مجلة تفكر المجلد(10) العدد(2)

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‫‪ŠØÐflm‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠــﺪ )‪(10‬‬

‫)‪(2‬‬

‫اﻟﻌــﺪد‬

‫)‪2010‬م ‪1431/‬هـ (‬

‫‪@ @åí‰b’n½a@ò÷îç‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر‪ /‬إﺑﺮاهـ ـﻴﻢ أﺣﻤـــــــ ـﺪ ﻋﻤ ـﺮ ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر‪ /‬أﺣﻤ ﺪ ﻋﻠـــــــــــ ـﻲ اﻹ ﻣـــــ ـﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر‪ /‬زآــ ـﺮﻳﺎ ﺑﺸــــ ـﻴﺮ إﻣـــــ ـﺎم ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر‪ /‬ﻣﺒـ ـﺎرك ﻣ ـﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠ ـﻲ ﻣﺠ ﺬوب‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر‪ /‬اﻟﺰﺑﻴ ـﺮ ﺑﺸـ ـﻴﺮ ﻃـــــــــــــ ـﻪ ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴﻮر ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻮهﺎب ﺳــــــﺮ اﻟﺨﺘـﻢ أﺣﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر‪ /‬ﻃـ ـﻪ ﺟــ ـﺎﺑﺮ اﻟـﻌﻠـــــ ـﻮاﻧﻲ ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر ‪ /‬ﺗﺠ ﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﺴــ ـﻦ اﻷﻣﻴـــــــــ ـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﻓﻴ ـﺴﻮر‪ /‬أﺣﻤ ـﺪ اﻟﻄﻴـــ ـﺐ ﻣﺤﻤـــ ـﺪ ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر ‪ /‬اﻟﻄﻴ ﺐ زﻳـ ـﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﺑــــــــــ ـﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر ‪ /‬ﻋﻤ ﺮ ﻋﺒ ـﺪ اﻟﻌﺰﻳ ـﺰ ﻣﻮﺳ ﻰ ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر ‪ /‬ﻋﻠ ﻲ اﻟﻄﺎه ـﺮ ﺷـ ـﺮف اﻟﺪﻳـــ ـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر ‪ /‬إﺳ ﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺣﺴ ﻦ ﺣﺴــﻴــ ـﻦ ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر ‪ /‬اﻟﺘﺠـﺎﻧ ـﻲ ﻋﺒ ـﺪ اﻟﻘ ـﺎدر ﺣﺎﻣـ ـﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر ‪ /‬إﺑﺮاهـﻴ ـﻢ ﻣـﺤﻤـ ـﺪ زﻳـــــ ـﻦ ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر ‪ /‬ﺣﺴـ ـﻦ ﻣﺤ ـﻤﺪ اﻟﺰﻳـــــــ ـﻦ‬ ‫د‪ .‬ﻓﺘــﺤــــ‬ ‫د‪ .‬زآـــ‬

‫ـﻲ اﻟﻤﻠــﻜــــ‬ ‫ـﻲ اﻟﻤﻴـــــــــــــ‬

‫ـﺎوي ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴ ﻮر ‪ /‬أﺣﻤ ﺪ ﻣﺤﻤ ﺪ اﻟﺤﺴ ﻦ ﺷﻨـــــ ـﺎن‬ ‫ـﻼد د‪ .‬ﻟــــــ‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫ـﺆي ﺻــــ‬

‫ـﺎﻓﻲ‬


 

                                            –   9595                A4                     






 





   

   

                            

 

 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ J526 JEF‫א‬  00249 J511L843399 J20428W

00 249 -511 /0120880278 -0120881390 -0120887135: 

E-mail : tafakkur2009@gmail.com

 


‫‪‬‬ ‫آﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ‬

‫‪6 J1‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫اﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﻴﺘﻬﺎ وﻣﺪﻧﻴﺘﻬﺎ )دراﺳﺔ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤﻴﺔ (‬

‫‪ N‬د‪.‬ﺟﻤﺎل اﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫‪  ‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﻗﺮاءة وﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺣﺎج ﺣﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﺮﺁن‬

‫‪42 -7‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ N‬د‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﺎﺑﻜﺮ اﻟﻌﻮض ﻋﺒﺪ اﷲ‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪66 - 43‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰات اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎع اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﺷﻮر ﺗﺠـﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫‪ N‬أ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﻤﺪ‪ ‬‬

‫‪100 - 67‬‬ ‫‪128 -101‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻼم واﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ :‬هﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫‪ N‬د‪ .‬ﺿﺮار اﻟﻤﺎﺣﻲ اﻟﻌﺒﻴﺪ‬ ‫‪ N‬د‪ .‬ﻧﺎﺟﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺎﻣﺪ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆهﻼت اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ‬ ‫)دراﺳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪي واﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ( ‪ N‬د‪/‬اﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺗﻴﻤﺎن إدرﻳﺲ‬ ‫‪ N‬أ‪.‬ﻋﻤﺎر ﻣﻴﺮﻏﻨﻲ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪162 - 129‬‬

‫‪172 -163‬‬ ‫‪ N‬د‪.‬ﺿﺮار اﻟﻤﺎﺣﻲ اﻟﻌﺒﻴﺪ‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪184 -173‬‬


 

 526  2490154945808 

E-mail : tafakkur2009 @gmail.com

     

 

 

 

   2

1  

 21  2

1



 


ŠíŠznÛa@òàÜ× ?Science and the spiritual Quest??‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  2002   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ??‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 120 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬    ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    EF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?       ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1 ? W‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫؟‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K1990EF‫א‬

262007‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 1


1430 / 2010 ، (2)

‫ א‬، (10)

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  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  J    J   ‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ?  ? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K        ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬  K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  KK       ‫א‬       ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 2


‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬           ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       KK ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

‫? َﻭﹺﺇﺫﹶﺍ‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK ْ ‫ﺤﻦُ ُﻣ‬ ْ ‫ﺽ ﻗﹶﺎﻟﹸﻮﹾﺍ ﹺﺇﱠﻧﻤَﺎ َﻧ‬ ‫ﺴﺪُﻭﹾﺍ ﻓِﻲ ﺍ َﻷ ْﺭ ﹺ‬ ِ ‫ﻗِﻴ ﹶﻞ ﹶﻟ ُﻬ ْﻢ ﹶﻻ ُﺗ ﹾﻔ‬  11:‫ﺼِﻠﺤُﻮ ﹶﻥ" ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮﺓ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،?    ?    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬ 3


