Solution Manual for Close Relations An Introduction to the Sociology of Families Canadian 5th Edition by McDaniel ISBN
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Chapter 3 How Families Begin: Dating and Mating
1) Cultural attitudes about women’s chastity are more common in __________cultures.
A) Aboriginal
B) Canadian
C) Muslim
D) Western European
E) American
Answer: C
Page Ref: 69
2) Engels argues that economic production and marriage are necessarily linked because
A) men could return to a loving and warm home after a day of tolling at work.
B) male Labourers could bear their subordinate status in the factories by exercising dominance over their wives.
C) men with families would be more motivated to earn an income and hence work harder at their jobs.
D) men would be able to pass their wealth to their offspring with some certainty about their role in fatherhood.
E) a steady income allows families to afford raising children.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 68
3) The connection between love and marriage is
A) natural and universal.
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 42
B) a social construction.
C) absent in most relationships, especially after the initial passion has died down.
D) necessary to maintain the economic system.
E) necessarily based on violence.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 68
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 43
4) Traditionally many people in the world, including some in North America, believe that marriage is primarily about
A) love.
B) producing children.
C) benefiting the individual.
D) benefiting the couple.
E) benefiting the family groups.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 68
5) Romantic love
A) is largely a biological creation.
B) entailed the idea that looks mattered
C) primarily changed men’s roles
D) today is increasingly rejected by young North Americans.
E) has been recognized since the ancient Greeks.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 68
6) Love as the basis for marriage emerged
A) among the earliest agricultural communities.
B) around the 15th century as traditional reasons for marriage came into question.
C) during the Industrial Revolution.
D) immediately after WWI.
E) when Hollywood popularized romance films in the 20th century.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 68
7) As the market economy developed in the 15th century, what change(s) occurred within the family?
A) A division of labour emerged between spouses.
B) The same standards of sexual behaviour emerged for both sexes.
C) Economic pressures downplayed the concept of love as the basis for marriage.
D) Husbands and wives became more equal in terms of power.
E) All of the above.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 68
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8) Romantic love changed women’s social roles dramatically. Which of the following is an example of such change?
A) Women had to transform themselves from workers into love objects
B) Women’s adornment and looks became more important than their actual contributions to the family’s well-being.
C) Women went from partners in work to being weaker, passive decorations.
D) The differences between women and men became more exaggerated.
E) All of the above are examples of changing social roles for women.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 68
9) The development of the market economy transformed women’s positions in society from ______________ to ______________
A) unequal partners in work; equal partners in work.
B) partners in work; household managers.
C) partners in work; objects of love.
D) helping to run the family business; owning the family business.
E) partners in work; unequal land owners.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 68
10) 18th century Western European families shrank in size as a result of the
A) Feudalism
B) Capitalist Market economy
C) Labour shortages in the industrial sector
D) Influence of religious authorities.
E) Policies and laws created by various governments.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 68
11) What idea(s) from courtly love continues to influence modern thinking about sex and love?
A) Women are seen as prizes to be won.
B) Men are viewed as objects of women’s affection.
C) Women are thought to possess spiritual and earthly love.
D) Women are thought to have the same sexual behaviours as men.
E) A and C above
Answer: A
Page Ref: 68
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12) Which of the following theories of mate selection suggests that people are drawn to others whose needs are opposite to their own?
A) Social Role Theory
B) Exchange Theory
C) Complementary Needs Theory
D) Evolutionary Theory
E) Opposites Attract Theory
Answer: C
Page Ref: 70
13) An example of an expressive exchange is
A) looking after the children.
B) cooking dinner.
C) doing the laundry.
D) B and C above
E) none of the above.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 71
14) According to the Evolutionary Perspective, what is the determining factor in mate selection?
A) Family approval
B) Personality compatibility
C) Beauty and fitness
D) Economics
E) Reproduction
Answer: E
Page Ref: 71
15) According to Social Role Theory, men’s and women’s roles were related to which of the following domains, respectively?
A) Public domain, Private domain
B) Private domain, Social domain
C) Cultural domain, Public domain
D) Social domain, Economic domain
E) Political domain, Private domain
Answer: A
Page Ref: 72
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 46
16) Which of the following statements about arranged marriages is correct?
A) Arranged marriages were popular in Western Canada in the late 19th century.
B) Arranged marriages place the desires of the individual at par with the group.
C) Arranged marriages often lead to violence against the wife.
D) Arranged marriages have been rare for most of history.
E) Arranged marriages are now largely based on love.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 73
17) In most modern arranged marriages,
A) the individuals have no participation in the mate selection process.
B) the individual has some control over whom he/she will marry.
C) the husband and wife meet for the first time at their wedding ceremony.
D) the wife-to-be decides when to marry.
E) the husband-to-be must pay a substantial dowry.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 75
18) Arranged marriages
A) are no longer practiced in Western societies.
B) are often characterized by domestic violence.
C) are superior to marriages based on love.
D) frequently end in divorce.
E) are most common in societies with close extended families.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 73
19) Which of the following statements is true about Social Role Theory?
A) Social roles are fluid and change with time.
B) Social role theory may lead to traditional expectations for partners that economic realities may prohibit.
C) Social roles do not interfere with notions of love and romance.
D) People are generally encouraged to marry somebody of equal or higher social status than themselves.
E) Parents and families have greater influence over partner selection than individuals do.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 72
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20) Which of the following is not one of the reasons that explains the popularity of Internet dating?
A) A more efficient way of meeting someone
B) a decline in workplace romance
C) increased mobility makes it difficult to meet dating partners
D) growing levels of education make it difficult to meet
E) C and D above
Answer: D
Page Ref: 75-76
21) In which of the following countries is there a steep decline in arranged marriages in recent years
A) Canada
B) The United States
C) Thailand
D) China
E) Japan
Answer: D
Page Ref: 74
22) Which of the followingstatements is true about arranged marriage practices in China?
