFML PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\FK ]DNUHVX LQWHUZHQFML SDġVWZD L UROL NRUSRUDFML § 2MNNZMa ;IKP[

Q 5QKPIMT , 3MVVMLa VI SWVNMZMVKRQ +MV\Z]U 8WTQ\aS 8]JTQKbVaKP

:

GQLDFK U RGE\ğD VL÷ PL÷G]\QDURGRZD NRQIHUHQFMD 7KH 6KLIWLQJ /LPLWV RI 6WDWH $FWLRQ 7KH :RUOG DIWHU 3DQGHPLFV DQG WKH :DU LQ 8NUDLQH ]RUJDQL]RZDQD Z UDPDFK LQLFMDW\Z\ &HQWUXP 3ROLW\N 3XEOLF]Q\FK 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH

.RQIHUHQFM÷ RWZRU]\ğ -0 5HNWRU 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. e&LHV]÷ VL÷ őH &HQWUXP 3ROLW\N 3XEOLF]Q\FK L 8QLZHUV\WHW Vã PLHMVFHP ZDőQHM PL÷G]\QDURGRZHM G\VNXVML 1LH W\ONR Z 3ROVFH MHVWHijP\ REHFQLH ijZLDGNDPL PRPHQWX SU]HZDUWRijFLRZDQLD L ]PLDQ\ ZLHOX REV]DUÐZ G]LDğDQLD SDġVWZD L SROLW\N SXEOLF]Q\FK 7R VSRWNDQLH MHVW W\P FHQQLHMV]H őH MHJR XF]HVWQLF\ SRWUDILã WH ]PLDQ\ ]GLDJQR]RZDå L Z\FLãJQãå ] QLFK LVWRWQH ZQLRVNLr 34

:ijUÐG JRijFL Z UDPDFK SDQHOL G\VNXV\MQ\FK L Z\NğDGÐZ QD NRQIHUHQFML Z\VWãSLOL P LQ SURI -HIIUH\ 6DFKV ] &ROXPELD 8QLYHUVLW\ 5RFFR %XWWLJOLRQH t E\ğ\ ZğRVNL PLQLVWHU GR VSUDZ HXURSHMVNLFK 3LRWU $UDN t G\UHNWRU 3ROVNLHJR ,QVW\WXWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR 0LFKDHO ' .HQQHG\ t SURIHVRU VRFMRORJLL RUD] VSUDZ PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\FK L SXEOLF]Q\FK QD 8QLZHUV\WHFLH %URZQD 86$ -XVW\QD *RWNRZVND t NRRUG\QDWRU 3URJUDPX %H]SLHF]HġVWZD 5HJLRQDOQHJR Z ZDUV]DZVNLP WKLQN WDQNX 2ijURGHN 6WXGLÐZ :VFKRGQLFK µ\VWHLQ 7XQVMÕ t SURIHVRU L NLHURZQLN SURJUDPX 6HFXULW\ LQ $VLD Z 1RUZHVNLP ,QVW\WXFLH 6WXGLÐZ 2EURQQ\FK Z 1RUZHJLDQ 'HIHQFH 8QLYHUVLW\ &ROOHJH 3LRWU .RS\FLġVNL G\UHNWRU 0DğRSROVNLHM 6]NRğ\ $GPLQLVWUDFML 3XEOLF]QHM 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH

e-HVWHijP\ ijZLDGNDPL V]\ENR ]PLHQLDMãFHJR VL÷ ijZLDWD .LHG\ NLOND ODW WHPX Z\GDZDğR VL÷ őH WR ]PLDQ\ NOLPDWX E÷Gã GOD QDV QDV]\FK JRVSRGDUHN L FDğ\FK VSRğHF]HġVWZ QDMZL÷NV]\P Z\]ZDQLHP SU]\V]ğD SDQGHPLD D SÐŏQLHM ZRMQD Z 8NUDLQLH =DSURVLOLijP\ HNVSHUWÐZ ] FDğHJR ijZLDWD GR G\VNXVML R W\P QRZ\P MHV]F]H EDUG]LHM VNRPSOLNRZDQ\P ijZLHFLHr .RQIHUHQFMD GRW\F]\ğD Z\]QDF]DQLD QRZ\FK JUDQLF LQWHUZHQFML SDġVWZD L VNXSLDğD VL÷ QD RNUHijODQLX QRZ\FK REV]DUÐZ LQWHUZHQFML SXEOLF]QHM :\GDU]HQLD RVWDWQLFK PLHVL÷F\ Z V]F]HJÐOQRijFL ZVSRPQLDQD SDQGHPLD L ZRMQD Z 8NUDLQLH GRSURZDG]Lğ\ ERZLHP GR ]QDF]ãFHJR SU]HVXQL÷FLD JUDQLF DNW\ZQRijFL SDġVWZD = MHGQHM VWURQ\ SRMDZLğ\ VL÷ QRZH REV]DU\ NWÐUH GRSLHUR ]DF]\QDMã E\å REHMPRZDQH G]LDğDQLHP SDġVWZD


3LHUZV]D ] QLFK WR RVğDELHQLH UROL LQVW\WXFML PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\FK NWÐU\FK EUDN ]GROQRijFL GR NRRUG\QDFML ]RVWDğ REQDőRQ\ SU]H] SDQGHPL÷ &R PRőH VNXWNRZDå QRZã RGVğRQã eNRQFHUWX PRFDUVWZr t Z]PDFQLDQLD SR]\FML NLONX QDMZL÷NV]\FK JUDF]\ SU]\ MHGQRF]HVQ\P Z\UDŏQ\P ]PQLHMV]HQLX UROL SR]RVWDğ\FK SDġVWZ 'UXJD KLSRWH]D GRW\F]\ğD RF]HNLZDġ VSRğHF]Q\FK Z ]DNUHVLH NU\]\VRZ\FK LQWHUZHQFML SXEOLF]Q\FK = MHGQHM VWURQ\ Z ODWDFK L SDġVWZD E\ğ\ ]QDF]QLH DNW\ZQLHMV]H Z SU]HFLZG]LDğDQLX VNXWNRP NU\]\VX QLő PLDğR WR PLHMVFH FKRFLDőE\ SR NUDFKX URNX 3R]ZROLğR WR ]QDF]QLH ]PQLHMV]\å QHJDW\ZQH NRQVHNZHQFMH V]RNÐZ JRVSRGDUF]\FK = GUXJLHM MHGQDN VWURQ\ VSRğHF]HġVWZD JZDğWRZQLH Z\UDőDğ\ QLH]DGRZROHQLH ] EUDNX

wydarzenia

= GUXJLHM QDWRPLDVW SDġVWZR Z\FRIXMH VL÷ ] QLHNWÐU\FK VZRLFK WUDG\F\MQ\FK UÐO 8QLNDWRZRijå NRQIHUHQFML SROHJDğD QD G\VNXVMDFK SDQHORZ\FK ZãVNLHJR JURQD HNVSHUWÐZ NWÐU\P SU]\VğXFKLZDOL VL÷ XF]HVWQLF\ ] NUDMX L ] ]DJUDQLF\ '\VNXVMD WRF]\ğD VL÷ ZRNÐğ WU]HFK JğÐZQ\FK KLSRWH]

VSÐMQRijFL ZSURZDG]DQ\FK RERVWU]Hġ : HIHNFLH GRSURZDG]LğR WR GR Z\VWãSLHQLD VNUDMQ\FK HPRFML NWÐUH PRJã XWUXGQLå ]DNURMRQH QD V]HURNã VNDO÷ LQWHUZHQFMH SDġVWZD Z SU]\V]ğRijFL 7U]HFLD KLSRWH]D QDZLã]\ZDğD ]Dij GR NRQVHNZHQFML Z]PRFQLHQLD ]QDF]HQLD NRUSRUDFML SRQDGQDURGRZ\FK FRUD] DNW\ZQLHM ZSğ\ZDMãF\FK QD SROLW\N÷ SDġVWZ 3RQDGWR PRőOLZH VWDğR VL÷ GRğãF]HQLH NRUSRUDFML MDNR UÐZQRU]÷GQ\FK JUDF]\ GR eNRQFHUWX PRFDUVWZr NWÐU\ GRWãG ]DUH]HUZRZDQ\ E\ğ Z\ğãF]QLH GOD SDġVWZ

1D VWURQLH SROLW\NLSXEOLF]QH SO PRőQD ]QDOHŏå ILOPRZH PDWHULDğ\ ] WHJR Z\GDU]HQLD .RQIHUHQFMD SW r7KH 6KLIWLQJ /LPLWV RI 6WDWH $FWLRQ 7KH :RUOG DIWHU 3DQGHPLFV DQG WKH :DU LQ 8NUDLQHr ]RVWDğD ]RUJDQL]RZDQD Z UDPDFK SURMHNWX e.RQIHUHQFMD PL÷G]\QDURGRZD *UDQLFH LQWHUZHQFML SXEOLF]QHMr L ]RVWDğD VILQDQVRZDQD ]H ijURGNÐZ 0LQLVWHUVWZD (GXNDFML L 1DXNL Z UDPDFK SURJUDPX e'RVNRQDğD 1DXNDr

PJU LQő :RMFLHFK 6\SHN 0DğRSROVND 6]NRğD $GPLQLVWUDFML 3XEOLF]QHM

35


wydarzenia

+HULWRSROLV t =-3 _ VW_MR [QMKQ _[X{ðXZIKa XWL MOQLĊ 76B ZU]HijQLD -0 5HNWRU 8(. SURI 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SRGSLVDğ OLVW LQWHQF\MQ\ SU]\VWãSLHQLD GR PL÷G]\QDURGRZHJR NRQVRUFMXP SDUWQHUÐZ XQLZHUV\WHFNLFK +HULWRSROLV LbQIðIRĊKMOW _ ZIUIKP QVQKRI\a_a

5M\ZW0]J XZW_ILbWVMR XZbMb =6 0IJQ\I\ IOMVLĔ 76B bIRU]RĊKĊ [QĔ S_M[\QIUQ ]ZJIVQbIKRQ Q W[QMLTQ T]LbSQKP ? SWV[WZKR]U =-3 JĔLbQM ZMXZMbMV\W_IČ 3I\MLZI =6-;+7 ,bQMLbQK\_I Q ;\]LQ{_ 5QMR[SQKP

:

QRZ\ URN DNDGHPLFNL .DWHGUD +LVWRULL *RVSRGDUF]HM L 6SRğHF]QHM SURZDG]ãFD .DWHGU÷ 81(6&2 ']LHG]LFWZD L 6WXGLÐZ 0LHMVNLFK ZFKRG]L MDNR RILFMDOQ\ F]ğRQHN PL÷G]\QDURGRZHM VLHFL EDGDZF]HM +HULWRSROLV GR NWÐUHM QDOHő\ MXő NLONDQDijFLH .DWHGU 81(6&2 UHSUH]HQWXMãF\FK XF]HOQLH ] FDğHJR ijZLDWD =D UHDOL]DFM÷ G]LDğDġ Z UDPDFK WHM ZVSÐğSUDF\ RGSRZLDGDå E÷Gã Z V]F]HJÐOQRijFL SURI -DFHN 3XUFKOD L GU -RDQQD 6DQHWUD 6]HOLJD 8G]LDğ Z SUDFDFK VLHFL +HULWRSROLV WR NROHMQH G]LDğDQLH .DWHGU\ +LVWRULL *RVSRGDUF]HM L 6SRğHF]QHM ]ZLã]DQH ] MHM XF]HVWQLFWZHP RG U Z SURJUDPLH 81,7:,1 81(6&2 &KDLUV 3URJUDPPH NWÐU\ VNXSLDMãF SRQDG LQVW\WXFML ]H NUDMÐZ PD ]D ]DGDQLH SURPRFM÷ PL÷G]\QDURGRZHM ZVSÐğSUDF\ PL÷G]\XF]HOQLDQHM 6LHå +HULWRSROLV SRZVWDğD QLHFDğ\ URN WHPX SRG DXVSLFMDPL 81 +DELWDW L PD QD VZRLP NRQFLH NLOND SLHUZV]\FK G]LDğDġ -HGQ\P ] QLFK MHVW SXEOLNDFMD ZVW÷SQHJR UDSRUWX +HULWDJH DQG WKH PHWURSROLV &XUUHQW VWDWXV HPHUJLQJ WUHQGV DQG FRQWULEXWLRQV WR VXVWDLQDELOLW\ $ SUHOLPLQDU\

36

DQDO\VLV EDVHG RQ LQGLYLGXDO FLW\ UHSRUWV : NROHMQHM MHJR HG\FML QD SRF]ãWNX SU]\V]ğHJR URNX GR JURQD DQDOL]RZDQ\FK PHWURSROLL GRğãF]\ UÐZQLHő .UDNÐZ G]L÷NL SU]\JRWRZ\ZDQ\P SU]H] GU -RDQQ÷ 6DQHWU÷ 6]HOLJ÷ EDGDQLRP +HULWRSROLV E\ğR UÐZQLHő REHFQH QD :RUOG 8UEDQ )RUXP NWÐUHJR MHGHQDVWD HG\FMD RGE\ğD VL÷ Z .DWRZLFDFK Z F]HUZFX EU 'U -RDQQD 6DQHWUD 6]HOLJD E\ğD ZijUÐG SUHOHJHQWÐZ VHVML +HULWRSROLV 1DWRPLDVW ZU]HijQLD RGE\ğR VL÷ VHPLQDULXP RQOLQH 7KH +HULWRSROLV /XQFKWLPH *ORELQDU 1HZ +HULWDJH 'LPHQVLRQV )RU 7KH VW &HQWXU\ Z F]÷ijFL PRGHURZDQH SU]H] GU 6DQHWU÷ 6]HOLJ÷ &HOHP PL÷G]\QDURGRZHJR VHPLQDULXP E\ğD G\VNXVMD R SRWHQFMDOH VSRğHF]QR HNRQRPLF]Q\P G]LHG]LFWZD Z PHWURSROLDFK L UROL MDNã PRőH RGJU\ZDå Z SU]\JRWRZ\ZDQHM SU]H] 21= VWUDWHJLL ]UÐZQRZDőRQHJR UR]ZRMX QD NROHMQH ODWD .RQFHSFMD +HULWRSROLV Z\UDVWD ] SU]HNRQDQLD őH SR SLHUZV]H PHWURSROL]DFMD WR JğÐZQD FHFKD RVLHGOL OXG]NLFK ;;, Z 2EHFQLH SRQDG OXGQRijFL PLHMVNLHM t WM MHGQD WU]HFLD OXG]NRijFL t PLHV]ND Z REV]DUDFK PHWURSROLWDOQ\FK OLF]ãF\FK SRQDG

PLHV]NDġFÐZ $ FR GZD W\JRGQLH SRZVWDMH QRZD PHWURSROLD 3RQDGWR PHWURSROLH WR PRWRU\ Z]URVWX ORNDOQHJR L NUDMRZHJR ZHGOH V]DFXQNÐZ Z\WZDU]DMã ijZLDWRZHJR 3.% 3R GUXJLH ]Dij G]LHG]LFWZR L UÐőQRURGQRijå PHWURSROLL PRőQD X]QDå ]D JğÐZQ\ ]DVÐE ;;, ZLHNX NWÐU\ QDOHő\ SU]HND]Då NROHMQ\P SRNROHQLRP 6WãG WHő NRQLHF]QRijå ]EDGDQLD ]DOHőQRijFL SRPL÷G]\ PHWURSROLã D G]LHG]LFWZHP NXOWXURZ\P L QDWXUDOQ\P PDWHULDOQ\P L QLHPDWHULDOQ\P ']LHG]LFWZR PRőH LVWQLHå EH] PHWURSROLL DOH F]\P MHVW G]LHG]LFWZR PHWURSROLL" 3RWU]HEQH Vã QRZH NRQFHSFMH L QDU]÷G]LD DE\ OHSLHM ]UR]XPLHå G]LHG]LFWZR PHWURSROLWDOQH Z NRQWHNijFLH SU]HPLDQ VSRğHF]QR SROLW\F]Q\FK L ]PLDQ JRVSRGDUF]\FK 'ODWHJR SU]HGHILQLRZDQLH PHWURSROLL MHVW QLH]E÷GQ\P NURNLHP GR RWZDUFLD G\VNXVML QD UÐőQH IRUP\ UHODFML PL÷G]\ G]LHG]LFWZHP GREURE\WHP L ]UÐZQRZDőRQ\P UR]ZRMHP :L÷FHM QD WHPDW +HULWRSROLV ZZZ KHULWRSROLV RUJ GU -RDQQD 6DQHWUD 6]HOLJD .DWHGUD +LVWRULL *RVSRGDUF]HM L 6SRğHF]QHM


wydarzenia

8URF]\VWH ]DNRġF]HQLH VWXGLÐZ SRG\SORPRZ\FK ZMITQbW_IVaKP LTI XZIKW_VQS{_ ZM[WZ\] VIV[{_ : GQLX ZU]HijQLD EU Z ILOLL .UDMRZHM 6]NRğ\ 6NDUERZRijFL Z 2WZRFNX RGE\ğR VL÷ ]ZWKba[\M bISWġKbMVQM [\]LQ{_ XWLaXTWUW_aKP VI

SQMZ]VS] ¶:IKP]VSW_WĬČ NQVIV[W_I bIZbĊLKbI Q [XZI_WbLI_KbWĬČ NQVIV[W_Iª

S

WXGLD ]RVWDğ\ ]RUJDQL]RZDQH SU]H] .DWHGU÷ )LQDQVÐZ L 3ROLW\NL )LQDQVRZHM 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH ZH ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] .UDMRZã 6]NRğã 6NDUERZRijFL L 0LQLVWHUVWZHP )LQDQVÐZ

