AR453 Building science 2

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY, & BUILT ENVIRONMENT SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING DESIGN AR 453 BUILDING SCIENCE 2 SEMESTER 4 (JUNE 2021) ASSIGNMENT 2 GROUP 3 Prepared for: Dr.Taki Eddine Seghier Mr. Allen Khin Kiet Lau Prepared by: Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821 Ngulube Chawanangwa- 1001953300 Aishath Mishka Mular- 1001956727 Siva Takshit Bollineni- 1001955377 Maliha Akter Aaysha- 1002059355 Khalfan Ali Said- 1001853395 Caelester Ho- 1001850732

GROUP MEMBERS

1.

KENYAN

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821 Semester 4

2.

ZAMBIAN

Ngulube Chawanangwa1001953300 Semester 5

3.

MALDIVIAN

Aishath Mishka Mular1001956727 Semester 4

INDIAN

4.

Siva Takshit Bollineni100195537 Semester 4

5.

BANGLADESHI

Maliha Akter Aaysha1002059355 Semester 4

6.

TANZANIAN

Khalfan Ali Said1001853395 Semester 4

7.

MALAYSIAN

Caelester Ho1001850732 Semester 4

CONTENTS

01 02 03

Introduction and Site Significance

Literature Review Field auditing study

I Site observation and SWOT analysis II Measured drawings III Data collection methodology and analysis

04 05 06

Conclusion

References Application and design proposal- Individual

01 INTRODUCTION AND SITE SIGNIFICANCE

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

Introduction and site significance Location MAXIM RESIDENCES 43, Jalan 9, Taman Len Seng, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur

Overview of the development Developed by Trillion Maxim Sdn Bhd Consists of 40 shop lots Solely focus on the residential component Located in between Taman LenSen and Cheras Sentral (previously known as Plaza Phoenix A well established neighborhood in Cheras

There are two blocks A and B in this building with 34 storeys and a total of 542 units.

The site chosen for the study is an apartment in this building.

This apartment is in block B, level 15.

The image on the left is an example of a two-bedroom apartment in this building.

The apartment’s main façade faces the East and it consists of two bedrooms, two bathrooms, living room, dining area, kitchen and washing area.

The total area covered by the apartment is 825 square feet.(76.66 square meters)

SPACE

SIZE

Master bedroom

3.7m * 3.34m = 12.4m2

Bedroom 1

2.8m * 3.5m = 9.98m2

Master bathroom

2.74m * 1.54m = 4.2m2

Bath 1

2.45m * 1.7m = 4.1m2

Living room

3.1m * 7.7m = 23.8m2

Kitchen

2.1m * 2.2m = 4.62m2

Laundry area

2.48m * 2.1m = 5.2m2

Entrance

1.6m * 0.9m = 13.4m2

Foyer

1.72m * 1.2m = 2.1m2

Total area of apartment

76.66m2

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

Introduction and site significance Why is the site significant to the study?

The main reason as to why we chose this site is due to the on-going pandemic where all the group members are in different areas and are unable to do a site visit together. Hence, we chose this as three of the group members are within this area thus on-site data collection is easier as tasks are divided equally among the three students rather than being done by one person only.

Moreover, the apartment is a corner-lot apartment hence there is no obstruction blocking the view from any windows and there is no obstruction that does not allow light from entering the building.

Both the rooms receive adequate lighting as the master bedroom faces the East while the second bedroom faces south with no obstruction of light. The living room also faces the east with no obstruction of view or light.

Kl view

Hill view

Pj view

Rundown apartment view Caelester Ho Kai Tao - 1001850732

02 LITERATURE REVIEW

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

Literature Review Light Physics & Nature Of Vision

.

The electromagnetic radiation spectrum consists of various electromagnetic radiations which Include : Radio waves, microwaves , infrared , visible light , ultraviolet light, x-ray and Gamma rays.

From the above diagram the EMR can be concluded that an increase in wavelength results in a decrease in energy of the radiation , vice cersa.

Visible light- a portion of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum that the human eye can perceive

Frequency and Wavelength

Colours part of the visible light: • Red • Orange • Yellow • Green • Blue • Indigo • Violet

Frequency- The number of repeating occurrences of an event per unit time(SI unit = Hertz) Wavelength-Is the distance from two successive crests to another on a wave(SI unit = Metre) Crest- The highest point of a wave From the below diagram we can see the cycle of the wave measured from the origin point to a point where a value of three wavelengths which is a frequency of 3heartz

Ngulube Chawanangwa- 1001953300

Literature Review Photometry It is defined as the science of measuring the intensity of light . There are a lot of terms related to photometry.

Luminous Flux- The quantity of visible light emitted from a light source Luminous Intensity- The quantity of light emitted at a solid angle Illuminance- The quantity of visible light that falls onto a surface Luminance – Is the phenomenon of light leaving the surface it struck at a specific density and direction

Eye anatomy and how it perceives colour and adapts to different light intensities

Process of seeing colour -Light is reflected from an object and enters the eye - Light falls on a special light receptor tissue called retina - Retina detects the wavelength of the light and converts light energy into electrical signals - Signals travel via optic nerve to a part of the brain called thalamus - Thalamus interprets electrical signals and send it to the visual cortex - Visual cortex interpret the signals into colour and shape of object - Further interpretation is done at the prefrontal cortex hence finally seeing the colour and shape of object

Transmission of light 1.Transmission: When light travels from one medium (air) to another (glass) without being absorbed , scattered or reflected.

2.Light bounces off a smooth surface at the same angle as it strikes the surface 3. Bending of light as it travels from one medium to another 4.Light wave spread out as it passes through a slit i.e small opening

1

2

3

4

Khalfan Ali Said -1001852395

Literature Review Daylight Defined as the natural light that enters the building envelope to provide adequate Illuminance.

