SYNTHIFY SYNTHIFY SYNTHIFY
MAY MAY
SYNTHIFY
06
TRAIN THE MIND, WIN THE MOMENT: THE NEUROSCIENCE OF IMAGINING SUCCESS
-YENA YOON 13
PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON ADOLESCENTS: EXPLORING ADOLESCENT EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING DURING THE PANDEMIC
-RYAN AHN
19 WHEN AFFECTION BECOMES OBSESSION: AN EXPLORATION OF THE PSYCHOLOGY BEHIND OBSESSIVE LOVE DISORDER
-RHIANNA KIM
26
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PROCRASTINATION: WHY WE DELAY AND HOW TO STOP -MINSUNG CHOI
WHY WE IGNORE WHAT WE KNOW: THE PSYCHOLOGY BEHIND INACTION IN THE FACE OF FACTS -JOOWON LEEN
33 41
WHY THAT ONE PERSON BOTHERS YOU SO MUCH: A PSYCHOLOGICALANALYSIS OF DIFFICULT RELATIONSHIPS -HAJIN RA THE BOUNDARIES OF INTELLIGENCE: HUMAN VS ARTIFICIAL MINDS -JAEHWAN KIM 47
3명의 학생이 각기 다른
상상을 한 결과, 공부 ‘과
정’을 상상한 학생이 제
일 높은 점수를 받았다!
하아 운동 피질: 움직임을 계획하고 실행하는 뇌 부위
단순한 상상? 그건 뇌에게 ‘리허설’이야!
WISH: 기말 잘 보기!
OUTCOME: 성적 오르는 나!
OBSTACLE:
PLAN: 하교 전까
TRAIN THE MIND, TRAIN THE MIND, TRAIN THE MIND,
WIN THE MOMENT: WIN THE MOMENT: WIN THE MOMENT:
THE NEUROSCIENCE OF IMAGINING SUCCESS
YENA YOON
Could simply imagining your success help make it real?
It might sound like wishful thinking, but science says otherwise. Psychologists have found that when we vividly picture ourselves studying for a test, preparing for a speech, or completing a big project, we ’ re not just daydreaming we ’ re mentally rehearsing. This practice, known as mental simulation, can activate the same brain regions involved in real experiences and help us perform better when the moment finally arrives
From Olympic athletes visualizing their routines to students picturing themselves writing an exam, imagination has proven to be a powerful tool, not for escaping reality, but for preparing for it
In this article, we’ll explore what science says about the link between imagination and achievement. Can imagining your goals actually make them more likely to happen? What’s happening in the brain when we simulate the future? And what’s the difference between helpful visualization and empty fantasy?
Let’s dive into the science of how imagination works and how to use it to your advantage.
IMAGINING SUCCESS AND ACHIEVING IT
The idea that imagination can fuel real-world success isn't just motivational fluff; it's backed by serious scientific evidence.
In a foundational study by Pham and Taylor (1999), researchers at UCLA explored how different types of mental imagery affect academic performance. They randomly assigned students preparing for a midterm to three groups: one group imagined themselves receiving a high grade (outcomefocused), another group imagined the process of studying effectively (process-focused), and a control group did neither. Over the following week, students in the process-visualization group spent more time studying and ultimately scored higher on the exam than the other two groups The conclusion? Imagining the steps toward success is more effective than imagining success itself.
A similar effect appears in sports A meta-analysis by Driskell, Cooper, and Moran (1994) reviewed 35 studies on mental practice and found that visualization significantly enhanced performance, especially in tasks involving physical skill. For example, athletes who visualized their movements with detail muscle tension, timing, environmental conditions improved more than those who did not use imagery. More recently, Cumming and Ramsey (2009) found that mental imagery activated motor-related brain regions, suggesting that the brain rehearses the action as if it were happening
Motivation scientists have also found that mental simulation can improve follow-through on goals In a series of experiments by Oettingen et al (2001–2012), participants who used a strategy called mental contrasting first imagining a positive future and then mentally identifying the obstacles that might get in the way were more likely to make measurable progress toward goals ranging from career planning to health habits In contrast, those who only engaged in positive fantasizing often felt more optimistic but took fewer actions.
Together, these studies show that imagination isn’t just about dreaming it’s about training. When you simulate real actions in your mind, you prepare the brain to act decisively when it matters
HOW IMAGINATION MIRRORS REALITY
So, how exactly does imagining something prepare us to do it?
Thanks to brain imaging technology like fMRI, scientists have discovered that mental simulation activates many of the same neural systems involved in real experiences In other words, when you imagine practicing a skill or navigating a future situation, your brain partially rehearses that event as if it were real
A key set of studies by Addis, Wong, and Schacter (2007) found that episodic future thinking— imagining a personal future event relies on the same brain structures used for remembering the past. These include the hippocampus (involved in memory formation and scene construction), the medial prefrontal cortex (linked to self-referential thinking and goal setting), and the posterior cingulate cortex (involved in evaluating mental representations) This overlap suggests that our brains use memory not just to recall, but to construct and simulate possibilities
In sports psychology, this finding is significant Studies using motor imagery show that imagining a physical action activates the supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, and even the primary motor cortex; regions responsible for actual movement execution (Decety & Grèzes, 2006) While the signal is weaker than when acting itself, the pattern is remarkably similar This means athletes who mentally rehearse a routine are not only preparing psychologically they're also fine-tuning the brain’s motor programs
Even emotional experiences can be simulated. According to a 2015 study published in Nature Communications, participants who imagined future emotional events (such as receiving praise or experiencing rejection) showed increased activity in the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, areas associated with emotional processing and regulation. This suggests that imagination allows us to emotionally “test-drive” situations before they happen
The takeaway? Mental simulation is not just storytelling It’s a neurologically grounded way to prepare, practice, and plan, coordinating the brain's memory, motor, and emotion systems
WHEN IMAGINATION BACKFIRES
While imagination can be a powerful tool for preparation, it’s not always helpful. In fact, under certain conditions, imagining a perfect future can reduce motivation and make people less likely to succeed
Psychologist Gabriele Oettingen, who pioneered the concept of mental contrasting, has conducted over two decades of research showing that positive fantasizing without realistic planning can lead to lower effort and poorer outcomes. In a 2011 study published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Oettingen and colleagues asked participants to imagine a desirable future, such as doing well in school getting a romantic partner, or finding a job Those who imagined success ppy they’d feel with no barriers) showed lower who also considered the obstacles they’d face
When people vividly imagine a goal without brain can mistake simulation for progress. This ding to less urgency to act Researchers describe Tversky, 1982): the more easily we can imagine ready likely to happen even if we haven’t done
ss, participants who fantasized about quickly and ss weight over time than those who anticipated udents who only imagined getting good grades p procrastinating more
In short, imagination without structure can become a trap Dreaming about success feels good, but it can trick the brain into feeling like work is already done.
