MarchD year 1: My urban design workbook

WORKBOOK URBD7018: International Urban Design Theories for Design and Planning semester 2 RJ LEANDER l 19125847 OXFORD BROOKES UNIVERSITY

W1 Urban Intensification

WORKBOOK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Week 6 Morphology Methodology............................................26

FOCUS

I M P O R TA N C E

Week 7 Morphology: Hong Kong...............................................................30

The task for this semester is to contantly seek for good levels

‘The quality of the urban environment with a steady rise in

of environmental qualities in our design of spaces and public

population, will play a significant role in public health with

realm keeping in mind the aspect of urban intensification of

issues ranging from ‘solid waste disposal, provision of safe

Week 1: Introduction / Urban Intensification............................................1

Week 8 Morphology: Ahmedabad.........................................................34

Week 2 Landscape Urbanism...............................................................6

Week 9 Tactical Urbanism...............................................38

Week 3 Socio-economic and cultural issues.........................................................11

Week 10 Debate on Urban Futures/ Big data........................................42

Week 4 Shaping urban identities in a globalising word..............................16

Reflection.............................................................................46

water and sanitation, and injury prevention, to the interface

800 people/ hecta re

between urban poverty, environment and health’ (Fatima, 2020). It directly impacts human wellbeing, binding places and people together. This means making the most of existing urban fabric, good maintenance and making incremental and

Week 5 Mobility Networks ................................................................20

Bibliography................................................47

How do we strike a right balance Between

INTENSIFICATION +/

?

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITIES

sometimes radical improvements.

GOOD LEVELS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (Pebbu, n.d.)

An environment that

Fosters a sense of

Where walking, cycling

places that are designed,

They contribute to the

Places where people live,

Promote economic success and

makes people feel at

community

and public transport are

built and maintained with

quality of life and

work, bring up our

allow people to share in rising

the natural and more

a motive that people

encourage healthy and

children, and spend

prosperity, attracting and

attractive choices

come first

sustainable lifestyles

leisure time

retaining successful businesses.

ease

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I N T E N S I F I C AT I O N

ITS OPPURTUNITIES

It is regarded as the prevalent urban strate-

• Enhancing community identity through

gy in many cities to ease pressures of urban

vibrant public spaces

sprawl and deliver sustainable development

• Creating active streets to promote health-

by increasing density of built forms and ac-

ier lifestyle options (i.e. walkability and

tivities. In major cities, intensification strate-

cycling);

gies include establishing an ‘urban bound-

• Supporting local businesses by increasing

ary to prevent sprawl and directing future

foot traffic;

development at higher densities to periph-

• Decreasing reliance on personal cars by

eral “greenfield” areas within the boundary,

increasing the viability of public transit;

and intensification at existing urban centres’

• Protecting the natural environment by

(Allen, 2017). The latter involves intensified

re-adapting current urban landscape;

development at or around existing transit

• Creating more housing choices and af-

and retail centres of different scales, often

fordability

referred to as “transit-oriented

• Reducing carbon footprint by

development.

incorporating green features into

(Lambie, 2018)

TARGET DENSITY

development.

Fig 2: Testing densities with varying intensity and environmental quality factors within a testbed of 64 ha with reference to the landuse budget framework (800x800m grid)

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3

SECTION A

URBAN DENSITIES

ACROSS THE GLOBE

THOUGHTS

In order to better understand

Mi Casa: Being a Mediterranean-themed

- Differing densities have their own pros

the aspect of densities in varying

condominium. It comprise a mix of build-

and cons, which is mainly controlled by its

contexts, a case study was made

ings ranging from 5 to 20 stories of resi-

context, block sizes, block typology,

studying dense urban built

dential towers with a multi story car park,

accessibility and movement network.

environments across the globe

a swimming pool and ancillary facilities’

- Courtyards or open spaces as a central

around a

(Density Atlas, 2021).

element of blocks act as a successful fea-

density of 800 people/ha. These

ture for activities and bringing in light and

case studies have been used to

Lower East side block, NY: Being part

better ventilation.

understand how these projects

of China town, this block accomodated

- Higher densities can make services and

use block typologies to address

much of immigrants around the 20th

spaces closer, which reduces time taken

urban intensities.

century with 91% of residents of Asian

to travel and access them, which needs to

heritage at present with an average

be supported by a good transport infras-

The balance lies in iteration 4,

household size of 3.18 residents com-

tucture.

section A, where the urban forms

pared to an average of 2.0 in Manhattan.

- Using intensities and the concept of

include all types of

vertical living to make more green spaces

building typologies ranging from

Rue de Charonne: From a former artisan

that ensure better environmental quality

low rises, medium rises,

district for carpeting and furniture busi-

at various levels of the scheme

condomiums along with the right

nesses, this block has been transformed

- Designing better hybrid block typolo-

amunt of open spaces, green

into offices, lofts and apartments with

gies adapted from positive attributes of

areas, landscapes, parking

storefronts, while some remaining as fur-

individual design projects and schemes.

spaces and vegetation

niture workshops. A courtyard is shared between 8-10 units each floor while

Experimentations on how to achieve different urban development forms at 360 units per ha

4

buildings are usually 4-6 floors in height.

Comparson of three different city blocks and their relatively similar densities (Density Atlas, 2021)

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W2 Landscape urbanism Advocates for sustainable urban planning say that it is imperative

FOCUS

I M P O R TA N C E

A right balance of consideration between social,

Land urbanism offers an oppurtunity to regain

environmental and economic pressures is required to

references to people, place and nature within the

suit what people need into the planning process in

design field and urban context. ‘When intertwining

order to improve people’s health. Landscape urbanism

concepts of landscape with urbanism there is a new

aims to maximize natural aspects in schemes to improve

connection with nature and other hidden systems that

the health and wellbeing of communities through an

address current problems of urbanism and could

ecological approach.

potentially offer novel solutions’ (Gray, 2011).

