What is the reality of radical climate adaptation? On one extreme, Qatar is shipping seeds of grass into the desert from the United States to create 144 football pitches for the World Cup. (Ralston, 2022) Conversely, small island villages are turning to digital mapping to save their culture once they are buried by water due to rising sea levels. (The First Digital Nation, 2022)
How can we expect people to join the climate change team in a world where the World Cup can claim carbon neutrality and Tuvalu is trying to save its culture by digitally replicating itself in the metaverse?
If climate change complacency continues, the reality that our world will lose places people call “home” is inevitable. Sea levels are expected to rise by an eighth of an inch each year, and extreme weather events will become stronger and more frequent. (Newman & Qiao, 2022) “Livable” places will soon become uncomfortable for people unwilling to adapt.
As sea levels rise, cities will also increase in population. By 2050, it is expected that seven out of ten people will live in cities compared to today, with 56% living in cities. (The World Bank, 2022)
Cities will have a high demand for innovative strategies against climate change, housing costs, social equity, and more, but what happens to the places people leave behind? As cities become more populated, what if rural and suburban communities could use predicted vacant properties and sitespecific strategies to combat climate change and create a new kind of future for their communities?
This project speculates how rural and suburban communities could deconstruct themselves and use the materials to build new infrastructure that embraces high water and prepares them for smaller populations. Communities at risk could use postindustrial and remediation techniques to create livable places for the future. Their “home” may look different but will still be recognisable due to saving unique landmarks and materials.
Canvey Island sits on the easternmost edge of the Thames Estuary. Most of its land mass sits at or below sea level, with one “high point” that consists of an old landfill site. The island was devastated by a surge flood in 1953, where much of the outer edge was covered by water. The island only has one way in and one way out. As people evacuated, 58 lost their lives in the rush off the island. (BBC, 2013) After the flood, measures were taken to protect the island from future surge floods by forming a concrete flood wall around the island.
Canvey faces a formidable future in a world with potentially two meters in sea level rise by 2100. (NOAA, 2022) This makes it an interesting place to set up different hypotheses on what strategies could work to prevent, slow down, or embrace high levels of water.
Looking at the historical maps of Canvey Island, it is interesting that the hand-drawn maps show the island is not one land mass but a series of smaller islands clustered together. A Dutch engineer connected these smaller islands in the 17th century to create a place for people to live.
The island existed for most of its contemporary life as an escape for Londoners looking to get away, but today functions more as a suburban retirement community.
As seen through demographic research, there is a high population of people over the age of 65, and of that population, nearly half live alone. It is also where people depend on cars to get around, and almost the entire island lives in single-family residences.
When thinking about the global climate crisis, it is difficult not to wonder whether the island’s imminent threat of being washed away by floods and rising sea levels do not resonate with the population of Canvey Island because of their age. If the average age of death is 80 (World Bank, 2022), then the reality is that a third of the population of Canvey Island will not see these significant climate threats as they will have passed on by the time anything happens.
There are several components contributing to a transformed Canvey Island. Even if nothing is done, sea level rise, urbanisation, and an ageing population will force change upon the island. The question is, will the citizens do anything about it? These scenarios can be seen as problems but are invitations to rebuild and create a new story for an island destined to be taken back by the sea.
SEA LEVEL RISE
In Landscape Architecture for Sea Level Rise, Newman and Qiao outline different case studies worldwide leading to climate remediation through landscape solutions. They break up strategies within each case study into structural, non-structural, and hybrid solutions. Every case study has many solutions that combine to create an overall plan. The book lays out a menu of options for places like Canvey and backs them up with many case studies.
The world is going through a social transformation as well as a climate transformation. The baby boomers, defined as children born after World War II between 1946 -1964, make up the largest age group of the world’s population. As this generation gets older and passes on, coupled with growing urbanisation, suburban and rural communities will become much smaller.
There are slightly larger communities of ageing populations in suburban and rural areas (21%) compared to urban areas (16%). (Defra, 2020) 80% of older people also want to stay in their homes as they age (Moore, 2014), leading to excessive empty rooms in single-family homes in these neighbourhoods. This trend will lead to many abandoned homes when people pass away due to several factors, including lower demand for single-family housing, housing that is not attractive to younger generations, and housing that has not been built to last.
These trends are only beginning to add strain to real estate markets and the built environment and will continue to change slowly for the next 20-30 years. After 2050, the changes will become more immediate and intense as most of the population declines.