HOW TO USE IMAGINATION EFFECTIVELY:
SCIENCE-BACKED STRATEGIES
While vivid imagination can backfire if it stays in the realm of fantasy, research shows that when used correctly, it becomes a powerful tool for behavior change, learning, and goal pursuit The key lies in shifting from idealized daydreaming to structured mental simulation one that is grounded in action and reality
First, it’s important to visualize the process, not just the outcome. This distinction has been shown to matter significantly in studies like the one conducted by Pham and Taylor (1999), where students who imagined themselves actively studying–sitting at a desk, reading, taking notes–performed better than those who simply imagined getting a good grade. Process-based imagery activates more relevant cognitive pathways and helps individuals mentally prepare for the steps needed to achieve their goals. Rather than picturing yourself holding a trophy, it’s more effective to imagine waking up early to train, pushing through fatigue, or dealing with setbacks
Second, using a structured approach like the WOOP method(short for Wish, Outcome, Obstacle, and Plan) can turn imaginative thought into a blueprint for real change Developed by psychologist Gabriele Oettingen, this technique starts by identifying a meaningful goal, then visualizing the positive result But instead of stopping there, it immediately asks: what could realistically get in the way? And what will you do when that happens? This combination of optimism and realism has been shown in multiple experiments to increase goal commitment, improve academic achievement, and support healthy habits
Finally, the most effective mental simulations are vivid and emotionally rich. Neuroscience research shows that when people mentally rehearse future actions in detail, in sensory terms, their brains engage the same motor and emotional systems as if they were experiencing the event. This has been especially evident in sports psychology, where athletes who include emotional and sensory detail in their mental training consistently perform better than those who use vague or mechanical imagery. The more real the simulation feels, the more deeply the brain encodes it, and the better prepared it becomes for the real experience
By shifting from passive fantasizing to realistic, emotionally grounded visualization, imagination becomes an engine of preparation and progress It turns thoughts into mental practice and dreams into strategies.
Imagination has often been treated as the opposite of realism, as if dreaming and doing belong to separate worlds But scientific research tells a different story Mental simulation, when rooted in process, structure, and emotional detail, is not a form of escape It is preparation
From the classroom to the athletic field to the brain’s neural circuits, evidence shows that imagining future experiences when done thoughtfully can sharpen our focus, increase our resilience, and strengthen our follow-through. Whether it’s a student preparing for exams, an athlete rehearsing a routine, or someone setting a personal goal, the ability to mentally simulate the future offers a kind of “dress rehearsal” for the mind
Still, not all imagination is created equal Idealized fantasies without action can stall motivation But when imagination is paired with concrete planning and honest reflection on obstacles, it becomes a practical tool, not for predicting the future, but for shaping it.
In the end, imagination is more than a gift With practice, imagination becomes more than inspiration it becomes a proven pathway from intention to execution.
JARGON
Motor Cortex(운동 피질) : 자발적인 움직임을 계획하고
Hippocampus(해마) : 기억 형성과 공간
관여하는 뇌 부위
Amygdala(편도체) : 감정, 특히 공포와 보상 반응을 처리하는 뇌 구조
Simulation Heuristic: 어떤 일이 실제로 일어날 가능성을 상상하기 쉬운 정도로 판단하는 인지 오류
CROSSWORD
ACROSS
4 기억 형성과 공간 지각에 관여하는 뇌 부위 DOWN
1 감정, 특히 공포와 보상 반응을 처리하는 뇌 구조
2 자발적인 움직임을 계획하고 제어하는 뇌 영역
3 어떤 일이 실제로 일어날 가능성을 상상하기 쉬운 정도로 판단하는 인지 오류
June 18, 2025 / Yena Yoon / yena.yoon27@stu.siskorea.org
Exploring Adolescent Emotional Wellbeing
During the Pandemic
In December of 2019, the first few cases of a viral illness - involving pneumonia and shortness of breath - with an unknown etiology quietly emerged in the Wuhan province of China. The virus spread like an invisible nemesis, rapidly affecting countless individuals across the globe. The advent of the novel coronavirus, also known as COVID-19, put the world in a silent pause - the closing of schools, lockdown policies, and shutdown of businesses became the norm.
While COVID-19 infection cases dominated the headlines, another hidden crisis was rising: isolation and uncertainty, which were severely impacting mental health. The detriments are exemplified through a study that compared the youth suicide rates before and during COVID Specifically, it was revealed that 5,568 youths committed suicide during the first ten months of the pandemic - a number that is significantly higher than to that prior to the pandemic From the data itself, it is evident that COVID 19 has a profound impact on adolescents. This article will explore the negative psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, its connection to key psychological developments during adolescence, and potential coping mechanisms that can mitigate the influence
NEGATIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO COVID-19 FROM ADOLESCENTS
Before diving in, it is crucial to understand how adolescents were influenced by impositions from COVID-19.
Depression has been growing in prevalence since the advent of the pandemic A psychological concept that is characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest, according to Mayo Clinic, our understanding of depression was further redefined by works of eminent psychologists such as Aaron Beck. Aaron Beck specifically proposed a cognitive model that points out the causation of depression as having a negative thought to oneself and the future A question arises: How can this be applied within the context of COVID-19?
