Cognitive Development Infancy Through Adolescence 2nd Edition Galotti
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Chapter 4: Perception, Attention and Memory In Infancy
Multiple Choice
1. Researchers are interested in determining whether Allyson stares more at novel or familiar toys. They show both toys simultaneously and record how long Allyson gazes at each. Which research paradigm are the researchers using?
a. operant conditioning
*b. visual preference
c. habituation
d. ethnography
Cognitive domain: application
Answer location: Basic Sensory Abilities in Infancy
Question type: MC
2. Fantz (1963) and later researchers have shown infants show an interest in more complex stimuli as early as
*a. 48 hours from birth
b. 2 weeks after birth
c. 1 month of age
d. 7–8 months of age
Cognitive domain: knowledge
Answer location: Basic Sensory Abilities in Infancy
Question type: MC
3. Newborns have poor visual acuity. By about _____, their vision is very close to adult levels.
a. 48 hours from birth
b. 2 weeks after birth
c. 1 month of age
*d. 7–8 months of age
Cognitive domain: knowledge
Answer location: Basic Sensory Abilities in Infancy
Question type: MC
4 We know fetuses have functioning hearing even by 6 months postconception because of research showing
a. eye blink response to loud sounds
b. increased rate of kicking at the sound of mother’s voice
*c. changes in heart rate due to loud sounds
d. fetuses cannot hear or we do not have methodology to test this hypothesis
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: Basic Sensory Abilities in Infancy
Instructor Resource
Question type: MC
5 Most hearing abilities in infancy are close to adult levels at birth. One area that shows substantial improvement through the first year is
a. ability to detect simple sounds
*b. sound localization
c. changes in ERP in response to sounds
d. infant hearing cannot be tested prior to 3 months when they can hold their head still
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: Basic Sensory Abilities in Infancy
Question type: MC
6 All of the following senses are relatively adult-like at birth EXCEPT
a. Taste
b. Smell
c. Touch
*d. Vision
Cognitive domain: knowledge
Answer location: Basic Sensory Abilities in Infancy
Question type: MC
7. In the brain, synapses develop early and peak around age 1 in which area?
a. prefrontal cortex
b. frontal lobe
c. auditory cortex
*d. visual cortex
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: Visual Perception
Question type: MC
8. During the first several days of life, Fantz showed infants have a preference for
*a. faces over similarly shaded shapes
b. horizontal stripes over bull’s-eye pattern
c. cross over circle
d. plain square over patterned square
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: Pattern and Face Perception
Question type: MC
9. Knowing that an object maintains its shape even when the retinal image changes is called
a. recognition
b. size constancy
*c. shape constancy
d. visual preference
Cognitive domain: knowledge
Answer location: Perceptual Constancies
Question type: MC
10 Infants seem to show evidence of size constancy early in infancy, perhaps even at birth. This supports which view of development?
a. initial perceptions of infants are disorganized
*b. infants may be born with some basic perceptual abilities
c. strict constructivist views
d. infants rely strictly on images projected to their retina to judge size
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: Perceptual Constancies
Galotti, Cognitive DevelopmentGalotti, Cognitive Development
Question type: MC
Instructor Resource
11. Evidence from Gibson and colleagues using the visual cliff indicates that depth perception seems to relate to ___ as well as visual stimulation.
a. smell
*b. locomotion
c. taste
d. attachment
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: Depth Perception
Question type: MC
12 Campos and colleagues, confirmed more recently by Adolph and colleagues, showed that young infants show a difference in heart rate on the visual cliff EVEN BEFORE they can crawl. Rather than citing this as evidence for fear, they believe
a. infants are born with depth perception
b. infants do not need locomotion to acquire depth perception
c. they could not tell the difference between the deep and shallow sides
*d. heart rate decreased, showing attentional orientation
Cognitive domain: knowledge
Answer location: Depth Perception
Question type: MC
13 According to the studies presented in your test, visual-auditory cross-modal matching has been tested using which method?