Social: Cohesion, trust and inclusion among communi-

that cities follow WHO’s guideline, at least 9m2 of green space per person and an ideal of 50m2 per

Liberty village barely meets the

person

minimum criteria and the space available are either of poor quality

(ironically low levels of social

or not easily accessible

interaction have kept covid cases in the area to a minimum in

Liberty village is one of the least

comparison to other areas of the

green area in the city and one of

city)

the most poorly connected

Having analysed the Liberty village site in Toronto,

4911 parking spaces =70227/ 7%

Self perpetuated hard landscaping

ties for better physical + mental wellbeing

problems such as large amount of grey spaces,

of the sit. 5% of roads have

meaning the entire area model

Environmental: Focus on eco-responsive design and

disintegrated green open spaces, high noise levels by

dedicated cycle lanes

needs to shift

biodiversity

surrounding traffic and large amounts of hardscape

Economic: Overall welfare and accessibility of all locally

within the urban setting need to be tackled with the key

provided services

concepts of landscape urbanism.

When it comes to green space, the City of Toronto has an abundance of natural space in comparison to some other North American cities.

Toronto currently owns over 1,600 parks, covering about 13% of the city’s land area. However, access to green spaces is unevenly distributed within the city, with distribution concentrated mainly in the central areas (Pelley, 2017). One example of this is the city’s downtown core, a booming real estate market that makes it difficult to find land for new parks (Harvey, 2010). Furthermore, a rapidly increasing population puts Embracing complexity and eco responsive design for health and wellbeing (Prachi, 2021)

Greenspaces per person (Works, 2019)

pressure on balancing protection of green spaces with housing and other developmental opportunities (Pelley, 2017). Therefore, while there are plenty of green spaces in Toronto, uneven access and distribution remains a challenge.

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3 . 0 4 S W O T

THOUGHTS The SWOT analysis was set up in relation the environmental features analysed and highlighted in the principles set up addressed earlier in this

- Landscape urbanism also called as ‘walkable and transit served’ developments can potentially address the grey areas of contemporary urban conditions

- It works collaboratively with other disciplines to produce solutions that cater to the site and its occupants, contributing to the natural and cultural setup The Proposal: Integrating the broken natural features

- It helps designing authentic places with

around the site was a along with connecting the site with

its rich landscape feature that can make

the city’s wider natural context were key design strategies.

its inhabitants feel highly connected to

A motorway (marked A) was buried and the ground space is

the place

made open that further connects and links the other green Increased biodiversity aims to create a dialogue between nature, people and the built environment. At the street scale trees and hedgerows provide connections between habitats enabling species to move through the city. Whilst increasing imageability and passively connect people to nature. At the Plot & Building scale, the hands-on experience of growing food, crops and native vegetation contributes to educating people on healthy food and provides a sense of achievement through nurturing them from seeds (Beatley, 2017) and providing local food resources. Local food growth can be delivered as small urban farms, rooftop farms or community gardens integrated into the buildings

spaces around the site’s periphery.

SWOT aanalysis including points for health and wellbeing for Liberty village, Toronto (Author’w own, 2021)

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- Helps achieving a balance between necessary environmental qualities and appropriate and suitable urban built forms

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W3 Socio- economic + Cultural Issues FOCUS

I M P O R TA N C E

Developing design strategies for people and places of

There is a high level of competition between cities for

varying cultural and socio-economic diversity is

economic investments at both local and global levels.

essential in fast growing, highly dense cities with high

The changing demographics of a city over time makes

intensities. Meanwhile addressing gender, privacy and

new markets reinvent and rethink about new

religion are key considerations.

possibilities and choices.

The aim here is to boost social inclusion, respecting and

As many cities embrance globalization, novel solutions

designing appropriately for a wide group of people by

and design ideas now seek to address common social

recognising their varying culture, way of life, gender,

problems in inequalities such as income, disability and

nationality, social class, religion etc.

oppurtunities. Hence good architecture and urban

In Toronto, the lowest income neighborhoods are concentrated in the inner suburbs. These areas have the poorest access to transit, putting people on low-income living there at greater disadvantage.

However its comparatively less affordable when compared to other Canadian cities.

design focuses on accommodating cultural, socioeconomic and other social diversities, rooted but not Place- making is prioritized rather than spaces shaped by roads and other transport network

Landscape Urbanism is a key concept here that binds Nature and the urban built environment across different levels

stuck in the past and also be transcultural.

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C A S E S T U D Y- T O R O N T O COMPLETE COMMUNITIES

To improve the quality of urban environments, the Ontario’s provincial Growth Plan emphasizes the need to create “complete communities”. Complete communities are “mixed-use neighbourhoods or other areas within cities… that offer and support opportunities for people of all ages and abilities to conveniently access most of the necessities for daily living, including an appropriate mix of jobs, local stores, and services, a full range of housing, INCOME DISPARITY: Toronto is the city with the most inequality in Canada, and this inequality has grown

transportation options, and public service facilities” (Growth Plan, 2017).

extremely rapidly over recent decades. Over the last 35 years, racialized populations, newcomers, and young people have had no income growth, while the rest of the population has often had greater than

The projects outlined below aimed to cater a wide group of population and

50% income growth.

improved social inclusion and cohesion between neighbourhoods and communities.

LOCATION DIVERSITY: Although Toronto has diversity as one of its strengths, it is also heavily segregated in terms of varying neighbourhoods of culture, religion and race.

HOUSING AFFORDABILITY: It is inextricably linked to transit. Many of the neighbourhoods with the worst access to transit also have lower rent, which is partly why they are affordable. A recent study of transport poverty in major cities found the areas in Canada with the highest population and the most apartments with greater than five storeys had a higher risk of transport poverty than other types of dwellings.

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THOUGHTS

1

- Schemes should be designed considering the role of people at the foremost.