1430 / 2010 ، (2)

‫ א‬، (10)

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ?‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K?  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ KK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ K      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 4


‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  KKK‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫؟‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،K ‫א‬K E‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬    5


1430 / 2010 ، (2)

‫ א‬، (10)

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  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   J     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K‫א‬   ‫א‬           ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬         ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ،‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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bènîã†ßë@bènîØß@¿@ÑÜn‚½a@pbíŁa @ @H@òîzîuŠm@òa‰…I  

  ‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G


 

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14312010210

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬  K‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬––‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫?א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 8


    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،2 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،3 E‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J–‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬3L،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬1 339L13،2005 ،‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬2 4،EKF  1997،،‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬ 3  370L29، ‫א‬  J‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬ 4 ‫א‬W    ‫؛‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬    J      ‫א‬   ‫א‬                   ‫א‬        ‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬x6W‫א‬z    ‫א‬‫א‬  ، ‫א‬      ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 

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14312010210

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  K   ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W،‫א‬  1 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬            ‫א‬  W            ‫א‬        ‫א‬   ‫א‬          ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬                  ‫א‬‫א‬   ،                ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 1 ‫א‬‫א‬  –W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬KKKKK           ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 3L،‫א‬، ‫א‬،36L 1‫א‬‫א‬ 1 54،2000،‫א‬

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    ‫א‬1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  2    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،2   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،3  ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  4 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1 ?109L1‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬،48L1‫א‬‫א‬2 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬، 412L 3، 1993،،‫א‬ W‫א‬ 164L 3 1404  J‫א‬‫א‬ 3L،‫א‬ L 2، 1979  J 1399،،‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬E208  268L1،EKF، 74L8‫א‬ 3 W‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  4 ،?94W?       ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ،? 43W‫?א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬           ‫א‬                   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?45W‫?א‬

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 

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14312010210 3

        ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬EF‫א‬‫א‬  W‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫؛‬????‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬    F‫א‬E ‫א‬     ، F  KE‫א‬     EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬ J ‫א‬?W‫א‬‫א‬?‫?א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،??W‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫؛‬1 EFW?‫א‬?EF‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫؛‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   EF‫א‬   J ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  182L12‫א‬‫א‬1

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    ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬??‫א‬K‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫؛‬??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   F W  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   K1 E‫א‬‫א‬   J4 ‫א‬        W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2 ‫א‬،        W‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ?‫א‬?W? ?‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،،‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬WW‫א‬‫א‬1 356L8،1379

 122‫א‬‫א‬2

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 

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14312010210

‫א‬EF‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬EF‫א‬ J ‫א‬FW‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬1 ‫א‬،‫א‬  ،2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 ‫א‬3 ‫א‬ ?W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬  J‫א‬-EF‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  J‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬، ?‫א‬،? 1  396L4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬? ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ? ‫א‬ ?  ? ? ‫א‬‫א‬   2 ‫א‬،‫א‬?،‫א‬?‫א‬، 391،30L5 ?‫א‬، 88، 1986  J 1406،‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫?א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ?  ‫א‬  ?? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬  ?111L2،1406،،  ، ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W      ‫א‬  W ‫א‬ 3 304،1411،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬  ?27L2،‫א‬،EKF،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬4

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    W?194W‫?א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬      ‫א‬  W   W?41W‫?א‬                        ‫א‬   ?          ‫א‬   W?126W‫א‬?       ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬?40W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J ?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬‫א‬ K1 ‫א‬‫א‬ FW‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬L،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WW‫א‬ 1 ‫א‬ W    W ‫א‬ 201L10  ، 2003 L 1423   ، ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬ ، 221L3،EKF، 52L6،2002 J1422،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1L،

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 



14312010210

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،1 E،  2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬  ‫א‬3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬      ‫א‬           ‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E       FW‫א‬E     ‫א‬ ،      ‫א‬       W  K4 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ W‫א‬5 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    –‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KKK      ،E  FW‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1  13551‫א‬،EKF

1423،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2L،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬2

96L4،2002 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬،335L14،326L4‫א‬‫א‬ 3 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1L، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،439L3،19931413 K167L8‫א‬‫א‬4  ‫א‬‫א‬5

16


    ،‫א‬‫א‬  K  5  ‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  W  ‫א‬W‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬   ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬‫א‬         W    W  ‫א‬ ?W      W ‫א‬   ‫؛‬‫א‬  W ،‫א‬   W‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ 1 ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫؛‬EF‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬2 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬،3 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬1  33228L3،EKF‫א‬L

‫א‬‫א‬1L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WW‫א‬‫א‬2

‫א‬WW‫א‬، 447 41419‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1L1419‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬1L،    ‫א‬     ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 28،1426‫א‬،‫א‬

 329L9،EKF،‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬3

17


 



14312010210

‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬           ‫א‬ EF   ‫א‬     ?W W     ،‫א‬W        ‫؛‬  ‫א‬        W      ‫؛‬     W      ،               ‫א‬   ‫؛‬  W   ‫؛‬    ‫؟‬ ‫א‬،   ‫א‬ W ‫؛‬  ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬?    ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ? ?‫?א‬?    W   ?‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬،EFWE FW‫א‬1 ‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?         ?W‫א‬‫א‬  K?     ‫א‬        ?WEF‫א‬  J–EF‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬2 ?? ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?W‫א‬  403L8‫א‬1  ‫א‬‫א‬2

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    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1 ? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫؛‬، ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ J   W?         ،    ?W EF‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬K?     ? J J‫א‬ EF‫א‬    ‫א‬   W    ‫א‬  W،‫א‬K،‫א‬ W‫א‬K?  ?W‫؟‬        ،‫א‬?WEF‫א‬>‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K2 ?‫א‬        ‫א‬ W‫א‬ J W       FW‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬  180L16‫א‬‫א‬1

‫א‬ 2L،،‫א‬‫א‬WW‫א‬ 2  114L5،1999 J1420‫א‬

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 

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14312010210

‫؛‬‫א‬  W ،‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬       W ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬    W‫א‬? ‫א‬K    ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  W    ‫؛‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬  K‫א‬  6 W1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W2 ‫א‬،‫א‬  50LL1‫א‬‫א‬1

L 2،  2003  J 1424،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L،W 2  306

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             ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬ J         ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬         ?    ?‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬  K1 E‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬،2 ‫א‬‫א‬ FW ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬3 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K 7      W‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬،‫א‬4     W‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J    ‫א‬          ‫א‬               57L16‫א‬‫א‬1 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WW‫א‬2 56L16‫א‬،163L62001،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L،

