ENGELSKA 6 FÖR GYMNASIETS HÖGSKOLEFÖRBEREDANDE PROGRAM PIONEER 2 är ett läromedel för kursen Engelska på gymnasiet.
Det vänder sig framför allt till elever på de högskoleföreberedande programmen. PIONEER 2 består av sex tematiska kapitel med engagerande texter och
uppgifter som tränar de receptiva färdigheterna läsa och lyssna samt ordkunskap. I slutet av varje kapitel finns förslag på muntliga och skriftliga övningar med olika syften, som att rapportera, sammanfatta, beskriva och argumentera. Genom uppslagsdelen Yellow Pages ges stegvis vägledning i muntlig och skriftlig produktion och interaktion.
PIONEER 2
PIONEER 2
PIONEER 2 består av följande komponenter:
• • • • • • •
Allt-i-ett bok Allt-i-ett bok som digital onlinebok Facit Lärar-cd Lärarhandledning Nedladdningsbart ljud för elever Glosträning på www.liber.se/glosmaskin
PIONEER 2 ENGLISH 6
Best.nr 47-10415-4 Tryck.nr 47-10415-4
CHRISTER LUNDFALL EVA ÖSTERBERG JEREMY TAYLOR
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CHRISTER LUNDFALL EVA ÖSTERBERG JEREMY TAYLOR
Pioneer 2
ENGLISH 6
LIBER
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isbn ---- © Christer Lundfall, Eva Österberg, Jeremy Taylor och Liber AB redaktör Erika Andersson, Pernilla Hallqvist formgivare Eva Jerkeman bildredaktör Mikael Myrnerts produktion Anna Törnqvist Göpel Första upplagan repro Repro AB, Stockholm tryck Kina
Stort tack till språkgranskaren Michael Knight!
kopieringsförbud Detta verk är skyddat av upphovsrättslagen. Kopiering, utöver lärares och elevers rätt att kopiera för undervisningsbruk enligt BONUS-avtal, är förbjuden. BONUS-avtal tecknas mellan upphovsrättsorganisationer och huvudman för utbildningssamordnare, t.ex. kommuner och universitet. Intrång i upphovsmannens rättigheter enligt upphovsrättslagen kan medföra straff (böter eller fängelse), skadestånd och beslag/förstöring av olovligt framställt material. Såväl analog som digital kopiering regleras i BONUS-avtalet. Läs mer på www.bonuspresskopia.se.
Liber AB Stockholm tfn: - www.liber.se Kundservice tfn - , fax - e-post: kundservice.liber@liber.se
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BILDFÖRTECKNING Omslag: The Library of Congress Jamie Roach/Demotix/Demotix/Corbis/Scanpix Aqua/Shutterstock Camille Tokerud Photography Inc./Getty Jeffrey L. Rotman/Getty Images Images Klaus Jos/Exclusivepix/Scanpix Jonatan Fernstrom/Stone Sub/Getty Images Brooks Kraft/Corbis/Scanpix Luc Gnago/Reuters/Scanpix Everett Collection/IBL , Austin Hargraves – Istockphoto/Getty Images () Beyond Fotomedia/Getty Images Creative Crop/Digital Vision/Getty Images Images Source/Getty Images () Stigur Karlsson/E+/Getty Images Ingram Publishing/Getty Images Pasieka/Science Photo Library/IBL Johner Images/Getty Images Jordi Elias/Illustration Works/Getty Images The Granger Collection/Scanpix William West/AFP/Scanpix Barry Winiker/Photolibrary RF/Getty Images Linda Axelsson/Scanpix Swns/Scanpix Janaka Dharmasena/Shutterstock die Baskin/Corbis/Scanpix Felipe Trueba/Photoshot/Scanpix In Green/Shutterstock Science Photo Library/IBL Rembrandt Amherst College Archives & Special Collections Illustration cirka av Harry Clarke () Paul Popper/Popperfoto/Getty Images Cobbe Collection () Brian Shuel/Redfrens/Getty Images OJ Hoppé/Corbis/Scanpix () Robert Whitaker/Premium Archive/Getty Eugen Dobric/Hemera/Getty Images Images () Julian Anderson/Eyevine/Scanpix Juliet White/VisitBritain/Getty Images () SnapshotPhotos/Shutterstock Michael Ward/Hulton Archive/Getty Images Peter Young/Flickr/Getty Images () Lee Celano/The New York Times/Scanpix Barry Z Levine/Premium Archive/Getty Sunset Boulevard/Corbis/Scanpix Images () Fabrice Lerouge/Onoky/Getty Images Anders Ryman/Corbis/Scanpix Pietro Scozzari/AGE/Scanpix Brand New Images/Riser/Getty Images Henry Diltz/Cortbis/Scanpix Shutterstock Jason Lugo/E+/Getty Images Earl Theisen Collection/Getty Images () Mark Sullivan/WireImages/Getty Images () Michael Grindstaff Michael Alvarez Jack Mikrut/Scanpix Eye of Science/Science Photo Library/IBL Brocken Inaglory Visuals Unlimited/Getty Images Claudia Rorarius/Eyevine/IBL Scope Features/IBL Andrew Sheargold () Trevor Snapp/AFP/Scanpix () Hemera/Getty Images () Stockbyte/Getty Images ()
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UNDER THE SURFACE
Sharks
TEX T TYPE
Introduction
Jaws
Fiction
Stricter Rules for West African Oil!
