September
SYNTHIFY
06 BREAKING ABSOLUTE TIME AND SPACE - HOSUNG BAE
11 16
TECHNOLOGICAL INVESTMENT TOWARDS THE BLIND - ETHAN KIM
THE ROLE OF QUANTUM COMPUTING IN REVOLUTIONIZING DRUG DISCOVERY - MINSUNG CHOI
THE FUTURE: A DEEP DIVE INTO 6G TECHNOLOGY
- AARON CHA
THE IMPACT OF NEUROSCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES IN NEUROLOGY
- JOHN BHANG
CRISPR AND ITS ROLE IN GENETIC ENGINEERING
THE USE OF AUGMENTED REALITY IN SURGERY - RHIANNA KIM 23 28 34 42
- HIBA YUSUF
BREAKING ABSOLUTE BREAKING ABSOLUTE TIME AND SPACE TIME AND SPACE
HOSUNG BAE
RELATIVITY THEORY AND GPS
“The theory of relativity has taught us that space and time are not separate entities, but rather intertwined in a four-dimensional fabric known as spacetime,” says Leonard Susskind, professor of physics in stanford university. In 1905, Albert Einstein published a groundbreaking paper named “On the electrodynamics of moving bodies ” Based on the two assumptions that are the relativity principle and the principle of constancy of light speed, this paper about special relativity theory yields the following conclusion: Space and Time are relative.
To understand the mesmerizing beauty of the special relativity theory, imagine a rocket flying at a high and constant speed. There’s a light emitter at the bottom of the rocket, and a light receiver at the top of the rocket The distance between the bottom and the top is 30km Now, the light signal is sent The person inside the rocket notices that it takes approximately 1 second for the light to reach the top since the light speed is constant at about 30 km/s. In contrast, the observer outside would acknowledge that it takes longer for the light to reach the top since the rocket has moved a certain distance while the light is still flying. Hence, the light travels a longer distance and results in an expanded time, which is known as time dilation
However, we know that we live in the same world. If space and time varies for every single person, are we living in a separate world? This problem can be resolved using the Lorentz transformation Suggested by Hendrick Lorentz, the Lorentz transformation describes the relationship between the two coordinate frames that are moving at a constant velocity. Thus, using this four dimensional coordinate transformation, we can ensure that we are present at the same four dimensional Minkowski space-time. Furthermore, Einstein presented his general relativity theory focused on gravity in 1915, expanding the theory to objects that have acceleration
Although this weird theory might sound unfamiliar, we are feeling the power of relativity theory in our daily lives. GPS - Global Positioning System- is now a prevalent technology that guides us to our home, school, or company The basic principle behind GPS is the triangulation method: engineers measure the distance between the satellites and the GPS receiver using the accurate atomic clock mounted on the satellites. Here comes relativity. The satellites are flying at a fast speed, and located high in earth’s gravitational field, thus creating the need for time correction Without the relativity theory, GPS will cause an error of about 10 km each day. Terrible, isn’t it?
“Look deep in nature, and then you will understand everything better,” says Albert Einstein The enlightening, original idea of the relativity theory was only the result of his endless pursuit of understanding nature The more we dive into the vastness of nature and universe, the more fascinating ideas pops out. Mathematics is merely a tool, and the important thing is the ideas behind it Finding out the meanings behind the complex equations of relativity is what is actually mesmerizing. This is the beauty of science.
절대적시간과공간을무너뜨리다 상대성이론과 GPS
"상대성이론은공간과시간이분리된개체가아니라, '시공간'으로알려진 4차원직물처럼얽혀있 다는것을가르쳐주었습니다, "라고스탠포드대학교물리학교수인레오나드서스킨드는말합니 다 1905년, 알버트아인슈타인은 "운동하는물체의전기역학에대하여"라는혁신적인논문을발표 했습니다. 상대성원리와빛의속도불변원리라는두가지가정을바탕으로, 이특별상대성이론 은공간과시간이상대적이라는결론을도출합니다
특별상대성이론의경이로운아름다움을이해하기위해, 일정한속도로비행하는로켓을상상해 보세요 로켓의바닥에는빛을방출하는장치가있고, 로켓의꼭대기에는그빛을받는장치가있습 니다. 바닥과꼭대기사이의거리는 30km입니다. 이제빛이발사됩니다. 로켓안에있는사람은빛 이꼭대기에도달하는데약 1초가걸린다고생각합니다 왜냐하면빛의속도는약 30km/s로일정 하기때문입니다 그러나로켓밖에있는관찰자는빛이꼭대기에도달하는데더오랜시간이걸린 다고인식할것입니다. 왜냐하면로켓이이동하는동안빛이여전히진행중이기때문입니다. 따라 서빛은더긴거리를이동하며시간이확장되는데, 이를 '시간팽창'이라고부릅니다