]RVWDğ\ SRSURZDG]RQH SU]H] Z\NğDGRZFÐZ DNDGHPLFNLFK RUD] VSHFMDOLVWÐZ ZVSÐğSUDFXMãF\FK ] .DWHGUã )LQDQVÐZ L 3ROLW\NL )LQDQVRZHM : WUDNFLH XURF]\VWRijFL RGE\ğR VL÷ WDNőH RILFMDOQH ]DNRġF]HQLH SR]RVWDğ\FK NLHUXQNÐZ VWXGLÐZ

SRG\SORPRZ\FK UHDOL]RZDQ\FK SU]H] .UDMRZã 6]NRğ÷ 6NDUERZRijFL ZH ZVSÐğSUDF\ ]H 6]NRğã *ğÐZQã +DQGORZã RUD] 8QLZHUV\WHWHP Z %LDğ\PVWRNX PJU 5DGRVğDZ IJOXVDUF]\N .DWHGUD )LQDQVÐZ L 3ROLW\NL )LQDQVRZHM

*RVSRGDU]DPL XURF]\VWRijFL E\OL 6]HI .UDMRZHM $GPLQLVWUDFML 6NDUERZHM 3DQ %DUWRV] =EDUDV]F]XN RUD] '\UHNWRU .UDMRZHM 6]NRğ\ 6NDUERZRijFL 3DQL ,ZRQD *LHUV]WRI &]DMND 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .UDNRZLH QD XURF]\VWRijFL UHSUH]HQWRZDOL GU KDE $QQD 0RŏG]LHU] SURI 8(. ']LHNDQ .ROHJLXP (NRQRPLL )LQDQVÐZ L 3UDZD .LHURZQLN VWXGLÐZ SRG\SORPRZ\FK RUD] PJU 5DGRVğDZ IJOXVDUF]\N RSLHNXQ VWXGLÐZ SRG\SORPRZ\FK 3URJUDP VWXGLÐZ SRG\SORPRZ\FK REHMPRZDğ JRG]LQ G\GDNW\F]Q\FK GOD JUXS\ VğXFKDF]\ E÷GãF\FK SUDFRZQLNDPL .UDMRZHM $GPLQLVWUDFML 6NDUERZHM =DM÷FLD 37


wydarzenia

?IZ[b\I\a b bISZM[]

,QGXVWU\ :H ZU]HijQLX QD 8QLZHUV\WHFLH -DHQ RGE\ğ\ VL÷ ZDUV]WDW\ ] ]DNUHVX ,QGXVWU\ Z NWÐU\FK Z]L÷OL XG]LDğ SUDFRZQLF\ 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH ?IZ[b\I\a Jaða RMLVaU b MTMUMV\{_

XZWRMS\] <MIKPQVO ,QOQ\IT -V\ZMXZMVM]Z[PQX VIV[W_IVMOW _ ZIUIKP XZWOZIU] -ZI[U][ XIZ\VMZ[\_I [\ZI\MOQKbVM VI ZbMKb [bSWTVQK\_I _aĵ[bMOW =VQ_MZ[a\M\ -SWVWUQKbVa _a[\ĔX]RM _ ZWTQ SWWZLaVI\WZI XZWRMS\] Q TQLMZI UQĔLbaVIZWLW_MOW SWV[WZKR]U

3

URJUDP\ QDXF]DQLD SU]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL SRZLQQ\ XZ]JO÷GQLDå ]PLDQ\ Z IXQNFMRQRZDQLX ILUP VSRZRGRZDQH Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQLHP QRZ\FK WHFKQRORJLL L ZSğ\ZHP JRVSRGDUNL F\IURZHM &HOHP SURMHNWX 7HDFKLQJ 'LJLWDO (QWUHSUHQHXUVKLS MHVW Z\SUDFRZDQLH UR]ZLã]Dġ NWÐUH SRGQLRVã MDNRijå NV]WDğFHQLD RUD] E÷Gã RGSRZLDGDğ\ ZVSÐğF]HVQ\P SRWU]HERP VSRğHF]HġVWZD L JRVSRGDUNL 3RGF]DV WU]HFK GQL V]NROHQLRZ\FK QD NDPSXVLH QDXNRZR WHFKQRORJLF]Q\P Z /LQDUHV XF]HVWQLF\ UHSUH]HQWXMãF\ V]Hijå XF]HOQL SDUWQHUVNLFK EUDOL XG]LDğ ZDUV]WDWDFK L VHPLQDULDFK ] ]DNUHVX DXWRPDW\NL URERW\NL V\VWHPÐZ F\EHUIL]\F]Q\FK ,R7 V]WXF]QHM LQWHOLJHQFML RUD] ZLUWXDOQHM L UR]V]HU]RQHM U]HF]\ZLVWRijFL 2GZLHG]LOL UÐZQLHő ORNDOQH ILUP\ Z\NRU]\VWXMãFH UR]ZLã]DQLD ] ]DNUHVX ,QGXVWU\ Z FRG]LHQQHM G]LDğDOQRijFL 3U]HSURZDG]RQH ZDUV]WDW\ SR]ZROLğ\ QD SRGQLHVLHQLH ZLHG]\ Z ]DNUHVLH Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQLD QRZRF]HVQ\FK WHFKQRORJLL RSW\PDOL]XMãF\FK SUDF÷ ILUP D Z NRQVHNZHQFML XPRőOLZLã Z\NRU]\VWDQLH W\FK LQIRUPDFML Z SU]\JRWRZ\ZDQLX SURJUDPÐZ QDXF]DQLD SU]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL

38

5HDOL]DFMD WU]\OHWQLHJR SURMHNWX 7HDFKLQJ 'LJLWDO (QWUHSUHQHXUVKLS UR]SRF]÷ğD VL÷ ZH ZU]HijQLX URNX FDğNRZLW\ EXGőHW WR SRQDG HXUR 3URMHNW ]RVWDğ SU]\JRWRZDQ\ SRG NLHURZQLFWZHP SURI GU KDE 0DUND äZLNOLFNLHJR ] .DWHGU\ =DU]ãG]DQLD 2UJDQL]DFMDPL 3XEOLF]Q\PL ZH ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] V]HijFLRPD XF]HOQLDPL SDUWQHUVNLPL 8QLYHUVLW\ RI -DHQ +LV]SDQLD %RU\V *ULQFKHQNR .\LY 8QLYHUVLW\ 8NUDLQD 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 1DSOHV 3DUWKHQRSH :ğRFK\ 9LHQQD 8QLYHUVLW\ RI (FRQRPLFV DQG %XVLQHVV $XVWULD 8QLYHUVLW\ RI

6DOHUQR :ğRFK\ RUD] 8QLYHUVLW\ RI )RJJLD :ğRFK\ : UDPDFK SURMHNWX SRZVWDğ\ GR WHM SRU\ QDVW÷SXMãFH SURGXNW\ Z\W\F]QH GR QDXF]DQLD SU]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL F\IURZHM WH[WERRN 'RLQJ EXVLQHVV GLJLWDOO\ &DVHERRN +RZ WR GR EXVLQHVV LQ GLJLWDO HUD RUD] V\ODEXV\ GR SU]HGPLRWÐZ ] ]DNUHVX SU]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL F\IURZHM ,QIRUPDFMH QD WHPDW SURMHNWX PRőQD QD ELHőãFR ijOHG]Lå QD VWURQLH LQWHUQHWRZHM WHG XHN NUDNRZ SO RUJ PJU .DPLOD 3LOFK .DWHGUD =DU]ãG]DQLD 2UJDQL]DFMDPL 3XEOLF]Q\PL


wydarzenia

*U]\EREUDQLH _aRIbL QV\MOZIKaRVa XZIKW_VQS{_ Q MUMZa\{_ : VğRQHF]Qã VRERW÷ SDŏG]LHUQLND RGE\ğR VL÷ SLHUZV]H RG ZLHOX ODW JU]\EREUDQLH ]RUJDQL]RZDQH GOD SUDFRZQLNÐZ L HPHU\WÐZ QDV]HM 8F]HOQL ,bQĬ R]ĵ _QMUa ĵM b XM_VWĬKQĊ JĔLbQM \W

_aLIZbMVQM KaSTQKbVM JW OZbaJWU KQĔĵSW [QĔ WXZbMČ

J

HV]F]H Z GURG]H ]DVWDQDZLDOLijP\ VL÷ F]\ MHijOL Z\MG]LHP\ WğXPQLH ]H ]E\W ZLHONLPL NRV]DPL WR JU]\E\ VL÷ REUDőã L VFKRZDMã SU]HG ZijFLEVNLPL JRijåPL SDQRV]ãF\PL VL÷ SR OHVLH 3U]HFLHő QLHFR FKLPHU\F]QD QDWXUD JU]\EÐZ VSUDZLD őH DOER RJğDV]D VL÷ ]Z\FL÷VWZR DOER SRQRVL NO÷VN÷f %RKDWHUND SRZLHijFL 'RP G]LHQQ\ GRP QRFQ\ 2OJL 7RNDUF]XN GRNğDGQLH Z\MDijQLğD MDN Z\JOãGDğDE\ MHM HJ]\VWHQFMD MDNR JU]\ED

0LDğDE\P W÷ VDPã ]GROQRijå FR ZV]\VWNLH JU]\E\ t FKRZDQLD VL÷ SU]HG Z]URNLHP OXG]L SU]H] ZSURZDG]DQLH Z LFK SğRFKOLZH P\ijOL ]DP÷WX *U]\ELDU]H SU]HFKRG]LOLE\ QDGH PQã VHQQLH ] RF]DPL ZOHSLRQ\PL SU]HG VLHELH Z EDUZQH PLJRWOLZH REUD]\ ]H VğRġFD L OLijFL 7U]\PDğDE\P QD XZL÷]L LFK QRJL SOãWDğDE\P MH Z ijFLÐğN÷ L ]HVFKQL÷WH N÷S\ PFKX = GRğX ZLG]LDğDE\P OHZã ZHZQ÷WU]Qã VWURQ÷ LFK NXUWHN *RG]LQDPL ] Z\UDFKRZDQLHP WUZDğDE\P EH] UXFKX DQL QLH URVğDE\P DQL QLH VWDU]DğD VL÷ Dő GR ORGRZDWHJR SU]HNRQDQLD őH PDP ZğDG]÷ QLH W\ONR QDG OXGŏPL DOH L F]DVHP

1DV]H REDZ\ QLH E\ğ\ ZL÷F EH]SRGVWDZQH /DV SU]\Mãğ QDV MHGQDN FLHSğR GRVğRZQLH L Z SU]HQRijQL ]DDNFHSWRZDğ L SR]ZROLğ FLHV]\å VL÷ W\P FR PD QDMOHSV]H t ]DSDFKHP FLV]ã L SU]HVWU]HQLã 1LHNWÐU]\ RGE\OL VZRLVWã VHVM÷ GHQGURWHUDSLL VW÷VNQLHQL NRQWDNWX ] QDWXUã QDğDGRZDOL DNXPXODWRU\ QD QDMEOLőV]H ]LPQH PLHVLãFH

Z\VW÷SRZDQLD JU]\EÐZ RUD] XPLHM÷WQRijå UR]SR]QDZDQLD SRV]F]HJÐOQ\FK JDWXQNÐZ SU]HND]\ZDQD MHVW ] SRNROHQLD QD SRNROHQLH 1D RJÐOQRGRVW÷SQ\FK PDSDFK Z\VW÷SRZDQLD JU]\EÐZ QLH ]QDMG]LHP\ ZL÷F GRNğDGQ\FK ORNDOL]DFML L ZVND]ÐZHN JG]LH XGDå VL÷ QD RZRFQH ğRZ\ 3U]\ RND]ML NROHMQHJR Z\MD]GX SRG]LHOLP\ VL÷ MHGQDN ] 3DġVWZHP QDV]ã WDMHPQLFã

'ŏZLJDMãF NRV]H ] JU]\EDPL F]XOLijP\ VL÷ MDN ]Z\FL÷]F\ ER F]DVHP WR ZğDijQLH WDNLH PDğH Z\JUDQH SU]\QRV]ã QDMZL÷NV]ã VDW\VIDNFM÷

']Lij PDP\ SHğQH VğRLNL Z\VXV]RQ\FK MXő JU]\EÐZ L ]GM÷FLD 'OD 3DġVWZD Vã WR REUD]\ D GOD QDV ZVSRPQLHQLD

'RijZLDGF]HQL JU]\ELDU]H SRWZLHUG]DMã őH ZLHG]D R VWDQRZLVNDFK

PJU $OHNVDQGUD )DUQDXV 6HNFMD 6RFMDOQD

39


jednostki

6W_Q XIZ\VMZba 8ZWOZIU] ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0%$ Z .6% 0DP\ RJURPQã SU]\MHPQRijå RJğRVLå UR]SRF]÷FLH SURJUDPX SDUWQHUVNLHJR GOD VWXGLÐZ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0%$ XZW_ILbWVaKP XZbMb

3ZISW_[SĊ ;bSWðĔ *QbVM[] =-3

3 )RW SRZ 3U]HGVWDZLFLHOH .6% 8(. RUD] ILUP\ &LVFR

40

DUWQHUDPL 3URJUDPX ,0%$ ]RVWDğ\ WU]\ ILUP\ 8%6 &LVFR RUD] *ULG '\QDPLFV NWÐUH E÷Gã ZVSLHUDå UR]ZÐM VWXGLÐZ L UHDOL]DFM÷ SU]HGPLRWÐZ SURJUDPRZ\FK 3U]HGVWDZLFLHOH Z\PLHQLRQ\FK RUJDQL]DFML E÷Gã WDNőH DNW\ZQLH XF]HVWQLF]\å Z .RQJUHVLH 0%$ RUD] JRijFLå QDV]\FK VWXGHQWÐZ Z VZRLFK VLHG]LEDFK Z UDPDFK ZL]\W VWXG\MQ\FK

8%6 t NRPSHWHQFMH SU]\V]ğRijFL 8PRZ÷ R SDUWQHUVWZLH SRGSLVDQR Z GQLX NZLHWQLD U Z VDOL 0X]HXP 8(. : VSRWNDQLX XF]HVWQLF]\OL 0DğJRU]DWD 0D]XUNLHZLF] t &KLHI $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ 2IILFHU Z 8%6 DEVROZHQWND 3URJUDPX

,0%$ GU KDE 3LRWU %XğD SURI 8(. t 3URUHNWRU GV 3URMHNWÐZ L :VSÐğSUDF\ 8(. GU -DNXE .ZDijQ\ t '\UHNWRU .6% 8(. GU 0RQLND 6DG\ t '\UHNWRU 3URJUDPX ,0%$ PJU 0RQLND %XOV]D t '\UHNWRU %LXUD 0%$ RUD] PJU 5HQDWD -XUDV]F]\N t .LHURZQLN ']LDğX 7UDQVIHUX :LHG]\ L 3URMHNWÐZ 8(.


1DVL QRZL SDUWQHU]\ PDMã GRijZLDGF]HQLH Z SURZDG]HQLX SURJUDPÐZ V]NROHQLRZ\FK NWÐU\FK JğÐZQ\P WHPDWHP Vã NRPSHWHQFMH SU]\V]ğRijFL RUD] UR]ZÐM SU]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL V]F]HJÐOQLH Z NRQWHNijFLH SURZDG]HQLD ZğDVQHM G]LDğDOQRijFL JRVSRGDUF]HM &LVFR t LQQRZDF\MQRijå L QHWZRUNLQJ : GQLX OLSFD U .6% 8(. SRGSLVDğD XPRZ÷ SDUWQHUVNã ] ILUPã &LVFR : VSRWNDQLX Z]L÷OL XG]LDğ -DQ 3U]\E\OVNL t 6HQLRU 'LUHFWRU Z &LVFR -DURVğDZ 'XGRġ t 6HQLRU 5HYHQXH &RQWUROOHU Z &LVFR GU KDE 3LRWU %XğD SURI 8(. t 3URUHNWRU GV 3URMHNWÐZ L :VSÐğSUDF\ 8(. GU -DNXE .ZDijQ\ t '\UHNWRU .6% 8(. RUD] GU 0RQLND 6DG\ t '\UHNWRU 3URJUDPX ,0%$ )LUPD &LVFR ]DWUXGQLD SRQDG W\V SUDFRZQLNÐZ QD FDğ\P ijZLHFLH 3U]HGVL÷ELRUVWZR WR MHVW ijZLDWRZ\P OLGHUHP Z EUDQő\ VLHFLRZHM 2G SRF]ãWNÐZ VZRMHJR LVWQLHQLD VXNFHV ILUP\ RSLHUDğ VL÷ QD LQQRZDF\MQRijFL L ZVSÐğSUDF\ Z UDPDFK UR]ZRMX QRZ\FK WHFKQRORJLL &LVFR SU]H]QDF]D URF]QLH SUDZLH POG GRODUÐZ QD G]LDğDQLD EDGDZF]R UR]ZRMRZH : 3ROVFH SLHUZV]\ RGG]LDğ WHM ILUP\ SRZVWDğ Z U Z :DUV]DZLH D Z U RWZRU]RQR &LVFR *OREDO 6XSSRUW &HQWHU Z .UDNRZLH

*ULG '\QDPLFV t $JLOH 'DWD 6FLHQFH

,0%$ t ZVSÐğSUDFD ] EL]QHVHP

8PRZ÷ R SDUWQHUVWZLH SRGSLVDQR Z GQLX ZU]HijQLD U Z VDOL 0X]HXP 8(. : VSRWNDQLX Z]L÷OL XG]LDğ %RULV /HQWLQL t *ULG '\QDPLFV $FFRXQW 6LWH 'HOLYHU\ 'LUHFWRU LQ 7HFKQRORJ\ 5RPDQ *ULVKFKHQNR t *ULG '\QDPLFV /HDG (QJLQHHULQJ 0DQDJHU GU -DNXE .ZDijQ\ t '\UHNWRU .6% 8(. GU 0RQLND 6DG\ t '\UHNWRU 3URJUDPX ,0%$ PJU 0RQLND %XOV]D t '\UHNWRU %LXUD 0%$ PJU *DEULHOD 3DOHWD t 0HQHGőHU 3URJUDPX ,0%$ RUD] PJU 5HQDWD -XUDV]F]\N t .LHURZQLN ']LDğX 7UDQVIHUX :LHG]\ L 3URMHNWÐZ 8(.