Argumentative text
Lost Vegas
Newspaper article
Coming to Terms with Those under the Surface
Debate
Transgender Kids
Reportage
The Life and Loves of a She-Devil
Fiction
CONTENTS
1
The Big Picture
2
3
HEARTS
Heart Beats and Life Span
Lecture
You Can Die of “Broken Heart Syndrome”
Report
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Instruction
A Heart-Shaped Meadow
News report
Shape of My Heart
Song
Restoration
Fiction
The Tell-Tale Heart
Fiction
The Big Picture
3
STYLE
The s Style in Swinging London
Feature story
Did You Ever Buy a Copy?
Reportage
Coolhunters
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Interview
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White & Nerdy
Song
The Iceberg Theory
Introduction
Indian Camp
Fiction
The Style of a Master
Interview
The Big Picture
4 4
SURVIVORS
Hours: Aron Ralston’s Story of Survival
Newspaper article
Survival Skills
Interview
Meet The World’s Greatest Survivors
Light science
Survivor
Song
Spotlight on Sudan
Interview
Surviving on the Streets of London
Fiction
The Big Picture
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TURNING POINTS
To My Old Master
Letter
African-American History “What’s Harder Than Telling Your Parents You’re Gay? Telling Your Children” Brokeback Mountain – A Lot More Than a Gay Cowboy Movie
Interview
The Pill Turns
Interview
The Pill – Still Controversial after All These Years?
Discussion text
Newspaper article Review
The Big Picture
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TIME
How Do We Use Our Time?
Introduction
FAQ on Time
Interview
Perspectives on Time
No Time
Poetry
Leisure
Poetry
They Say That Time Assuages
Poetry
The Seven Ages of Man
Drama
A More Modern Version
Paraphrase
And a Limerick...
Poetry
Time Travel
Interview
Time Travel – Is It Just Science Fiction?
Scientific article
The Way Up to Heaven
Fiction
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The Big Picture
EXTRA READING
Big Change in the Education System of New Orleans
Non-fiction
One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest
Fiction
THE YELLOW PAGES
LANGUAGE AWARENESS
= HÖRÖVNING
= SÅNG
P. 242
= HÄNVISNING TILL THE YELLOW PAGES
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6
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Under the Surface 7 Discuss these questions in pairs: • When you are a lying on a beach, looking at the blue sea, what dangers may be lurking beneath the surface? • What might be living under the streets of Las Vegas? • From just looking at the surface of people, how much can you really know about them?
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SHARKS
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harks have been swimming the world’s oceans for more than million years – million years before the first dinosaurs appeared on land. But today, shark populations are being decimated by commercial fishing, putting some species in danger of extinction. Sharks have unfortunately fallen victim to the ruthless-killer stereotype society has created for them. However, what the world should really fear is a world without sharks. Each year, humans kill millions of sharks worldwide. This includes
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the myriad of sharks that are caught annually for their fins, which are one of the world’s most expensive seafood products. As top predators, sharks help to manage healthy ocean eco-systems. And as the number of large sharks declines, the oceans will suffer devastating consequences. Sharks help maintain the health of ocean ecosystems, including seagrass beds and coral reefs. Healthy oceans undoubtedly depend on sharks. HTTP://OC EANA.OR G
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DID YOU KNOW THAT…
• 6 million people die from smoking every year? (http://www.who.int)
• 1,2 million people are killed in traffic accidents every year? (http://www.who.int)
• 400,000 people die in drowning accidents every year? (http://lifeguardswithoutborders.org/)
• For every human killed by a shark, humans kill approximately two million sharks? (National Geographic)
FOREWORD TO THE NOVEL JAWS “ ‘Charcarodon charcarias’, the White Death Shark, is the fiercest and most fearsome predator on earth. Growing to a length of more than thirty feet, always on the prowl and always hungry, it will attack anything that appears even remotely edible. The stomach contents of such a shark, caught off the coast of Australia, included a pair of gum boots, a keg of roofing nails and half a horse.”