*a. visual preference
b. habituation
c. correlational
d. clinical interview
Cognitive domain: knowledge
Answer location: Cross-Modal Perception
Question type: MC
14 When 7-month-old infants heard two women talking on audio, they preferred looking at
a. any number of women talking
b. three women talking
*c. two women talking
d. they closed their eyes
Cognitive domain: knowledge
Answer location: Cross-Modal Perception
Question type: MC
15 When 1-month-old infants sucked on a pacifier that was smooth, they preferred looking at a pacifier that was
a. bumpy
*b. smooth
c. there was no difference in sucking time between the two
d. they closed their eyes
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: Cross Modal Perception
Question type: MC
16 One-month-old infants sucked on a pacifier that was smooth or bumpy, then were shown models of the two pacifiers. This study tested
a. evoked related potential
b. infant acuity
Galotti, Cognitive Development
c. auditory-visual matching
*d. tactile-visual matching
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: Cross Modal Perception
Question type: MC
Instructor Resource
17 When a child stops attending to distracting stimuli in order to maintain attention, this is called
*a. disengagement of attention
b. engagement of attention
c. visual acuity
d. conservation
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: Attentional Development
Question type: MC
18 From birth to about 10 weeks of age, infants show more time looking at visual stimuli. This is thought to indicate
a. increases in attachment
*b. increases in alertness
c. decreases in synaptogenesis
d. increases in reflexive behaviors
Cognitive domain: application
Answer location: Attentional Development
Question type: MC
19 Using ERP, researchers have worked to identify changes in attentional patterns. During the period they label “attention termination,” infants
a. sustain attention
b. initially look at the stimulus
*c. redirect attention elsewhere
d. orient toward the stimulus
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: Attentional Development
Question type: MC
20 Infants have attentional preferences from an early age. For example, Celeste et al. (2014) found infants prefer to attend to auditory stimuli that are neither too simple nor too complex. They called this
a. intelligent design
*b. the Goldilocks effect
c. the cocktail party phenomenon
d. the Flynn effect
Cognitive domain: knowledge
Answer location: Attentional Development
Question type: MC
21 Cuevas and Bell (2014) showed infants who spent less time looking at visual stimuli (“short lookers”)
a. were more likely to have been born preterm
b. show lesser executive processing in preschool years
*c. show greater executive processing in preschool years
d. were less efficient in using attentional skills at all ages
Cognitive domain: knowledge
Answer location: Attentional Development
Question type: MC
22 Studying memory in infants is difficult because they cannot speak. Instead, researchers often use which approach?
Galotti, Cognitive Development
a. parent interviews
b. sleep studies
c. classical conditioning
*d. instrumental conditioning
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: Memory Development in Infancy
Question type: MC
Instructor Resource
23 Using a mobile-kick paradigm, Rovee-Collier and colleagues had infants lie in a crib. A string attached the infant’s ankle to the mobile so they could cause the mobile to move by kicking. Then the string was unattached to the mobile and infant kicking was measured with no delay. The first phase, when the infant’s string was attached to the mobile, is called
*a. acquisition phase
b. immediate recognition test
c. delayed recognition test
d. train task
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: A Demonstration of Infant Memory
Question type: MC
24 Using a mobile-kick paradigm, Rovee-Collier and colleagues had infants lie in a crib. A string attached the infant’s ankle to the mobile so they could cause the mobile to move by kicking. Then the string was unattached to the mobile and infant kicking was measured with no delay. This latter phase, when infant kicking was measured, was called
a. acquisition phase
*b. immediate recognition test
c. delayed recognition test
d. train task
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: A Demonstration of Infant Memory
Question type: MC
25 Using a mobile-kick paradigm, Rovee-Collier and colleagues had infants lay in a crib. A string attached the infant’s ankle to the mobile so they could cause the mobile to move by kicking. Then the string was unattached to the mobile and infant kicking was measured. This paradigm tests
a. infant visual preference
*b. infant memory
c infant auditory learning
d infant tactile sense
Cognitive domain: analysis
Answer location: A Demonstration of Infant Memory
Question type: MC
26 After about 6 months of age, infant memory was tested by Rovee-Collier using which test?
*a. train task
b. mobile kicking
c. visual preference
d. habituation
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: A Demonstration of Infant Memory
Question type: MC
27. Through various studies of infants of different ages, researchers have shown
a. duration for memory decreases with age
*b. 18-month-olds can remember a simple task for about 13 weeks
c. 2-month-olds can remember a simple task for about 4 weeks
d. infant memory begins around 1 year of age
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: A Demonstration of Infant Memory
Question type: MC
28 The mobile and train tasks my show recognition, but some might argue they do NOT show
a. conditioned response
b. motor habit
c. implicit memory trace
*d. explicit memory trace
Cognitive domain: application
Answer location: Recognition Memory
Question type: MC
29 Jackie is shown a book for 1 minute. It is removed, then she is shown that same book AND a new book at the same time. As presented in your text, to test memory, researchers use this method and record
a. how quickly Jackie looks at the book initially
b. the number of times Jackie looks at the researcher
*c. the number of seconds Jackie looks at each book
d. heart rate
Cognitive domain: application
Answer location: Recognition Memory
Question type: MC
30 Jackie is shown a book for 1 minute. It is removed, then she is shown that same book AND a new book at the same time. When Jackie is initially shown the book, this is called
a. conditioned stimulus
*b. familiarization phase
c. visual preference
d. reaction time
Cognitive domain: application
Answer location: Recognition Memory
Question type: MC
31 Jackie is shown a book for 1 minute. It is removed, then she is shown that same book AND a new book at the same time. If Jackie remembers seeing the first book, researchers expect she will look MORE at which?