- Pririority must be given to provide more open spaces both in ground and upper levels to ensure good environmental

2

#1 The 6-Points Interchange Reconfiguration may sound like an infrastructure

#2 Tower Renewal Project is a bold and innovative venture aimed at

ANALYSIS OF LIBERTY VILLAGE SITE: There are several discrepancies and inequality

renewal project, but it is primarily focused on creating a more complete

retrofitting Toronto’s aging post-war apartment tower clusters into vibrant,

issues mainly due to grain patterns of the built environment, where high rise

community. After more than 10 years of planning, community consultation, engineer-

socially and economically viable urban communities.

condomiums and other high rises are often conceived as being used by people who

ing, and design, a major intersection in Toronto known for being dangerously hostile to pedestrians, with little to no public space on offer, is being transformed.

- Communities must allow flexible activities both outdoor and indoors to cater to different groups of people.

have higher incomes. Transport infrastructure such as rail and motorways result in lack Though valuable sources of affordable rental housing in Toronto, these

Organsiations could actively organise

of connection between neighbourhood, which often creates communities with different

neighborhoods often lacked the multi-use zoning and public spaces needed to Reconfiguring the intersection is intended to allow the creation of a “vibrant, mixed-

create safe and welcoming urban spaces. In an effort to create more complete

use transit-oriented community” that new pedestrian facilities, wider boulevards, more

communities, the Tower Renewal project has helped revitalize many post-war

trees and street furniture, improved cycling access and facilities, new parks, public art,

apartment communities through a mixture of community engagement,

and even a district energy plan (City of Toronto, 2014).

economic development, and local capacity-building in addition to muchneeded building improvements.

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character. Some of the upcoming complete communities approaches would help transform and improve the relationship between landuses and territories.

HOW CAN THE CONCEPT OF C O M P L E T E C O M M U N I T I E S A P P LY H E R E ?

qualities across the whole scheme.

3 This concept eliminates and buries some of the

events especially for the homeless or sport events for youngsters

road networks and uses green corridors to bring people closer. People feel highly connected with

- Design principles such as active streets

nature and form stronger communities. The

and vibrant open spaces can help

urban masses are then shaped based on the

bringing communities closer together

green network

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W4 Identity by design I M P O R TA N C E

CASE STUDY

Rootedness, transculturality and empowerment are

Cities are nowadays a milieu of studies, a represnetation

Oxford, England is a historic city that highly values cultur-

factors that highly contribute to a place and its identity.

of its people, culture and place. Designing the urban

al and natural heritage. The evolution of buildings from

Designs that are contemporary yet having past roots

environment while respecting the diverse attributes of

early 1800s to present day, in my view highly reflects the

could become highly compatible with the local context.

its inhabitants is key to achieving its authentic qualities.

regional’s characteristics through key elements of archi-

Contemporary designs that suit the modern population

Place identity can be constructed from many sources of

tecture. Pointed arches and large windows, the Gothic

and styles along with satisfying traditional cultural val-

ideas; geography/ landscapes. Co-dwelling with nature

architectural style from early 12th - mid 17th Century, is

ues can also boost identity. Regionalism has deep roots

is a key attribute that allows people to relate better with

clearly seen from early churches of the 1800s to hotels

unto the past which illustrate its enduring significance

the local character of the place.

and contemporary buildings at Oxford.

to the practice of architecture and urbanism.

Here renovation and regeneration works restore the clas-

Spires

Gothic arches

2 level GOTHIC

FOCUS

1 level

sic properties of the native buildings. Any contemporary construction in classified zones follow the styles of the local context. As seen in the collage above, the novel developments follow a similar window, corniche details and level pattern reflecting the architecture of the Elizabethan era.

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OXFORD, ENGLAND This contemporary architecture respects the context’s floor level, height and window detail.

Thus blending with the locality.

ADAPTIVE REUSE

PLACE IDENTITY FRAMEWORK

Contemporary architectural constructions

Projects like Leszczynski Antoniny Manor

like the above by Zaha Hadid architects,

Intervention in Poland, Green Mountain,

notable for its regional architecture quality

Hamburg, Germany and Lufa Farms green

speaks a story about its nativity. Its

house roof top, Montreal clealry explain

design ‘weaves through the older

the importance of rootedness, the

protected buildings and trees, its stainless

importance of place and its aspect of

steel facade mildy reflects the natural light

speaking a story.

Former farm buildings turned residential and healthcare facility Leszczynski Antoniny Manor Intervention (archdaily,2015)

World war 2 War bunker into a

to portray its surrounding older context’

community space topped by a towering rooftop garden.

(Archdaily, 2015), thus connecting the Leszczynski Antoniny Manor Intervention (archdaily,2015)

past, present and future. This project speaks about place identity and how it can be applied across different morphological The Investcorp Building / Zaha Hadid Architects at Oxfordshire (Archdaily, 2015)

levels Built on top of distribution centre

THE CASE OF TORONTO

(15,000 sq.m) Lufa Farms green house roof top, Montreal (euronews, 2020)

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W5 Mobility Networks FOCUS

I M P O R TA N C E

Technological advancements has unlocked the potential

Cities are now constantly seeking for ways to connect

of different modes of travel making the world shorter.

people with the place of work, entertainment, leisure

Mass distribution and use of the different modes of

and dwellings in the shortest and comforatable way as

travel allow access to new land on a daily basis. It

possible. Mobility networks play a key role in achieving

becomes clear that our cities grow in correlation with

economic competitiveness, social cohesion and

available mobility systems, patterns of movement and

sustainable growth. The network must also mitigate

availability of land. Concepts such as legibility, access

negative effects such as congestion, accidents and

and movement patterns shape this theme.

pollution.

