Heli Butala | Abigail Coachi | Oluleke Falade | Abena Prempeh | Stephie Thomas
INQUIRES
publications@snma.org
DISTRIBUTION
The Journal of the Student National Medical Association is published biannually by the SNMA. It is available online, digitally, and in print. For subscription information, please visit our website, www.snma.org, or send an e-mail to publications@snma.org.
REPRINTING
No articles, illustrations, photographs, and any other editorial matter herein may be reproduced without written permission of the JSNMA. To reprint articles appearing in this issue, reference the article using the following text: “This article was re-printed from the 2023 Spring Issue of the Journal of the Student National Medical Association, first published May 2023 by [AUTHOR].
The Student National Medical Association (SNMA) is committed to supporting current and future underrepresented minority medical students, addressing the needs of underserved communities, and increasing the number of clinically excellent, culturally competent and socially conscious physicians.
JOURNAL OF THE STUDENT NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 5113 Georgia Avenue, NW | Washington, DC 2001 T: 202-882-2881 | F: 202-882-2886 | www.SNMA.org | publications@snma.org
MEET THE TEAM
Oluleke Falade
Oluleke “Leke” Falade currently serves as the publications committee co-chair for the SNMA. Born in Port Harcourt, Nigeria and raised in Houston, TX, he earned a B.S. in Chemistry with a minor in Sociology from the University of Pittsburgh. He is now in his fourth year at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, planning to pursue a career in general surgery. His interests include trauma outcomes and addressing healthcare disparities.
Brianna Murray
Brianna Murray currently serves as the Publications Committee Vice Chair for SNMA. She works as the Residency Coordinator in the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Montefiore Einstein, as well as plans to pursue a career in pediatric and adolescent medicine/surgery. With a Bachelor of Science in Neuroscience and a Master of Education, Brianna has designed programs that support students’ academic and social-emotional growth. Brianna’s dedication to lifelong learning and service drives her work in both education and healthcare.
Mikayla Shields
Mikayla Shields currently serves as the publications committee co-chair for SNMA. She grew up in Orlando, FL and graduated in December 2019 from the University of South Carolina with a Bachelor of Science degree. After completing four years as a division 1 student-athlete and professional athlete, she matriculated into medical school at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine where she is currently a third-year medical student. Following medical school, she hopes to matriculate into an obstetrics and gynecology residency program.
Jiana Baker
Jiana Baker currently serves as CoChief Editor of the JSNMA. She was raised in Windsor, CT and went on to graduate from the University of Connecticut with a bachelor’s degree in Physiology & Neurobiology. Currently, she is a fourth-year medical student at Florida International University’s Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine. Jiana will be starting residency for Internal Medicine following graduation with interests in cardiology, academic medicine and health equity
Abena Prempeh
Abena Prempeh currently serves as one of the Co-Chief for the JSNMA. Born in Ghana and raised in the Bronx, NY, she attended Allegheny College for her undergraduate studies, earning a BS in Biology. She is now a secondyear medical student at Meharry College, with interests in geriatrics and hematology & oncology.
Priscilla Babalola
Priscilla Babalola is a dedicated medical student with a deep commitment to advancing diversity and inclusion in the field of medicine. Born in Manhattan and raised in the Bronx, New York, she earned her Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Sciences from The City College of New York, where she was part of the Sophie Davis Biomedical Education Program—an experience that laid the foundation for her pursuit of a career in medicine. Currently, Priscilla is a third-year medical student at the CUNY School of Medicine. She is passionate about making medical education and healthcare more inclusive, both for patients and aspiring healthcare professionals from underrepresented backgrounds.
Sincerely,
LETTER FROM THE EDITORS
Welcome JSNMA Readers,
The Journal of SNMA offers a unique platform for our members to highlight their research and creative works. Since its inception, the journal has been committed to showcasing the insightful contributions of underrepresented minority medical students and physicians. We aim to continue elevating and highlighting the creativity and scholarly endeavors of our members. As aspiring physicians, it is crucial to have avenues to display our work and engage with the work of our peers. Engaging in scholarly activities is instrumental in developing essential skills needed in the medical profession. Moreover, we strive to foster the growth of culturally competent, socially aware, academically inclined, and compassionate physicians. This latest issue of JSNMA features a captivating blend of articles and artwork, reflecting the diverse medical interests of our community. We are honored to follow in the footsteps of previous JSNMA editors and maintain our connection with the SNMA.
Enjoy the latest issue of JSNMA! We encourage everyone to contribute, learn, and consider submitting their work for future issues!
Adam Nguyen
Sincerely,
Your JSNMA Editors
Sincerely,
Adam Nguyen LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT
Greetings SNMA Family,
Please allow me to welcome you to the 60th Anniversary Fall Edition of the Journal of the Student National Medical Association (JSNMA). I am excited for each of you to experience this addition, whose theme is: Diamond Moments: A Legacy of Excellence.
As the Student National Medical Association nears the end of our 60th Anniversary, this edition seeks to highlight this milestone while capturing this key moment. As we showcase the talents of our members, we continue to honor those who have come before us whose contributions helped to advance and uplift the mission of our organization. Our legacy allows us to continue to elevate our excellence as we reach new heights. It is my hope that engaging with this edition resonates with each reader uniquely and inspires you on your journey through medicine. It is because of the dedication of our treasured members that we can look forward to the next 60 years of our cherished organization, remaining the beacon of hope in the medical community.
I extend my sincerest gratitude to each individual who contributed to our 60th Anniversary Annual Medical Education Conference, the Fall Edition of the JSNMA, and to those who continue to advance the mission of the SNMA. A special thank you to the Publications Committee for their diligent work in assembling this issue of the JSNMA.
Yours in SNMA,
Ja’Nia McPhatter, MBA 61st National President, SNMA Student Trustee, National Medical Association
LETTER FROM THE CHAIR
Dear SNMA Family,
Welcome to a milestone publication—the 60th Anniversary Fall Edition of the Journal of the Student National Medical Association (JSNMA). As we celebrate “Diamond Moments: A Legacy of Excellence,” I am eager for you to engage with this edition, which reflects both our storied past and our ongoing commitment to excellence.
This year marks the culmination of our 60th anniversary, an ideal time to both reflect on our past achievements and look forward to future opportunities. This edition not only highlights our history but also showcases the diverse talents within our membership. We honor those pioneers whose foundational work has greatly enriched our mission and set the stage for future advancements.
As you explore this edition, I hope it serves as a source of inspiration, reflecting the unique journey each of you undertakes in the field of medicine. The continued dedication of our members gives me great confidence in our organization’s future, promising another 60 years of leadership and innovation in the medical community.
My heartfelt thanks go to all who have contributed to the success of our 60th Anniversary Annual Medical Education Conference and this edition of the JSNMA. I especially want to acknowledge the Publications Committee for their exceptional effort in assembling this issue.
Thank you for your ongoing commitment to the SNMA. Together, we continue to uphold our legacy as a beacon of hope and excellence in the medical field.
Yours in SNMA,
Stella Udoetuk Chairperson of the Board of Directors 2024-2025, SNMA
MD Candidate Class of 2025, Southern Illinois University SOM
MPH Candidate Class of 2025, Emory Rollins School of Public Health
AMEC 2024 REVIEW
From Pressure to Purpose:
Illuminating the Path to Excellence
SNMA members and supporters from all parts of the country gathered in New Orleans for the 60th Anniversary Annual Medical Education Conference (AMEC). Attendees gathered for educational workshops, celebrated at the Board of Directors Banquet, smiled during the graduation ceremony and white coat photos, and had plenty of time to network and connect with likeminded professionals. We hope to see you in St. Louis in 2025!
Check In
SNMA members checking in at the landmark 60th Annual Medical Education Conference in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Exhibition Hall
Membership networking in the exhibition hall and receiving complimentary professional headshots.
Academic Affairs Breakfast
Members attending the Academic Affairs Excellency breakfast.
Black Men in Medicine
Resident members lead the discussion of the systemic challenges Black men encounter in their medical career paths during the ‘Black Men in Medicine’ session
Skills Session
Membership acquiring valuable skills in medicine.
President’s Luncheon
The installment of the 61st President of the SNMA at the President’s Luncheon
Graduation
Graduating seniors celebrating at the 2024 Graduation Ceremony.
SNMA members actively participating in various community service projects, providing support and education across New Orleans.
Volunteering Alumni Reception
The SNMA Alumni Reception brought together past and present members in a night of fellowship, networking, and fundraising to support the next generation of physicians.
WCJRF
SNMA membership showcasing their research at the Wilbert C. Jordan Research Forum. From public health initiatives to clinical research, presenters shared their contributions to advancing medicine and improving healthcare outcomes.
White Coat Photos
SNMA members proudly gather for the Annual White Coat Group Conference photo, celebrating unity and commitment to the medical field.
Opening Ceremony
Opening ceremony of the 60th Annual Medical Education Conference, featuring performances by local dancers.
Award Ceremony
Recipients of the 2024 Membership Awards at the Board of Directors Banquet.
Board of Directors Banquet
SNMA Membership gathered at the 60th Annual Board of Directors Banquet featuring Keynote Speaker Dr. Jeffrey Sterling, followed by the installation of the elected board members.
MEET SNMA
THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS
The BOD is the leadership team of the student national medical association and consists of the executive committee, regional directors, national committee chairs and professional board members. The BOD meets quarterly to make business and policy decisions in accordance with the SNMA Constitution and Bylaws during the period that the HOD is not in session. The presiding officer is the chairperson of the BOD. The BOD reports it’s actions over the course of the year and puts forth mandated items for HOD approval at the Annual Medical Education Conference (AMEC).
THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
The EC consists of the Chairperson of the Board of Directors, President, President-Elect, Vice President, PreMedical Board Member, Treasurer, Regional Director to the EC, Professional Board Member to the EC, and the Executive Director. This group meets monthly to discuss the business of the SNMA and presents the information to the board at the quarterly meetings.