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RO BERT F. J O N AS, WASH I N G T O N PO ST
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perceive decimate appear species annually extinction predator fin decline devastating maintain coral reef undoubtedly fierce fearsome on the prowl remotely edible keg
förnimma, varsebli, märka decimera, minska förekomma art årligen utrotning rovdjur fena minska, gå ner förödande hålla uppe, upprätthålla korallrev otvivelaktigt vildsint fruktad kringstrykande det minsta ätbar kagge
CONTENT
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Why should our world fear a world without sharks?
DISCUSSION 1. Journalist Robert F. Jonas’ short foreword to the novel Jaws by Peter Benchley is different from the text about sharks on p. 8. What details reveal that Mr Jonas’ aim is to depict the shark as a dangerous species? 2. What might be the purpose of the journalist’s depiction of Jaws in the foreword on p. 9? 3. If we look at the statistics – how dangerous are sharks to humans?
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Jaws BY P E TE R BE NCHLE Y
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he land seemed almost as dark as the water, for there was no moon. All that separated sea from shore was a long, straight stretch of beach – so white that it shone. From a house behind the grass-splotched dunes, lights cast yellow glimmers on the sand. The front door to the house opened, and a man and a woman stepped out onto the wooden porch. They stood for a moment staring at the sea, embraced quickly, and scampered down the few steps onto the sand. The man was drunk, and he stumbled on the bottom step. The woman laughed and took his hand; and together they ran to the beach. “First a swim,” said the woman, “to clear your head.”“Forget my head,” said the man. Giggling, he fell backward onto the sand, pulling the woman down with him. They fumbled with each other’s clothing, twined limbs around limbs, and thrashed with urgent ardor on the cold sand. Afterward, the man lay back and closed his eyes. The woman looked at him and smiled. “Now, how about that swim?” she said. “You go ahead. I’ll wait for you here.” The woman rose and walked to where the gentle surf washed over her ankles. The water was colder than the night air, for it was
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only mid-June. The woman called back, “You’re sure you don’t want to come?” But there was no answer from the sleeping man. She backed up a few steps, then ran at the water. At first her strides were long and graceful, but then a small wave crashed into her knees. She faltered, regained her footing, and flung herself over the next waist-high wave. The water was only up to her hips, so she stood, pushed the hair out of her eyes, and continued walking until the water covered her shoulders. There she began to swim – with the jerky, head-above-water stroke of the untutored. A hundred yards offshore, the fish sensed a change in the sea’s rhythm. It did not see the woman, nor yet did it smell her. Running within the length of its body were a series of thin canals, filled with mucus and dotted with nerve endings, and these nerves detected vibrations and signaled the brain. The fish turned toward shore. The woman continued to swim away from the beach, stopping now and then to check her position by the lights shining from the house. The tide was slack, so she had not moved up or down the beach. But she was tiring, so she rested for a moment, treading water, and then started for shore. The vibrations were stronger now, and the fish recognized prey. The sweeps of its tail quickened, thrusting the giant body forward with a speed that agitated the tiny phosphorescent animals in the water and caused them to glow, casting a mantle of sparks over the fish. The fish closed on the woman and hurtled past, a dozen feet to the side and six feet below the surface. The woman felt only a wave of pressure that seemed to lift her up in the water and ease her down again. She stopped swimming and held her breath. Feeling nothing further, she resumed her lurching stroke. The fish smelled her now, and the vibrations – erratic and sharp – signaled distress. The fish began to circle close to the surface. Its dorsal fin broke water, and its tail, thrashing back and forth, cut the glassy surface with a hiss. A series of tremors shook its body. For the first time, the woman felt fear, though she did not know why. Adrenaline shot through her trunk and her limbs, generating a tingling heat and urging her to swim faster. She guessed that she was fifty yards from shore. She could see the line of white foam
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where the waves broke on the beach. She saw the light in the house, and for a comforting moment she thought she saw someone pass by one of the windows. The fish was about forty feet from the woman, off to the side, when it turned suddenly to the left, dropped entirely below the surface, and, with two quick thrusts of its tail, was upon her. At first, the woman thought she had snagged her leg on a rock or a piece of floating wood. There was no initial pain, only one violent tug on her right leg. She reached down to touch her foot, treading water with her left leg to keep her head up, feeling in the blackness with her left hand. She could not find her foot: She reached higher on her leg, and then she was overcome by a rush of nausea and dizziness. Her groping fingers had found a nub of bone and tattered flesh. She knew that the warm, pulsing flow over her fingers in the chill water was her own blood. Pain and panic struck together. The woman threw her head back and screamed a guttural cry of terror.