46% people will be 65+ in 20 years
of adults aged 65 and older are considered to be socially isolated 25%
80%
of people 75+ are classified as inactive
of older people want to stay living in their current home
As stated previously, urbanisation shows that more people are choosing to live in cities while suburban and rural communities are getting smaller. The ageing population and young people moving to cities leave Canvey Island with many abandoned properties. If houses cannot be filled with new families coming at the same rate as people passing away, what happens to those structures?
Detroit, Michigan, in the USA, is one of the most visible examples of large numbers of abandoned properties left for nature to appropriate. These properties have become a massive issue for local governments as they see significant anti-social behaviour. Some properties have been left so long that books have been written showing trees and ivy taking over whole neighbourhood blocks. (Brooky, 2019)
The Canvey Concept uses a proactive strategy to combat the changes that this island will go through in the next 50 to 100 years. Orchestrating a set of options now will allow the island to take control of its future rather than have it decided for it. To understand what is possible, it will be helpful to look at (1) how to deconstruct a home and what materials might be valuable to use, (2) how to treat edge conditions between land and water to protect what is on the inside, (3) solutions to mending the relationship the citizens have with water and being able to use it as a resource.
Demolishing a home is an expensive and resourceheavy process. According to Design for Deconstruction and Materials Reuse, Bradley Guy says that 85-95% of a home can be either reused or recycled (Guy & Shell, 2006), but most of the time, buildings are torn down, and the majority of materials end up in a landfill. In order to salvage that much material from a home, it has to be surgically taken apart, which costs more upfront. In the long run, it is better for the environment and keeps materials in a more circular lifecycle.
materials are useable?
Shingles and underlayment on the roof Shingles are sometimes reusable, but roof underlayment is not
Skip sheathing and plywood
Wood can be reused
Interior fixtures (plumbing, electrical, doors, windows, cabinetry and flooring)
Plumbing and electricity cannot be salvaged, but doors, windows, cabinets, and flooring can be
Drywall and plaster
Drywall can be recycled, but plaster cannot be recycled
Brick and exterior siding
Bricks can be recycled if taken apart carefully
Usually made of wood or steel, which can both be reused
It can be broken up and reused or stay in place for new uses
Island communities have unique ways of treating their edges. Canvey Island has chosen to fortify its edge by adding a concrete barrier between the town and the sea. When walking through town, people cannot even see the water as much of the land is below or at sea level, and the sea wall measures approximately 4 to 6 meters when coupled with the accompanying hill constructed on the town side.
There are many more interesting and aesthetically pleasing examples of sea walls throughout the world. Most notably, the way the Netherlands and Denmark negotiate their relationship with the sea is beautiful and functional at the same time.
Some places are even using filter banks to embrace the water surrounding their land and use it. In a world that will witness rising sea levels, bringing more water into the land, these types of systems could be helpful for more self-sustainable communities.
A bank filter naturally filters water through layers of soil. The fresh groundwater is then extracted from the earth using a large well.
NORDHAVN, COPENHAGEN,
Hard edge with added recreational value, including swimming infrastructure and places for people to sit
Gentle hills and diverse lawn meadows allow people to get close to the water.
silt + clay sand + gravel bedrock river channel
Rocky edges made of rubble create excellent conditions for wildflowers and also make good foundations for linear pathways
ARKADIEN
Houses back right up to the water and have little decks for people to get their feet wet
local flowpaths through porous sand + gravel
well well screen ground water dilution
regional flowpaths
As waters rise and the sea creeps inland, many countries are considering conditioning ocean water for their communities. However, the process has a high economic and environmental cost, as traditional desalination usually involves large industrial plants that use energy resources and take up space. Communities like Canvey Island could adopt some of these strategies to become more self-sustainable, but this would require a significant initial investment. Below outlines the general process that water has to go through to become usable:
Abstraction
seawater enters into an pipe underwater
In a study about wastewater treatment, wetland plants were tested alongside different layered soils to filter water naturally. The following diagrams show a few tests that used gravel, sand and a mixture of the two and their outcomes. (Sosthene, et al. 2018)
5mm Gravel
10mm Gravel
25mm Gravel
Porous cloth
Outgoing water Salinity
Pre-treatment in order to filter solid material out, chemicals are added that cause them to stick together
Desalination to remove impurities the water is pushed through a membrane with tiny holes in it
essential minerals are returned to the water and treated to meet water quality standards
Waste handling
unused water is cleaned and returned to the ocean. Any solid waste is sent to a landfill
Brine release
since the waste water has high levels of salt, they are discharged deep at sea for better dilution
0.15mm Sand
0.35mm Sand
0.60mm Sand
Porous cloth
Outgoing water
Salinity
0.15mm Sand
0.35mm Sand
0.60mm Sand
5mm Gravel
10mm Gravel
25mm Gravel
Porous cloth
Outgoing water
Salinity
Accumulation – halophytes have the ability to extract soil sodium and chlorine in their vacuoles
Salt excretion – some plants have salt glands to secrete excess salt out of the cell in the form of salt crystal
3 Exclusion – some plants have an ultra-filtration mechanism to avoid sodium uptake
abandoned properties go through landscape strategies
connect landscape strategies
ADAPT
move people make mounds
let water in life + landscape balanced
The land and water strategy for Canvey Island is to open back up the waterways and create a series of smaller islands, similar to what it looked like before the Dutch connected all the land. There is evidence of where the water would naturally go based on drainage pipes, water outlets that lead to the sea, and a central lake area.