Stella Udoetuk CHAIRPERSON OF THE BOARD
Miracle Rogers PRESIDENT-ELECT
Irons SECRETARY
Adaku Ikoh VICE PRESIDENT
Ja’Nia McPhatter PRESIDENT
Niat Habtemariam PREMEDICAL
Myke Spencer TREASURER
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Bridgette Hudson
Kayla
Dajaina “Daja” Martin SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE
Chiagoziem “Chi” Anigbogu PARLIAMENTARIAN
MEET THE SNMA REGIONAL DIRECTORS
THE REGIONAL DIRECTORS
SNMA is made up of 10 regions around the country. Each region is overseen by a Regional Director, elected from their respective region. Regional Boards are mainly comprised of the following elected regional officers: Regional Director, Assistant Regional Director, Pre-medical Liaison, Secretary, Treasurer, and Committee Chairs (corresponding to national committees). Each region hosts an annual Regional Conference at which a regional meeting is held. Each region has its own Constitution and Bylaws, which must be held in accordance with and not in violation of the Constitution and Bylaws of National SNMA.
Shanika Francis REGION X DIRECTOR
Stacy Bawuah REGION VII DIRECTOR
Manuel Sackey REGION VIII DIRECTOR
Brianna Mosley REGION IX DIRECTOR
Chukwudalu Ononenyi REGION VI DIRECTOR
Nikkisha Mills REGION V DIRECTOR
Diamond Coleman REGION II DIRECTOR
Chukwudumebi Atuegbu REGION III DIRECTOR
Courtney Maddox, MA REGION IV DIRECTOR
Emmanuel Agu REGION I DIRECTOR
MEET THE SNMA NATIONAL COMMITTEES & CHAIRS
ACADEMIC AFFAIRS
The Academic Affairs Committee enhances the educational experience of SNMA members by providing essential tools and resources for success in medical school. This committee actively updates members on significant changes in medical education policies, including alterations in USMLE and COMLEX testing frameworks and new developments in the MATCH process, ensuring students are well-prepared for these pivotal assessments.
COMMUNITY SERVICE
The Community Service Committee is passionately committed to identifying areas that will benefit from positive change on the Local, Regional, and National levels. We hope to continue identifying pertinent issues that face our communities to carry on the programmatic work of the SNMA, while staying true to our mission through engagement, service, and leadership.
Ana Torres CO-CHAIR
Brooke Birks CO-CHAIR
Erin Igwacho CO-CHAIR
Jennifer Romero CO-CHAIR
CONVENTION PLANNING
ELECTIONS
The Convention Planning Committee is dedicated to planning and involving you in the Annual Medical Education Conference (AMEC)! The Convention Planning Committee partners with many organizations around the country to make sure that AMEC is an inspiring and successful conference and are continuously seeking SNMA members to join our National Committee in efforts to help make each AMEC a success.
DIVERSITY RESEARCH
The Diversity Research Committee serves as the research assessment arm of the SNMA. This committee is dedicated to increasing opportunities for SNMA members to engage in research, provide members with benefits that will enhance members’ educational and professional development, and facilitate the attainment of members’ career goals. Our committee is constantly developing new programming, webinars, and workshops to give members access to research projects and provide forums for members’ academic and professional development.
The Elections Committee leads the electoral arm for SNMA. This committee spearheads the processes by which Board of Director Members are appointed to office and governs how they hold those positions. The primary objective of the Elections Committee is to encourage and support SNMA members who are interested in pursuing nationally elected and appointed positions.
EXTERNAL AFFAIRS
The External Affairs Committee (EAC) was established to address issues concerning the SNMA’s interactions with outside entities. Our committee works to widen the organization’s visibility through major media outlets, social media, and collaborations with external organizations. As the public relations arm of the organization, we assist the National President in maintaining a strong voice and brand for the organization. We advise SNMA liaisons and coordinate their external communication efforts on important current SNMA initiatives, programs, and policy positions. Our committee focuses on providing a creative outlet for SNMA Members to uphold and uplift the organization’s mission while continuing to diversify the face of medicine!
Miracle Rogers CO-CHAIR
Sydney Baltimore CO-CHAIR
Anastacia Azor CO-CHAIR
Jeavanie Desarmes CO-CHAIR
Shania Williams CO-CHAIR
Erin Johnson, PhD CO-CHAIR
Nina Uzoigwe CO-CHAIR
HEALTH
POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
The Health Policy & Legislative Affairs (HPLA) committee, is responsible for spearheading all advocacy efforts on behalf of the Student National Medical Association (SNMA). Our mission is to educate our members about the legislative and policy developments that impact medical education and healthcare. We provide numerous opportunities for medical students to engage in advocacy at local, regional, and national levels.
INTERNAL AFFAIRS
The Internal Affairs Committee works closely with the Chair of the SNMA to ensure efficiency in Board of Directors (BOD) operations. We continually look to broaden the role of IAC within the SNMA, with expansion of the National Leadership Institute Subcommittee, creation of a Programming Evaluation Sub-Committee and so much more. We look forward to working with our fellow BOD members to make each year the best one yet and look forward to serving you this administrative year.
The International Affairs Committee Here, you can learn about and engage with the work of our committee. This year we will be hosting the 4th SNMA Global Health Fellowship. A resource page is available for many of our international members! Our committee will keep you informed about Global Health current events and research through our newsletter. Our committee aims to celebrate diversity through education and dialogue. We hope that you find the resources that we provide valuable and informative.
MAPS COMMITTEE
The Minority Association of Pre- Medical Students, or MAPS, represents the undergraduate and postbaccalaureate students of SNMA. Our members are active on all fronts, as we are creating diversity and making strides in all aspects of medicine and patient care. SNMA has a great interest in increasing the number of physicians of color entering the workforce and knows that our pre-medical students are our future colleagues and successors. Through community service and dedication to eliminating ethnic health disparities, we strive to provide ourselves and those around us with a larger sense of being.
Natalie Toro CO-CHAIR
Alexis Thompson CO-CHAIR
Niat Habtermariam CO-CHAIR
Adaya Sturkey CO-CHAIR
Kailyn Geter CO-CHAIR
Jourdon Robinson CO-CHAIR
Stacy Bawauh CO-CHAIR
MEMBERSHIP
OSTEOPATHIC
Membership Committee is all about serving you the member! The Membership Committee continually works to improve your benefits and opportunities as members of the Student National Medical Association (SNMA). We expand SNMA’s reach to members on every level, and have expanded to include more of our international medical schools and students. As our family continues to grow, we as the Membership Committee are committed to working to connect us all on a deeper level year-round by working hard to highlight those chapters, members, and advisors that have done excellent work. We are always so proud of the work that our members do for the good of the SNMA!
PUBLICATIONS
The Publications Committee is dedicated to managing and disseminating written content across the association. Our primary responsibility is overseeing the Journal of the Student National Medical Association (JSNMA), a flagship publication that showcases the scholarly contributions of our members. Our role encompasses a broad range of activities, including editorial oversight, content development, and member engagement. The Publications Committee plays a vital role in fostering academic excellence and promoting the intellectual contributions of SNMA members, thereby advancing the mission and vision of the organization.
The Osteopathic Committee is dedicated to serving students within SNMA who are pursuing a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree. The Osteopathic Committee partners with organizations who are committed to creating these opportunities and fostering educational excellence for DO students. We are diligent in mentorship and are continuously looking for ways to connect osteopathic medical and pre-medical students across the country. Additionally, we work to understand the needs of these students and provide opportunities that are specific to DO education and experiences including scholarships, professional development, and outreach nationally and globally.
Brianna Blake CHAIR
Oluleke Falade CO-CHAIR
Mikayla Shields CO-CHAIR
Ashlee Evans CO-CHAIR
Oluwatomiwa Awobayiku CO-CHAIR
MEET THE SNMA PROFESSIONAL BOARD MEMBERS
PROFESSIONAL BOARD MEMBER
PROFESSIONAL BOARD MEMBER
THE PBMS
The Professional Board Members are physicians who have previously served on the SNMA board. They donate their time to serve in an advisory capacity, providing historical perspective and guidance to the current board members.
Donald
PROFESSIONAL BOARD MEMBER
DO PROFESSIONAL BOARD MEMBER
Cornelius Jamison, MD
Cortlyn Brown, MD, MCSO
Carson,
Lisa Green, MD
WCJRF WINNERS
Medical Education Category Winner - Vissy Elad
Abstract Title: Undereducation is afoot: Assessing the lack of acral lentiginous melanoma educational materials for skin of color
Acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) is a subtype of cutaneous melanoma notorious for poor outcomes that disproportionately affect individuals with skin of color (e.g., African-, Hispanic-, Asian-descent) when compared to mortality rates among non- Hispanic White populations. There are several societal factors that contribute to racial disparities in ALM, including a lack of representative educational material in the context of patient education and medical instruction.
METHODS
A review of literature was conducted to analyze trends in medical education, patient education and the accessibility of these materials.
RESULTS
The gaps that were found are representative information for the US population and include risk of disease, patterns of incidence, and differences in disease presentation in skin of color. The atypical presentation of ALM on acral volar skin sites makes early detection challenging and necessitates an increased index of suspicion on the part of physicians and patients alike. More representative teaching tools need to be developed as a means of increasing public awareness around skin cancer risk in skin of color. Tools would need to be made available in English, Spanish, and more languages reflective of the general population with easy accessibility
CONCLUSION
Textbook publishers and online databases utilized in medical education should be encouraged to review the image distribution in their resources and work toward a more balanced depiction of skin tones
VISSY ELAD
Basic Science Category Winner
- Norma Hylton
Abstract Title:
PANX1 Activity Regulates Fetal Cortical Development
Author: Norma K. Hylton*, David J. Kang, Sean Golinski, Karla Soriano, Rebecca E. Andersen, Jennifer E. Neil, Maya Talukdar, Shyam K. Akula, J. Fernando Bazan, Richard S. Smith, Christopher A. Walsh
School: Harvard Medical School
BACKGROUND
Proper development of the human cortex is essential for brain function and depends on the synchronization of complex molecular and cellular processes. Malformations of cortical development may occur in the setting of genetic mutations that alter the activity of genes essential for this synchrony. Mutations in developmentally expressed ion channels have been increasingly recognized for their contribution to cortical malformations; however, the role of ion channels in cortical histogenesis—and their contribution to disease—remains poorly understood.