그러나우리는같은세상에살고있다는것을알고있습니다 만약모든사람에게공간과시간이 다르다면, 우리는각각다른세상에살고있는걸까요? 이문제는로렌츠변환을통해해결될수있 습니다. 헨드릭로렌츠가제안한로렌츠변환은일정한속도로움직이는두좌표계사이의관계를 설명합니다 따라서이 4차원좌표변환을사용하면, 우리는같은 4차원민코프스키시공간에존재 하고있다는것을확신할수있습니다. 더나아가, 아인슈타인은 1915년에중력에초점을맞춘일반 상대성이론을발표하여가속을가진물체로이론을확장했습니다 이낯선이론이익숙하지않을수있지만, 우리는일상속에서상대성이론의힘을느끼고있습니 다 GPS(전지구위치확인시스템)는우리를집, 학교, 직장으로안내해주는널리사용되는기술 입니다. GPS의기본원리는삼각측량법입니다. 엔지니어들은위성에장착된정확한원자시계를 사용하여위성과 GPS 수신기사이의거리를측정합니다 여기서상대성이론이등장합니다 위성 은빠른속도로비행하며지구의중력장높은곳에위치해있어시간보정이필요합니다. 상대성이 론이없다면, GPS는하루에약 10km의오류를발생시킬것입니다 끔찍하지않나요? "자연을깊이들여다보라, 그러면모든것을더잘이해하게될것이다. " 아인슈타인의말입니다. 상대성이론의계몽적이고독창적인아이디어는그가자연을이해하려는끝없는탐구의결과였습 니다. 자연과우주의광대함을탐구할수록더흥미로운아이디어가떠오릅니다. 수학은단지도구 에불과하며, 중요한것은그이면에있는아이디어입니다 상대성의복잡한방정식뒤에숨겨진의 미를찾는것이진정으로경이로운것입니다 이것이바로과학의아름다움입니다
TOWARDS THE BLIND TOWARDS THE BLIND
ETHAN KIM
UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION
The rate of technological advancement has reached an unprecedented and shockingly rapid speed. This is especially true of the digital world, where it seems as if it is slowly(or perhaps not so slowly) overtaking reality. Humans are now living in a world where minimal movement is necessary; nearly all activities are dealt with inside the digital world of your phone However, behind such profound development lies a hidden aspect of technology: its uneven distribution
Take a quick walk outside. You will notice that it isn’t too hard to spot damaged, missing, and sometimes even misplaced tactile pavings, or what most people know as the ‘yellow blocks’ on the side of the road. As non-visually impaired people, this doesn’t seem like a big deal. On the other hand, this tactile paving is what becomes the eyes for the blind–the compasses for their daily journey While numerous products such as the Apple Vision Pro, GPS navigators, or electric-car taxis are being developed, there doesn't seem to be a single solution for the worndown tactile paving It is a questionable circumstance that those who need guidance in their travel–the blind–receive far less support and attention from society than the majority who don't necessarily require aid
Touching a different aspect, convenience stores are offering a QR code scan system, allowing customers to easily access information of and locate the products. Again, such a digital system is not present for the blind Forget modern technology. To start with, the basic braille text embedded on the products–which enables the blind to identify each product–are rarely accurate For example, despite the innumerable types of sports drinks in the store, all of the brailes often read “ion drink” The blind are not given the right to choose what they want to drink With the lack of basic infrastructure, it seems absurd to even consider modern technology being applied.
Though it is reasonable in an economic view to invest technological development to the “majority”(un-handicapped people) to maximize profit, it is an undeniable fact that the enormously uneven distribution in research and development for various technologies must be dealt with as soon as possible I hope society could truly emphasize and support minorities, ultimately allowing for a better world–a more equal and inclusive world.
September 9, 2024 / Ethan Kim / kshkim0128@gmail com
불균형한기술의발전속 시각장애인들의불가피한시련
현재과학기술의발전은놀라울정도로, 그어느때보다도빠르고급격하게진행되고있다. 특히 디지털세계에서는이발전이곧현실을능가할것처럼빠르게진행되고있다 사람들은최소한의 움직임만으로일을처리하고, 거의모든활동이스마트폰안에서이루어진다 하지만, 이러한혁신 뒤에는불균형한기술의분배라는숨겨진문제가존재한다. 공원에서산책을할때면, 손상되어있거나, 때로는엉뚱한곳에놓인점자블록을쉽게찾을수있 다 비장애인에게는이것은큰문제가되지않지만, 시각장애인에게는이점자블록은그들의일상 속에서길을안내해주는나침반과같다. 현재애플비전프로, GPS 네비게이션, 그리고전기차와 같은다양한기술을기반으로하는제품들이개발되고있지만, 낡은점자블록에대한해결책은전 혀찾아볼수없다
단순한이동에도많은도움을필요로하는시각장애인들이최소한의지원조차 받지못하는현실은불합리해보인다.
우리근처의편의점만보아도, QR 코드스캔시스템을통해고객들이상품정보를쉽게확인하고 제품을찾을수있도록도와주는기술을도입하는중이다 그러나이러한시스템역시시각장애인 에게는적용되지않고있다. 최신기술은고사하고, 스포츠음료가진열되어있어도모든점자가 "이 온음료"라고만표시되어있는것처럼상품에새겨진기본적인점자조차정확하지않은경우가많 다 시각장애인들은자신이마시고싶은음료를선택할권리조차보장받지못하고있다 기본적인 인프라조차제대로갖추어지지않은상황에서최신기술의적용을논의하는것은어불성설에지나 지않는다
최대의이윤을창출하는것이목적인현대사회의경제적인관점에서는다수(비장애인)를대상으 로한기술개발에투자가집중되는것이당연하다 그러나다양한기술의연구와개발에있어불균 형한분배가존재한다는사실은부정할수없다. 이러한문제는하루빨리해결되어야한다. 소외된 소수에게도사회적관심과지원이충분히보장되기를바라며, 이를통해더욱평등하고포용적인 세상이만들어졌으면하는바람이다.