The social strategy for the island is to take care of the elderly population while also preparing the next generation of Canvey Islanders for the future. Since so many older residents want to live out their days in their homes and there is little access to medical care, this proposal looks at bringing in-home nurses to care for people. This creates a younger generation of people that would be able to live on the island and create new communities as the current one shifts.
Over the next 30 years, the island would stay mostly the same. The ageing residents would be given several options for their homes and get to decide the fate of their property while also curating new public amenities for future generations. The choices each resident gets depend on their property type and are outlined in the following pages.
There are three different strategies for different property types: general residential plots, plots along or above hidden waterways, and historically significant plots. Each property type will be reused, adapted, or protected depending on the plot’s conditions and contents. These strategies work for residential and commercial plots, but the examples shown are residential for this report.
The following pages outline a few possibilities for the different plot types and walk through the realisation of the new relationship between land and water through the lens of the adapt strategy.
Most houses will fall into this category since it includes any property on the island’s interior that does not touch a waterway. The current residents of these houses would get to choose what happens to their homes.
The properties that will adapt are primarily along or above any hidden waterway. These houses would become the new front line between the land and the sea.
As more and more of these plots are transformed, they would create a series of connected public spaces and bring new habitats for plants and animals that do not exist today, boosting the island’s biodiversity.
Burying abandoned houses in hills creates new opportunities for play and recreation on top of the mounds, creating a more organic relationship between people and water.
Existing water areas like Canvey Lake would open up to the sea, creating a more dynamic landscape around the rise and fall of the tides.
A handful of buildings considered “historically significant” would be protected from rising sea levels in unique ways.
Allowing these waterways to become tidal also welcomes new areas for marine wildlife and richer, more diverse ecosystems.
The protected buildings would become special moments on the island, celebrating its quirks and unique personality.
The majority of property plots will fall under this category. In order to keep the houses of Canvey Island from becoming abandoned, each resident that lives in one of these plots will be given different options for the fate of their home. This gives the power of design to the residents of the island. Since they are the experts on what their neighbours would enjoy the most, they will be able to pick the best option for their home’s transformation.
Once the resident passes on, the house would go into a deconstruction phase, which would be carefully taken apart and inventoried for use in the next phase or stored in a material warehouse on Canvey Island. The strategies below would unlock new public spaces for the community while also adding to the island’s biodiversity. Selling the house would be a last resort but an option if new residents were interested in some properties.
FIGURE 17
Author’s Own
As the woodland gets older, some trees will succeed in taking over other trees based on exposure to the sun, water, wind, and foot traffic.
As more and more homes choose this option, Canvey Island would turn into a series of these tiny woodlands, creating a rich ecology of new species prepared for a changing climate. Forest Research has been studying what species of trees can cope with generally higher temperatures, heavy rainfall during the colder seasons, and dryer conditions in the warmer months. The following page goes through some details of these reused plots.
The UK is going to experience dryer summers and wetter winters. These maps and colours show the percentage of precipitation change in 2020, 2050, and 2080.
Due to melting icebergs, the world is slowly heating up. These diagrams show the temperature change distribution through the UK (degrees in Celsius) in 2020, 2050, and 2080.
