CROP - FALL 2020 - RESEARCH

MASTER

PLAN

FIU Department of Architecture ARC 6356 Architectural Design 10

FALL 2020

Course Syllabus ARC 6356 Architectural Design 10 Faculty:

Marcelo Ertorteguy Email: mertorte@fiu.edu Tel: 917-609-5174 Catalog Description: Architectural project emphasizing design development preparation of details and design documents for buildings of intermediate complexity.

Credits: 6 Credits Course Description: CROP studio proposes the adaptive reuse of the Miami International Mall building complex and adjacent “big box” facilities. Given the increasing decay of brick and mortar shopping vs its counterpart Online shopping, and its acceleration by the effects caused by COVID-19, the future of these type of big indoor commercial spaces is uncertain.

Adaptive Reuse had a peak moment after big warehouses and factories left by the industrial revolution were vacated giving way for gentrification to take place and rapidly turn these spaces into commercial and residential use. The “Online revolution” is just in its beginnings and we can already start to see spatial consequences, It seems only appropriate to take advantage of all the infrastructure and embedded energy left behind by the retail industry to be repurposed for current needs.

The (typical) shopping mall configuration, as a concept, derived from the evolution and hyper simplification of “downtown” or city centers (main thoroughfare with shops on the sides), this layout lends itself to be reversed and to become a street once again, perhaps the street of a new type of town. By the same token, the big box anchor stores located at the ends of each corridor have the capacity to accommodate any other program, from residential to public buildings.

The goal of the studio is to explore the possibilities of transforming the Miami International Mall into a selfsufficient community, an off-the-grid “village” with its own infrastructure where all services and needs are at walking distance. Where each building is a hybrid that houses 2 or more programs simultaneously, an urban use on one side (residences, schools, co-working spaces, farmer’s market, gym, park, museum, entertainment, clinic, etc.) and an infrastructural use on the other (water treatment, waste management, renewable energy generator, food production, etc)

9

11

10 2

7

3 1

6 18 4 8

12

5 17

13

14

15

16

HYBRID

BOX

SHOE BOX

CARDBOX

CASH BOX

LUNCH BOX

TOOL BOX

SAND BOX

JUICE BOX

MUSIC BOX

PIZZA BOX

TISSUE BOX

METER BOX

BIRD BOX

BENTO BOX

BEAT BOX

SAFE BOX

ICE BOX

JUKE BOX

BOOM BOX

DROP BOX

DROP BOX

GLASS BOX

BLACK BOX

JUNCTION BOX

MAIL BOX

TRUCK BOX

CHOCOLATE BOX

PANDORA’S BOX

MATCH BOX

JEWERLY BOX

FILE BOX

BALLOT BOX

CIGAR BOX

LITTER BOX

P.O. BOX

GIFT BOX

GEAR BOX

CHEST BOX

JACK IN THE BOX

BOX

RING BOX

BOX

RE

RESEARCH

SEARCH HOUSING

-AFFORDABLE HOUSING -WORKFORCE HOUSING

LOCAL HISTORY & RELEVANT CASE STUDIES

EDUCATION

-ELEMENTARY EDUCATION -HIGH SCHOOL EDUCTAION

SIZING / DENSITY / SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS

FOOD

-ALTERNATIVE PROTEIN -FARMING METHODS -FISH FARMING

WATER

-WATER SOURCING -WATER TREATMENT

POWER

-SOLAR ENERGY -WIND ENERGY -BIOFUEL ENERGY

WASTE

-WASTE MANAGMENT -RECYCLING

SITE

-MIAMI INTERNATIONAL MALL HISTORY -ZONING, CLIMATE DATA

PRECEDENTS

-SELF-SUFFICIENT / OFF-THE-GRID COMMUNITIES -RETAIL APOCALYPSE

TYPES / INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIRMENTS

POTABLE WATER RAINWATER HARVESTING SEWAGE TREATMENT

SIZING / DENSITY / SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS

METHODS / INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIRMENTS

DEFINITION, HISTORY & CASE STUDIES

HISTORY

MIAMI INTERNATIONAL MALL

ALESSANDRA MADRIZ

MIAMI INTERNATIONAL MALL: HISTORY

GROWTH:

Miami International Mall is an enclosed shopping mall in Doral, a very fast growing city in southwestern Metropolitan Miami, only half a mile away from the larger Dolphin Mall. The Miami International Airport is nearby, thus giving the mall its name. It was built by the Edward J. DeBartolo Corp. in 1983.

1994

1999

2006

2018

DORAL HISTORY In the late 1950s, real estate pioneers Alfred and Doris Kaskel purchased 2,400 acres of swampland between Northwest 36 Street and Northwest 74 Street and from Northwest 79 Avenue to Northwest 117 Avenue for about $49,000, intending to build a golf course and hotel, it was completed in 1962 for a total of $10 million. In February 2012, the Trump Organization purchased the Doral Resort & Spa out of bankruptcy for $150 million. The property's name was then changed to Trump National Doral.

By the early 1980s, Doral started to experience its first residential growth spurt, when Alfred's and Doris' grandson Bill developed Doral Estates, followed by a joint venture with Lennar Corporation to build Doral Park. From 1983 to 1985, Miami-Dade County imposed a building moratorium to protect the area's water wells. Once the ban was lifted, Doral experienced tremendous growth. The new City of Doral was named as an attractive location for entrepreneurs with an interest in the Latin America market.

ZOOMED IN SITE

From 1983 until 2000, the mall had indoor trees, five fountains to throw pennies in (one in front of each of the anchors), a children's train, and a large cascading floor level fountain in center court.

The large center fountain was shut off and sat unused through most of the 1990s. It was later completely removed and the circular space was used for cart vendors. In 2000, the mall underwent a huge renovation and celebrated its "Grand re-opening" in 2001 when the nearby Dolphin Mall opened with an international theme. The renovation included removing its old features (the trees, fountains, etc.), and making it a more modern and upscale mall despite having JCPenney, two Macy's stores that were formerly Burdines and Jordan Marsh, and Kohl's (which opened in 2011 in a building previously occupied by Lord & Taylor, Mervyns, and Dillard's) as anchors.

BURDINES AND JORDAN MARSH: UNTIL 1991, NOW MACY’S

MAIN PLAZA AND FOOD COURT AREA

PARKING LOT AREA, BURDINE’S IN THE BACK

Burdines grew into a popular chain of department stores, known as 'The Florida Store,' decorated with palm trees in the center of the store. In 1956, the stores became a part of Federated Department Stores, Inc. (now Macy's, Inc.) As well as Jordan Marsh, which was also converted to Macy’s in 1988.

RETAIL APOCALYPSE

ANTONIO COMAS

Retail Apocalypse Factors Rise of E-Commerce Mall Overpopulation Experience Economy Shrinking Middle Class Poor Management COVID-19 Pandemic

The Timeline

The foundation for the retail apocalypse began with the financial crisis of 2008, otherwise known as the Great Recession. This caused consumer spending to crash, which left retail stores vulnerable. While many stores worked to rebuild, many began to go under, especially as private equity firms began to buy up stores and turned them away from being publicly traded. Some of these buyouts actually harmed retailers, saddling them with immense amounts of debt, which led to bankruptcy filings. Stores that suffered this fate include David’s Bridal, Sport’s Authority, and Payless Shoe Source.

As bigger retailers close their doors, a death spiral for malls begins. This is because the middle mall stores, such as nail salons and smaller retailers, depend on the foot traffic of the larger stores, such as JCPenny’s and Macy’s.

A very public example of this phenomenon is Toys-R-Us, which suffered due to the increase in smaller retailers and from increased competition from stores such as Walmart and Target. After a 6.6 billion dollar leveraged buyout went south, Toys-R-Us was left with a five billion dollar debt, which the retailer failed to pay off in the last 10 years, leading to the company filing for bankruptcy. Toys-R-Us also suffered from the boom of the E-Commerce economy, as consumers no longer had to visit stores to be able to purchase products they could easily buy online.

The Timeline

As the 2010’s progressed, e-commerce exploded, with Amazon and Walmart leading the charge. This explosion placed shopping at our fingertips, allowing us to purchase products, and services, with the touch of a button. This led to rise of another type of retail: direct-to-consumer brands, such as Glossier, Casper, and Away. These brands don’t follow the rules of traditional retailers: they have no brick-and-mortar stores, they have cut out the middlemen, and have mass social media followings. The shrinking of disposable income of the middle class also changed the way that we spend money, with most spending shifting towards things we can’t get through the phone, known as the experience economy. These all made it harder for department stores to find ways to bring in consumers into the stores. Some stores have partnered with trendy companies, such as JCPenny and Thread-Up, and begun to experiment with other types of retail, such as pop-ups and concept stores. The COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 has further damaged traditional stores, with many stores closing and companies filing for bankruptcy, such as J. Crew, Neiman Marcus, and JCPenny.

In 2019 alone, 9,300 stores were expected to close, with 1.3 million people losing jobs, with an additional 728,000 people indirectly, in the last 10 years. As stores begin to close, and the economy continues to shift, malls and shuttered store fronts continue to remain untouched.

Experience Economy

The Experience Economy theory was explained in a book by B. Joseph Pine II and James H. Gilmore in 1998. In their book “The Experience Economy” they argued that businesses must orchestrate memorable events for their customers and that the memory becomes the product. They believe that this next evolution is the successor of the service, industrial, and agrarian economies of the past.

In 1992, Gerhard Schultze described the concept of schönes Leben or “nice living,” which he observed in Nuremberg. In 1996, Rolf Jensen described the commercialization of emotions and believed that “[i]n 25 years, what people will buy will be mostly stories, ... emotions and lifestyle.”

Evolution of Products Transformations Guide

Customization Experiences Stage

Customization

Commoditization

Services Deliver

Customization

Commoditization

Goods Make

Commoditization Commodities Extract

Experience Types

Two types of Experiences: Participation & Connection.

These two are further subdivided into Active vs Passive Participation and Absorption vs. Immersion. By plotting participation and connection on two perpendicular axes, the four E’s of Experience are created. The sweet spot for an experience is at the intersection of these two lines: an experience that immerses a participant while allowing them to absorb it with varying degrees of participation. The more engaging an experience is, the more successful it is.

Ethical Consumerism

The economy has also seen he rise of Ethical Consumerism in recent years, as consumers begin to become more aware of social issues and causes, and it is defined as buying ethically-made products that support small businesses and local artisans, while protecting animals, the environment, and, more recently, support social causes. A 2018 study found that 88% of people will be prompted to boycott a company for irresponsible business practices and 76% will refuse to purchase a company’s products or services upon learning it supported an issue contrary to their beliefs.

Absorption Engaged by performances

Enhances knowledge/skill

Entertainment

Educational Active Active Participation Participation

Passive Participation

Esthetic Enriched by sensual environments

Escapist Engrossed by participating in a different time/place

Immersion

The Arcade, Rhode Island

Built, in 1828, The Arcade is considered to be the oldest indoor mall in the United States. It served as a shopping center well into the 20th century, but fell into disrepair. It was rehabilitated in 1980 by Irving B Haynes & Associates and Gilbare Properties. It closed, again, for renovations in 2008.

It finally reopened in its current evolution as a mixed-use commercial and residential micro-lofts under real estate developer Evan Granoff (Granoff Associates LLC) with Northeast Collaborative Architects. The Arcade was listed under the National Register of Historic Places in 1971, and listed as a National Historic Landmark in 1976.

Guy Debord & The Society of the Spectacle

Debord’s is mostly known today for his work “The Society of the Spectacle” a manifesto of observations of contemporary life. He believed that capitalism had “produced a level of abundance sufficient to solve the initial problem of survival but only in such a way that the same problem is continually being regenerated at a higher level.” He explains that capitalism has redefined survival: it is no longer about food and shelter, but about the “need” for goods. In other words, capitalism has trained us to believe that we need goods, such as computers and phones to survive. While not a critique on the goods themselves, it is a critique on how we believe that we “need” to purchase a new product when the product we have works just as well, and that this “need” is guided by how we appear to others instead of survival.

Today, this can be seen in the way that we think we “need” to buy the new IPhone every year, or in the way celebrities and influencers are used to create an image of the type of person who uses a product, and companies will sell us that image, instead of the product itself. Lastly, it is seen in the way politicians campaign, such as when Hillary Clinton painted herself as a morally driven person in response to the public’s perception of Donald Trump and his lack of morality. Social Media is also a good example: we present curated versions of ourselves and are obsessed with appearing happy, instead of actively seeking happiness.

In simple words, the “spectacle” has distracted us from actual truth and experiences by substituting them with images and appearances. The “spectacle” is diffused throughout society and culture, and everyone plays a part in it, no longer is it just the ruling class imposing images on the proletariat, but the proletariat onto themselves as well.

The Future of Retail

Many believe that the Retail Apocalypse is the end of retail and stores and that malls will and shopping districts will become desolate places. I would posit that they are looking too short-term. It is inevitable that stores would need to change to compete with online retailers. However, online retailers like Warby Parker, Brandless, and Goop invested in storefronts. Retail is undergoing an evolution, that will be painful, but necessary if the industry will continue operate.

This evolution is a converging of the digital and the real, in which both are used as tools to create personalized interactions and create something special to enhance the experience. Design will also play a huge role during this evolution, as the space inhabited by a retail store will need to adapt as the very concept of retail is re-imagined.

Kate Machtiger is the founder of Extre Terrestrial Studio, and designs and builds deep space, places of exploration and play. In an article titled “What will the Retail Experience of the Future Look Like?” she describes it as a play, where the front of house (what the customer experiences) is the stage, and the back of house (storage rooms, offices, etc.) serve as the supporting backstage. This idea can be seen in her design for the Tupperware TuppSoho Pop Up Shop.

Born out of specific conditions, such as customers not being encouraged to touch the products and the need to not have to restock the shelves, the design felt like an art gallery or a museum, with the products placed on pedestals as if they themselves are works of art. The space itself becomes the experience and allows for fun.

What Will It Look Like?

Machtiger lists several other theories in her article. One for example, is the idea of the Digital Experience as Collective Memory. She lists two examples for this theory: Rad Mora’s ads for Pat McGrath and ManvsMachine’s campaign for Purple. This is all about how brands can make us experience the product digitally. Online experiences can also occur while actually shopping, thanks to the ever-growing niche markets out in the wild internet.