A) Arranged marriages ensure that children marry somebody who has great character
B) Confucian ideology stresses the importance of self determination
C) Sons are expected to marry a partner of significantly lower education
D) a partner’s level of education is highly valued by many
E) All of the above are true.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 74
23) Which of the following reasons was stated by Brym and Lenton (2001) about the growing popularity of internet dating?
A) People are looking for more efficient ways of meeting potential intimate partners.
B) The internet is the most safe and easiest way to meet potential partners.
C) People prefer the ease and control of internet personal ads over newspaper ads.
D) Single people are more eager to meet potential dates now than they ever were before.
E) The costs of personal ads on internet dating sites are lower than the costs of newspaper personal advertisements.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 75
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24) When describing the person they seek in personal ads, men tend to emphasize ______ while women tend to emphasize
A) ethnicity; financial success
B) physical attributes; physical attributes
C) physical attributes; financial success
D) financial success; occupational status
E) occupational status; physical attributes
Answer: C
Page Ref: 76
25) What did Eastwick and Finkel (2008) discover about how men and women’s stated ideals on online dating sites differed from who they actually dated?
A) Men and women tended to meet and date individuals who matched their stated ideals.
B) Only men tended to date individuals who matched their stated ideals.
C) Only women tended to date individuals who matched their stated ideals.
D) Both men and women went on dates with individuals who differed from the stated ideals.
E) Women ended up dating individuals who were the complete opposite of their stated ideals.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 76
26) Which of the following beliefs is erroneous regarding intimate relations?
A) With all arranged marriages, couples meet for the first time on their wedding day.
B) People who choose their marriage partner have happier marriages than people who have arranged marriages.
C) Users of Internet dating services have casual attitudes about relationships and do not use the Internet to seek serious relations.
D) People who use Internet dating services are desperate, social outcasts or losers and most of them are only looking to find a sexual partner.
E) All of the above are erroneous beliefs.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 73-76
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27) In the modern dating market, physical attractiveness
A) is no longer an important attribute to possess.
B) is considered fleeting and shallow.
C) is the most important factor that women seek in men.
D) is associated with sexual promiscuity and is therefore regarded as off-putting.
E) remains central to one’s ability to attract attention.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 72-76
28) Which of the followings statements about engagement rings is correct?
A) It signifies that its wearer is desirable on the mate market.
B) It signifies that the wearer’s finance earns sufficient money to afford such luxuries.
C) It suggests that the wearer will be “well kept” in marriage.
D) It is a decorative item.
E) All of the above are correct.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 78
29) Female flirting scripts tend to be a blend of
A) self-confidence and interest.
B) sexual aggression and self-confidence.
C) playfulness and modesty.
D) innocence and interest.
E) innocence and modesty.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 78
30) According to research (Coltrane, 1998) about the modem flirting script,
A) women are expected to flirt in an innocent, non-sexual manner.
B) women are expected to wait for men to ask them out.
C) heavy on the innocence and light on the sexual innuendo
D) sexually very aggressive and light on the innocence
E) none of the above are accurate statements
Answer: E
Page Ref: 78
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31) Research finds that women who initiate first dates are viewed by impartial observers as
A) friendly but less physically attractive than the person being asked.
B) friendly and more physically attractive than the person being asked.
C) sexually over-aggressive and off-putting.
D) desperate and lonely.
E) self-confident and independent.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 79
32) How did the sexual scripts differ between men and women in the mid-20th century?
A) Men were the initiators and women were innocent and virginal.
B) Women were the initiators and men played hard-to-get.
C) Sexual scripts specifically defined sexual behaviour for men, but was vague about proper behaviour for women.
D) Sexual scripts were the same for both sexes.
E) None of the above.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 79
33) Which of the following is accurate?
A) high levels of ethnic identity is associated with less risky sexual behaviour.
B) low levels of ethnic identity is associated with less risky sexual behaviour
C) North American males todaytend to take contraception more seriouslythen females.
D) A and C above
E) None of the above
Answer: A
Page Ref: 79
34) Today, when it comes to initiating a date
A) both sexes equally likely to ask someone out.
B) Males are still more likely to ask someone out.
D) Females are now out numbering males in date initiation.
C) The majority are initiated by third party.
D) Parents are initiating the majority of dates.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 79
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35) Which of the following variables is associated with delayed first sexual intercourse among North American teenagers?
A) an interest in school
B) a healthy relationship with parents
C) religiosity
D) behavioral self-esteem
E) all of the above
Answer: E
Page Ref: 80
36) Multicultural dating and same-sex dating in Canada are respectively becoming
A) less accepted and more mainstream.
B) illegal and less accepted.
C) more mainstream and accepted
D) less mainstream and less mainstream.
E) legalized and accepted.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 84
37) According to Dasgupta (1998), for immigrants, attitudes about women and dating are seen as indicators of:
A) Failures on the part of parents to preserve ethnic heritage.
B) Successful transmission of culture.
C) Impending increases in rates of interracial marriages.
D) Lack of stability of cultural traditions.
E) Intergenerational conflict between parents and children.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 82
38) Endogamy, the practice of marrying _________ one’s social group, is a means of combating discrimination because it
A) outside; encourages the acceptance of interracial relations.
B) within; strengthens the group’s sense of unity by emphasizing its boundaries.
C) outside; weakens the group’s sense of unity by breaking down its boundaries.
D) within; encourages the acceptance of interracial relations.
E) outside; strengthens the group’s sense of identity.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 70
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39) Exogamy is the practice of
A) selecting a mate with similar social and biological characteristics.
B) marrying within ones social group.
C) ensuring that one finds the ideal mate.
D) marrying outside of one’s social group.