METHODS
Through whole exome sequencing of families with polymicrogyria (disordered cortical gyration), we identified three affected individuals with de novo missense variants in the gene PANX1, encoding the Pannexin 1 protein. To study the effect of our PMG-associated variants on channel expression and activity, we designed plasmids containing wildtype or mutant PANX1 and GFP linked by the self-cleaving T2A peptide in the integration-coupled piggyBac transposition system.
RESULTS
Exome analysis reveals each of the three variants identified are absent from the genome aggregation database (gnomAD) and are predicted deleterious based on in silico pathogenicity prediction tools. Each affected amino acid is highly conserved among mammalian orthologs, and these amino acids are in regions of the protein known to regulate channel gating. Bulk RNA-sequencing of the human cortex throughout gestation reveals preferential expression of PANX1 in early fetal cortical development, with decreased postnatal expression, correlating with the development of polymicrogyria. Expression of the mutant channel in HEK293T cells reveals disrupted complex glycosylation of PANX1, as well as increased ionic conductance at depolarized potentials compared to wildtype channels. Using AlphaFold, modeling of each PANX1 variant demonstrates alterations to channel topography and kinetics. Furthermore, we identified through structural homology additional uncharacterized proteins that share a high degree of structural similarity to pannexins and connexins, suggesting functional overlap and creating the human gap junction-ome.
CONCLUSION
Functional analysis of PANX1 variants associated with PMG identifies a critical role for the ion channel gene in cortical gyration. Our newly identified variants result in channel gain of function by altering gating mechanisms and ion flux through the channel pore. We have extended our findings to further identify novel large-pore channel proteins expressed in development. Thus, our work contributes to a broader understanding of how early electrical coupling shapes essential processes of cortical development.
Basic Science Category Winner NORMA HYLTON
Social and Behavioral Science Category Winner - Vongai Tizora
Abstract Title: PEnhancing Detection of Depression within Primary
Health Care in Ghana: Barriers and Facilitators
Authors: Vongai Tizora*, Uchechukwu Okoh, David Heller, Khadija Jones, Evan Alvarez, Engelbert Nonterah, Irene Kuwolamo, Raymond Aborigo
School: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
BACKGROUND
Social and Behavioral Science Category Winner
According to Uganda’s 2016 Demographic and Health Survey, 25% of girls aged 15-19 have become pregnant. Adolescent pregnancy poses a health challenge because teenage mothers are constrained in their future pursuit of education. In 2016, the Ugandan government decreed a parliamentary ban on comprehensive sexual education beyond “abstinence only.” During the past two years, abstinence-only sexual education in Uganda has furthered the distribution of misinformation on the effectiveness of condoms, negatively affected the self-esteem of youth, and has been ineffective in improving overall sexual health.
METHODS
During a global health trip to Uganda in summer 2017, team Kisoboka identified a need for sexual education at Hope Comprehensive High School, in Masaka, Uganda, based on an increasing rate of teenage pregnancy, STIs, and overall lack of knowledge on these topics. During summer 2018, Hope School invited the Kisoboka team to present a comprehensive sexual education curriculum to the staff and students. Kisoboka brought Big Decisions, an abstinence-plus reproductive health education program authored by Dr. Janet Realini of Healthy Futures of Texas. The Big Decisions program is centered on “vigorous abstinence promotion and positive contraceptive information.” This program addresses many determinants of adolescent pregnancy and infection with HIV, including individuals’ goals and dreams, the right to say “no” to sex, information on reproductive anatomy, STIs, and contraceptive methods, and discussions to foster the formation of abstinence plans directed by the students.
RESULTS
A study using pre- and post-Big Decisions intervention surveys demonstrated that participation in the program was associated with positive changes in the students’ attitudes towards abstinence, STDs, condoms, contraception, and sexual pressures. In the setting of Hope Comprehensive High School, thirty students completed the pre-Big Decisions survey, and twenty-nine students completed the post-Big Decisions survey. By the end of the curriculum, attitudes towards both abstinence and contraceptive use improved 33% and 35% respectively.
CONCLUSION
In light of the promising results, we were able to create a timeline with Hope School administration to plan for the continued implementation of the curriculum and administration of surveys during the 2018-2019 academic school year.
VONGAI TIZORA
Oral Presentation WinnerYasmine Griffiths
Abstract
Title: Healing Voices: A Study of Black Women’s Cancer Advocacy
Authors: Yasmine Griffiths MPH*, Jennifer James PhD, MSW, MSSP
School: Howard University College of Medicine
BACKGROUND
There are persistent healthcare disparities in treatment and outcomes for Black vs white women with cancer. Many Black women turn to advocacy groups following a cancer diagnosis. Medical advocacy is defined as “focused actions and work of supporters from various walks of life, including cancer survivors and their loved ones, civil society organizations, clinicians, and researchers” (Ashing et al). Health advocacy has a long history of improving care outcomes among marginalized populations. Understanding the needs of this population and the impacts of advocacy is imperative to improving outcomes and support among Black women with cancer. The aim of this study is to find a deeper understanding of Black women’s experiences of cancer-related healthcare and how these experiences led them to pursue advocacy.
METHODS
We conducted semi-structured interviews with 12 Black women aged 44 to 77 years with a range of cancers diagnosed between <1e to over 30 years ago, all of whom self-identified as patient advocates. Recruitment included word-of-mouth, individual invitations, and social media advertising. The opportunity was open to all cancer types, with 58% of participants having a history of breast cancer (7 of 12). Other types included EFFR lung cancer, High-Risk Multiple Myeloma, and Endometrial Cancer. Interviews were conducted via Zoom, transcribed, and analyzed in Atlas.ti using a Grounded Theory coding framework.
RESULTS
We found that Black women reported a wide range of care experiences and patient-provider relationships. Some participants described dissatisfaction with the amounts or types of care options presented, varied levels of trust in providers and institutions, and a lack of resources regarding their cancer care. By identifying specific needs not being met by their care team, these women were led to begin advocacy work. Involvement in advocacy varied from self-advocacy in the clinic setting to creating organizations committed to policy change, sitting on boards for pre-existing organizations, and involvement in academic research. Overall, participants expressed advocacy (and their involvement in the field) as a necessity not only for themselves but as a means of advancing research care for all Black women experiencing cancer
CONCLUSION
This study highlights the viewpoints of an understudied population. Black women who are cancer survivors and advocates describe a myriad of factors impacting care and health outcomes including trust, access to treatment, and access to information regarding options. This brings attention to the need for further studies regarding health advocacy among this population, which can assist in providing an improved understanding of the relationship between Black women and their cancer care. Long term, this work could lead to improved outcomes overall.
Oral Presentation Winner YASMINE GRIFFITHS
Premedical Category WinnersTiffany Nyamao
Abstract Title: The Effect of Distance Reiki on Patient Reported Quality of Life, Correlated With Changes in Immune Repertoires among Multiple Myeloma Patients: A Pilot Study
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematologic malignancy that require multi-drug chemotherapy which can cause significant distress and diminish QOL (quality of life). As a result, many are turning to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to mitigate their challenges as an adjunct to traditional medicine. Reiki is a Japanese form of energy healing that involves noninvasive gentle touch to help the flow of energy within a patient’s body. This pilot study was created to understand the feasibility, and acceptability of Reiki integrated within a structured medical paradigm and to assess its effect on cancer immunity.
METHODS
Eligible patients had to be an English-speaking adult who was at least 18 years old with a diagnosis of multiple myeloma, received an autologous stem cell transplant and had access to internet with video capabilities to conduct the Reiki intervention over Zoom® through Mayo Clinic’s EPIC electronic health system for 4 weeks after enrollment. All patients provided written consent. Patients were randomized in a 1:1:1 fashion for weekly distance Reiki and Sham distance Reiki, or no intervention. Two HRQOL instruments were employed before and after intervention to assess QOL (PROMIS-29® and single-item linear analogue selfassessment (LASA)). A “Was it Worth it” (WIWI) questionnaire was administered at the end of the study to determine if this experience was worthwhile to the patient. Peripheral blood immune systems were profiled at 2 distinct time points: (a) at enrollment to first profile the pre-intervention immune repertoires and (B) at the end of the 4-week period to determine any change or expansion in the immune repertoires.
RESULTS
Thirty patients were enrolled and equally randomized into three arms between 1/4/2021 to 4/20/2022; 60% were female and the overall years with disease ranged between 2 - 20. Patients frequently had IgG Kappa, 50% were considered high risk (FISH), and 56% were in stage II of their disease (RISS). Over 80% had received an autologous stem transplant and had received between 1 - 13 lines of therapies. From the WIWI questionnaire, 100% of the participants in the distance Reiki and 75% Sham distance Reiki found the therapy useful and would do it again or recommend it to someone else. There was no significant improvement in QOL from the two HRQOL questionnaires, but physical functioning seemed to be negatively impacted. Ongoing evaluation of immune repertoire is happening.
CONCLUSION
Routine distance Reiki therapy is acceptable among multiple myeloma (MM) outpatients and is feasible to integrate into medical care, but it resulted in no clinically significant change on QOL. By utilizing distance Reiki via Zoom® to minimize exposure during COVID-19, we created an accessible opportunity for patients to be introduced to a new type of care. Further studies can build on this pilot study to determine QOL benefit in person or online.
Premedical Category WinnersKyarie
Shelton
Abstract Title: Impact of Medical and Demographic Risk on the Executive Functioning and
Academic Achievement of Youth with CHD
Authors: Kyarie Shelton*, Amber Riggs, Ana Garcia, Andrea Goard, H. Gerry Taylor, Jamie L Jackson, Kathryn Kirkpatrick, May Ling Mah, Kathryn Vannatta
School: Johns Hopkins University
BACKGROUND
Premedical Category Winners KYARIE
Approximately 40,000 children are born with congenital heart defects (CHD) in the US annually, and 90% now survive into adulthood due to advanced care. Early cardiac surgeries and/or poor oxygen perfusion characterize critical CHD diagnoses that are linked to cognitive deficits. This has rarely been examined in conjunction with ecological threats to neurodevelopment such as socioeconomic status (SES). We examined executive functioning (EF) and academic deficits in children with critical CHD, exploring the relevance of diagnosis and surgical risks within the context of parental education and family income.