Drug discovery, which was previously seen as a complicated and time-consuming process has been revolutionized through quantum computing. According to an article by PharmalsalManac, quantum computing has the potential to reduce the failure rate of drug development stages by 90 percent Before elaborating, it is important to define what exactly drug discovery is about. Many may acknowledge drug discovery as the process of finding illegal substances, such as cocaine and heroin However, quantum computing is used to aid the discovery of drugs that are used to cure diseases such as cancer and Alzheimers. Though many believe that quantum computing is a futuristic and science-fiction concept, it will soon play a crucial role in revolutionizing drug discovery and development
ENHANCED MOLECULAR MODELING
Molecular modeling is a critical field where quantum computing brings lots of benefits to pharmaceuticals and other industries Quantum computers can solve the Schrödinger equation faster than classical computers, providing a better picture of molecular stability and reactivity. This benefit allows the researchers to simulate the intricate structures of the molecules more accurately and within a shorter period. Specifically, quantum algorithms like VQE and QPE can be used to enhance the accuracy of simulation addressing the behavior of molecules, thus, predicting the interactions between drugs and targets more effectively. These enhanced simulations result in a better definition of the prospective therapeutic agents, which in turn enhances prospects of avoiding the time, effort as well as money required for the analysis of non-promising molecules Through the utilization of quantum computing, researchers can investigate deeper structures and interactions of the molecules, thus speeding up the drug discovery process
EFFICIENCY IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT
There are numerous advantages that quantum computing offers in the process of drug development. Quantum computers can do calculations far faster than classical computers and this will greatly reduce the time and cost of developing drugs This speed advantage is most useful during the lead discovery stage where large chemical spaces must be searched. Such combined hybrid quantum-classical workflows are proving to be one of the realistic solutions to real-life drug design challenges, leveraging the best of the two worlds. These combined architectures can apply quantum algorithms to precise computational areas that are problematic while using classical computers for other issues In addition, the increased reliability of quantum simulation can make more mistakes in the development of drugs clearer before the project is fully developed. The early exclusion of these compounds may help companies save a lot of time and money, and get rid of potential disappointments early on.
NOVEL PROBLEM-SOLVING APPROACHES
Quantum computing also allows for entirely new strategies to be taken for drug discovery that may be impossible with classical computers Consequently, Quantum Machine Learning (QML) enables scientists and researchers to accommodate larger datasets and produce quicker and more precise outcomes than those produced by traditional machine learning procedures This capability is of special use in the assessment of large biological datasets and the detection of correlations that might correspond to novel drug targets. Studies have established that optimization algorithms like Quantum Annealing and Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithms help in identifying multiple solutions at a go thus expediting the process of designing drugs. These quantum algorithms are capable of searching across chemical space and finding good drug candidates. Also, the drug discovery process becomes more efficient by using advanced simulations in quantum computing, and it has the added advantage of coming up with an entirely new class of drugs not foreseen using traditional quantum computing. Leveraging the characteristics of quantum systems allows chemists to search for structures and interactions that have not been identified before, which can be utilized for therapeutic application
Quantum computing also allows for entirely new strategies to be taken for drug discovery that may be impossible with classical computers. Consequently, Quantum Machine Learning (QML) enables scientists and researchers to accommodate larger datasets and produce quicker and more precise outcomes than those produced by traditional machine learning procedures This capability is of special use in the assessment of large biological datasets and the detection of correlations that might correspond to novel drug targets Studies have established that optimization algorithms like Quantum Annealing and Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithms help in identifying multiple solutions at a go thus expediting the process of designing drugs These quantum algorithms are capable of searching across chemical space and finding good drug candidates. Also, the drug discovery process becomes more efficient by using advanced simulations in quantum computing, and it has the added advantage of coming up with an entirely new class of drugs not foreseen using traditional quantum computing. Leveraging the characteristics of quantum systems allows chemists to search for structures and interactions that have not been identified before, which can be utilized for therapeutic application
Through quantum computing, drug discovery and development will forever be revolutionized This technology is, and will continue to be instrumental as it enhances molecular modeling, is efficient in drug development, and provides novel problem-solving approaches The embracement of quantum computing not only will lead to the development of groundbreaking medications but also may pave the way to a healthier future nteractions that have not been identified before, which can be utilized for therapeutic application
September 7 / Minsung Choi / choiminsung365@gmail com
혁신적인신약개발에
퀀텀컴퓨팅이미치는영향
신약개발은과거엔복잡하고시간이많이드는과정으로여겨졌지만, 퀀텀컴퓨팅을통해혁신되 고있습니다. PharmasalManac에따르면, 퀀텀컴퓨팅은신약개발단계에서실패율을 90% 까지줄 일수있는잠재력을가지고있습니다 이에대해자세히설명하기에앞서, 신약개발이정확히무 엇인지아는것이중요합니다. 많은사람들은신약개발을코카인이나헤로인과같은불법물질을 찾는과정으로인식합니다 하지만퀀텀컴퓨팅은암이나알츠하이머와같은질병을치료하는약 물을발견하는데도움을줍니다. 많은사람들이퀀텀컴퓨팅을미래적이고공상과학적인개념으 로여기고있지만, 곧이기술은약물발견과개발을혁신하는데중요한역할을할것입니다
고도화된분자모델링
분자모델링은퀀텀컴퓨팅이제약및기타산업에많은혜택을제공하는중요한분야입니다 퀀텀 컴퓨터는슈뢰딩거방정식을고전적인컴퓨터보다더빠르게해결할수있어, 분자의안정성과반 응성을더잘파악할수있습니다. 이러한이점은연구자들이분자의복잡한구조를더정확하고짧 은시간내에시뮬레이션할수있도록해줍니다 특히, VQE 및 QPE와같은양자알고리즘은분자 의행동을다루는시뮬레이션의정확성을향상시켜약물과표적간의상호작용을더효과적으로 예측할수있습니다 이러한향상된시뮬레이션은가능성있는치료제를더명확히정의하며, 비효 율적인분자를분석하는데필요한시간과노력, 그리고비용을절약할수있게합니다 퀀텀컴퓨팅 을활용하면연구자들은분자의더깊은구조와상호작용을탐구할수있어신약개발과정을더욱 신속하게진행할수있습니다
신약개발의효율성향상
퀀텀컴퓨팅이신약개발과정에서제공하는많은이점이있습니다 양자컴퓨터는고전적인컴퓨 터보다훨씬더빠르게계산을수행할수있으며, 이는약물개발에드는시간과비용을크게줄일 것입니다
이러한속도이점은특히화학적공간을많이탐색해야하는 “리드발견단계”에서유용 합니다 고전적컴퓨터와퀀텀컴퓨터를혼합한설계는신약설계의실제문제를해결하는현실적 인해결법으로떠오르고있습니다. 이결합된구조는양자알고리즘을사용하여고전적인컴퓨터 로해결하기어려운문제를정확하게처리할수있습니다 또한, 양자시뮬레이션의신뢰도가높아 지면신약개발에서의실수를더일찍발견할수있어, 프로젝트가완전히진행되기전에오류를제 거할수있습니다 이러한화합물의초기배제는시간과비용을절감하며, 초기단계에서안좋은결 과를피할수있게해줍니다.