Machtiger posits that online shopping can itself become an experience of discovery, such as Gucci’s SS 2018 Virtual Museum and Aesop’s Taxonomy of Design. She then posits that physical spaces should offer an in-person, on-brand experience tied to the company’s ethos, such as Gentle Monster, Acne and Naked Retail’s 11 Howard Store.

Doug Stephens, from the Retail Prophet also posits similar thoughts. His first argument, Less Take and More Make, is about making spaces where you can take ownership of the product by actually helping to make it. Another argument he makes is Less Product and More Production, similar to Machtiger’s stage metaphor, is about creating experiential brand starting points. He concludes his list with Less Established and More Ephemeral, stating that malls should be made up of short-term lease retail spaces, where the mall itself becomes a curated gallery of galleries. Simply put, retail stores will become less about shopping and more about spending time, experience, and play.

What Can We Do?

As retail continues to evolve, one thing is clear, it will become more about the experience than the product. In a world where the phone battles for our attention constantly, stores will have to be able to engage customers. Future typologies can include Pop-Up shops, Concept Stores.

However, marketplaces are also a great typology to utilize.

Brands like Farfetch have begun to integrate AR into their stores, as a way to offer personalization and a more memorable experience to customers. Other brands, like Vans, have created experiential spaces that align with the company’s ethos. The House of Vans is such an example, with spaces like an art gallery, skatepark, indie film theatre, and more, that immerse customers in the brand.

Pop-Up Store

Marketplace

Concept Store

Amidst a global pandemic and the many social problems we are facing today, we have to understand that retail will be fundamentally changed forever. Research shows that we are looking to be more engaged, both with the products we use and the activites we partake in.

Time is becoming increasingly valuable, social media and advertisers fight against real life for our time, and why spend time doing something boring when I can watch silly videos. It is my opinion that Machtiger and Stephens are correct.

Retail will shift to short-term leasing to accomodate pop-up shops and help small business owners.

Immersive experiences will become common place in the retail environment, while the product will become your time.

OFF-THE-GRID SELF-SUFFICIENT COMMUNITIES

JAY MOLOKWU

Off The Grid Self-Sustaining Communities

PRECEDENTS

FINCA BELLAVISTA

DANCING RABBIT ECOVILLAGE

Bagan in 1997 by couple of college students at Stanford, 280 acres of the ecovillage sits in Northeastern Missouri

•Founded by Erica Andrews and Mateo Hogan residental treehouse community is located in the South Pacific coastal region of Costa Rica

•Comprised of a community of like minded individuals who value an alternative way of living as a means to preserving and respecting the surrounding diverse ecosystem •Cost of living estimated around $800

•Since 2006 this treehouse community has thrived and expanded from 62 acres to 600 acres of land focusing on rainforest conservation.

•Proponent for social change (women empowerment, educational outreach)

PROGRAM

STRATEGIES

•Dining Hall, •Open-air lounge

•A ranch •Bathhouse

•Campfire ring •Wedding garden

•Spa •Parking

•Community center •Yoga

STRATEGIES •Biodigestor •Cross ventilation, •Natural lighting, •Structures must be arboreal •Locally sourced food

•Ride-share program •Alternative construction methods (straw bale, earth) •Solar Power/ Wind Power Hybrid vehicles of electricity and biodiesel •Loacally sourced food •Income sharing community/ creation of local currancy/ bartering system •South facing windows/ overhangs •composts •reclaim water •recycle Created a workforce (webdesign, childcare, produce harvesting)

ReGEN VILLAGE

OBJECTIVES CO-OP

Community opperated structure everyone has a role to play

DRIVING FORCE

Some type of reasoning for creating these communties whether it be sociocial, economic or environmental.

ECONOMIC GROWTH

Programs set in place that provides jobs for community members and stimulates the communities economy

EDUCATIONAL OUTREACH

These communities strive to teach the community external of theirs on their values amongst otherskills

LIMITS CARBON FOOTPRINT

By square footage or banning the use of cars this is a pledge these communities have commited to

CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM

•Founder James Ehrlich’s 60 acre self sustaining neighborrhoods were designed to allow people to grow their own food, produce energy and combat climate change issues

Whats taken from the earth is put back through recycling/ reforestation/ water conservation

•He estimates that by 2050 the planent will have 10 billion people inwhich we will urgently need regenerarive housing

Being community oriented low cost of living is imperative to maintain the structured ideals in which they thrive.

LOCATIONS •Netherlands

LOW COST OF LIVING

Other Communities •US

•Sweden

•U.K

STRATEGIES •Prefab modular structures •Combinaton of AI and machine learning to address issues (clean water, energy, food supply) •No poverty •Quality education •clean water and sanitation/ rainwater collection •Clean affordiable energy •Economic growth •Closed loop system •Onsite aqua animal farming/ Harvesting •Car free community/ self driving public transportation

Tinkers Bubble

Konohana Family (Japan)

Freedom Cove

Crystal Waters (Australia)

EcoVillage Madagascar

Breitenbush

HISTORIC REPRESENTATION 1932 Imagined by Frank Lloyd Wright, a picture perfect society on self sustainable homesteads like a modern day suburbia.

Broadacre City

1894 The dream of a razor giant King Camp Gillette drafted up a socialist utopian metroplis under a perfect (moneyless) economic system where people would thrive.

1959 Precieved by Constant Nieuwenhuys, a post capitalist utopia that focused on encouraging our self-acualization and freedom.

Gillette Metropolis New Babylon

1898 Drawn up by Sir Ebenezer Howard, (The Father of the Garden City Movement), an egalitarian city where slums are eliminated and the air is pollution free. by laying out 6 garden cities connected via canals to centrally dense city.

1960

Howard's Garden Cities Triton City

Derived from Buckminster Fuller, the idea of a floating eco-friendly city abandoned the idea of property tax and landlords and focused on desalinating and recirculating water in many useful non-polluting ways.

1922

1968

Concieved by Le Corbusier The Contemporary City of 3 Million was an alternative utopia that emphasized the ideals of participaion, harmony, and collaboration.

The Contemporary City

Proposed in response to the purchase of Alaska from Russia, Sewards Success was to be a climate controlled community surrounded by housing, offices, retail space, and indoor sports arena.

Sewards Success

ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSIGHT

CASE STUDY

By David Graeber

SUMMARY Selfish monetary gain has led to unrest, insurgence, and revolt. Economical hierarchies have emphasized and institutionalize inequalities in society. The obligation to engage in monetary transactions inturn has resulted in dangerious terms of trade. This typically increased debt and slavery, thus contributing to capitalism.

This in turn has manufactured a contemporary pattern of living. Oppression--more then half the jobs in society exist for the purpose of feeling self-worth as they are fuitile. A vicious cycle--we endure such dull work in order to fulfill our consumer desires, which is a reward for our suffering. This is all to deducd that, populations occupied with busywork have less time to be bothered and therefore revolt.

We must break away from a society were multinational corporations run government where their unregulated political power is heavily excercised, as this is our down fall.

And as such, time should not be spent on meaningless tasks, but rather pursuing creative activities for the betterment of oneself, and free thinking economical beneficial gain such as universal basic income. Such socialist ideas emphasizes community and social equality as complementary to autonomy and personal freedoms.

The Tsimihety (see-meh-who-de) people the Malagasy ethnic group of the Madagascar region represent one of the rare examples of a historic social system that rejects all governmental authority thus following an egalitarian social organization. In doing so, they were able to continue their sovereignty and culture for decades by not confronting the government but by retreating.

•French delegets have made efforts to colonize the Tsimihety. However the Tsimihety have evaded ruling from outside societies by completly abandoning their village.

Economy: primary focus is on agriculture and utilize the barter system Society: Nuclear family Government: Egalitarian government with the absence of a ruling authority Class: Distant kin, close kin Education: Patriarchial society-- young boys and adolescent male’s tend to agricultural fields

CLASS

IDEOLOGY

Guardians (philosopher kings) govern the city

PLATO

ARISTOTLE

5,040 Ideal number

Not to big not to small

Auxiliaries soldiers who defend the city

Producers artisans and craftsman

Location between land and sea

Aristocrats ruling authority inwhich defines the constitution

Citizens soldiers who defend the city

SOCIETY

ECONOMY

GOVERNMENT

EDUCATION

all citizens play a role for the sake of a good life

Music

Literature

Gymnastics

not all citizens of the ideal state possessed the same capacity to realize the "form of the good."

Totalitarian Government wealth nor poverty is permitted as there is no private property or money

Common Education all citizens share the same end

Constitution defines the aim of the city-state

Aristocratic Government benefits are distributed to those based on their merit and morality

Equality wealth nor poverty is permitted as there is no private property or money

Equality all citizens will hold political office and possess private property

Traditional family structure abandoned.

Men/ women/ children are with out attachment

Family is Important family is essential for the moral growth and development of an individual

In plato’s Republic: Ideal State, he embraces a system of communism that is immpractical to human nature as it neglects the freedoms and happiness of individual citizens.

In Aristotles city-state, all citizens will possess moral virtue and the tools needed to practice such doctrines, in thus, they will have a life of excellance and complete happiness

SUMMARY Though these communities were seen as extreme progressive ideas for their time. Yet, the need for a “perfect utopa” has proven to not just be a modern notion but a generational need. The absence of current ideals imparted from authoritative agancies is a problem of the past. Constructed in the minds of like minded individuals, these self sufficient micro communities devised upon sustainable cultural principles might be what liberates society.

VANESSA DINI & PALOMA SILVA

WATER

WATER SOURCE

WATER SOURCE

MIAMI

MIAMI

BISCAYNE AQUIFER: -

Located below ground level.

Due to urban development, it became exhausted.

Now we are digging deeper to reach the Florida Aquifer located below Biscayne Aquifer.

Potable Water: Aquifer

Raw Water Well

Stormwater: Rainwater

Drainage

Wastewater: Used Potable Water Reclaimed Water: Wastewater

WATER SOURCE

Storage

Water Distribution

Irrigation Treatmen t Fire Hydrant Irrigation

WATER SOURCE RAINWATER

RAINWATER

Corrugated Steel Roof

CALCULATIONS Annual precipitation: 55” Roof: 70,589 SQF Gallons per inch of rain (90 % of efficiency): 0.56 70,589 SQF X 0.56 = 39,530 gallons / inch of rain.

39,350 X 55”= 2,164,250 gallons per year.

2,164,250 / 365= 5929 gallons per day.

5929 / 100 (gallons per person daily) = 59

Sewer System Treatmen t

Treatment Lakes / Rivers

people per day.

WATER SOURCE

WATER SOURCE

SEA WATER DESALINATION

SEA WATER DESALINATION

Storage tanks

16,000 vessel in the plant

Each vessel has 8 membranes and the holes in the filters are one millionth the diameter of human hair.

WATER SOURCE

WATER SOURCE

PRECEDENT

PRECEDENT

Sorek desalination plant, the largest reverse-osmosis desal facility in the world

It provides clean, potable water for over 1.5 million people, comprising 20% of the municipal water demand in Israel, thus alleviating the country’s potable water shortage while minimizing the impact on terrestrial and marine environments.

By recycling effluent water, including household sewage, the Shafdan Wastewater Treatment Facility near Tel Aviv supplies approximately 140,000,000 cubic metres of water per year for agricultural use, covering 50,000 acres of irrigated land.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/israel-proves-the-desalination-era-is-here/

Carlsbad Desalination Plant, Carlsbad, California

-

-

250,000 square Bring 100 million gallons of seawater everyday.

Produces 50 million gallons of high-quality drinking water everyday. Serves 400.000 people in San Diego.

Protects natural environment in coasts.

100% carbon neutral.

Only water that is not dependent on rain fall.

Process takes about 2 hours.

https://www.carlsbaddesal.com/#:~:text=%E2%80%8BLocated%20adjacent%20to%20the,San%20Diego%20County%20Water%20Authority.

WATER SOURCE SEA LEVEL RISE

6 FEET

WATER SOURCE SALTWATER INTRUSION IN THE EVERGLADES

The combination of rising sea level with the reduction in freshwater levels has increased saltwater intrusion into the coastal estuaries of ENP and its underlying aquifer allowing for salt-tolerant communities such as mangroves to overtake formerly freshwater areas Salt water intrudes farther inland when there is a small difference between Everglades freshwater levels and sea level.

The average salinity from 2001 to 2016 was 0.14 ± 0.33 psu (SRS3), 5.3 ± 0.33 psu (SRS4), 14.6 ± 0.33 psu (SRS5), and 23.3 ± 0.33psu (SRS6), respectively. Freshwater conditions generally prevailed at SRS3, but positive salinity spikes were observed in 2001, 2005, 2014 and 2015.

WHAT IS BEING DONE TO OVERCOME THE ISSUE: “We need to fight water with water,” Rene Price Tamiami Trail, which connects Tampa to Miami, prevents the natural flow of water in the Everglades from north to south. Resource managers release fresh water into the Everglades during the wet season from June to November, an effective tactic in fighting saltwater intrusion when sea levels are highest. But salt water can move inland during the dry season when fresh water is not released into the Everglades.

https://news.fiu.edu/2018/everglades-needs-more-fresh-water-to-fight-salt-water-intrusion https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479718300252

EDUCATION

ELEMENTARY & MIDDLE SCHOOL

JESSICA DAYOUB

ELEMENTARY & MIDDLE SCHOOL General Information

FUNCTION OF SPACE

Florida Codes FUNCTION OF SPACE

Different Types of Spaces

All Spaces must be accessible and comply with ADA guidelines They should be cost-effective & sustainable They should reuse energy water, and other resources Schools should be functional and ensure flexibility and adaptability to changes Natural ventilation & Daylight are very important because they provide connection to the outdoors Studies show a positive correleation between daylight and student performance All Schools should be safe & secure Public School average enrollment is 528 students

Minimun Square Footage Classrooms Art Music Computer Lab Science (w/ teacher + demo table)

Elementary SF 750 1,000 1,000 750 -

Classrooms Administrative Offices Art Facility Music Education Multipurpose Rooms Health Services Lobby Restrooms Science Facility Gymnasium Common Areas / Courtyards Cafeteria

Middle School SF 660 1,800 1,400 1,000 1,000

FLOOR AREA IN SQ. FT. PER OCCUPANT

Agricultural building

300 gross

Exercise rooms

Aircra� hangars

500 gross

Gymnasiums

Assembly Gaming floors (keno, slots, etc.)