METHODS
Children with critical CHD (N=106, Mage = 10.59, 61.3% Male, 81.6% White/non-Hispanic), were recruited if they attended a 4th or 5th grade mainstream classroom and did not have a genetic syndrome with neurodevelopmental effects. Control Classmates (CC) matched for gender and age (N=58, Mage= 10.69, 70.7% Male, 89.3% White/non-Hispanic), were recruited from classrooms of CHD survivors. Assessments completed 1:1 with both groups of children and their parents/caregivers included the NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery, Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF2), Wide Range Achievement Test – 5th Edition (WRAT-5), a demographic form, and electronic medical record review. Analyses included t-tests, correlations, and hierarchical multiple regression.
RESULTS
Children with CHD demonstrated lower EF (Toolbox (d=0.34, p=.032; BRIEF2 (d=0.34, p= .03,) and Math (d=0.55, p= < .001), but not Reading (d=0.26, p=.10), achievement. All four outcomes varied by CHD diagnosis and were associated with more cardiac surgeries and cumulative bypass time (|r|’s=.23-.37, p’s<.05). Lower family income and less parental education were independent risk factors for deficits in EF and academic achievement (|r|’s=.23-.48, p’s<.05). When evaluated simultaneously, each accounted for unique variance in cognitive outcomes. However, no interactions were found between these domains of risk, indicating that medical risk does not appear to be amplified for children with socioeconomic disadvantage.
CONCLUSION
Socioeconomic and medical risk predicted cognitive deficits, and we did not identify socioeconomic disparities in the impact of surgical risk on these deficits. Surgical risk and SES should be regularly screened, and at-risk children referred for tailored interventions to promote behavioral and academic success, e.g., advocacy for school accommodations. One limitation of this study is that the assessment of socioeconomic status (SES) through household income which did not account for variations in household size. The impact of income on SES can differ significantly based on the number of individuals in a household.
SHELTON
Health Policy & Advocacy
Category Winner - Jazmin Arce
Abstract Title: Baseline Characteristics of Sleep-related Impairment and Mental Health Comorbidity among Youth Experiencing
Homelessness: The HOME Trial
Authors: Jazmin Arce*, Mattina Davenport, Laura Chavez, Juliana Odu, Natasha Slesnick, Kelly Kelleher
School: Nationwide Children’s Hospital
BACKGROUND
Approximately 12.5% of youth aged 18-25, and a higher proportion of those who are racially and genderminoritized, experience homelessness, which elevates risks of substance use and mental health challenges. Unsafe sleep environments further contribute to poor sleep, and are linked to depression, suicide, and substance use. Little research explores the comorbidity of sleep deficiency and psychiatric conditions among youth experiencing homelessness (YEH). This study assesses baseline measures of sleep impairment and mental health symptoms among youth participating in a Housing First intervention trial.
METHODS
A baseline sample of 240 YEH, 75.0% Black or Multiracial and aged 18-24 years, was included from the randomized clinical trial: housing, opportunities, motivation, and engagement (HOME). HOME aims to address the opioid crisis among YEH through housing and strength-based preventative services. Participants completed baseline visits from June 2020 to March 2023. Outcomes included sleep-related impairment, which was self-reported using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) at baseline, 3-month, and 6-month follow-up visits. We report on the prevalence of sleep-related impairment, prior diagnosis of mental health conditions, and suicide risk.
RESULTS
About 61.3% of youth reported parents with a history of homelessness. All youth experienced homelessness at baseline, with 48.0% reporting sleep-related impairment. The sample exhibited substantial mental health comorbidity, with 26.7% reporting high risk for suicide and a large proportion reporting prior diagnosis of psychiatric conditions, 33.8%, 28.3%, and 23.3% for major depressive, generalized anxiety and bipolar disorders, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Overall, these studies provide a broader understanding of the immunomodulatory role of dopamine, particularly This study examines sleep health patterns in a predominantly Black, transition-aged YEH sample. Close to half of YEH in the study had sleep-related impairment and a substantial number had comorbid psychiatric conditions. With exacerbated racial disparities in homelessness and sleep due to the COVID-19 pandemic and structural racism, housing could be a prevention tool to improve sleep health equity in this high-risk population. Affordable and safe housing policies are essential to address housing needs among transition-age YEH. But also, future work could explore what additional supports are needed alongside housing. Given the level of youth psychiatric comorbidity among YEH, housing alone may not be sufficient to improve outcomes.
Clinical Science Category Winner -
Yvonne Clifvonne Webb
Abstract Title: For You Page Meets DIEP: Evaluating the Quality and Impact of TikTok Videos on Autologous Breast Reconstruction with DIEP Flaps
Authors: Yvonne Clifvonne G Webb*, Jubril Adepoju, John Toms, Wilmene Hercule, Kiana Jones, Katharine Jeffreys, Mamtha Raj
With TikTok’s ascent as a hub for health-related dialogue, among countless topics, the platform streamlines access of information to over 1.677 billion users. Regardless of the reliability of such sources, TikTok disseminates videos daily regarding nuanced medical procedures like the deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction. This study scrutinizes the content’s educational value and its influence on the audience’s understanding.
METHODS
Our approach involved a curated review of TikTok videos on DIEP flap reconstructions, alongside a meticulous collection of user engagement data. We transcribed the video content verbatim and applied natural language processing to discern prevalent themes. The Modified DISCERN scale was utilized to evaluate the trustworthiness and educational quality of the content, correlating these with user engagement to measure impact.
RESULTS
Our analysis presented a robust level of engagement: 4.7 million views, over 10,000 shares, more than 10,000 comments, and in excess of 153,000 likes. However, the mean DISCERN score of 2.02 highlighted a discrepancy between content popularity and its quality. High-quality information was not always synonymous with high engagement, indicating a critical need for credible content.
CONCLUSION
The study underscores TikTok’s expanding role in health education, attracting a large audience to content about complex surgical procedures. Nevertheless, the variable quality of the information demands active involvement from healthcare professionals to ensure that TikTok becomes a reliable resource for medical information. This is crucial for maintaining the integrity of health communication and empowering patients with accurate knowledge.
Future Researchers in Medicine (FRiM) Winners -
Phebe Brocke
Abstract Title:
Addressing the Maternal Health Crisis: Making and IMPACT
Preconception counseling (PC) is defined as a health education and promotion model that aims to identify and address the needs and risks for intervention, both medically and otherwise, to reduce negative maternal and fetal outcomes. Though PC programs exist, they are not culturally tailored and are primarily offered in clinical settings. This provides both barriers to access and implementation in minority populations that need the resources the most. Though some community-based organizations (CBOs) offer PC, existing barriers make their implementation inefficient. This study aims to assess the capacity of CBOs to implement PC in community-based settings and explore community perceptions and beliefs about PC.
METHODS
Using a community-based participatory research (CBPR) framework, a community-based needs and assets assessment was developed to determine the capacity of CBOs to deliver PC and the need for a communitytailored PC program to reduce the health disparities related to preconception and maternal health that Black women experience. Focus group discussions were conducted with staff and community members to gauge their experiences (if any) with PC, their thoughts and beliefs about PC, and what they would like a PC program offered by their CBO to entail. This was also used to build the PC curricula used in Phase I and the one being developed for Phase II. PC sessions were delivered to participants with staff members and were conducted with 20 participants over two weeks. After this, follow-up qualitative interviews were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the PC program. Descriptive and quantitative data analyses were conducted using Qualtrics and SAS software, while qualitative data was analyzed using rapid qualitative analysis.
RESULTS
Data collection (needs and assets assessment, focus group discussions, PC sessions, and follow-up interviews) occurred from March-May and October-December 2022. CBOs acknowledged the importance and need for PC; however, lack of resources makes implementation difficult. Most community members had never engaged with PC and obtained preconception care information from family members and the Internet. A total of 20 participants completed at least one PC session, while 16 completed two sessions over two weeks. Although there was little change in participants’ intention to change health behaviors between sessions, increased conscientiousness about their health and its impact on fertility was reported.
CONCLUSION
Gaining the support and participation of community members in PC will require active service promotion, improving program cultural sensitivity, improving the quality of care provided, and fostering trust with communities being served. Overall, community members agree that PC is important for improved minority maternal outcomes and are willing to engage CBOs offering PC in a more culturally appropriate and accessible manner.
Future Researchers in Medicine (FRiM) Winners PHEBE BROCKE
Future Researchers in Medicine (FRiM) Winners -
Nneka Ede
Abstract Title: Analysis
of Active Sunscreen Chemicals on Plasma Concentration using Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning
Authors:
Nneka Ede, BS*, Pengyu Ren, PhD
School: The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School
Future Researchers in Medicine (FRiM) Winners NNEKA EDE
BACKGROUND
Recent concerns have arisen regarding the systemic absorption of sunscreen chemicals, including avobenzone, octocrylene, octinoxate, and oxybenzone, with levels detected in the bloodstream surpassing the FDA’s safety levels. A JAMA study, by Matta et al, highlights this point. This project seeks to take a deeper dive into the aforementioned study with the use of pattern recognition methods, including regression modeling and neural networks. The study analyzes sunscreen chemical absorption across diverse populations, considering factors like race, BMI, and application patterns and this study predicts the time to elimination of the chemicals, comparing differences in skin type.
METHODS
The dataset utilized in this study was sourced from the work of Matta et al., and it was made available without direct investigator support. The data, in its raw form, underwent extensive preprocessing and wrangling procedures. All analyses were conducted using MATLAB (v R2023b). Regression models were implemented to allow for the exploration of the relationship between sunscreen concentration and time for various skin colors and BMIs.Then multiple Long Short-Term Memory neural networks were trained to predict sunscreen clearance contingent on the maximum concentration of sunscreen applied.