*a. the new book
b. the same book
c. the researcher, because the task is boring
d. neither book
Cognitive domain: analysis
Answer location: Recognition Memory
Question type: MC
32 Jackie is shown a book for 1 minute. It is removed, then she is shown that same book AND a new book at the same time. If the old book is ALWAYS presented on the right, and the new book is ALWAYS on the left, and babies in general like to look to the right, your results will show a preference for the old book. However, this is a problem because it allows your results to be confounded by
a. reaction time
b. attention
c. memory
*d. position preferences
Cognitive domain: application
Answer location: Recognition Memory
Galotti, Cognitive Development Instructor ResourceGalotti, Cognitive Development
Question type: MC
33 To test recall, researchers have used tasks called
*a. elicited imitation
b. instrumental conditioning
c. train task
d. mobile task
Cognitive domain: knowledge
Answer location: Recall Memory
Question type: MC
Instructor Resource
34 A baby was shown how to assemble a “gong.” The baby is shown the three unique steps needed for it to stay together. It is a series of steps the baby would generally not come up with on his own. If the baby later is able to assemble the gong himself, he is showing
a. implicit memory
*b. recall
c. recognition
d. familiarity
Cognitive domain: application
Answer location: Recall Memory
Question type: MC
35 A baby was shown how to assemble a “gong.” The baby is shown the three unique steps needed for it to stay together. It is a series of steps the baby would generally not come up with on his own. If the baby later is 9 months old, Bauer’s results lead us to expect him to
a. not assemble the gong
b. cry in frustration
c. assemble the gong if tested up to 12 months later
*d. assemble the gong if tested within 1 month
Cognitive domain: application
Answer location: Recall Memory
Question type: MC
36 Bauer’s work on recall memory indicates around 9 months of age, memory improves along with which of the following?
*a. hippocampal structures become functional
b. visual cortex increases in synapses
c. prefrontal cortex reaches full maturation
d. motor neurons begin function
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: Recall Memory
Question type: MC
37 As infants get older, research shows all of the following EXCEPT
*a. their memories are less resistant to forgetting
b. fewer exposures to stimuli are needed
c. memories can be robust in the face of changes in cues
d. they maintain memories for a longer period of time
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: Recall Memory
Question type: MC
38 All researchers agree
a. infants demonstrate explicit memory from birth
b. explicit memory is born out of the earlier implicit memory system
*c. older infants encode information faster than their younger peers
d. infants have multiple memory systems
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: Recall Memory
Question type: MC
39 Researchers have shown when infants watch screens with this pattern by 3 months of age,
a. infants enjoy watching screens (TV, videos)
*b. 40% regularly use a screen (TV, videos)
c. infants are damaged if they have watched screens more than 5 times
Cognitive domain: application
Answer location: Media Exposure during Infancy
Question type: MC
40 The most important reason parents indicated for showing their infants television was
a it is something the child enjoys
b. it provides time for the child to relax
c. as a “babysitter”
*d. teaching something good for the child’s brain
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: Media Exposure during Infancy
Question type: MC
41 What percentage of the time did parents believe television/videos provided valuable family bonding as their most important reason for having their children watch?
*a. 0
b. 1.4
c. 20.5
d. 28.9
Cognitive domain: analysis
Answer location: Media Exposure during Infancy
Question type: MC
42 A study of rats showed more enriched environments lead to more brain connectivity. What do studies show in humans regarding whether television contributes to this enrichment?
a. television increases neural connectivity
b. television decreases neural connectivity
*c. no specific results address this
d. there are many results showing mixed findings
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: Media Exposure during Infancy
Question type: MC
43 Studies have shown children younger than 3 years had a correlation between television watching and increased attention problems. What does this mean about the effects of television on attention?
a. watching television causes increased attention problems
*b. nothing correlation does not mean causation
c. watching television causes decreased attention problems
d. watching television increases brain activation
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: Media Exposure during Infancy
Question type: MC
44 The American Academy of Pediatrics asks pediatricians to
*a. discourage use of media for children under 2
b. tell parents to make their own decision about media use
c. encourage use of media for children under 2
Commented [AuQ1]: [AU: To what does this refer?]