Divided into three : -Sunlight , a type of daylight that is radiated directly from the sun into the building envelope - Skylight , a part of daylight that is scattered and redirected by the atmosphere. i.e - Ground light, a part of daylight reflected from the surface below an observer

Factors affecting Daylight -Time -Location -Surrounding context

Daylight Factor - Ratio of the natural illumination on a working plane within a building envelope, simultaneously to the illumination of an unobstructed sky, excluding direct sunlight - It is expressed in the form of percentage (%)

Note: Applicable under overcast sky conditions (no direct sunlight)

Components of daylight factors Sky Component (SC)

Externally reflected Component (ERC)

Internally reflected Component (IRC)

SC- Light coming from the sky / diffused ERC- Light reflected from a an external surface into the building envelope IRC- Light reflected from internal surfaces e.g ceiling

Khalfan Ali Said -1001852395

Literature Review Passive lighting This lighting design deals with the collection as well as use of reflection of natural lighting.

This happenings usually with the use of openings such as Windows, skylights, light shelves, mirrors etc. Some other means of achieving this deal with building orientation as well as hue choices for materials used in a structure. This type of lighting strategy is very beneficial when to multiple structures because they will ted to use less energy to keep the structure lit during the day. In turn it also becomes quite cost effective with less funds used on lighting artificial lighting and its maintenance.

The use of these lighting strategies also cause a lot of health and wellness benefits as well.

With use of these efficiently you will see; More jovial mood Performance increase in student learning and results Worker and visitor satisfaction Cognitive functions Healing Productivity

Ngulube Chawanangwa- 1001953300

03 FIELD AUDITING STUDY I. Site observation and SWOT analysis

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

Site observation and SWOT analysis Daylight Condition

LIGHT CHARACTER DIRECT LIGHT

DIFFUSED LIGHT

Direct Shadows

Dispersed Shadows

IMPACT / PROPERTIES • • •

Production of shadows will appear on any object when direct light struck

•

Uniform and soft lighting

•

Illuminates the entire visible open space

•

Makes objects visible to be see clearly

•

Reduced shadows or reflections from any direct light source

Structured surfaces and reflections on specular objects Particularly when general lighting consists of small portion of diffuse lighting

Caelester Ho Kai Tao - 1001850732

Site observation and SWOT analysis Daylight Condition

LIGHT CHARACTER DIRECT LIGHT

DIFFUSED LIGHT

Windows

Door

ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENT •

ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENT

Window will be the direct effect in relation to daylight design as window are transparent which allow direct natural light (The Sun) to enter the space.

Direct light not able to penetrate the door due to opaque surface which lead to no direct light passing through the door.

•

• •

Natural diffused light (The Sky) still able to enter the space as window surface are transparent.

The door surface which is opaque not able to emit light but will instead absorb the light because of dark surface which lead to no diffused light from the door.

Natural Daylight (%) 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 9am

10am

11am

12pm

1pm

DIRECT LIGHT

2pm

3pm

4pm

5pm

6pm

7pm

DIFFUSED LIGHT Caelester Ho Kai Tao - 1001850732

Site observation and SWOT analysis Artificial condition Usage of the light fittings

Surface Mounted Downligh Area : Living Area (A,B,C,D)

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

FLOOR PLAN

Linear Glass Tube Area : Common area (E,F)

Linear Glass Tube Area : Dining Area (G,H)

Single Pendant Lamp Area : Entrance + Dining Are (I,J,L)

Surface Mounted Light Area : Kitchen (K) Maliha Akter Aaysha- 1002059355

Site observation and SWOT analysis Artificial condition Type of light distributions

Surface Mounted Light Colour Temperature : Coolwhite (4000K) Ty p e : L E D Semi - direct lighting

Lack of task light

Single Pendant Lamp Colour Temperature : Coolwhite (4000K) Ty p e : F l u o r e s c e n t Direct lighting

Linear Glass Tube

Colour Temperature : Warm (2700K) Ty p e : F l u o r e s c e n t General Diffused lighting

Linear Glass Tube

Colour Temperature : Daylight (6500K) Ty p e : F l u o r e s c e n t General Diffused lighting

Surface Mounted Downlight Colour Temperature : Daylight (6500K) Ty p e : L E D Semi - direct lighting Insufficient light Maliha Akter Aaysha- 1002059355

Site observation and SWOT analysis Artificial condition Light fitting's detail

Surface Mounted LED Downlight Power / Watt : 8W Material : Acrylic and Metal Dimension : 400mm x 100mm Lamp Luminous Flux (lm) : 900lm

Fluorescent Linear Glass Tube Power / Watt : 10W Dimension : 600 mm Base : G13 Lamp Luminous Flux (lm) : 1260 lm

Fluorescent Linear Glass Tube Power / Watt : 10W Dimension : 600 mm Base : G13 Lamp Luminous Flux (lm): 1260 lm

Single Pendant Lamp Power / Watt : 10W Material : Iron & Glass Dimension : D 150mm x H 200mm Cord Length : 800mm Lamp Luminous Flux (lm) : 900lm

Surface Mount Light LED Power / Watt : 10 W Material : Aluminum Dimension : 208mm x 208mm x 27mm Lamp Luminous Flux (lm) : 1000lm Maliha Akter Aaysha- 1002059355

Site observation and SWOT analysis Artificial condition Relative amount of light from light fittings com- paring to diffused light reflected from surrounding

D

B

1 A

H

F

C

E

2

4

3 I

G

L

J

K 5

Amount of light

1

2

3 Light from artifical light fittings Diffused reflected light from surroundings

Maliha Akter Aaysha- 1002059355

03 FIELD AUDITING STUDY II. Measured drawings

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

III. Data collection methodology and analysis Measured drawings Floor plan

Wooden doors Glass windows

Ceiling plan

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

III. Data collection methodology and analysis Measured drawings North Elevation

South Elevation

West Elevation

East Elevation

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

III. Data collection methodology and analysis Measured drawings Section A:A

Section B:B

Axonometric view

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

03 FIELD AUDITING STUDY III. Data collection methodology and analysis

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

III. Data collection methodology and analysis Methodology This is to examine a place, measure, collect the data and analyze it. Our site, which is the apartment was first measured using a tape measure. All lengths were calculated.