316L23  50L1‫א‬‫א‬4

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 

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14312010210

 FW‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E       K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬ J ،‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬    ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬      ‫א‬   W‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬W    W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬  W‫א‬  K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  8          W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬ ،2 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W 51L1‫א‬‫א‬1  171L13‫א‬‫א‬2

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    ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J    ‫א‬          ‫א‬    W            ‫א‬     ‫א‬   W     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J               ‫א‬   J‫א‬‫א‬ J          W       ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬،، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 ‫א‬‫א‬  K2  ‫א‬      J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J   ‫א‬        ‫א‬    9   ‫א‬   W3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?77 J64W‫?א‬   

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬1 667L4‫א‬‫א‬،524L1،2000 J1420‫א‬1L،‫א‬  472L4‫א‬2  51L1‫א‬‫א‬3

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 

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14312010210

‫א‬،1 ?‫א‬‫א‬?  W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K2  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬WEF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?  K3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬––‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬      ‫א‬      10   ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬              ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬4  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫؟‬W  99L1‫א‬1 ‫א‬‫א‬2

135L12‫א‬‫א‬3  51L1‫א‬‫א‬4

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    ،1 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،2  ‫א‬ ،‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬ ‫א‬EF‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬E‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  KKKKKKKK        ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  11   ‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬،  W‫א‬4  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K5 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  235L7‫א‬‫א‬1  442L22 51L1‫א‬‫א‬3  89L19‫א‬‫א‬4  89L19‫א‬‫א‬5

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 

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14312010210

EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ FW‫א‬   ‫א‬            ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    W  ،‫א‬         ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ W‫א‬ ،    EF KE   E‫א‬  ‫א‬F     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬W   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬? ‫א‬   ? ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬EF‫؛‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  W J12     ‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬                  ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬              ‫א‬                ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬               ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬1  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫؛‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 51L1‫א‬‫א‬1

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    ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1   K‫א‬‫א‬2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  13    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬ ?53W‫א‬? ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ،3 ‫א‬EF‫א‬  W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،EF‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬ J– ‫؛‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ EF‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬      ‫א‬W                      ‫א‬ W           ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬         ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K4 ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬،349L6‫א‬1  292L6،1997،‫א‬‫א‬4L،  461L15‫א‬2  227‫א‬3  311L23‫א‬‫א‬4

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 

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14312010210 14

   ‫א‬    ‫א‬     W   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬             ‫א‬          ‫?א‬ 14 W ‫א‬ ?   W‫؛‬1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J  K2 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫؛‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬، 254‫א‬ 1  1996  J 1416  JL  J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1L،‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬،360L8‫א‬‫א‬،161L16‫א‬‫א‬،112L6 ‫א‬‫א‬ 1L،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، 354L171998 J1419‫א‬  ‫א‬،73L5 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،339L25‫א‬ ‫א‬

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 156L16‫א‬  ‫א‬،73L5 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،339L25‫א‬ ‫א‬   J‫א‬  J‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،156L16‫א‬  

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     1   ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬      ‫א‬،?281W‫א‬?      ‫א‬‫؛‬،1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K 2    ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬ W ‫א‬

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‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬?58‫א‬‫א‬?  2 ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬3 ‫א‬  3            ‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،EF‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 1  K187L1،1957،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1L،

K188L1‫א‬‫א‬2 K1L5‫א‬‫א‬3

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 



14312010210

?‫?א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1   W‫؛‬ ‫א‬??‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬                   ‫א‬   ‫א‬      W ‫א‬          ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬            ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬             ?32 J30W‫?א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬               ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬          ‫א‬  ‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬ K 4      W‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬                       48L1‫א‬‫א‬1

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    ‫א‬?129 J128W‫א‬?   ‫א‬   ‫א‬          W‫א‬،1 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  W3 ، ‫א‬??‫؛‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4        W،‫א‬‫א‬5 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬FW‫א‬‫؛‬W        ‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬6 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  7  ‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬ –،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬  48L1‫א‬‫א‬1 48L1‫א‬‫א‬2 ،‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬،419L2‫א‬‫א‬3 K97L10‫א‬‫א‬303L8‫א‬‫א‬،37L2،EKF،‫א‬‫א‬L، K80L24  K121L5‫א‬‫א‬،301L8‫א‬‫א‬185L3‫א‬‫א‬5  K121L5‫א‬‫א‬6

 K303L8‫א‬‫א‬7

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 

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14312010210

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬، W J‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬      ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬       1 ‫א‬?113W‫א‬?   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ،‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬2 EEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ J EF ‫א‬    ‫א‬      FW‫א‬‫؛‬ EF ‫א‬ ،    ‫א‬      ‫א‬                ‫؛‬  ‫א‬      ‫؛‬‫א‬         ‫א‬    W     EF ‫א‬   >   ‫א‬         W     ،   ‫א‬   W          ‫א‬   ‫א‬   

 ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ L ، ‫א‬  W   W ‫א‬‫א‬  113 ‫א‬  1  K177،1968

K99L5‫א‬‫א‬2

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           ‫א‬ WEF ‫א‬  ‫؛‬‫א‬      K(KKKK    W ‫א‬    ‫؛‬                FW‫א‬ J        ‫א‬                                              ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W   EF             ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K     ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬            ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J K1

E      ،       ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫؛‬                    ،    ‫א‬             EF ‫א‬    EKKKKKK        ،          ‫א‬ ‫א‬               W  ،  ،    ‫א‬      ‫א‬   FW‫א‬‫א‬ EKKKKKK   EF ‫א‬      ‫א‬     EF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬3 ‫א‬‫א‬2 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  211L11‫א‬1 1971 J 1396،،‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 2 ، –‫א‬‫א‬L ، ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬، 3L4،  249 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1L،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬3  135L3،1993

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 

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14312010210

،1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2  ‫א‬FW‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫?א‬  K3 E ،،‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫؛‬‫א‬،‫א‬EF  K4 E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  5       ‫א‬  W‫א‬ ،5   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?13W‫א‬‫?א‬  W   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K  K6 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K7 ‫א‬ J  332L3‫א‬1 508L2‫א‬2  508L8‫א‬3 W‫א‬WW‫א‬4 347L91413‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬  258،213L26‫א‬‫א‬5  213L26‫א‬‫א‬6 213L26‫א‬‫א‬7