Commented [AuQ2]: [AU: Should there be a choice d also?]
Galotti, Cognitive Development Instructor Resourced. not worry about use of media for children under 2
Cognitive domain: comprehension
Answer location: Media Exposure during Infancy
Question type: MC
45. Of the total reasons cited for infants watching television, the one most often cited, was
*a. it is something the child enjoys
b. it provides time for the child to relax
c. as a “babysitter”
d. teaching something good for the child’s brain
Cognitive domain: analysis
Answer location: Media Exposure during Infancy
Question type: MC
Essay
1. Consider designing a nursery for your new child’s first 3 years. Because you don’t want to spend time redesigning with each development, you want to include elements that will stimulate the child’s visual development at each age. Considering the vast number of changes in infant vision beginning at birth, describe at least three elements you would include in the room to meet your developing child’s needs (they should address at least three different ages 0–3).
*a. 1) Using the Table 1 “Visual Indicators” students should identify three different needs/changes and apply knowledge to address them. For example, at 1 month infants can follow a slowly moving black and white target. A slowly moving mobile with these contrasting black and white colors above the crib is nice for this age to provide developmentally appropriate visual simulation. By 2 months, infants can attend to objects up to 6 feet away. I would make the walls plain with a simple mural using bright, primary colors since they begin to be aware of red and yellow around 2 months.
Cognitive domain: application
Answer location: Basic Sensory Abilities in Infancy
Question type: ESS
2. Consider the five primary senses. Describe each and how it develops over time. Consider that children are adapting to their world with each day they are in it. Do you think these patterns of development make sense (e.g., visual is quite immature at birth whereas touch is mature does this make sense when you think about what an infant needs to do?)?
*a. Touch, smell, and taste are relatively mature at birth. Hearing is quite good, although it improves over the first year in threshold. Vision is quite poor in some regards (acuity) and good in others (constancy). Visual development occurs rapidly over the first year. The latter question requires critical thinking about the patterns just explained. Students may talk about, for example, the fat infants need to rely on reflexes to eat, so touch needs to be well functioning. They are cared for and have never had sight before birth, so it could be quite overwhelming to see everything at once.
Cognitive domain: Analysis
Answer location: Basic Sensory Abilities in Infancy
Question type: ESS
3 You are interested in testing infant recognition memory and are aware you may use instrumental conditioning or visual paired comparison. What are the benefits and drawbacks of each? How could you as the experimenter reduce or eliminate any potential confounds with using each method? Finally, which would you choose?
*a. Students need to describe an instrumental conditioning paradigm and may use the mobile or train tasks as an example. Basically, it involves teaching a child a behavior, then removing the reinforcement and examining how often the infant continues to exhibit the learned associative behavior. This task relies on motor movements, and the type of memory being exhibited can be questioned. VPC involves familiarizing an infant with an object, then presenting a novel object paired with the familiar object to determine looking time. Potential confounds mentioned in the text include questions about why an infant prefers looking at one object over another as well as position preferences. Counterbalancing location
and object can alleviate these effects. The final question involves opinion and justification based on the student’s views, using evidence.
Cognitive domain: Analysis
Answer location: Memory Development in Infancy
Question type: ESS
4 What is the difference between recall and recognition? What is the developmental pattern for each, and how are they similar or different?
*a. Recognition involves familiarity judgments and not generation of stimuli. Results show recognition abilities increase throughout infancy in duration and capacity. (More details pertaining to exactly how long and different ages could be described if desired.) Recall involves generating information. Results show increases in duration and capacity for recall, although there is debate concerning whether recall exists in early infancy. Students should discuss the patterns as well as controversy regarding whether recall exists at birth or is born out of the implicit memory system.
Cognitive domain: Analysis
Answer location: Memory Development in Infancy
Question type: ESS
5 Research concerning infants’ media use is scarce. What studies have been used to apply to this area? What are the important questions remaining? How might researchers begin to address these questions?