Instances of depression can be common within the context of the pandemic due to social
Within the realm of adolescent psychology, the rationale behind adolescent’s vulnerability to depression is further revealed The theory of developmental psychology, a prominent work of psychologist Erik Erikson, involves stages that reveal when individuals develop feelings of intimacy - specifically during adolescence. During adolescence, the intimacy stage involves forming close relationships to avoid isolation and these relationships are achieved through the direct social interactions - highlighting how social isolation can be the hindering factor.
Recent study also revealed that the infection from the virus itself may trigger depression. According to WebMD, the COVID-19 virus can trigger the immune system’s production of chemokines, cytokines, and other chemicals that are known for promoting inflammatory risks
Experts discovered that a specific type of cytokine known as T-helper-2-cell-secreted-cytokines were especially more common in individuals that are infected by the virus - and it was revealed that improper regulation of the chemical can lead to issues such as: inflammation of the nerve, impaired nerve transmission, invasion of peripheral immune cell to the central nervous system, blood-brain-barrier disruption, and many more Such issues are known to be some of the core aspects of clinical depression.
POTENTIAL LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES
Beyond immediate effects, the pandemic may cause long-term psychological consequences in adolescents
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been identified as a potential long-term risk from COVID-19 pandemic. PTSD, mostly common amongst veterans, arises from traumatic events, and manifests as flashbacks, nightmares, and severe emotional distress Stressors from the COVID-19 pandemic were specifically identified as a potential factor that triggers PTSD Depending on the severity of the trauma from COVID-19, PTSD symptoms can be regarded as short-term - lasting a few weeks - to a long-term where it can be at least a few years to a lifetime.
The other long-term consequences to consider that can be prevalent from COVID-19 is anxiety Anxiety, an emotion that is characterized by a sense of dread and fear, can be prevalent. The National Institute of Health (NIH) directly mentioned anxiety as one of the consequences from long COVID - a series of chronic conditions that was triggered from COVID-19 viruses. When left untreated, anxiety can be extremely harmful - especially when compounded by effects of PTSD - where intrusive thoughts stemming from anxious feelings, for instance, can turn into a nightmare or flashbacks that can traumatize affected adolescents for the remainder of their life.
COPING MECHANISMS
Due to these detrimental effects, it is crucial to understand the coping mechanisms to mitigate the influence Coping strategies are typically categorized as problem-focused, emotion-focused, meaning-focused, and social coping Social coping often involves more therapy, one of the most effective treatments for anxiety and depression. More specifically, CBTs, or cognitive behavioral therapy, is especially well-established for treatment of anxiety and depression where it helps to identify, challenge, and modify negative thought patterns to create healthier behaviours and coping skills
Medication is another effective approach ; adolescents may be prescribed antidepressants such as benzodiazepines (BZDs), selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and others to manage symptoms Although effective, it can also be a risk factor for exacerbated depression when the dosage is unregulated.
CONCLUSION
COVID-19 has reshaped lives worldwide - physically and mentally The pandemic itself not only introduced a new virus that can be detrimental for individuals, but also a psychological challenge that especially affected adolescents during their developmental stage It is important to acknowledge these psychological impacts, a means of spreading awareness of the psychological determinants of COVID-19 to the lives of young individuals. This can be a starting point for a meaningful path to address adolescent health across the globe - a campaign that can ensure that adolescents can live a long, prosperous, and happy life even with the challenges from the pandemic.
JARGON
Depression (우울증): 지속적인 슬픔과 흥미 및 의욕 저하를 주요 증상으로 하는
정신 질환
PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)(외상후 스트레스 장애):
심각한 외상 경험 후 나타나는 정신질환
Neurotransmitters (신경전달물질): 신경의 흥분 신호를 전달하는 화학 물질
Therapy (요법/치료법): 정신적 어려움, 부상 등으로 인해 고통받는 사람들을
회복시키기 위한 과정
Adolescents (청소년): 사춘기에 다다른 청소년
Intimacy (친밀함): 가까운 관계 ; 친구 아니면 연인
Serotonin (세로토닌): 뇌에서 생성되는 신경전달물질 ; 별명은 행복 호르몬이면서 사
람들한테 기분좋게 할때 아니면 안정감을 주는데 큰 도움을 준다
Pneumonia (폐렴): 폐에 염증이 생기는 질환 ; 증상은 기침, 개래, 발열 등
Nemesis (숙적): 극복하기 어려운 상대
CROSSWORD
ACROSS
5심각한 외상 경험 후 나타나는 정신질환
7신경의 흥분 신호를 전달하는 화학 물질
8정신적 어려움, 부상 등으로 인해 고통받는 사람들을 회복시키기 위한 과정
9폐에 염증이 생기는 질환 ; 증상은 기침, 개래, 발열 등 DOWN
1지속적인 슬픔과 흥미 및 의욕 저하를 주요 증상으로 하는
2사춘기에
3극복하기
4뇌에서
6가까운
June 10, 2025 / Ryan Ahn/ lockedinryan1234@gmail com
WHEN AFFECTION WHEN AFFECTION WHEN AFFECTION BECOMES OBSESSION: BECOMES OBSESSION: BECOMES OBSESSION:
RHIANNA KIM RHIANNA KIM
JINTRODUCTION
oe Goldberg, the protagonist–perhaps the antagonist in–Netflix’s renowned series YOU , perfectly embodies the principle of love and obsession. Each attempt to capture “true love” only leads to a cautionary tale of horrid fates
Albeit fiction, such unimaginable relationships exist in the real world But what drives someone to become so fixated and devoted to another being?
This exploration delves into the psychological reasons behind obsession and emotional attachment, using Joe Goldberg’s character arc as a lens to illustrate how pure love can transform into an all-consuming fixation.