3URJUDP ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0%$ WR SRğãF]HQLH ZLHG]\ DNDGHPLFNLHM L GRijZLDGF]HQLD EL]QHVRZHJR PL÷G]\QDURGRZHM NDGU\ G\GDNW\F]QHM ] LQWHQV\ZQ\P UR]ZRMHP NRPSHWHQFML PL÷NNLFK 2EHFQRijå QRZ\FK SDUWQHUÐZ ] ILUP 8%6 &LVFR RUD] *ULG '\QDPLFV SRPRőH QDV]\P XF]HVWQLNRP E\å QD ELHőãFR ] WUHQGDPL U\QNRZ\PL UR]ZLã]DQLDPL WHFKQRORJLF]Q\PL L QDMEDUG]LHM DNWXDOQ\PL SUREOHPDPL ILUP Z VNDOL NUDMRZHM PL÷G]\QDURGRZHM L JOREDOQHM %÷Gã PLHOL RND]M÷ SR]QDå IXQNFMRQRZDQLH G\QDPLF]QLH UR]ZLMDMãF\FK VL÷ SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZ Z QDV]\P UHJLRQLH FR MHVW WDNőH LVWRWQH Z NRQWHNijFLH EXGRZDQLD ijFLHőNL NDULHU\ RUD] HIHNW\ZQHJR QHWZRUNLQJX

)LUPD *ULG '\QDPLFV SRVLDGD VZRMH RGG]LDğ\ Z NUDMDFK QD ijZLHFLH L ]DWUXGQLD SRQDG LQő\QLHUÐZ -HM NOLHQWDPL Vã NRUSRUDFMH ] OLVW\ )RUWXQH NWÐUH XWU]\PXMã SU]HZDJ÷ NRQNXUHQF\MQã G]L÷NL F\IURZHM WUDQVIRUPDFML *ULG '\QDPLFV ZSURZDG]D Z SU]HGVL÷ELRUVWZDFK UR]ZLã]DQLD RSDUWH QD GDWD VFLHQFH RUD] PHWRGRORJL÷ DJLOH L VNDORZDQ\FK XVğXJ LQő\QLHU\MQ\FK 3U]HGVWDZLFLHOH *ULG '\QDPLFV GRVWU]HJDMã SRWHQFMDğ WDOHQWÐZ WHFKQRORJLF]Q\FK Z QDV]\P NUDMX &KFã UR]ZLMDå VZRMã G]LDğDOQRijå Z 3ROVFH SRQLHZDő Z\ND]XMH RQD JRWRZRijå QD WUDQVIRUPDFM÷ F\IURZã

jednostki

8%6 WR ILUPD NWÐUD ijZLDGF]\ XVğXJL EDQNRZRijFL GOD NOLHQWÐZ LQG\ZLGXDOQ\FK NRUSRUDF\MQ\FK L LQVW\WXFMRQDOQ\FK Z SRQDG NUDMDFK QD ijZLHFLH : .UDNRZLH G]LDğD RG U VNãG ZVSLHUD ZV]\VWNLH VZRMH RGG]LDğ\ Z REV]DU]H G]LDğDOQRijFL RSHUDF\MQHM ILQDQVÐZ SUDZD RFHQ\ U\]\ND ,7 L ]DU]ãG]DQLD SURMHNWDPL

:VSÐğSUDFD ] SDUWQHUDPL EL]QHVRZ\PL SRPDJD QDP OHSLHM SU]\JRWRZDå DEVROZHQWÐZ .6% 8(. QD F]HNDMãFH LFK Z\]ZDQLD ]DZRGRZH 3URJUDP ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0%$ MHVW VWDOH DNWXDOL]RZDQ\ L GRSDVRZ\ZDQ\ GR ]PLHQLDMãFHJR VL÷ RWRF]HQLD EL]QHVRZHJR RUD] Z\]ZDġ ] QLP ]ZLã]DQ\FK

GU 0RQLND 6DG\ '\UHNWRU 3URJUDPX ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0%$ PJU *DEULHOD 3DOHWD 0HQHGőHU 3URJUDPX ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0%$

)RW SRQLőHM GU -DNXE .ZDijQ\ GU KDE 3LRWU %XğD SURI 8(. RUD] 0DğJRU]DWD 0D]XUNLHZLF] t &KLHI $GPLQLVWDWLRQ 2IILFHU Z 8%6

2G U G]LDğD Z 3ROVFH &LVFR 1HWZRUNLQJ $FDGHP\ GR NWÐUHM SU]\ğãF]\ğR VL÷ MXő SRQDG V]NÐğ L XF]HOQL ] QDV]HJR NUDMX 3U]HGVWDZLFLHOH ILUP\ RUJDQL]XMã NXUV\ SU]\EOLőDMãFH QDMQRZV]H UR]ZLã]DQLD WHFKQRORJLF]QH ] UÐőQ\FK REV]DUÐZ ,7 t GR WHM SRU\ XF]HVWQLF]\ğR Z QLFK MXő SRQDG W\V RVÐE 41


jednostki

']LHġ 2WZDUW\ _ 3ZISW_[SQMR ;bSWTM *QbVM[] =-3 : GQLX ZU]HijQLD U RGE\ğ VL÷ ']LHġ 2WZDUW\ GOD SU]\V]ğ\FK VWXGHQWÐZ .UDNRZVNLHM 6]NRğ\ %L]QHVX 8(. 8ZbaOW\W_IVW LTI VQKP

U QV XZMbMV\IKRM SQMZ]VS{_ [\]LQ{_ XIVMT La[S][aRVa 5*) XZMTMSKRĔ _IZ[b\I\ WZIb [\WQ[SI QVNWZUIKaRVM 3IVLaLIKQ UQMTQ WSIbRĔ XWZWbUI_QIČ b XZbML[\I_QKQMTIUQ SQMZ]VS{_ [\]LQ{_ XWLaXTWUW_aKP Q 5*)

)RW SRZ 3DQHO G\VNXV\MQ\ 0%$ t 'HF\]MH SRGHMPRZDQH Z RSDUFLX R ZLHG]÷ Z ]DU]ãG]DQLX

42

:

\GDU]HQLH RWZRU]\ğ GU KDE 3LRWU %XğD SURI 8(. t 3URUHNWRU GV 3URMHNWÐZ L :VSÐğSUDF\ .DQG\GDFL QD VWXGLD VSRWNDOL VL÷ ] SU]\V]ğ\PL Z\NğDGRZFDPL G\UHNWRUDPL L PHQHGőHUDPL NLHUXQNÐZ Z .6% 8(. DEVROZHQWDPL

NLHUXQNÐZ RUD] REHFQ\PL VWXGHQWDPL :V]\VF\ SU]HGVWDZLFLHOH 6]NRğ\ FK÷WQLH XG]LHODOL RGSRZLHG]L QD ZV]HONLH S\WDQLD 3U]\V]OL VWXGHQFL ]DSR]QDOL VL÷ ] RIHUWã G\GDNW\F]Qã .6% 8(. D WDNőH PRJOL ]ZLHG]Lå .DPSXV 8(. SU]\ XOLF\ 5DNRZLFNLHM 8F]HVWQLF\ Z\GDU]HQLD PRJOL

GRZLHG]LHå VL÷ JG]LH ]ORNDOL]RZDQD MHVW ELEOLRWHND VSHFMDOLVW\F]QH ODERUDWRULD RELHNW\ VSRUWRZH RUD] QLH]E÷GQH SXQNW\ XVğXJRZH Z W\P VWRğÐZND L NDZLDUQLH ']LHġ 2WZDUW\ E\ğ ]RUJDQL]RZDQ\ Z QRZHM VLHG]LELH .6% 8(. ] QRZRF]HVQ\PL VDODPL Z\NğDGRZ\PL RUD] SU]HVWU]HQLã


3DQHO G\VNXV\MQ\ 0%$ t 'HF\]MH SRGHMPRZDQH Z RSDUFLX R ZLHG]÷ Z ]DU]ãG]DQLX : WUDNFLH 'QLD 2WZDUWHJR RGE\ğ VL÷ SDQHO VWXGLÐZ 0%$ ]DW\WXğRZDQ\ 'HF\]MH SRGHMPRZDQH Z RSDUFLX R ZLHG]÷ Z ]DU]ãG]DQLX NWÐU\ SURZDG]LğD GU 0RQLND 6DG\ t '\UHNWRU 3URJUDPX ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0%$ : G\VNXVML Z]L÷OL XG]LDğ GU .DWDU]\QD 6DQDN .RVPRZVND t '\UHNWRU 3URJUDPX 0%$ .6% 0DVWHU .DULP 6ROLPDQ t ,QVLGH 6DOHV 6SHFLDOLVW 0( UHJLRQ Z ILUPLH 06$ VWXGHQW 3URJUDPX 0%$ .6% 0DVWHU ĞXNDV] ĞDVNDZLHF t &RPPRGLW\ 'LUHFWRU Z ILUPLH 1250$ *URXS VWXGHQW 3URJUDPX ([HFXWLYH 0%$ D WDNőH :RMFLHFK =DMãF t (QWHUSULVH 6RIWZDUH .UDNÐZ 6LWH /HDGHU Z ILUPLH +LWDFKL (QHUJ\ DEVROZHQW 3URJUDPX ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0%$ 3RGNUHijORQR URO÷ ZLHG]\ R ]DU]ãG]DQLX GOD SUDZLGğRZHJR IXQNFMRQRZDQLD RUJDQL]DFML =DVWDQDZLDQR VL÷ MDN RQD ZSğ\ZD QD SU]\MPRZDQH VWUDWHJLH UR]ZRMRZH ILUP\ VW\O ]DU]ãG]DQLD D WDNőH SURFHV ZSURZDG]DQLD ]PLDQ

3UHOHNFMD 6WXGLÐZ 3RG\SORPRZ\FK t .RPSHWHQFMH SU]\V]ğRijFL .ROHMQ\P SXQNWHP SURJUDPX E\ğD SUHOHNFMD .RPSHWHQFMH SU]\V]ğRijFL SU]\JRWRZDQD SU]H] 0DğJRU]DW÷ *DEU\ij t VSHFMDOLVWN÷ GV +5 Z ILUPLH ] EUDQő\ QLHUXFKRPRijFL UHNUXWHUN÷ WUHQHUN÷ EL]QHVX RUD] FRDFKD .DQG\GDFL QD VWXGLD SRG\SORPRZH PLHOL RND]M÷ GRZLHG]LHå VL÷ NWÐUH XPLHM÷WQRijFL E÷Gã QDMEDUG]LHM SRőãGDQH QD U\QNX SUDF\ Z QDMEOLőV]\FK ODWDFK D E÷Gã WR P LQ NRPSHWHQFMH PL÷NNLH NUHDW\ZQRijå ]GROQRijå NU\W\F]QHJR P\ijOHQLD D WDNőH ]DU]ãG]DQLH NDSLWDğHP OXG]NLP :DUV]WDW e&KDQJH 0DQDJHPHQWr 8F]HVWQLF\ 'QLD 2WZDUWHJR Z]L÷OL XG]LDğ Z ZDUV]WDFLH &KDQJH 0DQDJHPHQW NWÐU\ SRSURZDG]Lğ GU 3LRWU 6HGODN t '\UHNWRU 3URJUDPX 0%$ ,7 :SURZDG]DQLH ]PLDQ Z ILUPLH Z\PDJD RGSRZLHGQLHJR SU]\JRWRZDQLD L ]DSODQRZDQLD FDğHJR SURFHVX RUD] Z\VRNLFK NRPSHWHQFML &KDQJH 0DQDJHUD NWÐU\ F]XZD QDG NDőG\P HWDSHP ZGUDőDQLD LQQRZDFML 0XVL RQ SRVLDGDå ZLHG]÷

R NROHMQ\FK HWDSDFK WUDQVIRUPDFML DOH WDNőH NRPSHWHQFMH PL÷NNLH NWÐUH SR]ZROã PX SU]HğDPDå RSÐU SUDFRZQLNÐZ L LQWHUHVDULXV]\ REDZLDMãF\FK VL÷ ]PLDQ

jednostki

SU]H]QDF]RQã GR SUDF\ Z JUXSDFK L QLHIRUPDOQ\FK VSRWNDġ

6WUHID OHWQLD t PLHMVFH QD UHODNV L QDZLã]\ZDQLH UHODFML 2UJDQL]DWRU]\ 'QLD 2WZDUWHJR ]DGEDOL QLH W\ONR R GXőã GDZN÷ SUDNW\F]QHM ZLHG]\ DOH WDNőH R PLHMVFH QD RGSRF]\QHN GOD NDQG\GDWÐZ QD VWXGLD L LFK URG]LQ =RUJDQL]RZDQR VWUHI÷ OHWQLã ] ORGDPL OHPRQLDGã L OHőDNDPL D WDNőH DQLPDFMH &5($QLPR GOD G]LHFL 3U]\V]OL VWXGHQFL Z]L÷OL XG]LDğ Z ORWHULL ] QDJURGDPL DOH SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP PLHOL ]DSHZQLRQã NRPIRUWRZã SU]HVWU]Hġ GR VZRERGQ\FK UR]PÐZ ] SU]HGVWDZLFLHODPL NLHUXQNÐZ VWXGLÐZ SRG\SORPRZ\FK L 0%$ : Z\GDU]HQLX Z]L÷ğR XG]LDğ NDQG\GDWÐZ RUD] SRQDG RVÐE ]ZLã]DQ\FK ] .UDNRZVNã 6]NRğã %L]QHVX 8(. 'RGDWNRZR PRőQD E\ğR ijOHG]Lå SU]HELHJ 'QLD 2WZDUWHJR QD )DFHERRNX PJU .DWDU]\QD /LSLġVND 6SHFMDOLVWND GV PDUNHWLQJX

)RW SRQLőHM 3UHOHNFMD VWXGLÐZ SRG\SORPRZ\FK t .RPSHWHQFMH SU]\V]ğRijFL

43


44

jednostki


jednostki

?QMTSQ XW_Z{\ 7DUJÐZ 3UDF\ 8(. Z\VWDZFÐZ Z W\P VSRQVRUÐZ 3UH]HQWDFMH ILUP &9 3RLQW (UDVPXV 6SDFH L VWUHID *RRG9LEHV$&. XIĎLbQMZVQSI WLJaða

[QĔ <IZOQ 8ZIKa =-3 S\{ZM KQM[baða [QĔ _QMTSĊ XWX]TIZVWĬKQĊ _ĬZ{L [\]LMV\{_ Q IJ[WT_MV\{_ SZISW_[SQKP ]KbMTVQ

X

Z VXPLH SRQDG GZXVWX XF]HVWQL9,,, HG\FMD 7DUJÐZ 3UDF\ NÐZ :ijUÐG QDMSRSXODUQLHMV]\FK E\ğD SLHUZV]ã SR WU]\OHWQLHM WHPDWÐZ ]QDOD]ğR VL÷ ğãF]HQLH SU]HUZLH VSRZRGRZDQHM SUDF\ L SRGUÐő\ e:RUN VPDUW WUDSDQGHPLã &29,' YHO KDUG t SRğãF] SUDF÷ ] SDVMã GR 8URF]\VWHJR RWZDUFLD WHJRURF]SRGUÐőRZDQLDr t SUH]HQWDFMD ILUP\ Q\FK WDUJÐZ GRNRQDğ 3URUHNWRU GV /XIWKDQVD QDXND REVğXJL DUNXV]\ 3URMHNWÐZ L :VSÐğSUDF\ GU KDE NDONXODF\MQ\FK e&RUSRUDWH ([FHOr 3LRWU %XğD SURI 8(. 3RGF]DV t SUH]HQWDFMD ILUP\ *HWLQJH 6KDUHG WDUJÐZ SUDFRGDZF\ MDN FR URNX 6HUYLFHV D WDNőH WZRU]HQLH SURILOX SUH]HQWRZDOL QD VWRLVNDFK DNWXDOQH QD SRUWDOX /LQNHG,Q 6WXGHQFLH RIHUW\ SUDF\ L UHNUXWRZDOL ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FK VWXGHQWÐZ L DEVROZHQWÐZ GDM VL÷ ]QDOHŏå F]\OL MDN UR]SRF]ãå NDULHU÷ G]L÷NL /LQNHG,Q t SUH8(. D WDNőH LQQ\FK NUDNRZVNLFK ]HQWDFMD $%% XF]HOQL 8F]HVWQLF\ WDUJÐZ QDMFK÷WQLHM RGZLHG]DOL VWRLVND ILUP 2ERZLã]NRZ\P SXQNWHP WDUJÐZ ] EUDQő\ ILQDQVRZHM EDQNRZRijFL SRGREQLH MDN Z SRSU]HGQLFK ODL ,7 7DUJL 3UDF\ ]DV]F]\FLğ REHFWDFK E\ğ &9 3RLQW F]\OL VSHFMDOQD QRijFLã WDNőH 5HNWRU 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH GU KDE VWUHID Z NWÐUHM PRőQD E\ğR VNRQVXOWRZDå VZRMH &9 ] UHNUXWHUDPL 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. ] ILUP NWÐU]\ SU]HND]\ZDOL VWXGHQWRP FHQQH ZVND]ÐZNL MDN 2EHFQD HG\FMD FLHV]\ğD VL÷ GX]DSUH]HQWRZDå VZRMH GRijZLDGF]Hő\P ]DLQWHUHVRZDQLHP VSRQVRQLH ]DZRGRZH 3XQNW RGZLHG]LğR UÐZ NWÐU\FK E\ğR Dő G]LHVL÷FLX ğãF]QLH EOLVNR VWR RVÐE : F]R$%% $/7(1 3ROVND &DSJHPLQL ğÐZFH QDMFK÷WQLHM RGZLHG]DQ\FK *HWLQJH 6KDUHG 6HUYLFHV Z WHM VWUHILH ILUP ]QDOD]ğ\ VL÷ 6WDWH /XIWKDQVD 0RWRUROD 6ROXWLRQV 6WUHHW %DQN $%% L 6KHOO 3HSVL&R *%6 5HYROXW 6KHOO 6WDWH 6WUHHW %DQN VSRQVRU JğÐZQ\ 3R UD] NROHMQ\ Z F]DVLH WDUJÐZ VWXWDUJÐZ 3U]\JRWRZDOL RQL ğãF]QLH GHQFL L DEVROZHQFL 8(. Z VWUHILH SUH]HQWDFML NWÐUH ]JURPDG]Lğ\