*a. Studies using animals or correlational methods have been applied to this area. For example, rats in enriched environments show greater dendritic branching. Whether media infants are exposed to would be considered part of an enriched environment has not been tested in humans. Moreover, whether watching television has an effect on attention or other behaviors has not been experimentally tested. Important questions can be broad but may include such questions as, Does media affect brain development? Does media affect attention or other behavioral outcomes? Researchers need to use experiments to test these questions to have the ability to come to cause–effect conclusions, although the ethics of such studies would likely be in question.
Cognitive domain: application and analysis
Answer location: Media Exposure during Infancy
Question type: ESS
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elaborately carved fronts having stone balconies with grey reliefs of elephant processions.
Then we entered the "fort" itself, and began our progress through the long series of its seven gateways that close the zigzag road at intervals. First came the "Padal Pol" of Akhbar's time, and then a new gate with two monuments and the sacred emblems of Siva. The third was the Gate of Hanuman, the monkey friend of Rama. Set within a grand stone arch, the old wooden doors covered with large iron spikes were dropping to pieces with age. Between this and the preceding gateway Akhbar himself is said to have shot the besieged leader in the great siege of 1568. The Ganesh Gate followed, and just at the turn of the zigzag far above our heads the rough masses of bare rock—here, blood-red ochre, and there, pale purple grey— reared up and up to yet higher steeps of masonry to the line of the great road wall above. Here and there stunted trees clutched the stones or straddled some projection with clinging roots. The fifth gateway was the Jorla Pol with a rough, stone house built over it. The Lakshman Pol was close to this last, and had a group of nine brown-legged native soldiers lounging in the gate-house. Beside this part of the road there were some hundreds of small monuments like double cubes from two to three feet high, and I was told that in past days anyone of Chitor who had been to Benares built one of these.
In front of the Ram Pol, the seventh and last gateway, there is a wonderful old stone building with carved pillars and a long beam-like piece of stone, now used as a bench to sit upon, carved from end to end with alternate balusters and figures. The carving round the base of this gateway is very remarkable, being in three tiers together, not higher than three feet, with human figures in the upper course, horses in the middle one and elephants below.
Beyond this gate are the ruins of old Chitor. Blue-glazed tiles still gleam from broken walls of palaces and time takes leisurely its slow revenge. There are two towers in Chitor—one, the Tower of Fame and the other the Tower of Victory. The first is close to an old Jain temple, and is itself of Jaina architecture, built probably about the time when Saxon pirates looked on the Roman ruins of Londinium.
In a niche over the very tiny doorway and on each of the other three sides at the same level, stands a perfectly nude figure which I suppose to be that of the deified saint or Tirthakarai to which the tower was dedicated. Throughout its seven storeys the tower is covered with elaborate sculpture and horizontal mouldings. The door was locked with a brass lock, and it took some hunting to find the keeper of the key.
When I bowed down and crept at last within, the dusk was filled with a great whirring sound of many things. I clambered up to the open storey at the top, and as I climbed grew more used to the subdued light and could distinguish in the carving dancing-girls with strings of jewels, strange stags among trees and lines of geese, while a myriad long-eared bats squealed about my head. There was no lightning-conductor on the Tower of Fame.
The Tower of Victory, glowing a golden yellow in the declining sun, was obviously more used to visitors, and has an easier and a cleaner stairway. It is a fifteenth century monument built to commemorate a victory over Mahmud, King of Malwa, and has nine storeys covered with carved decoration. Within this also there are many sculptures of the Hindoo mythology—Brahma, Vishnu and Siva and their various incarnations. On the top storey but one there are eight carved marble columns very old and yellow, in an inner rank, and on the outer projecting portion of the storey other marble columns. By a wooden ladder I ascended from here to the top storey which is roofed with a dome restored last century, and now protected by a lightning-rod. There were no marble pillars on this upper storey which is octagonal in shape with four open sides and four closed by stone screens. Inside, against the latter, four stone slabs about two feet square are let in to a stone framework, and two of these are old and covered with inscription.
As I was driven away, all the edges of the tower glowed like burnished copper in the sunset light.
The twin cradles of the Jaina sect were the States of Mewar and Marwar; and while the former is still independent, the latter forms with Ajmere an isolated British district in the middle of Rajputana. I had now seen at Chitor one of the most famous Jain monuments in the Tower of Fame, and was next to journey to Mount Abu to see there the celebrated Jain temples which are not much later in date.
Mount Abu is a detached hill about fifteen miles on the south-west of the Aravalli Range. From Chitor I, therefore, went northwards to Ajmere, the city which Akhbar had so frequently visited on his pilgrimages to the shrine of its saintly anchorite. This saint was of the same Persian family as the Sheik Salim Chisti whose tomb I had seen at Fatehpur Sikri. His burial-place is known as the Dargah, whither I drove from Ajmere Railway Station.