CASE STUDY

T O Y O TA W O V E N C I T Y

M O B I L I T Y AT L I B E R T Y V I L L A G E

The world’s first urban incubator

Road network: city scale

This collaborative project by BIG and Toyota is to ‘push

Example of various modes of transport in Toronto in-

forward the development and progress of mobility’

clude: Pedestrian, Tram, Train and bicycles. However it

at the foothills of Mt. Fuji (Harrouk, 2020). Concepts

is heavily dominated by vehicle movement, parking and

at focus include mobility, connectvity, autonomy and

other transport infrastructure. There are Wide streets

hydrogen powered infrastructure while proposing a

throughout all masterplans and also opportunities for

newfound balance between vehicles, alternative forms

multi-modal networks are open.

of movement, people and nature.

The pandemic has impacted mobility in several ways.

Toyota wowen city, Japan (BIG, 2020)

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Flexible network of streets are dedicated to various

There is less use of pedestrian routes, more reliance

speeds of mobility for safer, pedestrian-friendly

on indepedent (private) vehicles , limited use of public

connections (the traditional system of a road is broken,

transit (only when necessary), green space were already

dividing the public realm into 3 entities). Segregation of

limited in the city, so people have limited visiting parks

movement lanes, high active edges/ peripheries. The

and other open spaces. Designing safe and convinient

building forms address local architectural styles/

mobility types for people espeically during such times is

modular blocks (Harrouk, 2020).

crucial to keep services running effectively.

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33. .0099 M MOOBBI ILLI ITTYY 3 . 0 9 M O B I L I T Y 3 . 0 9 M O B I L I T Y

natural green space natural green space man-made green space man-made green space city border city border site border site border natural arterial green space roads arterial roads man-maderailway green space tracks railway tracks city border main highway main highway site border natural arterial green space roads

3 33 3 .... 0 00 09 99 9 M M O O B B I I L L M MO O BB II LL IIII TTTT Y YY Y

natural naturalgreen greenspace space natural naturalgreen greenspace space man-made man-madegreen greenspace space man-made man-madegreen greenspace space city cityborder border city cityborder border site siteborder border site siteborder border arterial arterialroads roads arterial arterialroads roads railway railwaytracks tracks railway railwaytracks tracks main mainhighway highway main mainhighway highway

city in which it is located helps to determine the the there are two major railway tracks that merge later on there are two major railway tracks that merge later on

C I T Y

S C AL E

D O W N T O W N

LIBERTY VILLAGE Fastest method there thereare aretwo two major major railway railway tracks tracksthat thatmerge mergelater lateron on Fastest method

through the site, through the city, and connects to the suburbs. Similarly there are two major railway Being able to see the chosen site in the context of the city in which it is located helps to determine the the

are two major railway tracks that merge later on tracks that there merge later on and connect to the city’s surroundings.

RROOAADD NNEET TWWOORRKK: : DDI ISST TRRI ICCT T SSCCAAL LEE

site border

3 . 0 9 M O B I L I T Y

arterial roads

RROOAADD NNEET TWWOORRKK: : D I SCT IRTI YC TS CS A C LAEL E

railway tracks

main highway

and local roads. The road network is clearly designed for and local roads. The road network is clearly designed for

R O A D

NE TW O R K :

Being able to see the chosen site in the context of the and local roads. The road network is clearly designed for

main highway

3 . 0 9 M O B I L I T Y

P R O XI MI T Y T O D O W N T O W N T O R O N T O

and andlocal localroads. roads.The Theroad roadnetwork networkisisclearly clearlydesigned designedfor for and andlocal localroads. roads.The Theroad roadnetwork networkisisclearly clearlydesigned designedfor for LIBERTY VILLAGE

CYCLING - 16 - 18 mins CYCLING - 16 - 18 mins It isTRANSIT to bike toto take public It faster is faster to than take public - 28 -bike 40than mins

transit. transit.

DRIVING - 10-24 mins Fastest method

All routes include stops (switching buses)

designed for vehicular trafffic. Being enclosed between railway tracks, a highway, and an arterial road, it transit.for residents to get anywhere without their vehicles, or public transit. is challenging

RROOAADD NNEET TWWOORRKK: : SSI IT TEE SSCCAAL LEE

R O A D NE TW O R K : SCI connected E Erailways bridges or paths two sides IT TE Y StheSC CAALof Lthe

(north and south railways). There are also several dead Zooming in further on the site we begin to see the Being able to see the chosen site in the context of the disconnect between local roads. There are no pedestrian coarse ofitthe blocks makes fordetermine large parking spaces city ingrain which is located helps to the the transit. bridges or paths connected the two sides of the railways

Zooming in further on the site we begin to see the

WALKING - 53-54 mins

R O W O RR RO O OA AA AD DD D N NN NE EE E TTTT W W WO O OR RR RK KK K :::: S S I I T T E E S S C C A A L L E E SS II TT EE SS C C AA LPL ERE O X I M I T Y T O

Zooming Zoomingininfurther furtheron onthe thesite sitewe webegin begintotosee seethe the Zooming Zoomingininfurther furtheron onthe thesite sitewe webegin begintotosee seethe the disconnect disconnectbetween betweenlocal localroads. roads.There Thereare areno nopedestrian pedestrian disconnectbetween betweenlocal localroads. roads.There Thereare areno nopedestrian pedestrian disconnectdisconnect between local roads.

There are no pedesbridges bridgesororpaths paths connected connected the the two twosides sides ofofthe therailways railways bridges bridgesororpaths pathsconnected connectedthe thetwo twosides sidesofofthe therailways railways (north (northand andsouth south railways). railways).

There Thereare arealso alsoseveral severaldead dead LIBERTY VILLAGE (north (northand andsouth southrailways). railways).There Thereare arealso alsoseveral severaldead dead

D O W N T O W N

T O R O N T O

trian bridges or paths connected the two sides of the railways (north and south railways). There are also (north and south railways). There are also several dead

CYCLING - 16 - 18 mins It is faster- 28 to -bike than to take public TRANSIT 40 mins All routes include stops (switching buses)

WALKING - 53-54for mins coarse coarsegrain grainofofthe the blocks blocksmakes makes forlarge largeparking parkingspaces spaces coarse coarsegrain grainofofthe theblocks blocksmakes makes forlarge largeparking parkingspaces spaces DRIVING - 10-24for mins

coarse grain of the blocks for largethe parking spaces several dead ends that cutmakes off near railways.