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    ‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J ‫؛‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J WEF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ ‫א‬1 ‫א‬‫א‬>‫؟‬‫א‬  K‫א‬،  6  FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬2 ‫א‬‫א‬E   ‫א‬3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،4  341L16‫א‬‫א‬1  E54L1F J‫א‬‫א‬2 ، 230 L 8 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، 513 L 18 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 5 L 28 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 3 ،154L 4 ،EKF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WW‫א‬  180L8‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  146  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   4 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬W‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،W ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ، 27L7‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  102L10‫א‬

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 

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14312010210

‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬          ‫א‬       ‫؛‬‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬                                       ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬        ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬           ‫א‬       ‫א‬           ‫א‬       ‫א‬          ‫א‬         ?8 J6W‫א‬?  W7           W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬KKKKKK  ‫א‬             ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EF‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  W ‫א‬             ‫א‬            ‫א‬  W،   ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬F  K2 E‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫؛‬ F‫؛‬‫א‬  54L1‫א‬‫א‬1  54L1‫א‬‫א‬2

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    ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫؛‬EF‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬1 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،36،34L 19‫א‬‫א‬، 279، 258L 29‫א‬‫א‬ 1 496L3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،458L19

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 



14312010210  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

38


    W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬ J1  KEKF

‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 J2

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬

 J3

،‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 J4

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 J5

،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬

 J6

KEKF،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K1997،‫א‬‫א‬4L،

KEKF

K2005،‫א‬‫א‬3L،‫א‬‫א‬

K2002 J1422،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1L،

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  J7 K1404 J‫א‬‫א‬3L

،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J

K1406،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J8

،‫א‬‫א‬WW‫א‬‫א‬

 J9

KEKF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬L

K1379،،‫א‬‫א‬L

–‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J10 K

39


 



14312010210

،‫א‬‫א‬WW‫א‬  J11

،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬ K2001

‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬  J12 1979 J1399،،‫א‬ ،‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬  J13 KEKF‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J14

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1L،‫א‬‫א‬ .1957،

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫ א‬ J15 ‫א‬1L، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 2000 J1420

،‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬  J16 KEKF،‫א‬‫א‬L، ‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  J17 KEKF،‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  J18 K1993،، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WW‫א‬  J19 KEKF، 40


    ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  J20 1993‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1L، ،‫א‬1L،‫א‬W‫ א‬ J21 K2000 ،‫א‬‫א‬،W‫א‬‫א‬  J22

1419‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1L،‫א‬  K1998 J

،‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W‫ א‬ J23 1997، ‫א‬WW‫א‬  J24  K1413‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬W ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2L،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W‫ א‬ J25 K20021423، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J26

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1L،  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 19931413،

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W‫א‬  J27

‫א‬L،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 1411،‫א‬،‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬WW‫ א‬ J28 K2003L1423،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬ 41


 



14312010210

‫א‬‫א‬3L،‫א‬،W‫ א‬ J29 K2000، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  J30 L J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1L،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 1996 J1416 J

،‫א‬‫א‬WW‫א‬  J31 K1999 J1420‫א‬‫א‬2L، ،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WW‫א‬  J32 KEKF،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L،W  J33 K2003 J1424 ،‫א‬‫א‬،W‫ א‬ J34 1408،‫א‬،‫א‬1L،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬L،‫א‬WW‫א‬‫א‬  J35 K1968

42


@æeŠÔÛa@Éß@ÝßbÈnÛa@¿@†»@xby@òîvèä½@òîÐîÃë@ñõaŠÓ@òÛëbª    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KKKK?‫א‬? ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKK1 ‫א‬ L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ، ‫א‬  E‫א‬  ‫א‬ F ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    {‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G 1L ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،    W K   W KK 1

 K2005،


 

 

14312010210

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J2 ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ – ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J3  ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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                 K‫א‬ W‫א‬  K‫א‬ K1     ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  K2 ‫א‬ ‫א‬         ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E  :  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K1 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬K2 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K3 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ EF  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F1

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 

 

14312010210

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  F   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬F ‫א‬ E‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ F      ‫א‬ E‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،E‫א‬   ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  K1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬ F           ‫א‬      E‫א‬ ‫א‬F     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬          ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬‫א‬ 2 ?      ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬1 ‫א‬ W   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬F    2  82003‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ J–‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J–?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K?‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?‫?א‬?‫?א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬FE‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  KK  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     J ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ E‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     47


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14312010210

  J  ‫–א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   J ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      E‫א‬‫א‬L ‫א‬F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     E‫א‬ F   ‫א‬      E‫א‬ F   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    EF ‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬ KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  K1     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫؟‬  W  ? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? 1

 ?  ‫א‬

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      J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬  J‫א‬  ‫א‬F   ‫א‬   ،‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  .1E‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬F    K ‫א‬     E‫א‬ ‫א‬F E‫א‬F E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   J ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ?  ?  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       2 KK‫א‬

L2001 ، E2F  ، E3F  ،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  W   1

 ‫א‬1422  15 J14‫א‬‫א‬W2

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 

 

14312010210

F  ?  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ K  ‫ א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬،‫א‬   ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E F EF    ‫א‬  E‫א‬F    E‫א‬ F ‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬F E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ،‫א‬     E‫א‬F ‫א‬   ‫א‬     E‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬ –‫א‬ – ‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E48.5F‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ – –‫א‬،‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫ א‬  K‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ EGulileo GalileiF‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

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     1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E‫א‬L‫א‬L‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       K      KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬     *     ‫א‬            ‫א‬ W  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  *   ‫ * א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬          ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   EF ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬  K?‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬        ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FE‫א‬FE‫א‬FE‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F 1  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬     W  K K 1 

E1996

51


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14312010210

 K?‫א‬‫א‬?EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   E‫א‬F ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ELLF E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ E‫א‬L‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬   F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬‫א‬F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 52


       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،1 E1967F ‫א‬  ‫א‬  E‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬KK2 ‫א‬‫א‬          ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?W ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  3 ?.   ‫א‬    ‫א‬       E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 1  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    2

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3 

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14312010210

   ‫א‬  ،           ?       ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬   K?،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   1   ‫א‬‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،  ?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬1

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      1 ?K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  E‫א‬ F ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    W‫א‬ ‫א‬  W  ‫א‬ 1  K ‫א‬‫א‬E6F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

55


 

 

14312010210

‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K1 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫؛‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ،   ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫{א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K2 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ?  2051426L2005،E1F،E7F،W‫א‬1  1561426L2005،E2F،E6FW2

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     ‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   –  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   – ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1 ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬       E‫א‬ ‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KKKKE  K  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  E F   ،  F        ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K (Objective Correlation2 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ F  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE‫א‬‫א‬ E8FE7F    ،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬  ‫א‬  1

 E74 J73F1427L2006 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 2  K83 J82‫א‬

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 

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14312010210

     ‫א‬    ‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫א‬   J1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?      E F    ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬       E‫א‬ ‫א‬F   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ?‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬L‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬           J2   ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬  K   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ?        ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ 58


     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ K     ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?‫א‬ ‫א‬           ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ?  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J3  ‫א‬   F ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  E     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬ 59


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14312010210

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  KE‫א‬L‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  E‫א‬L‫א‬ F   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬     ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 60


     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬           ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?‫{א‬KK ‫א‬  E  ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬        ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 1  ‫א‬        K‫א‬ Z  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ Z   ‫א‬ W‫א‬

‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 

       ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬FE،،،F‫א‬ F ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K‫א‬      

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬

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 

 

14312010210

       ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  –‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  1 ?KKK‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬        K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫؛‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   J    ،   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬1

 K644،1996،‫א‬‫א‬،

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     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L1 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L2  K  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L3 ،‫א‬L4  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KL5  1 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L6 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F  KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      K ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬  ‫א‬  1

 K‫א‬‫א‬

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 

 

14312010210

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬  E‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬  K1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬ ،E‫א‬‫א‬L ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F 2 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  E‫א‬F      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F J ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ? W E‫א‬F E ‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    

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 E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫ א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  EF ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E‫א‬ F– E‫א‬‫ א‬F  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ?.‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 2 F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬       ،‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،–– ‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬FE‫א‬  )F

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     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E  F  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬     E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EFK1 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F     ‫א‬    E ‫א‬  F ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬

 1990،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 1

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 

 

14312010210  

 

‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬     W K K ، K1  KE1996‫א‬F1‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬، K2  K1996،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K2003‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W K3

‫א‬‫א‬،WKWKK، K4  K2005،1L‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬ K5  K2007‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 

‫ א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ K6  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ W  ، K7  1990

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،  K8  K‫א‬1422L2001،E2F،E3F،

 K1426L2005،E2F،E6FW، K9

‫א‬  ‫א‬    W‫א‬ ‫א‬  W ‫א‬ ، K10 ‫א‬E6F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬

 ،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬  ،‫א‬  K11  K1427L2006E8FE7F

 K1426L2005،E1F،E7F،W،‫ א‬K12 66


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

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    { ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ {‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫؛‬    ‫א‬      { ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫؛‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬–‫א‬– *


   

14312010210  W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬   1    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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   ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J‫א‬  J‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬   1.1 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ FW‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K1 E‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 1،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  1 K1712001،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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   

14312010210

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،   ‫א‬ F  W ‫א‬     K1 E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،  K‫א‬‫א‬  J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬   ‫؛‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،2 ‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬ { ‫א‬ {‫א‬ ‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬  J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    J  ‫א‬   K171K‫א‬K‫א‬1  K2001،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬2

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   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬  K1   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬       { ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E ‫א‬   F ،     ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    2E ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬  K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬1  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬2  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬3  

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   

14312010210

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  { ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K1 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    {‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،.   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬  ‫؛‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E –F‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  21

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬ {{2 ‫א‬{  425{3{‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 34،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬2

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   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1 ‫א‬   3.1 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،2 ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬  4.1    ‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

{‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ E‫א‬ ‫א‬ F K‫א‬    1  16020001{{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K9121{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬2 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 3  19951

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   

14312010210

‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  5.1 172‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬                                   K3 KKKKK   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  4 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 303{2{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬1 303{2{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬2  302{2{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬3 425{3{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬4

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   ،‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  1 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAchimdtF‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ،   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬       K‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  2 E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

{2K {‫א‬  ‫א‬ {{‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬   ‫א‬  {‫א‬  1  K27{2008 {2{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ 2 K101996

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   

14312010210

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬      1 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  6.1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ E         ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬                          ‫א‬  .30W‫א‬   ‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬         ‫א‬  2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 1  19951  92{21{‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬2

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     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬  K1 E‫א‬     ،     ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  {‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،  2 K‫א‬‫א‬  71 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

91{21{‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬1 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 2 19951 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 3  19951

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   

14312010210

K‫א‬  J‫א‬  J‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1 ‫א‬‫א‬  8.1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ،     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K2 E ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬1  169{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬2

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   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬  K1 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬   J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  9.1 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬ ‫א‬ FW،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  E     ‫א‬         ‫א‬          ‫א‬            ‫א‬ ‫א‬       K58‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬    Macro level ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 1  K3831

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   

14312010210

‫؛‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬   ،         ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K1 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  2 E‫א‬،‫א‬  10.1 ‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   {‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 1  1  K{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬2

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   ‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬   2 ‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K    ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬1  

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   

14312010210

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K1 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  { ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،2 ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬1  K91{21{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬2

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    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ، ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   .1 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫؛‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  1.2

K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬1

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   

14312010210

‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬E،F‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  .1 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     {‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬    .2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 2000،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K1  K2004K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2

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   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  .1 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬  –،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬  J‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K،‫א‬K1

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   

14312010210

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J ‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫א‬   ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬، –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،1 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬1

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         ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J J‫؛‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬   ‫؛‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K2  ‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 ،1989،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬K2  E102F

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   

14312010210

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬  K1 ‫א‬  2.2 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   1.2.2  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫؛‬ ‫א‬    ،3 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬1 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬2  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬3

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   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫؛‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬      K1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   2.2.2  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬،  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬1

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   

14312010210

      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  J  ‫א‬   J ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   3.2.2 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  .1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬  .2 ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،  3  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬1  K189{2{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬2  K79{15{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬3

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   ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬، ‫?א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬     K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  4523{،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬1

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   

14312010210

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ K2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   E ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬         ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1862‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫{א‬‫א‬1  187{2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫{א‬‫א‬2  K86{3{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3  K78{4{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4

92


     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   1 ‫א‬ F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  2 E‫א‬KKK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬F    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E‫א‬KKK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬   1.3.2.2  174{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬1  85{5{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬2  1753{،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬3

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   

14312010210

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K1 ‫א‬ {‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ {‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  2 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 28928‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬1  E845{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫{א‬‫א‬2

94


        ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K      1 ‫א‬   2.3.2.2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  8‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬           ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  19 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   J     ‫א‬         ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   3.3.2.2   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .2‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1

 ‫ א‬ J2 3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3

 E8415{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1  K983‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬{‫א‬2 3{،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬3

95


   

14312010210 3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫؛‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W،‫א‬  KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J  KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 1 1996K‫א‬