The measurements recorded were used to create a layout of the floor plan of the Apartment. This was roughly sketched. Then using AUTOCAD it was finally Drawn precisely with the correct measurements. A space was chosen from The whole apartment and the room index was determined. Equal grids were drawn on the floor plan.

Then, At different times of day (morning, afternoon, and evening), the illuminance of each space was recorded using the lux meter or an application on the phone that measures the illuminance of a space, which was then utilized in additional research and calculations throughout the study.

Finally, using REVIT, lighting situations were created in order to have a better knowledge of varied lighting conditions throughout the day.

Measuring devices used Phone application lux meter Lux is the brightness's intensity as perceived by the human eye On-site activity

Measuring tape This is to measure the length, width and height of the space. It also measures the size of the windows and doors in that particular space.

Procedure of data collection

01

02

03

Using grids, identify The space from the Floor plan

Place the lux meter At a fixed height

Record the readings Found on the meter

04

05

06

Identify factors that may have an impact on the readings

Repeat for different timings

estimate the light quality by tabulating and calculating data

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

III. Data collection methodology and analysis Shadow casting using Revit 21st JULY 9.00 A.M

Siva Takshit Bollineni- 1001955377

III. Data collection methodology and analysis Illuminance level using Revit 21st JULY 12.00 P.M

Siva Takshit Bollineni- 1001955377

III. Data collection methodology and analysis Illuminance level using Revit 21st JULY 4.00 P..M

Siva Takshit Bollineni- 1001955377

III. Data collection methodology and analysis Illuminance analysis Revit (8th AUGUST 2021, 4PM)

Illuminance analysis- Physical readings (8th AUGUST 2021, 4PM)

Note: Physical readings were only taken for the living room and dining room, therefore, room was not Considered when putting the readings in a graph.

Siva Takshit Bollineni- 1001955377

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

III. Data collection methodology and analysis Day lighting factor Room Index = L x W / Hm x (L + W) k = 7670 x 3100 / 2800 x (7600 + 3100) k = 0.9683 k =1 Since k is between 1 and 2, readings should be taken at 9 locations across the room, according to the room index point reading table. To create a symmetrical grid, one more point is added, which means reading will be taken from a total of 10 points in the room.

The readings were taken at 10am and the highest lux observed was 538lx while lowest lux observed within the room was 10lx. Simultaneously, the temperature observed outside was 1040 lux.

Total observed illuminance = 1215 lx Mean Average = 1215/10 = 121.5 lx Ei = indoor illuminance = 121.5 lx Eo = outdoor illuminance = 1040 lx DF = Ei/Eo x 100% DF = 121.5/1040 x 100% DF = 11.68% The daylight factor in the living room area is 11.7%, which is higher than the average daylight factor value of 5%. As a result, the space appears brightly lit, with the possibility for thermal issues owing to overheating in Malaysian weather.

Point A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

lx

538

88

93

34

34

17

19

12

10

370

Aishath Mishka Mular - 1001956727

III. Data collection methodology and analysis Lumen method Living Room Area = 7670mm x 3100mm Area= 23.56 m2 Room Index = L x W / Hm x (L + W) k = 7670 x 3100 / 2800 x (7600 + 3100) k = 0.9683 k =1 According to the room index value obtained and the surface reflectance in the area by referring to the utilization factor table; Surface reflectance= 70%: 50%: 20% Utilization factor = 0.48

Maintenance factor = 0.8 for area with no air conditioning There are 2 fluorescent tubes (10 watts, having an output of 1260 lumens and 2 LED light bulbs (8 watts, having an output of 900 lumens). Hence; F = 1260lm and 900lm n = 2 CFL and 2 LED N=4

Therefore; E = F x N x n x UF x LLF / A E = [(1260 x 2) + (900 x 2)] x 4 x 0.48 x 0.8 / 23.56 E = 4320 x 4 x 0.48 x 0.8 / 23.56 E = 6635.52 / 23.56

E = 281 lx.

Aishath Mishka Mular - 1001956727

CONCLUSION In conclusion to all, the lighting analysis needs the issues of indoor and outdoor lighting in spaces to be raised. This would be helpful when constructing a responsive design. Site observation is important as the site location, weather, site maintenance and other factors would affect the data we collected on the site.

Based on the analysis, we can see that the apartment has sufficient lighting. According to the daylight factor, it is higher than 5%. Therefore, issues like the weather in Malaysia have to be considered. We could also consider the side the apartment is facing. The main façade faces the East therefore there is more visible light in the apartment.

For accuracy of our lighting analysis, we must comprehend the requirements for suitable lighting in building design, as well as the elements that influenced them and the design standards that relate to the surrounding climate.