OBSESSIVE LOVE DISORDER
Obsessive Love Disorder (OLD) is a condition in which a person confuses obsession for love A key characteristic is the desire and gut-wrenching need to protect this person as if they are a valuable possession
Surprisingly, OLD is not classified as an official medical disorder nor caused by a singular stimulus; rather, it is linked with multiple mental health conditions.
A few examples of these include:
Attachment Disorders
The term Attachment Disorder acts as a broad umbrella term that encompasses several conditions related to individuals who experience difficulties with emotional attachment This is frequently characterized by two predominant, yet polar opposite, traits: obsession or lack of empathy towards another person
Negative childhood experiences, either with parents or the general environment one is raised in, have been proven as the main cause of developing these disorders
Borderline Personality Disorder
Also known as BPD, this condition exhibits severe mood swings, disturbances with selfimage, and difficulties in relationships due to the challenge of controlling one ’ s emotions. This means one could go from laughing to having an emotional meltdown in the span of a few minutes
In the context of OLD, BPD can cause one to switch from being madly in love with someone to complete contempt.
Erotomania
This condition is the intersection between obsession and delusion, causing one to believe that another individual, usually of higher social status, is in love with someone despite evidence that suggests otherwise
Erotomania often results in individuals appearing at the workplace or home of the person they are infatuated with, a behavior commonly referred to as "stalking."
EXPLORING EROTOMANIA THROUGH THE LENS OF JOE GOLDBERG
Erotomania is quite literally the epitome of delusion, given it is the belief that someone is in love with you when they aren’t.
Joe Goldberg is a multifaceted character whose relationships reveal patterns of obsession and idealization, which construe his attachment style, that is, the desire for validation and control
From his mastery in stalking and intrusion, to the notorious glass cage Cold, eerie, and tucked away in the basement of his library: Mooney’s. The act of trapping his love interests in this transparent prison serves as a primary example of erotomania taken too far Although it is a delusional belief of Goldberg that his behaviour is an act of love and protection, in reality, he is establishing control and dominance over all of these women
Furthermore, Joe Goldberg’s inner monologues often reveal an intense detachment from reality, particularly in the ironic statement, “This is weird Perverted Beck, you have a stalker” (Season 1), describing Beck’s friend spying on Beck, while he is also hiding behind doors, observing her bathing. This scene highlights his obliviousness to his own intrusive and psychotic mannerisms as he is genuinely convinced that his actions are an act of safeguarding his interests from perceived threats. His inability to recognize the harm of his actions underscores the complex psychology of erotomania; ‘love’ transforms into an obsession with no genuine connection
THE ROOTS OF OBSESSION
In a 2023 health article “What To Know About Erotomania, The Disorder Joe Goldberg Has In ‘You’”, Dr. Khurana has shared that people with erotomania often believe they are incapable of experiencing love and security, which leads to significant emotional pain He states, “it is too much pain for their mind to handle,” prompting these individuals to retreat into a fantastical world their mind has created: the erotomanic delusion In this altered state, they feel loved, safe, and content for once
What makes these individuals feel so unloveable that their whole lives become a facade?
For the most part, people with erotomania have unresolved trauma from their past and a poor sense of self-confidence Bowlby’s attachment theory posits that children develop confidence in exploring their environment, and by that, themselves, when they feel secure in the attachment to their caregiver All children are born with an inherent drive to form bonds with caregivers, which is essential for their survival. By disrupting these bonds, different conditions may affect the child’s life in the future: anxiety, mental health conditions like Erotomania
Further exploring the context of Joe’s character, it is evident that his traumatic childhood experiences significantly influenced his attachment style and behaviour when approaching his interests. His childhood was marked by parental neglect, hence “disrupted bonds,” which fostered a lifelong fear of abandonment This fear manifests in his relationships, where he continually seeks connection but unconsciously resorts to manipulation and delusion
CONCLUSION
Understanding the crucial difference between love and obsession is important, especially when choosing a partner or inviting new individuals into your life in today’s complex and often perilous society Joe Goldberg’s character arc in YOU reveals the dire consequences of obsession, resulting in the demise of many loved ones and ultimately leading to the one scenario he despised: complete loneliness.
Both the moral of the show and the implications of Obsessive Love Disorder serve as a critical reminder of prioritizing healthy relationships and attachments built upon respect from both ends
As we reflect on Joe’s journey and the victims of his acts, it triggers a question: can we truly recognize the signs of obsession in our own lives before it’s too late?
JARGON
Obsessive Love Disorder (OLD):집착적 사랑 장애 ; 집착과 사랑을 혼동하는 상태
Attachment Disorders :애착 장애 ; 정서적 애착에 어려움을 겪는 다양한 상태
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) :경계성 인격 장애 ; 감정 조절 장애, 불안정 한 자아 이미지, 관계에서 어려움이 특징인 장애
Erotomania:색정망상장애 ; 다른 사람이 자신을 사랑하고 있다는 잘못된 믿음
Delusion :망상장애 ; 증거가 있음에도 불구하고 잘못된 믿음으로 인해 여러 심리적 상 태에서 나타남
Attachment Theory :애착 이론 ; 자녀와 보호자 사이의 안정적인 친밀감이 없는 것을 의미하며 불안감과 버림받는 두려움을 초래함
Manipulation :조종 ; 자신의 이익을 위해 사람을 부정적으로 조종하는 행동
Obsession :집착; 사람이나 아이디어에 대한 강렬한 집착으로 해로운 행동을 나타냄
CROSSWORD
ACROSS 5조종 ; 자신의 이익을 위해 사람을 부정적으로 조종하 는 행동 7집착적인 8색정망상장애 ; 다른 사람이 자신을 사랑하고 있다는 잘못된 믿음
DOWN
1집착; 사람이나 아이디어에 대한 강렬한 집착으로 해 로운 행동을 나타냄
2애착 ; 자녀와 보호자 사이의 안정적인 친밀감이 없는 것을 의미하며 불안감과 버림받는 두려움을 초래함 3경계선
4 질환;신체적 또는 정신적 기능의 정상적인 작동을 방 해하는 상태
6망상장애 ; 증거가 있음에도 불구하고 잘못된 믿음으 로 인해 여러 심리적 상태에서 나타남
June 2, 2025 / Rhianna Kim / rhihyunk@gmail com
THE PSYCHOLOGY THE PSYCHOLOGY THE PSYCHOLOGY
OF PROCRASTINATION OF PROCRASTINATION OF PROCRASTINATION
WHY WE DELAY AND HOW TO STOP
MINSUNG CHOI
Be honest have you ever opened Netflix instead of writing your essay? Or perhaps organized your entire room to justify not studying? If this sounds familiar, congratulations, you are human. Just like you, 8 out of 10 students share that they also procrastinate or have procrastinated before
Regarding procrastination, you should understand that handling your emotions is usually more important than managing time. Although often seen as laziness, procrastination actually affects students, adults, and workplace productivity in deeper emotional and psychological ways Often seen as just laziness, mental and emotional tendencies cause procrastination. When we notice the main emotions, we can handle procrastination better and direct our efforts towards healthy behaviors
EMOTIONAL AVOIDANCE AND THE BRAIN
People procrastinate mainly because their brains try to balance feelings and facts Studies indicate that if we are not fond of a task, we tend to procrastinate because of our emotions. Some emotional reactions happen at the same time as logical thinking, because there is a struggle between the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex in our brain The emotion-related parts of the brain usually play a greater role when we do not like a task.