(UDVPXV 6SDFH PRJOL ]QDOHŏå GOD VLHELH Z\PDU]RQH SUDNW\NL ]DJUDQLF]QH :\VWDZF\ ] *UHFML L +LV]SDQLL ]DFK÷FDOL GR NRU]\VWDQLD ] DWUDNF\MQ\FK RIHUW VWDő\ Z LFK NUDMDFK 1RZRijFLã QD WDUJDFK RND]DğD VL÷ VWUHID *RRG9LEHV$&. Z NWÐUHM PRőQD E\ğR RGSRF]ãå VNRU]\VWDå ]H ]GURZ\FK SU]HNãVHN L GRZLHG]LHå VL÷ R PRőOLZRijFLDFK ]DGEDQLD R VZÐM GREURVWDQ 6WXGHQFL Z\SHğQLDOL WHő DQNLHW÷ RQ OLQH GRW\F]ãFã LFK VDPRSRF]XFLD Z ]ZLã]NX ]H VWXGLRZDQLHP QD 8(. :ijUÐG XF]HVWQLNÐZ DQNLHW\ ]RVWDğR UR]ORVRZDQ\FK ]HVWDZÐZ QDJUÐG XIXQGRZDQ\FK SU]H] ILUP÷ $%% .ROHMQD HG\FMD WDUJÐZ ]DSODQRZDQD MHVW QD ZLRVQ÷ URNX 0DUWD *RUF]RZVND $NDGHPLFNLH &HQWUXP .DULHU\

45


jednostki

3XEOLF 6SHDNLQJ &RQWHVW 3WVS]Z[ 3ZI[WU{_Kba q$WWLWXGH LV D OLWWOH WKLQJ WKDW PDNHV D ELJ GLIIHUHQFHr

8W[\I_I \W UIðI ZbMKb S\{ZI [XZI_QI L]ĵĊ Z{ĵVQKĔ

3

XEOLF 6SHDNLQJ &RQWHVW .RQNXUV .UDVRPÐZF]\ MHVW RUJDQL]RZDQ\ SU]H] 6WRZDU]\V]HQLH 1DXF]\FLHOL -÷]\ND $QJLHOVNLHJR Z 3ROVFH t ,$7()/ 3RODQG KWWSV LDWHIO RUJ

46

SO MXő SR UD] VLÐGP\ -HJR FHO WR SRSXODU\]RZDQLH IRUP Z\SRZLHG]L SXEOLF]QHM Z M÷]\NX DQJLHOVNLP ]H V]F]HJÐOQã GEDğRijFLã R SRSUDZQã G\NFM÷ DUW\NXODFM÷ LQWRQDFM÷ L PRGXODFM÷ JğRVX RUD] NRPXQLNDFM÷

D FR ]D W\P LG]LH GRVNRQDOHQLH XPLHM÷WQRijFL Z\UDőDQLD ZğDVQ\FK SRJOãGÐZ L W\P VDP\P SU]\JRWRZDQLH GR XG]LDğX Z ő\FLX SXEOLF]Q\P .RQNXUV VNLHURZDQ\ MHVW GR XF]QLÐZ V]NÐğ ] WHUHQX 3ROVNL


L SU]HSURZDG]DQ\ Z WU]HFK QLőHM Z\PLHQLRQ\FK NDWHJRULDFK • XF]QLRZLH NODV 9,, L 9,,, V]NÐğ SRGVWDZRZ\FK NWÐU]\ XF]ã VL÷ M÷]\ND DQJLHOVNLHJR MDNR REFHJR • XF]QLRZLH V]NÐğ SRQDGSRGVWDZRZ\FK NWÐU]\ XF]ã VL÷ M÷]\ND DQJLHOVNLHJR MDNR REFHJR • XF]QLRZLH NODV 9,, L 9,,, V]NÐğ SRGVWDZRZ\FK RUD] XF]QLRZLH V]NÐğ SRQDGSRGVWDZRZ\FK GOD NWÐU\FK M÷]\N DQJLHOVNL QLH MHVW M÷]\NLHP REF\P .DőG\ XF]HVWQLN NRQNXUVX PD ]D ]DGDQLH SU]\JRWRZDå L Z\JğRVLå VNLHURZDQ\ GR UÐZLHijQLNÐZ ZğDVQ\ WHNVW Z M÷]\NX DQJLHOVNLP QD ]DGDQ\ WHPDW NWÐU\ FR URNX MHVW LQQ\ : W\P URNX WHPDW Z\SRZLHG]L EU]PLDğ r$WWLWXGH LV D OLWWOH

WKLQJ WKDW PDNHV D ELJ GLIIHUHQFHr 3RVWDZD WR PDğD U]HF] NWÐUD VSUDZLD GXőã UÐőQLF÷ &]DV SUH]HQWDFML WR GR PLQXW =H Z]JO÷GX QD VSHF\ILF]Q\ FKDUDNWHU NRQNXUVX Z\NOXF]D VL÷ IRUP\ WDNLH MDN ZLHUV] F]\ SLRVHQND RUD] Z\NRU]\VWDQLH ijURGNÐZ DXGLRZL]XDOQ\FK =JRGQLH ] ]DVDGDPL NRQNXUVX SLHUZV]\ HWDS HOLPLQDFML WM V]NROQ\ SU]HSURZDG]DMã QDXF]\FLHOH GDQHM V]NRğ\ .ROHMQ\ HWDS t ZRMHZÐG]NL t MHVW FRURF]QLH RUJDQL]RZDQ\ SU]H] SU]HGVWDZLFLHOD GDQHJR UHJLRQX Z W\P SU]\SDGNX .UDNRZD ']L÷NL ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] &HQWUXP -÷]\NRZ\P 8(. RUD] SU]\FK\OQRijFL :ğDG] 8F]HOQL WHJRURF]QH HOLPLQDFMH ZRMHZÐG]NLH Z UDPDFK

jednostki

NRQNXUVX RGE\ğ\ VL÷ Z &HQWUXP -÷]\NRZ\P 8(. : VNğDG WU]\RVRERZHJR MXU\ ZHV]OL (OőELHWD -DURV] ,QVSHNWRU 3ROVNLHJR 6WRZDU]\V]HQLD QD U]HF] -DNRijFL Z 1DXF]DQLX -÷]\NÐZ 2EF\FK 3$6( SU]HGVWDZLFLHOND .RPLVML 5HZL]\MQHM ,$7()/ 3RODQG :RMFLHFK *UDQLF]HZVNL DXWRU VFHQDULXV]\ GLDORJÐZ L WHNVWÐZ SLRVHQHN UHő\VHU WHDWUDOQ\ L WHOHZL]\MQ\ D WDNőH WğXPDF] SRH]ML L SUR]\ QD M÷]\N DQJLHOVNL RUD] /XF\QD :LOLQNLHZLF] *ÐUQLDN RUJDQL]DWRUND HOLPLQDFML ZRMHZÐG]NLFK Z .UDNRZLH RG NLONXQDVWX ODW DNW\ZQLH G]LDğDMãFD Z VWUXNWXUDFK ,$7()/ 3RODQG VWDUV]\ Z\NğDGRZFD Z &HQWUXP -÷]\NRZ\P 8(. -XU\ SU]HVğXFKDğR XF]HVWQLNÐZ Z WU]HFK Z Z NDWHJRULDFK L Z\ğRQLğR ]Z\FL÷]FÐZ .DőG\ XF]HVWQLN NRQNXUVX RWU]\PDğ G\SORP XF]HVWQLFWZD D QDXF]\FLHO NWÐUHJR XF]Hġ SU]\VWãSLğ GR NRQNXUVX t SRG]L÷NRZDQLH ]D SU]\JRWRZDQLD 1DWRPLDVW NDőG\ ]H ]Z\FL÷]FÐZ Z NDőGHM ] WU]HFK NDWHJRULL RWU]\PDğ G\SORP ODXUHDWD NRQNXUVX QD HWDSLH ZRMHZÐG]NLP RUD] ]DSURV]HQLH QD ILQDğ RJÐOQRSROVNL NWÐU\ FRURF]QLH RGE\ZD VL÷ Z SLHUZV]\P GQLX 0L÷G]\QDURGRZHM .RQIHUHQFML ,$7()/ 3RODQG 7\P UD]HP PLDğ RQ PLHMVFH FH Z 3R]QDQLX QLX QD :\G]LDOH 3UDZD L $GPLQLVWUDFML 8QLZHUV\WHWX LP $GDPD 0LFNLHZLF]D 6HUGHF]QLH G]L÷NXMãF F :ğDG]RP 8F]HOQL L .LHURZQLFWZX &HQWUXP -÷]\NRZHJR ]D ZVSÐğSUDF÷ MHGQRF]HijQLH SUDJQ÷ Z\UD]Lå QDG]LHM÷ QD MHM NRQW\QXDFM÷ Z NROHMQ\FK ODWDFK /XF\QD :LOLQNLHZLF] ] *ÐUQLDN 6WDUV]\ Z\NğDGRZFD %XVLQHVV QHVV &RPPXQLFDWLRQ L %XVLQHVV (QJOLVK VV (QJOLVK &HQWUXP -÷]\NRZH 8(. ,$7()/ 3RODQG 3U]HGVWDZLFLHO ZLFLHO 5HJLRQX .UDNÐZ KWWSV LDWHIO .RRUG\QDWRU :HELQDULÐZ KWWSV LDWHIO RUJ SO ZHELQDUV

47


jednostki

.U]HVğD (ZDNXDF\MQH VW_a [XW[{J M_IS]IKRQ b J]LaVS{_ =-3 :\GDMH VL÷ őH Z ;;, ZLHNX WHPDW RFKURQ\ SU]HFLZSRőDURZHM SRZLQLHQ E\å MXő Z ]XSHğQRijFL Z\F]HUSDQ\ D ZV]HONLH ZãWSOLZRijFL Z VWX SURFHQWDFK Z\MDijQLRQH ) RMLVIS XZWJTMU \MV _KQĊĵ RM[\ ĵa_a

3

XEOLNRZDQH Vã QRZH RSUDFRZDQLD GRW\F]ãFH ]DFKRZDQLD EH]SLHF]HġVWZD SRGF]DV ]DJURőHQLD SRőDURZHJR WZRU]RQH Vã NROHMQH XVWDZ\ L SU]HSLV\ NWÐUH UHJXOXMã Z\W\F]QH GRW\F]ãFH HZDNXDFML RVÐE ] PLHMVFD ]DJURőHQLD L ZV]HONLFK SU]HGPLRWÐZ SRGOHJDMãF\FK RFKURQLH NWÐUH UÐZQLHő QDOHő\ RGSRZLHGQLR ]DEH]SLHF]\å SRGF]DV SRőDUX .DőG\ VWXGHQW L SUDFRZQLN NWÐU\ SU]\E\ZD Z 8QLZHUV\WHFLH (NRQRPLF]Q\P Z .UDNRZLH VZRMã SU]\JRG÷ UR]SRF]\QD RG NXUVX %H]SLHF]HġVWZD L +LJLHQ\ 3UDF\ %+3 : W\P PLHMVFX ZDUWR ]ZUÐFLå XZDJ÷ DE\ GR W\FK NXUVÐZ SRGHMijå VXPLHQQLH L QDOHő\FLH ]DSR]QDå VL÷ ] SU]HND]\ZDQ\PL SRGF]DV QLFK LQIRUPDFMDPL JG\ő SRSUDZQH VWRVRZDQLH VL÷ GR XVWDORQ\FK UHJXğ SU]HSLVÐZ L ]DVDG SRGF]DV WDNLHM HZDNXDFML SR SLHUZV]H ]ZL÷NV]D QLH W\ONR SUDZGRSRGRELHġVWZR XUDWRZDQLD QDV]HJR ő\FLD DOH UÐZQLHő L ő\FLD GUXJLHM RVRE\ 3R GUXJLH ZVSRPRőHP\ VğXőE\ UDWRZQLF]H NWÐUH GRWUã QD PLHMVFH ]GDU]HQLD D SR WU]HFLH ]PQLHMV]\ VL÷ FKDRV L SDQLND FR ]DZV]H WRZDU]\V]\ WDNLP FKZLORP

48

8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .UDNRZLH ]DSHZQLDMãF VWDQGDUG\ EH]SLHF]HġVWZD Z SRUR]XPLHQLX ] 3DġVWZRZã 6WUDőã 3RőDUQã RUJDQL]XMH F]÷VWR SUÐEQH HZDNXDFMH ] SRV]F]HJÐOQ\FK EXG\QNÐZ = SHZQRijFLã NDőG\ VWXGHQW L SUDFRZQLN PLQLPXP UD] Z URNX PD RND]M÷ XF]HVWQLF]\å Z WDNLFK WHVWDFK .RQWURORZDQ\ MHVW ZÐZF]DV P LQ F]DV SHğQHM HZDNXDFML VSRVÐE ]DEH]SLHF]HQLD PLHMVFD ]GDU]HQLD D WDNőH VSRVÐE HZDNXDFML RVÐE

]QDMGXMãF\FK VL÷ Z GDQ\P EXG\QNX SRWHQFMDOQLH REM÷W\P SRőDUHP 6DPD HZDNXDFMD Z\GDMH VL÷ SURVWD JG\ő QDOHő\ Z\Mijå ] SRPLHV]F]HQLD Z NWÐU\P DNWXDOQLH VL÷ ]QDMGXMHP\ L SRGãőDå ]JRGQLH ] Z\W\F]RQã GURJã HZDNXDF\MQã , LVWRWQLH WR QDMOHSV]\ VSRVÐE QD XUDWRZDQLH VDPHJR VLHELH -HGQDN FR Z SU]\SDGNX JG\ SRUXV]DP\ VL÷ QD ZÐ]NX LQZDOLG]NLP" $OER JG\ PDP\ WUXGQRijå Z SRNRQ\ZDQLX VFKRGÐZ" ,VWRWQLH őDGHQ ] DNWÐZ SUDZQ\FK QLH PÐZL ZSURVW R UR]ZLã]DQLDFK NWÐUH QDOHő\ ]DVWRVRZDå DE\ VSHğQLå SRVWDZLRQH Z\PDJDQLD GRW\F]ãFH EH]SLHF]QHM HZDNXDFML RVÐE ]H V]F]HJÐOQ\PL SRWU]HEDPL 3RPRFQH Z WDNLHM V\WXDFML PRJã RND]Då VL÷ UR]ZLã]DQLD Z ]DNUHVLH SURMHNWRZDQLD GUÐJ HZDNXDF\MQ\FK RUD] SRG]LDğX QD VWUHI\ SRőDURZH VWRVRZDQH Z EXG\QNDFK FKDUDNWHU\]RZDQ\FK SU]H] 5R]SRU]ãG]HQLH 0LQLVWUD ,QIUDVWUXNWXU\ NDWHJRULã =/ ,, EXG\QNL SU]H]QDF]RQH SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP GOD RVÐE R RJUDQLF]RQHM ]GROQRijFL SRUXV]DQLD VL÷ QS őğRENL F]\ V]SLWDOH 1LHVWHW\ F]÷VWR E\ZD őH WH UR]ZLã]DQLD PRJã E\å XZ]JO÷GQLDQH MHG\QLH Z QRZRSURMHNWRZDQ\FK EXG\QNDFK : EXG\QNDFK MXő LVWQLHMãF\FK UR]ZLã]DQLD WH