REFERENCES http://www.maximholdings.com.my/Residences/Default.aspx http://www.maximholdings.com.my/Residences/img/siteplanfloorplan/Enlarge/MeridianMaxim_website_MaximResidence s_Page06FA-01.jpg Lumen to watt chart. (2018, April 16). Ledhut. https://ledhut.co.uk/blogs/news/lumen-watt-chart Watts to lumen conversion chart. General lamps. https://www.lamps-on-line.com/watts-to-lumens https://www.amnh.org/explore/ology/brain/seeingcolor#:~:text=Light%20travels%20into%20the%20eye,Cone%20cells%20help%20detect%20colors. http://www.revicoptics.com/research/light-transmission/ Gullotti, B. (2019). Passive Daylighting Systems Could Transform the Architecture of Natural Light | Thought Leadership | HMC Architects. Retrieved 15 August 2021, from https://hmcarchitects.com/news/passive-daylighting-systems-couldtransform-the-architecture-of-natural-light-2019-05-24/ Sullivan, C., & Horwits Bennett, B. (2008). Design Criteria for Windows + Doors. Retrieved 15 August 2021, from https://www.bdcnetwork.com/design-criteria-windows-doors Descours, A. (2017). Direct Light, Diffuse Light and Your Emotions: How Shadow and Contrast Change Your Photos • Photo-Video Creative. Retrieved 15 August 2021, from https://photovideocreative.com/en/direct-light-diffuse-lightemotions-how-shadow-constrat-change-photos/ https://hmcarchitects.com/news/passive-daylighting-systems-could-transform-the-architecture-of-natural-light-2019-05-24/ https://eyelighting.com/lighting-technology-education/general-lighting-basics/light-spectrum https://www.britannica.com/technology/prism-optics https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting AR453_BSC2_21_L04.pdf

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

04 APPLICATION AND DESIGN PROPOSAL- INDIVIDUAL

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

Artificial lighting strategies Existing lighting fixtures layout

Surface Mounted Light Color Temperature : Coolwhite (4000K)

Single Pendant Lamp Color Temperature : Coolwhite (4000K)

Fluorescent Linear Glass Tube Color Temperature : Warm (2700K)

Fluorescent Linear Glass Tube Color Temperature : Daylight (6500K)

Surface Mounted Downlight Color Temperature :Daylight (6500K)

Site issues Inadequate luminous- insufficient light caused by existing artificial light, resulting in a dim appearance of the space.

All the artificial lights are different, therefore it is not aesthetically pleasing.

There is high energy consumption as the lights are on from 7pm to 6am. Also, due to the lighting fixtures chosen, the energy consumption is high as fluorescent lights are used.

The people living in this apartment are architecture students, therefore the light direction is unspecified especially on their work plane.

Adequate daylight

Site images Insufficient light

Lack of enough light for assignments

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

Artificial lighting strategies Design consideration Reasons to consider when looking into artificial light: 1. Practicality 2. Aesthetic appearance 3. Lighting direction 4. Life span of bulb 5. Mounting height 6. Output, efficiency and cost

1

2

Artificial lighting strategies

6

3

Practicality What task is it used for? Or which activity is done in that particular space? a. Living room- The light is needed for the students to be able to work nicely b. Dining room- The light is needed for dining activities

Aesthetic appearance

5

4

Lighting direction

What types of lighting fixtures are used. Too many different ones used doesn’t allow the place to look good therefore, using the same light fixture with different color temperatures would allow the place to be aesthetically pleasing.

It is better to have the multi-color light for the dining room as it allows the users to have different ambience while eating. For the living room, the temperature of light should be 4000K to allow the students to be able to work effectively in the place.

Life span of bulb Compared to the fluorescent lights, it would be better to have LED lights as there are more durable and long lasting.

Fluorescent lamps provide omnidirectional lighting in this flat. When the bulb is turned on, it emits light in all directions. This is inefficient since only three-quarter of light is absorbed.

The light from the lamp is being consumed, and the rest that is diffused is wasted.

This consideration allows diffused light and concentrated light to be used.

Mounting height Visual comfort depending on the height at which the light falls on the surface.

Light is most needed on the working plane, so if the mounting height is taller, there will be less light reaching the working plane.

Output, efficiency and cost What is the cost of the particular lightings used, the output and its efficiency.

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

Artificial lighting strategies Proposed lighting design Suspended led batten This reduces the height between the working plane and the mounted light therefore, it is more efficient. Also, Led lights consume less wattage than the fluorescent lights and are much brighter.

Tunable led pendant light This is good as light is suspended hence there is more diffused light on the dining table. Also, it allows for different color temperatures, hence the users are able to enjoy any ambience they would like to have.

Light specification Initial luminous flux- 2850lumens Color temperature- 4500K Input voltage- 100 – 240V Initial input power- 30W Input frequency- 50Hz Maintenance factor- 70%

Light specification Initial luminous flux- 200lumens Color temperature-27000K – 57000K Input voltage- 80 – 264V Initial input power- 110W Input frequency- 50Hz Maintenance factor- 70%

322mm

The average illuminance in the space chosen is 193lux therefore; 𝐴 =𝑙 ×𝑤 A = 3.1m × 5.3m A = 16.43m² Hₘ = total height – suspension – work plane Hₘ = 3 – 0.4 – 0.8 Hₘ = 1.8m

k

Room Index = L x W / Hₘ x (L + W) = 3.1 x 5.3/ 1.8 x ( 3.1 + 5.3) k = 1.1 U.F = 0.53 E = F x N x n x UF x LLF / A N = E x A / F x n x UF x LLF N = 193 x 16.43 / 2850 x 1 x 0.53 x 0.7 N = 2.99 N=3 Sₘₐₓ ≤ 1.5 x Hₘ Sₘₐₓ ≤ 2.7m U.F

The average illuminance in the space chosen is 15lux therefore; 𝐴=𝑙 ×𝑤 A = 3.1m × 2.5m A = 7.75m² Hₘ = total height – suspension – work plane Hₘ = 3 – 0.5 – 0.8 Hₘ = 1.7m

k

U.F

Room Index = L x W / Hₘ x (L + W) = 3.1 x 2.5 / 1.7 x ( 3.1 + 2.5) k = 0.8 U.F = 0.43 E = F x N x n x UF x LLF / A N = E x A / F x n x UF x LLF N = 15 x 7.75 / 200 x 1 x 0.43 x 0.7 N = 1.9 N=2 Sₘₐₓ ≤ 1.5 x Hₘ Sₘₐₓ ≤ 2.55m

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

Artificial lighting strategies Light layout

Existing

Proposal

Artificial lighting strategies Existing

Proposed

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

Analysis The lights in the living room and dining room are both suspended compared to the previous fluorescent light therefore, it reduces the distance between the human eye and light source. This proves to be more efficient.