Trying something different or tough may bring up feelings such as boredom, anxiety, uncertainty, or fear of making mistakes Simply thinking about such emotions can cause us to avoid what’s causing the feelings Statistics from Dr Tim Pychyl state that the main factor behind procrastination is our trouble in dealing with such feelings and not the accuracy of our time predictions To cut their discomfort short, people typically avoid tasks and end up feeling more stressed and anxious over the long term, encouraging them to procrastinate even more (Sirois and Pychyl)
PROCRASTINATION’S IMPACT ON MENTAL HEALTH AND PERFORMANCE
Setting tasks aside costs time and can also hurt your mental state and performance. Procrastinating for a long time leads to an increase in cortisol, a stress hormone, which is most obvious close to the deadline. The surplus of hormones leads to increased anxiety, which becomes less noticeable when we don’t carry out tasks, but sooner or later comes back along with guilt and even more worry
The changing emotions individuals experience hamper their performance in school. If students continue to put off their duties, they tend to have poorer grades, less self-esteem, disturbed sleep, and a decrease in their motivation. Many students, myself included, experience a brief relief from avoiding tasks, followed by intense stress as deadlines approach
In their view, procrastination should be seen as an unhealthy way people use to handle their emotions. Putting off important things to avoid disappointment helps us stick to procrastination. A typical high school student postpones the start of an important task since they are scared of doing poorly With the deadline approaching, people become more anxious and rush to finish their projects. The student finishes their task hurriedly and incorrectly believes that stress improves their performance, which is incorrect, as the main issue here is anxiety This may also happen with workers over 18, who may start thinking that working quickly under stress is enjoyable despite the stress and pressure it causes (Habitify)
STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME PROCRASTINATION
The good thing is that there are effective psychological techniques to handle procrastination. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy works well because it helps people change the thoughts behind their avoidance Following CBT, people can understand faulty beliefs like these and beneficially tackle tasks.
Intention is another useful way to support action Such a technique includes setting specific ifthen plans, such as telling oneself, “If it’s 4 p m , I will work on my essay ” Having these clearly outlined plans means we decide less and stick to our plan by attaching our actions to known times or hints Creating space for mindfulness is very important, too Expressing oneself through mindfulness, a person becomes aware of their emotions and can control their urge to flee from any task that causes them stress Deep breathing and mindfulness can both make you feel less anxious while helping you focus and handle your emotions as you navigate life Having a considerate attitude towards yourself can greatly lessen your stress levels. According to the study by Sirois (2014), if you embrace self-compassion instead of self-criticism, you bounce back more easily, feeling more driven and ready to proceed with what you were doing. Organizational approaches such as planning, recording tasks, and setting up study breaks divide tough tasks into tasks that are easy to handle Completing simple tasks motivates you and makes you less likely to delay important work.
CONCLUSION
In the end, procrastination is more about your emotions, especially fear, anxiety, and being a perfectionist, rather than poor time management. Many people delay their tasks because they fear failure, which leads to a decline in mental health, fewer achievements in school, and a lot of distress
Happily, committing to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, mindfulness exercises, being selfcompassionate, and planning can greatly help you decrease your tendency to procrastinate. The main thing to remember is that procrastination happens to many people because it’s linked to strong emotions. If we use focused plans and continue to care for ourselves, we can overcome procrastination Tackling procrastination leads to improved self-esteem, improved work results, and greater ability to deal with emotions Having mastered some of these psychology tricks, we can change our behavior to focus on what we must do, instead of scrolling on social media all the time
All in all, the way ahead starts with understanding our feelings and concludes with us choosing to handle hard situations with confidence and empathy.
JARGON
Procrastination: 일을 미루는 습관 또는 행위 스트레스나 감정 회피로 인해 발생함
Limbic system(변연계): 감정과 기억을 조절하는 뇌의 부위
Prefrontal cortex(전전두엽): 계획, 판단, 자기조절 같은 고차원적 사고를 담당하는 뇌의 앞부 분
Emotional avoidance(감정 회피): 불편한 감정을 피하려는 심리적 경향.
Cortisol (코르티솔):스트레스를 받을 때 분비되는 호르몬 장기적으로는 건강에 해로움
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT, 인지 행동 치료): 부정적인 생각과 행동을 인식하고
변화시키는 심리 치료법
If-then plans (Implementation intentions,조건 계획): “만약 ~라면, 나는 ~할 것이다”라 는 식의 구체적인 행동 계획 설정.
Mindfulness(마음챙김): 현재의 감정과 생각을 판단 없이 인식하고 수용하는 명상 및
정신 상태
Self-compassion(자기 연민): 자신의 실수나 고통을 비난하지 않고 이해하고 돌보는 태도
Perfectionism:완벽주의
CROSSWORD
ACROSS
1 일을 미
JOOWON LEE
Why do people often fail to act on what they already know?