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grass-splotched dune glimmer embrace scamper stumble giggle fumble twine limb thrash urgent ardor surf stride falter regain jerky untutored mucus dotted with detect signal slack tread water
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gräsbefläckad dyna, sandkulle sken krama, omfamna kila iväg stappla fnittra fumla här: omfamna kroppsdel, lem brottas överhängande, tydlig glöd, passion vågsvall kliv, gång vackla återvinna ryckig okunnig slem översållad av upptäcka skicka signaler till långsam trampa vatten
prey sweep thrust agitate phosphorescent hurtle lurch erratic distress dorsal break water hiss tremor trunk tingling urge foam snag tug nausea dizziness grope nub tattered guttural
byte bortsopande tränga skaka, uppröra självlysande slunga, störta kränga, vingla ryckig oro ryggkomma till ytan väsning, brusande skakning buk nervkittlande sporra skum fastna, riva sönder ryck, drag illamående yrsel treva, famla stump söndersliten strupljuds-, sträv
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CONTENT 1. How does the woman react to the shark? 2. In this short passage from Jaws we find some details that actually predict what is to come. Can you find a few of them? 3. The narrator tells the story from the woman’s point of view, then describes the movements of the shark, then back to the woman. What effect does this technique have on us – the readers? 4. Where is the turning point in this extract – where you suspect what will happen? 5. Is the story realistic – why/why not?
DISCUSSION 1. “First a swim,” said the woman, “to clear your head”. What does she mean by this?
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2. In the beginning, “the beach was so white that it shone”. What do you think is the reason for the author to describe the beach as such a harmless, white stretch of sand? 3. Short sentences can create tension in narrative. In pairs, read the extract from Peter Benchley’s Jaws. Locate the three shortest sentences (not in the dialogue). a) Why might Benchely have chosen to make these three sentences so short? b) What part do they play in the narrative structure of this incident? c) What effect might they have on the reader? 4. How is the shark (the predator) described – as a victim of circumstances or as a premeditated killer? Explain. 5. Some American critics have pointed out that the couple in this scene cannot blame anyone but themselves. What do you think the critics mean by saying that the couple have themselves to blame? Do you agree?
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WORD WORK A. IRREGULAR VERBS 1. In Jaws there are many irregular verbs that are quite common. What verb forms are missing below? I NFI NI TI V E
PA ST
PAS T PAR TIC IPLE
… … … … strike throw know overcome … keep forget rise … … fling … … see … … swim … … …
shone … … … … … … … found … … … lay … … … … … began broke … felt … held
… cast drunk run … … … … … … … … … fallen … stood shaken … … … … … known …
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2. Retell the story (in the form of a short, written summary) using as many of the verbs in the list above as possible. Then, in pairs, compare your versions.
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B. PREPOSITIONS Match the correct prepositions with the following sentences. Some of the prepositions will be used several times.
at, by, for, on, onto, out of, to, toward
1. She stepped … the porch. 2. The woman looked … him. 3. I’ll wait … you here. 4. The fish turned … the shore. 5. She pushed the hair … her eyes. 6. She checked her position … the lights from the house. 7. The waves broke … the beach. 8. For a moment she thought she saw someone pass … a window. 9. She was overcome … nausea.
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10. She turned … the left. 11. She rested … a moment. 12. The fish closed … the woman. 13. Stare … the sea. 14. Fall … the sand.
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Stricter Rules for West African Oil! Oil – when looked on at the surface – is often seen as the black gold that comes with a number of economic benefits. However, beneath the surface lies a completely different truth, of which countries in West Africa bear witness. For many years, countries such as Nigeria and Ghana have tried to find a balance between the oil produce that could mean improved living conditions for many contra the oil that means environmental pollution of an immense magnitude. The latter could well hinder the former from ever becoming reality. Consequently, the first step has to be to curb the environmental impact of oil production before any gold can come out of the black.