RESULTS
The coefficients from the regression models of white individuals who used avobenzone at maximal plasma concentration were 0.0533, 0.0363, 0.0330, and 0.0480 for lotion (LN), aerosol spray (AS), non-aerosol spray (NAS), and pump spray (PS) respectively, compared to black individuals who had coefficients of 0.0388, 0.0196, 0.0197, and 0.0201 respectively. The coefficients from the regression models of normalweight individuals who used avobenzone were 0.0469, 0.0289, 0.0279, and 0.0311, compared to overweight individuals with coefficients of 0.0493, 0.0296, 0.0277, and 0.0175 for LN, AS, NAS, and PS respectively. The predicted elimination time for avobenzone had an average of 556, 483, 463, and 534 hours for LN, AS, NAS, and PS respectively. White participants specifically had an average elimination time of 457, 488, 482, and 655 hours, and black participants had an average of 654, 477, 443, and 412 hours for LN, AS, NAS, and PS respectively.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest there are differences in plasma concentration and time to elimination of sunscreen chemicals based on race/skin type, particularly for AS, NAS, and PS. On average, the coefficients and time to elimination for fair skin individuals is higher than those with darker skin tones. More importantly, these results indicate the need for further research on dermal absorption in different skin types and psychosocial aspects of sunscreen application. These models also suggest there are large differences in plasma concentration based on BMI with the use of PS. This study is limited by the small data used for training and testing.
Translational Science
Category Winner - Ryan Dingle
Abstract Title: Healthcare Utilization and Cost of Care Analysis
of Patients with Sickle Cell Disease with High vs. Low
Biomarkers:
A Retrospective Chart Review
Author: Ryan Dingle*, Jennell White PhD, Kerry Bellemare MPH, Lanetta Bronté-Hall MD/MPH/MSPH, Patrick Hines MD/PhD
School: Michigan State University College of Human Medicine
Translational Science Category Winner RYAN DINGLE
BACKGROUND
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a red blood cell (RBC) disorder that is associated with frequent and unpredictable vaso-occlusive episodes (VOEs) including pulmonary hypertension, acute chest syndrome, chronic anemia, priapism, splenic and renal dysfunction, and stoke. The total cost to manage a SCD patient with a life expectancy of 64 years is between $1.3-$2.1M. Within the United States alone, up to 67% of adults have ≥3 VOEs per year that accounts for most of the healthcare utilization, including 78% of emergency room (ER) visits and 95% of hospitalizations. Despite the same single gene mutation of beta-globin, the frequency of VOEs amongst patients is highly variable. The pathophysiology of VOEs involves a complex interplay between circulating blood cells and elevated plasma factors that promote abnormal interactions to the vascular endothelium. Nearly a half century ago studies demonstrated RBC adhesion strongly correlates with disease severity however only recently standardized testing has become available to assess adhesion clinically. More specifically, we developed a suite of RBC health biomarkers and deployed our flow adhesion bioassays in our landmark, observational study (ELIPSIS). We established that flow adhesion of whole blood to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (FA -WB-VCAM) at baseline stratified SCD patients with severe disease phenotypes and validated the clinical predictive value of FA-WBVCAM two years post-ELIPSIS. The objective of this study was to determine whether baseline FA-WB-VCAM biomarker levels could predict patients more likely to receive direct healthcare contact (ER visits/hospital admissions) to manage SCD complications.
METHODS
This study was a retrospective assessment of clinical FA-WB-VCAM in individuals with SCD during steady state between January 2020 through March 2023. Flow adhesion assays were performed using pulsatile, shear flow (1.67Hz, 1.0 dyne/cm2). SCD patients that received at least 3 steady state FA-WB-VCAM biomarker evaluations within 1-year were included in this analysis. Clinical site received an IRB waiver to obtain patient-reported ER visits and hospitalizations during relevant time periods. We calculated a composite adhesion index by averaging baseline FA-WB-VCAM biomarker evaluations and established SCD disease severity by quantifying the number of ER visits and hospital admissions one year after the most recent FA-WB-VCAM biomarker evaluation. The non-parametric Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test was used to test the statistical differences between groups. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of mean. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS SUMMARY
Out of a total of 3939 clinical tests performed, 366 samples were obtained for “baseline” indications. Of these, only 28 samples were analyzed from 9 unique patients who met the study criteria described above. The average flow adhesion of whole blood to VCAM-1 (FA-WB-VCAM) in SCD patients with high adhesion phenotypes (>400 cells/mm2) was significantly higher than the low/moderate SCD cohort (mean high=603±78 cells/mm2, mean low/moderate=343±28 cells/mm2, p=0.02). More important, the high adhesion cohort had more ER visits (11 vs. 5) and hospitalizations (24 vs 9) and significantly higher healthcare costs ($35,871 vs. $13,563).
CONCLUSION
This is the first healthcare cost analysis assessing the relationship between SCD patients stratified by their adhesive phenotype using the standardized, clinical adhesion biomarker FA-WB-VCAM, and healthcare utilization. The previous ELIPSIS study established that baseline FA-WB-VCAM stratifies patients based on their risk of developing self-reported VOCs during a 6-month longitudinal observation period and their risk of higher clinical disease severity in a 2-year follow-up study. Consistent with this data, the current study demonstrated that a cohort of SCD patients with elevated baseline adhesion phenotypes based on FA-WB-VCAM had a greater utilization of healthcare resources (ER visits and hospitalizations) and had a higher cost of care during the retrospective observation period. These data suggest that RBC health as indicated by “baseline” FA-WB-VCAM levels may predict lower health care utilization and costs, and that this biomarker may be a plausible surrogate endpoint to assess the pharmaco-economic impact of SCD-modifying therapies. induced by TLR stimulation in macrophages.
THE STUDENT NATIONAL MEDICAL
W a s h i n g t o n , D C A p r i l 3 0 , 2 0 2 4 W i t h m o u n t i n g a p p r e h e n s i o n o v e r t h e e r o s i o n o f d i v e r s i t y , e q u i t y , a n d i n c l u s i o n ( D E I ) i n i t i a t i v e s i n m e d i c a l e d u c a t i o n , t h e S t u d e n t N a t i o n a l M e d i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n ( S N M A )
h a s c o n d u c t e d t h e l a r g e s t - e v e r n a t i o n a l s u r v e y t o d a t e s h e d d i n g l i g h t o n c r i t i c a l c h a l l e n g e s f a c i n g
u n d e r r e p r e s e n t e d m e d i c a l s t u d e n t s a c r o s s t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .
E f f o r t s t o r e m o v e D E I i n i t i a t i v e s w i t h i n a c a d e m i c c e n t e r s , i n c l u d i n g t h e p r o p o s e d E m b r a c i n g A n t i -
D i s c r i m i n a t i o n , U n b i a s e d , C u r r i c u l u m , a n d A d v a n c i n g T r u t h i n E d u c a t i o n ( E D U C A T E ) A c t i n t r o d u c e d b y
R e p . G r e g M u r p h y , M . D . ( R N C ) , t h r e a t e n t o e x a c e r b a t e e x i s t i n g d i s p a r i t i e s i n h e a l t h c a r e b y p r o h i b i t i n g
m e d i c a l s c h o o l s f r o m f e d e r a l f u n d i n g i f t h e y a d o p t p o l i c i e s a n d / o r r e q u i r e m e n t s c o n c e r n i n g d i v e r s i t y ,
e q u i t y , a n d i n c l u s i o n ( D E I ) .
W i t h o u t t h e e f f o r t s o f D E I a n d , s i m i l a r l y , A f f i r m a t i v e A c t i o n , t h e U S p h y s i c i a n w o r k f o r c e w i l l n o t
r e f l e c t t h e g r o w i n g n e e d s o f a d i v e r s e p a t i e n t p o p u l a t i o n T h i s u n d e r m i n e s p r o g r e s s t o w a r d e q u i t a b l e
h e a l t h c a r e a n d j e o p a r d i z e s t h e h e a l t h a n d w e l l - b e i n g o f t h e s e p a t i e n t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h o s e w h o a r e
m a r g i n a l i z e d a n d d i s e n f r a n c h i s e d , a c r o s s t h e n a t i o n . T h i s t h r e a t e n s t o u n d e r m i n e t h e f a b r i c o f m e d i c a l
e d u c a t i o n a n d e x a c e r b a t e t h e p h y s i c i a n s h o r t a g e a n d u l t i m a t e l y h e a l t h i n e q u i t i e s .
T h e s u r v e y , t i t l e d “ S N M A A M E C 2 0 2 4 : A t t i t u d e s T o w a r d D i v e r s i t y , E q u i t y , a n d I n c l u s i o n C l i m a t e , ” w a s c o n d u c t e d d u r i n g a n d i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r t h e 2 0 2 4 A n n u a l M e d i c a l E d u c a t i o n C o n f e r e n c e ( A M E C ) , g a r n e r i n g r e s p o n s e s f r o m 1 , 6 0 3 m e d i c a l s t u d e n t s a n d t o a l e s s e r d e g r e e p r e m e d i c a l s t u d e n t s a n d p h y s i c i a n s .
T h e s u r v e y r e v e a l e d a l a r m i n g t r e n d s t h a t u n d e r s c o r e t h e e s s e n t i a l r o l e D E I p l a y s i n s h a p i n g t h e f u t u r e o f e q u i t a b l e h e a l t h c a r e T h e s u
THE STUDENT NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
Results from this landmark survey highlighted several areas of concern, including the following:
Notable reductions in DEI efforts across medical institutions: 24% of respondents reported the elimination, reduction, or de-emphasis of DEI initiatives at their institutions Of those affected, 71% noted a reduction or loss of funding and/or the elimination of DEI offices or positions
Negative impact on quality of medical education and training: 94% of respondents believe that the lack of, or reduction in, DEI initiatives will negatively impact their education and training Furthermore, 96% emphasized the essential nature of DEI efforts in shaping their preparation as future physicians
Legislative Threat: The introduction of the Embracing Anti-Discrimination, Unbiased, Curriculum, and Advancing Truth in Education (EDUCATE) Act by Rep. Greg Murphy, M.D. (R-NC), poses a significant threat to DEI efforts in medical schools. If passed, the bill would tie federal funding to the prohibition of DEI policies, potentially exacerbating the existing disparities in healthcare.