We know climate action is urgent and that we are responsible, yet most of us continue our wasteful daily lives, eagerly increasing our carbon footprints We know sugary foods trigger chronic disease, but we crave them We know smoking is deadly, yet millions continue
Why do we fail to act?
Scientific knowledge has never been more accessible than in our age, yet acting on it remains a stumbling block. This curious paradox has become one of the central challenges of our age.
The answer lies not in the lack of data but in our mental structure. Human brains were not designed to process the truth accordingly, especially when it counters our beliefs, comforts, or interests. This gap between what we know and what we do could only be understood by looking deeply into how our psychological mechanisms govern our decisions quietly This gap is shaped by four key psychological barriers: cognitive dissonance, confirmation bias, affective reasoning, and temporal discounting.
PSYCHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS
1. COGNITIVE DISSONANCE: THE MENTAL TUG-OF-WAR
Cognitive dissonance explains how people resist uncomfortable truths to preserve their existing beliefs. When our actions clash with our beliefs, the discomfort is aroused due to this cognitive dissonance Rather than resolve that tension through changing behavior, the human mind just takes a shortcut: ignore, deny, or justify
For example, take climate change. All the scientific facts require us to acknowledge complicity in harming the planet, which is a deeply unsettling idea Instead, many deny the whole problem or shift the blame elsewhere. Even when we are given a sufficient amount of climate warning, our inactions continue Similarly, someone might value health yet smoke, downplaying the risks or labeling themselves as an exception They might deny it by saying things like, “My grandfather smoked and lived up to 90”.
These mental contortions protect our ego and coherence but come at a cost: they block even the possibility of change. The more people are emotionally loaded with the belief, the more forcefully dissonance resists corrections
2. CONFIRMATION BIAS: FACTS FILTERED THROUGH BELIEF
Even when we are presented with solid evidence, we tend to focus on information that confirms what we already think. This is the confirmation bias in action. Confirmation Bias shows how individuals selectively accept facts (evidence) that align with their perspective
In the age of social media, this bias is fully armoured Algorithms provide us with content that reinforces our point of view, locking us in what we call “filter bubbles.” A person skeptical of vaccines, for example, will see more anti-vaccination posts, building their suspicion stronger while legitimate data gets filtered out
This effect is especially dangerous in polarized societies where they compete for “truths” which later become identity markers This bias doesn’t just affect how people evaluate new knowledgeit determines which facts we even face
3. AFFECTIVE REASONING: WHEN EMOTIONS
HIJACK THINKING
Often, we think of ourselves as rational beings, but emotions frequently override our reasoning. Affective reasoning refers to our tendency to make decisions based on what feelings this information arouses rather than what it actually says
If a piece of information induces fear, guilt, or anxiety, we may reject it right awaynot because it’s false, but due to its discomfort Climate science here again offers a potent example: drastic predictions can provoke denial rather than motivation
4. TEMPORAL DISCOUNTING AND PRESENT BIAS: THE NOW PROBLEM
Humans are notably short-sighted We tend to underestimate long-term consequences in favor of immediate pleasure - a bias known as temporal discounting
This bias explains why we often fail to save for later, eat healthily for later, or regard climate threats seriously. The future feels abstract while the present feels urgent. Why would we skip captivating chocolate puddings for a heart benefit we may never see? Why walk to school when our parents’ car is faster today, even if it warms the planet soon?
Economics, health, and environmental decisions are all very fragile to this “ now problem ” Our body evolved for short-term survival rather than long-term planning As a result, even with knowledge of future risks, we often choose comfort today over tomorrow’s safety.
IMPLICATIONS AND SOLUTIONS: CLOSING THE GAP
If knowledge isn't enough, then how can we bridge the gap between our knowledge and action? Behavioral science offers several promising approaches
A. NUDGING:
Instead of persuading people with rationality, subtly nudge people toward better choices Such as placing healthier foods at eye level, or presetting office air conditioning thermostats on energy-saving levels by default. These small cues can influence people’s behavior without conscious action
B. DESIGN FOR DECISIONS:
Environments and technology may be structured to simplify good decision-making. Apps that track our screen time or carbon emissions can visualize our habits, promoting self-regulation to be more tangible and easier to manage. Strong feedback loops, timely reminders, and frictionless access to positive action can drive real change
C. PUTTING A NEW FRAME AROUND THE ISSUE:
Crafting information to fit with the way people see themselves and the world can address emotional resistance. Climate campaigns, for example, might focus the public narrative on economic gain or patriotism, instead of on sacrifice
D. POLICY BASED PEOPLE’S ON FACTS:
Theory of Statistics policy through studies of public policy. For example, “sin taxes” rely on economic self-interest, and opt-out organ donation laws exploit inertia Appreciating legislative bias is conducive to prudent and effective governance.
CONCLUSION: FROM INFORMATION TO BEHAVIOUR
The crisis of our time is not ignorance. It’s that we are psychologically unequipped to act on information we find threatening, abstract, or uncomfortable. It provides a struggle to make decisions when cognitive dissonance, confirmation bias, emotional reasoning, and short-term thinking all work against our best interests. But consciousness is a good first step By seeing these invisible constraints, we can design to overcome them. Through a mix of science, technology, and empathy, we can bridge the divide between information and action. So, stop the next time you find yourself ignoring what you know to be true and pause Ask: What are the biases that might be directing me now? With that knowledge, you just might make a more informed decision one that your future self will appreciate
Cognitive Dissonance: 인지적
Confirmation Bias:
Affective Reasoning: 감정논리
WHY THAT ONE PERSON BOTHERS YOU SO MUCH
A PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DIFFICULT RELATIONSHIPS
Hajin Ra
Have you ever met a person who annoyed you for no reason? They weren’t necessarily rude Maybe they were polite or kind Then what is the cause of these unsolved feelings? Some might attribute this to poor chemistry or a personality conflict However, there are deeper psychological secrets beneath In this article, three possible theories by Carl Jung, Carl Rogers, and Sigmund Freud will be introduced
THEORY 1: “THE SHADOW” BY CARL JUNG
Carl Jung, the founder of analytical psychology, proposed a novel concept: the shadow. According to Jung, the shadow is the unconscious aspect of the personality that the ego suppresses or denies. Laziness, arrogance, and neediness might be good examples of those aspects And here is the point; when we find these unwelcome traits in other people, we are evoked to feel intense discomfort. It is because that individual is a walking reminder of the aspects of ourselves that we ’ ve struggled so hard to conceal. However, we are clueless about recognizing the reason why I dislike them, as these processes occur in our unconsciousness.