E) seeking a mate with different personality attributes.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 70
40) Exogamy is practiced to
A) minimize racism within a society.
B) increase a society’s chances of survival in the event of war or famine,
C) ensure the inheritance of property and family titles.
D) increase a group’s sense of identity.
E) ensure spouses maintain their obligations to one another.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 70
41) Which of the following statements about mate selection is correct?
A) Exogamy is likely in situations where land or other immovable property might be lost through marriage.
B) Exogamy is likely when a group is suffering discrimination from outsiders and has to strengthen its social bonds.
C) Endogamy gives small societies a greater chance of survival by improving their group size.
D) Exogamy is common when group resources are few and little property to be gained or lost through marriage.
E) Canadians are predominantly exogamous.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 70
42) Propinquity theory suggests that
A) most people mate with those who are opposite to themselves.
B) people tend to fall in love within their own age, educational, and ethnic groups.
C) people are more likelyto mate with the people with whom theyfrequently socialize.
D) relationshipslast longerwhenpeoplehavesignificantdifferences between one another.
E) males are usually the initiators of flirting and dating.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 84
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43) Which of the following forms of homogamy is strongest in our society?
A) educational
B) age
C) ethnicity
D) religion
E) all are equally strong
Answer: A
Page Ref: 84
44) According to the textbook, education is often viewed as more important criterion in the selection of a marriage partner than social class origin because
A) education signifies future earning potential more so than social class.
B) education is more valued in society than social class.
C) education is egalitarian whereas social class is elitist.
D) education is achieved whereas social class is ascribed.
E) one’s educational attainment is more easily proved than one’s social class.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 85-86
45) One of the most stable findings in sociological research about age homogamy is that
A) women tend to marry slightly younger men.
B) men tend to marry slightly younger women.
C) men tend to marry significantly younger women.
D) men tend to marry women who are the same age.
E) men tend to marry women who are at their most fertile childbearing years.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 86
46) The proportion of interracial unions has ___________ in Canada over the past few decades.
A) decreased slightly
B) stayed the same
C) soared
D) declined dramatically
E) increased
Answer: E
Page Ref: 88
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47) Which of the following is inaccurate?
A) Jews in Canada are strongly encouraged to date other Jews.
B) Chinese Canadians adults are as likely as Canadian European adults to support their teen wishes about dating partners.
C) Some cultural groups place more emphasis on “who is safe” to have sex with, rather than what is risky behaviour when it comes to sex.
D) A and B above
E) None of the above
Answer: B
Page Ref: 87-88
48) Which statement about age homogamy and remarriage is correct?
A) Findings show that both men and women tended to remarry someone younger than themselves.
B) When men marry women younger than themselves, the woman tends to have a higher income.
C) When women marry men who are younger than themselves, the men tend to have higher incomes.
D) Men and women have a higher proability of achieving a long-term marriage.
E) Women have a higher probability of achieving a long-term marriage when their spouses are younger.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 86
49) What does the increase in age homogamy suggest about women?
A) Older women are less likely to be able to find suitable partners.
B) Younger women are at a disadvantage in terms of available men to choose from.
C) Women increasingly seek out men who are similar in ethnicity and religion.
D) There is a reduction in women’s reliance on men as their economic provider.
E) There is an increase in women’s reliance on men as ‘breadwinners’.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 86
50) According to the marriage gradient, which of the following groups is most likely to be left out of marriage?
A) Men at the highest status level
B) Women at the highest status level.
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C) Men in the median status level.
D) Women at the lowest status level.
E) all of the above.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 86
51) For interracial common-law and marital relationships, 85% of those relationships included at least one member of which racial group?
A) Aboriginal
B) Asian
C) South Asian
D) Black
E) White
Answer: E
Page Ref: 87
52) The most likely reason why ethnic homogamy is declining in western societies today is because
A) racism and prejudice have decreased over time.
B) Interracial couples are “hip.”
C) People of different ethnic backgrounds are attending the same educational institutions where they can meet others of similar educational attainment.
D) more interracial couples are being depicted on television and in movies.
E) Young adults whose parents support ethnic homogamy are rejecting are rejecting their cultural backgrounds in favour of Western mating norms.
Answer C
Page Ref: 88
53) Which of the following is accurate in Canada?
A) Today, religious homogamy is the most important factor to marital satisfaction.
B) Today religious and educational homogamy are equally important in contributing to marital satisfaction.
C) The link between religious homogamy and marital satisfaction is declining.
D) The link between religious homogamy and marital satisfaction is growing.
E) There has been an increase in religious authority among younger generations.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 89
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 56
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President in the Philippines sufficed fully, it was contended, for every purpose of temporary or provisional government there, except in its lack of ability to grant franchises and to dispose of the public lands. Hence it was freely charged that the controlling influences which pressed this measure on the government came from capitalists and speculators who were reaching after valuable franchises, mining rights and land grants in the archipelago. Said Senator Daniel in the debate: "So far as any legislation which looks forward to the opening of the way to civil government may be involved to the softening of the conditions which exist, to the amelioration of the distresses which are upon the Philippine people, I would give most cheerful acquiescence. But because we desire to do these things in a good spirit, in a resolute and patriotic spirit, let us not permit the provocation of difficult conditions to lead us into enacting any kind of provision of law that is not necessary to these ends. Let us not undertake to give to the President of the United States any power of disposing of the permanent assets of the Philippine people; let us not put him in the attitude of being a franchise giver or a franchise seller or a franchise lessor. The franchises of those islands their rivers, their ferries, their streets, their roads, the thousand and one privileges which are granted by public authority are as important and as valuable to that people and as permanently associated with their happiness and their prosperity as are their fields or their mines or their fisheries or anything else which belongs to their country. … It is true there is the reservation of the right to alter, amend, or repeal, but while that is legally broad enough for any remedial legislation whatsoever to follow, we know that practically it is of very small consequence. If capital goes in and invests itself in improvements which are in themselves of a permanent nature, if railroads are constructed, telegraph lines run, telephones established, ferries built, steamers and boats, gas establishments, electrical establishments if those things are disposed of, the man who once gets in will never be gotten
out. In all such affairs possession is nine points of the law before they get into court, where it is generally made the tenth."