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I
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t is often called “black gold” – though black to everyone, it is gold only to some: the oil that contaminates everything in West African countries like Ghana and Nigeria. It spills from the pipelines, poisoning soil and water. It stains the hands of politicians and generals, who live off its profits. And it taints the ambitions of the young, who will try anything to grab a share of the massive oil revenues – fire a gun, sabotage a pipeline, even kidnap a foreigner. For the countries bordering on the Gulf of Guinea, oil, in theory, has the potential to change a society as has happened in both Saudi Arabia and Norway: it can provide a country and its people with an extremely comfortable standard of living – if the regulations work and if standards are adequate to cope with the environmental threats from the oil production. In Ghana and Nigeria these standards are poor and those that do exist are not adequately enforced. For the sake of democracy and human rights, it is imperative that these two countries enforce environmental legislation.
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Jamestown Beach, Ghana.
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irstly, the physical destruction from the oil production – the discharges and emissions, have an extremely negative impact on the coastal ecosystem of Ghana and Nigeria. Based on studies conducted for the Environmental Protection Agency on the coastal waters of Ghana and Nigeria, “black gold” is a threat to a diverse number of organisms that inhabit the region and are of vital medicinal importance. Severe physical disturbances to the seabed along with devastating effects on deepwater corals and benthic ecosystems are the result of drilling and oil platform installations.
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econdly, according to a recent report oil production causes auditory trauma to marine mammals, sea turtles (including critically endangered and vulnerable species) and birds. An encompassing governmental reform stipulating new regula-
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tions would relieve the impact on marine animal life in this region. Such regulations may, for example, include an obligatory license forcing licensees to maintain a separation distance of at least meters between any potential deepwater coral communities and any sea-floor disturbances (including anchoring) within the activity footprint.
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ome politicians like to point out the socio-economic benefits of oil production in West Africa. They argue, for instance, that with the oil exploration and production in Ghana and Nigeria come enormous job opportunities. Is this not the kind of economic upswing that this regions so desperately needs? No, there are no socio-economic benefits as long as the existing environmental guidelines in Ghana and Nigeria are unable to cope with the threats from the oil industry. On the contrary, huge differences in salary levels serve as incentive for the inhabitants of the surrounding communities to abandon more sustainable and selfsufficient work like farming, fishing and other related economic activities for oil-related jobs. Also, the desire for better jobs around the oil production area may result in people migrating into the coastal communities, which would eventually put pressure on the existing public facilities such as hospitals, schools, public transport etc. There will simply be too many people in too small an area, so possibilities to provide decent facilities for everyone will be a new problem for the coastal communities.
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C
urrent regulations governing current oil production in West Africa are inadequate and this results in poor water quality, death or injury of marine life, contamination of coastal habitats and negative socio-economic conditions for the inhabitants of Ghana and Nigeria. However, with increasing revenue from oil, governments in Ghana and Nigeria should use the revenue to solve such problems. Policy makers need to pay attention to agriculture to ensure its competitiveness. The vulnerability of the local ecosystem must be safeguarded
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by sustainable environmental practices and promote good health programs for the benefit of all. As a long-term measure, the governments of the West African coastal eco-region must adopt the concept of comprehensive regional legislation for offshore oil development. Not until then will this oil deserve to be called “black gold”. 1. ARM AH A. K., BINEY C., DAHL S. Ø. AN D POVL SEN E. (2004). EN VI RO N MEN TAL SEN SI T I VI T Y M AP FOR COASTAL AREAS OF G H AN A. EPA/ U N D P REPO RT, VO L . 2 2. “ IM PACT OF THE OIL FINDINGS O N AG RI CU LT U RE, H EALT H AN D T H E EN VI RO N MEN T ” , 5 SEPT, 2012 HTTP://W W W.EPA.GOV.G H
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curb unstable contaminate pipeline poison stain live off profit taint grab revenue border provide regulation standard adequate cope with environmental threat enforce for the sake of imperative legislation destruction discharge emission impact coastal conduct diverse inhabit vital severe disturbance seabed devastating benthic cause auditory mammal
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hindra instabil förorena pipeline, oljeledning förgifta smutsa ned leva av förtjänst, vinst förorena, fläcka ned roffa åt sig, lägga vantarna på inkomst, avkastning gränsa till skaffa, stå för, ge reglering, bestämmelse norm tillräcklig klara, orka med miljöhot driva igenom, hävda för … skull absolut nödvändig lagstiftning förstörelse utsläpp utsläpp inverkan, effekt kustgenomföra, utföra olika, skiftande bebo livsviktig hård, sträng, kännbar oordning, orolighet havsbotten förödande bentisk (zon för organismer nära havsbotten) orsaka hörseldäggdjur
endangered vulnerable species encompass stipulate relieve obligatory licensee maintain potential community anchor footprint socio-economic argue opportunity on the contrary serve incentive abandon sustainable self-sufficient migrate eventually facility govern current inadequate poor water quality contamination ensure competitiveness safeguard promote long-term measure comprehensive offshore development
utrotningshotad sårbar art omsluta, omfatta, omge yrka på, ställa som villkor lindra obligatorisk licensinnehavare upprätthålla, bevara potential, möjlighet, resurs samhälle ankra område socioekonomisk hävda tillfälle tvärtom förse, tjäna, försörja sporre, motivation överge hållbar självförsörjande migrera, flytta slutligen inrättning, möjlighet styra, regera (över) rådande, nuvarande otillräcklig dålig, usel kvalitet på vatten förorening garantera, trygga konkurrens säkra, garantera gynna, stödja långsiktig åtgärd omfattande, innehållsrik frånlands-, utanför kusten utveckling
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CONTENT 1. What is the physical damage from emissions, drilling and platforms? 2. What would be the positive effects of new oil production regulations in this area? 3. What are the socio-economic consequences of oil production in this region? 4. Why does oil cause migration?