There were steps up and steps down, and then a gateway painted bright blue with gold Persian lettering upon it and doors covered with repoussé metal. In the large courtyard within, the most noticeable object is the larger of two metal cauldrons—an iron pot of gigantic size—set in stepped stone, over a furnace. This is for cooking the rice and other food, offered for charitable distribution by wealthy pilgrims. In the same courtyard there are also tall metal candelabra with niches all the way up for small oil votive lamps. The great area covered by the Dargah includes mosques and other tombs, as well as that of the saint which last is entered through a series of silver doors.
The traveller in India soon grows accustomed to the wearing of garlands; but at Ajmere not only was I adorned at the tomb of Akhbar's saintly councillor, with long strings of roses and marigolds, but when I came to remount the tonga which had been left at the entrance to the Dargah, I found that it also had been decorated and now carried on each side a tree of pink and yellow paper flowers.
At Ajmere, a really beautiful treasure of architecture is a magnificent carved screen of sandstone arches and five rows of columns behind them, the remains of an otherwise ruined mosque called the Arhai-din-ka-jompra built from the materials of a former Jain temple about the end of the eleventh century. A lake which was made about the same date as the Arhaidin-ka-jompra has an embankment used as a public promenade on which there are white marble pavilions. When I reached the edge of this lake, through the beautiful trees of public gardens, the sun was nearly setting and suffused everything with the inevitable enchantment of its golden light.
But there are ugly sights as well as beautiful ones at Ajmere, and one of the worst pieces of gaudy modern barbarism is that called the Moolchu Temple, with painted images of elephants and painted corrugated iron and common plush and gilding seen through glass screens. It must not be supposed, however, that there is no good modern native building, and not far away I saw one of the best examples in the handsome Mayo College, a splendid pile of white marble built for the education of young Rajputs of high birth.
From Ajmere I travelled South again down the other side of the Aravalli Range on the way to Abu Road. In the background the Chinwan Mountains could be faintly seen beyond nearer hills, and masses of blue-grey rock split and cracked with dark fissures. The landscape was spotted with wriggling snatches of shadow from stunted trees with dried grey leaves.
Where any earth was visible it was yellow, and where it was covered by any kind of vegetation that was yellow too. Cotton plants here and there showed maroon-coloured heads, but the only really bright colour in the general white glare was the brilliant scarlet of the dak tree blossoms which glowed like red embers. Late in the afternoon I reached Abu Road and drove thence by tonga to Mount Abu. It was a terrible journey through choking dust. I could not get at my sand-glasses, and against a scourging wind kept my eyes shut as much as possible, only opening them now and then to peep at the black-faced monkeys that stared from roadside rocks. It was like the ordeal of some fairy story where the hero has to climb an enchanted mountain with sinister and malevolent powers fighting against his ascent. Dead trees gnarled and twisted shook with fantastic menace, and
countless boulders seemed to cry out like the black stones to which previous wayfarers had been transformed by the mountain demon.
It was evening and quite dark when the tonga finally stopped at the equivalent of a livery stable, and I learned that the last part of the way was expected to be done by rickshaw. In the darkness, and being weary enough besides, I offered no resistance, and at length attained food and shelter at the dak bungalow of Mount Abu.
I had come to see the Dilwarra Temples, and the next morning after I had obtained the necessary permit I walked by an easy path to these curious buildings. There was no dust-storm now but clear fresh air and plenty of greenery.
I entered an outer court and seeking for some one who should open the gate of the temples came upon a man curled up on a bench in such a way that he seemed to show all the possible creases of his fat little body. He was an effeminate-looking creature and not, I imagine, a priest—are not Jain priests always clad in white?—dressed in two pieces of silk, one of an orange colour round his chest and the other of crimson partly covering his legs. He had short black hair and wore three large pearls on a thin ring through one of his ears.
When this decorative object at last arose he consulted with another who was rubbing down sandalwood on a stone to mix it with saffron powder for painting marks or spots on the temple images. Together they admitted me and I was shown round these famous and typical examples of Jain architecture. There were the cross-legged seated stone figure of the saint at the back of the image cell, the pyramidal or domed roof, and the pillared portico. Every part, and especially the curious struts of the pillars and the interior of the roof, was covered with elaborate carving, and the whole stood within a large yard surrounded by colonnades having a series of separate image cells against the wall. All these seated marble figures were alike, and all had fishy-looking eyes of glass or crystal with black centres.