Senator Hoar called attention "to the fact that the report of the Taft commission urges that power be given to sell the public lands at once, as it is necessary for their development, and a large amount of capital is there now clamoring to be invested," and he remarked: "So I suppose that one of the chief purposes of this is that the public lands in the Philippine Islands may be sold before the people of the islands have any chance whatever to have a voice in their sale." He then quoted the following passages from the report of the Taft commission:
"The commission has received a sufficient number of applications for the purchase of public land to know that large amounts of American capital are only awaiting the opportunity to invest in the rich agricultural field which may here be developed. In view of the decision that the military government has no power to part with the public land belonging to the United States, and that the power rests alone in Congress, it becomes very essential, to assist the development of these islands and their prosperity, that Congressional authority be vested in the government of the islands to adopt a proper public-land system, and to sell the land upon proper terms. There should, of course, be restrictions preventing the acquisition of too large quantities by any individual or corporation, but those restrictions should only be imposed after giving due weight to the circumstances that capital can not be secured for the development of the islands unless the investment may be sufficiently great to justify the expenditure of large amounts for expensive machinery and equipments. {401}
Especially is this true in the cultivation of sugar land. … Restricted powers of a military government referred to in
discussing the public lands are also painfully apparent in respect to mining claims and the organization of railroad, banking, and other corporations, and the granting of franchises generally. It is necessary that there be some body or officer vested with legislative authority to pass laws which shall afford opportunity to capital to make investment here. This is the true and most lasting method of pacification." "In other words," said Senator Hoar, "the leading, principal, bald proposal on which this amendment rests is that before those 10,000,000 people are allowed any share in their own government whatever their property is to be sold by Americans to Americans in large quantities, as on the whole the best means of pacification that the best way to pacify a man is to have one foreign authority to sell his property and another to buy it." An amendment to the amendment, offered by Senator Bacon, reserving to Congress the right to annul any grant or concession made, or any law enacted, by any governmental authority created under the powers proposed to be conferred on the President; another offered, by Senator Vest, providing that "no judgment, order, nor act by any of said officials so appointed shall conflict with the Constitution and laws of the United States," and still others of somewhat kindred aims, were voted down; but the influence of Senator Hoar prevailed with the Senate so far as to induce its acceptance of the following important modification of the so-called "Spooner Amendment":
"Provided, That no sale or lease or other disposition of the public land, or the timber thereon, or the mining rights therein, shall be made: And provided further, That no franchise shall be granted which is not approved by the President of the United States, and is not, in his judgment, clearly necessary for the immediate government of the islands and indispensable for the interests of the people thereof, and which can not, without great public mischief, be postponed until the establishment of a permanent civil government, and all such franchises shall terminate one year after the
establishment of such civil government."
With this proviso added, the "Spooner amendment" was adopted by the Senate on the 26th of February (yeas 45, nays 27, not voting 16), and agreed to by the House on the 1st of March (yeas 161, nays 136, not voting 56).
Congressional Record, February 25-March 1, 1901.
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1901 (March).
Organization of provincial governments. Establishment of a department of public education. Proposed tariff.
Date fixed for cessation of military regime.
On the 3d of March, the President of the Philippine Commission, Judge Taft, addressed a cable despatch to the U. S. Secretary of War in which he reported: "Commission has last three weeks organized five provincial governments Pampanga, Pangasinan, Tarlac, Bulacan, Bataan last two are Tagalog provinces. Attended each provincial capital in a body; met by appointment Presidentes, Councillors, and principal men of towns; explained provisions general provincial act and special bill for particular province and invited discussion natives present of both bills. Conventions thus held very satisfactory; amendments suggested, considered, special bills enacted, appointments followed. … In three large provinces natives appointed provisional Governors. In Bataan, on petition, eight out of nine towns, volunteer officer appointed. In Tarlac feeling between loyal factions required appointment American. … In compliance with urgent native invitations leave March 11 for south to organize provinces Tayabas, Romblon, Iloilo, Capiz, Zamboanga, such others are ready. Returning shall organize Zambales, Union, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte. Military Governor has recommended organization Batangas, Cavité, Laguna, Nueva Ecija, but shall delay action
as to these until return from northern and southern trips."
On the 18th of March it was announced from Washington that a number of recent Acts of the Philippine Commission had been received at the War Department, among them one which establishes a general department of public instruction, with a central office at Manila, under the direction of a general superintendent, to be appointed by the commission, at a salary of $6,000 a year. "Schools are to be established in every pueblo in the archipelago where practicable, and those already established shall be reorganized where necessary. There are to be ten school divisions in the archipelago, each with a division superintendent, and there is to be a superior advisory board, composed of the general superintendent and four members to be appointed by the Philippine Commission, to consider the general subject of education in the islands and make regulations. The English language, as soon as practicable, shall be made the basis of all public instruction, and soldiers may be detailed as instructors until replaced by trained teachers. Authority is given to the general superintendent to obtain from the United States 1,000 trained teachers, at salaries of not less than $75 nor more than $100 a month, the exact salary to be fixed according to the efficiency of the teacher. The act provides that no teacher or other person "shall teach or criticise the doctrines of any church, religious sect or denomination or shall attempt to influence the pupils for or against any church or religious sect in any public school." Violation of this section is made punishable by summary dismissal from the public service. It is provided, however, that it may be lawful for the priest or minister of the pueblo where the school is situated to teach religion for half an hour three times a week in the school building to pupils whose parents desire it. But if any priest, minister or religious teacher use this opportunity "for the purpose of arousing disloyalty to the United States or of discouraging the attendance of pupils or interfering with the discipline of schools," the division superintendent may forbid
such offending priest from entering the school building thereafter. The act also provides for a normal school at Manila for the education of natives in the science of teaching. It appropriates $400,000 for school buildings, $220,000 for text books and other supplies for the current calendar year, $25,000 for the normal school, $15,000 for the organization and maintenance of a trade school in Manila and the same amount for a school of agriculture.