A minimum Standard for Classroom Size Number of Students Elementary School Secondary School plus 1 Teacher SF SF 10 539 704 11 564 768 12 637 832 13 686 896 14 735 960 15 784 1024 16 833 1088 17 882 1152 18 931 1216 19 980 1280 20 1029 1344

Corridors

Corridors are minimum 8’ If there are lockers on the side of the corridor, you have to add an additional foot Major high school facility serving 12 or more instructional units should be at least 12 feet wide with additional foot for lockers

Average Public Size by Location City: 589 students Suburban: 657 students Town: 445 students Rural: 362 students

Schools in Miami-Dade County Elementary School

Middle School

11 gross

Exhibit gallery and museums Assembly with fixed seats

30 net See Sec�on 1004.7

Assembly without fixed seats Concentrated (chairs only—not fixed)

7 net

Dance floor

5 net

Dance floor (ballroom)

10 net

Standing space

5 net

Unconcentrated (tables and chairs)

15 net

Bowling centers, allow 5 persons for each l ane including 15 feet of runway, and for addi�onal areas

7 net

Business areas

Standard Classroom Size

FUNCTIONOF OF SPACE SPACE FUNCTION

FLOORAREA AREA IN IN SQ. SQ. FT. FT. FLOOR PEROCCUPANT OCCUPANT PER 50 gross 15 net

H-5 Fabrica�on and manufacturing areas

200 gross

Industrial areas

100 gross

Ins�tu�onal areas Inpa�ent treatment areas

240 gross

Outpa�ent areas

100 gross

Sleeping areas

120 gross

Kitchens, commercial

200 gross

Library Reading rooms

50 net

Stack area

100 gross

Locker rooms

50 gross

Mercan�le

100 gross

Courtrooms — other than fixed sea�ng areas

40 net

Day Care

Areas on other floors

60 gross

Basement and grade floor areas

30 gross

Storage, stock, shipping areas

300 gross 200 gross

Age under 6 months

50 net

Parking garages

Age 6 months — 2 years

40 net

Passenger terminal

Age 2 years — 6 years

30 net

Baggage claim

20 gross

Age above 6 years

50 net

Baggage handling

300 gross

Concourse

100 gross

Dormitories

50 gross

Educa�onal

Passenger terminal or pla�orm

1.5 X C* 15 gross

Classroom area

20 net

Wai�ng area (Standing)

Shops and other voca�onal room areas

50 net

Wai�ng areas (Seated)

Kindergarten, and pre-kindergarten

30 net

Residen�al

5 net 200 gross within dwelling units

Elementary School near the site John I. Smith (K-8 Center) 1,164 Students Renaissance Elementary (Charter School) 502 Students EWF Stirrup Elementary School 874 Students Sweetwater Elementary School 997 Students

Middle School near the site

Renaissance Middle (Charter School) 137 Students Doral Academy (Charter School) 973 Students Ruben Dario Middle School 773 Students

Different Sizes of School Renaissance Elementary - 502 Students

2 Floors

~ 500 ~ 51,200 SF Sweetwater Elementary School - 997 Students

1st Floor

2nd Floor

School Size Compare to: Miami International Mall Kohl’s Building 2 floors

~ 1,000 ~ 94,000 SF

Palmetto Middle School -1,305 Students

~ 1,500

2nd Floor

1st Floor

~ 132,050 SF

49,940 SF per floor

Miami-Dade County Elementary Schools Zone

Miami-Dade County Total Number of Schools 55 Other 86 High Schools

80 Middle Schools

265 Elementary Schools

Miami-Dade County Student Ratio High Schools

Miami International Mall

Middle Schools

Miami International Mall School Zone Currently with one school from kindergarten to 8th grade with a total of 1616 students

Elementary Schools

Precedent: The French International School of Beijing

Located in Beijing, China Designed by Jacques Ferrier Architeture 204,514 SF Primary & Secondary school Each school section has a different entrance

First Floor - shared spaces

Precedent: Skovbakke School

Located in Odder, Denmark Designed by Cebra 100,104 SF Primary school only 650 students 2 floors Built in 2017 replacing an existing builing in its scale

Second Floor - mainly classrooms Natural light in classrooms to improce learning spaces

Natural light & open publc spaces

School Post Pandemic Due to corona virus, schools all over the world shut down. Some school were a little prepared and were able to switch to online learning, however, a majority of schools were not able to switch so fast, especially lower grade classes that the teachers prepared fully in person lesson plans and activities. Many schools were shut down for weeks and even months because of this pandemic and now we have to adapt and move forward with new systems to continue students’ educations.

For the future, and designing new schools, building codes will be different, more specifically bigger spaces.

However, for now no changes have been made because educators are trying to figure out how to accommodate to the students while practicing six feet social distancing.

What Schools Can Do Now? Rearrange furniture layout in classrooms Adding plexi glass around the desk

Having less students in classrooms, normally there are 20 to 30 students maybe now there will be between 10 to 15 students Rethink scheduling: making two groups of students, morning and afternoon With less people in a classroom maybe having different grades come in at different times For middle school and high school, making the teachers change class instead of the students so there are less people changing seats Sanitizing stations in each classroom Having students participate in cleaning their surrounding and not just janitors

Having hybrid classes Hybrid classes mean that students will have both online and in person classes This means that if a class usually meats 4 times a week, they will meets twice in person and the other two times online This will allow people to gather less and also improve our environment since the carbon footprint will be cut in half

Making one-way corridors, just like supermarkets implemented Enhancing air quality: having operated windows for fresh air and filter air Expanding classes to the outside, having outdoor classes

HIGH SCHOOL

JUAN VEGA

Occupant Load

Code Parking 453.10.2.8Minimum parking requirements.

453.10.2.8.1Faculty and staff.

One space for each member.

453.10.2.8.2Visitors.

One space for every 100 students.

453.10.2.8.3Community clinics where provided.

Ten spaces, including one accessible space.

453.10.2.8.4High schools.

One space for every 10 students in grades 11 and 12.

Setbacks 453.10.4Building setbacks.

Building setbacks from the property line, including relocatables, shall, at a minimum, be 25 feet (7620 mm) or shall comply with local setback requirements if less than 25 feet (7620 mm)..

Occupant Load 453.18Assembly occupancies in public educational facilities.

453.18.1 Occupant capacity for egress shall be in accordance with Table 1004.1.2 except as follows: 453.18.1.1Dressing rooms.

Dressing rooms at 20 net square feet (1.86 m2) per person.

453.18.1.2Gymnasium.

The number of fixed and telescopic bench-type bleacher seats plus the main court area at 15 gross square feet (1.4 m2) per person, plus locker rooms at 5 net square feet (0.5 m2) per person.

453.18.1.3Classrooms and labs.

If spaces are combined through the use of folding partitions, the capacity and exiting shall be based on the capacity of all the spaces joined.

453.18.1.4Small group areas in media centers.

Small group room or area (view and preview) in media centers at 5 net square feet (0.5 m2) per person.

453.18.1.5Closed circuit television production, distribution, and control.

The main floor area at 15 net square feet (1.4 m2) per person.

453.18.1.6Interior courtyards.

The interior courtyard area at 15 gross square feet (1.4 m2) per person. Raised, dedicated landscape areas may be deducted

80'

Floor Plans

Floor Plans

19'-1" 10'

33'-2"

9'

20'-10" 34'-9"

202'-7" 276'-2" 12"

12"

THGIL TNECSEROULF "84

RD"42

INT RAMP 30X20

THGIL TNECSEROULF "84

THGIL TNECSEROULF "84

"21

"21

"21

12"

24"DR

12"

"21

"21

NIATRUC PIRTS "21

12"

"21

53'-4"

Distance to Closest High School

Distance to Closest High School

High School Precedents

Miami, Florida

Miami, Florida

Miami, Florida

Marysville, Washington

Grade School Population Elemantary School: 160,108 Students Middle School: 81,692 Students High School: 105,239 Students

Miami Dade County Population Population: 2,761,581 Total Students: 348,769 Students People per Student: 7.9

Fresno, California

San Marcos, California

Size Comparison

Size Comparison

Design and Architecture Senior High - 497 Students / 53,055 sq.ft.

Miami Edison Senior High School - 740 Students / 236,000 sq.ft.

North Miami Beach High School Zone 1441 Students

Miami Edison High School Zone 740 Students

North Miami Beach High School - 1441 Students / 211,532 sq.ft.

John A. Ferguson Senior High - 4341 Students / 825,288 sq.ft.

John A. Ferguson High School Zone 4341 Students

School Zones

John A. Ferguson High School Zone Miami Edison High School Zone North Miami Beach High School Zone

Post Pandemic School Environments

Post Pandemic School Environments

Social distanced desks that allow students to attend in person school, but will drastically lower the amount of students per classroom. We could see the possibility of alternating schedules where some students come in certain days, while others are in class virtual.

Outdoor learning may also become more common, especially since regular classroomms will have a lower capacity comapared to before Covid - 19.

Divided desks that allow students to be in person, but will limit the amount of interaction between students. So would it really be worth it, if you can’t see eachother.

The norm of switching from classrooms may not be an option anymore, where students stay at the same desks all day and only the teachers would have to switch classrooms.

The custom of learning and doing assignments on the computer, may become the norm, where computer labs may become more common.

Rather than meeting up and having lunch with other students in the cafeteria, the new norm may be having lunch delivered to your desk.

FOOD

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Ðįƶ ¤ ª ãŕĉ Recirculating aquaculture ŕŠƓ ŠŕĉƋʅ system (RAS) VS Ponds

. (0 # . ̡̡̣̝̜̿ /*) *! ))0 ' +-* 0 /$*) ) .0++*-/ $) ̝̜​̜​̜̼(̟ 0'/0- / )&̧ + ) $)" *) /# .+ $ . ) /# !'*2 /#-*0"# /# 0'/0- / )&̦

. (0 # . ̡̡̣̝̜̿ /*) *! ))0 ' +-* 0 /$*) ) .0++*-/ $) ̝̜​̜​̜̼(̟ 0'/0- / )&̧ + ) $)" *) /# .+ $ . ) /# !'*2 /#-*0"# /# 0'/0- / )&̦

*). -1 */# 2 / - ) ' ) ̦

*). -1 */# 2 / - ) ' ) ̦

# 2 / - 1*'0( - ,0$- ( )/. $) - *)'4 *0/ ̞̜ϩ *!

2# / *)1 )/$*) ' *+ ) +*) 0'/0- ( ) .̦

# 2 / - 1*'0( - ,0$- ( )/. $) - *)'4 *0/ ̞̜ϩ *!

2# / *)1 )/$*) ' *+ ) +*) 0'/0- ( ) .̦

Ðįƶ ¤ ª ãŕĉ ŕŠƓ ŠŕĉƋʅ

Ðįƶ ¤ ª ãŕĉ ŕŠƓ ŠŕĉƋʅ

# 4 ( 3$($5 +-* 0 /$*) $) - ' /$1 '4 .( '' - *! ' ) ) 0.

- ' /$1 '4 .( '' 1*'0( *! 2 / -̦ *- 3 (+' ̧ 0.$)" $/ $. +*..$ ' /* +-* 0 / *1 - ̝̜​̧̜̜​̜​̜ +*0) . *! !$.# $) ̡̧̜​̜​̜ .,0 - ̼!**/ 0$' $)"̧ 2# - . ̞̜ - . *! *0/ **- +*) .

2*0' ) .. -4 /* +-* 0 ) ,0 ' (*0)/ *! !$.# 2$/# /- $/$*) ' *+ ) +*) 0'/0- ̦

¤ ª

RAS Equipement - ,0$- . '$//' 2 / - $)+0/ ) +/0- . (*./ *! /# 2 ./ $*.*'$ . ) +#*.+#*-0.̧ - 0 $)" 2 / - +*''0/$*) ) ( /$)" ./-$)" )/ +*$)/̼.*0- $. # -" + -($/.̦ .( '' !'*2 *! .+-$)" 2 / - .0++'$ . /# - $- 0' /$)" .4./ (. / /# - .#2 / - )./$/0/ ̦

¤ ª

$.# - - - $) 2 / - /# / $. *)/$)0*0.'4 - $- 0' / /#-*0"# $- 0' - / )&. ) 2 / - /- /( )/ ,0$+( )/̦

/ - 0-- )/ -*/ /$)" /#-*0"# $- 0' - / )&. $. *)/-*'' /* - / ) *+/$( ' )1$-*)( )/ !*- /# !$.# /# / ( 3$($5 . /# $- 3 - $. ) !!$ $ ) 4̦ -'4 '' ͖/4+$ ''4 *1 - ̥​̥ + - )/͗ *! /# 2 / - !'*2$)" /#-*0"# $.