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   ‫א‬   ‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬F   ‫א‬  J KE‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J  KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J     ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫؛‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،– ‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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   

14312010210

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   FW ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1 E  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K2  K‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K5 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫ א‬1 19841 J‫א‬

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     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  J1  ،1995،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K، J2  2002،‫א‬‫א‬،،1 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ J3  19951،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬، J4  311،1996،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ J5  1 J‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ J6  2001،‫א‬  2005K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬ J7 ‫א‬   ‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K  ‫א‬ J8  12001K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J9 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬   ،‫א‬  K    J10  E102F،1989،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬K   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬K  J11  K2004K‫א‬

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   

14312010210

‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬   J12 1996K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K   J13  1992،،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ J14 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K   J15  1991‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،    J16  111،1990،66،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K J17  2005،1K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ K ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬  J18  ،2009 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J19  K88،1984،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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@ @_òîbjm‰a@òÓýÇ@åß@Ýç@Zòßa†n½a@òîàänÛaë@âýÛa 



    ‫א‬ ?sustainable development?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ،    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Our ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     1 ?1987 ،Common Future  K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬    ‫א‬KG ‫א‬KGG World Commission on Environment and Development, (1987), Our Common    Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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  

14312010210

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬       ،‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   point of reference   ‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    human security ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 102


    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬          ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 103


  

14312010210

"Peace, ?‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬?W   ‫א‬ development and environmental protection are interdependent and

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ indivisible".1 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬      ، K‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬  2 K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫?א‬ ‫א‬   E2008F     Regional Cooperation for Peace and Sustainable ??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Development in Africa"     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  2005 ‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ human development indicators‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K1992EUNDP)،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬1 ،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬، 2  K40K،2006،E2F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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         ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   1 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬  ? ‫א‬   E2003F Paul Collier    "Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil Wars and  ?‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Development Policy” ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  2 K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E1995F     ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  3 K٪24‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   Debidatta Awrobinda ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ،‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  4 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1

http//www.eoearth.org/article/Regional_Cooperation_for_Peace_and_sustainable_  Development_in_Africa. 19.11.2008 Collier, Paul, Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil Wars and Development Policy.  2  Washington D.C. World Bank and Oxford University Press, 2003, P.53. Collier, Paul, Civil Wars and the Economics of the Peace Dividend. Centre for the 3  Study of African Economics, University of Oxford, 1995, P.3 4 Debidatta Awrobinda, The Peace Process and Prospects for Economic  Reconstruction in Kashmir. The Peace Conflict Review, Vol.3, Issue,1,  University of Peace, P.7.

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  

14312010210

         ،‫א‬       K‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ ‫?א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،  ،  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬         ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬          ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ corporate ?‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?governance  K1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬        ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ،‫א‬       ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ?Our Common Future ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   ?‫א‬ ?     K1987 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Robert I. Tricker, Governance since Cadbury and Current Trends.  Corporate Governance International, Vo.2, Issue,2, June 1999

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  

14312010210

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 178‫א‬1992‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬[Y‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   K     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ، ? ?  ‫א‬  K2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ World Commission on Environment and Development, (1987), Our Common  Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

1

K1992EUNDP)،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬2

108


    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬           ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  2 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    3 K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬1  K7K،،2001 ،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 2 K65K،2007،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،?‫א‬   ‫א‬? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬     3 24K،K2005،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،

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  

14312010210

   ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ "…we know all too well that the biggest security threats we face now, and in the decades ahead go far beyond states waging aggressive war. They

extend

to

poverty,

infectious

diseases

and

environmental

degradation…"1

1945‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ?W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،    ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K2 ? ‫א‬‫א‬ Human Development Report, 2004, Cultural Liberty in Today's Diverse World,   (UNDP), P.57.

1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W2005 (UNDPF،‫א‬‫א‬2  

110


       1.3 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬1 K?‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      W‫א‬ "Renewable resource scarcities of the next 50 years will probably occur with a speed, complexity and magnitude unprecedented in history...We have come to understand that scarcities of renewable resources often produce insidious and cumulative social effects, such as population displacement and economic disruption. These events can, in turn, lead to clashes between ethnic groups as well as to civil strife and insurgency." 2 "Possible destruction of the environment during warfare is a threat to every human...The Science for Peace Institute at the University of Toronto

290K،1987،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 2 Homer-Dixon, Thomas, "Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict:  Evidence from Cases," International Security, vol. 19, no. 1 (Summer  1994), pp. 5 - 40.

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  

14312010210

estimates that 10 to 30 percent of all environmental degradation in the world is a direct result of the various militaries.1

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬٪3010‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K?‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K1956‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    1955 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2005 Lanier-Graham, The Ecology of War: Environmental Impacts of Weaponry and  1  Warfare. New York: Walker and Company, 1993, P. 31.

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    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2005‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1 K، ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 32K‫א‬  2 K1990‫א‬‫א‬22،‫א‬‫א‬   2005 ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   7 ، 23‫א‬ 36‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K1،‫א‬5،‫א‬‫א‬L  3 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W2005E UNDPF،‫א‬‫א‬ 1  27K،  28K،‫א‬2 ‫א‬   W2005L5L2623 ، K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،?‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? 3 http//www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/009/j4968a/j4968a00- K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  2008L7L15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬htm

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  

14312010210

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K19981988‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E1F W19981988‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 26.4

6.8

28.8

 1988

 6.6

1.7

25.6

 1993

 14.3

4.3

29.5

 1998

 2003 2008L7L15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬1

114


     E2F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 85.3

7.8

2.1

 1988

 21.4

750.000

3.5

 1993

 21

920.000

4.4

 1998

  2003 United Nations Environment ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬2007‫א‬‫א‬Programme (UNEP) ‫א‬‫א‬1 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2006‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬      2 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ United Nations Environment Programme, 2007. Sudan: Post-Conflict   Environmental Assessment. P.6

1

 K7،‫א‬2

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  

14312010210

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ infant mortality ‫א‬‫א‬ life expectancy‫א‬

     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ Krates ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    K ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  2.3 ‫א‬   ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،‫ א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬[ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 10K،‫א‬1

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    ،‫ א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬[  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬     ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   human security ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ The  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Universal Declaration of Human Rights ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    K1994  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ،    ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬           ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬ 117


  

14312010210

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   human security ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ point of reference ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬       K‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬  2000  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 1 ?‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬      ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬USA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،2000‫א‬‫א‬1 K2000

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     ‫א‬     ‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  2 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       K‫א‬    ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ،‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  