Author’s Own
Hantz Woodlands
Detroit, USA
A tree farmer in Detroit, USA, paid the city to allow him to plant woodlands on abandoned properties. Instead of letting houses rot, his team comes in and clears the lot, and then he organises volunteer events to bring the community in to help create the new woodland together. These plots bring nature back into underserved communities and keep abandoned lots beautiful.
Weather Resistant Membrane
Gypsum board
Author’s Own
Wood studs
Insulation Sheathing
Break up concrete to create new tree pits
Selected tree species are pulled from Forest Research’s climate change adaptation projects. The trees selected suit the UK’s changing climate, including wetter winters, dryer summers, and higher temperatures overall.
Recycled bricks used to duplicate wall to create planting pocket and wider seat
Plants
Existing brick wall
Since the house is being taken apart carefully, it allows for creative ways to use specific elements.
Wooden slats affixed to brick for more comfortable seating
New soil used to fill in gap in between brick walls
The brick walls could come down and thicken to create unique seating areas for any reuse options.
By widening the wall to make seats, the space could be used for planting and softening areas around the site.
Platforms left from demolition could be used for new site furnishings
Concrete rubble created and can be recycled
Once broken, the rubble could be recycled into new wildflower meadows or broken up even smaller and used for drainage for trees instead of mulch.
Root ball should sit on undisturbed soil
Once the rubble is removed, new tree pits must be prepped, and the soil dug out of the ground could be reused in the above brick seats.
NORWAY MAPLE PEDUNCULATE OAK SWEET CHESNUT
New top soil added
After the tree is put in place, new topsoil would come in, and mulch or rubble could be used immediately around the tree.
ASH CORSICAN PINE
The plots along existing waterways, near or on top of hidden rivers, or along the island’s edge would have to be adapted to create new barriers that protect the resulting smaller islands. These properties must be carefully designed and managed to connect seamlessly to create separation between land and water.
The below strategies echo those in the Landscape Architecture for Sea Level Rise book by looking at structural, nonstructural, and hybrid solutions. While these strategies probably work, they still sustain a relationship with water centred around fear, not acceptance.
FIGURE 24
In order to embrace water, the island would need to develop a relationship with it. This relationship would need to be one of dependence and trust, but salt water is not necessarily a friendly element.
Returning to the Topic Research, what if the borders between water and land filtered the water? The solution would combine several factors and mend the relationship between people and water, provide protection from rising sea levels, and make Canvey Island more self-sustainable.
sloping hill to allow access to roof and protect from water infiltration
house becomes fresh water tank
high tide line (almost 7m above low tide)
steel wall separating filtering system and saline soil
concrete footing for steel wall
berm planted with brackish-friendly species
Canvey Lake, currently disconnected from the sea (not tidal)
low tide line
The hill along the water would turn into a filter, creating fresh water that could be stored in the abandoned house. The new border would consist of recycled materials from the houses, create public recreational space, encourage new biodiversity along the water edges, and mend the relationship between people and water, using it as a resource rather than something to fear.
The houses would become water tanks that could be used for swimming pools, fresh drinking water wells, sources of irrigation, and more.
water well remnants of the house
little roof from house could become a bench accessible pathway up
The top layer of the filter consists of a mixture of marsh plants but includes a high density of halophyte plants that filter the salt out of the ocean water.
The sand layer consists of crushed glass and concrete recycled from the other buildings coming down.
The gravel filter consists of crushed rubble from concrete and bricks. This layer has slightly larger chunks of rubble than the above layer.
The water then comes out of the gravel layer and into a perforated pipe at the base of the filter into the house tank.
When the water enters the house tank, it can be used for irrigation and recreation. If used for drinking, essential minerals are put into the water to meet water quality standards.
SEA
GRASSWORTS Salicornia europaea
Less dense planting along lower bank, non-filter area
SEA
SEA
SEA
Tidal wetland planting
Filter line starts here
The water only enters the filter when the water comes up to high tide. The Thames rises and falls nearly seven meters twice every day. This allows large amounts of water to come into each filter. The perforated pipe would be able to be shut to avoid the tanks overflowing and causing flooding.
In order to sustain the personality and unique character of Canvey Island, certain buildings, structures, sculptures, and land would be dedicated to preservation. A few of these include the Oysterfleet Hotel, a Dutch-style building at the heart of Canvey Island, the Dutch Cottage Museum, The Lobster Smack Pub, and The Labworth Cafe, a circular cafe right on the water’s edge with panoramic views of the sea. These properties will each be encased by some protective measure, whether a solid wall, a bubble that turns the plot into a life-size snow globe, or lifted and put on its own little mini island.