- 4 ' ̧ ) 2 ./ $*.*'$ . ͖!$.# ( )0- ͗ $. +/0- ̧ 2 / - ̧ ) - 0. !*- /#$)". '$& ! -/$'$5 - ) .*$' ( ) ( )/̦

2 2 / - $. /* /# / )&. *)'4 /* ( & 0+ !*- .+' .# *0/ ) 1 +*- /$*) ) !*- /# / 0. /* !'0.# *0/ 2 ./ ( / -$ '.̦ # 4 ) *)/$)0*0. .0++'4 *! ' ) 2 / - / / (+ - /0- ) $..*'1 *34" ) *)/ )/ /# / $. *+/$(0( !*- "-*2/#̦ !$'/ -$)" ͖ $*!$'/ -͗ .4./ ( $. ) .. -4 /* +0-$!4 /# 2 / - ) - (*1 *- /*3$!4 # -(!0' 2 ./ +-* 0 /. ) 0) / ) ! ̦ # !$.# (0./ ! )0/-$/$*) ''4̼ *(+' / ! *) $'4 .$. /* ) *0- " ! ./ "-*2/# ) #$"# .0-1$1 '̦

¤ ª 3ƄƙijƁĐœĐŕƓ

RAS Equipement

³ãŕň ªijƿĐ ʊ *ĐƋijĨŕ ) *! 1 -$*0. .$5 . - )"$)" !-*( ' -" ̼. ' +-* 0 /$*) .4./ (. ͖*1 - ̝ ($''$*) +*0) . + - 4 -͗ /* $)/ -( $ / ̼.$5 .4./ (. ̡͖̜​̧̜̜​̜​̜ +*0) . + - 4 -̧͗ /* .( '' .4./ (. ̡̧͖̜̜​̜​̜ +*0) . + - 4 *0) )& $5 ̨

¤ ª 3ƄƙijƁĐœĐŕƓ

# $-"$)$ # # . )$) +-* 0 /$*) 0)$/. ͖ # $. ) $) + ) )/ .4./ ( 2$/# ̧̡̟̟​̡ " ''*) /*/ ' + $/4̦͗ # .4./ ( *).$./ *! ̧̡̞̞̜ " ''*) - / )"0' - ͖̞̜̼ 3 ̡̼ 3 ̡̟̦̼! / +͗ !$ -"' .. "-*2$)" / )& 2# - /# !$.# - - -

³ãŕň ªijƿĐ ʊ *ĐƋijĨŕ

-" / )&. - )" !-*( ̝̞ ( ̼ ̠̞ ( $ ( / - +/# Ѓ ̨̟̝ /* ̨̝̜̝

³ãŕň ªijƿĐ ʊ *ĐƋijĨŕʕ *ĐŕƋijƓƶ D density = L / C density

Where: ).$/4 Ѓ ͜ ).$/4 C density: 1.5 for L in inches (0.24 for L in cm) for tilapia # -(0.32) ̨ 2.0 for trout 2.5 (0.40) for perch ).$/4̨ ̡̝̦ !*- $) $) # . ͖̜̦̞̠ !*- $) (͗ L!*- /$' +$ = Body Length ̞̦̜ ͖̜̦̟̞͗ !*- /-*0/ D (density, lbs/gal) = stocked per unit volume ̡̞̦ ͖̜̦̠̜͗ !*- + - # Ѓ * 4

)"/#

Tank Example ͖ Size ).$/4̧ ' .͜" '͗ Ѓ ./* & + - 0)$/ 1*'0( The Virginia Tech RAS has nine production units (each is an independent system with a 3,355 gallon total capacity). Each system consist of a 2,250 gallon rectangular (20- x 5- x 3.5-feet deep) fiberglass growing tank where the fish are reared 2o ft diameter x 6 ft height

³ãŕň ªijƿĐ ʊ *ĐƋijĨŕʕ *ĐŕƋijƓƶ

ƓŌãŕƓijă ªãŌœŠŕ ).$/4 -( $. '(*) ͖' )"/# ̞̤̼̟̜ $)͗ Ѓ ̞̤ $)

)& $5 3 (+' # $-"$)$ # # . )$) +-* 0 /$*) 0)$/. ͖ # $. ) $) + ) )/ .4./ ( 2$/# ̧̡̟̟​̡ " ''*) /*/ ' + $/4̦͗ # .4./ ( *).$./ *! ̧̡̞̞̜ " ''*) - / )"0' - ͖̞̜̼ 3 ̡̼ 3 ̡̟̦̼! / +͗ !$ -"' .. "-*2$)" / )& 2# - /# !$.# - - -

).$/4 Ѓ ̞ ).$/4 !*- '(*) Ѓ ̞̤ ͜ ̞ Ѓ ̝̠ ' .͜" '

$! 4 ' ̨ ̝̞̼̞̤ (*)/#. ͠.(*'/ "-*2 ! ./ - $) . '/2 / - ͖0.0 ''4 / & ) /* ) -.#*- + ). !*- /2* 4 -.͗ 1 - " $"#/̨ ̢̟̦ ̼ ̡̡̦ &" ͜ ̤ ' .̼̝̞ ' .

*/ )/$ ' !-*( ̝ / )& *- $- 0' - / )& ̞̜ !/ $ ( / - ̢ !/ # $"#/ *'0( *! 2 / - Ѓ ̧̝̤̥̜ !/̟ ͜ ̝̠̝̟̤ " ' *! '(*) + - / )& Ѓ ̝̠̝̟̤ " ' Ё ̝̠ ' ͜" ' Ѓ ̝̜​̢̜̥̦̤ ' ͼ *! '(*) Ѓ ̝̜​̢̜̥̦̤ ' ͜ Ё ̤' Ѓ ̢̝̞ $.#

³ƅŠƙƓ ).$/4 -( $. -*0/ ͖' )"/# ̞̜̼̟̜ $)̦ ) "-*2 0+ /* ̠ !/͗ Ѓ ̞̜$) ).$/4 Ѓ ̞ ).$/4 !*- -*0/ Ѓ ̞̜̞͜ Ѓ ̝̜ ' .͜" '

$! 4 ' ̨ ̝​̡̝̼̝ $) ̥ (*)/#. ̞̜̼̟̜ $) ̞̜ (*)/#.

1 - " $"#/̨ ̢̟̦ &" ͜ ̤ ' . ͖*- ̠' .͗

*/ )/$ ' !-*( ̝ / )& *- $- 0' - / )& ̞̜ !/ $ ( / - ̢ !/ # $"#/ *'0( *! 2 / - Ѓ ̧̝̤̥̜ !/̟ ͜ ̝̠̝̟̤ " '

HijƋį ƁĐƅ ƶĐãƅ *(( ) ̤ ̜5̡̜̦͜ ' . + - 2

&

- (*)/# Ѓ ̟̞ ̜5͜ ̞' .

- 4 - Ѓ ̟̤̠ *5͜ ̞̠ ' . *- ̝̜​̜​̜ + *+' Ѓ ̧̟̤̠̜​̜​̜ *5͜ ̧̞̠̜​̜​̜ ' .

)&. )

̼ !*- !$) ' ./ " *! 4 '

'(*) ̝ / )& Ѓ ̢̝̞ !$.# *- ̝̜​̢̜̥̦̤ ' ͼ / )&. ͖̞̜!/ 3 ̢!/͗ Ѓ ) + - / )&

Ё ' 0'/$1 /

ͼ / )&. ͖̞̜!/ 3 ̢!/͗ Ѓ ̧̞̠̜​̜​̜ ' Ё ̝̜​̢̜̥̦̤ ' Ѓ ̞̠

/ )&.

*! -*0/ + - / )& Ѓ ̝̠̝̟̤ " ' Ё ̝̜ ' ͜" ' Ѓ ̝̠̝̟̦̤ ' ͼ *! -*0/ Ѓ ̝̠̝̟̦̤ ' Ё ̤ ' Ѓ ̢̝̣ - ̝̠̝̟̦̤ ' Ё ̠ ' Ѓ ̡̟̟ $.#

Atlantic Salmon ƓŌãŕƓijă ªãŌœŠŕ

HijƋį ƁĐƅ ƶĐãƅ *(( ) ̤ ̜5̡̜̦͜ ' . + - 2

&

- (*)/# Ѓ ̟̞ ̜5͜ ̞' .

- 4 - Ѓ ̟̤̠ *5͜ ̞̠ ' . *- ̝̜​̜​̜ + *+' Ѓ ̧̟̤̠̜​̜​̜ *5͜ ̧̞̠̜​̜​̜ ' .

)&. )

̼ !*- !$) ' ./ " *! 4 '

-*0/ ̝ / )& Ѓ ̡̟̟ !$.# *- ̝̠̝̟̦̤' ͼ / )&. ͖̞̜!/ 3 ̢!/͗ Ѓ ̧̞̠̜​̜​̜ ' Ё ̝̠̝̟̦̤ ' Ѓ ̝̣

/ )&.

Trout ³ƅŠƙƓ

Atlantic Salmon Potential From one Pond Pond size 20ft x 40ft x 12 ft Volume of water = 9,600 ft3 / 71,813 gal Lb of Salmon per pond = 71,813 gal ÷ 14 lb/gal = 5,130 lb # of Salmon = 5,130 lb / ÷ 8lb =

641 Fish

Ponds Needed 1 pond = 641 fish or 5,130 lb # ponds (20ft x 40ft x 12 ft) = Lb needed ÷ lb cultivated per tank # ponds = 24,000 lb ÷ 5,130 lb =

Atlantic Salmon

5 tanks

Trout Potential From one Pond Pond Size = 20ft x 20ft x 12 ft Volume of water = 9,600 ft3 / 71,813 gal Lb of Salmon per pond = 71,813 gal 7,181 lb # of Salmon = 7,181 lb / ÷ 4 lb =

÷ 10 lb/gal =

1,795 Fish

Ponds Needed 1 pond = 1,795 fish or 7,181 lb # ponds (20ft x 40ft x 12 ft) = Lb needed ÷ lb cultivated per tank # ponds = 24,000 lb ÷ 7,181 lb =

3 tanks

Trout

ÐãƓĐƅ ƅĐƄƙijƅĐœĐŕƓƋ Ponds ! ̝̜​̧̜̜​̜​̜ " ''*) + $/4 2 / - - $- 0' /$)" *+ - /$*) 3 # )" . ̝̜ + - )/ *! /# 2 / - $'4̧ $/ 2$'' - ,0$- ̧̝̜̜​̜​̜ " ''*). *! 2 / - + - 4̦

'(*) ͼ/ )&. 3 *'0( Ѓ /*/ ' 2 / - + $/4 !*- !$) ' ./ " ̞̠ / )&. 3 ̝̠̝̟̤ " ' ̧͖̝̤̥̜ !/̟͗ Ѓ ̟​̧̟̥̟̝̞ " ' ̡̧̢͖̠̟̜!/̟͗ / - + - 4 Ѓ ̝̜ϩ *! ̟​̧̟̥̟̝̞ " ' ͖ ̡̧̢̠̟̜!/̟͗ Ѓ ̟​̧̟̥̟̝̦̞ " ' ͖ ̧̡̢̠̟!/̟͗

-*0/ ͼ/ )&. 3 *'0( Ѓ /*/ ' 2 / - + $/4 !*- !$) ' ./ " ̝̣ / )&. 3 ̝̠̝̟̤ " ' ̧͖̝̤̥̜ !/̟͗ Ѓ ̧̢̞̠̜̟̠ " ' ̧͖̟̞̝̟̜ !/̟͗ / - + - 4 Ѓ ̝̜ϩ *! ̧̢̞̠̜̟̠ " ' ͖ ̧̟̞̝̟̜ !/̟͗ Ѓ ̧̢̞̠̜̟̠̦ " ' ͖ ̧̟̞̝̟ !/̟͗

A system that combines conventional aquaculture and hydroponics in a symbiotic system. ƄƙãƁŠŕijăƋ

Tanks

.4./ ( /# / *( $) . *)1 )/$*) ' ,0 0'/0- ) #4 -*+*)$ . $) .4( $*/$ .4./ (̦

Salmon #ponds x Volume = total water capacity for final stage 5 ponds x 9,600 ft3 (71,813 gal) (48,000 ft3)

= 359,065 gal

Water per day = 10% of 359,065 gal (48,000 ft3) = 35,907 gal (4,800 ft3)

Trout #ponds x Volume = total water capacity for final stage 3 ponds x 9,600 ft3 (71,813 gal) = 215,439 gal (28,800 ft3) Water per day = 10% of 215,439 gal (28,800 ft3) = 21,544 gal (2,800 ft3)

ƄƙãƁŠŕijăƋ

ªƶƋƓĐœ ijŕăŌƙƋijƯĐ ŠĦ džƋį ãŕĉ ƁƅŠĉƙăĐ

ALTERNATIVE PROTEIN CRICKET FARMING

GESELLE YEPES

DIY Small-Scale Cricket Farming

Make a window with aluminum screening on the big breeding container

Make a big window on the smaller egg-laying container

Make sure the you get the humidity levels right

Provide enough food and water for your crickets

Keep it clean

Make sure your colony has enough male and female crickets

Prepare your egg laying container

Prepare your rearing container

Install a light unit to keep the insects warm

-The current price tag of live crickets which lays between 15-60$ (sometimes even more) per 1000 crickets.

-The most common cricket species are banded crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus), house crickets (Acheta domestica) and black field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) and Jamaican field cricket (Gryllus assimilis).

-All they need is a little bit of food, water and a small shelter with the right temperature and humidity.

-If you want to make a few extra-bucks selling insects, buy bigger containers and a stronger lamp.

-You’ll need: Live crickets Two very small food containers with lids Two medium size food containers with lids Two domestic storage bins with lids A Lamp with a 150w bulb (serving as a heating unit) A small thermometer A clean cloth or sponge A roll of aluminum window screening Egg cartons for the crickets to hide Coconut fibers, vermiculite or perlit Organic fruits, vegetables and leafy greens Hot glue or duct tape

Harvest your crickets

Inside the Largest Edible Cricket Farm in the World

ENERGY

SOLAR ENERGY

MARIANA CRUZ

PHASE 1: RESEARCH

SOLAR ENERGY - PHOTOVOLTAICS Photovoltaics is the direct conversion of light into electricity. The way this works is that the solar PV cells absorb light, which will then knock electrons loose. Then once the loose electrons flow, a current is created, and this current is then captured and transferred into wires, thus generating a direct electric current (DC). After the direct electric current is generated, it is then converted into AC, usually using inverters, so that it will be distributed on the power network.

MATERIAL PERFORMANCE •Monocrystalline: Monocrystalline panels are the oldest, most developed and most expensive of the three technologies. Created from a continuous crystal structure, monocrystalline achieves the most efficient sunlight conversion rates, with efficiency averages from 15 to 20-percent.

•Polycrystalline: Over the past few years, polycrystalline has become the dominant technology for solar panels on the residential scale, due to their cheaper methods of production compared to monocrystalline. Despite being viewed as inferior in the past, polycrystalline cells now reach very similar levels of efficiency as monocrystalline cells •Thin Film Amorphous: Thin film panels involve a completely different technology to mono and polycrystalline panels. Less efficient, these systems occupy much more space to create the same amount of energy. One advantage is that thin film amorphous technology performs better in low light conditions, when there is partial shading of the system or when there is extreme heat. With current efficiency rates of around 9-percent, vast improvements in thin film technology are expected in the next ten years.