On the south side, the coarse grain of the blocks makes there are two major railway tracks that merge later on Fastest method

One major highway and

by different types of

two major railways cut

by different types of vehicular roads and

natural green space natural green space man-made green man-made green space space site border site border natural railway green tracks space railway tracks man-made green main highway main highway space arterial roads arterial roads site border

through the site

One major highway and

by different types of

two major railways cut

the original site contains the original site contains many dead end roads many dead end roads and limited connections and limited connections to the southern portion. to the southern portion. the original site contains many dead end roads and limited connections

space arterial roads

many dead end roads

railway tracks main highway

through the site all local roads are all local roads are does not include does not include any designated any designated all local roads are pedestrian / cycling pedestrian / cycling paths or mid-block paths or mid-block does not include any designated

CYCLING -16 16 -18 18mins mins CYCLING all local- roads are pedestrian / -cycling CYCLING CYCLING- -16 16- -18 18mins mins the original site contains It paths or mid-block Itisisfaster faster to bikethan thanto totake takepublic public to bike to the southern portion.

and limited connections

ItItisisfaster to bike faster toinclude bikethan thanto totake takepublic public does not any designated

to the southern DDEESSI IGGN T TI IOO/Ncycling N RREEFportion.

FL LEECCpedestrian N paths or mid-block

R O A D NE TW O R K : D Ior paths S T connected R I C theT twoSsidesCof the A railways L E bridges Zooming in further on the site we begin to see the

disconnect between local roads. There are no pedestrian (north and south railways). There are also several dead

natural naturalgreen greenspace space natural naturalgreen greenspace space man-made man-madegreen green man-made man-madegreen green space space space space site siteborder border site siteborder border railway railwaytracks tracks railway railwaytracks tracks main mainhighway highway main mainhighway highway arterial arterialroads roads arterial arterialroads roads

the theoriginal originalsite sitecontains contains the theoriginal originalsite sitecontains contains many manydead deadend endroads roads many manydead deadend endroads roads and andlimited limitedconnections connections and andlimited limitedconnections connections totothe thesouthern southernportion. portion. totothe thesouthern southernportion. portion.

all alllocal localroads roadsare are all alllocal localroads roadsare are does doesnot notinclude include does doesnot notinclude include any anydesignated designated any anydesignated designated pedestrian pedestrian/ /cycling cycling pedestrian pedestrian/ /cycling cycling paths pathsorormid-block mid-block paths pathsorormid-block mid-block

current network situation ofof Liberty village is is poorly configured, toto arterialThe roads The current network situation Liberty village poorly configured,

say the least.

It It is is disconnected from itsits surroundings mainly due toto the say the least. disconnected from surroundings mainly due the railway and highway infrastructure that divides the site but there also railway and highway infrastructure that divides the site but there also appears to be minimal effort to merge this divide.

There are many dead appears to be minimal effort to merge this divide. There are many dead ends and anan abundant amount ofof vehicular roads with nono pedestrianends and abundant amount vehicular roads with pedestrianThe current network of Liberty village is poorly configured, to friendly paths.

Not tosituation mention the lack of greenery and leisure space friendly paths. to mention the of greenery and leisure space say the least.

It residents. isNot disconnected fromlack its plan surroundings mainly due to the forfor visitors and The proposed offers a number ofof different visitors and residents. proposed plan offers aOne number different site is The surrounded major highway and railway and highway infrastructure that divides the site but there also types ofof roads including those that are traffic-free and geared towards types including those that are traffic-free and geared towards by types ofthis twoare major railways cut appears toroads be minimal effort to merge divide. There many dead the safety and comfort ofdifferent pedestrians and cyclists.

It It also offers linear the safety and comfort of pedestrians and cyclists. also offers linear ends and an abundantroutes amount ofconnect vehicular roads with no pedestrianvehicular roads and through the site parks and ecological that the two sides asas well asas several The current network of Liberty village istwo poorly configured, to parks and ecological routes that connect the sides well several friendly paths.

Not tosituation mention the lack of greenery and leisure space say thespace least. is disconnected from its plan surroundings mainly to the all local due roads are natural forgreen visitors andIt residents.

The proposed offers a number of different railway highway infrastructure thatsite divides theand site geared but there also thethat original contains man-made types green ofand roads including those are traffic-free towards appears be minimal to merge this divide. There are many dead many deadand end cyclists. roads the safetytoand comfort effort of pedestrians It also linear doesoffers not include space ends abundantroutes amount vehicular roads with no pedestrianparksand andan ecological thatof connect the two sides asdesignated well as several and limited connections any site border friendly paths. Not to mention the lack of greenery and leisure space to the southern portion. pedestrian cycling railway fortracks visitors and residents. The proposed plan offers a number of /different or mid-block maintypes highway of roads including those that are traffic-free andpaths geared towards theroads safety and comfort of pedestrians and cyclists. It also offers linear arterial parks and ecological routes that connect the two sides as well as several

D E S I G N D E S I G N

R E F L E C T I O N R E F L E C T I O N

The current network situation of Liberty village is poorly configured, to say the least. It is

D G C O DD DE EE ES SS S IIII G G GN NN N R RR RE EE E FFFF LLLL E EE EC C C TTTT IIII O O ON NN N

disconnected from its surroundings mainly due to the railway and highway infrastructure that The Thecurrent currentnetwork networksituation situationof ofLiberty Libertyvillage villageisispoorly poorlyconfigured, configured,to to The Thecurrent currentnetwork networksituation situationof ofLiberty Libertyvillage villageisispoorly poorlyconfigured, configured,to to

say saythe theleast. least.