5\QHN GRVWDUF]D ZLHOH UR]ZLã]Dġ NWÐUH ZVSLHUDMã HZDNXDFM÷ RVÐE ] RJUDQLF]RQã PRELOQRijFLã UXFKRZã 6ã WR PL÷G]\ LQQ\PL VSHFMDOLVW\F]QH NRFH GR HZDNXDFML PDWHUDFH SU]HijFLHUDGğD F]\ NU]HVğD HZDNXDF\MQH -HGQH ] UR]ZLã]Dġ Vã PQLHM SUDNW\F]QH L Z\PDJDMã NLONX RVÐE GR REVğXJL D LQQH Vã SUDNW\F]QLHMV]H L LORijå GRGDWNRZ\FK RVÐE MHVW QLZHORZDQD GR PLQLPXP SU]\ NU]HVğDFK SRWU]HEQD MHVW QDZHW W\ONR MHGQD RVRED 1LHVWHW\ Z őDGQ\P SU]\SDGNX QLH PD WDNLHJR UR]ZLã]DQLD DE\ WR RVRED ] WUXGQRijFLã Z SRUXV]DQLX VL÷ PRJğD GRNRQDå HZDNXDFML VDPRG]LHOQLH : U QD 8QLZHUV\WHFLH (NRQRPLF]Q\P Z .UDNRZLH UR]SRF]÷WR UHDOL]DFM÷ SURMHNWX SW 8(. GRVW÷SQ\ GOD ZV]\VWNLFK NWÐUHJR JğÐZQ\P FHOHP E\ğR SRGQLHVLHQLH V]HURNR UR]XPLDQHM GRVW÷SQRijFL GOD RVÐE ]H V]F]HJÐOQ\PL SRWU]HEDPL %LXUR GV 2VÐE ] 1LHSHğQRVSUDZQRijFLDPL %21 8(. SU]\ ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] ']LDğHP %+3 8(. L LQQ\PL MHGQRVWNDPL Z UDPDFK MHGQHJR ] ]DGDġ SURMHNWX GRNRQDOL ]DNXSX F]WHUHFK NU]HVHğ HZDNXDF\MQ\FK NROHMQH GZD NU]HVğD ]RVWDğ\ ]DNXSLRQH ] RGU÷EQ\FK ijURGNÐZ 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ Z .UDNRZLH SRGQRV]ãF VWDQGDUG\ EH]SLHF]HġVWZD RSUÐF] QDE\FLD IL]\F]Q\FK SRPRF\ GR HZDNXDFML MDN QS W\FK NU]HVHğ NWÐU\FK OLF]ED ] NDőG\P URNLHP E÷G]LH Z]UDVWDå ZGUDőD UÐZQLHő RGSRZLHGQLH SURFHGXU\ ] XZ]JO÷GQLHQLHP ijZLDWRZ\FK QDMZ\őV]\FK VWDQGDUGÐZ UHNRPHQGRZDQ\FK SU]H] HNVSHUWÐZ ] G]LHG]LQ\ 2FKURQ\ 3U]HFLZSRőDURZHM

RGSRZLHGQLR GR WHJR SU]HV]NRORQH 3UH]HQWRZDQ\ PRGHO NU]HVğD SRVLDGD RGSRZLHGQLã NRQVWUXNFM÷ XPRőOLZLDMãFã REVğXJ÷ SU]H] PLQLPXP MHGQHJR RSHUDWRUD NWÐU\ Z VSRVÐE QLH]DJUDőDMãF\ Z őDGHQ VSRVÐE RVRELH ] QLHSHğQRVSUDZQRijFLã SU]HZLH]LH Mã GR VWUHI\ EH]SLHF]QHM 1D XZDJ÷ ]DVğXJXMH UÐZQLHő IDNW Lő EXGRZD WHJR XU]ãG]HQLD SR]ZDOD QD WUDQVSRUW RVÐE SR VFKRGDFK FR MHVW EDUG]R LVWRWQ\P HOHPHQWHP SU]\ HZDNXDFML 0DNV\PDOQ\ XGŏZLJ NU]HVğD WR NJ .U]HVğD Vã Z\SRVDőRQH Z SDV\ SR]ZDODMãFH QD RGSRZLHGQLH ]DEH]SLHF]HQLH WXğRZLD L JğRZ\ RVRE\ SU]HZRőRQHM GRGDWNRZR Z RSDUFLX ]DVWRVRZDQH Vã RGSRZLHGQLH Z]PRFQLHQLD NWÐUH ]DSRELHJDMã XV]NRG]HQLX NU÷JRVğXSD

.U]HVğD ]RVWDğ\ XPLHV]F]RQH Z QDVW÷SXMãF\FK ORNDOL]DFMDFK

3DZLORQ $ F]ZDUWH SL÷WUR NODWND VFKRGRZD SU]\ ZLQG]LH

3DZLORQ % F]ZDUWH SL÷WUR NODWND VFKRGRZD SU]\ VDOL G\GDNW\F]QHM

.U]HVğD HZDNXDF\MQH ]JRGQLH ] LQVWUXNFMã L Z\W\F]Q\PL SU]HVğDQ\PL SU]H] SURGXFHQWD ]RVWDğ\ ]DZLHV]RQH QD ijFLDQLH QD VSHFMDOQ\FK SU]H]QDF]RQ\FK GR WHJR FHOX ZVSRUQLNDFK , FKRå LFK REVğXJD QLH MHVW WUXGQD D VNUÐFRQ\ LQVWUXNWDő Xő\WNRZDQLD ]QDMGXMH VL÷ QD RSDUFLX NDőGHJR NU]HVğD WR DE\ ]DSHZQLå EH]SLHF]HġVWZR RVRE\ WUDQVSRUWRZDQHM L RSHUDWRUD F]\OL RVRE\ XG]LHODMãFHM SRPRF\ VXJHUXMH VL÷ DE\ SRGF]DV HZDNXDFML • W\PL NU]HVğDPL ]DU]ãG]Dğ\ RVRE\

3DZLORQ 8 8VWURQLH F]ZDUWH SL÷WUR ijURGNRZD NODWND VFKRGRZD %LEOLRWHND WU]HFLH SL÷WUR SU]\ F]\WHOQL JğÐZQHM L ZLQG]LH

V]ÐVWH SL÷WUR SÐğQRFQD NODWND VFKRGRZD

0LHMVF ] ORNDOL]DFMã RPDZLDQ\FK NU]HVHğ E÷G]LH RF]\ZLijFLH QD PDSLH NDPSXVX 8(. ] NDőG\P PLHVLãFHP L URNLHP SU]\E\ZDğR FR ] SHZQRijFLã ]RVWDQLH ]DXZDőRQH SU]H] 6SRğHF]QRijå $NDGHPLFNã :DUWR UÐZQLHő ZVSRPQLHå őH XF]HOQLD MHVW Z SRVLDGDQLX XU]ãG]Hġ $(' XU]ãG]HQLH PHG\F]QH NWÐUH VğXő\ GR Z\NRQ\ZDQLD GHILEU\ODFML SRGF]DV QDJğHJR ]DWU]\PDQLD NUãőHQLD =QDOHŏå MH PRőQD SU]\ UHFHSFML Z 3DZLORQDFK ' RUD] 6

jednostki

Z\PDJDMã GRGDWNRZHJR SU]HSURMHNWRZDQLD LVWQLHMãFHM LQIUDVWUXNWXU\ RUD] ZGURőHQLD RGSRZLHGQLFK SURFHGXU XZ]JO÷GQLDMãF\FK VWDQ U]HF]\ZLVW\ RELHNWÐZ

2ERZLã]XMãFH Z 3ROVFH XVWDZ\ UR]SRU]ãG]HQLD SU]HSLV\ L ]DOHFHQLD MHG\QLH RNUHijODMã MDN MXő ZVSRPQLDQR SRZ\őHM R ZDUXQNDFK WHFKQLF]Q\FK NWÐUH PXVL VSHğQLDå EXG\QHN F]\ VWUHID HZDNXDF\MQD MHGQDN WUXGQR ]QDOHŏå ]DOHFHQLD FR GR NRQNUHWQ\FK UR]ZLã]Dġ GRW\F]ãF\FK HZDNXDFML RVÐE ]H V]F]HJÐOQ\PL SRWU]HEDPL 'ODWHJR WHő WUXGQR ZVND]Då MHGQã QDMEH]SLHF]QLHMV]ã QDMOHSV]ã PHWRG÷ SR]ZDODMãFã RVRELH ] WUXGQRijFLDPL Z SRUXV]DQLX QD EH]SLHF]QH RSXV]F]HQLH EXG\QNX SRGF]DV ]DJURőHQLD SRőDURZHJR $QDOL]D Z\PDJDġ L SURFHGXU RERZLã]XMãF\FK QD 8(. RUD] NRQVXOWDFMH ] Z\ELWQ\PL HNVSHUWDPL Z G]LHG]LQLH SRőDUQLFWZD %+3 L ZVSDUFLD RVÐE ] QLHSHğQRVSUDZQRijFLã GDğ\ RGSRZLHGŏ őH QDMOHSV]\P UR]ZLã]DQLHP ZGURőRQ\P QD QDV]HM $OPD 0DWHU E÷G]LH VSRVÐE HZDNXDFML SU]\ Xő\FLX RPDZLDQ\FK NU]HVHğ %LXUR GV 2VÐE ] 1LHSHğQRVSUDZ QRijFLDPL RSUÐF] JğÐZQHM PLVML MDNã MHVW Z\UÐZQ\ZDQLH V]DQV HGXNDF\MQ\FK GOD NDőGHJR XF]HVWQLF]ãF Z SURFHVLH ]DNXSX W\FK NU]HVHğ SUDJQLH UÐZQLHő VSUDZLå DE\ ]GRE\ZDQLH ZLHG]\ RGE\ZDğR VL÷ Z ZDUXQNDFK EH]SLHF]Q\FK 3R]RVWDMH MHG\QLH QDP ZV]\VWNLP ő\F]\å E\ XGDğR VL÷ Z\SRVDőDå EXG\QNL 8(. Z NROHMQH NU]HVğD E\ XWU]\PDğ\ RQH VZRMã VSUDZQRijå MDN QDMGğXőHM D FR QDMZDőQLHMV]H DE\ QLH E\ğR SR]D MHG\QLH SUÐEDPL HZDNXDF\MQ\PL NRQLHF]QRijFL LFK Xő\FLD

3DZLORQ ) WU]HFLH SL÷WUR SÐğQRFQD NODWND VFKRGRZD

PJU 0DUWLQ -XQJ %LXUR GV 2VÐE ] 1LHSHğQRVSUDZQRijFLDPL

49


w skrócie

flash

1

(NRQRPLD L HNRORJLD LGã Z SDU]H t QRZD VWURQD 8(.

O

EHFQH F]DV\ Z\PDJDMã HNRQRPLF]Q\FK UR]ZLã]Dġ : ]ZLã]NX ] W\P 8QLZHUV\WHW (NRQRPLF]Q\ XUXFKRPLğ QRZã VWURQ÷ LQWHUQHWRZã QD NWÐUHM ]QDOHŏå PRőQD SURHNRORJLF]QH SRP\Vğ\ GOD NDőGHJR ] QDV :VSÐOQLH ]DGEDMP\ R QDV]ã SODQHW÷ RV]F]÷GQRijå HQHUJLL L GRPRZ\ EXGőHW

t (NRQRPLD L HNRORJLD MHV]F]H QLJG\ GRWãG QLH E\ğ\ WDN EOLVNR t ]DXZDőD -0 5HNWRU GU KDE 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SURI 8(. t 3U]\ URVQãFHM LQIODFML QDXND ]DU]ãG]DQLH PLDVWHP RGSRZLHG]LDOQRijå ]D SODQHW÷ L JRVSRGDURZDQLH GRPRZ\P EXGőHWHP UÐZQLHő

VL÷ GR VLHELH ]EOLő\ğ\ 7R VNU]\őRZDQLH WUXGQ\FK WHPDWÐZ GR NWÐU\FK QDOHőã WURVND R ijURGRZLVNR RUD] URVQãFH NRV]W\ HQHUJLL NWÐUH VNğDQLDMã GR RV]F]÷G]DQLD t GRGDMH 5HNWRU 8(. ']L÷NL UR]ZLã]DQLRP GRVW÷SQ\P QD QRZHM VWURQLH LQWHUQHWRZHM ZV]\VF\ PRőHP\ F]Xå VL÷ ]DSURV]HQL GR ]DGEDQLD R QDV]H ijURGRZLVNR D W\P VDP\P R ZğDVQã NLHV]Hġ :VND]ÐZNL ]DZDUWH QD VWURQLH PDMã FKDUDNWHU EDUG]R SUDNW\F]Q\ t PRőH ] QLFK VNRU]\VWDå SUDNW\F]QLH NDőG\ FR Z ]DOHőQRijFL RG VWRSQLD ZGURőHQLD SURSRQRZDQ\FK ]PLDQ ] SHZQRijFLã ZSğ\QLH QD GRPRZ\ EXGőHW

2

1RZ\ NRPSRQHQW 3URMHNWX 8(. 2GSRZLHG]LDOQ\ t $NW\ZQRijå RE\ZDWHOVND

Z

JRGQLH ] XVWDZã 3UDZR R QDXFH L V]NROQLFWZLH Z\őV]\P 0LVMã V\VWHPX V]NROQLFWZD Z\őV]HJR L QDXNL MHVW SURZDG]HQLH QDMZ\őV]HM MDNRijFL NV]WDğFHQLD RUD] G]LDğDOQRijFL QDXNRZHM NV]WDğWRZDQLH SRVWDZ RE\ZDWHOVNLFK D WDNőH XF]HVWQLFWZR Z UR]ZRMX VSRğHF]Q\P RUD] WZRU]HQLX JRVSRGDUNL RSDUWHM QD LQQRZDFMDFK

50

: FHOX UHDOL]DFML WU]HFK RVWDWQLFK ]DGDġ ZVND]DQ\FK Z SU]\WRF]RQ\P IUDJPHQFLH UHNWRU 8(. t SURI 6WDQLVğDZ 0D]XU SRZRğDğ QRZ\ NRPSRQHQW SURJUDPX 8(. 2GSRZLHG]LDOQ\ t $NW\ZQRijå RE\ZDWHOVND 3LHUZV]\P ]DGDQLHP =HVSRğX UHDOL]XMãFHJR ]DğRőHQLD WHJR NRPSRQHQWX MHVW ]DSODQRZDQLH L UHDOL]DFMD F\NOX GHEDW NUDNRZVNLFK 3RUR]PDZLDM 0< R .UDNRZLH

6HUGHF]QLH ]DFK÷FDP\ GR RGZLHG]HQLD VWURQ\ RUD] ]PLDQ\ QDZ\NÐZ QD EDUG]LHM HNRORJLF]QH D FR ]D W\P LG]LH HNRQRPLF]QH 6WURQD ]H ZVND]DQLDPL SURHNRORJLF]Q\PL ]QDMGXMH VL÷ SRG DGUHVHP HNR XHN NUDNRZ SO 8ORWNL ]DZLHUDMãFH ]DZDUWRijå VWURQ\ PRőQD ]QDOHŏå UÐZQLHő QD WHUHQLH 8F]HOQL 7UHijFL RSXEOLNRZDQH QD VWURQLH RUD] QD XORWNDFK UHNRPHQGXMã ZZZ NUDNRZ SO ZZZ NKN NUDNRZ SO RUD] ZZZ XQJF RUJ SO

3RGF]DV VSRWNDġ NWÐUH RGE\ZDMã VL÷ Z NDőG\ RVWDWQL F]ZDUWHN PLHVLãFD SRUXV]DQH Vã DNWXDOQH WHPDW\ JRVSRGDUF]H VSRğHF]QH L HNRQRPLF]QH 3LHUZV]H VSRWNDQLH RGE\ğR VL÷ ZU]HijQLD EU L SRijZL÷FRQH E\ğR LQIODFML 3RGF]DV GUXJLHM GHEDW\ UR]PDZLDQR R W\P &]\ Z ]LPLH PXVL E\å ]LPQR" D LQVSLUDFMã GR G\VNXVML E\ğ\ VğRZD $OH MDN MHVW ]LPD t WR PXVL E\å ]LPQR WDN" 3DQL NLHURZQLF]NR WDNLH MHVW RGZLHF]QH SUDZR QDWXU\ .ROHMQD WU]HFLD ] VHULL GHEDWD RGE÷G]LH VL÷ Z .OXELH 3RG -DV]F]XUDPL MXő OLVWRSDGD R JRG] 6HUGHF]QLH ]DSUDV]DP\ &\NO GHEDW 3RUR]PDZLDM 0< R .UDNRZLH RGE\ZD VL÷ SRG SDWURQDWHP PHGLDOQ\P 793 .UDNÐZ /RYH.UDNÐZ SO RUD] 5DGLD .UDNÐZ


fot

N

.U ob

EK

al C

t. U

Gl

fo

ompac t



UEK - partner w biznesie

3URMHNW ,QNXEDWRU ,QQRZDF\MQRijFL =-3 § XIZ\VMZ _ JQbVM[QM

6]DQRZQL 3DġVWZR

3WVQMK _ISIKRQ Q XWKbĊ\MS ZWS] ISILMUQKSQMOW WJ \]RM _ _QMTM KQMSI_aKP XZWRMS\{_ LbQIðIġ Q QVQKRI\a_ _ S\{ZM IS\a_VQM _ðĊKbITQ [QĔ XZIKW_VQKa ,bQIð] <ZIV[NMZ] ?QMLba Q 8ZWRMS\{_ =-3

:

GQLDFK SDŏG]LHUQLND EUDOLijP\ XG]LDğ Z )HVWLZDOX *LHU 3ODQV]RZ\FK e+LYHFRQ r t .UDNRZVNLH 3ODQV]ÐZNL %\ğR WR Z\GDU]HQLH ]RUJDQL]RZDQH GOD RVÐE ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FK JUDPL SODQV]RZ\PL RUD] JU\ZDOL]DFMã 2GE\ğR VL÷ RQR Z $UWDWHFH :RMHZÐG]NLHM %LEOLRWHNL 3XEOLF]QHM Z .UDNRZLH SU]\ XOLF\ 5DMVNLHM : Z\GDU]HQLX SU]H] GQL Z]L÷ğR XG]LDğ EOLVNR RVÐE GOD NWÐU\FK E\ğ\ SU]\JRWRZDQH UÐőQH Z\GDU]HQLD L VWUHI\ WHPDW\F]QH JDPHVURRP \ NLHUPDV] JLHU

SODQV]RZ\FK Z\SRő\F]DOQLD JLHU SODQV]RZ\FK VWUHID FKLOORXW IRRGLH RUD] VDOD NUHDW\ZQD 2GE\ğ\ VL÷ WDNőH WHPDW\F]QH SUHOHNFMH QW SURMHNWRZDQLD JLHU /$53 ÐZ 53* WXUQLHMH JLHU SODQV]RZ\FK JU\ ZLHONRIRUPDWRZH JU\ 53* RUD] TXL]\ ] QDJURGDPL L UR]JU\ZND JU\ZDOL]DF\MQD 8(. UHSUH]HQWRZDğ 'U 0DUHN 0DNRZLHF ZUD] ]H VWXGHQWDPL ] .RğD 1DXNRZHJR ,'($ t NWÐU\ Z\VWãSLğ ] SUHOHNFMã SW *U\ZDOL]DFMD t FR WR Z VXPLH

MHVW" %\ğD WR GRVNRQDğD RND]MD GR SURPRZDQLD QDV]HJR SLHUZV]HJR Z 3ROVFH /DERUDWRULXP *U\ZDOL]DF\MQHJR QD XQLZHUV\WHFLH ]DğRőRQHJR Z UDPDFK SURMHNWX e,QNXEDWRU LQQRZDF\MQRijFL r

']LDğ 7UDQVIHUX :LHG]\ L 3URMHNWÐZ

'RGDWNRZR ZVSÐOQLH ] SDUWQHUHP 8(. t ILUPã $ULER 6S ] R R SU]\JRWRZDOLijP\ UR]JU\ZN÷ JU\ZDOL]DF\MQã GOD RVÐE NWÐUH RGZLHG]Lğ\ IHVWLZDO :\NRU]\VWDOLijP\ SODWIRUP÷ $ULER QD NWÐUHM XUXFKRPLOLijP\ VSHFMDOQH PLVMH L ]DGDQLD ]DJDGNL ORJLF]QH ZVND]ÐZNL MDN L JG]LH RGQDOHŏå XNU\WH ]QDF]QLNL

VWRQD KWWSV EL]QHV XHN NUDNRZ SO

3DZLORQ & SRN GDZQH .6% WHO

H PDLO WUDQVIHUZLHG]\#XHN NUDNRZ SO

53


UEK - partner w biznesie

]ORNDOL]RZDQH Z UÐőQ\FK PLHMVFDFK Z EXG\QNX ELEOLRWHNL RG SDUWHUX GR SL÷WUD NUÐWNã KLVWRUL÷ JLHU RUD] S\WDQLD QD NWÐUH WU]HED E\ğR RGSRZLHG]LHå Z PLDU÷ PRőOLZRijFL MDN QDMV]\EFLHM 3ODWIRUPD WD GDMH PRőOLZRijå ijOHG]HQLD QD ELHőãFR Z\QLNÐZ L SRND]XMH UDQNLQJ RVÐE NWÐUH XNRġF]\ğ\ ZV]\VWNLH PLVMH ĞãF]QLH ZV]\VWNLH PLVMH Z FLãJX GZÐFK GQL XNRġF]\ğR EOLVNR RVÐE D QDMOHSV]H RVRE\ ] OLVW\ UDQNLQJRZHM RWU]\PDğ\ QDJURG\ Z IRUPLH JLHU SODQV]RZ\FK RUD] NVLãőNL R WHPDW\FH JLHU L JU\ZDOL]DFML 3RGF]DV IHVWLZDOX PRőQD E\ğR WDNőH SU]HWHVWRZDå DSOLNDFM÷ e0(17,6r VWZRU]RQã SU]H] ILUP÷ $ULER SU]\ ZVSDUFLX SUDFRZQLNÐZ QDV]HM 8F]HOQL $SOLNDFMD VğXő\ Z\FLV]HQLX RVÐE NWÐUH FKFã SRSUDZLå VZÐM GREURVWDQ .DőG\ XF]HVWQLN IHVWLZDOX PÐJğ SU]HWHVWRZDå IXQNFMRQDOQRijå DSOLNDFML ]D SRPRFã VSHFMDOQ\FK RNXODUÐZ GR REVğXJL ZLUWXDOQHM U]HF]\ZLVWRijFL -HM G]LDğDQLH SROHJD QD VWRVRZDQLX PHG\WDFML ZHZQ÷WU]QHM Z FHOX P LQ XVSRNRMHQLD Z\FLV]HQLD ]ğ\FK HPRFML L ]UHODNVRZDQLD RVRE\ SRGGDMãFHM VL÷ MHM : RVWDWQLP F]DVLH QDZLã]DQR WHő RILFMDOQLH ZVSÐğSUDF÷ ] NLONRPD ILUPDPL RUD] SODFÐZNDPL HGXNDF\MQ\PL ] NWÐU\PL SURZDG]RQH E÷Gã ZVSÐOQH SURMHNW\ L G]LDğDQLD 6ã WR P LQ LQQRZDF\MQ\ VWDUW XS 0\(YHQWHR NWÐU\ VWZRU]\ğ DSOLNDFM÷ GR RUJDQL]RZDQLD Z\GDU]Hġ ORNDOQ\FK RUD] EXGRZDQLD L Z]PDFQLDQLD ZL÷]L VSRğHF]Q\FK L UR]ZRMX VZRLFK SDVML

54

GRGDWNRZ\FK ijURGNÐZ NWÐUH SU]H]QDF]RQH Vã QD G]LDğDQLD PDMãFH QD FHOX ğDJRG]HQLH NU\]\VX Z\ZRğDQHJR ZRMQã QD 8NUDLQLH 3U]HZLG]LHOLijP\ Z UDPDFK WHJR SURMHNWX G]LDğDQLD VNLHURZDQH GOD PğRG]LHő\ GR URNX ő\FLD t JU\ PRELOQH ] QDJURGDPL RUD] LQWHUDNW\ZQH UR]JU\ZNL JU\ZDOL]DF\MQH GOD PğRG]LHő\ Z ZLHNX ODW •

e6PRF]D 'XV]D t /HJHQG\ PLHMVNLHr

e3HUğD 6DPDU\WDQLQD t /HJHQG\ R SRPRF\r

e.OHMQRW 3ROLJORW\ t /HJHQG\ M÷]\NDr

']LDğDQLD Z W\P SURMHNFLH PDMã SRPÐF PğRG]LHő\ ] 8NUDLQ\ NWÐUD ]PXV]RQD E\ğD SR UR]SRF]÷FLX G]LDğDġ ZRMHQQ\FK SR OXWHJR E U HPLJURZDå ]H VZRMHJR NUDMX Z SRV]XNLZDQLX VSRNRMX RUD] PRőOLZRijFL GR ő\FLD UR]ZRMX L QDXNL

= NROHL XF]QLRZLH ]H V]NÐğ ] NWÐU\PL SRGSLVDOLijP\ XPRZ\ R ZVSÐğSUDF\ MXő RG ZU]HijQLD ELRUã XG]LDğ Z SURMHNFLH UHDOL]RZDQ\P Z '7:L3 8(.

2SUDFRZDQH UR]JU\ZNL JU\ZDOL]DF\MQH L PRELOQH JU\ NWÐUH SU]\JRWRZDQR PRJã GRSURZDG]Lå GR SRSUDZ\ DV\PLODFML XFKRGŏFÐZ ] 8NUDLQ\ ] 3RODNDPL SU]\EOLő\å LP Z ZL÷NV]\P VWRSQLX NXOWXU÷ 3ROVNL SRND]Då SL÷NQR .UDNRZD L 0DğRSROVNL ]DFK÷FLå GR ZVSÐğSUDF\ RijPLHOLå L XğDWZLå NRQWDNW ] UÐZLHijQLNDPL D Z NRġFX SRPÐF ]DSRPQLHå WR FR SU]Hő\OL Z 8NUDLQLH SRGF]DV JG\ UR]S÷WDğD VL÷ ZRMQD SU]H] NWÐUã ]PXV]HQL E\OL RSXijFLå VZÐM NUDM

: W\P PLHMVFX FKFHP\ WHő ]D]QDF]\å őH RWU]\PDOLijP\ SR]\W\ZQã GHF\]M÷ 1&%L5 GOD SURMHNWX e$NDGHPLD .UHDW\ZQRijFL t SRP\Vğ SRWHQFMDğr Z VSDZLH SU]\]QDQLD

']LDğDQLD WH SR]ZROã MHGQRF]HijQLH QD ijOHG]HQLH ]DDQJDőRZDQLD RVÐE ELRUãF\FK XG]LDğ Z SU]\JRWRZDQ\FK JUDFK L UR]JU\ZNDFK D FR ]D W\P LG]LH Z\ND]DQLH ]DVDGQRijFL

L FHORZRijFL Z\NRU]\VWDQLD JU\ZDOL]DFML Z SURFHVDFK HGXNDF\MQ\FK Z UDPDFK QDV]HJR e/DERUDWRULXP *U\ZDOL]DF\MQHJRr .RġFHP SDŏG]LHUQLND L Z OLVWRSDG]LH SODQRZDQH Vã RUJDQL]DFMH GZÐFK GXő\FK NRQIHUHQFML SRijZL÷FRQ\FK SUREOHPDW\FH SU]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL L VWDUWXSÐZ GOD PğRG]LHő\ ]H V]NÐğ ijUHGQLFK RUD] V]NÐğ EUDQőRZ\FK 7H G]LDğDQLD ZLãőã VL÷ ] ZSURZDG]HQLHP SU]H] 0LQLVWHUVWZR (GXNDFML L 1DXNL RG ZU]HijQLD EU GR V]NÐğ SRQDGSRGVWDZRZ\FK SU]HGPLRWX e%L]QHV L ]DU]ãG]DQLHr %L= NWÐU\ ]DVWãSLğ SU]HGPLRW e3RGVWDZ\ SU]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFLr :SURZDG]HQLH WHJR SU]HGPLRWX Z V]NRğDFK ZLãőH VL÷ ] SUDNW\F]Q\P Z\PLDUHP QDXF]DQLD SU]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL L PD SRPÐF XF]QLRP Z QDE\FLX NOXF]RZ\FK NRPSHWHQFML L UR]ZLMDQLX ]GROQRijFL SU]\ZÐGF]\FK %L= PD E\å RSDUW\ QD ZLHG]\ VSHFMDOLVWÐZ GRijZLDGF]HQLX SU]HGVL÷ELRUFÐZ L UR]ZLã]DQLDFK SRFKRG]ãF\FK ] U\QNÐZ PL÷G]\QDURGRZ\FK :SURZDG]HQLH QRZHJR SU]HGPLRWX PD WDNőH QD FHOX UR]ZLMDQLH NRPSHWHQFML HIHNW\ZQHJR ]DU]ãG]DQLD ZğDVQ\PL ILQDQVDPL D GRFHORZR SU]HGPLRW WHQ E÷G]LH Z SHUVSHNW\ZLH F]DVX PRőOLZ\ GR Z\ERUX QD HJ]DPLQLH PDWXUDOQ\P E÷G]LH PRőQD JR ]GDZDå RG U :VSÐOQLH ] SDUWQHUHP 8(. t 6SHFMDOLVW\F]Qã 3RUDGQLã 3V\FKRORJLF]QR 3HGDJRJLF]Qã e.UDNRZVNL 2ijURGHN .DULHU\r UR]SRF]QLHP\ Z OLVWRSDG]LH GXő\ SURMHNW NWÐU\ PD SU]\EOLő\å PğRG]LHő\ IXQNFMRQRZDQLH VWDUW XSÐZ RUD] ZV]HFKVWURQQLH SU]HV]NROLå Mã ] WHM SUREOHPDW\NL


UEK - partner w biznesie

:F]HijQLHM SDŏG]LHUQLND ]RUJDQL]RZDOLijP\ GXőã NRQIHUHQFM÷ NWÐUD MHVW RILFMDOQ\P UR]SRF]÷FLHP ZVSÐOQ\FK G]LDğDġ : NRQIHUHQFML NWÐUD VL÷ RGE\ğD Z NDPSXVLH 8(. Z]L÷ğR XG]LDğ SRQDG RVÐE ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FK Wã WHPDW\Nã Z W\P XF]QLRZLH L QDXF]\FLHOH PDğRSROVNLFK V]NÐğ ijUHGQLFK 'UXJD LQLFMDW\ZD NWÐUHM RUJDQL]DWRUHP MHVW 0DğRSROVNLH &HQWUXP 'RVNRQDOHQLD 1DXF]\FLHOL t WDNőH SDUWQHU 8(. RGE÷G]LH VL÷ Z GQLX OLVWRSDGD %÷G]LH WR WDNőH NRQIHUHQFMD NWÐUD RILFMDOQLH UR]SRF]QLH ZVSÐOQH G]LDğDQLD XNLHUXQNRZDQH QD V]NROHQLH QDXF]\FLHOL SU]HGPLRWX e%L]QHV L ]DU]ãG]DQLHr : W\P SU]\SDGNX 8(. PD SRPÐF SU]\JRWRZDå QDXF]\FLHOL GR SURZDG]HQLD ]DM÷å ] PğRG]LHőã SU]HND]XMãF LP QLH W\ONR ZLHG]÷ SRWU]HEQã GR SURZDG]HQLD ]DM÷å DOH WDNőH XGRVW÷SQLDMãF QDU]÷G]LD L SRPRFH G\GDNW\F]QH MDNLH PRJã E\å SU]\GDWQH Z QDXF]DQLX WHJR SU]HGPLRWX 'RFHQLDP\ WR L MHVWHijP\ GXPQL őH QDVL SDUWQHU]\ ]ZUÐFLOL VL÷ RILFMDOQLH GR QDV]HM 8F]HOQL ] SURijEã

R DNW\ZQH ZğãF]HQLH VL÷ Z G]LDğDQLD SROHJDMãFH QD V]NROHQLX QDXF]\FLHOL L XF]QLÐZ ] SUREOHPDW\NL GRW\F]ãFHM V]HURNR SRM÷WHM SU]HGVL÷ELRUF]RijFL ]DU]ãG]DQLD L VWDUW XSÐZ

ZğãF]HQLH VL÷ Z G]LDğDQLD L SURMHNW\ SRGHMPRZDQH SU]H] ']LDğ 7UDQVIHUX :LHG]\ L 3URMHNWÐZ =DSUDV]DP\ GR NRQWDNWX

%÷G]LHP\ QD ELHőãFR LQIRUPRZDå 3DġVWZD R W\P MDNLH G]LDğDQLD E÷Gã SRGHMPRZDQH Z UDPDFK ZVSÐğSUDF\ ] W\PL SDUWQHUDPL L MDNLFK VSHFMDOLVWÐZ E÷G]LHP\ SRWU]HERZDå GR SURMHNWÐZ NWÐUH UR]SRF]\QDP\ QD MHVLHQL WHJR URNX

GU 0DUHN 0DNRZLHF $GLXQNW .DWHGUD =DFKRZDġ 2UJDQL]DF\MQ\FK 2SLHNXQ .RğD 1DXNRZHJR e,'($r .RRUG\QDWRU SURMHNWX $NDGHPLD .UHDW\ZQRijFL t SRP\Vğ SRWHQFMDğ SU]HGVL÷ELRUFD

1LHSU]HUZDQLH ]ZUDFDP\ VL÷ GR 3DġVWZD ] SURijEã R DNW\ZQH

PJU 0DğJRU]DWD 6PDJD 6]F]HSDġF]\N .RRUG\QDWRU 3URMHNWX e,QNXEDWRU ,QQRZDF\MQRijFL r 6WDUV]\ 6SHFMDOLVWD ']LDğ 7UDQVIHUX :LHG]\ L 3URMHNWÐZ

55


studenci

6WXGHQFL XQ[bĊ 6WXGHQWNL L VWXGHQFL 8(. XGRZDGQLDMã őH RNUHV VWXGLÐZ WR ijZLHWQ\ F]DV DE\ UR]ZLMDå VL÷ ZV]HFKVWURQQLH L VSUDZG]Lå FR LFK LQWHUHVXMH +ba RM[\ \W XQ[IVQM XZIK VI]SW_aKP Q X]JTQSW_IVQM

_aVQS{_ [_WQKP JILIġ' BLMKaLW_IVQM

:

H ZU]HijQLX XND]DğD VL÷ SXEOLNDFMD RQ OLQH e3RPL÷G]\ WUDG\FMã D QRZRF]HVQRijFLã 1RZH SRGHMijFLD GR JRVSRGDUNL L VSRğHF]HġVWZDr RZRF SUDF\ VWXGHQWÐZ :,6( NWÐU]\ SU]\JRWRZDOL WHNVW\ ]DLQVSLURZDQL 9, 6\PSR]MXP :LHORNLHUXQNRZHM ,QG\ZLGXDOQHM IJFLHőNL (GXNDF\MQHM 1DWRPLDVW Z UR]SRF]\QDMãF\P VL÷ URNX