8K،‫א‬‫א‬1 8K،‫א‬‫א‬2

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  

14312010210

W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 4 J3WKE‫א‬‫ א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

،، [‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1 K?‫א‬، ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬       ‫א‬                                    ‫א‬        W    ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬        55W‫א‬           ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W   

55W‫א‬              W82W‫א‬

‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬1

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    ‫א‬           ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ..      K‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬        ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬   121


  

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 ‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬    ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   2006  2005     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 122


        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 123


  

14312010210

   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

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        ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬، J1  K2006،E2F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J2 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  2007K، ‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J3 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،،?‫א‬  K2005، ‫א‬،W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J4  K،2001،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  1992،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J5 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W2005:‫א‬‫א‬ J6 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  

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 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L W2005L5L2623،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ http//www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/009/j4968a/j4968a00-h

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@ @ ÑîÃìnÛa@¿@òiìÜݽa@pýçû½a @ @ïßý⁄a@âbÄäÛaë@ð†îÜÔnÛa@âbÄäÛa@´i@òã‰bÔß@òa‰… @ @       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬        

‫א‬–‫א‬G ‫א‬‫א‬ **


 



14312010210  

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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14312010210

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ – J‫א‬–‫א‬‫–א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1 K175 J2007

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  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W  ‫א‬                    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬  Kx247W‫א‬z  ‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬  2 ‫א‬KKK،‫א‬، ‫؟‬    ‫א‬ W  K‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W   ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬FW() ‫א‬  KKK‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬ K243 J2003 J‫א‬––‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1 –3–79– J–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬2 K235–234

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14312010210

 ‫א‬GGG‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬GGG‫א‬  1 ‫א‬GGG‫א‬  W                      ‫א‬  ‫א‬   E55–54F‫א‬KK       ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  KKKKK            ‫א‬W E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KK ،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KW‫א‬  2 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W()‫א‬WW‫א‬FW –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬1 K179–9 J2008 J– K236 J235–3–2003،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬2

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  K1 E‫א‬ ()‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ()‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬WW‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬W ‫א‬WK‫א‬،  K‫א‬WK ‫א‬‫א‬EFW‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ،‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ KE‫א‬FWEF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬EFWEF KKK2 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F،EF  W‫א‬‫א‬،

K‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬،‫א‬،1 K236–235–3–2003،‫א‬‫א‬K–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬2

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14312010210

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،()‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،، ‫א‬‫א‬FW()‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬ WK ‫א‬،‫א‬()‫א‬‫א‬()‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬1 K()‫א‬  K‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬KKKKFW‫א‬()‫א‬  2 EKKK ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  3 K()‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K89–1989–––‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬K1 –‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬2 K79–2001‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬–1––‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬3 2001–343–

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K4E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F J1 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KKK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،1 EKKKKFW()‫א‬ ‫א‬،،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬FW()‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K

K106 J61972–‫א‬‫א‬–––‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ J‫א‬1 K286 J2 J1972‫א‬‫א‬–––‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ J‫א‬2

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14312010210

1 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW()  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬FW‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2 E ،‫א‬‫א‬KE282F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬     ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬()‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ 40–3––––‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬1 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬2 –2 J1352 J‫א‬‫–א‬––‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ K265

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  1 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KEInternational LanguageF K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E)‫א‬  K2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 –2001–‫א‬‫א‬–––‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬240 –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 –2001–‫א‬‫א‬–––‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ J239

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14312010210

()‫א‬  K  ‫א‬()‫א‬W‫א‬  1 K ،WKW‫؟‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W()‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 –2001–‫א‬‫א‬–––‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ K‫א‬ J241 –‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬2 K79–2000 J‫א‬‫א‬––

140


  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F،1 E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –––‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬1 K21–1

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14312010210

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬FW()‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K1 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬() ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3 EK‫א‬FW()، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  K‫א‬،‫א‬ –‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 K277–3–2007 J‫א‬‫–א‬–‫א‬ –‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬2 K31 J1980– ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬3 –1 J1352 J‫א‬‫–א‬––‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬343

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  ()‫א‬FW ، E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K1 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ()‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬1 K،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، K2007 J‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2

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 



14312010210

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 E‫א‬‫א‬ ) :  K‫א‬‫א‬  

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬  K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬1 –1 J1352 J‫א‬‫–א‬––‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬343 ‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬K J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬2 K207 J205 J2005–‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬L1  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L2  K‫א‬‫א‬L3  K‫א‬L4  K2 ‫א‬‫א‬L5

–2003 J–‫א‬ J‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JK1 K408 J407  J–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2 K188 J185K2007

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14312010210

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬           ‫א‬   ‫א‬   W  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K26‫א‬‫א‬  1 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬FW()‫א‬ ‫א‬()‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،،‫א‬W،  K2 ‫א‬،، ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 K861 J2–1425––‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬()‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬() ، ، ،‫א‬،،،‫א‬، ‫א‬،  ‫א‬K‫א‬ K1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW()‫א‬‫א‬  K2 E‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬()‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬()‫א‬‫א‬، WE‫؟‬FW()‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KEF

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 K868 J2–1425––‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2

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14312010210

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W()‫א‬،  K1 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬()‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬        ‫א‬  W‫א‬  ‫א‬                 ‫א‬                      ‫א‬     K17‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬()‫א‬  ‫؟‬  K،‫א‬W‫א‬  >>‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 K871 J2–1425––‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  KK‫א‬ () ()‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،?‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬()‫א‬  W()‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K1 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KKK‫א‬‫א‬()‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ()‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W،،()  K2 E‫א‬W،W‫؟‬ –––‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–1 K2005–117 K‫א‬–‫א‬2

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14312010210

()‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K1 EF‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬FW2 ‫א‬  K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K3 E‫א‬FW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?11?‫א‬1998‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬‫א‬1 –‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 K300 J2000– K121 J1980–‫א‬––‫א‬–‫א‬ J‫א‬3

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K1 E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  K2 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FWK  ‫א‬K247‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ W  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬1 ‫א‬ –2000– J–‫א‬‫א‬–1990–‫א‬‫א‬2 K65

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14312010210

‫א‬()‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬K1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬،2  ‫א‬‫א‬،K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ()‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬K()‫א‬،()‫א‬ K()‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K3 EFW ()‫א‬‫א‬  K4  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬()  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬1 K120 J1990 J‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬–‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬2 K219–218–EF–‫א‬ K129–1–– J‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4

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   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬()‫א‬  EK  K‫א‬10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬() ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬()‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬()‫א‬ K‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  1 KBinet & simon‫א‬1905‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬K J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬1 K227 J2262005–