ItItisisdisconnected disconnected from fromits itssurroundings surroundings mainly mainly due due to tomerge the the divides the site but there also appears to be minimal effort to this divide. There are say saythe theleast. least.

ItItisisdisconnected disconnected from fromits itssurroundings surroundings mainly mainly due due to tothe the railway railwayand andhighway highwayinfrastructure infrastructurethat thatdivides dividesthe thesite sitebut butthere therealso also railway railwayand andhighway highwayinfrastructure infrastructurethat thatdivides dividesthe thesite sitebut butthere therealso also

appears appears tobe beminimal minimal effort to tomerge merge this thisdivide. divide.

There Thereare areroads many manydead deadno pedestrian-friendly many dead to ends and aneffort abundant amount of vehicular with appears appears to tobe beminimal minimal effort effort to tomerge merge this thisdivide. divide.

There Thereare aremany manydead dead ends endsand andan anabundant abundantamount amountof ofvehicular vehicularroads roadswith withno nopedestrianpedestrianends endsand andan anabundant abundantamount amountof ofvehicular vehicularroads roadswith withno nopedestrianpedestrian-

friendly friendlypaths. paths.Not Notto tomention mentionthe thelack lackof ofgreenery greeneryand andleisure leisurespace space paths.

Not to mention the lackproposed oflack greenery and leisure space for visitors and residents. The friendly friendly paths. paths.

Not to tomention mention the the lackof of greenery greenery leisure leisure space for forvisitors visitors and andNot residents. residents.

The Theproposed plan plan offers offersaand aand number number of ofspace different different for forvisitors visitorsand andresidents. residents.The Theproposed proposedplan planoffers offersaanumber numberof ofdifferent different

types typesof ofroads roadsincluding includingthose thosethat thatare aretraffic-free traffic-freeand andgeared gearedtowards towards proposed plan offers a number of are different types ofalso roads including those that are traffic-free types types of of roads roads including those those that that are traffic-free traffic-free and and geared geared towards towards the thesafety safety and andincluding comfort comfortof of pedestrians pedestrians and and cyclists. cyclists.

It Italso offers offers linear linear the the safety safety and comfort comfort of ofpedestrians pedestrians and andthe cyclists. cyclists.

ItItalso also offers offers linear linear parks parks and andand ecological ecological routes routes that thatconnect connect the two twosides sides as as well wellas as several several

and parks geared towards theroutes safety and comfort of and cyclists. It also offers linear parksand and ecological ecological routes that that connect connect the thetwo twopedestrians sides sidesas aswell wellas asseveral several parks and ecological routes that connect the two sides as well as other parts

for large parking spaces and limited road network making it difficult for pedestrians

R O A D NE TW O R K : S I T E S C AL E

One Onemajor majorhighway highwayand and One Onemajor majorhighway highwayand and two twomajor majorrailways railwayscut cut two twomajor majorrailways railwayscut cut through throughthe thesite site through throughthe thesite site

TRANSIT 28-highway -40 40mins mins TRANSIT - -28 One major and TRANSIT - -28 - -40 TRANSIT 28railways 40mins mins two major cut Allroutes routes includestops stops(switching (switchingbuses) buses) All include All Allroutes routes include stops(switching (switchingbuses) buses) throughinclude the site stops

site is surrounded

natural green space

site border

CYCLING - 16 - 18 mins It is faster to bike than to take public

site is surrounded

vehicular roads and

railway tracks WALKING- -53-54 53-54 mins WALKING mins CYCLING - 16 - 18 mins man-made green main highway WALKING- -53-54 53-54 mins WALKING mins It is faster to bike than to take public

WALKING - 53-54 mins

disconnect between localN roads.

There are O no pedestrian Rlocal O Aofthe D E for T large Rspaces K : coarse grain of blocks makes parking and roads.

The road network isW clearly designed for ROAD NETWORK: SITE SCALE coarse grain the blocks makes for large parking spaces

natural naturalgreen greenspace space natural naturalgreen greenspace space man-made man-madegreen greenspace space man-made man-madegreen greenspace space site siteborder border site siteborder border railway railwaytracks tracks railway railwaytracks tracks main mainhighway highway main mainhighway highway arterial arterialroads roads arterial arterialroads roads local localroads roads local localroads roads

TRANSIT - 28 - 40 mins All routes include stops (switching buses)

WALKING - 53-54 mins

and local roads. The road network is clearly designed for transit. there are two major railway tracks that merge later on

Zooming in further on the site we begin to see the Zooming in further on the site we begin to see the disconnect between local roads. There are no pedestrian disconnect between local roads. There are no pedestrian bridges or paths connected the two sides of the railways bridges or paths connected the two sides of the railways (north and south railways). There are also several dead (north and south railways). There are also several dead Zooming in further on the site we begin to see the

local roads

DRIVING - 10-24 mins Fastest method

WALKING mins When we zoom in a little closer, we begin to see arterial and local roads. The road- 53-54 network is clearly transit. transit.

RROOAADD NNEET TWWOORRKK: : S C D ISSI TT RE I C T AS LCEA L E

arterial roads

DRIVING- -10-24 10-24mins mins DRIVING

TRANSIT - 28 - 40 mins All routes include stops (switching buses)

two major railways cut through the site through the site

site is surrounded

- 28 - 40 mins TTRANSIT O DRIVING DRIVING- -10-24 10-24mins mins TRANSIT - 28 - 40 mins Fastestmethod method Fastest AllAll routes include stops (switching buses) routes Fastest Fastestmethod method T O R O N T include O stops (switching buses)

DRIVING - 10-24 mins LIBERTYFastest VILLAGE method

by different types of vehicular roads and vehicular roads and

vehicular roads and

R O W O RR RO O OA AA AD DD D N NN NE EE E TTTT W W WO O OR RR RK KK K :::: D C C DD D IIII S SS S TTTT R RR R IIII C C C TTTT S SS SC C CA AA A LLLL E EE E

transit. city is located helps to determine the the ROAD NETWORK: transit.