{402}
The new tariff for the Islands, which the Commission had been long engaged in framing, was submitted, in March, to the government at Washington for approval. "In his letter of transmittal Judge Taft says that the proposed bill follows largely the classification of the Cuban tariff, 'but has been considerably expanded by the introduction of articles requiring special treatment here by reason of different surroundings and greater distance from the markets.' Judge Taft says also that the disposition of the business interests of the islands is to accept any tariff the commission proposes, provided only that the duties are specific and not ad valorem. The question of revenue was kept steadily in view in the preparation of the schedules, but it was not the only consideration. Raw materials of Philippine industries, tools, implements and machinery of production, materials of transportation, the producers and transmitters of power and food products are taxed as lightly as possible. … Export duties are levied on only six articles hemp, indigo, rice, sugar, cocoanuts, fresh or as copra, and tobacco. The free list admits natural mineral waters, trees, shoots and plants, gold, copper and silver ores, fresh fruits, garden produce, eggs, milk, ice and fresh meat, except poultry and game. There is also a list of articles conditionally free of duty. The importation of explosives is prohibited, but that of firearms is not."
It is announced from Washington that "Judge Taft and General MacArthur have agreed upon July 1 as the date for the establishment of civil government in the Philippines. The military regime in the islands will therefore cease on June 30, when General Chaffee will relieve General MacArthur of the command, and Governor Taft will be inaugurated the next day with considerable ceremony."
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1901 (March-April). Capture of
Aguinaldo.
His oath of allegiance to the United States. His address to his countrymen, counselling peace.
A stratagem, executed with great daring by General Funston of the American forces, accomplished the capture of the Filipino leader, Aguinaldo, on the 23d of March. From intercepted correspondence, it had been learned that Aguinaldo, then occupying his headquarters at Palanan, Isabela Province, was expecting to be joined by some riflemen, whom his brother had been ordered to send to him from central Luzon. On this, General Funston conceived the plan of equipping a number of native troops who should pass themselves off as the expected reinforcements, several American officers going with them ostensibly as prisoners, the hope being that Aguinaldo might thus be reached and taken by surprise. General MacArthur approved the scheme, and it was carried out with success. The party was made up of 78 Macabebe scouts, four Tagalogs who had formerly been officers in the insurgent army, and General Funston, Captain Newton, Lieutenants Hazzard and Mitchel, who acted the part of prisoners. They were taken by gunboat from Cavite to a point above Baler, whence they made their way on foot, sending a message in advance that the expected reinforcements were on the way and had captured some prisoners en route. The following brief narrative of what occurred subsequently is taken from a newspaper account of the expedition:
"For six days the expedition marched over an exceedingly difficult country, covering 90 miles. When the men reached a point eight miles from Aguinaldo's camp they were almost exhausted from lack of food and the fatigue of the march. They stopped at this place and sent a message to Aguinaldo, requesting him to send food to them. The ruse thus far had worked with the greatest success, and on March 22d, when Aguinaldo sent provisions, it was seen that he did not have the slightest suspicion. With the food he sent word that the Americans were not wanted in his camp, but instructing their supposed captors to treat them kindly. On March 23d the march was resumed, the Macabebe officers starting an hour ahead of the main body of the expedition. The 'prisoners,' under guard, followed them. When the party arrived at Aguinaldo's camp a bodyguard of 50 riflemen was paraded, and the officers were received at Aguinaldo's house, which was situated on the Palanan River. After some conversation with him, in which they gave the alleged details of their suppositious engagement with an American force, they made excuses and quietly left the house. They at once gave orders in an undertone for the Macabebes to get in position and fire on the bodyguard. The order was obeyed with the greatest rapidity, and three volleys were delivered. The insurgents were panic-stricken by the sudden turn in affairs, and they broke and ran in consternation. Two of them, however, were killed and eighteen wounded. Simultaneously with the delivery of the volleys the American officers rushed into Aguinaldo's house. Major Alhambra, one of Aguinaldo's staff, had been shot in the face. He, however, was determined not to be captured and he jumped from a window into the river and disappeared. Two captains and four lieutenants made their escape in a similar manner. Aguinaldo, Colonel Villa, his chief of staff, and Santiago Barcelona, the insurgent treasurer, did not have time to make an attempt to get away before General Funston and the others were upon them, demanding their surrender. Seeing that the situation was hopeless, they gave themselves up. Aguinaldo was furious at having been caught, but later he became
philosophical and declared that the ruse by which he had been captured was the only one which would have proved successful if the Americans had tried for 20 years. One of the Macabebes was wounded. The party stayed two days at the camp and then marched overland to the coast, where the Vicksburg, whose arrival was excellently timed, picked them up and brought them back to Manila."
On the 2d of April, a despatch from General MacArthur to the War Department announced that Aguinaldo, on the advice of Chief Justice Arellano, had taken the following oath of allegiance to the United States: "I hereby renounce all allegiance to any and all so-called revolutionary governments in the Philippine Islands, and recognize and accept the supreme authority of the United States of America therein; I do solemnly swear that I will bear true faith and allegiance to that government; that I will at all times conduct myself as a faithful and law abiding citizen of the said islands, and will not, either directly or indirectly, hold correspondence with or give intelligence to an enemy of the United States, nor will I abet, harbor or protect such enemy; that I impose upon myself these voluntary obligations without any mental reservations or purpose of evasion, so help me God."