DISCUSSION 1. Beginning several sentences with the same phrase (like “I have a dream…”) is called an anaphor. In the first paragraph of this argumentative text the author uses an anaphor. To what effect? 2. How is the ending connected to the beginning? 3. What is the effect of the connection between ending and beginning?
FURTHER WORK
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“Stricter Rules for West African Oil” follows a model for how to write an argumentative text. Now your task is to put the different comments below in the right place in the margin of the text. To be able to do that, ask your teacher for a copy of the text (available in the teacher’s guide together with a key). For help, see a model on p. 246.
Counter-argument Conclusion Catchy introduction Background First argument Second argument Third argument Thesis/main idea Refutation of counter-argument Linking words
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WORD WORK A. WORDS FROM THE TEXT 1. Can you match up the verb from the text with the correct definition?
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contaminate
take something quickly
spill
make sure the rules are followed
poison
disagree (forcefully)
live off
to create pollution that damages part of the environment
grab
release a person or a liquid
cope with
ease the strain on something
enforce
get your income from something
discharge
keep
inhabit
leave
stipulate
to make something dirty, polluted, or poisonous by adding a chemical, waste or infection
relieve
encourage
maintain
control the laws and policies of a group of people
argue
make certain of something
abandon
let out liquid unintentionally
migrate
demand a requirement
govern
manage a difficult situation successfully
ensure
journey from one place to another
promote
live
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2. Can you add the correct verb to the following sentences? You might need to modify the form of the verb.
contaminate, spill, poison, live off, grab, cope with, enforce, discharge, inhabit, stipulate, relieve, maintain, argue, abandon, migrate, govern, ensure, promote
1. I was sitting in a cafe in Barcelona when someone came up, … my mobile phone, and disappeared down a side alley. 2. My contract … that I may not work for a competitor until one year after leaving the company. 3. It’s true that lemmings … from one area to another but it is not true that they commit suicide deliberately. 4. There is a story about Winston Churchill that when he heard that a woman wanted to … his tea, he replied: Madam, if you were my wife, I would drink it. 5. Young people have to … with the pressures from their parents, their teachers and their peers. It’s amazing how they do it.
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6. I don’t understand how people can … a puppy just a few days after Christmas. 7. Have you ever eaten a beefburger that was … with horsemeat? 8. … good relations with your neighbours is not only a task for householders but also of governments. 9. If you … red wine on a carpet, do you know what you should do? 10. Clubs in the Championship want to be … to the Premier League. 11. For thousands of years there were no sewers and raw sewage was simply … into rivers. 12. In many countries there are now laws which … that men and women are paid the same for doing the same work. 3. There are six more verbs in the box which were not used. Can you write six sentences which include these words?
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B. ENERGETIC GLOSSARY Match the definitions of energy below with the following concepts:
1. wind power
6. refinery
2. nuclear energy
7. crude oil
3. solar power
8. fossil fuel
4. fission power
9. fracking
5. AC - alternating current
10. sustainable development
a) The energy released by reactions, such as fission or fusion. b) The conversion of sunlight into electricity. c) The flow of electric charge which reverses direction. d) A production facility refining certain materials or converting raw material into products of value. e) A flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of molecules found in rock formations beneath the surface of the earth.