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14312010210

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K1 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬2 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KK‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K3 E‫א‬‫א‬F() ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬ 4 E‫א‬‫א‬FW()K7‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ K240 J2003 J–‫א‬ J‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JK1  JEF– J J‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 K448 J1 K‫א‬‫א‬3 K‫א‬‫א‬4

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  ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ () ‫א‬  J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K1 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬()‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬  KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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14312010210

‫א‬،‫א‬()  K()‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬()  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F()W  K1 E‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WW‫א‬ WKWW‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K2 ‫א‬ F()‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬1 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬3

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    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE38F‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬،1 E‫א‬FW()‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K2  ‫א‬()‫א‬  K‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K2–43–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬1 –2001–‫א‬‫א‬–––‫א‬–‫א‬2 K420

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14312010210  W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K3 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،،، ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KKK،،‫א‬،،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K4  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K5  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K6 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K7  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

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 

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14312010210    K‫א‬‫א‬- 1

‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2  K2008––‫א‬‫א‬ –––‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J3  K1990  J––‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ J4  K2001  K2001 J–––‫א‬‫א‬–‫–א‬‫א‬ J5  K2003––––‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J J6  K2003 J J J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J7 ‫א‬ J J J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J8  K2001 J‫א‬  K2001–––‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J9  K2001–– J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J10  K2000 J J،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬ J11  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J12 ،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،،‫א‬ J13 ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬  K  K2001––‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬ J14

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  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ J15 K1425––‫א‬‫א‬ K2003،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J J J16  J‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J17  K2000،‫א‬  K1990––‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬ J18 –‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J19  J‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K2007 J‫א‬‫א‬  J J‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬ J  J20  K1990 –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J21  K1990 J– J‫א‬‫א‬  J J‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ J‫א‬ J22 K1987 1991 J J‫א‬––‫א‬ J J23  K1995 J––‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J24  1990 J––‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J25 K1987 J‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J26 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J27 K1985 J––‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬

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14312010210

––‫א‬K J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ J28 K2005 J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬ –‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JK J29 K2003  J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K J30 K2007 J‫א‬  J‫א‬––‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K J31 K2003 ‫א‬ J––‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬K J32 K2002–‫א‬ K2001––‫א‬–‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J33 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J34 ––‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K2001–‫א‬‫א‬– ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ J35 ‫–א‬––‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬  K1352 J‫א‬

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  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،  ،‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،  ،  ،‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  K

‫א‬G


  

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14312010210  

   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E      ،  EF ‫א‬        K   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F  KE   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 164


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   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬      ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ?‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ 165


  

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14312010210

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬        ‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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    ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

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K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KEKKK‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ 166


 

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‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،2009  7 ‫א‬  ?   ?   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬       ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬   ?‫א‬ ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 168


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   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 169


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، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬       ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .1 ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ??K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .2 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   .3 170


 

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬،?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? .4     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    .5  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫؛‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .6   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،      ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.7     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ K2010‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .8 171


  



14312010210

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?‫א‬ ?      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K?‫א‬‫א‬????‫?א‬20098 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

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‫ ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬: "‫"ﻧﺤﻮ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

   2009198 

                     2005                                                           


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14312010210 

                                                                2005                               174


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     ‫ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬  ‫ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﺗﺄﺻﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬

     2009144

                                        1  2    3

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

14312010210 

 4     5                 –              

 

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   

‫ ﺧﺎﺭﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻧﻴﺔ‬:

 

 200980

                                             

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14312010210 

                      

 

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 

‫ ﺃﺳﺲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬: "‫" ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬

   2009190

                                          179


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      

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‫ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻗﺮﺁﻧﻴﺔ‬: 

   2009422

                                          –––– ––   181


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14312010210 

   –  –   – –             –  –                 –   ––  ––    – – –  –––                  

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      

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               

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14312010210 

 ‫ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻹﺗﺼﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬:

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 2009128

                                                                                              184


Submission Guidlines "Tafakkur" is a refereed biannual journal issued by the Institute for Islamization of knowledge (IMAM), Gezira University, Sudan. The main focus of the journal is on issues concerning Islamization of knowledge, both theoretical and empirical. Contributors are kindly requested to take note of the following points when submitting their manuscripts: 1. The submitted paper should focus on issues of Islamization of knowledge. 2. The paper should at least contribute to a better understanding of its subject matter. 3. The research methodology and style should suit the modern reader. 4. Whenever verses from the Holy Qur’an are quoted, reference should be made to their chapters and numbers. Sayings from Sunnah should be authenticated. 5. Detailed mathematical derivations should be supplied separately and will not be published. 6. References should be listed at the end of the paper. References in English should be written in the standard format, e.g, for essays: Biraima, M. H., (1999): "Social Reality."Tafakkur, Vol. 1, No. 1, Sudan, And for books: Biraima, M.H., (1999): A Quranic View..., (International Centre for Faith Studies), Sudan. References in Arabic should be written as shown in the Arabic section. 7. All manuscripts should be submitted in a typewritten copy plus an electronic copy (MS Word format). 8. The manuscript should not exceed 35 typewritten pages (A4 size), with a separately supplied abstract of no more than 200 words. 9. Papers submitted publication should be original, and are not expected to have been submitted for publication elsewhere. 10. The author's name his postal and electronic address as well as his phone and fax numbers should be supplied separately from the text of the paper. 11. The paper would be subjected to a double blind refereeing. 12. The editorial board reserves the right to make nonsubstantial changes in the paper, as well as not returning the original manuscripts to their authors. 13. Authors of accepted refereed papers will be paid a financial reward.

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 Editorial Board Chairperson confidants Prof .Mohammed El.Hassan B.Ibrahim

Chairperson Dr. Dirar Elmahi Elobeid Ahmed

Editor-in-Chief Dr .Mohammed Babiker EL-Awad

Manager of Editing Mohammed Hamed Mohammed Ahmed Members * Prof.Abdalla M.AL.Amin *Dr. Gamal AL- Shareef *Dr.Mohammed Alhasan Salih *Dr.Mohammed Awad –ALKareem * Dr.Awad Ibrahim Awad *Gasim Omer Abu Elkhair * Elzein A.Yousif Ahmed

Correspondence Editor- in – Chief: IMAM, P.O. Box 526, Wad Medani, Sudan. Fax: 00249-511/ 843399- 820428 Tel: 00249 - 511 / 0120880278- 0120881390- 0120887135 E-mail : tafakkur2009@gmail. com

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