혁신적인문제해결접근법
퀀텀컴퓨팅은고전적인컴퓨터로는불가능했던완전히새로운신약발견전략을가능하게합니 다 결과적으로, 양자기계학습(QML)은과학자와연구자들이더큰데이터세트를처리하고전통 적인기계학습절차보다더빠르고정확한결과를도출할수있도록도와줍니다 이능력은특히 대규모생물학적데이터세트를평가하고새로운신약표적과연관될수있는상관관계를감지하 는데유용합니다 연구에따르면, 양자어닐링및양자근사최적화알고리즘과같은최적화알고 리즘은여러솔루션을한꺼번에식별하는데도움을주어약물설계과정을가속화합니다. 이러한 양자알고리즘은화학적공간을탐색하고우수한약물후보를찾을수있습니다 또한, 퀀텀컴퓨팅 에서의고급시뮬레이션을사용하여신약발견과정을더효율적으로만들수있으며, 이는기존양 자컴퓨팅을통해예측하지못한새로운신약군을발견할가능성을제공합니다 양자시스템의특 성을활용하면화학자들은이전에확인되지않은구조와상호작용을찾을수있으며, 이는치료적 응용에사용될수있습니다.
퀀텀컴퓨팅을통해약물발견및개발은영원히계속될것입니다. 이기술은분자모델링을향상 시키고, 신약개발에서효율성을제공하며, 새로운문제해결방식을가능하게함으로써중요한역 할을하고있습니다. 퀀텀컴퓨팅을도입함으로써혁신적인신약이개발될뿐만아니라더건강한 미래로나아가는길을열수있을것입니다
THE FUTURE: A DEEP DIVE INTO 6G TECHNOLOGY
As we stand on the verge of another great revolution in telecommunications, the arrival of the new technology, 6G, is going to be greater than the 5th generation technology, 5G. If the fifth generation changed the way of communication, streaming and interfacing with advancements in technology, the promise of the sixth generation will change it even more, with the introduction of unparalleled speed, extreme low latency, and new horizons for industries and people’s lives 6G is not just coming - it is simply hovering on the edge of the universe
Before we venture into the “ new world”, let’s ask ourselves, what is 6G? 6G is the sixth generation of mobile cellular technology which is based on the fifth, but includes new measures that take it to the “next level” Then, what does the abbreviation "G" mean? It simply stands for generation and every new generation is superior to its predecessor.
1G presented voice services Dealing and talking became possible with 2G Mobile internet and possibility to transfer data came with 3G. High-speed data used for streaming services and applications was 4G The fifth generation was many times faster than the fourth and did not have such a high lag, which allowed the IoT, and self-driving cars to develop.
Now the 6G will take these advancements even further: Despite the maximum speed achieved with 5G being 10Gbps, with the latency of about 1ms, according to projections, 6G will achieve a speed of more than 100Gbps while the latency will be cut down to 0 1ms This tremendous shift in reducing the latency period will open up some applications that are now considered science fiction like brain-computer interfacing technology and hyper realistic holographic communication
The most radical changements will be AI AI will be embedded across all layers of the 6G network, controlling how data will be sent and received, managing large amounts of data to be processed, and so on The importance of including AI in 6G networks is not only due to improvement in speed but also being able to address the data and needs of the user in real time.
While the positive transformations of 6G can be observed, there are specific obstacles that need to be addressed before this technology can be realistically deployed. For instance, sustainability is a significant part More electricity is expected to be spent by the upcoming 6G networks than the 5G subunits, which causes concerns on the cost. Therefore, balancing energy demands of new telecommunication applications with new eco-friendly solutions will be a critical aspect of enabling the responsible roll out of 6G
Still, the impact of 6G will permeate every aspect of life from healthcare and education to transportation and entertainment. It will create innovation through rebuilding the world's connectivity and unveiling new technological prospects, changing industries Not only this, we are going to see the tech-market go on an overdrive as more and more devices and applications start integration with 6G-innovation, changing the way we live our life.
In one word, 6G is not evolution; it is a “revolution”. With unimaginable speed, ultra-low latency, and revolutionary applications, 6G will reshape the world in ways we can not even imagine. This, indeed, is that moment in time when new dimensions, the world that we saw in movies, will be unlocked.
미래: 6G
의급부상
인류는또하나의거대한통신혁명을앞두고있으며, 6세대기술(6G)은 5세대기술(5G)보다훨씬 더큰변화를가져올것으로예상한다. 5G가통신방식, 스트리밍, 그리고기술과의상호작용을혁 신했다면, 6G는이를한층뛰어넘어전례없는속도, 극도로낮은지연시간, 그리고산업과우리의 삶에새로운가능성을열어줄것이다.
6G는 5세대기술을기반으로하면서도이를한단계더발전시킨차세대이동통신기술이다 여기 서 “G”는간단히말해 “세대”를뜻하며, 새로운세대는항상이전세대보다더뛰어나다. 1G는음성통화를가능하게했고, 2G에서는통화와문자메시지가추가되었다 3G는모바일인터 넷과데이터전송기능을제공했으며, 4G는스트리밍서비스와애플리케이션에적합한고속데이 터를도입했다 5G는 4G보다훨씬빠른속도와낮은지연시간을제공함으로써사물인터넷(IoT) 과자율주행차개발을가능하게한다.