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f) A fuel formed by dead organisms which were buried underneath rocks and have undergone intense heat and pressure. g) A nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts, releasing a large amount of energy. h) A development in which resources meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met for generations to come. i) The increase of fractures in a rock layer by fluid. j) A useful form of energy, such as using windmills for mechanical power or sails to propel ships.
FURTHER WORK Study a few of the different energy sources from above and make a list of pros and cons. Find a friend and argue for one of the sources. See The Yellow Pages on p. 246 if you want help to structure your argumentation.
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25 Habitable tunnels under the surface.
LOST VEGAS Most of us are aware that underneath the paved roads we drive on and the sidewalks we stroll on, there are tunnels. What is less known is that in mile after mile of deserted subways, under the surface of the glamorous life in the city that never sleeps, there are actually populations of underground residents.
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ovebirds steven and Kathryn share a well-organised home in bustling Las Vegas. They have a neat, if compact kitchen, a furnished living area, and a bed-
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room complete with double bed, wardrobe and bookshelf featuring a wide selection including a Frank Sinatra biography and a Spanish phrase book. And they make their money in some of the biggest casinos in the world. But their life is far from ordinary. Because, along with hundreds of others, the couple are part of a secret community living in the dark and dirty underground flood tunnels below the famous strip. Rather than working in the bars or kitchens they “credit hustle”, prowling the casinos searching the fruit machines for money or credits left by drunken gamblers. Despite the risks from disease, highly venomous spiders and flooding washing them away, many of the tunnel people have put
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together elaborate camps with furniture, ornaments and shelves filled with belongings. Steven and girlfriend Kathryn’s base – under Caesar’s Palace casino – is one of the most elaborate. They even have a kettle and a makeshift shower fabricated out of an office drinking water dispenser. But their bed and many of their belongings are on crates to keep them off the damp floor. Despite it being hot and dry outside, their tunnel is wet from water being sent down from nearby construction work. As he gives a guided tour of their home, Steven Dommermuth explains: “We use our imagination a lot. Our bed came from a skip outside an apartment complex. It’s mainly stuff people dump that we pick up. One man’s junk is another man’s gold.”
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e get the stuff late at night so people don’t see us because it’s kind of embarrassing.” He later gives directions to the tunnels’ own art gallery, a collection of graffiti by local artists and some by the underground residents. Steven moved into the tunnels two years ago after he lost his hotel front-desk job due to a heroin problem he claims he kicked in January. He now works the same hotels credit-hustling, and his life retains other similarities with the one he left be-
“
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Steven and Kathryn in their bedroom.
hind. He says: “We work our way down the strip. The most I’ve ever found is dollars on one machine. I’ve found about a few times. But normally or so is enough to call it a night. We buy food and supplies like shampoo and soap. Last night I went and watched the new Quentin Tarantino movie Inglourious Basterds up at the Palms Hotel.” Despite his established set-up, Steven claims he eventually wants to leave the tunnels but can’t because of two outstanding arrest warrants from drug possession charges two years ago. It is estimated the population of the underground community could be as many as . As well as credit-hustling, they earn their money off the wildly excessive city above by begging and “dumpster diving” – raiding bins and skips. There are around
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miles of flood channels running under Las Vegas. Most inhabitants are in the area under the city’s strip. Another couple, Amy and JR, have lived in the tunnels for two years, having moved to Las Vegas in search of work, wealth and a slice of the famous Sin City action. Putting down the Twilight vampire book she is reading for the third time, Amy, , explains: “My husband and I have been down here two years this week. We were living with my mom in California but the house was full and we had to leave. I heard Las Vegas was a good place for jobs. It’s the city that never sleeps, with all the bright lights, and I’d always wanted to come. But it was tough and we started living under the staircase outside the MGM casino. Then we met
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a guy who lived in the tunnels. We’ve been down here ever since. I have my books, my CD player, crossword puzzles, some clothes and my picture of our son Brady, who was killed years ago at four months old. The main dangers are the floods and the Black Widow spiders. But it’s not a terrible place to be if you’re homeless. It’s much cooler than on the streets, we get a breeze coming through and the cops don’t really bother you. It’s quiet and everyone helps each other out down here. I hope to get out one day. But I want to stay in Las Vegas – I love it here.” Amy and JR met years ago and even got married in one of the city’s popular wedding chapels on Valentine’s Day last year. Their wedding had some similarities
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with the , other couples who get hitched in the city each year. JR, , explains: “We got married in the Shalimar Chapel. We went to watch a show, then to McDonald’s for dinner. We got a little bit drunk and did the other normal wedding day things – only we had to come back down here rather than go to a hotel room.” Some of those living there have been forced into the network of tunnels by the recession and difficult job market.