The overall luminance also increased as the number of luminaries increased.

There is a variety of lighting fixtures that not only allows the place to be aesthetically pleasing but it also enhances the lighting quality according to the usage of spaces.

The LED spotlights that have been proposed have improved light performance and are more efficient. In addition, to meet the brightness criteria, the amount of light in this proposed arrangement has been enhanced. Furthermore, compared to the previous state, it provided the area a more elegant and simple aspect.

Conclusion This activity allowed me to learn about different factors that affect the lighting quality in a particular space. I was able to learn about different light specifications through my research getting to know more on different types of bulbs, different color temperatures, luminance level, mounting height and others.

References https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Artificial_lighting https://www.manufacturer.lighting/club/15/ https://shopee.com.my/search?keyword=fluorescent%20bulb https://greenlux.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Slim-02-Ceiling-MountedSuspended-LED-Batten.pdf https://cls-led.com/products/indoor-surface-mounted-pendant-fixtures/ruby-pendanttunable-white/ https://glamox.com/uk/led-and-lifetime https://www.saving-light-bulbs.co.uk/blog/a-guide-to-lux-levels/

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

04 APPLICATION AND DESIGN PROPOSAL- INDIVIDUAL

Ngulube Chawanangwa1001953300

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

Space planning Majestic Maxim Residence ( Block B level 15 house plot ) The Majestic Maxim residence has two blocks with --- floors. With parking from the 1st floor to the 6th floor. A swimming pool, gym and other communal shop spaces on the 7th floor.

Laundry

Kitchen

Bathroom Dining

Bedroom

Bathroom

Master Bedroom

Living room

On the left we see the floor plan for the case study house with all the labels for the spaces.

With an entrance opening into the dining space and living room area. With a large window with a view over Swimming space on the 7th floor. With also the master having a view over the same are with two small windows. You also see a short hallway with another bedroom out of the one including the one in the master bedroom as well as connecting to the bedroom.

We see most of the direct sunlight entering from the West South direction. The Living room space being the space with the most direct sunlight. Another rooming receiving this light directly is the large Master bedroom. The other bedroom not getting much direct light and mostly uses artificial lighting early morning and early evening when it gets darker.

Aim: The aim I have is to create a more comfortable space that will also improve the living and mindset of the people who will use these spaces. Through use of natural lighting to alter and improve their way of living in these spaces.

Problems From the visual images of the earlier page including the sun path chart we see the main spaces with direct lighting being the living room and the master bedroom. The other bedroom not having a lot of natural lighting goes against the member of the household who lives there with waking up to light, less productivity with many forms of work he may use in that space.

Laundry

Kitchen

Key Bathroom

Dining Laundry

Bedroom

Kitchen Dining Living room Master Bedroom Bathroom

Master Bedroom

Bathroom Living room

Bedroom

A better application of day light towards the interior should include ; To assist in regulating visual variations in different spaces To act on the biochemical needs of the mind as well as the productivity.

The comparison in luminance. So, there is solution to solve this daylight diffusion inside the interior of the unit

Proposed Solution Now with acknowledgement of lighting for betterment of ones productivity as well as behaviour we see a new design below. With the addition of a large window for both bedroom as well as one in the hall leaving the bedrooms leading to the living room. This allows even the living space to have natural light coming to it and the dining room. Though less than the bedrooms it will have large effects to the betterment of these three spaces. The kitchen and laundry are used significantly less than the spaces mentioned therefore not much focus has been highlighted and they can be used with more artificial light. The bathrooms are more private spaces so also little action put to adding direct sunlight.

Kitchen Dining Laundry

Key Laundry

Bathroom

Kitchen Dining Bathroom

Living room Living room

Master Bedroom Bathroom

Master Bedroom

Bedroom Bedroom

Conclusion The original space in terms of direct sunlight focuses on the master bedroom and the living room and dining spaces. The other bedroom which I feel deserves more attention for the betterment of the person accommodated in that living space. Later in the proposed design we see adjustments made to the space arrangement to change the outcome

References Gregg D. Ander (2016), Dalylighting, https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting Sangwon Lee, Hussain H. Alzoubi and Sooyoung Kim (2017), The Effect of Interior Design Elements and Lighting Layouts on Prospective Occupants’ Perceptions of Amenity and Efficiency in Living Rooms, https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/7/1119/pdf Wicker, A.W. Perspectives on Behavior Settings. Environ. Behav. 2012, 44, 474–492. , https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0013916511398374

04 APPLICATION AND DESIGN PROPOSAL- INDIVIDUAL

Aishath Mishka Mular1001956727

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

IIII. Application & design proposal Sizing of window and position Brief analysis of the space The space chosen is the living room of the apartment which has total area of 23.8m². The main façade of the building faces East, and houses 5 windows, 4 of which have an operable casement window component. The windows measure 600mm by 2300mm and has no glazing or shading devices. On the adjacent wall facing south, another window connects to the 5th window on the North.

Issue of the space As per the aforementioned research the existing windows in the living room let in a lot of direct sunlight during the morning, and midday.

The day lighting factor in the living room with the current design is 11.75%, which is higher than the average of daylight factor value of 5%. Consequently, while the living room would be brightly lit, it would have thermal issues due to overheating during the day. Additionally, the sun can be low enough in the sky in the middle of the morning and afternoon, that it lets in direct (potentially overwhelming) sunlight into the space as the façade faces the east.

Current lighting situation in the space.

At 9:00am

Aishath Mishka Mular - 1001956727

IIII. Application & design proposal Proposal for the new space As the living room has a 600mm by 2300mm window, a large amount of direct sunshine enters the space through the window, especially in the morning. To minimize the heating up of space, the window height is decreased to 1200mm while maintaining the 600mm width to allow some light inside. Therefore, there are 5 casement windows on the east façade. The window on the south wall is eliminated to minimize sunlight.