Since only a handful of properties would be protected, these strategies would use more structural solutions to keep water out.
These drawings resulted in the first iteration of taking the houses away to give more space to nature.
Some initial sketches of the “adapt” plots show buried houses turned into public spaces.
These explorations helped develop the strategies for the “protect” plots.
Throughout the project, looking at large masterplans for islands and places threatened by rising sea levels has been helpful. These examples use innovative and radical approaches to design to solve similar environmental threats.
Based on the above case studies, here are a few masterplan studies done to see what might work for Canvey Island. These are still in the works and will develop in the coming months.
Masterplan for the Los Angeles River, which include platform parks on stilts bridging the waterway by Frank Gehry. Landscape architect: Laurie Olin Engineering firm: Geosyntec Consultants.
Waugh Thistleton designed Trenezia in a bid to create a carbon neutral residential and cultural hub for the city that would attract locals to remain within central Bergen, Norway.
Walk 1’s purpose was to explore the edge of the island. Since Canvey Island has a sea wall that wraps around it, what better way to circumnavigate the island than to follow the wall? Starting at the bus station, I walked over the bridge and along the high-speed motorway to get to Canvey Wick Nature Reserve, which spits you out at the edge of the island’s southwest corner.
The walk further solidified assumptions about the island being car-centric, comprising of an elderly population, and being in love with hardscapes. The wall itself was the most aggressive form of “safety”, but it seemed that concrete, asphalt, and freshly cut grass were the material palette of the island. Even in the “wild” places, there was some form of control and always space for ample parking.
Walk 2 was more of a surprise. The purpose of this walk was to see the interior of the island. The walk started the same way as the first one, but instead of heading to the Nature Reserve, I walked along the golf course towards the town centre. I was pleasantly surprised that there were pedestrian paths that skirted behind the residences that ended at a trail along Canvey Lake, which is more like a small strip of wetland.
The wetland was neatly maintained and very beautiful. Once you get to the end of the wetland, it dead ends into the one high street on the island, which consists of the usual shops, a giant Sainsbury’s, a motor scooter store, and one pub. As I walked through the high street south towards the water, many storefronts were empty, or shops were not open during the week.
During the development of the masterplans, alongside site research, simulations were done to figure out the primary, secondary, and tertiary routes through the island. The island is so isolated, only having one way in and one way out.
Choice (2km) - the likelihood that movement will pass through any particular street
ARUP is looking at applying more circular practices for architects, designers, and engineers. They mapped a project’s timeline for “business as usual” and compared it to a more circular approach.
The circular approach is also layered with the RIBA Stages to show the complicated nature of material reuse further. It is no wonder that projects follow the “business as usual” approach because the circular system is quite a headache to even break down on paper. (ARUP, 2023)
Countries are beginning to ease the process by creating databases connecting key players with reusable materials and demolition sites.
An organization called ReLondon is starting to build these types of resources but has yet to develop something at the scale of Berlin and Copenhagen. Some isolated projects are beginning the process, such as the Meridian Water project and an app called Enviromate, but there is still a long way to go to make it easy for people to build circular projects.
The Resource Rows used recycled brick walls, concrete beams, old windows, and leftover wood to create a housing development that feels like a giant collage of pre-loved materials.
They engaged the tenants through active and social life at the outdoor green rooftops and gardening.
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Trice, A. (2016) Daylighting Streams: Breathing Life into Urban Streams and Communities, American Rivers. Washington, D.C.: Anthony A. Lapham Conservation Fellowship. Available at: https://www.americanrivers.org/wp-content/ uploads/2016/05/AmericanRivers_daylighting-streams-report.pdf.
Turenscape (2012) The Qinhuangdao Beach Restoration , Landezine. Landezine. Available at: https://landezine. com/the-qinhuangdao-beach-restoration-by-turenscape/.
Volkov, V. (2015) “Salinity tolerance in plants. quantitative approach to ion transport starting from halophytes and stepping to genetic and protein engineering for manipulating Ion Fluxes,” Frontiers in Plant Science, 6. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00873.
World Bank Group (2022) Urban Development, World Bank. World Bank Group. Available at: https://www.worldbank. org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview#:~:text=Today%2C%20some%2056%25%20of%20the,people%20will%20live%20in%20cities.