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On the 19th of April, Aguinaldo issued the following address to his countrymen: "I believe I am not in error in presuming that the unhappy fate to which my adverse fortune has led me is not a surprise to those who have been familiar with the progress of the war. The lessons taught with a full meaning, and which have recently come to my knowledge, suggest with irresistible force that a complete termination of hostilities and lasting peace are not only desirable, but absolutely essential to the welfare of the Philippine Islands. The Filipinos have never been dismayed at their weakness, nor have they faltered in following the path pointed out by their
fortitude and courage. The time has come, however, in which they find their advance along this path to be impeded by an irresistible force, which, while it restrains them, yet enlightens their minds and opens to them another course, presenting them the cause of peace. This cause has been joyfully embraced by the majority of my fellow countrymen who already have united around the glorious sovereign banner of the United States. In this banner they repose their trust and believe that under its protection the Filipino people will attain all those promised liberties which they are beginning to enjoy. The country has declared unmistakably in favor of peace. So be it. There has been enough blood, enough tears and enough desolation. This wish cannot be ignored by the men still in arms, if they are animated by a desire to serve our noble people, which has thus clearly manifested its will. So do I respect this will, now that it is known to me. After mature deliberation, I resolutely proclaim to the world that I cannot refuse to heed the voice of a people longing for peace, nor the lamentations of thousands of families yearning to see their dear ones enjoying the liberty and the promised generosity of the great American Nation. By acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States throughout the Philippine Archipelago, as I now do, and without any reservation whatsoever, I believe that I am serving thee, my beloved country. May happiness be thine."
PHŒNICIANS, The:
Modified estimates of their influence upon early European civilization.
See (in this volume)
ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH: CRETE.
PILLAGER INDIAN OUTBREAK.
See (in this volume)
INDIANS, AMERICAN: A. D. 1898.
PLAGUE, The Bubonic.
For years the plague has "continued to breed in various inner parts of Asia, and in 1894, coming from the Chinese province of Yunnan, it invaded Canton, taking there 60,000 victims in a few weeks. Thence it spread to Hong Kong, reached next year the island of Haïnan and Macao, invaded Formosa in 1896, and in the autumn of the same year appeared at Bombay. In the big city of India it found all necessary conditions for breeding, unchecked, for several months in succession: famine, overcrowding, and the absence of all preventive measures; and from Bombay it was carried by rail and road, to different parts of India. … Happily enough, the plague is no longer the mysterious, revengeful being which it used to be for our ancestors. Its cause and modes of propagation are well known. It is an infectious disease with a short period of incubation. From four to six days after infection takes place, a sudden loss of forces often a full prostration, accompanied by a high fever-sets in. A bubo appears, and soon grows to the size of an egg. Death soon follows. If not there is a chance of slow and painful recovery; but that chance is very small, because even under the best conditions of nursing, the mortality is seldom less than four out of each five cases of illness. As to the means of propagation of the plague, they are many. The poison may infect a wound or a scratch; it may be ingested in food; it may be simply inhaled. Dust from an infected house was sufficient to infect healthy rats; and when healthy rats were shut up in one cage with unhealthy ones, all caught the disease and died. Already in 1881 Netten Redcliffe and Dr. Pichon indicated that before the plague attacks men it destroys mice and rats. This was fully confirmed in 1894 by the Japanese and French bacteriologists Kitasato and Yersin, at Hong Kong, and by Dr. Rennie, of the Chinese Customs, at Canton. Masses of dead rats were seen in the streets of the infested parts of Hong Kong, and the keeper of the west gates of Canton collected and buried 24,000 of these animals. Dr.
Rennie also pointed out that among those inhabitants of Canton who lived in boats on the river there were no cases of plague, except a few imported from town, so that even rich Cantonese took to living in boats; and he explained the immunity of the boat-dwellers by the absence of infection through rats. The worst is, however, that swine, and even goats and buffaloes, snakes and jackals, are attacked by the plague. …
"As soon as the plague broke out at Hong Kong, the great Japanese bacteriologist Kitasato and the French doctor Yersin, who is well known for his work with Roux on the serum treatment of diphtheria, were already on the spot. Yersin obtained from the English authorities permission to erect a small straw hut in the yard of the chief hospital, and there he began his researches. Both Kitasato and Yersin had no difficulty in ascertaining that the plague buboes teemed with special bacteria, which had the shape of tiny microscopic sticklets, thickened at their ends. To isolate these bacteria, to cultivate them in artificial media, and to ascertain the deadly effects of these cultures upon animals, was soon done by such masters in bacteriology as Kitasato and Yersin. The cause of the plague was thus discovered. It was evident that infected rats and swine especially swine with the Chinese, who keep them in their houses were spreading the disease, in addition to men themselves. The same bacteria teemed in the dead animals. As to men, the discharges from their buboes, and even, in many cases, their expectorations, were full of plague bacteria. Besides, Yersin soon noticed that in his 'laboratory,' where he was dissecting animals killed by the plague, the flies died in numbers. He found that they were infested with the same bacteria, and carried them about: inoculations of bacteria obtained from the flies at once provoked the plague in guinea-pigs. Ants, gnats, and other insects may evidently spread infection in the same way, while in and round the infested houses the soil is impregnated with the same bacteria. As soon as the pest microbe became known, experiments were begun, at the Paris Institut Pasteur, for
finding the means to combat it; and in July 1895 Yersin, Calmette, and Borel could already announce that some very promising results had been obtained."