Unfortunately, there is no possibility of changing the window position to the north wall as the apartment connects to another at that wall. Therefore, the only possibility of natural light into the space is placing windows on the east facade. In such cases it is better to block the sun before it hits the glass from the outside – in this case using louvers.

As the façade of the building faces east, the room heats up during the morning and midday. While east facing windows are harder to provide shading for, the issue can be solved by using horizontal louvers all along the window. Operable louvers on windows also allow users to adjust the amount of light allowed into the space. This could mean closed louvers during the morning and midday while keeping the louvers open during the afternoon. Horizontal louvers also keeps view obstruction at a minimum.

Lighting after new design At 9:00am

Aishath Mishka Mular - 1001956727

IIII. Application & design proposal Illuminance level simulation

Aishath Mishka Mular - 1001956727

IIII. Application & design proposal Daylight factor simulation

Before

After

Aishath Mishka Mular - 1001956727

CONCLUSION In conclusion the minimization of window size and addition of louvers result in the space receiving a lesser amount of sunlight, bringing in just the right amount of light into the space. Therefore, the heat in the space reduces greatly as well.

Simulations were run on illuminance and daylight factor of the space which clearly show great reduction in the lux and percentage respectively.

REFERENCES https://nederlandco.civicweb.net/document/18894 http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/consumer/buildings/homes/windows/shading.htm https://www.yourhome.gov.au/passive-design/shading

04 APPLICATION AND DESIGN PROPOSAL- INDIVIDUAL

Siva Takshit Bollineni1001955377

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

Position of windows /opening Selected place

Bedroom 1 Sunlight at different spots The varied positions of the windows in bedroom 1 do not allow for the same quantity of lighting in the morning, afternoon, and evenings. As a result, light at various times cannot be the same. Due of the tremendous heat generated, the light might be overwhelming at some times.

Siva Takshit Bollineni- 1001955377

As can be seen in images below, shading systems that might interrupt an user's relaxation in the bedroom 1.

MORNING

AFTERNOON

EVENING

DESIGN PROPOSAL AND POSITION OF WINDOW Bedroom 1 has two windows measuring 1000mm x 1500mm each.

The amount of light that enters the space is not equal since the windows do not let in the same amount of light. Because the windows are in different positions, the light is brilliant during the day and not at other times. So I joined the two windows together and extend some length of windows, making the total size 2200mm by 1700mm and, Then I installed moveable UV-protective glass slides to keep direct sunlight out in the summer. The quantity of direct sunlight entering the room in the morning, afternoon, and evening will be more than formerly.

MORNING

AFTERNOON

EVENING Siva Takshit Bollineni- 1001955377

Existing design

After joining the windows

As you can see the increasing entering of amount of light is different than before

Siva Takshit Bollineni- 1001955377

DAYLIGHTING FACTOR COMPARISION BEFORE AND AFTER

situation of the space before

situation of the space after

Conclusion as conclusion to the design suggestions and simulations, the results of the daylight factor simulation reveal that the bedroom 1 where the Window are connected together and expanded in size receives more light than before, there by bringing in just the more quantity of light into the bedroom.

Siva Takshit Bollineni- 1001955377

04 APPLICATION AND DESIGN PROPOSAL- INDIVIDUAL

Maliha Akter Aaysha1002059355

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

Colors •

INTRODUCTION Painting walls is a great way to control home’s atmosphere by the use of the natural lighting but the colour selection can be tricky depending on the requirement.

In terms of natural sunlight, as the day progresses, the lighting intensity changes, creating different values of daylight factor and changes in the appearance of colors. This is very important to remember when deciding on a paint color.

At sunrise , the sunlight is warmer because it’s lower to the horizon. As a result, the sun gives off a warm yellowish cast. As the day proceeds to midday and the sun rises, producing more of a bluish, cooler cast. At midday, in direct sunlight, colors will appear to be a bit washed out. Finally, as the day concludes to evening, the warmth is back, but now giving rooms more of a reddish cast.

•

EXISTING CONDITION Based on the information gathered in the earlier task, we found out that the apartment has sufficient lighting. According to the analysis, the daylight factor in the living room area is 11.7%, which is much higher than the average daylight factor value of 5%.

Therefore, the space appears brightly lit but excessive daylight can cause discomfort to the users, as it may result in glare (i.e. loss of visual performance or discomfort produced by an intensity of light in the visual field than the intensity of light to which eyes are adapted).

Maliha Akter Aaysha- 1002059355

Colors • PROPOSED SOLUTION In South facing rooms, there tends to be a consistently bright light throughout the day.

Warm and cool tones work with south facing light. This light intensifies colors, so darker colors will seem brighter while softer colors will be faded.

Therefore, one solution that can be proposed is to apply dark color paint on the living room walls to lower the intensity of light. As dark colors absorbs more light and reflects less as compared light colors that absorb less light and reflects more.

Paint Color Recommendation: Gray Screen

• RESUL T ANALYSIS • Stimulation of illuminance level with white paint & proposed Gray Screen paint • Illuminance level in living room have decreased making it more comfortable for performing tasks and reducing glare.

White

Gray

Stimulation of daylighting factor with white paint & proposed Gray Screen paint

White

Gray

Daylighting factor (ratio of light level inside and outside) of the living room has a decent change. The daylight factor has decreased.

Maliha Akter Aaysha- 1002059355

PSALI • INTRODUCTION PSALI stands for Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors. It is a system of combined artificial lighting and daylighting, where the two are blended together to provide an even illumination.

In a moderate climate, it is practically impossible to provide adequate daylight (Daylight Factor, DF = 2%) inside a room, to a depth greater than three times the window head height (above the working plane). In an average room, correspond to a depth of 6m (max).