Zimmermann, A. and Birgelen, A.von (2015) Constructing landscape materials, techniques, structural components. 3rd edn. Basel: Birkhäuser.
Image 1_World Cup Turf
Keh, A. (2018) The 2022 World Cup Plants Some Trees and Prepares to Step Into the Spotlight, New York Times. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/12/sports/soccer/qatar-world-cup.html
Image 2_Tuvalu Screenshot
The First Digital Nation (2022) Tuvalu. Accenture. Available at: https://www.tuvalu.tv/.
Image 3_Canvey Floods
BBC (2013) Memories of 1953 flood live on in Canvey Island, BBC News. BBC. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-21233959.
Image 4-5_Canvey Walk
Author’s Own
Image 6_Alter Flugplatz Bonames
Kasten, S. (2006). Alter Flugplatz Bonames, Renaturierung.jpg. photograph. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alter_Flugplatz_Bonames,_Renaturierung.jpg.
Image 7_Qinhuangdao Beach Restoration
Turenscape (2012) The Qinhuangdao Beach Restoration , Landezine. Landezine. Available at: https://landezine.com/the-qinhuangdao-beach-restoration-by-turenscape/.
Image 8_Canvey Sea Wall
Author’s Own
Image 9_Reclaimed Roof Tiles
Authentic Reclamation. (n.d.). Weathered Clay All Over Nibs. Authentic Reclamation. photograph, East Sussex. Retrieved from https://authentic-reclamation.co.uk/stock-categories/reclaimed-roof-tiles-slates/handmade-nibtiles/.
Image 10_Recycled Wood Panels
Unilin. Recycled Wood Panels. Unilin Panels. photograph. Retrieved from https://www.unilinpanels.com/en/aboutunilin-panels/sustainability/circularity/recycled-wood.
Image 11_Reclaimed Bricks
Common Imperial Bricks, Reclaimed Brick Company. Available at: https://reclaimedbrickcompany.co.uk/products/smoothcommon-imperial-reclaimed-bricks-pack-of-250-bricks.
Image 12_Recycled Steel
Miller, M., Recycled steel tubing, Marli Miller Photo. Available at: https://www.marlimillerphoto.com/recycling.html.
Image 13_Piles of Recycled Concrete
Recycled Concrete, Tigard Sand & Gravel LLC. . Available at: https://www.tigardsandandgravel.com/what-arethe-benefits-of-recycled-concrete/.
Image 14_Kids Jumping into Water Nordhavn, COBE. Available at: https://cobe.dk/place/nordhavn.
Image 15_Soft Meadow Hill Along Water’s Edge Lobst, S. (2012) Natuureiland Tiengemeten, Aardrijk Sigrun Lobst. Available at: http://aardrijk-sigrunlobst.nl/?page_ id=28.
Image 7_Qinhuangdao Beach Restoration
Turenscape (2012) The Qinhuangdao Beach Restoration , Landezine. Landezine. Available at: https://landezine.com/the-qinhuangdao-beach-restoration-by-turenscape/.
Image 17_Arkadien Winnenden
Dreiseitl (2013) Arkadien Winnenden by Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl, Landezine. Landezine. Available at: https://landezine.com/arkadien-winnenden-by-atelier-dreiseitl/.
Image 18_Cochlearia Officinalis
Xaver, F. (1990) Cochlearia excelsa. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cochlearia_excelsa.jpg.
Image 19_Abandoned Oil Rig
Author’s Own
Image 20_Canvey Houses
Zoopla, New Home, 4 bed detached house for sale, Zoopla Limited. Available at: https://www.zoopla.co.uk/new-homes/details/64103758/.
Image 21_Residential House
Author’s Own
Image 22-23_Woodland Case Study
Hantz Woodlands. Available at: https://www.hantzfarmsdetroit.com/.
Image 24, 25, 26_Nordic Maple, Pedunculate Oak, Sweet Chesnut
Tree and shrub specialist: Van den Berk Nurseries, Van den Berk Nurseries. Available at: https://www.vdberk.co.uk/.
Image 27_Ash Fraxinus excelsior ash European (2015) Pixabay. Available at: https://pixabay.com/photos/fraxinus-excelsior-asheuropean-ash-844653/.