Harmful Experiences faced by Minority Medical Students: Hundreds of respondents shared personal experiences, including instances of discrimination and microaggressions, highlighting the urgent need for sustained DEI efforts in medical education. A few specific and startling examples include:
“It has been horrible. People are being fired. Our SNMA chapter can no longer use our school logo. We have lost funding. Premed students are less likely to come. ”
“I was told that it wasn’t worth the admissions committee’s time to reach out to more students of color (i.e. tabling at conferences) because there aren’t enough qualified applicants, and it would be disingenuous to encourage them to apply”
“A school cannot say they do “holistic review processes” without considering backgrounds, things that make you diverse, and adverse experiences you face.”
In response to these findings, the SNMA underscores the indispensable role of DEI initiatives in fostering a diverse and culturally competent physician workforce addressing the national shortage of physicians
It is important to note that in March 2024, the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) released projections indicating that the United States will face a physician shortage of up to 86,000 physicians by 2036 These startling findings cannot be overlooked and actually could be worse according to the AAMC
THE STUDENT NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
“Given the new findings, it is clear that both sustained and increased investments in training new physicians are critical to mitigating projected shortfalls of doctors needed to meet the health care needs of our country,” said AAMC President and CEO David J. Skorton, MD. “Most importantly, if additional investments critical to increasing the supply of physicians fail to materialize, projected shortfalls of doctors will be larger than presented in this latest report.”
His opinion is foreshadowed in a 2023 article published in the AMA news where it is asserted that “The physician shortage that we have long feared and warned was on the horizon is here. It’s an urgent crisis hitting every corner of this country urban, rural with the most direct impact hitting families with high needs and limited means, ” said AMA President Jesse M. Ehrenfeld, MD, MPH.
How then can the US not sit up and pay attention to what the pipeline of African American/Black physicians are currently experiencing with the significant cuts in diversity and inclusion practices and supp ort?
While an overall shortage of physicians across all demographics exists, his stark fact shines the brightest:
ccording to the AAMC-- only about 5 7% of physicians in the United tates identify as Black or African American This statistic does not eflect the communities they serve, as an estimated 12% of the US opulation is Black or African American
“As an organization committed to supporting u nderrepresented minority medical students and addressing the needs of underserved communities, the SNMA reaffirms its dedication to advocating for policies that promote equity and inclusion in medical education,” said Ja'Nia McPhatter the National President of SNMA and current medical student at the University of Pittsburgh chool of Medicine “The SNMA urges policymakers to consider the detrimental impa ct of dismantling DEI initiatives and emphasizes the imperative of preserving affirmative action policies in healthcare professions. Failure to do so not only undermines progress toward equitable healthcare but also jeopardizes the health and well-being of diverse patient populations across the nation.”
Image Source: Nneoma Nzeduru
THE STUDENT NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
About the Student National Medical Association (SNMA): The SNMA is the oldest and largest student-run organization focused on the needs and concerns of medical students of color. Established in 1964, the SNMA is dedicated to increasing the number of clinically excellent, culturally competent, and socially conscious physicians, with a particular emphasis on addressing health disparities in underserved communities. For more information, please contact the Student National Medical Association (www.snma.org).
Media Availability SNMA President/National Spokesperson:
Ja'Nia McPhatter
61st National President, 2024-2025
MD Candidate 2026 | University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine president@snma.org | www.snma.org
Media Contact: Bridgette Hudson
Executive Director of the SNMA Bhudson@snma.org 202.882.2881 ext. 101
Echoes of Crisis: A Comprehensive Insight into the Challenges Faced by Minority Medical Students
In an era where diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) are more crucial than ever in medical education, the Student National Medical Association (SNMA) has taken a proactive step by conducting the most extensive survey to date on the experiences of underrepresented medical students across the United States. This groundbreaking study, carried out during the SNMA’s Annual Medical Education Conference from March 28th to April 4th, 2024, aims to illuminate the systemic barriers and daily challenges that minority medical students encounter, providing a vital pulse check on the health of our future medical workforce.
This survey, strategically distributed both at the conference and through various social media platforms, garnered a robust response from 1,603 participants, offering unprecedented insights into the academic, social, and personal landscapes these students navigate. The findings not only underscore the urgent concerns these students face but also spotlight the potential ramifications on the broader healthcare system if these issues are not addressed comprehensively.
In compiling and presenting these findings, the SNMA reaffirms its commitment to fostering an educational environment that not only recognizes but actively supports the diversity that is so vital to the medical profession. As we delve into the detailed outcomes of this survey, we aim to spark dialogue, drive policy change, and ensure that all medical students—regardless of background—have the support and opportunities they need to excel and, ultimately, to provide the best possible care to a diverse population.
Transforming the Future: Meharry Medical College and the Impact of Bloomberg’s Historic Donation
Interview by Abena Prempeh; Written by Oluleke Falade
A Historic Investment in Meharry Medical College
Meharry Medical College recently received a transformative $175 million grant from Bloomberg Philanthropies, placing it among four historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) benefiting from this monumental investment. Announced on August 6, 2024, this contribution aims to bolster the institution’s endowment, ensuring long-term financial sustainability and expanded opportunities for students and faculty. To discuss the impact of this unprecedented gift, Abena Prempeh, one of our JSNMA chief editors, spoke with Dr. James Hildreth, President and CEO of Meharry Medical College.
The Strategic Importance of an Endowment
During this interview, Dr. Hildreth underscored the critical role of endowments in maintaining financial resilience. Unlike grants or contracts that dictate specific allocations, endowments provide unrestricted revenue that grows through investment in stocks, bonds, and real estate, offering perpetual financial support.
“Meharry’s endowment started at $20 million a few decades ago,” Dr. Hildreth noted. “With the Bloomberg gift, it now stands just under $380 million, making it one of the largest among HBCUs.”
While a larger endowment strengthens financial footing, Dr. Hildreth emphasized the importance of expert management.
The Board of Trustees, alongside its finance committee comprising seasoned financial professionals, ensures responsible investment and adherence to donor-imposed restrictions.
Addressing the Endowment Gap in HBCUs
Despite their longstanding contributions to higher education, HBCUs have historically struggled with significantly smaller endowments compared to predominantly white institutions. Dr. Hildreth attributed this disparity to systemic barriers that limited wealth accumulation among Black professionals, thereby constraining alumni contributions.
“In the past, redlining laws prevented Black physicians from acquiring property and building wealth,” he explained. “Additionally, discriminatory hospital privileges and
professional limitations curtailed economic advancement. As a result, our alumni—while generous—simply do not have the same financial capacity to give at the levels seen in other institutions.”
This financial gap directly impacts students, limiting the institution’s ability to fund scholarships, invest in research, and enhance campus infrastructure.
Empowering Students to Serve Underserved Communities
A key benefit of Bloomberg’s donation is its potential to reduce student debt, enabling graduates to pursue careers in underserved areas—an essential part of Meharry’s mission. Currently, nearly 80% of its medical and dental graduates choose to serve in such communities.
“If debt continues to rise, students may be forced to choose higher-paying specialties over primary care,” Dr. Hildreth cautioned. “Through robust scholarship support, we can remove financial barriers and encourage students to follow their passion for serving vulnerable populations.”
To further reinforce this mission, Meharry introduced a scholarship-loan conversion model, which provides students who intend to work in underserved communities with financial support via scholarships. Should the recipient of this type of scholarship ultimately choose to pursue an alternate career path later, the scholarship would then be converted into a loan. This approach ensures alignment between financial assistance and institutional goals while maintaining student autonomy.
Meharry provides an estimated $26 million in uncompensated medical and dental care annually to the Nashville community, reinforcing its commitment to healthcare access and service for underserved populations.
A Catalyst for Additional Philanthropy
Bloomberg’s historic gift has catalyzed further philanthropy, resulting in Meharry Medical College receiving a $20 million anonymous donation and a $600,000 grant from HCA Healthcare for its School of Applied Computational Sciences. The anonymous $20 million gift will support Meharry’s programs and scholarships, enhancing its mission to serve underserved communities and educate diverse healthcare professionals. The $600,000 grant from HCA Healthcare is designated to fund paid internships and scholarships over four years for graduate students in the School of Applied Computational Sciences, fostering opportunities in data science and artificial intelligence.
According to Dr. Hildreth, these contributions underscore Meharry’s growing reputation for excellence in medical education and research.
“Our School of Applied Computational Sciences is actively diversifying the fields of data science and artificial intelligence,” he said. “Ensuring that healthcare algorithms represent minority populations is a crucial step toward equity, and donors are recognizing that impact.”
Challenges in Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) Funding
Despite these financial gains, Dr. Hildreth acknowledged the broader political challenges affecting DEI initiatives. Recent federal policy
changes have led to widespread terminations of DEI programs across corporations and government agencies, raising concerns about the sustainability of funding for HBCUs.
“The current administration’s policies are having a chilling effect,” he said. “Major corporations like Walmart have already ended their DEI programs, and critical federal funding for institutions like Meharry is at risk.”
To counteract these potential financial shortfalls, Meharry is prioritizing the preservation of essential student programs and seeking alternative philanthropic support.
The Role of Essential Student Programs
Essential student programs at Meharry include academic support services, mentorship initiatives, career development resources, and wellness programs aimed at ensuring student success. These programs provide critical assistance, such as tutoring, professional networking opportunities, mental health services, and financial counseling. Additionally, initiatives that focus on community engagement and medical training reinforce Meharry’s mission to serve underserved populations.
Dr. Hildreth emphasized that preserving these programs is crucial to maintaining student success and fostering an environment where future healthcare professionals can thrive. “We must ensure that our students have the necessary support structures in place so that they can focus on their education and their commitment to serving others,” he stated.