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he economic downturn has hit the underground residents in their pockets too. Amy and JR’s neighbour Jamie, showing off a wristband he found that gives him free food all day at a hotel buffet, explains: “I’ve been down here since May. I’ve worked at a lot of the hotels, mainly in building and construction, but not for a couple of years. The jobs are harder to come by now. Now I credit hustle but there are lots more people doing it these days. Hundreds and hundreds. You see little old ladies doing it.” As for other entertainment in the tunnels, the -year-old adds: “We’re big talk radio fans. And a few of us are accomplished musicians and have instruments here. One guy down here has a full-time job. I don’t think gambling is the cause of
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many people being down here. It’s more alcohol and drugs. We all gamble a bit – we’re in Vegas.” Local writer Matthew O’Brien, who has had a book published about the tunnel people, called Beneath The Neon, has been working with Steven and others to help get people housed. He recently founded the Shine A Light foundation to aid them. He explains: “I guide social workers into the tunnels, show them the terrain and introduce them to people. They offer these people services like health and drug counselling. We have got to people into houses in the last six months. But a lot of the people are very resistant to help. Many don’t want to give up their addictions. They like their freedom and that no one is telling them what to do. They are scared of what’s out there. To come out of the tunnel and face the world is intimidating for some of the people. Some are very much entrenched down in that tunnel and comfortable. That’s why the charity doesn’t like to give out too much food, water and clothing. We don’t want them to get too comfortable because it is really an illusion. It can be extremely dangerous. It doesn’t rain much in Nevada but when it does the tunnels can fill very quickly. There have been drownings in the last years and a lot of those were people who were living in the tunnels. “Steven and Kathryn can say they feel like they have a home. But when it pours down three inches of rain in two hours it’s clear it’s not a home. It’s a flood channel.”
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underneath paved deserted resident bustling furnished feature community flood tunnel strip credit hustle prowl credit venomous elaborate ornament kettle makeshift water dispenser crate damp skip complex junk due to kick call it a night supplies set-up arrest warrant possession charge estimate excessive dumpster diving bin breeze get hitched recession downturn wristband house found foundation aid counselling resistant addiction intimidate entrench charity drowning
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under stenbelagd, asfalterad övergiven invånare jäktig möblerad bjuda på, presentera samhälle, gemenskap översvämningstunnel remsa, (huvud)gata ung. sno växelpengar stryka omkring här: småslantar giftig välplanerad, planerad ornament, utsmyckning kanna, kaffepanna tillfällig, provisorisk vattenautomat, vattenbehållare spjällåda, tomback fuktig container anläggning skräp på grund av bli av med runda av, tänka på refrängen förnödenheter anordning, arrangemang häktningsorder innehav anklagelse uppskatta, värdera överdriven, omåttlig leta i container soptunna bris, fläkt sl. gänga sig lågkonjunktur nedgång armband inhysa, skaffa bostad (åt) grunda stiftelse hjälpa rådgivning ovillig, motståndskraftig beroende skrämmande, avskräckande förankra, befästa hjälporganisation drunkning(solycka), dränkning
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ENGELSKA 6 FÖR GYMNASIETS HÖGSKOLEFÖRBEREDANDE PROGRAM PIONEER 2 är ett läromedel för kursen Engelska på gymnasiet.
Det vänder sig framför allt till elever på de högskoleföreberedande programmen. PIONEER 2 består av sex tematiska kapitel med engagerande texter och
uppgifter som tränar de receptiva färdigheterna läsa och lyssna samt ordkunskap. I slutet av varje kapitel finns förslag på muntliga och skriftliga övningar med olika syften, som att rapportera, sammanfatta, beskriva och argumentera. Genom uppslagsdelen Yellow Pages ges stegvis vägledning i muntlig och skriftlig produktion och interaktion.
PIONEER 2
PIONEER 2
PIONEER 2 består av följande komponenter:
• • • • • • •
Allt-i-ett bok Allt-i-ett bok som digital onlinebok Facit Lärar-cd Lärarhandledning Nedladdningsbart ljud för elever Glosträning på www.liber.se/glosmaskin
PIONEER 2 ENGLISH 6
Best.nr 47-10415-4 Tryck.nr 47-10415-4
CHRISTER LUNDFALL EVA ÖSTERBERG JEREMY TAYLOR
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