DinIwhich S TitDISTRICT R I C T SCALE S C A L E

natural naturalgreen greenspace space natural naturalgreen greenspace space man-made man-madegreen greenspace space man-made man-madegreen greenspace space site siteborder border site siteborder border railway railwaytracks tracks railway railwaytracks tracks main mainhighway highway main mainhighway highway arterial arterialroads roads arterial arterialroads roads local localroads roads local localroads roads

LIBERTY LIBERTYVILLAGE VILLAGE LIBERTY LIBERTYVILLAGE VILLAGE

Being able to see the chosen site in the context of the P R O Xon I M I T Y the the major thatare there isDRIVING arailway major highway that cuts - 10-24 mins R roads O A that D run N Ethrough T W Oit.RInKdark : red, we can seethere DRIVING 10-24 thereare two twomajor major railway-tracks tracksmins that thatmerge mergelater lateron

there are two major railway tracks that merge later on

city border main highway

natural green space natural green space man-made green space man-made green space site border site border railway tracks railway tracks naturalmain green space highway highway naturalmain green space man-made arterial green space roads roads man-made arterial green space site border local roads local roads site border railway tracks railway tracks naturalmain green space highway naturalmain green space highway man-made arterial green space roads man-made arterial green space roads site border local roads city border local roads railway tracks site border main highway arterial roads arterial roads railway tracks local roads main highway

DDOOWWNNT TOOWWNN T TOORROONNT TOO

Being Beingable abletotosee seethe thechosen chosensite siteininthe thecontext contextofofthe the Being Beingable abletotosee seethe thechosen chosensite siteininthe thecontext contextofofthe the city cityininwhich whichititisislocated locatedhelps helpstotodetermine determinethe thethe the city cityininwhich whichititisislocated locatedhelps helpstotodetermine determinethe thethe the

P R O XI MI T Y T O R O A D NE TW O R K : LIBERTY VILLAGE Being able to seeCthe located helps VILLAGE D to O determine W N T O W N T O R O N T O I Tchosen Y S site C AinLthe E context of the city in which it is LIBERTY Being able to see the chosen site in the context of the Being able to see the chosen site in the context of the city in which it is located helps to determine the the city in which it is located helps to determine the the

man-maderailway green space tracks

natural green space natural green space man-made green space man-made green space site border site border railway tracks railway tracks naturalmain green space highway naturalmain green space highway man-made green space arterial roads man-made green space arterial roads site border local roads city border local roads railway tracks site border naturalmain green space highway arterial roads man-made arterial green space roads railway tracks site border local roads main highway railway tracks

RROOAADD NNEET TWWOORRKK: : CCI IT TYY SSCCAAL LEE ROAD NETWORK: CITY SCALE

site siteisissurrounded surrounded site siteisissurrounded surrounded by bydifferent differenttypes typesofof by bydifferent differenttypes typesofof vehicular vehicularroads roadsand and vehicular vehicularroads roadsand and

P O X M M O PP PR RR RO O OX Xsite X isIIIIsurrounded M M IIII TTTT Y YY Y TTTT O O OOne major highway and site is surrounded One major highway and D D O O W W N N T T O O W W N N T T O O R R O O TTTTrailways O O by different types of DD O OW W NN TT O OW W NN TT O O RR O OtwoN NN Nmajor O O cut

R O W O RR RO O OA AA AD DD D N NN NE EE E TTTT W W WO O OR RR RK KK K :::: C C C C C IIII TTTT Y YY Y S SS SC C CA AA APLLPLLRRE EE EOOXXI IMMI IT TYY T TOO

22

D E S I G N

R E F L E C T I O N

The current network situation of Liberty village is poorly configured, to say the least. It is disconnected from its surroundings mainly due to the railway and highway infrastructure that divides the site but there also appears to be minimal effort to merge this divide. There are many dead ends and an abundant amount of vehicular roads with no pedestrianfriendly paths. Not to mention the lack of greenery and leisure space for visitors and residents. The proposed plan offers a number of different

23

A LOOK AT THE

EXISTING TRANSPORT NETWORK..

STRATEGIC NETWORK 3 . 0 7 L A N D U S E A N D P R O T E C T E D

Regional connectors, train line (blue)

Much like in the contrast in urban grain from the surrounding areas the larger plots that exist on liberty village play expected host to commercial and artists as the area has grown as an alternative to the city culture. Ironically because of this several glazed residential and commercial towers

below main street network at ground level,

recognised and those building has been protected as seen below.

3 . 0 8 M O V E M E N T

As is typical of the of the continents city strategy the grid layout is ironically north American with the major routes clearly visible below. This rigidity ‘idea’ creates strong boundaries as seen in the economic differentiation between adjacent neighbourhoods surrounding Liberty Village.

Designing interventions that cross these boundaries will aid in urban equity.

A LOOK AT THE

4 . 0 5 PROPOSED M O V E MTRANSPORT E N T

NETWORK..

4 . 0 6 P R O P O S E D U S A G E & D E N S I T Y

with key connections to the interborough links. The through movement has an east west strategy and north- south routes serve as the local paths.

These local routes links to our major pedestrian transit paths through our green linear parks which we aim to become our main interdistrict trails with these ‘free’ movement connections aiding in the equity distribution.