The Immediate Impact on Students
Bloomberg’s previous $34 million gift in 2020 demonstrated the immediate benefits of a
well-managed endowment. That contribution provided 280 students with $100,000 each in debt relief, while $6 million funded student support services across the medical school.
“While Bloomberg’s focus has been on medical students, we continue to advocate for our dental students, who carry even higher debt burdens,” Dr. Hildreth emphasized. “We are committed to expanding scholarships and securing unrestricted funds to benefit all students.”
Meharry’s Enduring Legacy in LeadershipHealthcare
Meharry’s impact extends beyond financial aid. As a co-founding institution of the Student National Medical Association (SNMA), alongside Howard University, it has played a pivotal role in developing leadership among minority medical students.
“SNMA has been instrumental in shaping future healthcare leaders,” Dr. Hildreth stated. “It provides advocacy, networking, and mentorship opportunities that continue to empower our students.”
As our conversation concluded, Dr. Hildreth expressed optimism that Bloomberg’s donation and subsequent philanthropic efforts would further amplify Meharry’s mission.
“The Bloomberg gift affirmed the critical role of diversity in healthcare,” he said. “It also validated the impact of our institution—not just for Meharry, but for the future of medicine.”
With an increasingly fortified endowment, Meharry Medical College is well-positioned to advance its mission, ensuring that the next generation of healthcare professionals is diverse, well-supported, and dedicated to serving communities in need.
Meharry Medical Group provides free health screenings at 43rd Tennessee Indian education Pow Wow. Source: Meharry Medical Group
Dr. James Dr. James Hildreth, President and CEO of Meharry Medical College. Source: Meharry Medical College
THE POWER OF OUR VOICES
By: Heli Butala and Stephie Thomas
“Wherever the art of medicine is loved, there is also a love of humanity”
~ Hippocrates
This sentiment, expressed over a thousand years ago, remains timeless. Throughout my medical journey, we observed a common theme among doctors and medical students: a genuine desire to help others and create a lasting, positive impact on the world. This drive may stem from our wish to leave a mark in a world where our time is limited or from a desire to express gratitude for the support we received in our own lives. Regardless, this altruistic motivation is one of the cornerstones of modern medicine.
Personally, my motivation to pursue medicine comes from both wishes. I always knew I wanted to work with people and make a difference in their lives. As a child, I loved learning about others and was often found either speaking with someone new or reading a book to see the world from another person’s perspective. As I grew older, I gained a greater appreciation for the sciences and continued to be curious about the world and the people around me. Ultimately, medicine is a blend of a love for humanity and the sciences, just as Hippocrates once said.
Stephie’s Experience Interaction with Underserved Patients
The greatest privilege is being present and supporting someone during their most difficult moments. Although we may only see some patients for a short period, I do not think I will ever forget the feeling of making a difference in someone else’s life. During my summer break after my first year of medical school, I volunteered at a local underserved medical clinic and assisted with taking patients’ blood pressure. Although my task was small, I was excited to interact
with underserved patients– to ameliorate any worries and to learn more about their stories. Some patients were outgoing, while others were more reserved, but all left with smiles on their faces. This experience served as a great reminder of why I chose this field and why I remain committed to medicine despite the arduous exams and challenges along the way.
Each of Our Voices is Unique
Another key cornerstone of medicine is creating space for everyone’s opinions and perspectives to be heard. Each of our voices is unique, and no one else thinks exactly like we do. we believe that fostering an environment where diverse voices are welcomed in the medical field allows us to move forward and enhance patient care tailored to meet the unique needs of each patient. Each individual possesses unique skills, and by collaborating with other healthcare teams, we can enhance the quality of patient care. Throughout our education, we have had the privilege of shadowing and interacting with many physicians and healthcare providers. Every physician we have worked with has a unique way of communicating and the skill of making patients comfortable. Not only did we gain medical knowledge, but we also received first-hand exposure to how essential skills such as openness, empathy, kindness, and active listening play a significant role in comforting patients.
Heli’s Experience Interaction with Underserved Patients
One of my most unforgettable experiences involved volunteering with the immigrant community at the Family Community Clinic (FCC). As a scribe, I learned how crucial nonverbal communication can be, especially when language barriers exist. I recall an elderly Indian woman who arrived with her son to have stitches on her hand. Overwhelmed by her injury, she appeared confused and uncomfortable as the physician posed numerous questions and detailed the procedure using medical jargon. Her visible nervousness highlighted the difficulty arising from their communication gap, making it challenging to deliver proper healthcare. Sensing her distress, I stepped in to interpret the medical terms in Hindi, breaking things down step by step. Shortly afterward, a smile spread across her face, and she hugged me, indicating her relief. This experience taught me the significance of diversity in medicine and how vital it is to recognize a patient’s nonverbal signals alongside their medical issues for effective care. Many patients encounter hurdles such as financial difficulties, language issues, and limited access to preventive care. Factors like socioeconomic status and social stigmas can significantly impact health and worsen a person’s condition.
The Future of Our Voices
Coming from a minority background, we are committed to being physicians who ensure that all patients feel at ease when discussing their healthcare needs. During medical school, we found ourselves engaging with organizations such as the Student National Medical Association which taught us about activism and social justice in medicine. These organizations allowed us to have meaningful dialogue about inequalities affecting marginalized groups. We began to see the need to mitigate the negative experiences, gross inequities, and barriers to prevention and early detection— the realities of many patients—through advocacy, and we saw medicine as the best platform to do so as it relies on continuous innovations. Throughout all of these experiences, we realized that illustrating how the beauty of diversity lies in the assurance that by embracing all voices for the welfare of disadvantaged patients and fighting the stigmas that exist behind illnesses.
References:
1. Student National Medical Association. (n.d.). Mission and History. Retrieved from https://snma.org/
“I Am Not My Hair”
PHOTOGRAPHY ART PIECE
The stigma surrounding natural Black hair poses unique challenges for Black women in medicine, where professionalism and presentation are often judged harshly. The medical field is one that demands a high level of respectability, and for Black women, this respectability is often unfairly tied to conforming to Eurocentric beauty standards. Natural hairstyles such as afros, braids, locs, or twists are frequently labeled as “unprofessional” or “unhygienic,” leaving many Black women in medicine to feel pressured to straighten or alter their natural hair to avoid scrutiny.
In healthcare environments, where Black women may already face systemic biases, the pressure to conform to these grooming standards can be particularly burdensome. Medical professionals are often seen as the face of trust and care, and for many Black women, the decision to wear their natural hair comes with concerns about how patients, colleagues, and supervisors may perceive them. They may worry that natural hairstyles will lead to assumptions of incompetence, a lack of authority, or even a reduced ability to connect with patients.
This pressure is not without consequences. Black women in medicine may spend considerable time and financial resources on hair treatments to maintain straightened styles, prioritizing societal acceptance over personal preference or comfort. The mental toll of navigating these decisions adds to the already high-stress environment of medical work. For some, it can even create barriers to fully expressing their identity and confidence in the workplace.
Despite these challenges, many Black women in medicine are embracing their natural hair and challenging these outdated perceptions. They are redefining what professionalism looks like, showing that hairstyles reflecting their heritage and identity do not detract from their skills, expertise, or ability to provide exceptional care. Representation plays a critical role here—Black women in leadership roles within medicine, proudly wearing natural hairstyles, help to break down stereotypes and empower others to do the same.
Growing up, I was ashamed of my natural Black hair. I thought I always had to have pressed silk hair to be accepted. Constant exposure to such notions as these causes Black women to believe these stereotypes. It took some healing to understand that our hair should not be the sole deciding factor on how we are to be perceived by others and ourselves. Due to songs like India Arie’s “I Am Not My Hair,” I began to love and embrace wearing my natural Black hair. Just like the song suggests, our hair is an extension of ourselves, but it is not the only thing that defines us. I learned that I shouldn’t let the way society views my hair affect the way I see myself. Therefore, my artwork honors the intricacy and beauty of natural Black hair, empowering Black women to embrace their hair on their own terms—free from societal expectations—and wear it with confidence in any setting.
BIOGRAPHY
Abigail Coachi
Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine - Middletown, NY Campus
Masters Student/ Post Baccalaureate Student
Fortifying Our Health: The Role of Dairy in Black Americans’ Diets
Written by the SNMA Publication Committee
As medical students from ethnic backgrounds underrepresented in medicine, we have a unique opportunity to advocate for the health and well-being of our communities. The relationship between African Americans and dairy is shaped by a complex history of higher rates of lactose intolerance, limited access to healthcare, and dietary patterns influenced by systemic inequities1,2 For many African Americans, lactose intolerance has led to widespread misconceptions about the need to avoid dairy entirely3. These beliefs, coupled with generational mistrust of the healthcare system, have contributed to lower dairy consumption, despite its significant health benefits.
As future physicians, it’s essential that we not only challenge these myths but also understand their historical and social roots. Lactose intolerance does not always require complete avoidance of dairy, as many individuals can still consume forms that are easier to digest, such as
yogurt and cheese4. By highlighting the nutritional benefits of dairy products like milk, cheese, and yogurt, we can empower our communities to make informed dietary choices that enhance their health. These foods provide essential nutrients and, when consumed appropriately, can play a crucial role in addressing health disparities, including those related to bone health, cardiovascular health, and diabetes prevention5,6.
ADDRESSING HEALTH DISPARITIES
Nutritional disparities among Black Americans are influenced by a combination of socioeconomic factors, discrimination, and food insecurity. These challenges contribute to higher rates of chronic diseases and nutritional deficiencies6. For instance, Black communities often have lower intakes of calcium and vitamin D, which are crucial for bone and cardiovascular health6
SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS:
Limited access to affordable and nutritious foods, including dairy, can hinder our ability to maintain a balanced diet. Educating ourselves and our communities on budgetfriendly dairy options and government programs like WIC (Women, Infants, and children) that provide dairy products can help mitigate these barriers6.