이제 6G는이러한발전을더욱가속화할것으로예상된다 5G는최대 10 기가비트/초의속도와 약 1미터/초의지연시간을자랑했지만, 예측에따르면 6G는 100기가비트/초이상의속도를달성 하고지연시간은 0 1미터/초까지줄어들것이다
이러한엄청난지연시간단축은현재는공상과 학으로여겨지는뇌, 컴퓨터인터페이스기술이나초현실적인홀로그램통신과같은새로운응용 기술을가능하게할것이다
가장급진적인변화는인공지능에서나타날것이다
. AI는 6G
네트워크의모든계층에내장되어 데이터의송수신을제어하고, 대량의데이터를처리하는데도움을줄것이다 6G 네트워크에인공 지능을포함하는것이중요한이유는단순히속도의향상때문만이아니라, 사용자의데이터와요 구사항을실시간으로처리할수있기때문이다 인공지능은네트워크운영을최적화하고, 사용자 맞춤형서비스를즉각적으로제공하며, 엄청난양의데이터를효율적으로관리할수있게해줄것 이다.
6G
의긍정적인변화가기대되지만, 현실적으로이기술을배포하기전에해결해야할구체적인과 제들도존재한다. 그중하나는지속가능성이다. 다가오는 6G 네트워크는 5G보다더많은전력을 소비할것으로예상되어비용에대한우려를낳고있다 따라서새로운통신응용프로그램의에너 지수요와친환경솔루션간의균형을맞추는것이 6G의책임있는도입을가능하게하는핵심요 소가될것이다
그럼에도불구하고 6G
의영향은의료, 교육, 교통, 엔터테인먼트등삶의모든영역에스며들것이 다 6G는전세계의연결성을재구축하고새로운기술적가능성을열어혁신을창출하며, 다양한 산업을변화시킬것이다. 또한, 6G 혁신과의통합이이루어짐에따라더많은기기와애플리케이션 이등장하면서기술시장은더욱활기를띠고, 우리의생활방식에도큰변화를가져올것이다 한마디로 6G는단순한 '진화'가아닌 '혁명'이다. 상상할수없는속도, 초저지연, 그리고혁신적인 응용프로그램으로 6G는우리가상상하지도못한방식으로세상을재편할것이다 우리가영화속 에서보았던새로운차원의세계가이제현실로열릴순간이다가왔다.
THE IMPACT OF NEUROSCIENCE
TECHNOLOGIES IN NEUROLOGY
JOHN BHANG
RECENT ADVANCEMENTS OF NEUROTECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR IMPACTS
Recently, the rapid development of neuroscience technologies has transformed the way mental disorders are found and treated. Neuroscience technologies – also known as Neurotech –have made significant advancements in the ability to help individuals through new technologies such as advanced imaging and therapeutic tools. Due to the massive funding and development of Neurotech in recent years, many have found a renewed hope in previously unresolved diseases However, as neurotech continues to evolve, it is crucial to also consider the possible ethical implications that occur when information is highly limited and transparency is low This article will discuss three key instances of Neurotech that transformed the medical industry
Firstly, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (fMRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) scans are all Neurotech that have changed how doctors and researchers view and understand the brain Through these scans, doctors and researchers managed to create tangible models of what they were working with, allowing them to quickly and accurately diagnose brain-related illnesses and symptoms of patients As most medical procedures are time sensitive, this early, accurate diagnosis allowed patients to get treatment much faster, effectively increasing their chances of full recovery. Furthermore, these technologies enable researchers even now to delve deeper into the primary causes of mental disorders, which support the development of more targeted therapies and effective treatments.
Secondly, recent advances in neurostimulation techniques such as Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), and Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) have introduced new treatment methods for mental disorders like Parkinson’s disease and depression. DBS uses surgically implanted electrodes that send electrical impulses to specific brain regions TMS uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in a non-invasive way. VNS targets the vagus nerve to help regulate mood and epilepsy symptoms These technologies, operated in moderation, allow for specialized and personalized treatments based on how much stimulation is needed for the patient.
Lastly, Neurofeedback and Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) significantly help patients under rehabilitation Neurofeedback is a technology that allows patients to gain control over their brain activity by providing real-time feedback This offers benefits for those with ADHD, anxiety, and stroke-related conditions, as they can see for themselves what is going on within their brain. Additionally, Neurofeedback allows doctors and researchers to see what the primary causes of those mental disorders are. BCIs, on the other hand, allow patients with severe disabilities to interact with their environment through direct communication between the brain and external devices One famous example of BCIs is with Steven Hawking, who was able to communicate to a certain extent despite his mental condition..
In conclusion, neuroscience technologies significantly impact the way neurological issues are approached by medical professionals, from diagnosis to treatment to rehabilitation. While future advancements will continue to improve outcomes, ethical considerations, particularly regarding accessibility and equitable distribution, must be addressed to ensure that the benefits of neurotechnologies are available to all.
신경과학기술의발전과그영향
최근신경과학기술의급속한발전은정신질환의진단및치료방식을근본적으로변화시켰다. 신 경과학기술(Neurotech)은첨단영상장치등을통해개인의질병을치료하는데많은진전을이루 었다. 이는충분한자금지원과연구에의해추진되었으며, 이전에해결되지않았던질병에대한새 로운희망을제공하고있다 신경과학기술이점점발전하고있는이러한상황에서정보가부족하 고투명성이낮을때발생하는윤리적문제를방지하는것이중요하다. 이글에서는의학분야에서 혁신을가져온세가지주요신경과학기술의사례를소개할예정이다. 첫째, 자기공명영상(MRI), 기능적자기공명영상(fMRI), 양전자방출단층촬영(PET)은모두의사 와연구자들이뇌를보고이해하는방식을크게변화시킨신경과학기술이다. 이러한기술들은연 구자들이뇌의구체적인모델을생성할수있게하여뇌관련질환을더빠르고정확하게진단할수 있도록돕는다. 대부분의의료상황들이시간에민간한만큼, 이러한초기의정확한진단은환자들 이신속하게치료를받아완치될수있는가능성을높인다. 더욱이, 이러한기술들은연구자들이현 재까지정신질환의근본적인원인을탐구할수있게하여보다효과적인치료법개발에기여하고 있다.