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

PHASE 1: RESEARCH

SOLAR ENERGY - PHOTOVOLTAICS Photovoltaic power plants use large areas of photovoltaic cells, known as PV or solar cells, to directly convert sunlight into usable electricity. These cells are usually made from silicon alloys and are the technology most people have become familiar with - chances are you may have one on your roof.

The total land required for a 1 MW of solar PV power plant will be about 4 acres( 174,000 sf)

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

PHASE 1: RESEARCH

SOLAR ENERGY - PHOTOVOLTAICS Building Orientation and Location: The orientation and geographic location of the building influence the amount of sunlight that can be captured by a PV system. Optimal locations are those that receive more sunshine, such as the Southwest United States, while the best orientation is south-facing with no obstructions such as vegetation or trees.

TYPES OF PANELS Crystalline silicon glass features more power installed per SqFt in comparison to amorphous silicon glass. This means that under direct sunlight crystalline silicon glass can yield twice as much energy as amorphous silicon glass. This PV glass technology is suitable for those buildings and facilities with good solar orientation which seek maximum energy output. Crystalline silicon PV glass is the most suitable material to be used on canopy and skylight applications, spandrel glass, solid walls and guardrails. PV glass presents the same mechanical properties as conventional architectural glass used in construction for architectural purposes.

•Crystalline silicon glass can be easily customized, especially in terms of shape, even trapezoids can be fabricated without difficulty using this technology.

•Greater nominal power capacity per SqFt (Wp/SqFt).

•Crystalline silicon glass installations take up less area for a given amount of kWp to be reached compared to amorphous silicon glass installations.

•Crystalline Silicon glass’ efficiency can go up to 16%.

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

PHASE 1: RESEARCH SOLAR ENERGY - PHOTOVOLTAICS Photovoltaic Shade Canopies: This option involves a partial or full integration of a PV array into a structure, such as a patio cover or deck shade. Expansive unobstructed spaces such as parking lots and other outdoor areas, are ideal for these types of systems. In general, however, this mounting type is a more costly option than roof mounting and can require more maintenance as they may be more prone to vegetation and vines growing on the modules and wiring.

Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV): BIPVs displace some of the more conventional PV products with building-integrated modules, allowing for new and aesthetically pleasing ways of integrating energy-saving systems. Commercially available products include roof slates and standing seam metal roofing products.

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

PHASE 1: RESEARCH

SOLAR ENERGY - PHOTOVOLTAICS TYPES OF PANELS Amorphous silicon photovoltaic glass

Remote Systems

Remote systems incorporate energy storage in the form of batteries and can thus operate in the case of a utility outage. In addition to the components mentioned above, remote systems also include batteries, battery enclosures, battery charge controllers and separate subpanels for critical load circuits.

(PV glass) features a combination of functionality, efficiency and aesthetics. This material can be the perfect substitute for conventional architectural glass placed in buildings because it offers the same mechanical properties in addition to the advantages mentioned a few lines below. PV glass is in compliance with all international safety standards when used in construction for architectural purposes. It also generates free clean energy thanks to the sun (active solar properties). PV glass panes physical features such as their shape, color, size, thickness and grade of transparency can be all customized to meet the requirements of the wide range of projects in which they are being used.

Aesthetics

• It produces more power than crystalline silicon glass in overcast weather and high temperatures.

•It offers different visible light transmittance levels, up to 30%.

•It offers flexibility in design since it can be tailored to the architectural needs.

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

PHASE 1: RESEARCH

SOLAR ENERGY - PHOTOVOLTAICS

Pavement: Onyx Solar has developed the first anti-slip, “walkable” PV paver in the world.

PV pavers allow building owners to install solar energy in rooftops, while preserving their habitability.

Traditional PV panels take up all the space on the roof, reducing the amenity space within any building. In contrast, PV pavers let the owner generate free electricity, while still letting people enjoy the space and walk on top of them, safely.

PV pavers can be manufactured using any Onyx solar technology (amorphous Silicon and crystalline Silicon), and they comply with the highest standards.

They are intended for pedestrian traffic only, and they are installed as any technical, raised outdoors flooring system (PVC pedestals, wood and metal framing). They withstand up to 400 Kg (point load), and can be manufactured in standard dimensions and customized ones.

The 34x34x6.1 cm tile has four 15.6×15.6 cm cells for each module and a silicon nitride anti-reflection coating. The polycrystalline version of the cell has a nominal power of 158 W per square meter and an efficiency of 18.6%. The monocrystalline version has power output of 186 W per square meter and a 22.0% cell efficiency.

Furniture: The photovoltaic kit developed by Onyx Solar consists of a photovoltaic glass module and the electrical equipment needed for the connection of electronic devices (mobile telephones, laptop computers, tablets, etc.) via a USB port. It also comes with a battery to store electricity and use it whenever needed.

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

Rooftop: These PV systems integrate electricity-generating solar panels on the roof of building structures and are often some of the most convenient ways to integrate photovoltaics into a design. For angled roofs, the PV system may be mounted above and parallel to the roof surface with a standoff of several inches for cooling purposes. In cases of suboptimal angles or flat roofs, a separate structure may be employed to improve energy performance by optimizing the tilt-angle towards the sun.

When integrating rooftop PV products, it is important to talk to your manufacturer about the roofing materials that the building will involve. Heavier materials such as masonry, are often structurally designed to be near the limit of their weight-bearing capacity. In these cases, it may be necessary to transition to a lighter product, such as composite shingles, in areas where additional PV systems will be mounted.

PHASE 1: RESEARCH

SOLAR ENERGY - PHOTOVOLTAICS CALCULATIONS

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

PHASE 1: RESEARCH

SOLAR ENERGY - PHOTOVOLTAICS CALCULATIONS

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

PHASE 1: RESEARCH SOLAR ENERGY - CSP

CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER Concentrating solar power (CSP) collectors capture the sun's energy with large mirrors that reflect and focus the sunlight onto a linear receiver tube. The receiver contains a fluid that is heated by the sunlight and then used to heat a traditional power cycle that spins a turbine through steam production that drives a generator to produce electricity

PARABOLIC TROUGH SYSTEMS The most common CSP system in the United States is a linear concentrator that uses parabolic trough collectors. In such a system, the receiver tube is positioned along the focal line of each parabola-shaped reflector. The tube is fixed to the mirror structure and the heat transfer fluid flows through and out of the field of solar mirrors to where it is used to create steam (or, in the case of a water/steam receiver, it is sent directly to the turbine).

•Linear concentrator.

•Hot thermal storage tank.

•Cold thermal storage tank.

•Pumps.

•Steam generator.

•Steam turbine.

•Electrical transformer.

•Turbine condenser.

•Open air switchyard.

Linear systems may incorporate thermal storage. In these systems, the collector field is oversized to heat a storage system during the day so the additional steam it generates can be used to produce electricity in the evening or during cloudy weather.

These plants can also be designed as hybrids, meaning that they use fossil fuel to supplement the solar output during periods of low solar radiation. In such a design, a natural gas-fired heater or gas-steam boiler/reheater is used. In the future, linear systems may be integrated with existing or new combined-cycle natural-gas- and coal-fired plants.

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

PHASE 1: RESEARCH SOLAR ENERGY - CSP

•Linear concentrator.

•Hot thermal storage tank.

•Cold thermal storage tank.

•Pumps.

•Steam generator.

•Steam turbine.

•Electrical transformer.

•Turbine condenser.

•Open air switchyard.

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

PARABOLIC TROUGH SYSTEMS •

Sunlight is concentrated onto a central pipe positioned in the middle of a series of parabolic mirrors. The concentrated light heats the flowing heat transfer medium (thermal oil, water, etc.) that is flowing through the central pipe.

•

The hot thermal oil leaves the storage tank and passes through a steam generator (heat exchanger). Water is heated by the oil until it turns to steam.

•

The steam is then sent to a steam turbine and the ‘cold’ thermal oil is returned to a storage tank.

•

Steam enters the steam turbine and causes it to rotate as it passes through the blades.

•

The steam turbine is connected to an alternator via a gearbox and the alternator generates electricity.

•

The steam is then condensed by a condenser and pumped back to the steam generator where it is again turned to steam.

•

Generated electricity from the alternator is distributed to an electrical transformer where the voltage is increased. The electrical current is then sent through an open air switchyard and into the national grid. Increasing the voltage reduces losses when the power is distributed through the national grid.

•

Modular cooling towers are used to cool the steam back to condensate. Cold cooling water is sent from the cooling tower to the condenser where it is heated by the steam. The steam changes state and becomes condensate.

PHASE 1: RESEARCH SOLAR ENERGY - CSP

LINEAR FRESNEL REFLECTOR SYSTEMS A second linear concentrator technology is the linear Fresnel reflector system. Flat or slightly curved mirrors mounted on trackers on the ground are configured to reflect sunlight onto a receiver tube fixed in space above the mirrors. A small parabolic mirror is sometimes added atop the receiver to further focus the sunlight.

Much like their parabolic mirror cousins, linear concentrating systems collect solar energy using long, rectangular, U-shaped mirrors. Unlike parabolic systems, however, linear Fresnel reflector systems, place the receiver tube above several mirrors to allow the mirrors greater mobility in tracking the sun.

These types of systems use the Fresnel lens effect that allows for the use of a large concentrating mirror with a large aperture and short focal length. This setup allows these kinds of systems to focus sunlight approximately 30 times the normal intensity.

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

PHASE 1: RESEARCH SOLAR ENERGY - CSP

Solar Ponds use a large body of saltwater to collect and store solar thermal energy. Saltwater naturally forms a vertical salinity gradient, known as a halocline, with low-salinity water on the top and high-salinity water at the bottom.

Salt concentrations levels increase with depth and, therefore, density also increases from the surface to bottom of the lake until the solution becomes uniform at a given depth.

The principle is fairly simple. Solar rays penetrate the pond and eventually reach the bottom of the pool.

In a normal pond or body of water, water at the bottom of the pond is heated, becomes less dense and rises setting up a convection current. Solar ponds are designed to impede this process by adding salt to the water until the lower levels become completely saturated.

As the high-salinity water doesn't mix easily with low-salinity water above it, convection currents are contained within each discrete layer and minimal mixing between them occurs.

POWER TOWER CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS A large number of flat, sun-tracking mirrors, known as heliostats, focus sunlight onto a receiver at the top of a tall tower. A heat-transfer fluid heated in the receiver is used to heat a working fluid, which, in turn, is used in a conventional turbine generator to produce electricity. Some power towers use water/steam as the heat-transfer fluid.

Other advanced designs are experimenting with high temperature molten salts or sandlike particles to maximize the power cycle temperature.

Disadvantages: 1.A very large area of land is required and are therefore suitable for areas like desert.

2.Efficiency is less than PVs. 3.A rigid structure and more support is needed for the large number of mirrors used.

4.Wind causes problems with the mirrors which can affect efficiency.

PHASE 1: RESEARCH SOLAR ENERGY - CSP

PARABOLIC DISH SYSTEMS A Parabolic dish system consists of a parabolic-shaped point focus concentrator in the form of a dish that reflects solar radiation onto a receiver mounted at the focal point. These concentrators are mounted on a structure with a two-axis tracking system to follow the sun. The collected heat is typically utilized directly by a heat engine mounted on the receiver moving with the dish structure. Dish can attain extremely high temperatures, and holds promise for use in solar reactors for making solar fuels which require very high temperatures.

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

PHASE 1: RESEARCH SOLAR ENERGY - CSP

LINEAR FRESNEL REFLECTOR SYSTEMS VS PARABOLIC TROUGH SYSTEMS The main advantages of Fresnel CSP systems compared to troughs, according to IRENA’s 2012 CSP report, are that Linear Fresnel Collectors (LFCs) can use cheaper flat glass mirrors, which are a standard mass-produced commodity, and that they require less steel and concrete – as the metal support structure is lighter – which simplifies the assembly process and leads to cost reductions.

Linear Fresnel reflectors are optical analogous to parabolic troughs. They are concentrating reflectors with linear focus, where the parabolic reflective surface is obtained by an array of linear mirror strips which independently move and collectively focus on absorber lines suspended from elevated towers. The objective of this study is to reproduce the performance of parabolic troughs though with lower costs, this can be achieved with linear Fresnel reflectors (Häberle A et al. 2002). However with linearFresnel reflectors, optical quality and thermal efficiency is lower because of a higher influence of the incidence angle and the cosine factor. Because of that, this technology is not still much applied into ISCCS or in regenerative Rankine cycles

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

LINEAR FRESNEL REFLECTOR SYSTEMS VS PARABOLIC TROUGH SYSTEMS

PHASE 1: RESEARCH SOLAR ENERGY - CSP

LINEAR FRESNEL REFLECTOR SYSTEMS VS PARABOLIC TROUGH SYSTEMS

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

PHASE 1: RESEARCH SOLAR ENERGY - CSP

CSP Water Use and Cooling Technologies

CSP technologies generate power via the same steam cycle as coal or nuclear power plants; the main difference is the fuel used to turn water into steam. There are two major water processes in a steam turbine system—the steam cycle and the cooling process. Most of the water is consumed. during cooling, 6 and the choice of cooling technology largely determines how much water is actually consumed at a facility. Fossil and nuclear power plants use the same wet-cooling technologies as those for CSP. Water is used to produce steam to turn the steam turbines; this water is recycled for the generation of steam in the “closed-loop” steam cycle.

Theoretically, water is not lost in the steam production cycle (though real-world imperfections necessitate some “make-up” water to compensate for leaks in the system). Steam is cooled in a condenser and condensed back to a liquid water state to be reused.

In areas where water supplies are constrained, dry cooling technologies may be used, which blow air over extensive networks of steam pipes designed with convective cooling fins to dissipate the heat energy over their surface area. No water is used or consumed in dry cooling. Air, however, has a much lower capacity to carry heat than water; therefore, dry cooling generally is less efficient than wet cooling in removing heat.