P. Kropotkin, Recent Science(Nineteenth Century, July, 1897).
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Of the first appearance of the plague in India, at Bombay, and the early stages of its spread in that country, the Viceroy, Lord Elgin, made the following report to the Secretary of State for India, on the 27th of January, 1897: "The first official intimation of the outbreak which reached us was in a telegram from the Government of Bombay, dated the 29th September 1896. The disease was then reported to be of a mild type, and at first it showed no tendency to increase. …
Throughout the months of October and November the disease made little or no progress, and the number of deaths reported a day averaged nine. Early in December there was a marked increase, and the number of deaths reported daily from the 2nd to the 23rd (inclusive) was about 32. From the 24th December onwards there was another marked increase, and the number of deaths reported from that date to the 14th January (inclusive) averaged about 51. The next week shows a further increase, the reported number of deaths averaging 74 a day. The total number of deaths reported during October was 276; during November, 268; during December, 1,160; and from the 1st to the 25th January, 1,444. The total number of deaths reported from the beginning of the outbreak thus amounts to 3,148. We have reason to fear that all deaths from the plague have not been reported as such, and that the true mortality from the disease is higher than is shown by the above figures. … For a considerable time, except for a few imported cases in some towns in Gujarat, the outbreak was confined to Bombay itself, but on the 23rd of December we learnt from the Government of
Bombay that the plague had broken out in Karachi. … The total number of deaths that have been reported in Karachi, from the beginning of the outbreak up to the 24th January, is 608. It will be observed that the disease has been very malignant in Karachi, and that almost all the cases reported have been fatal. As soon as the Surgeon General with the Government of Bombay reported to that Government that he had seen cases of a mild type of bubonic plague in the city, preventive measures were adopted and a Committee of medical experts were appointed to report on the disease and the situation. The Municipal Corporation have from the outset required the infected quarters to undergo a thorough and systematic cleaning and disinfection; and they have also pushed on vigorously other sanitary measures, such as the improvement of house connections and the construction of surface drains in quarters where the drainage was defective. A house-to-house visitation by medical officers has also been instituted. The Corporation have sanctioned liberal measures towards these ends, and the executive officers have displayed great energy in carrying them out. … We have informed the Government of Bombay that we consider it necessary that the plan of removing all persons from infected houses, and thoroughly cleansing and disinfecting the buildings, should be carried out, and we have asked His Excellency in Council, if he agrees, to report the measures that are adopted to bring the plan into general effect."
To the above suggestion that all persons be removed from infected houses, the government of Bombay replied, on the 12th of February: "His Excellency is advised that, to give full effect to such a proposal, at the lowest computation, 30,000 persons belonging to different races, castes, and creeds would need to be provided with temporary dwellings. There is no site within the limits of the Bombay municipality which would accommodate a tenth of this number. Great difficulty has attended all attempts at the segregation of healthy inmates of infected houses hitherto made, and very limited success bas
been achieved. From the beginning of the outbreak of this disease it has been found that the native inhabitants of the city are very reluctant to leave their houses or to allow any member of their family afflicted with the disease to be taken away. Indeed, their dread of the disease itself appears to be hardly so powerful as their horror of being removed from their houses. Ignorance and superstition prevent them from discerning either that removal to a hospital is good for the sick or removal [from] infected dwellings good for the healthy, and they are far more easily moved by fear of the municipal and police authorities than by any realisation of the benefits that will accrue from a sensible course of action. It is estimated that not less than 300,000 persons have already fled from Bombay, moved so to do, not only by fear of the plague, but quite as much, if not more, by an unfounded and unreasonable fear of what might happen to them at the hands of the police and municipal authorities were they to remain."
Contending with such obstacles to the use of the most effective measures for checking the spread of the disease, the authorities at Bombay and elsewhere, who seem to have worked with energy, saw little to encourage their efforts for some time. In a second report to the Secretary of State for India, made February 10, Lord Elgin was compelled to write: "We much regret that we are unable to report that the plague shows any signs of abating. In both Bombay and Karachi there has been an increase in the daily number of seizures and deaths since the beginning of the current month." But, a month later, on the 10th of March, the Viceroy reported that "the position of affairs in Bombay is distinctly better. There has been a decrease in the reported number of plague seizures and deaths, and the total daily mortality from all causes shows a marked diminution. During the week ending the 22nd February, the average daily number of seizures and deaths was 115 and 117, respectively; during the following week the daily average fell to 107 and 99, whilst during the period March 2nd to March 8th
it has been 99 and 84. … Persons are now returning to the quarters of Bombay, which are comparatively free from plague, from the more infected outlying suburbs, and the Government of Bombay have therefore found it necessary to watch persons entering as well as those leaving Bombay. In the suburbs of Kurla, Bandora, and Bhiwandi the plague continues to be severe. Outside Bombay in the Presidency proper the number of indigenous cases has increased, and the disease shows a tendency to spread, especially in the Thana and Surat districts. … Outside Karachi the plague shows no tendency to spread in Sind, and Sukkur is the only other place from which indigenous cases have been reported."
Great Britain, Parliamentary Publications (Papers by Command: C.-8386, 1897; and C.-8511, 1897).
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From that time there appears to have been a nearly steady subsidence of the disease until the following September, when it showed renewed virulence at Poona, and began to be newly spread, invading districts in the Punjab and elsewhere outside of the Bombay Presidency. By the middle of November Poona was substantially empty of inhabitants, except those stricken with the disease and those who bravely cared for the sick and dying. In December there was a fresh outbreak in Bombay, which soon became more deadly than that of the previous winter and spring. By the beginning of February, 1898, and through March, the deaths from plague alone in Bombay had risen above a thousand a week. Then another subsidence occurred, followed by another recrudescence of the disease in August, and another decline in October. But the variations in other districts were not uniform with those in Bombay. At the end of 1898, the total of mortality from plague in all the afflicted districts of India, reckoning from the beginning, was believed to exceed 100,000, including 70,000 in the Bombay Presidency and Sind (28,000 in the city of Bombay), and 2,000 in the Punjab. In
Calcutta there had been but 150 deaths. Although the measures taken for checking the spread of the pestilence were far less stringent than they would have been among people more capable of understanding what they meant and what their importance was, they alarmed the religious jealousies of both the Hindus and the Mohammedans, and were resisted and resented with dangerous fury at a number of times. At Poona, in June, 1897, two British officials were murdered by young Brahmins, who had been excited to the deed by native journals, the language of which was so violent that the government found it necessary to prosecute several for sedition. At Bombay, in March, 1898, when the plague was at its worst, there were very serious riots, in which a number of Europeans were killed, and troops were called to the help of the police before the frenzied mob could be overcome.