56

DNDGHPLFNLP ZV]\VF\ VWXGHQFL 8(. E÷Gã PLHOL MHV]F]H ZL÷FHM RND]ML DE\ ]DSUH]HQWRZDå VZRMH SUDFH QD ğDPDFK QRZR SRZVWDMãFHM 0RQRJUDILL 6WXGHQFNLHM OXE SU]HV\ğDMãF WHNVW GR 8(. :RUNLQJ 3DSHUV 3R SU]HUZLH VSRZRGRZDQHM SDQGHPLã &RYLG GR &KRFKRğRZHJR 'ZRUX Z -HU]PDQRZLFDFK SRZUÐFLğR Z\GDU]HQLH VNXSLDMãFH F]ğRQNÐZ

ijURGRZLVND DNDGHPLFNLHJR L ZLHOX Z\ELWQ\FK JRijFL ]H ijZLDWD SROLW\NL EL]QHVX L V]WXNL 5R]PRZ\ SDQHOH L ZDUV]WDW\ RGE\ZDMãFH VL÷ Z WUDNFLH 6\PSR]MXP E\ğ\ VNXSLRQH ZRNÐğ WHPDWX e1RZ\ ZVSDQLDğ\ ijZLDWr L ]DRZRFRZDğ\ SU]HP\ijOHQLDPL NWÐUH ]RVWDğ\ ]HEUDQH Z PRQRJUDILL SRV\PSR]MDOQHM SRG UHGDNFMã PJU $OLFML 'XGHN ] .DWHGU\ =DU]ãG]DQLHP .DSLWDğHP /XG]NLP


:UD] ] QRZ\P URNLHP DNDGHPLFNLP VSRğHF]QRijå DNDGHPLFND 8(. ]\VND NROHMQã SU]HVWU]Hġ GR SXEOLNRZDQLD VZRLFK WHNVWÐZ t 0RQRJUDIL÷ 6WXGHQFNã RUD] :RUNLQJ 3DSHUV 3URMHNW SRZVWDğ ] LQLFMDW\Z\ GU *DEULHOL :URQRZVNLHM ] .DWHGU\ 7HRULL (NRQRPLL Z RGSRZLHG]L QD JğRV\ VWXGHQWÐZ ]DLQWHUHVRZDQ\FK SLVDQLHP SUDF QDXNRZ\FK 0RQRJUDILD 6WXGHQFND MHVW SU]H]QDF]RQD GOD ZV]\VWNLFK RVÐE NWÐUH SLV]ã MXő WHNVW\ QDXNRZH FKFã VSUDZG]Lå VL÷ Z SUDF\ QDXNRZR EDGDZF]HM RUD] ]GRE\å

studenci

: PRQRJUDILL XPLHV]F]RQH ]RVWDğ\ SUDFH SRijZL÷FRQH SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP SROVNLHM JRVSRGDUFH ]DJDGQLHQLRP ]ZLã]DQ\P ] RSW\PDOL]DFMã SUDZD SRGDWNRZHJR LQIODFMã L LQQRZDFMDPL $XWRUNL L $XWRU]\ SRGM÷OL UÐZQLHő SUÐE÷ ]EDGDQLD ]DFKRG]ãF\FK Z VSRğHF]HġVWZLH ]PLDQ L LFK NRQVHNZHQFML RG QRZ\FK UR]ZLã]Dġ Z UHNODPLH SRSU]H] HNVSHU\PHQW\ ]ZLã]DQH ] SRV]XNLZDQLHP LGHDOQHJR V\VWHPX VSRğHF]QR SROLW\F]QHJR Dő SR SURMHNW\ ]ZLã]DQH ] WUDQVSRUWHP -HVW WR MXő SLãWD PRQRJUDILD ]DZLHUDMãFD SUDFH VWXGHQWÐZ :,6( D ]H ZV]\VWNLPL SXEOLNDFMDPL PRőQD ]DSR]QDå VL÷ QD VWURQLH KWWSV LVVXX FRP VWRZDU]\V]HQLH ZLVH GRFV

GRijZLDGF]HQLH Z SLVDQLX L UHGDJRZDQLX SUDF\ QDXNRZHM OXE SODQXMã SUDF÷ QD 8F]HOQL 0RQRJUDILD 6WXGHQFND MHVW RWZDUWD QD RSUDFRZDQLD ] UÐőQ\FK REV]DUÐZ L RIHUXMH PRőOLZRijå RSXEOLNRZDQLD VZRMHM SUDF\ MDNR UR]G]LDğX PRQRJUDILL L SU]HGVWDZLHQLD MHM W\P VDP\P V]HUV]HM SXEOLF]QRijFL 2SUDFRZDQLD W\SX ZRUNLQJ SDSHUV QD]\ZDQH F]DVHP DUW\NXğDPL URERF]\PL SR]ZDODMã QDWRPLDVW QDXNRZFRP RUD] RVRERP UR]SRF]\QDMãF\P SUDF÷ QDXNRZã QD SU]HGVWDZLHQLH Z\QLNÐZ VZRLFK EDGDġ ']L÷NL XWZRU]RQHM SODWIRUPLH WHNVW\ WH PRJã E\å ]DSUH]HQWRZDQH

V]HUV]HPX JURQX L VNRPHQWRZDQH &HOHP SXEOLNDFML WHNVWÐZ Z IRUPLH ZRUNLQJ SDSHUV MHVW SR]\VNDQLH XZDJ NWÐUH XPRőOLZLã $XWRURP RSUDFRZDQLH XOHSV]RQHM ZHUVML WHNVWX RUD] UR]ZÐM ZLHG]\ L VW\PXORZDQLH G\VNXVML Z G]LHG]LQLH QDXN HNRQRPLF]Q\FK

2NğDGND PRQRJUDILL

6]F]HJÐğRZH LQIRUPDFMH GRW\F]ãFH 0RQRJUDILL 6WXGHQFNLHM MDN L :RUNLQJ 3DSHUV ]QDMGXMã VL÷ QD VWURQLH LQWHUQHWRZHM 8F]HOQL Z ]DNğDGFH 6WXGHQFL 5R]ZÐM =DFK÷FDP\ GR QDGV\ğDQLD VZRLFK SUDF PJU $OLFMD 'XGHN .DWHGUD =DU]ãG]DQLD .DSLWDğHP /XG]NLP

57


wspomnienie

?[XWUVQMVQM W īX )V\WVQVQM /ZbĊSI Q RMR ZWLbQVQM )V\WVQVI /ZbĊSI b LWU] 5IKP ]ZWLbQðI [QĔ _ ;Xa\SW_QKIKP S :IJSQ ! _ bIKVMR ZWLbQVQM 5IKP{_ B \MRĵM ZWLbQVa XWKPWLbQð U QV 3[QĊLb 2IV 5IKP S]baV WRKI )V\WVQVa XZWJW[bKb XIZINQQ _ <WSIZVQ _ TI\IKP ! LW ! ! WZIb [QW[\ZI [\ZaRMKbVI )V\WVQVa § XZWN LZ PIJ ;\IVQ[ðI_I 5IKP ;]ZLaSW_[SI ,bQMSIV ?aLbQIð] -SWVWUQSQ 7JZW\] =VQ_MZ[a\M\] -SWVWUQKbVMOW {_KbM[VMR )- _ 3ZISW_QM _ TI\IKP ! !! I X{ĎVQMR XZWNM[WZ =VQ_MZ[a\M\] 2IOQMTTWġ[SQMOW

A

nWRQLQD SU]\V]ğD QD ijZLDW MDNR GUXJD FÐUND $QWRQLHJR L $QQ\ ] GRPX 6]HOLJD 8URG]LğD VL÷ Z GRPX NWÐU\ REHFQLH QDOHő\ GR MHM VLRVWU\ FLRWHF]QHM ]H VWURQ\ URG]LQ\ 6]HOLJÐZ t PJU IDUPDFML $QWRQLQ\ 2UDPXV E\ğHM NLHURZQLF]NL $SWHNL Z :RMHZÐG]NLP 6]SLWDOX 2NXOLVW\F]Q\P Z :LWNRZLFDFK L MHM P÷őD LQő\QLHUD =ELJQLHZD 2UDPXVD

$QWRQLQD PLDğD UÐZQLHő SRZV]HFKQLH V]DQRZDQH URG]HġVWZR 6WDUV]D R ODWD VLRVWUD PJU &]HVğDZD %ODġGD DEVROZHQWND 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR $( Z ODWDFK E\ğD ]DVW÷SFã 1DF]HOQLND 8U]÷GX 6NDUERZHJR Z 1RZ\P 7DUJX 1DWRPLDVW MHM Pãő VWDUV]\ FKRUãő\ V]WDERZ\ :3 5RPDQ %ODġGD E\ğ ZLHOROHWQLP HJ]DPLQDWRUHP SDġVWZRZ\P GDMãF\P XSUDZQLHQLD SUDZD MD]G\ $QWRQLQD PLDğD MHV]F]H PğRGV]HJR EUDWD 7DGHXV]D 0DFKD NWÐU\ Z ODWDFK E\ğ 3UH]HVHP 2FKRWQLF]HM 6WUDő\ 3RőDUQHM Z 6S\WNRZLFDFK D MHJR őRQD 7HUHVD 0DFK ] GRPX .OLQRZVND MHVW REGDU]RQD IHQRPHQDOQã SDPL÷FLã Z V]F]HJÐOQRijFL GR GDW 1DMPğRGV]D VLRVWUD PJU 0DğJRU]DWD 58


$QWRQLQD SR XNRġF]HQLX 7HFKQLNXP 2EXZQLF]HJR Z 1RZ\P 7DUJX Z U ]RVWDğD VNLHURZDQD QD VWDő Z &HQWUDOQ\P /DERUDWRULXP 3U]HP\VğX 2EXZQLF]HJR Z .UDNRZLH 3R NLONX ODWDFK QLH SU]HU\ZDMãF DNW\ZQRijFL ]DZRGRZHM SRGM÷ğD VSHFMDOLVW\F]QH VWXGLD QD 3ROLWHFKQLFH IJZL÷WRNU]\VNLHM Z 2GG]LDOH =DPLHMVFRZ\P Z 5DGRPLX NWÐUH XNRġF]\ğD Z U : WUDNFLH SLVDQLD SUDF\ G\SORPRZHM ]RVWDğ ]JğRV]RQ\ SURMHNW Z\QDOD]F]\ QU ]JğRV]HQLD SW 6SRVÐE Z\WZDU]DQLD NOHMX PRF]QLNRZHJR QD NWÐU\ 8U]ãG 3DWHQWRZ\ XG]LHOLğ $QWRQLQLH MDNR ZVSÐğDXWRURZL RFKURQ÷ Z SRVWDFL 3DWHQWX QU : GQLX U $QWRQLQD ]DZDUğD ]ZLã]HN PDğőHġVNL ] $QGU]HMHP *U]ãND Z %D]\OLFH 6HUFD -H]XVRZHJR Z .UDNRZLH SREğRJRVğDZLRQ\ SU]H] ÐZF]HVQHJR GXV]SDVWHU]D DNDGHPLFNLHJR :$- 2MFD GU KDE &]HVğDZD 'UãőND 6- SÐŏQLHMV]HJR UHGDNWRUD Z\GDQLD SROVNLHJR /p2VVHUYDWRUH 5RPDQR L 5DGLD :DW\NDġVNLHJR $QWRQLQD E\ğD ZVSDQLDğã L NRFKDMãFã őRQã L PDWNã 8URG]LğD L Z\FKRZDğD V]HijFLRUR PãGU\FK L NRFKDMãF\FK VZRLFK URG]LFÐZ G]LHFL UH]\JQXMãF SU]\ W\P ] NDULHU\ ]DZRGRZHM 3U]H] SRQDG ODW FL÷őNR SUDFRZDğD Z GRPX QDG Z\FKRZDQLHP L Z\NV]WDğFHQLHP WU]HFK FÐUHN L WU]HFK V\QÐZ :VSRPDJDOL -ã Z W\P G]LHOH VLRVWUD P÷őD PJU (ZD *U]ãND G\UHNWRU I /LFHXP 2JÐOQRNV]WDğFãFHJR LP %DUWğRPLHMD 1RZRGZRUVNLHJR Z ODWDFK NX]\QND $QQD ] .RU]HQLRZVNLFK 5ÐőDġVND PJU LQő %XGRZQLFWZD /ãGRZHJR QDMEOLőV]\ VãVLDG GU 0DULDQ %DQDFK DEVROZHQW 3UDZD 8- SUDFRZQLN 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z ODWDFK t RUD] FDğD ZLHOND 5RG]LQD 0DFKÐZ ]H 6S\WNRZLF

wspomnienie

0DFK )LHGRU DEVROZHQWND :\G]LDğX 3UDZD L $GPLQLVWUDFML 8- E\ğD Z ODWDFK VNDUEQLNLHP *PLQ\ 5DED :\őQD D MHM Pãő PJU $QGU]HM )LHGRU DEVROZHQW 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR Z .UDNRZLH $( E\ğ Z ODWDFK '\UHNWRUHP 5HMRQX 3RF]W\ L 7HOHNRPXQLNDFML Z =DNRSDQHP

L ]H 6WDQÐZ =MHGQRF]RQ\FK 6]F]HJÐOQLH SRPDJDOL MHM URG]LFH NWÐU]\ GR NRġFD VZRMHJR ő\FLD RMFLHF $QWRQL ]PDUğ Z U D PDWND $QQD Z U URELOL ZV]\VWNR DE\ eZF]DV\ SRG JUXV]ãr D ZğDijFLZLH eSRG OLSãr Z RSXVWRV]Dğ\P GRPX SUDG]LDGND -DQD 0DFKD QD 0DFKÐZFH Z 6S\WNRZLFDFK RGOHJğ\P ]DOHGZLH R P RG LFK SRVHVML L GDOV]H P RG GRPX QDURG]LQ $QWRQLQ\ PRJğ\ SU]H] ZLHOH ODW WUZDå QLH WU]\ W\JRGQLH OHF] Dő WU]\ PLHVLãFH NDőGHJR URNX :LHONLH ZVSDUFLH $QWRQLQD L FDğD MHM QDMEOLőV]D URG]LQD X]\VNLZDğD ]H VWURQ\ 3DUDILL ijZ .D]LPLHU]D .UÐOHZLF]D Z .UDNRZLH D V]F]HJÐOQLH ÐZF]HVQHJR SURERV]F]D NV .DQRQLND -Ð]HID -RġF]\ND RUD] REHFQHJR SURERV]F]D WHM SDUDILL NV .DQRQLND GU $GDPD 1LZLġVNLHJR E\ğHJR NVL÷G]D NDWHFKHW÷ Z , /2 LP % 1RZRGZRUVNLHJR 1DOHő\ UÐZQLHő ZVSRPQLHå R ZVSDUFLX GXFKRZ\P MDNLH t ]ZğDV]F]D SRG NRQLHF ő\FLD t X]\VNDğD ]H VWURQ\ GXV]SDVWHU]D :$- 2 -HU]HJR 6HUPDND 6- ] NWÐU\P PRJğD RGZLHG]Lå =LHPL÷ IJZL÷Wã RUD] VDQNWXDULD Z +LV]SDQL L )UDQFML &RURF]QLH XF]HVWQLF]\ğD ZUD] ] P÷őHP Z SURZDG]RQ\FK SU]H] 2 -HU]HJR UHNROHNFMDFK GOD DEVROZHQWÐZ :$- 3R SRQDG ODWDFK LQWHQV\ZQHM SUDF\ Z\FKRZDZF]HM Z GRPX Z U LQő\QLHU $QWRQLQD *U]ãND RGZDő\ğD VL÷ ZUÐFLå GR SUDF\ ]DZRGRZHM VNğDGDMãF SRGDQLH R HWDW WHFKQLF]Q\ Z .DWHGU]H 2SDNRZDOQLFWZD 7RZDUÐZ QD :\G]LDOH 7RZDUR]QDZVWZD 8QLZHUV\WHWX (NRQRPLF]QHJR