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

PHASE 1: RESEARCH SOLAR ENERGY - CSP

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

PHASE 1: RESEARCH SOLAR ENERGY - CSP

The PolyTrough 1200 is a small roof and ground mountable parabolic trough collector developed for: •High performance up to 230°C •Ease of installation without heavy lifting equipment •Flexible configurations •Efficient shipping in ISO compliant containers •Low cost per kWh delivered The solar heat is used in thermal applications such as: •Industrial processes •Solar cooling systems •Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC) for production of electricity •Desalination The PolyTrough 1200 standard collector module is 1.2m wide, 24m long and 1.6m high.

It consists of •12 composite reflector panels, each 2m long by 1.2m aperture •5 rigid galvanized steel mounts for ground or roof mounting with flexible spacing •A structurally efficient galvanized torque tube •A tubular receiver with glass envelope •An accurate solar tracking system The reflector is manufactured using a proprietary manufacturing process. The patented process results in a lightweight, stiff and accurate surface.

The PolyTrough 1200’s design and packaging features allow for easy transport, mounting and installation.

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

PHASE 1: RESEARCH

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

PHASE 1: RESEARCH SOLAR ENERGY - CSP

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

PHASE 1: RESEARCH SOLAR ENERGY - CSP

Directing solar photons to sustainably meet food, energy, and water needs

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

PHASE 1: RESEARCH

SOLAR ENERGY – POSSIBLE LOCATIONS SITE

35.000 m2 (380,000 sf) of land will be total area for a 10MW plant.

1MW POWERS 650 AVERAGE(2,600 square feet) HOMES.

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

PHASE 1: RESEARCH SOLAR ENERGY

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) vs. Photovoltaic (PV) Technologies To begin with, Concentrated Solar Thermal systems (CSP) produce electric power by converting the sun’s energy into high-temperature heat using various mirror configurations. The way these particular technology works is that the sun’s energy is concentrated by various reflectors, and this concentrated energy is then used to drive a heat engine and drive an electric generator. The plants that utilize this system consists of two parts: one that collects solar energy and converts it to heat, and the other that converts the heat energy to electricity.

CSP is an indirect method that generates alternating current (AC), which will then be easy to distribute on the power network.

Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels, on the other hand, are completely different from CSP. Unlike CSP which uses the sun’s energy, PV solar panels make use of the sun’s light instead. In other words, photovoltaics is the direct conversion of light into electricity. The way this works is that the solar PV cells absorb light, which will then knock electrons loose. Then once the loose electrons flow, a current is created, and this current is then captured and transferred into wires, thus generating a direct electric current (DC). After the direct electric current is generated, it is then converted into AC, usually using inverters, so that it will be distributed on the power network.

Energy Storage and Efficiency CSP systems are capable of storing energy through the use of Thermal Energy Storage technologies (TES). As a result, they can use it at times when there is little to no sunlight, like during cloudy days or during night time, to generate electric power. Because of the CSP’s ability to store energy, the penetration of solar thermal technology in the power generation industry is increased since it helps overcome irregularity issues.

Meanwhile, PV systems aren’t capable of producing or storing thermal energy since they use direct sunlight instead of the sun’s heat. And in addition to that, storing electricity (for example, in batteries) is also not easily done, especially at large power levels.

Because of this, it is then clear that in terms of energy storage and efficiency, thermal energy storage technologies are better, thus making CSP systems the far more attractive option for large scale power generation. Furthermore, since CSP systems are able to produce excess energy and store it for future use, they can help improve the financial performance and also the sharing ability of solar power and flexibility in the power network.

Conclusion

Nowadays, there are two technologies that dominate the solar power industry: the Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) and Photovoltaic (PV). These two may be similar in that they both use the sun in order to generate power. But beyond that, they are as different as can be.

To start with, CSP makes use of the sun’s radiation to heat a liquid substance that will then be used to drive a heat engine and drive an electric generator. Meanwhile, PV uses light through the “photovoltaic effect” — the absorbing of light which then leads to the breaking of the electrons — to generate an electric current.

Both CSP and PV have their own pros and cons. In terms of energy storage and efficiency, CSP is superior since it can store energy with the help of TES technologies.

PV, on the other hand, is incapable of producing or storing thermal energy since they directly generate electricity. Aside from that, it’s also difficult to store electricity.

Although CSP is obviously the more efficient one in terms of energy saving, that doesn’t mean it’s the best option. Between the two, PV is cheaper, so energy investors are more inclined to use it than CSP. In other words, despite its advantages, CSP isn’t the favoured one.

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

PHASE 1: RESEARCH

SOLAR ENERGY – PRESEDENT

Stanford University, Central Energy Facility

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

PHASE 1: RESEARCH

SOLAR ENERGY – PRESEDENT The new Central Energy Facility (CEF) includes three large water tanks for thermal energy storage, a high-voltage substation that receives electricity from the grid, and an innovative heat recovery system that takes advantage of Stanford’s overlap in heating and cooling needs.

Diagram of the campus, highlighting all its buildings and distribution networks to and from the power plant located to the left of the image

PHASE 1: RESEARCH

SOLAR ENERGY – PRESEDENT CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ HEAT RECOVERY

PHASE 1: RESEARCH

SOLAR ENERGY – PRESEDENT HEAT RECOVERY

PHASE 1: RESEARCH

SOLAR ENERGY – PRESEDENT

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQ6GKAOK-LE&t=692s

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

CROP STUDIO – MARIANA CRUZ

BIO FUEL

DAVID FREIRE

BIOFUEL

ETHANOL

BIODIESEL

Produced from biomass rather than fossil fuel

Biomass: Plant or animal material used for energy production or in various industrial processes as rae substance for a range of products.

BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCK Biological materiral such as vegetable oil, inedible corn oil, anuimal fats and used cooking oil.

REFINING Called Pre-treatment, used to remove any inpurities.

Blended with an alcohol and a catalyst Chemical.

Renewable Energy Group; one of the largest biodiesel producers in the country.

TRANSESTERIFICATION Process when chemicals are added and as a result creates twor prducts Methyl Esters and Glycerin.

PURIFICATION Once Metyl Esters are washed and remaining Ethanol removed, purificaation takes place to remove any inpurities and particles.

Homemade biodiesel refinement plant.

ALGAE AS A BIOFUEL Algae are very small aquatic organisms that turn

Oil is extracted by breaking down cell structure of the

sunlight into energy.

algae by using solvents or soundwaves and then the oil is refined.

Store energy in the form of natural oils.Under right

Algae need CO2 to grow; it take it out of the

conditions make plenty of oil; can produce up to 60x

atmosphere making it almost a carbon neutral fuel

more oil than land based plants.

source.

BIQ- HAMBURG, GERMANY

ALGAE POWERED As part of the International Building Exhibition, this building used pannels filled with algae in its facade to generate energy.

ALGAE FARMS URBAN CONTEXT

Architects: Iwamoto Scott Architects Location: San Francisco 2108 “Taking a provocative stance on resiliance through transforming flooded shorelands to accomodate both algae production operations serving green fuel and new high density housing...”

Architects: Eco logic Studio

Architects: The Cloud Collective

Location: Milan, Italy

Location: Geneve, Switzerland

“World’s First Urban Algae

“If we consider the scarcity of fertile land and green

Canopy Produces the

open space, using every bit of potential of these sort

Oxygen Equivalent of Four

of sites is crucial for the quality of our cities and

Hectares of Woodland Every

landscapes.”

Day”

THE POWER OF ALGAE ANIMAL FEED

1 Gallon

10 Pounds

Studies show that the use of algae grown to replace large amounts of animal feed, global warming can be solved to a large extent.

WATER Leading cause of water impairment is runoff from agriculture. With Algae there is no runoff; all the

Clean Water

nutrients are captured in the algae.

40,000 acres ENVIRONMENTAL Leading cause of deforestation is for food profduction. Algae produces 40 times more food per acre.

ECONOMIC Biofuels and Protein production are needed worldwide. Will have a huge impact on reducing poverty and creating jobs in rural areas.

1,000 acres

HOUSING

AFFORDABLE HOUSING

PILAR MARTE

A BRIEF HISTORY OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN MIAMI-DADE COUNTY Miami Dade Affordable Housing Timeline

1933- New Deal is Introduced

Under president Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the New Deal policy is signed introduced and put in place in order to provide economic recovery after the Great Depression.

Florida recieved the highest per capita expenditures of the New Deals funds in the South. Money was used to create better harbors, bridges, highways, utilities, airports, community centers, libraries, and schools along with better affordable housing.

1937- Liberty Square Opened

Liberty Square was the first public housing project in Florida, Liberty Square. The development project was the first ever in the nation to serve black residents. Miami’s white leaders lobbied for the federally funded development in an effort to relocate blacks from the city’s expanding Business District and simultaneously enagage in slum clearance in “Color Town” now known as Overtown. Liberty Square is roughly 5 miles north of Overtown and by 1939 there were 730 residents in Liberty Square. Conditions in Liberty Sqaure’s one and two story row houses were much better than other areas of black Miami as the new units inlcluded tile floors, bathrooms, a kitchen sink and running water.

1950- Suburban Expansion

1952- Rise of the “Concrete Monsters”

Postwar also had to meet the demands of the growing population here in Miami. This lead to the construction of concrete apartment structures thus the termed coined by Elizabeth Virrick came to be, “Concrete Monsters.” Between 1946 and 1950, 120 of these buildings were built in Overtown. These building had between 12 to 16 apartment units that were over priced and had severe plumbing issues, low ceilings, no street lighting and limited green space. Many of these structures were built in Brownsville, Coconut Grove and Liberty City.

1956- Federal-Aid Highway Act and Miami Expressway Plans

In 1956, Congress passed the Federal-Aid Highway Act. This act made possible the connection of major metropolitan areas and had profound influence in the changing of the residental districts in Miami Dade County. Between the 1950s and 1970s, massive highway construction led to many of the minority neighborhoods such as Overtown were destoryed because of city planners placement of I-95 through central portions of Overtown. Construction for this project began from 1957 to 1968.

1960- Cuban Exodus

Between 1959 and 1980 over 800,000 Cubans came to the United States settling in Miami. By the 1970s, Miami had the second largest concentration of Cubans outside of Havana. Because of this influx, it cretaed what is known today small districts such as Little Havana and the City of Hialeah. The residental expansion of Cubans also limited the growth of black housing communities which led to racial tension.

After World War II, there was a population growth in Miami Dade County by 84% reaching 495,000 residents in 1950. In postwar decades, Miami metro area changed from a tourist area to a permanent urban environment partialy due to the invention of air conditioning in the mid 1950s. As white residents began moving into Miami’s new suburban areas, blacks were pushed back past the residential color line into districts that were in poor conditions.

1980- Haitian Migration

Between the late 1970s and the early 1980s, about 60,000 Haitians arrived to Miami.

Many Haitians fled political persecution from their homecountry and came to the U.S seeking new opportunities and a better life. This influx came and formed what is todays Little Haiti and the City of North Miami. During this time, economy began to grow in Little Haiti which led to the establishment of Little Haiti Housing Association to create affordable housing opportunities for residents. The services eventually grew to include emerging Haitian communities in the North Miami area.

1993- HOPE VI Program Launched

Congress launched the HOPE VI program to demolish and redevelop old public housing developments. Between 1993 and 2010 this program demolished over 150,000 units of public housing nationwide and cost almost $6 billion dollars to redevelop these sites that consisted of housing projects such as Cabrini-Green in Chicago, which for many symbolized the faliure of high-rise public housing and concentrated poverty. The program provided residents with more amenities and included numerous innovations in public housing design, finance, and management. However, HOPE VI redevelopment projects have also led to reductions in public housing units and resident displacment.

1998- Pottinger Settlement

In 1998, the federal district court of Miami approved a landmark settlement that protects the civil liberties of homeless residents. During the 1980s there were roughly 6,000 homeless individuals on the streets of Miami area and only 1,000 shelter beds available. Because of the lack of sheltered areas for the homeless, the police would often arrest them for various activites of basic daliy life such as sleeping on the streets or urinating in public. In 1988, the Miami Chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union sued the City of Miami for commiting such acts that violated the constitutional rights of homeless residents. After about a decade of appeals and proceedings, the City of Miami and the ACLU negotiated a settlement agreement in 1998 whcih limits the power of Miami police to arrest homeless residents for harmless minor offenses that are considered “life sustaining.”

2006- Take Back the Land

Take Back the Land was a Miami based land and housing rights movement formed

by Max Rameau. He started the campaign as a response to houing crisis and growing redevelopment pressures on low-income housing communities. In 2006, a group of homeless residents seized an empty lot in Liberty City and built an encampement Umoja (which means “unity” in Swahili) Village which receieved nationwide attention in the next 6 months. Then the squatter village was abandon after a fire partially destroyed the settlement but that still did not stop them from the movement. Numerous of housing units during the housing crisis were filled with homless residents and Rameau maintained these actions until Take Back the Land formed national network of organizations deicated to helping low income individuals.

2016- Redevelopment of Liberty Square

In 2015, Miami-Dade County announced a $300 million initiative to redevelop Liberty Square and Lincoln Gardens public housing dvelopments. The project consist of 1,500 unit redevelopment plan that has 750 new public houing units and other amenities, including a community center, grocery store, and a museum. The county will also given $46 million in the comprehensive green certified mixed-used project. This project is known as ‘Liberty Square Rising,’ and it is the largest public housing redevelopment project in Miami Dade county history.

MIAMI, FL RENTAL MARKET TRENDS According to rentcafe.com...