For rooms, that's deeper than that, PSALI works as a supplementary to the daylight.

+ Day lighting

=

PSALI

Artificial lighting

• EXISTING CONDITION As mentioned earlier, though the daylight factor is quite high and the rooms are fitted with artificial lighting, a comfotable and suitable lighting environment is not always achieved.

This is due to the rooms having only one or two lighting fixtures, resulting the areas sometimes be too bright, or in other times, too gloomy.Therefore, it’s limiting the user’s ability to flexiby alter the brightness of the room to fit the changing levels of daylight.

Usually, on normal days, the area nearer to window opening, that is, living room, receives sufficient light but as it goes further from the openning, towards dining area or kitchen, it gets gloomy. At night time, maximum area gets dark without proper source of natural light. Therefore, artificial lighting needs to be fully employed during the night time.

Insufficient lighting

Light decreases as the distance from the window increases

Many areas are often gets dark and gloomy during the afternoon and evening even with artificial lighting due to its improper positioning and the lack of lighting according to the requirement.

Maliha Akter Aaysha- 1002059355

PSALI • PROPOSED SOLUTION To solve the existing lighting issues in the living room, one solution that can be proposed is to have a PSALI system of multiple lighting fixtures that are programmed to light up at different timings throughout the day according to the daylight levels.

Lightings A, located at gloomy area, will be switched on during the brightest option od that day (high DF). They are always turned on throughout the day and night to light up the interior.

A

A

B

A

B

B

Lightings B, will be turned on with lighting A when daylight level drops during cloudy day or rainy day (low DF).

D

F

C

E

1 A

At night, lightings A, B and C will be turned on altogether as there is no light at all (very low DF)

C

H

2

G

J

3

L

B

D

F

H

J

L

K

A

C

E

G

I

K

4 I

5

Existing Lighting System

Proposed PSALI system

• R E S U L T A N A LY S I S 12 : 00 PM (HIGH DF) B

D

F

H

J

L

A

C

E

G

I

K

B

D

F

H

J

L

A

C

E

G

I

K

B

D

F

H

J

L

A

C

E

G

I

K

05 : 00 PM (LOW DF)

08 : 00 PM (VERY LOW DF)

Calculation Room dimensions : 7.6 m x 3.1m x 2.8m (height from floor to ceiling) Working plane height: 0.8m Maximum spacing between luminaires to height ratio is 1 : 5 The maximum distance between the fittings is therefore ≤2.9m

Maliha Akter Aaysha- 1002059355

Conclusion

• COLOURS Only by changing the paint color from light to dark has helped to reduced both illuminance level and daylighting factor. It is a cost and time efficient methods as it does not require and special labor it can be done by ourselves and is easily available. There is a wide range of colors available to suit the interior of a space according to its task.

• PSALI Although the apartment unit does not receive adequate natural daylight from all directions previously, this issue can be solved with the Parmanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of the Interiors method. By varying the position and number of lights on within the unit according to the changing time and daylight factors around the building, we can provide a sufficiently illuminated environment for users.

+

PSALI

=

Final Thoughts : With this methods combining, users of the building can learn how to depend less on solely artificial lighting but incorporate natural daylight into the ways they illumate the apartments to live a better life.

Maliha Akter Aaysha- 1002059355

References

https://www.fivestarpainting.com/blog/2020/october/how-light- ingaffects-paint-color-and-why-it-matt/ https://westmagnoliacharm.com/choosing-right-paint-color/blog/ https://www.lightingassociates.org/i/u/2127806/f/tech_sheets/natural_lighting.pdf https://www.erco.com/en/glossary/t/permanentsupplementary-ar- tificial-lighting-psali-2017/

Maliha Akter Aaysha- 1002059355

04 APPLICATION AND DESIGN PROPOSAL- INDIVIDUAL

Khalfan Ali Said- 1001853395

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

Building Orientation

Building orientation refers to the direction in which the building façade faces relative to the geographical Compass.

The factors that affect a certain building’s orientation includes • Sun path and natural light • Views • Prevailing winds

Current site building orientation The chosen apartment’s façade is directly facing east as seen from the diagram above with large windows to allow adequate daylight into the living room space. from the current site conditions it can be deduced that the building orientation has been mainly chosen due to the existing views as well as the prevailing winds from the north eastern direction which do Squeeze into the space and provide a bit of thermal comfort during the day.

Disadvantages of current building orientation Thermal discomfort- This is due to the building façade directly facing the east, this means the interior is greeted with the morning sun and overtime it becomes heated Excessive daylight- Referring to the calculations of the daylight factor from the data collection and methodology, the percentage obtained was 11.68%. It was concluded that there is a too much daylight coming into the chosen space. This is a problem as it does not follow the standards of the daylight factor percentage required which is around 2%-5% as it as a good balance between lighting and thermal aspects.

Khalfan Ali Said - 1001852395

Building Orientation Proposal of new building orientation Due to the issue of high illuminance and excess daylight into the interior space, I propose a change in building orientation along the north-south axis in which the Building façade shall face north. The reasons is to reduce the excess daylight into the interior as well as to achieve thermal comfort for the users

Method of new proposal (Step by step) 1. Change in orientation on Revit model of the apartment façade to face north

2. Import model to VELUX Daylight visualizer and perform daylight factor simulation

From the above simulation , the calculated average daylight factor after a change of building orientation from the façade facing east to now facing north seems to have had a major impact on the daylight factor Dropping from 11.68% as calculated from the on site calculations to dropping to 2% on the chosen space which is part of the 2%-5% standard to be followed in allowance of daylight into the interior space of the building.

Khalfan Ali Said-1001852395

Shading device A shading device is a fixed or mechanical device that is placed outside or inside a building envelope on an opening.

Functions of a shading device  To control the amount of daylight into the interior  Reduce solar heat gain  Improve user visual comfort by controlling glare As mentioned from the previous topic of building orientation the chosen site façade is facing on east according the group work findings, there is excessive daylight into the interior space and of course this causes thermal discomfort within the space.