Imagine a person who claims themselves as ambitious and industrious. When the person encounters someone who is sluggish and lethargic The person is likely to feel a high sense of irritation or contempt This is not because the idle person did something wrong, but the first person faced what they tried to ignore so badly.
THEORY 2: “INCONGRUENCE” BY CARL ROGERS
Carl Rogers, the pioneer of humanistic psychology, suggested another theory, “Incongruence” and “the Ideal Self”. He speculated that individuals tend to have a discrepancy between their “ideal self” and the “real self” At this moment, “incongruence” is formed and generates a great deal of internal tension
Let’s say you are having trouble managing your time and keeping deadlines Then, you found the person who is perfect at handling tasks and time management. Suddenly, you may experience a feeling of discomfort, or even resentment, not for the individual, but because the person reflects the person you aspire to be. This anxiety is not about the other person, but rather the uncomfortable contrast they establish in their own mind
At this moment, you might be confused about the difference between shadow and incongruence. There is a clear distinction; the shadow is about the traits we refuse to admit, while incongruence deals with traits we desire but haven’t achieved One reflects denial; the other reflects aspiration
THEORY 3: “PROJECTION” BY SIGMUND FREUD
Sigmund Freud, the master of psychoanalysis, provided another theory. He believed that some individuals tend to solve their uncomfortable or painful feelings by attributing them to others This is called “projection”, which is a type of negative defense mechanism.
For example, someone secretly worried about themselves being selfish would accuse others of being selfish. Plus, they would be especially annoyed by people who seem to act on their own behalf Not because they are necessarily themselves, but because they are provoking an inner fear that the accuser hasn’t acknowledged.
Projection is a misleading phenomenon. It gives the false idea that the problem is outside, while it can be solved by reflecting on their inner mind
There is a peculiar fact that those who get on our nerves the most are precisely those who can also teach us most about ourselves
Our strongest reactions are largely conditioned by our own internal states, as much as by others' behavior; they are mixed with our insecurities, unspoken desires, or unresolved fears
How do we respond to this revelation? First, let us sit down and think. The next time you are annoyed with someone, challenge yourself: Why is this upsetting me so much? Are they mirroring something I do not like about myself? Secondly, evoke empathy Now that the individual has a clue as to what is making them uncomfortable, they will be more interested and less judgmental This can open the door to better communication, deeper relationships, and meaningful personal growth. Ultimately, our adversaries are those who enable us to grow, whether or not we like it
JARGON
shadow: 개인의 무의식에 억압한 부정적 성향이나 감정의 집합 ego: 의식의 중심으로, 외부 세계와 작용하고
구조 incongruence: 자신의 실제 모습과 이상적 자아 사이의 괴리로 인한 심리적 갈등
unconsciousness: 의식되지 않지만 행동과 감정에 영향을 미치는 정신의 깊은 영역
projection: 자신의 부정적 감정을 타인에게 떠넘기는 무의식적 방어기제
empathy: 타인의 감정을 이해하고 함께 느끼는 심리적 능력
CROSSWORD
ACROSS
1 의식되지 않지만 행동과 감정에 영향을 미치는 정신의 깊은 영역
4 의식의 중심으로, 외부 세계와 작용하고 현실을 조절하는 심리 구조
6 자신의 부정적 감정을 타인에게 떠넘기는 무의 식적 방어기제
DOWN
2 자신의 실제 모습과 이상적 자아 사이의 괴리로 인한 심리적 갈등
3 개인의 무의식에 억압한 부정적 성향이나 감정 의 집합
5 타인의 감정을 이해하고 함께 느끼는 심리적 능력
Human vs. Artificial Minds Human vs. Artificial Minds
I“CAN A MACHINE EVER TRULY THINK?”
t’s a question that once belonged to science fiction, but not anymore As artificial intelligence (AI) gets smarter and sneakier by the year, we ’ re inching closer to a future where machines might rival the human mind or at least seem like they do But before we can even attempt to answer that question, we ’ ve got to tackle a slippery one: what do we really mean by intelligence? Ask ten experts, and you might get ten definitions. But generally speaking, intelligence is the knack for learning, problem-solving, adapting, and drawing meaning from experience. Still, it’s not a one-size-fits-all deal. Intelligence is shaped by where you are, who you are, and what you need it for
So, in this piece, we ’ re diving into what intelligence looks like on both ends of the spectrum human and artificial We’ll trace how our brains got so clever, how AI made its stunning leap in just a few decades, and what happens next as the line between carbon and code gets fuzzier than ever
THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN INTELLIGENCE
What makes us so smart, anyway? Well, for starters, we don’t just react we imagine, plan, create, and question. Unlike any other species on Earth, we build stories, argue philosophies, and dream up entire worlds in our heads But this didn’t happen overnight Roughly 70,000 years ago, early humans began to show signs of what we now call symbolic thinking. They painted on cave walls, shared stories, and developed languages crucial tools that supercharged cooperation and culture And with those came a leap in cognition that changed the game forever.
Psychologists have spent decades trying to put a finger on intelligence. Charles Spearman suggested there’s a single “ g factor” a kind of mental horsepower that underlies all cognitive ability That idea gave us IQ tests, still widely used today But Howard Gardner wasn’t buying it. He proposed the theory of multiple intelligences the idea that people are smart in different ways: musically, spatially, interpersonally, and beyond. It cracked the rigid mold of intelligence wide open.