In a separate building there was an equestrian statue of Vimala Shah, who built one of these temples. The horse was clumsy and droll-looking, with a broad nose, and had a small marble elephant on each side of him.
I only saw one priest inside the temple, and he was furnished with the traditional bib of the Jainas, the white cloth over mouth and nostrils. The attendant told me this was worn in order that the priest's breath might not contaminate the image of the saint which he called God, whereas the accepted purpose is to prevent the possible destruction by the priest of even minute forms of life which would otherwise be drawn in with his breath. Absolute respect for life in all its forms is one of the chief tenets of the Jaina sect which is very much akin to Buddhism, and may have somewhat preceded it in date.
CHAPTER XXII
SIR PRATAP SINGH
"His Highness has sent a carriage for you." This was a two-horsed, twowheeled vehicle in which I was speedily whirled away from the railway station of Idar Road, four hours' journey from Ahmadabad, along a very rough road. The Highness in question was Sir Pratap Singh, now the Maharajah of the little State of Idar.
The town of Idar itself was eighteen miles away, but close at hand beyond yellow ruined walls I could see the city of Ahmednagar at the palace of which Sir Pratap was in residence. Presently, leaving the road, we rumbled and bumped and lurched over a tract of sand covered with coarse, low bushes to the State guest-house which looked like a very ordinary dak bungalow. It was built on a square plan with doors in such positions as ensured a through draught. A large lizard scampered over the wire of the outer gate as I walked in over the matting of the verandah. Outer gates were placed on all four sides to permit the four pairs of inner double doors to be left wide open.
"I shall inform the Resident of your honour's arrival and he will arrange for your honour to pay his respects to His Highness at four o'clock." This fluent English proceeded from the man who had "met" me at the railway station.
I walked into the central room of the house which had eight double doors opening into it. All the walls and the ceilings were washed over with very pale blue. Great bees were booming and buzzing in and out over the bedsteads of which there was a large variety from the native charpoy to an iron double four-poster with brass ornaments and painted with flower garlands. In addition to the beds the furniture consisted of square wooden cane-seated chairs of ugly pattern covered with brown varnish—what is commonly known as a "nursery" table—with turned and varnished legs and no cloth, and part of a dressing-table by way of writing desk in one corner with pen, ink and paper.
In front of the bungalow, planted in the sand but quite out of the perpendicular, two square-sectioned blue wooden posts supported crookedly set lamp glasses in the blinding glare of noon sunlight.
There was no punkah in spite of the intense heat, but I counted no less than nineteen large iron rings in the ceiling. If these were not intended for punkahs perhaps they were to dissuade intending suicides by the difficulty of choosing which one to hang by!
The man who had driven me had disappeared with a promise that tiffin would come immediately, and while I was noticing the above-mentioned details I sat on one of the cane-seated chairs and Tambusami waited with an eye on the outer sand. A long time seemed to have gone by with no sound breaking the intense hush except the noise of the bees when Tambusami said: "One basket coming I see: one man coming I see," and from a blue palace beyond the tawny sandstone walls over the sand and out of the heat at last came—breakfast.
The one man carried a series of pans, fitted into one another like a tall cylinder in a frame, as well as the basket, and was accompanied by several little black Sambos carrying chatties of water on their heads. And now there were placed on the table a tea-cup with a hare-lip and the motto "Remember
me," some marmalade in another tea-cup with blue cornflowers on it, and in gold the words "Think of me," and a third cup with the same motto containing some butter which looked like thin melted white lard, but when the contents of the cylinder of pans were put before me I forgot to notice what they were in my eagerness to consume them.
When four o'clock came and no one had called for me I started out alone with umbrella spread leaving Tambusami to watch our baggage at the bungalow. The heat was intense as I ploughed through the sand and scrub towards the arch in the broken wall which extended for a long distance on either side. It must at one time have been magnificent, being built of very large blocks of stone cut and squared with towers at intervals, and the gateway, with its deep but simple Gothic arch, was an imposing structure with handsome square pillars in the corners having brackets as in Jain work. As I passed through this archway I saw about forty yards ahead of me a line of houses, several storeys high, the lower part of which had evidently been built of stones from the dismantled wall. They were roofed with the halftube tiles lipped over and under exactly like those of houses in the Pyrenees, and as I entered a street I was reminded of an old home of the former Dukes of Montmorency near Carcassonne by the carved woodwork of a house front.
