Figure 4. Restriction map of pBluescript II SK

p R

Figure 4. Restriction map of pBluescript II SK(-) (Genscript.com 2019)

pUC19 is a small, high-copy number cloning vector with a total length of 2686 bp (basepairs), an origin of replication and a multiple cloning site (MCS) (Coventry University 2017). pBluescript II SK(-) is a phagemid cloning vector with a length of 2961 bp, having polylinker T7 and T3 RNA polymerase promoters present in the Nterminal area of a lacZ gene fragment (Chem-agilent 2008).

Bactria living in communities are scientifically termed ‘biofilms’, which represent a growing interest to microbiologists due to their sophisticated structures and cell-cell communication within the community (Mielich-Süss 2014). Adhesion to a surface represents a critical characteristic for biofilms and it depends on three indispensable components: surfaces, bacteria and an exo-polysaccharide matrix. Firstly, bacterial cells accumulate on the surface, forming a colony under the adsorption process, then secondly the bacterial organisms attach to the surface by creating a polymer layer in between. Finally, the growth and extending of bacteria on the surface. Biofilm adhesion requires specific medium, pH or temperature for a strong bacterial community creation (Garrett 2008).

Escherichia coli is Gram-negative bacteria, which lives in the environment, food and gastrointestinal tract and it represents the main cause of urinary infections and acute enteritis in humans and animals (Percival et al. 2014). E.coli was established to be a model organism for biofilm creation due to its ideal lifestyle as a community. Additionally E.coli is an active bacteria; the flagellar apparatus helps for biofilm adhesion and the exo-polysaccharides are necessary for biofilm matrixes (Beloin et al. 2008). Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium, which grows an animals’ gastrointestinal tract and presents considerable genome diversity. i B.subtilis lives in bacterial communities and allows them to manifest complex functions and great r interactions among cells, which leads to a durable biofilm (Mielich-Süss 2014).