둘째, 뇌심부자극술(Deep Brain Stimulation, DBS), 경두개자기자극술(Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, TMS), 미주신경자극술 (Vagus Nerve Stimulation, VNS)과같은신경자극기술이있 다. 이러한기술들의발전은파킨슨병과우울증등정신질환들에대한새로운치료방법을도입했 다 DBS는특정뇌영역에전기자극을주기위해이식된전극을사용하는반면, TMS는자기장을 사용하여신경세포를자극한다 VNS는미주신경을자극하여기분을조절하고간질증상을완화 시킨다. 이러한기술들은각환자의상황에따른맞춤화된치료를가능하게한다.
마지막으로, 환자들의 재활에 유용한 뉴로피드백(Neurofeedback)과 뇌-컴퓨터 인터페이스 (Brain-Computer Interface, BCI)가있다 뉴로피드백은실시간피드백을제공함으로써환자들이 자신의뇌활동을제어할수있도록하는기술이다. 이는 ADHD, 불안증및뇌졸중관련질환을가 진환자에게도움을줄뿐만아니라의사들에게정신질환의근본적인원인을판별하는데도움을 준다 BCI
는장애를가진환자가뇌와외부장치간의직접적인통신을통해주위환경과상호작 용할수있게해준다. 유명한예로는스티븐호킹이있으며, 그는신체적제한에도불구하고 BCI 기 술을사용하여소통할수있었다
결론적으로, 신경과학기술들은진단에서치료, 그리고재활에이르기까지의사들이신경학적문 제를다루는방식에큰영향을미치고있다. 앞으로도기술의발전이더나은결과를가져오겠지만, 신경과학기술들의혜택이모두에게공평하게제공될수있도록접근성과공정한분배와관련된 윤리적문제를반드시해결해야한다.
How Innovative AR Technology is Transforming Surgical Procedures
RHIANNA KIM
Imagine stepping into an operation room where the future of medicine unfolds before all observers Augmented reality (AR) – defined as “ a medium that overlays digital information on the physical world in real time” by ScienceDirect – making its debut in the medical world feels like a scene from a science fiction movie, where surgeons smoothly control holographic screenings of anatomical structures as if they are clicking buttons in mid-air This fantasy-like technology is becoming increasingly used in surgery, aiding medical experts and surgeons in numerous astonishing ways But, how exactly is this cutting-edge technology setting a path to a revolutionary development in medical practices?
THE ROLE OF AUGMENTED REALITY IN SURGERY
AR is widely known to have image simulation features. This technology is making transformative contributions in the surgical field, blending the power of computer science and medical expertise to aid surgeons and their maximum precision. Through the utilization of AR, surgeons are able to replicate real surgical procedures and visualize anatomy to enhance efficiency in the operating room.
So, how exactly does this technology carry out its function effectively?
An informative article on Surgical AR by Seetohul et al (2023) has revealed that AR-based procedures require precise patient-to-image registration between the real world and the digital world Hence, they heavily depend on precise motion tracking through marker-based or markerless tracking mechanisms, mainly to ensure that surgeons can accurately manipulate tools and position surgical instruments to identify landmarks in the patient's anatomical structure
Marker-based trackers use predefined markers, like QR codes, to overlay digital information onto the real world In contrast, markerless tracking relies on features such as skin texture and medical scan data to facilitate navigation without disrupting the environment This approach combines data from accelerometers and various sensors, utilizing Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for real-time object detection and positioning without physical markers In these networks, robotic platforms equipped with optical, electromagnetic, ultrasonic, and mechanical sensors assist surgeons during procedures, with optical and electromagnetic sensors being the most common.
ELECTROMAGNETIC TRACKING SYSTEMS (ETM)
EMTs utilize stationary magnetic coils which are placed near the patient to track movements by generating a magnetic field that helps sensors detect orientation and position, allowing for up to 360-degree motion detection This system tracks the head movements of surgeons wearing headmounted displays (HMDs) which, according to Gartner, “is a small projection technology integrated into eyeglasses or mounted on helmets” and projects 3D virtual objects during surgery as shown in Pic. 2. However, a few prominent limitations of this system include visibility issues, reduced accuracy in cases of the sensor, and the magnetic source being too far apart But luckily, increasingly advancing technology like the development of machine learning algorithms are aiding in the improvement of the performance of EMTs.
OPTICAL TRACKING SYSTEMS (OTS)
An interesting historical fact about optical tracking systems (OTS) is that they were first utilized during World War II, when optical sighting systems and gun detectors became essential for military operations (Seetohul et al., 2023). Impressively, it is still widely used in surgical navigation up till this day Typical models of the OTS consist of a signal generator, detector, and a control system used to process signals for tracking. By joining at least three scattered and visible locations to create a recognised geometric pattern, this system uses cameras and visible markers to define the location of a 3D virtual object in space In fact, it is capable of tracking multiple equipment and providing position data at frequencies that align with human motion. The data is processed through mathematical methods to accurately track the location and position of the stimulus. Despite its ability to track multiple tools at the same time, the requirement of significant computational power and electricity makes this device extremely costly
BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES
One of the most transformative impacts of AR in medicine is its application in spine surgery. Unlike traditional procedures, AR-guided surgeries enable surgeons to visualize the patient’s spine in 3D through the skin (Rosen, 2022). This technology helps surgeons accurately locate implants within the anatomy, leading to improved control and better visualization As a result, surgical performance becomes more efficient and safer, enhancing focus on the patient, as opposed to relying on an overhead screen.
On a more general level, surgical AR has been proven to decrease the chances of complications during and after surgery, as well as reducing periods for recuperation This technology also makes procedures a lot more efficient compared to traditional methods that often require many different scans to aid the surgeons, which lead to increased exposure to radiation and further complications like DNA damage and cancer. Nonetheless, there are still challenges that come with the use of AR The most notable disadvantage is the expensive costs, which makes it difficult for many medical facilities to incorporate AR guidance in surgery Furthermore, the novelty of this device requires extra training to increase familiarization to ensure successful outcomes.