Asking my way—by what must have seemed to native ears uncouth sounds and weird signs—I gradually reached what I supposed was the palace, and approaching a kind of guard-room with a number of soldiers lounging about, I asked to be directed to the Vakil. Another building was pointed out to me a little below where I was standing and thither I next turned my steps. It was a curious structure without any pretence at design, an iron spiral outside staircase in one portion and a long verandah in another upon a raised platform. I passed a few rose-bushes and walked up on to the verandah and found a long series of doors, and between them on wall and sideboards, rifles, polo-sticks, horse-trappings, bits, shields, revolvers, field-glasses, and one much dented cricket bat.
I knocked at one door after another pausing at each in hope of some response, and at the fifth door this was forthcoming and I found myself
quite suddenly in the presence of His Highness the Maharajah Dhiraj Major-General Sir Pratap Singh.
Beyond the door was a vast apartment which seemed in semi-darkness as I entered from the outer glare. A young native gentleman in riding breeches and a khaki shirt came towards me and asked if I was the gentleman who had arrived that morning. It appeared there had been a misunderstanding about sending over for me, and I was at once led up to a charpoy with a white quilt on it upon which was reclining a strong-looking little man with a grizzled bullet head, kindly brown eyes and a grey moustache. He wore just a white cotton shirt and a thin pair of ridingbreeches and had his well-shaped feet bare.
Rising into a sitting posture, Sir Pratap—for it was he—shook hands, and as soon as a chair had been brought for me we were chatting comfortably. It seemed that he had had fever badly two days before through the sudden and untimely heat and was only just recovering. Another native gentleman sitting at some distance was Sir Pratap's doctor.
Close by stood a man swinging a large fan punkah rhythmically with both hands, and outside the three window openings nearest to us bheesties (water-carriers) kept constantly pouring water upon the grass tatties or blinds.
His Highness spoke English well and was quick to understand and we talked for more than an hour on many subjects. He said he had fought plague successfully at Ahmednagar in what he believed was the only practicable way—namely by building two small cities of detached houses at some distance away and compensating the poorer people for turning out of their old dwellings. In this way he had made a clean sweep of the dirtier part of the town.
Sir Pratap expressed a great affection for our royal family and reverence for the memory of Queen Victoria, whose portrait he showed me with pride within two little folding doors of a shrine of elaborately-worked metal about two feet high and one and a half feet deep.
Spare and wiry in figure, simple and unaffected in dress, quick and alert in manner, there seemed little that was Oriental in this man, and in spite of the tatties and the fan very little suggestion of luxury in his surroundings. He said he had travelled a great deal but liked his own part of India better than any other place in the world.
"One difficult question for India," he said, "is the increasing consumption of cows' flesh and the consequent recent large increase in the slaughter of cattle. I do not believe it is good for our people in this hot climate to take to the eating of flesh. It is quite a different thing in Europe where the colder climate makes it practically a necessity. Here the price is already three times what it was a few years ago, which alone shows the diminution of cattle, and their continued slaughter for an agricultural people must produce harm. In any case we lose great numbers of cattle in our famine times which are more frequent of late, and even this year, though we shall not lose human lives through the famine, numbers of cattle must starve. Also I do not think our grain should be sent out of the country. This is no doubt good for the traders, but they are few and the continued export of grain is disastrous for the agricultural population."
Two trays of tea were brought in, one for each of us, and we poured out for each other, His Highness taking saccharine tabloids instead of sugar, and the motto "forget-me-not" upon my tea-cup suggested near relations to my breakfast furniture.
"The chief trouble of all in India," continued Sir Pratap, "is that the Mussulman will not be friends with the Hindoo. The Mussulman says the Hindoo is a bad man, and the Hindoo says the Mussulman is a bad man, and these, together with people in your English Parliament who call out and make a great noise, are all bad for India."
It was about five years since Sir Pratap moved to Ahmednagar from Idar, eighteen miles away, and his house is practically in a jungle as he delights it to be. Both carriages and motorcars he dislikes as enervating things, and roads he is not fond of, preferring his Arabs and Walers and a life in rough country half spent in the saddle.
I was introduced to His Highness's son, Dolat Singh, and also to his grandson, Himat Singh, a healthy-looking lad in shirt and riding-breeches, with a pearl in each ear, and the next day was granted a sitting by Sir Pratap for a painting, when he appeared in military uniform, with top boots and a grand array of stars and medals and a turban with a beautiful aigrette. He sat very patiently, sought in every way to make my task as easy as possible, and behaved throughout with a charming courtesy.