The average rent for an appartment in Miami is $1,702, a 2% increase to the previous year

Affordable Housing Density in Miami-Dade County 3 Bedrooms 3 occupants: 800 sqft

1 Bedroom 1 occupant: 200 sqft

***Includes kitchen, living room and balcony***

2 Bedrooms 2 occupants: 400 sqft

1 acre = 43,560 square feet Low Density Housing Minimum: 2.5 units per gross acre Maximum: 6 units per gross acre

Low-Medium Density Housing Minimum: 6 units per gross acre Maximum: 13 units per gross acre

High Density Housing Minimum: 60 units per gross acre Maximum: 125 units per gross acre

Medium Density Housing Minimum: 13 units per gross acre Maximum: 25 units per gross acre

Medium-High Density Housing Minimum: 25 units per gross acre Maximum: 60 units per gross acre

CROP STUDIO RESEARCH: AFFORDABLE HOUSING

PILAR MARTE

ZOI HOUSE GROVE

2900 SW 28th Ln, Miami FL 33133 Studio Cost: $1,750 1 Bedroom Cost: $1,885- $2,165 2 Bedroom Cost: $2,670-$3,425 3 Bedroom Cost: $3,500 4 Bedroom Cost: $5,400-$6,500

ZOI HOUSE GROVE

2900 SW 28th Ln, Miami FL 33133

ZOI HOUSE GROVE

2900 SW 28th Ln, Miami FL 33133

ZOI HOUSE GROVE

2900 SW 28th Ln, Miami FL 33133

MIDTOWN 5

125 NE 32nd St, Miami FL 33137 Studio Cost: $1,496- $2,073 1 Bedroom Cost: $1,928- $2,602 2 Bedroom Cost: $2,642-$3,885 3 Bedroom Cost: **Call for Rent**

MIDTOWN 5

125 NE 32nd St, Miami FL 33137

MIDTOWN 5

125 NE 32nd St, Miami FL 33137

MIDTOWN 5

125 NE 32nd St, Miami FL 33137

Housing Precedents

2200 Calle De Luna Santa Clara, CA Density:170 da/ac Unit Plan Sizes: 495-1,040 sqft.

Site Area: 3.5 ac Number of stories: 12 Parking Spaces: 677 Construction Type: I

360 5th Street San Francisco, CA Density:239 du/ac Unit Plan Sizes: 440-1,189 sqft Number of Units:127 Site Area: 0.53 ac Number of Stories: 4-8 Residential parking: 32 spaces Other parking: 6 spaces

Commerce Metro Center Reston, VA Land Uses: High Density Residential, Office, Hotel, Retail, Urban Plaza, Underground Parking Density: 60 du/ac Unit Plan Sizes: 850 sqft Number of units: 700 du Site area: 12 ac Retail:10,000

TRIVISTA Denver,CO Density: 140 du/ac Unit Plan Sizes: 592 sqft-1,819 sqft Number of Units: 322 du Site Area:2.30 ac Number of Stories:7 Parking: 488 spaces Construction Type: III,I

Quayside Village, Canada

Quayside Village, Canada

Quayside Village provides 19 residential units, five of which are affordable housing, with the ambition of reducing social inequity. The units comprise of 1-3 bedroom apartments and townhouses, all of which are wheelchair accessible.

•

What made it successful..

• • •

The complex is based on a 1000 m2 compact site. This reduces energy consumption and resource usage.

It is within walking distance from a public market and a sea-bus distance from restaurants, parks, schools and other services. This keeps the residents engaged with city life.

The housing has several communal facilities such as a 232-square-meter common house and a 60-square-meter commercial space.

• • • • •

All houses are built from reused materials found at the site such as stained-glass windows, wooden doors, and oak floors.

Townhouses at the base are allotted to families with children where a courtyard provides a safe play area for children.

Apartments on the upper floors provide marvelous views of the skyline of downtown Vancouver and surrounding mountains.

Nearly all unit doors open towards the common courtyard filled with flowerbeds where the residents also grow their own food.

It has a fancy gray water reuse system which takes water from sinks, showers, bathtubs, and laundry to flush the toilets.

The project successfully mixes people from different social classes

Savonnerie Heymans Public Housing, Brussels

Savonnerie Heymans Public Housing, Brussels

Located less than half a mile from Brussels’ Grand Palace, Savonnerie Heymans is an adaptive reuse of a soap factory. It now provides 42 low-energy social housing units. These units entail a variety of spatial configurations such as studios, 1-6 bedroom apartments, lofts, duplexes, and maisonettes.

Quinta Monroy Housing, Chile

Problems: • The land price was too high due to its strategic location in the city, but Aravena wanted to maintain this site to keep the neighborhood connected to the city’s opportunities. Additionally, this location was suitable to increase property value over time, which was also one of the aims of this project.

• The government provided a subsidy of just $7500 per family which was too tight to pay for the land, infrastructure, and architecture. Furthermore, this budget would limit the built area to just 30 m2.

• Individual housing results in inefficient use of land while vertical housing halts expansion, but Aravena wanted every house to double its original built area while utilizing the land wisely.

Solutions: • Firstly, they decided to forget about all the restraints and designed middle-class spacious family houses as if their budget is $ 750,000 instead of $7,500.

• Each house increased to 72 m2 in size but the money they had was just for half of the house. They chose to build the main half which the family would never be able to build on its own. This involved functions that accommodate for basic family needs like kitchen, bathroom, partition walls and stairs.

WORKFORCE HOUSING

HANSEL QUERALEZ

WORKFORCE HOUSING DEFINITION

WORKFORCE HOUSING SOLUTION BENEFITS

Defined as housing that is affordable for families whose incomes are within 60 to 140 percent of the County’s area median income as reported by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development and adjusted to family size ($42,600 to $99,400, respectively, for a family of four).

There are many benefits to having adequate affordable housing for working families located in a community. Workforce housing allows the critical community workers and emergency responders to live in the same communities in which they work. This is particularly important in communities where these workers are commuting great distances and would not be available in emergency situations. Having teachers and municipal workers, as well as other workers, live in the community where they work helps strengthen the fabric of society. In some communities, workforce housing initiatives also help to revitalize and stabilize neighborhoods. Workforce housing gives working families more choice as to what neighborhood they can live in. It also addresses affordability and offers homeownership opportunity for moderate- and middle-income families. Additionally, there are advantages to having employees live in the same community in which they work. This includes decreased traffic and sprawl and shorter commute times for the workers, leading to an improved quality of life. It also may increase the level of community involvement if workers are able to live in the same communities in which they work.

Workforce housing targets middle-income workers which includes professions such as police officers, firefighters, teachers, health care workers, retail clerks, and the like (Parlow, 2015). Households who need workforce housing may not always qualify for housing subsidized by the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program or the Housing Choice Vouchers program (formerly known as Section 8), which are two major programs in place for addressing affordable housing needs.

WORKFORCE HOUSING STRATEGIES The economy and housing market has widely recovered since the Great Recession, and as of the third quarter in 2017, housing prices were one-percent higher than their peak in 2006 (CoreLogic, 2017). Today’s high demand paired with low supply has driven housing prices up and out of reach for many middle-income workers, and many local governments are exploring and implementing strategies to stimulate workforce housing creation.

• • • • • •

TYPICAL WORKFORCE HOUSING IN MIAMI-DADE COUNTY

Create a dedicated housing trust fund Repurpose vacant land and underutilized retail space Adopt inclusionary zoning Create a community land trust Update land development codes to encourage development in already urbanized areas Allow single-family homeowners to build and rent out accessory dwelling units

WHY IS WORKFORCE HOUSING IMPORTANT? The targeted clients for workforce housing programs are those who are unable to afford new or luxury construction but make enough money that they can’t benefit from government subsidies. Despite not qualifying for subsidies, these individuals still need access to affordable housing and workforce housing programs fill in these gaps.

WORKFORCE HOUSING PLANNED IN MIAMI-DADE COUNTY ARCHINET PEOPLE A Hybrid/Mixed use building locate next to Liberty City project in Miami. Composed of Residential/Housing maximized based on Miami 21 zoning. 20% of the housing program should be dedicated to “transitional housing” meant to be stays of 6 months or less. Also, 2500-5000 sq. ft for Commercial spaces meant to house local businesses. A 10,000-15,000 sq. ft Technical School/Cultural Center, carpentry, tattoo, metal work/Folklore Music Center. A series of interior and exterior open terraces will serve as common meeting/gathering spaces for the residents, making a them feel part of a community. A system of aluminum louvers will protect the south and west façade from the intense Sun hitting Miami all year round. To create a building that will strengthen the sense of community is the main idea behind this design, creating integrative spaces that would support the growth of the neighborhood.

VOLUNTARY WORKFORCE HOUSING ORDINANCES Voluntary Workforce Housing Program (Ordinance 16‐138)

Item Zoning approval method

Code Section 33‐193.7(B)

Target income range

33‐193.6(10)

60% to 140% HUD Family Income

Density bonus and workforce housing unit (WHUs) set‐aside

33‐193.7(B)(a)

‐5% density bonus for a 5% WHU set‐aside ‐ Mandatory

Administrative Site Plan Review (ASPR).

Policy Details

Individual single‐family or duplex lot may be approved through the regular permit process. ASPR is not required but recommended. However, a Pre‐Permit Submittal Revise (PPSR) is required. Must meet intensity standards.

Non‐conforming lots may be approved by right if they are set‐aside for workforce housing and it is determined that they meet the intensity standards and requirements of the ordinance at a PPSR.

‐Additional density bonuses may be granted, up to a maximum 25% density bonus with a 10% WHU set‐aside.

WHU Set‐Aside 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%

Required WHUs by Income Level

33‐193.7(B)(a)

Density Bonus 5% 9% 13% 19% 21% 25%

Type of Set‐Aside Mandatory Bonus Bonus Bonus Bonus Bonus

‐No less than 25 % of the WHUs shall target the 60% to 79% median family income range. ‐No less than 50% of the WHUs shall target the 80% to 110% median family income range. ‐A 3% density bonus shall be given to developments targeting all the remaining WHUs to the 60% to 79% median family income (not to exceed the 25% density bonus)

Portability of density bonus Alternatives to construction of workforce housing units

33‐193.8(1)(c)

Density bonus may be transferred to other sites with a Certificate of Portability, similar to the SUR program.

33‐193.8

Allows four alternatives or a combination thereof:

Contribution in lieu per WHU for projects with 20 units or more Item

33‐193.9

Intensity standards

33‐193.11

Code Section

1.Monetary contribution in lieu of WHUs 2.Off‐site construction within a 2‐mile radius of site 3.Rehabilitation of existing properties: (a) within 3 miles of site; (b) within the Urban Infill Area, or (c) within a transit corridor (including sites in municipalities).

4. Conveyance of land acceptable to the County.

5.Combination of the above Based on Countywide median sales price within the UDB. May be adjusted by MSA if the median sales price in the MSA is less than the countywide median.

Policy Details Page 1 $45,000 minimum ‐Multi‐family: $114,800 maximum and ‐Single family: $121,300 maximum and $51,500 minimum Intensity and design standards were revised to allow for higher density.

Allows administrative adjustments for setbacks and lot coverage through the ASPR process.

Required Agreements

33‐193.13

‐Restrictive covenant on development at time of zoning approval

33‐193.14

‐Workforce housing agreement prior to plat or building permit encumbering individual units

Road Impact Fees

33.E6.1

Control Period

17‐140

Creates a 2‐year deferral program for WHUs WHUs must remain affordable for 20 years.

Equity share recapture

17‐142(A)(4)

Based on the number of years remaining in the control period

Projects providing affordable housing to households at or below 80% of the median income are exempt.

 0‐5 years – 100%  6‐10 years – 50%

WORKFORCE HOUSING EXAMPLES MITCHELL-LAMA PROGRAM

The Mitchell-Lama program provides affordable rental and cooperative housing to moderate- and middle-income families. The program was sponsored by New York State Senator MacNeil Mitchell and Assemblyman Alfred Lama, and was signed into law in 1955. There are both New York City supervised Mitchell-Lama developments and New York State supervised Mitchell-Lama developments.

HOW TOAPPLY Each development requires that you apply separately. There is no master list for applications. However, you can apply to more than one development at a time. Mitchell-Lama apartments are sold or rented through waiting lists kept by each development. In order to apply to a Mitchell-Lama with an open waiting list, applicants need to contact the managing agent directly and request an application.

ELEGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS All Mitchell-Lama developments have eligibility requirements related to income limits, family size, and apartment size.

INCOME LIMITS Maximum income limits differ for federally-assisted rental and cooperative developments, and non-federally-assisted developments. The waiting list specifies if a development is federally subsidized and if the development is a rental or cooperative.

WORKFORCE HOUSING EXAMPLES PASEOVERDE

The building breaks the mold in many ways. Its connection to a transit hub, landscaped terraces, and green roof help support a sustainable lifestyle. It’s also a center for healthy living, thanks to the integration of numerous healthcare facilities within the building. Home to a health clinic run by the Public Health Management Corporation, a pharmacy, and supportive services provided by Asociación Puertorriqueños en Marcha, an iconic community group and partner in the project, Paseo Verde offers a huge benefit to the neighborhood.

The building will be constructed with an environmentally responsible design that includes: an energy efficient building envelope and MEP systems; a green roof; photovoltaic solar panels; and the use of local, recyclable, and renewable materials. Paseo Verde has achieved LEED Platinum certification under LEED for Neighborhood Development (LEED ND); it is the first LEED ND project in the country to achieve a Platinum rating.

There are also 53 apartments available for residents earning an annual income below $68,000 (based on family size).

The inspiring goal of this community is to provide a healthy living environment for residents through sustainable practices, as well as cost savings through effective reduction in energy use. The building features energy efficient and water saving architectural design features such as green and blue roofs, efficient mechanical systems, ENERGY STAR-rated appliances and fixtures, low- or no-VOC paints and primers, and formaldehyde-free materials to enhance indoor air quality.

Paseo Verde consists of 67, one and two-bedroom apartments with a range of amenities such as off-street parking, fitness center, business center, community room, landscaped terraces, community garden, and ground-floor retail.

Add to that an award-winning contemporary design, green technology and a happening Philadelphia location

WORKFORCE HOUSING EXAMPLES STUY-TOWN - NEW YORK

The complex was created in the 1940s in response to the housing crisis that followed the Great Depression. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company developed Stuyvesant Town, along with similar projects in the Bronx and Harlem.

Many early residents at Stuyvesant Town were World War II veterans and their families, with rents running between $50 and $100 per apartment. Today, unless you are in a rent-controlled unit, rates range from about $3,000 to more than $6,000 for a 5-bedroom unit and all units are no-fee.

With 110 buildings and 11,250 apartments, Stuy Town often feels more like a small town or college campus. Approximately 30,000 people live there, many of them teachers, students at NYU, firefighters, police officers and other middle-income families who are attracted to STPCV’s spacious apartments, pet-friendly leases and open space.

All residents – regardless of whether they live in Stuy Town or PVC – have access to the same communal resources including a fitness center, lounge, café, basketball courts, package delivery service and playgrounds, among other amenities. It costs extra to use several of these amenities, including the fitness center, package delivery and booking the event space for private events.