DISCRIMINATION AND MISINFORMATION:
Historical mistrust in the healthcare system and misinformation about dietary needs have also impacted our dietary choices. This is a key role that Black medical students can play in building trust within healthcare practices. This includes providing accurate information about the benefits of dairy6.
THE NUTRITIONAL BENEFITS OF DAIRY
Milk, cheese and yogurt offer unique nutrition and health benefits that other food groups don’t. Real dairy milk provides high-quality protein and essential vitamins and minerals, including calcium, potassium, phosphorus, zinc, selenium, iodine, and vitamins A, D, B12, riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), and pantothenic acid (B5), delivering key nutrients that many Americans lack in their diets7.These nutrients are vital for maintaining bone health, muscle function, and immune support5. Black Americans and people of African heritage often face higher rates of chronic diseases like hypertension and diabetes. Including milk, cheese and yogurt in our diets can provide significant health benefits5
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT:
Research indicates that adequate dairy intake during early childhood is associated with improved cognitive outcomes, particularly in areas such as language development and memory function. Research suggests that consuming milk and dairy products contributes to better brain development due to bioactive peptides that influence cognitive processes8. Additionally, dairy consumption has been linked to higher levels of vitamin B12, which is crucial for the formation of the myelin sheath that protects neurons9. Ensuring an adequate intake of dairy products may, therefore, support optimal neurodevelopment in children, although further studies are needed to clarify the long-term effects.
BONE HEALTH AND CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT:
Calcium and vitamin D are critical for bone density and strength, helping to prevent osteoporosis, a condition prevalent in older adults. Regular dairy consumption can help ensure we get enough of these nutrients, reducing the risk of fractures and improving overall skeletal health10. In addition, while dairy milk provides important nutrients for bone health, it also provides many other essential nutrients important to nutrition security and other public health benefits for children such as brain development in the first 1,000 days.
MUSCLE MAINTENANCE:
The high-quality protein in milk, cheese, and yogurt supports muscle repair and maintenance, which is particularly important for aging adults who are at risk of sarcopenia (age-related muscle loss). Including these dairy foods in our diets can help preserve muscle mass and strength, enhancing mobility and quality of life10
CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH:
Potassium in milk, cheese, and yogurt helps regulate blood pressure. High blood pressure is a major concern given the higher incidence of hypertension in black communities. By balancing sodium levels, potassium can aid in maintaining heart health and reducing the risk of stroke6 .
DIABETES RISK REDUCTION:
Recent research has examined the relationship between dairy consumption and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, highlighting a potentially protective effect. A dose-response meta-analysis and systematic review of cohort studies found that higher dairy consumption was associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly with the intake of low-fat dairy products. The study by Feng et al. suggests that the consumption of dairy, especially yogurt and low-fat options, may contribute to lower diabetes risk due to favorable effects on glucose metabolism and body weight management11. This evidence supports the notion that incorporating dairy into a balanced diet may be beneficial for diabetes prevention, although the specific impact may vary depending on the type and quantity of dairy consumed.
DEBUNKING MYTHS AND OVERCOMING BARRIERS
One of the most common barriers to dairy consumption is lactose intolerance, which is more prevalent among us. However, lactose intolerance does not require the complete elimination of dairy from our diets. There are various strategies to manage this condition while still reaping the benefits of dairy5
LACTOSE-FREE OPTIONS:
Lactose-free milk and lower lactose options such as yogurt, cheese and kefir provide the same essential nutrients without causing digestive discomfort. These products are widely available and can be easily incorporated into daily meals5
FERMENTED DAIRY:
Yogurt and kefir contain beneficial probiotics and often have lower lactose content, making them more digestible for those of us with lactose intolerance. These products support gut health and can be incorporated in various recipes5
SMALL PORTIONS AND GRADUAL INTRODUCTION:
Starting with small portions of dairy and gradually increasing intake can help our bodies adapt and reduce symptoms of lactose intolerance5.
Plant-based milk alternatives, while popular, do not provide the same nutritional benefits as dairy milk and are not suitable substitutes, especially for young children12. Leading health
organizations across North America, such as the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and the American Academy of Pediatrics, caution against their use. They highlight concerns about nutrient inadequacy, the uncertain bioavailability of fortified nutrients, and the potential risks to growth and development in children citing concerns with nutrient inadequacy, uncertainty around fortified nutrient bioavailability and potential harm to growth and development.
PRACTICAL STRATEGIES FOR DAILY DAIRY INTAKE
Incorporating dairy into our diets can be simple, accessible, affordable and delicious. Did you know that dairy milk is a source of 13 essential nutrients for just 23 cents per 8-ounce serving, or 55 cents per serving of lactose-free dairy milk? Here are a few practical tips:
Breakfast: Add milk to cereals, oatmeal, or smoothies. Another option is yogurt with fresh fruit and nuts for a nutrient-packed start to the day.
Lunch: Include cheese in sandwiches or salads. Enjoy a glass of milk with your meal.
Dinner: Use dairy in cooking, such as adding cheese to casseroles or incorporating milk into soups and sauces.
Snacks: Choose yogurt or cheese sticks as convenient and healthy snack options.
CONCLUSION
Educating ourselves about the importance of dairy can empower us to make informed dietary choices and advocate for better health within our communities. By understanding the nutritional benefits, addressing health disparities, debunking myths, and providing practical strategies, we can improve health outcomes and enhance the quality of life for Black Americans across their lifespans. As future doctors, we have the power to drive change and promote a balanced, nutrient-rich diet that includes dairy, contributing to healthier, more vibrant communities.
Creamy Spaghetti Carbonara Recipe
STEPS
12
INGREDIENTS:
8 ounces spaghetti
4 ounces pancetta, diced
2 garlic cloves, minced
1 cup half and half
2 large egg yolks
1 cup grated Parmesan cheese
Black pepper and red pepper flakes, to taste
Fresh parsley, chopped
1. Boil pasta: Cook spaghetti in salted water for 8-10 minutes until al dente. Drain, reserving ½ cup of pasta water.
2. Cook pancetta: Sauté pancetta over medium heat for 4-5 minutes until crispy. Remove from the pan and set aside.
3. Make the sauce: Sauté minced garlic in the pancetta fat for 1 minute. Add half and half, simmering for 2-3 minutes. Whisk the egg yolks in a separate bowl and slowly whisk in some hot cream to temper them. Then, return the egg mixture to the pan and cook for another 2-3 minutes until the sauce thickens. Stir in Parmesan cheese, black pepper, and red pepper flakes.
4. Combine and finish: Add the cooked spaghetti to the sauce, tossing to coat. Stir in the pancetta and some reserved pasta water if needed for consistency.
5. Garnish with fresh parsley and additional Parmesan. Serve hot.
CITATIONS
1.African American Health Disparities and Dairy Consumption. National Library of Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32299794.
2.Lactose Intolerance in African Americans: Historical and Cultural Context. National Library of Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/20404392.
3.Matthews SB, Waud JP, Roberts AG, Campbell AK. Systemic lactose intolerance: A new perspective on an old problem. Postgrad Med J. 2005;81(953):167-173. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2004.026443.
4.Shaukat A, Levitt MD, Taylor BC, et al. Systematic review: Effective management strategies for lactose intolerance. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(12):797-803. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-152-12-201006150-00241.
5.Mitchell E, Comerford K, Knight M, McKinney K, Lawson Y. A review of dairy food intake for improving health among Black adults in the US. J Natl Med Assoc. 2024;116(2 Pt 2):253-273. doi:10.1016/j.jnma.2024.01.018.
6.Comerford K, Lawson Y, Young M, et al. The role of dairy food intake for improving health among Black Americans across the life continuum: A summary of the evidence. J Natl Med Assoc. 2024;116(2 Pt 2):292-315. doi:10.1016/j.jnma.2024.01.020.
7.National Dairy Council. What’s in Your Glass? U.S. Dairy. January 2024. Accessed August 17, 2024. https://www.usdairy.com/news-articles/ whats-in-your-glass
8.Heaney RP, Layman DK. Dairy intake, dietary protein, and bone health. J Nutr. 2018;148(3):329S-333S.
9.Allen LH. Vitamin B12 metabolism and status during pregnancy, lactation, and infancy. Adv Nutr. 2012;3(3):201-207.
10.Mitchell E, Comerford K, Knight M, McKinney K, Lawson Y. A review of dairy food intake for improving health among black geriatrics in the US. J Natl Med Assoc. 2024 Apr;116(2 Pt 2):274-291. doi: 10.1016/j.jnma.2024.01.017.
11.Feng Y, Zhao Y, Liu J, Huang Z, Yang X, Qin P, et al. Consumption of dairy products and the risk of overweight or obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a dose-response meta-analysis and systematic review of cohort studies. Adv Nutr. 2022;13(6):2165-79.
12.Lott M, Callahan E, Welker Duffy E, Story M, Daniels S. Healthy Beverage Consumption in Early Childhood: Recommendations from Key National Health and Nutrition Organizations. Consensus Statement. Durham, NC: Healthy Eating Research, 2019. Available at http:// healthyeatingresearch.org
13.Hess JM, Cifelli CJ, Fulgoni Iii VL. Energy and Nutrient Intake of Americans according to Meeting Current Dairy Recommendations. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):3006.
14.Hinton PS, Rector RS, Donnelly JE, et al. Total body bone mineral content and density during weight loss and maintenance on a low- or recommended-dairy weight-maintenance diet in obese men and women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64(4):392-399.
15.Palacios C, Bertrán JJ, Ríos RE, et al. No effects of low and high consumption of dairy products and calcium supplements on body composition and serum lipids in Puerto Rican obese adults. Nutrition. 2011;27(5):520-525.
16.U.S. Dairy. Creamy Spaghetti Carbonara Recipe. U.S. Dairy. Accessed August 17, 2024. https://www.usdairy.com/recipes/creamy-carbonara
17.Healthy Eating Research. Dairy Milk vs. Plant Milks for Toddlers & Young Kids [Internet]. Available at: https://healthydrinkshealthykids.org/ app/uploads/2022/09/Dairy-Milk-vs-Plant-Milks-for-Young-Kids.pdf