Ultimately, the ongoing development of surgical AR brings promising expectations to rebuild healthcares in ways we have yet to imagine By enhancing collaboration among medics and providing more personalized patient care, surgical AR could redefine standards in medical practice, leading to a new era of innovation in healthcare delivery.
September 7th 2024 / Rhianna Kim / rhihyunk@gmail.com
증강현실(AR)의수술활용
혁신적인 AR 기술이수술절차를 어떻게변화시키고있는가?
수술실에들어서면미래의의학이눈앞에펼쳐지는상상을해보세요. 증강현실(AR) "물리적세 계에실시간으로디지털정보를겹쳐놓는매체" (ScienceDirect) 는마치공상과학영화의한장면 처럼느껴집니다. 외과의사들은마치공중에서버튼을클릭하는듯이해부학적구조의홀로그램 모델과상호작용합니다 이혁신적인기술은현대수술에서점점더중요한도구가되고있으며, 의 료전문가들에게많은혜택을제공합니다. 그런데이첨단기술이어떻게의학실천의혁신적인발 전을위한길을열고있는걸까요?
수술에서증강현실의역할
AR의이미지시뮬레이션기능은잘알려져있으며, 수술에서의변혁적잠재력이확실합니다. AR 은컴퓨터과학과의료전문지식의부족한점을메우며, 향상된정밀성을제공합니다 AR을사용 함으로써외과의사들은절차를시뮬레이션하고복잡한해부학을시각화할수있어수술과정을더 효율적이고안전하게만듭니다.
Seetohul et al (2023)의유익한기사에따르면, AR 기반수술은실제세계와디지털정보를정렬 하기위해정확한환자의이미지등록이필요합니다
이는마커기반또는마커없는추적메커니즘 을사용하여정확한움직임추적을통해이루어집니다
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목표는외과의사들이도구를조작하고해 부학적랜드마크를정확하게찾을수있도록하는것입니다
마커기반추적은 QR
코드와같은미리정의된마커를사용하여디지털데이터를실제물체에투 사합니다
마커가없는추적은피부질감및의료스캔데이터와같은기능을사용하여환경을방해 하지않고내비게이션을가능하게합니다. 이접근방식은가속도계및다양한센서의데이터를결 합하여, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)를활용하여실시간물체감지및위치지정을수 행합니다
이러한네트워크에서는광학, 전자기, 초음파및기계센서가장착된로봇플랫폼이수술 중외과의사를도와줍니다.
전자기추적시스템(EMTs)
EMT는환자근처에배치된정지된자기코일을사용하여움직임을추적하며, 이를통해센서가 방향과위치를감지할수있도록돕는자기장을생성합니다 이시스템은외과의사가착용하는헤 드마운트디스플레이(HMD)의머리움직임을추적할수있으며, Gartner에따르면 "안경에통합 되거나헬멧에장착된작은프로젝션기술"로수술중 3D 가상물체를투사합니다 하지만이시스 템의몇가지주요제한사항으로는가시성문제, 센서의정확도저하, 자기원간의거리가너무멀 어지는경우가있습니다. 다행히도, 기계학습알고리즘의발전과같은기술이 EMT의성능개선을 도와주고있습니다
광학추적시스템(OTS)
광학추적시스템(OTS)은제2차세계대전동안처음사용되었으며, 광학조준시스템과총기탐 지기가군사작전에서필수적이었습니다. 놀랍게도이시스템은오늘날까지도수술내비게이션에 서많이사용되고있습니다 OTS의일반적인모델은신호발생기, 감지기및추적을위한신호처 리를수행하는제어시스템으로구성됩니다 최소한세개의흩어진가시위치를결합하여인식가 능한기하학적패턴을만들며, 이시스템은카메라와가시마커를사용하여공간내 3D 가상물체 의위치를정의합니다 사실, 이시스템은여러장비를동시에추적할수있으며, 인간의움직임과 일치하는주파수로위치데이터를제공합니다. 데이터는수학적방법을통해처리되어자극의위 치와방향을정확하게추적합니다 그러나여러도구를동시에추적할수있는능력에도불구하고, 상당한계산능력과전력이필요하여이장치를매우비용이많이들게만듭니다
이점과도전과제
AR이의학에미치는가장혁신적인영향중하나는척추수술에서의적용입니다 전통적인절차 와달리 AR 안내수술은외과의사가피부를통해환자의척추를 3D로시각화할수있게합니다. 이기술은외과의사들이해부학내에서임플란트를정확하게위치시키는데도움을주며, 결과적 으로수술성능이더욱효율적이고안전해집니다. 보다일반적으로, 수술 AR은수술중및수술후합병증의가능성을줄이고회복기간을단축하는 것으로입증되었습니다. 이기술은수술에필요한다양한스캔을줄여전통적인방법보다훨씬더 효율적이며, 이는방사선노출및 DNA 손상과같은추가합병증을예방하는데기여합니다 그럼 에도불구하고 AR 사용에는여전히도전과제가존재합니다 가장두드러진단점은높은비용입 니다. 이는많은의료시설이 AR 안내수술을통합하기어렵게만듭니다. 또한, 이장치의새로움은 성공적인결과를보장하기위해추가적인교육이필요합니다
결국, 수술 AR의지속적인발전은우리가아직상상하지못한방식으로의료를재건할수있는기 대를제공합니다 의료진간의협업을향상시키고보다개인화된환자치료를제공함으로써, 수술 AR은의료실천의기준을재정의할수있으며, 의료제공의혁신시대를여는데기여할것입니다.