WORKFORCE HOUSING EXAMPLES BRICKELL VIEW TERRACE

Brickell View Terrace is a mixed use / mixed income multi-family development in the prestigious Brickell Avenue area in downtown Miami. The development is located adjacent to the Brickell Metro Rail Station, just west of Mary Brickell Village on SW 1st Avenue between SW 9th street and SW 10th Street.

The development consists of 100 affordable housing units, another 76 market rate units, and approximately 7,300 SF of retail within the residential tower. The retail is on the first floor of the residential tower, with the structure rising to a total height of twenty-three stories.

AMENITIES: •

Smoke-Free Community

•

Community Room

•

Library & Computer Room

•

Fitness Center

•

Covered barbeque and picnic area with outdoor game tables

•

Car care area

•

Electric car charging stations

•

Linear park & gazebo

WORKFORCE HOUSING AVERAGE APARTMENT SIZE

WORKFORCE HOUSING AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD SIZE

WORKFORCE HOUSING

HOW MANY PEOPLE CAN FIT IN OUR AREA?

AVERAGE DENSITY

WORKFORCE HOUSING

HOW MANY PEOPLE CAN FIT IN OUR AREA?

LOW DENSITY

WORKFORCE HOUSING

HOW MANY PEOPLE CAN FIT IN OUR AREA?

WORKFORCE HOUSING

HOW MANY PEOPLE CAN FIT IN OUR AREA? HIGH DENSITY

HIGH DENSITY

WASTE

MATERIAL SELECTION PROCESS

RESOURCES RECOVERY FACILITY PROCESS

waste to energy process

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uGyfyhiqxBw

plant construction timeline

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jau_0eiYXR0

COVANTA DADE RENEWABLE ENERGY

DUBLIN WASTE TO ENERGY

COVANTA DADE

COVANTA DUBLIN

WASTE PROCESING CAPACITY

ENERGY FROM WASTE SYSTEMS:

WASTE DISPOSAL

3,000 tons per day of municipal solid waste and 1,200 tons-per-day of biomass fuel.

four 648 ton-per-day Zurn Resource Derived Fuel (RDF) Spreader Stoker.

the Dublin Waste to Energy Facility will process at least 600,000 tonnes of solid waste that cannot be sensibly recycled, moving the Dublin region away from dependence on landfilling waste.

AIR POLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT

ENERGY GENERATION:

ENERGY GENERATION:

spray dryer absorbers for acid gas reduction, fabric filter baghouses, activated carbon injection, nitrogen oxide reduction and continuous emissions monitoring systems.

77 megawatts of electricity from two 38.5 megawatt condensing steam turbine generators.

RULE OF THUMB PEOPLE

WASTE

ENERGY

HOUSE

44,346

100 tONS

1 MW

700

3000ft

1000ft

3000ft

=

. povides 100 jobs – 60 full-time at the facility and 35-40 full-time contractor and service support roles. . more than €10 million has been allocated for the community to date, with an additional future annual contribution of $600,000 based on the annual throughput of waste.

WASTE-TO-ENERGY CONVERSION

SITE

WASTE: 4,200 TONS/DAY ELECTRICITY: 77MW = 53,900 HOMES

. at least 600,000 tonnes of waste processed annually . Electricity for over 100,000 homes . Heating potential for 50,000 homes . 250,000 fewer tonnes of fossil fuels required for energy generation

BENEFIT TO THE COMMUNITY:

. safely converts non-recyclable waste into approximately 60 megawatts of electricity which is exported into Ireland’s national grid – enough to power 100,000 homes. . capable of generating 90 megawatts of district heating - enough heat for 50,000 homes

VOLUMEN COMPARISION COVANTA DADE

CAPACITY

1/4

1000ft

SITE

COVANTA DUBLIN

=

1/8

PERSON/ENERGY

PERSON/WASTE

3000ft

500ft 500ft

RATE: 1/16 3000ft

WASTE: 50,000 TONS/DAY ELECTRICITY: 60MW = 100,000 HOMES HEAT: 90MW = 50,000 HOMES

NOTE: calculations are based on an average of 4.5 pounds of waste per person daily and an average of 4 people per house.

PRECEDENCES COPENHILL

COST:

ENERGY GENERATION:

$670 million

generate enough heat and eectricity for 150,000 homes in the area.

WASTE PROCESING CAPACITY: 44,000 tons of waste per year.

RE CYCLING

ANA SAMOUR

5 BRANDS THAT USE PLASTIC Are taking fairtrade footwear and accessories to the next level with their introduction of a material called B-mesh (“bottle mesh”) that is made from recycled plastic bottles. (B-mesh is a fabric made entirely out of recycled polyester (polyethylene terephthalate or PET).There are three bottles in each pair of sneakers, and the fabric created from them is touted as both breathable and waterproof—ideal characteristics of footwear.

VEJA PLASTIC

https://project.veja-store.com/en/single/upcycling/#:~:text=VEJA%20is%20the%20first%20sneaker,plastic%20bottles%3A%20B %2Dmesh.&text=B%2Dmesh%20is%20a%20fabric,It's%20light%2C% 20breathable%20and%20waterproof.

Girlfriend Collective is a truly transparent company that ethically produces sports bras and leggings made from recycled plastic. Their recycled polyester is made from plastic bottles in Taiwan, and their nylon transforms recycled fishing nets that would otherwise end up in the ocean suffocating countless sea creatures into ECONYL®.

FASHION 1. Polyethylene Terephthalate = PET

ECONYL, created by Italian firm Aquafil, uses synthetic waste such as industrial plastic, waste fabric, and fishing nets from oceans, then recycles and regenerates them into a new nylon yarn that is exactly the same quality as virgin nylon.

Packaging foods and beverages (soft drinks, juices and water.)

2. Lycra = polyester-polyurethan copolymer Clorhing

3. Nylon

fibre cable,films, flooring, rubber reinforcement and shapes like car parts and electrical equipment.

The Future of Fashion in One Word: Plastics

GIRLFRIEND COLLECTIVE

First of all the plastic bottles are collected, compressed, packed into bales and shipped to the processing factory. Then, the plastic bottles are chipped and melted into white round balls.

TWOTHIRDS sees itself as a brand for people who are awake and aware of the immense value of our oceans, but also have a thirst for style and substance. It manufactures all its products locally to reduce its carbon footprint, as well as audits all of its final stage production.

These balls are again crushed and spun through shower like nozzle that results into viscose yarn. These yarns are used to weave fabrics and finally end up into a trendy piece of clothing.

TWO THIRDS

Back in 1993 they created fleece made from recycled plastic bottles, and they have only improved their materials since then. There is also a repair and reuse program in place, so your Patagonia products should last a long time indeed!

PATAGONIA

BEEN London is a London-based brand turning waste into timeless accessories you’d want to use every day. All their products are made of materials that have been something else in a previous life, including recycled leather offcuts and plastic bottles.

BEEN LONDON

BPM - Recycling old plastic bottles into new pavement

The new generation of “plastic parkways”, is driven by a Scottish company, MacRebur. And as they told CNN, their “recipe” uses about 20,000 plastic bottles-worth of plastic for every ton of asphalt.

This new pavement is about 80 percent asphalt, and 20 percent of the recycled plastic. The Scots say that the result is sixty percent stronger than a conventional road surface, and they project that it will last two to three times longer

1,500 Semi-Transparent Plastic Baskets Form a Lightweight Facade

Hyunje Joo's design for a façade in South Korea is a proposal that addresses the separation between the interior and exterior with the construction of a flexible, light, and recyclable architectural element.

The project, a surface made up of 1,500 semi-transparent plastic baskets, diffuses the light and the silhouettes, while offering the ability to be reused with different configurations in different places.

We intend to reinterpret the possibility for the boundary of the wall using new materials. A flexible architectural element rather than a fixed element

As part of a conceptual project titled ‘new wave’, ulf mejergren architects (UMA) proposes to use recycled plastic bottles from the ocean to construct an art school in mexico. by using the discarded objects to create the façade of the building, the design team intends to set a positive example to the local community. as mexico currently generates half a million tons of plastic waste that ends up in the sea each year, the project aims to show what can be achieved by recycling plastic bottles. the expressive waves concieved by UMA are meant to peak the curiosity of passersby and offer an inspiring environment for kids to thrive in, while also serving as a stark reminder of where the bottles are taken from. the system is comprised of plastic bottles that are pierced through rebar that are erected in a concrete trench, appearing almost like a tall fence during its first stage of construction.

While plastic is used in various roles in home construction as listed above, it is true that pure plastic is not used for structural components. Pure plastic is not used as the beams, planks, and wall studs that hold up a house for several reasons. First of all, plastic is simply not as strong as wood, metal, or brick. Also, plastic permanently deforms under stress (creeps), and is harder to nail, drill, and screw than wood. Many of these structural limitations can be overcome by mixing plastic with other materials to form composite building materials. If the structural components of your house are made out of composite materials, there is a good chance that a lot of your house is made out of plastic.

Recycling The action or process of converting waste into reusable material.

Environmental Importance Harmful chemicals and greenhouse gasses are released from rubbish in landfill sites. Recycling helps to reduce the pollution caused by waste.

Habitat destruction and global warming are some the affects caused by deforestation. Recycling reduces the need for raw materials so that the rainforests can be preserved.

Huge amounts of energy are used when making products from raw materials. Recycling requires much less energy and therefore helps to preserve natural resources.

Recycling is essential to cities around the world and to the people living in them.

No space for waste. Our landfill sites are filling up fast, by 2010, almost all landfills in the UK will be full.

Reduce financial expenditure in the economy. Making products from raw materials costs much more than if they were made from recycled products.

In 1950 the world produced only 2 million tonnes per year.

By 2015, annual production had increased nearly 200-fold, reaching 381 million tonnes. For context, this is roughly equivalent to the mass of two-thirds of the world population.1 Over the period from 1950 to 2015, commulative production reached 7.8 billion tonnes of plastic — more than one tonne of plastic for every person alive today.

Plastic Recycling

not all plastics are recyclable or even reusable. There are numerous plastic-based products that cannot break down and cannot be recycled.

Glass Recycling

Paper Recycling

The process of waste paper recycling most often involves mixing used/old paper with water and chemicals to break it down. It is then chopped up and heated, which breaks it down further into strands of cellulose, a type of organic plant material; this resulting mixture is called pulp, or slurry. It is strained through screens, which remove or plastic (especially from plastic-coated paper) that may still be in the mixture then cleaned, de-inked (ink is removed), bleached, and mixed with water. Then it ! can be made into new recycled paper Recycled paper goes to Office Paper Tissue and toilet paper Napkins and paper towls Greeting cards Cardboards Newspapers and magazines

Glass recycling is the processing of waste glass into usable products. Glass that is crushed and ready to be remelted is called cullet. ... The word "cullet", when used in the context of end-of-waste, will always refer to external cullet. To be recycled, glass waste needs to be purified and cleaned of contamination.

Americans throw away enough glass bottles to fill a 1,350 square foot building. Considering how much pavement we have (3.9 million miles–enough to circle the Earth’s equator 157 times over)

Glassphalt Recycled glass is used to make "glassphalt," a material that is applied to roads, highways and even airport runways to make these surfaces less slippery and less prone to cracking. Reflective paint used on highways is made from glass beads formed from recycled glass.

Aggregate Problems

Papercrete Papercrete is a building material that consists of re-pulped paper fiber with Portland cement or clay and/or other soil added.

Basic Constituents - Paper: Recycled, usually old newsprints and cardboard.

- Aggregate : Coarse aggregate or fine aggregate - Cement: Used as a binder and to provide strength - Water

Recycling Loop

PLASTIC - Bottles and containers used for milk, shampoo, laundry detergent and household cleaners become plastic lumber, picnic tables, lawn furniture, playground equipment, recycling bins and more.

- Plastic bags and wrap become park benches, backyard decks and fences – even playground equipment. They also can be recycled into new plastic bags and then recycled again.

- Plastic bottles for soft drinks, juice and wate become Clothes (t-shirst, sweaters, fleece jackets, insulation for jackets and sleeping bags and carpeting -Plastic caps on bottles become batteries for your car, garden rakes, storage containers, reusable shopping bags, yarn, ropes, brooms … and more bottle caps PAPER Office Paper Tissue and toilet paper Napkins and paper towls Greeting cards Cardboards Newspapers and magazines METAL Industrial uses : Automobiles, aircraft, appliances, and industrial containers, ductwork, and plumbing.

Packaging uses new food packaging, canned goods, Home uses: furnishings, fixtures, and lighting, Metal roofing GLASS Fiberglass insulation products.

Ceramic sanitary ware production.

As a flux in brick manufacture.

Astroturf.

Agriculture and landscape applications, such as top dressing, root zone material or golf bunker sand.

Recycled glass countertops.

As water filtration media.

Abrasives.

E-WASTE Toxic parts of the items are removed, and then the rest of the waste is sent to an electronic shredder, which is a massive machine that breaks down waste. To prevent the chemicals from being released into the atmosphere, the shredder captures the dust that is produced when electronics are crushed. After waste has gone through the shredder, it is separated into different piles based on material, and the bins of material are then resold to buyers.

Not Worth it Even though it’s recycling, it’s not on a widespread enough scale to actually make much of a difference. Glass content would only make up 10-20% of the pavement, which hardly makes a dent in the amount of glass we throw away as a nation. With all the problems associated with glassphalt, it doesn’t seem worth it to invest our time and money into the procedure.

Glass isn’t a conventional ingredient in aggregate; this means it has to be processed and added into the mixture in a way that doesn’t make the pavement unstable. Once the glass has been collected, it must be cut down to a specific size and rounded out.

Then, it must be added into the aggregate without ruining the pavement mixture entirely.

Use Restrictions Glassphalt can’t be used for every road. Because it decreases skid resistance, it can’t be used for low-speed roadways, or any roadway over 65 mph. It’s also a safety issue; in the rain, it becomes too slippery and shiny. This makes it unfit for use on most roads.

It was considered a good material for roads in Baltimore, because it required much less maintenance for an area which had been prone to potholes. It was considered easier to maintain, but at a cost that isn’t considered worth it on a widespread scale.

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