Modern neuroscience seems to back Gardner up. Our brains have organs that are clearly distinguished by their roles, such as the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for planning and decision-making, and the hippocampus, which is a memory cellar Intelligence, by way of comparison, is more like a symphony in which numerous instruments are played in harmony than a single neat solo And no machine, no matter how advanced, plays that tune quite like we do.
THE RISE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Currently the speed of AI’s development is extremely high, while human intelligence took millennia to evolve. Back in the 1950s, British mathematician Alan Turing also had thoughts about machines’ minds and posed the now-famous question: Can machines think? His answer? Maybe so if they can convincingly chat with a human without getting caught. That became the Turing Test, and the race was on.
The field of AI officially launched in 1956 at the Dartmouth Conference, where scientists dreamed of machines that could think, learn, and grow. Early AI growth was slow and stagnant At the time, all machines relied on symbolic logic, a strict coded rule, like a program that had to be rigorously coded for all detailed conditions. Great for math problems Useless for real life But from the 1980s, researchers started trying new things. Instead of teaching machines what to do, they started teaching machines how to learn, or how to learn. Artificial neural networks, algorithms inspired by brain architecture, were introduced Then came deep learning in the 2010s, and suddenly, AI ld i i l i d k il h lik ti
These days, models like ChatGPT can whip up essays, compose poems, and spit out code like it’s nothing Impressive? Definitely But don’t let that smooth talk fool you AI still lacks any real understanding It’s guessing the next word based on mountains of data. It doesn’t know anything. And that’s a crucial difference.
HUMAN VS. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
How about comparing the intelligence of AI and humans? There are similarities: both can recognize patterns, process language, and solve complex problems. But the differences are just as striking Human intelligence is embodied and emotional we learn not just through data but through experience, intuition, and social interaction. We reflect, feel, and create without clear objectives AI, on the other hand, is cool and calculated It processes inputs and delivers outputs fast and efficient, but utterly detached. It doesn’t have beliefs, fears, or goals. It just runs its code. No soul, no spark. Can machines ever really think like we do? Maybe one day, but not yet. Passing the Turing Test might mean you ’ ve fooled someone, but that’s not the same as understanding. Real intelligence might require something AI hasn’t got: a lived experience
THE FUTURE: COLLABORATION OR CONVERGENCE?
We’re heading into strange territory. The boundary between man and machine is starting to fade With brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) like Neuralink pushing into sci-fi territory, we may soon see humans directly connecting with technology at the neural level Wild, right?
AI has been working with people in classrooms, labs, and even studios. It’s not replacing us not yet, but it accelerates us to work smarter and faster A kind of symbiosis is emerging But that brings some heavy questions What happens when AI makes a mistake who’s to blame? How do we stop biased data from turning into biased decisions? And in all of this, how do we make sure humans stay in control?
These aren’t just tech problems. They’re human ones. And solving them means we’ll need thinkers from every corner: psychologists, ethicists, engineers, philosophers This next chapter isn’t about one intelligence replacing another it’s about writing the story together.
CONCLUSION
Human and artificial intelligence may share a name, but they’re traveling two very different roads One is slow-cooked by evolution raw, emotional, and richly textured The other intelligence was designed to have a cool, systematic, and fast operating speed, and now its capabilities have become so high that it has even created concerns that it will replace existing intelligence We have not yet found the final answer to the haunting question of the idea of machines. But perhaps we can learn more about the mysterious wonders of the human mind while chasing that answer
JARGON
지능(Intelligence): 다양한 정보를 학습하고 이를 적용해 문제를 해결하며, 새로운 상황에 적
응하는 능력을 통칭하는 표현
일반 지능(g factor): 다양한 인지 과제를 수행하는 데 필요한 공통적인 지능 요소 심리학자
찰스 스피어만이 처음으로 제안함
다중 지능(Multiple Intelligences): 인간의 지능을 언어, 공간, 음악, 대인관계 등 다양한 영역
으로 구분하여 평가하는 심리학자 하워드 가드너의 이론.
튜링 테스트(Turing Test): 영국 수학자 앨런 튜링이 제안한 컴퓨터의 지능 여부를 분간하는 테스트
인공신경망(Neural Network): 인간의 뇌 신경망을 모방하여 만든 인공지능 알고리즘 구조
딥러닝(Deep Learning): 인공신경망을 다층으로 활용해 음성 인식, 이미지 분류, 자연어 처리 등 복잡한 문제를 해결하는 기계 학습의 한 기술.
뇌-컴퓨터 인터페이스(Brain-Computer Interface, BCI): 인간 뇌의 신호를 디지털 신호로
변환해 컴퓨터와 연결하여 외부 기기를 조작하거나 정보를 주고받을 수 있도록 하는 기술
CROSSWORD
ACROSS
새로운 상황에 적응하는 능력을 통칭하는 표현
7 OOOOO - COMPUTER INTERFACE:인간 뇌의 신호를 디지털 신호로 변환해 컴퓨터와 연결하여 외부 기기를 조작하거나 정보를 주고받 을 수 있도록 하는 기술 DOWN
1.OOOOOOOO INTELLIGENCE: 인간의 지능을 언어 공간
CROSSWORD ANSWERS
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Publication: SYNTHIFY (instagram: @synthifyofficial )
Editor: Ayeon Cho, Hiseo Shin, Teresa Nam, Jihye Lee, Pramith Bhandari, Seoyoon Han, Minsung Choi
Writer: Yena Yoon, Ryan Ahn, Minsung Choi, Rhianna Kim, Joowon Lee, Hajin Ra
Designer(HAFS Arts Club “MUSE”): Sooeun Ban, Yesol Kim, Dayoung Kim, Yiche Woo, Danbi Seo, Hyebin Park, Ara Jo, Haram Kim
SYNTHIFY
“The mind is like an iceberg, it floats with one-seventh of its bulk above water”
-Sigmund Freud