Image 28_Corsican Pine
Corsican Pine, Pinus nigra ssp. laricio (2008) Corsican pine. Wanstead Wildlife. Available at: https://www. wansteadwildlife.org.uk/WILDLIFE/plants_City_Of_London_Cemetery/plant_Corsican_Pine_col.htm.
Image 29-30_Canvey Island Homes
Author’s Own
Image 31_Halophytes
Volkov, V. (2015) “Salinity tolerance in plants...” Frontiers in Plant Science, 6. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00873.
Image 32_Glass Turns to Sand
Prajapati, M. (2018) Can you turn glass back into sand?, Times Knowledge. Available at: https://www. timesknowledge.in/science/discoveries-and-technology/can-you-turn-glass-back-into-sand-926.html.
Image 33_Crushed Brick Gardenscape, Drainage Aggregate Crushed brick, Gardenscape Direct. Available at: https://www.gardenscapedirect. co.uk/product/brick-crushed-2-6mm.
Image 34_500MM SN 4 Perforated Drainage Corrugated Pipe
Perforated Drainage Pipe List, Kuzey Boru Group. Available at: https://www.kuzeyborugroup.com/500mm-sn-4perforated-drainage-corrugated-pipe.
Image 35_Open Air Water Tank
Ghag, P., Photo Gallery, Visapur Fort. Available at: https://pratik18p.wordpress.com/know-me/.
Image 36_Dutch Museum
Author’s Own
Image 37_Lobster Smack
Wass, N. (2013) The Lobster Smack Inn, Canvey Island as it is today., Pinterest. Available at: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/22377329371426511/.
Image 38_Oysterfleet Hotel
(2022) Oysterfleet Hotel. Available at: https://www.oysterfleethotel.com/contact/.
Image 39_Construction of Nordhavn Nordhavn, COBE. Available at: https://cobe.dk/place/nordhavn.
Figure 1_Canvey Island Map
Author’s Own, Reference: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/
Figure 2_Canvey Island Map Below 1m
Author’s Own, Reference: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/ Reference: https://coastal.climatecentral.org/map/
Figure 3_Sea Level Rise Chart
Author’s Own, Reference: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 2022 Sea Level Rise Technical Report, Reference: Newman, G.D. and Qiao, Z. (2022) Landscape Architecture for sea level rise: Innovative Global Solutions.
Figure 4_Urbanization Chart
Author’s Own, Reference: Ritchie, H. and Roser, M. (2018) Urbanization, Our World in Data. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization.
Figure 5_Sea Level Rise Strategies
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 2022 Sea Level Rise Technical Report, Reference: Newman, G.D. and Qiao, Z. (2022) Landscape Architecture for sea level rise: Innovative Global Solutions.
Figure 6_House Deconstruction
Author’s Own, Based on Stewart Brand’s Six Layers Concept
Figure 7_Edge Conditions
Author’s Own
Figure 8_Bank Filtration
Author’s Own, Reference: Grischek, T. et al. (2002) “Bank filtration in Europe — An overview of aquifer conditions and hydraulic controls,” in Management of Aquifer Recharge for sustainability: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Artificial Recharge of groundwater, Adelaide, September 2002. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Figure 9_Desalination Process
Author’s Own, Reference: Desalination, Southern Water: Water for life, Water and wastewater services for Kent, Sussex, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. Available at: https://www.southernwater.co.uk/our-story/our-plans/waterfor-life-hampshire/our-strategic-solutions/desalination.
Figure 10_Natural Water Filters
Author’s Own, Reference: Sosthene, K.M., Kaluli, J.W., Mburu, N. and Gahi, N. (2018) Low Cost Filtration of Domestic Wastewater for Irrigation Purpose. World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 6, 585-602. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2018.63036
Figure 11_Phytodesalination
Author’s Own, Reference: de Vos, A.C. et al. (2013) “Developing and testing new halophyte crops: A case study of salt tolerance of two species of the Brassicaceae, diplotaxis tenuifolia and Cochlearia officinalis,” Environmental and Experimental Botany, 92, pp. 154–164. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.08.003.
Figure 12_Waterways Map with Site Photos
Author’s Own
Figure 13_Daylighting Waterways Sand Simulation
Author’s Own
Figure 14-15_Strategy Distribution Map, Daylit Waterways Map
Author’s Own
Figure 16_Long Section Showing Three Different Plot Typologies
Author’s Own
Figure 17 , 24, 34_Reuse, Adapt, Protect Options
Author’s Own
Figure 18, 25, 35_Reuse, Adapt, Protect Distribution Isolated
Author’s Own
Figure 19_Woodland Succession Model
Author’s Own, Reference: Desvigne , M. (1997) Greenwich Peninsula, MDP, Michel Desvigne Paysagiste. Available at: http://micheldesvignepaysagiste.com/en/greenwich-peninsula.