A shading device shall be proposed while keeping the building orientation as the original (east) Determination of HSA and VSA of current condition ( no shading device)

HSA

34

VSA

50 The horizontal and vertical shadow angle have been obtained via the method of the sun path chart and the vertical shadow angle protractor

HSA on plan

VSA on section view

From these diagrams it can be concluded that the way the sunlight penetrates the interior it may create glare on the table as the user is directly next to the window, also it will bring about thermal discomfort. As a solution, a shading device will be proposed so as to regulate the amount of daylight Into the interior space

Khalfan Ali Said-1001852395

Proposed/ designed shading device for the apartment

The shading device was design after proper analysis of the horizontal and vertical shadow angles. The purpose of this shading device is to control solar heat gain as well as regulate the amount of daylight into the interior space HSA on plan view after shading device proposal

Illuminance simulations before and after shading device Before

After

From the above simulations, the positive impact of having the proposed shading device on the façade of the building can clearly be seen, the solar radiation entering Is effectively less , this also reduced solar heat gain.

Khalfan Ali Said-1001852395

Conclusion The overall conclusion of both topics is that a change or an improvement on the aspects / factors that affect solar radiation into the interior as well as thermal comfortability can have a good impact in providing better lighting and thermal comfort design for the users.

As witnessed from the factor of building orientation, by changing the building orientation for the façade to face north, it had a positive impact in changing the daylight factor from an access amount to a standard requirement of 2%.

The same goes for the shading device, it had a better impact for the interior in terms of controlling/ limiting excessive daylight into the interior space because the current building orientation is facing east as well as providing better thermal comfort for the users of the space

References https://www.nachi.org/building-orientation-optimum-energy.html http://fairconditioning.org/knowledge/passive-design/form-and-orientation2/#:~:text=To%20define%20the%20optimal%20orientation,Topography https://velcdn.azureedge.net/-/media/com/articles/viz%20visualizer/userguide%20%20daylight%20visualizer%202.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Horizontal-and-vertical-shadow-angles-based-on-the-sunshading-figure-presented-in-7_fig6_242195082

Khalfan Ali Said-1001852395

04 APPLICATION AND DESIGN PROPOSAL- INDIVIDUAL

Caelester Ho- 1001850732

Sabaahat Shaheed Mohamed Iqbal- 1001956821

CONTENTS

01 02

Information of Proposal

Lighting Related Calculation

I DF / Illuminance Level (Before / After)

03 04 05 06

Sun Shading Proposal Orthographic (Shadow Casting) Conclusion References

Design strategies From the information and data gathered from the group task, there are only few design strategies that we can apply to improve the present condition of the chosen space either by the use of natural lighting and artificial lighting.

Our case study is an apartment where the chosen space which is the living room is facing the east direction. The chosen space receive lots of direct natural daylight during the sunrise till the afternoon which is around 12pm and daylight factor reaching 11.7% exceeding the average of 2-5% right amount. After that time, there would not be any direct natural daylight but will receive diffused light instead till 6pm before using the artificial lighting.

DESIGN STRATEGIES PROPOSAL GLAZING MATERIAL (TINTED GLASS)

DEFINITION •

Absorb portion of the solar heat and block daylight.

•

Increase visual privacy.

•

Able to reduce glare from bright direct sunlight and reducing the amount of solar energy transmitted through the glass therefore able to reduce overall temperature of chosen space.

•

Reduce the amount of direct light from entering the chosen space.

•

Enable some light to pass through and reduce glare from direct lighting.

•

Very cost effective and installation and maintenance.

SUN SHADING DEVICES

easy

Caelester Ho Kai Tao - 1001850732

Comparison data DESIGN STRATEGIES BEFORE

AFTER

WITHOUT GLAZING MATERIAL

GLAZING MATERIAL (TINTED GLASS)

WITHOUT SUN SHADING DEVICES

SUN SHADING DEVICES

Caelester Ho Kai Tao - 1001850732

Sun shading proposal Sun Chart Diagram

Since our chosen site is facing directly to the east direction, our chosen site receive a lot of direct sunlight from the morning sunrise till afternoon. The Daylight Factor (DF) of our chosen space is 11.7% which exceed the comfortable range of 2-5% DF.

The sun shading devices that I would propose is vertical shading devices. This sun shading device able to reduce the amount of direct sunlight into our chosen space thus lead to the reduction of Daylight Factor (DF) and overall temperature which affect the thermal comfort of our chosen space.

Caelester Ho Kai Tao - 1001850732

Sun shading proposal ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING BEFORE SUN SHADING DEVICES INSTALLED

AFTER SUN SHADING DEVICES INSTALLED

Caelester Ho Kai Tao - 1001850732

Conclusion Last but not least, the proposal that I proposed are all good solution to improve the present condition of the chosen space of our case study both in the usage of natural lighting and artificial lighting.

The data collected through the simulation able to show the differences before and after the proposal. It greatly affected the condition of lighting in the selected chosen space.

We able to learn to maximize the usage of natural daylight and artificial lighting where we are all able to cut daily cost of using energy to lit up the chosen space and also reduce the overall temperature of the chosen space due to reduction of direct natural sunlight in the chosen space of our case study.

References

• The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Laminated Glass Windows.

Retrieved 22 August 2021, from https://yourhomesecuritywatch.com/advantages-disadvantages-usinglaminated-glass-windows/ • What Are Laminated Glass Windows?. (2019). Retrieved 22 August 2021, from https://brennancorp.com/blog/what-are-laminated-glass-windows/ • Natural Lighting. Retrieved 22 August 2021, from https://www.lightingassociates.org/i/u/2127806/f/tech_sheets/natural_ligh ting.pdf

Caelester Ho Kai Tao - 1001850732