Z .UDNRZLH ']L÷NL VWDUDQLRP NLHURZQLND .DWHGU\ SURI GU KDE 0DğJRU]DW\ /LVLġVNLHM .XijQLHU] L ő\F]OLZHM DSUREDFLH ÐZF]HVQHJR 3URUHNWRUD SURI GU KDE :DFğDZD $GDPF]\ND RUD] ']LHNDQD :\G]LDğX 7RZDUR]QDZVWZD SÐŏQLHMV]HJR 5HNWRUD GU KDE $QGU]HMD &KRFKÐğD SURI 8(. t SRGM÷ğD SUDF÷ =RVWDğD EDUG]R FLHSğR SU]\M÷WD RWRF]RQD RSLHNã SU]H] NLHURZQLND i ]DDSURERZDQD SU]H] FDğH JURQR SUDFRZQLNÐZ NDWHGU\ 'R F]DVX SU]HMijFLD QD HPHU\WXU÷ Z\NRQ\ZDğD VZRMH RERZLã]NL ] QDOHő\Wã VXPLHQQRijFLã L U]HWHOQRijFLã D QDVW÷SQLH MHV]F]H SU]H] NROHMQ\FK NLOND ODW NRQW\QXRZDğD SUDF÷ Z UDPDFK XPRZ\ ]OHFHQLD 3RPDJDğD VWXGHQWRP Z SUDFDFK ODERUDWRU\MQ\FK L Z F]÷ijFL GRijZLDGF]DOQHM SUDF G\SORPRZ\FK : GQLX ]RVWDğR MHM SU]\]QDQH RG]QDF]HQLH SDġVWZRZH t 0HGDO ]D 'ğXJROHWQLã 6ğXőE÷ ZU÷F]RQH SU]H] ÐZF]HVQHJR ZRMHZRG÷ PDğRSROVNLHJR 6WDQLVğDZD .UDFLND $QWRQLQD E\ğD ZVSDQLDğ\P WURVNOLZ\P L ő\F]OLZ\P GOD ZV]\VWNLFK RVÐE F]ğRZLHNLHP R ZLHONLP VHUFX : Z\QLNX UXW\QRZHM RSHUDFML Z\PLDQ\ ]DVWDZNL DRUWDOQHM Z V]SLWDOX -DQD 3DZğD ,, Z .UDNRZLH MHM VHUFH S÷NğR 3RPLPR SRGM÷FLD ZLHORNURWQ\FK SUÐE XUDWRZDQLD MHM ő\FLD SU]H] OHNDU]\ SRG NWÐU\FK RSLHNã ]QDMGRZDğD VL÷ FDğ\ F]DV QLH Z\EXG]LğD VL÷ SR RSHUDFML -HM VHUFH SU]HVWDğR ELå R JRG]LQLH Z VRERW÷ U 1LH FLHUSLDğD RGHV]ğD L ]DVQ÷ğD Z 3DQX :LHF]QH RGSRF]\ZDQLH UDF] MHM GDå 3DQLH GU LQő $QGU]HM *U]ãND

59


kurierek

5DGRijå ]KbMVQI [QĔ 5DGRijå MDNR FHQWUDOQD NDWHJRULD DQDOL]\ SURFHVX XF]HQLD VL÷ F]÷VWR Z\P\ND VL÷ UHIOHNVML G\GDNW\NÐZ RUD] QDXF]\FLHOL DOH WHő L VDP\FK XF]QLÐZ L LFK URG]LFÐZ <aUKbI[MU UWĵM [\IČ [QĔ WVI ST]KbMU LW

Ĭ_QILWUMOW Q [I\a[NISKRWV]RĊKMOW XZWKM[] ]KbMVQI [QĔ =KbMVQI [QĔ S\{ZM RM[\ XWLZ{ĵĊ _ KWZIb \W VW_M _aUQIZa LbQMKQĔKaKP LWĬ_QILKbMġ

T :V]\VWNLH ]GM÷FLD SRFKRG]ã ] ,QDXJXUDFML 5RNX $NDGHPLFNLHJR 8QLZHUV\WHWX ']LHFL÷FHJR

60

UXGQR Z\REUD]Lå VRELH ő\FLH EH] XF]HQLD VL÷ 2G QDMZF]HijQLHMV]\FK FKZLO QDV]HJR LVWQLHQLD DE\ SU]HWUZDå SRGHMPXMHP\ ZLHOH F]\QQRijFL ]ZLã]DQH ] W\P SURFHVHP &Ðő WR ]D FLHNDZH L WZÐUF]H ]MDZLVNR G]L÷NL NWÐUHPX SR]QDMHP\ QDMSLHUZ QDMEOLőV]H QDP SU]HVWU]HQLH UR]ZRMX GRNRQXMHP\ HNVSORUDFML FRUD] WR QRZV]\FK REV]DUÐZ QDV]HJR

ijURGRZLVND E\ Z NRQVHNZHQFML Z\Mijå SR]D QLH L WUDILå GR LQVW\WXFML Z NWÐUHM XF]\å VL÷ MXő WU]HED IRUPDOQLH 0LPR Lő QDGDO SRGVWDZRZ\P Z\]QDF]QLNLHP UR]ZRMX Vã SURFHV\ SR]QDZDQLD U]HF]\ZLVWRijFL V]\ENR PRőHP\ ]DSRPQLHå R W\P MDN IDVF\QXMãFã SU]\JRGã MHVW XF]HQLD VL÷ RWDF]DMãFHJR QDV ijZLDWD =GRE\ZDQLH ZLHG]\ R MHJR SUDZDFK ]DVDGDFK IXQNFMRQRZDQLD L MDN QLH]Z\NğH Z W\P ijZLHFLH

MHVW SR]QDZDQLH GUXJLHJR F]ğRZLHND L NV]WDğWRZDQLH ] QLP UHODFML 3RS÷G HNVSORUDF\MQ\ NWÐU\ SRS\FKDğ QDV GR SR]QDZDQLD FRUD] WR QRZ\FK U]HF]\ ]MDZLVN L OXG]L GRGDZDğ RGZDJL Z FKZLODFK ]ZãWSLHQLD L PRW\ZRZDğ GR SRNRQ\ZDQLD WUXGQRijFL F]÷VWR Z ZLHNX V]NROQ\P ]DF]\QD PLHV]Då VL÷ ] QLHSRNRMHP O÷NLHP SU]HG RFHQã EUDNLHP ZLDU\


3RZ\őV]\ G\OHPDW VWDğ VL÷ SXQNWHP Z\MijFLD GR G\VNXVML ] G]LHåPL SRGF]DV Z\NğDGX LQDXJXUXMãFHJR 1RZ\ 5RN $NDGHPLFNL 8QLZHUV\WHWX ']LHFL÷FHJR 8(. 3U]HG QDV]\PL PDğ\PL VWXGHQWDPL ZLHOH Z\]ZDġ HGXNDF\MQ\FK :\NğDG UR]SRF]÷OLijP\ ]DWHP RG SXV]F]DQLD EDQLHNf &R ZVSÐOQHJR PRJã PLHå EDġNL P\GODQH ] SURFHVHP XF]HQLD VL÷" ']LHFL VDPH PRJğ\ VL÷ SU]HNRQDå MDN ZDőQH MHVW ]DGEDQLH R EDODQV IL]MRORJLF]Q\ RUJDQL]PX MDNR ZVW÷S GR NDőGHM F]\QQRijFL ]ZLã]DQHM ] QDE\ZDQLHP ZLHG]\ :\UÐZQDQLH RGGHFKX GRWOHQLHQLH PÐ]JX XVSRNRMHQLH FLDğD L NRQWDNW ] QLP WR ZDőQH NURNL GR ijZLDGRPHJR XF]HQLD VL÷ : WRNX ő\FLD G]LHFND ]PLHQLDMã VL÷ MHJR Z\]ZDQLD UR]ZRMRZH ]PLHQLDMã VL÷ UÐZQLHő SU]HVWU]HQLH L IRUP\ XF]HQLD VL÷ GODWHJR G]LHFNR ZFLãő SRWU]HEXMH QRZ\FK QDU]÷G]L DE\ VNXWHF]QLH L ] GEDğRijFLã R VZÐM GREURVWDQ PLHU]\å VL÷ ] QRZ\PL GRijZLDGF]HQLDPL 3RWU]HEXMH QDU]÷G]L NWÐUH SR]ZROã PX G]LDğDå NLHG\ GRijZLDGF]D VWUHVX ]ZLã]DQHJR ] SURFHVHP XF]HQLD VL÷ 6DPH G]LHFL RSRZLDGDğ\ R W\P MDN ZLHOH Z V]NRğDFK GRijZLDGF]DMã V\WXDFML WUXGQ\FK L VWUHVRZ\FK MDN RQH ]QLHFK÷FDMã MH GR GDOV]\FK SRV]XNLZDġ L RGNU\ZDQLD ijZLDWD 6\VWHP LPPXQRORJLF]Q\ F]ğRZLHND REQLőD VZÐM SRWHQFMDğ NLHG\ ]QDMGXMH VL÷ Z V\WXDFML Z\VRNLHJR VWUHVX SU]H] GğXőV]\ F]DV 2EQLőD VL÷ VSUDZQRijå SURFHVÐZ SR]QDZF]\FK L VSDGD PRW\ZDFMD : NRQVHNZHQFML G]LHFNR SU]HVWDMH VL÷ XF]\å L WUDFL ZURG]RQã PX FLHNDZRijå SR]QDZF]ã :\SRVDőHQLH G]LHFND Z VNXWHF]QH QDU]÷G]LD SUDF\ ] GRijZLDGF]DQ\PL VWUHVRUDPL UHJXODFML HPRFML Z QDU]÷G]LD NRQWDNWX ] ZğDVQ\P FLDğHP L REQLőDQLD QDSL÷FLD WR SRGVWDZD GR VNXWHF]QHJR XF]HQLD VL÷ 5R]SR]QDZDQLH SR]LRPX VWUHVX L URELHQLH SU]HUZ GOD VZRMHJR NRPIRUWX HGXNDF\MQHJR WR MHGQD ] QDMVNXWHF]QLHMV]\FK VWUDWHJLL

EXGRZDQLD RGSRUQRijFL SV\FKLF]QHM G]LHFL &]HJR ]DWHP MHV]F]H SRWU]HED G]LHFLRP DE\ Z UDGRijFL PRJğ\ RGNU\ZDå ijZLDW" ']LHFL GRVNRQDOH ZLHG]ã őH GR XF]HQLD VL÷ SRWU]HEQD MHVW ]QDMRPRijå FHOX 8PLHM÷WQRijå Z\]QDF]DQLD FHOÐZ Z HGXNDFML L LFK HZDOXDFMD Vã GRVNRQDğ\PL GURJRZVND]DPL QD ijFLHőNDFK HGXNDF\MQ\FK 8F]HQLH VL÷ G]LHFL EXGXMã QD ZLHU]H ZH ZğDVQH PRőOLZRijFL FR GR NWÐU\FK LQIRUPDFML ]ZURWQ\FK SRWU]HEXMã RG VZRLFK QDMEOLőV]\FK IJZLDGRPRijå őH URG]LF PL XID őH MHVWHP Z VWDQLH SRQLHijå RGSRZLHG]LDOQRijå ]D VZRMH HGXNDF\MQH G]LDğDQLD őH ijZLDW MHVW PL SU]\MD]Q\ GRGDMH VNU]\GHğ Z FRG]LHQQRijFL HGXNDF\MQHM $E\ VL÷ XF]\å G]LHFL SRWU]HEXMã NRPXQLNRZDå VL÷ ]H VREã L ] ijZLDWHP : W\P SURFHVLH NRQLHF]QH VWDMã VL÷ IRUPDOQH NRPSHWHQFMH M÷]\NRZH 3R]QDZDQLH M÷]\NÐZ REF\FK MHVW NOXF]HP GR RGNU\ZDQLD ijZLDWD -HGQDN VDPH NRPSHWHQFMH M÷]\NRZH QLH Z\VWDUF]ã 2G VDPHJR SRF]ãWNX ZDUWR NV]WDğWRZDå XPLHM÷WQRijFL NRPXQLNDF\MQH G]LHFL %H] QLFK QLH SRUR]XPLHMã VL÷ RQH ] GUXJLP F]ğRZLHNLHP Z őDGQ\P M÷]\NX .V]WDğWRZDQLH XPLHM÷WQRijFL LQWHUSHUVRQDOQ\FK XPLHM÷WQRijå XZVSÐOQLDQLD VWDQRZLVN PHGLRZDQLD UR]ZLD]\ZDQLD VSRUÐZ EH] Xő\ZDQLD SU]HPRF\ WR NRPSHWHQFMH

SU]\V]ğRijFL ZVSLHUDMãFH SURFHV XF]HQLD VL÷ 5DGRijå VWDMH VL÷ FHQWUDOQã NDWHJRULã SURFHVX XF]HQLD VL÷ .DWHJRULã PRW\ZXMãFã EXGXMãFã ZLDU÷ Z VHQV XF]HQLD VL÷ ZVSÐOQHJR G]LDğDQLD L ]PLHQLDQLD RWDF]DMãFHJR QDV ijZLDWD ']LHFL Vã QDMV]\EFLHM XF]ãF\PL VL÷ RUJDQL]PDPL QD ijZLHFLH UÐZQLH V]\ENR URVQã L NV]WDğWXMã ZğDVQH SUHIHUHQFMH SR]QDZF]H L ijFLHőNL XF]HQLD VL÷ 0\ GRURijOL QLH PDP\ ]E\W ZLHOH F]DVX DE\ SRND]Då LP MDN IDVF\QXMãFã SU]\JRGã PRőH E\å ]GRE\ZDQLH ZLHG]\ L NV]WDğWRZDQLH ]ZLã]DQ\FK ] QLã XPLHM÷WQRijFL IJZLDGRPRijå ]DVDG SURFHVÐZ XF]HQLD VL÷ G]LHFND L PRőOLZRijFL MHJR ZVSLHUDQLD ZijUÐG URG]LFÐZ L QDXF]\FLHOL MHVW QLH]Z\NOH LVWRWQD Z GURG]H GR VXNFHVX HGXNDF\MQHJR G]LHFND 3HZQLH GODWHJR Z\NğDG Z]EXG]Lğ ZLHOH S\WDġ L UHIOHNVML QLH W\ONR ZijUÐG G]LHFL DOH L ZijUÐG WRZDU]\V]ãF\FK LP GRURVğ\FK

kurierek

ZH ZğDVQH PRőOLZRijFL D F]DVHP QDZHW UH]\JQDFMã ] UR]ZRMX &R ]DWHP PRőQD ]URELå őHE\ QLH ]DWUDFLå WHM G]LHFL÷FHM JRWRZRijFL GR XF]HQLD VL÷ L FR XF]\QLå DE\ XF]HQLH VL÷ VWDğR VL÷ UDGRVQ\P HOHPHQWHP NDőGHJR HWDSX ő\FLD"

:VSLHUDMP\ ZL÷F ijZLDGRPLH QDV]H G]LHFL D F]DV ]DM÷å Z UDPDFK 8QLZHUV\WHWX ']LHFL÷FHJR 8(. QLHFK E÷G]LH GOD QLFK UDGRVQã SU]\JRGã HGXNDF\MQã 6DP\FK VXNFHVÐZ ']LHFLDNL

GU 0DğJRU]DWD 7XUF]\N ,QVW\WXW 3HGDJRJLNL 8QLZHUV\WHW -DJLHOORġVNL %& 3ULPDU\ 6FKRRO

61


62

kurierek


Odkrywaj świat z Uniwersytetem Dziecięcym Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie! zapraszamy dzieci w wieku 6-12 lat ȁƊ ƧǞƵDzƊɩƵ ɩɯDzǾƊƮɯ Ǟ ɩƊȲȺɹɈƊɈɯ

ȲȌɹƦɐƮɹƊǿɯ ƮɹǞƵƧǞNJƧƠ ƧǞƵDzƊɩȌȻƨ ƮǶƊ‫ٶ‬ȌɈƊƧɹƊǯƠƧƵǐȌ ȻɩǞƊɈƊ

ƮƦƊǿɯ Ȍ ȲȌɹɩȍǯ ȯȌɈƵȁƧǯƊǾɐ ǞȁɈƵǶƵDzɈɐƊǶȁƵǐȌ ƮɹǞƵƧǞ

ȲȌɹɩǞǯƊǿɯ ȻɩǞƊƮȌǿȌȻƨ

ƵDzȌȁȌǿǞƧɹȁȌٌȺȯȌǾƵƧɹȁƠ Ǟ‫ٶ‬ȌƦɯɩƊɈƵǶȺDzƠ ɩȻȲȍƮ ƮɹǞƵƧǞ

ȺɈɩƊȲɹƊǿɯ ǿȌɼǶǞɩȌȻƨ ɩƊȲɈȌȻƧǞȌɩƵǐȌ ȺȯNJƮɹƊȁǞƊ ɩȌǶȁƵǐȌ ƧɹƊȺɐ

ǞȁȺȯǞȲɐǯƵǿɯ ȯȲɹɯȺɹǾɯƧǘ ǶǞƮƵȲȍɩ

www.ud.uek.krakow.pl


Centrum Wsparcia Psychologicznego • pomagamy szuh-f.1 l wspar1ia w sytu-1f-1_ |uudny1_ doty1 .1y1_ -równo studiowania jak i ka৵dej sfery ৵y1ba • stwarzamy mo৵Ѵbwoঋࣀ 7okonania pozytywny1_ lb-n w swobl ৵y1bu • oferujemy krótkoterminow. pomo1 w formie darmowy1_ konsuѴ|-1fb psy1_oѴogb1 ny1_, v|-1fom-umb; Ѵub omѴbme • pomagamy z uwzgѴ<7mb;miem indywidu-Ѵny1_ potrzeb, w ৵y1 Ѵbwej atmosferze • doradzamy w poszukiwaniu opieki psy1_oterapeuty1 m;f, promo1fb zdrowia oraz psy1_oeduh-1fi • 7 b-j-my w opar1bu o wspój1z;vm. wiedz< psy1_oѴogb1 m., z -1_ow-mb;l m-f ৵v y1_ standardów, w | l |-f;lmb1y zawodowej • zapraszamy Studentów wszyv|hb1_ form studiów, doktorantów or- vju1_a1 y studiów podypѴomowy1_ & K

Siedziba CWP: Pa bѴon D, pokój 18, Kampuv & K w ramach Europejskiego Funduszu Sroj;1 nego Program Operacyjny Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój. „UEK dost<rny dla wszystkich” POWR.03.05.00-00-A065/20. www.dostepny.uek.krakowĺrѴ www.bon.uek.krakowĺrѴ


Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.