Figure 20_Forest Research Climate Change Maps
Forest Research (2022) Climate Change Adaptation, Forest Research. Available at: https://www.forestresearch.gov. uk/research/climate-change-adaptation/adapting-forests-and-woodlands-in-wales-to-a-future-climate/projectedwarmth-and-droughtiness-changes-in-the-climate-of-wales/.
Figure 21_Residential House Deconstruction
Author’s Own
Figure 22_Brick Wall > Bench
Author’s Own, Reference: Brick Industry Association (2018) “Technical Notes on Brick Construction,” Brick Veneer/ Concrete Masonry Walls. Available at: https://www.gobrick.com/docs/default-source/read-research-documents/ technicalnotes/tn28d.pdf?sfvrsn=46.
Figure 23_Breaking Foundation for New Woodland
Author’s Own, Reference: Zimmermann, A. and Birgelen, A.von (2015) Constructing landscape materials, techniques, structural components. 3rd edn. Basel: Birkhäuser, p.371-376
Figure 26_Water Salinity Breakdown
Author’s Own, Reference: Summerlin, P. (2011) Water salinity diagram.
Figure 27_Section, Existing Adapt House
Author’s Own
Figure 28_Fresh Water Options
Author’s Own
Figure 29_Section, Desalination Berm Filter
Author’s Own
Figure 30_Flower Illustrations
Author’s Own
Figure 31_Detail of Desalination Filter Layers
Author’s Own
Figure 32_Low Tide
Author’s Own
Figure 33_High Tide
Author’s Own
Figure 36_Oysterfleet Hotel Details
Author’s Own, Excavator Reference: Excavators, Caterpillar Products, Available at: https://www.cat.com/en_GB/ products/new/equipment/excavators.html.
A_Figure 1_Initial Reuse Sketch
Author’s Own
A_Figure 2, 3_Initial Adapt Sketches
Author’s Own
A_Figure 4, 5_Protect Rhino Sketches
Author’s Own
A_Figure 6, 7_Protect Section Sketches
Author’s Own
A_Figure 8_Chengdu Future City Crook, L. (2021) OMA designs Chengdu Future City as “alternative to the typical masterplan”, Dezeen. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2021/02/04/oma-gmp-design-chengdu-future-city-china-masterplans/.
A_Figure 9_Nordhavn Masterplan Nordhavn, COBE. Available at: https://cobe.dk/place/nordhavn.
A_Figure 10_Los Angeles River Masterplan Stevens , P. (2021) LA river master plan reveals proposals from Frank Gehry and Olin, designboom. Available at: https://www.designboom.com/architecture/la-river-master-plan-frank-gehry-olin-01-28-2021/.
A_Figure 11_Trenezia Masterplan Waugh Thistleton (2019) Trenezia Masterplan, Waugh Thistleton. Available at: https://waughthistleton.com/trenezia/.
A_Figure 12_Canvey Island Masterplan Concept Sketch
Author’s Own
A_Figure 13_Canvey Island Walking Maps
Author’s Own
A_Figure 14_Canvey Island Choice and Integration Maps
Author’s Own
A_Figure 15_Circuit Copenhagen CIRCuIT (no date) Circularity Atlas, SPATIALMAP 4.4.0. Available at: https://kbhkort.kk.dk/spatialmap?profile=circuit.
A_Figure 16_Berlin’s Circular Ecosystem Map Circular Berlin (2022) Berlin ecosystem, Circular Berlin. Available at: https://circular.berlin/community/ecosystem/.
A_Figure 17_Resource Rows Lendager (2022) Resource Rows, Lendager. Available at: https://lendager.com/project/resource-rows/.
A_Figure 18_ARUP Circular Economy and RIBA Stages ARUP (2023) Evaluating re-use potential: Material Profiles and vision for project workflow, ARUP. Available at: https://www.arup.com/perspectives/publications/research/section/evaluating-re-usepotential-materials-profiles.
creating harmony with site-specific strategies to embrace a flooded world
Ruby ZielinskiBARC0111: Landscape, Ecology and Urban Environments