Again, in 1899, there was a revival of the disease in India, especially at Bombay, during the winter, with a decline in April and fresh virulence in September. At the end of the year the estimate of total mortality from plague in India since the beginning was 250,000.
Of the wider spreading of the pestilence during 1900 the following summary of information is given in the annual report of the United States Secretary of the Treasury, in connection with details of quarantine measures: "The Surgeon-General reports that plague has been more widely distributed during the year than was ever known in history, and for the first time obtained lodgment in the Western Hemisphere, at Santos, Brazil, in October, 1899. By this it is not meant that the disease has been actually more prevalent than before, but that its points of contact have embraced nearly every civilized country in the world, though its prompt recognition and application of modern methods have either entirely prevented its spread or have caused it to disappear after a short period of infection. The scientific knowledge of the disease renders it far less to be dreaded than before, but increase in rapid
communication between different parts of the world facilitates its transportation. In illustration, the fact is cited that 20 vessels have been reported, arriving at as many principal seaports in different parts of the world, on which plague was discovered on arrival or had manifested itself during the voyage. As heretofore, its chief ravages have been in India, where preventive measures have been hindered by religious fanaticism. In India during the year there were 66,294 deaths. Notable outbreaks of the disease occurred in Kobe and in Formosa, Japan, at Oporto, Santos, Rio de Janeiro, Honolulu, Sydney, Mauritius, Hongkong, and Glasgow.
"In December, 1899, on account of the apparent spread of this disease, 12 commissioned officers were detailed by order of the President for duty in the offices of the United States consuls at the principal ports in England and on the Continent. In June, the disease fortunately not having become as widespread as anticipated, they were recalled, with the exception of five, who are still retained for the purpose of furnishing information and for service at any needed point. Two of those thus retained, when the plague was announced at Glasgow, Scotland, on August 28, 1900, were immediately sent to that point and began inspection of vessels for the United States and also for Canada, by request of that Government, thus enabling vessels to be entered at ports on this side without undue restraint. In the laboratory of the Service, scientific investigations as to the viability of the plague bacillus and the methods and efficiency of disinfection have been conducted, and the results, together with excerpts from all available literature hearing upon the prevention of plague, have been published in the Public Health Reports, forming, for this year, a volume containing most complete information upon this disease. About 700,000 doses of Haffkine's prophylactic were also prepared in the laboratory and sent to the United States quarantine officers at home and abroad, together with large quantities of Yersin's serum, purchased early in the year from the Pasteur Institute in
Paris. In these two preparations, the one (Haffkine) a prophylactic and the other (Yersin) both prophylactic and a cure, the Surgeon-General says that science has effective methods of combating the spread of this disease."
United States, Secretary of the Treasury, Annual Report, December 4, 1900.
The "antitoxin, or serum, first prepared by Professor Haffkine as a plague inoculation, called Haffkine's prophylactic, is now being used in Bombay and western India with remarkable results. This prophylactic is prepared by first taking the plague bacilli, or the young germs, from a person affected with the plague and cultivating them. These microbes are killed by artificial means and a high degree of heat. From these dead germs and their poisonous excrements is produced a fluid that is believed to have acquired the power, when injected into the human system, to render the blood immune from the attack of plague germs and to neutralize their effect. The injection of such a poison has the effect of an antitoxin and prevents the system from nourishing plague. A dead plague germ being inoculated into a person, plague will not follow. A person after having one attack of the disease is rarely liable to a second. The person first inoculated is subject to symptoms of the plague.
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In vaccination for smallpox
a living germ is dealt with, whereas in plague inoculation dead seed only are injected. … Inoculation is exceedingly unpopular among the natives. The government has had great labor in persuading the Hindoo mind of the efficacy of Haffkine's prophylactic against plague and at the same time of its utter harmlessness in every other respect. The Hindoo is suspicious that the dead germs and their toxic excreta may be of animal rather than vegetable substance, which would make the injection of the fluid into their body a religious offense."
United States Consular Reports, January, 1900, page 101.
"In the present epidemic, plague-spots are scattered over the whole face of the globe from Sydney to Santos and Hongkong, and recently from San Francisco suspicious cases have been reported. The annual pilgrimage of Moslems to worship at the shrines of Mecca and Medina is now, as in the past, of all human agencies, the most active in spreading the pest. … Since Egypt is nearest, plague first appears there in the seaport towns, particularly Alexandria. Sanitary conditions have improved vastly, like economics, under British control; and, last year, what in other times might have been a devastating epidemic was limited to relatively a few scattered cases. Recognizing the danger to themselves, the European powers have been led to take steps, under the Venice Convention, for their own protection. An international quarantine, under the control of the Egyptian Sanitary, Maritime, and Quarantine Council, in which the powers have one vote each and Egypt three, has established stations at two points on the Red Sea."
American Review of Reviews, May, 1900.
PLATT AMENDMENT, The.
See (in this volume)
CUBA: A. D. 1901 (FEBRUARY-MARCH).
PLURAL VOTING.
See (in this volume)
BELGIUM: A. D. 1894-1895.
PLYMOUTH COLONY:
Return of the manuscript of Bradford's History to