CRISPR AND ITS ROLE IN GENETIC ENGINEERING HIBA YUSUF
TBRIDGING SCI-FI AND REALITY
his importance of CRISPR as a step toward a future where humans can play with the very building blocks of life seems very reminiscent of science fiction stories This revolutionary tool is now making big impacts and changes to the field of genetic engineering, making real some possibilities that hitherto appeared to be the stuff of fantasy So, what really is CRISPR, and how is it revolutionizing our ability to treat genetic diseases?
HOW EXACTLY DOES CRISPR WORK?
CRISPR, short for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, is one of the biggest game-changers for genetic engineering ever, allowing entirely new levels of accuracy in genetic modification. The heart of this groundbreaking technology lies in its ability to target specific sequences of DNA using a guide RNA and the Cas9 protein The guide RNA directs the Cas9 to a specific location on the DNA strand, where Cas9 acts like molecular scissors, cutting the DNA Once the DNA is cut, the cell's natural repair mechanisms take over, allowing for the insertion, deletion, or alteration of genetic material.
CRISPR IN TREATING GENETIC DISEASES
CRISPR-based gene editing opens new avenues toward the treatment of genetic disorders Until recently, there were few traditional methods for treating genetic diseases, and most of them only provided symptomatic relief rather than removing the root cause Now with the method called CRISPR, scientists can directly alter the faulty genes responsible for conditions such as sickle cell anemia or Huntington's disease and give hope for full recovery For instance, in the case of Sickle Cell Anemia, CRISPR can be used to target and correct the defective gene responsible for producing abnormal hemoglobin. Similarly, in Huntington's Disease, CRISPR can eliminate the mutation that leads to the progressive degeneration of nerve cells
ETHICS AND MOVING FORWARD
The benefits of CRISPR technology for both patients and researchers are increasingly clear and visible This technology has successfully achieved gene editing in a much more accurate way, targeting those genes that were previously believed to be unapproachable. But with great power comes great responsibility
The ethical questions raised by CRISPR are complicated to say the least The prospect of designer babies raises new ethical questions about how much choice parents should have over traits in their offspring Gene drives, by their ability to alter entire populations of species, have implications for ecology that are not well understood. Apply CRISPR gene editing, and suddenly society must face all these issues and make laws and regulations regarding them
To conclude, CRISPR is a tool of revolution for the cure of genetic diseases and a reshaping of the face of genetic engineering. However, the ethics of such a technology, as it progresses, should be kept in mind.
CRISPR가유전공학에 미치는영향 소개
CRISPR의중요성은인간이생명의기본요소를다루는시대를향해한걸음나아가는기술로서, 마치공상과학소설을떠올리게합니다. 이혁신적인기술은유전공학분야에큰영향을미치며, 과 거에는환상에불과했던가능성을실현시키고있습니다 그렇다면 CRISPR란무엇이며, 어떻게유 전질환치료능력을혁신하고있을까요?
CRISPR는어떻게사용되나요?
CRISPR는 "Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats"의약자로, 유전자편집 에있어가장큰변화를가져온기술중하나입니다 이기술의핵심은가이드 RNA와 Cas9 단백질 을사용해 DNA의특정서열을정확하게타겟하는능력입니다. 가이드 RNA는 Cas9을 DNA 사슬 의특정위치로안내하고, Cas9은분자가위처럼작용해 DNA를자릅니다 DNA가절단되면, 세포 의자연적인복구메커니즘이개입해유전물질의삽입, 삭제또는변형을가능하게합니다.
CRISPR 기반유전자편집
CRISPR 기반유전자편집은유전질환치료의새로운길을열어줍니다 최근까지는유전질환을 치료하는전통적인방법이거의없었으며, 대부분의치료법은근본적인원인을제거하지않고증 상완화에만그쳤습니다 그러나 CRISPR를통해과학자들은낫적혈구병이나헌팅턴병과같은질 환을일으키는결함있는유전자를직접수정할수있게되면서, 완전한회복에대한희망을주고 있습니다 예를들어, 낫적혈구빈혈의경우, CRISPR는비정상적인헤모글로빈을생성하는결함 있는유전자를표적으로삼아수정할수있습니다 마찬가지로, 헌팅턴병에서는신경세포의점진 적퇴행을초래하는돌연변이를제거할수있습니다.
윤리적고려와잠재력
CRISPR 기술의혜택은환자와연구자모두에게점점더분명해지고있습니다 이기술은이전에 는접근하기어려웠던유전자를훨씬더정확하게타겟팅하며유전자편집을성공적으로수행하고 있습니다 하지만, 큰힘에는큰책임이따릅니다
CRISPR가제기하는윤리적질문은복잡합니다 '디자이너베이비'와같은개념은부모가자녀의 특성에대해어느정도선택권을가져야하는지에대한새로운윤리적문제를제기합니다. 유전자 구동기술은종전체의유전적특성을바꿀수있는잠재력을가지며, 생태계에미칠영향을완전히 이해하지못한채이를적용하는것은위험할수있습니다. CRISPR 기술이진전됨에따라, 사회는 이러한문제들에직면하고이에대한법과규제를마련해야합니다 결론적으로, CRISPR는유전질환치료를혁신하고유전공학의미래를재편하는기술입니다 그 러나기술이발전할수록그에따른윤리적측면도항상염두에두어야합니다
BREAKINGABSOLUTETIMEANDSPACE-HOSUNGBAE
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Publication: Synthify (instagram: @synthifyofficial )
Editor: Hajin Ra, Eunha Jeon, Haelim Hahn, Jiyeon Park, Gabeen Ko, Ayeon Cho, Lucy Jang, Rachel Cho, Dominic Hahm, Colin Chung, Jason Hwang, Jian Hong
Writer: Hosung Bae, Ethan Kim, Minsung Choi, Aaron Cha, John Bhang, Hiba Yusuf, Rhianna Kim
Designers(HAFS Art Club MUSE): Eunha Jeon, Yena Oh, Heeseon Kim, Jiwoo Lim, Sooeun Ban, Taeun Kim, Yena Shim
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