3 . 1 0 S T R E E T S E C T I O N S

expressway (red) suspended, train station within the centre of the site

EX IS TI NG

MAIN STREET NETWORK

S EC TI ON

3 . 1 1 E C O L O G Y

A

EX IS TI NG

3 . 1 0 S T R E E T S E C T I O N S

Regular grid network connecting into the

S EC TI ON

B

B Gardiner Expressway A LakeShore Boulevard

3 . 1 0 S T R E E T S E C T I O N S

strategic routes, Bridged over rail network

EX IS TI NG

The land use across the site has bee by maximum accessibility as set out by budget. As the density enforced m blocks and building are not only pre but also allow for a much more supporte transport

S EC TI ON

A

EX IS TI NG

S EC TI ON

A

EX IS TI NG

S EC TI ON

3 . 1 1 E C O L O

B

EX IS TI N

and spatial connectivity at the expense of biophillic value

A A

B I O D

B B

LOCAL NETWORK

city and focused their attention on civilization and urbanization. This grad

and enhance their journey allowing them to better serve the ecosystem

Local street network within main streets, L A N D

U S E

E X I S T I N G

B UI L D I N G

DY N A M I C S

constrained by the strategic networks which

Existing space syntax map (Authors own, 2021) A

can form barriers for pedestrian movement

The proposed design buries the bridge A

A

particularly within the site large blocks within

A

and traffic underneath and creates

B

B

B

the site due to different land uses

open space for pedestrain connections city and focused t B

and exchanges LA N D

24

Proposed space syntax map (Authors own, 2021)

and enhance the

U S E

25

W6 Morphology Methodology FOCUS

I M P O R TA N C E

MORPHOLOGY Study of Clivebooth student village, Oxford

Morphology is all about decoding the social process of

Understanding the culture of the place,the way

formation and transformation, understanding the heirar-

(morphology) it is formed, structure, identity and

Studying my surrounding spaces and the way

chy of types and different layers of the urban environ-

activities are important to produce successful designs. It

they were formed gives me a better

ment. Route structure, green/blue infrastructure, land

is also about how the people use places and the way it

understanding of the urban layers and its

use, urban tissue, townscape, access/ frontage, street

affects people.

activities I experience everyday. Each layer has

type and block/plot/building type are related significant

its own functions and the designing spaces

concepts.

with respect to their connection with adjacent spaces is key for a successful design.

Pr Private/ Sp Semi private/ P public

26

27

THOUGHTS Every morphological layer of urban forms add character and value to the environemnt improving the authenticity and place identity

They determine the movement pattern of the environment and also the functions of each type of area

Involving people in the design process can potentially add more character to the private and semi private spaces i.e community gardens, urban farms, roof top gardens.

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29

A L O O K AT M A R Y L E B O N E , L O N D O N

W7 Morphology: Hong Kong FOCUS

I M P O R TA N C E

The main focus is about the shop houses that make

The upcoming morphological studies underline

up the major morphological setup of Hongkong. This

how urban forms have evolved over the years out of

building typology that serves both as a residence and

many factors such as problems with hygiene,

commercial activities, with styles of roofed terraces and

different collonial times and changes in occupation

covered continous walkways. This is commonly found in

and economy. Urban morphology investigates urban

neighbouring south east Asian regions such as

forms, streets, and open spaces from both cultural

Bangkok, singapore, Jakarta and Penang.

and philosophical perspectives.

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31

The street is always active and very convivial.

Being a flexible live-work environ-

Highly efficiency, supporting high

The effectiveness of 2m ventilation

density.

strip is doubtful. The perimeter

Separation between shop and

block itself blocks most of the wind

apartments entrance provides greater

and daylight. This can affect the

flexibility

wellbeing

ment with shops on the groundfloor.

All buildings fronts onto the main

SHOP HOUSES

Perimeter block

street

Being a flexible live work environment with shops on the groundfloor. All buildings fronts onto the main street. Typology was formed before the wide spread adoption of

Shop house section in Penang (Fadzil, 2011)

motorised vehicles, more complex block forms inner Inner street pedestrianised within a perimeter block

street. This may be due to irregular plots layouts.

with commercial activities on the outer edge (marketplace) These streets mainly exist for pedestrain and bike movement Buildings orientate to form active frontages Back alley for ventilation and for daily chores such

Modular typology forming rationalised grid structure onnects back to the city. However narrow service alleyways lack green space / public realm. This may evolve in the future depending upon improvements in environmental qualtiies.

as washing and drainage.

Buildings orientate to form

Presently it becomes hard

Shop house evolution (Wong, 2021))

active frontage

to maintain and service owing to narrow widths

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33

W8 Morphology: Ahmedabad, India WALLED CITY

WALLED CITY

Commercial and mixed-used plots

Highly concentrated, fine grain

located along primary and secondary

Less legibility, high permeability

FOCUS The main focus is about Gurukul, walled city and Paldi that make up the urban morphology of Ahmedabad, a historic and heritage city in India.

routes, mostly within perimeter of the

Large numbers of mix use and

site.

commercial along main arterial Institutions located further within the

routes

wall and act as architectural landmark for tourists. They are primarily utilised

Residential units (centered)

by locals.

Primary, secondary, tertiary routes Difficult to navigate as a visitor due to

with decreasing widths

narrow, winding streets.

More pedestrian and bike suitability within the community

34

OLD CITY Source: Google maps

PALDI

Connection with street life is lost higher up.

Commercial zones only present along primary route

Social nodes focused on street possibly disrupted by vehicular

All public uses located on the periph-

movement. Terraces and otlas in

ery of the site

the walled city provided safe social spaces away from busy movement

PERMEABILITY Landmark temples and eateries make it easier to locate places within the walled city Highly permeable till secondary routes

Religious spaces scattered across the site giving access to each neighbour-

Informal trade happen along

hood.

primary and secondary routes

Tertiary routes used as social spaces by the people of the pol. Requires

between main social nodes

permission to enter sometimes

Impacts the way children can play.

Playing on the streets is not common within Paldi but children have more freedom within the walled city.

Advantageous for pedestrians, scooters and cyclists Difficult to for visitor to navigate through the city even on foot due to narrow streets

36

PALDI Source: Google maps

37

W9 Tactical Urbanism FOCUS

I M P O R TA N C E

T H E “ TAT E E F F E C T ”

Place as a physical manifestation of human needs and

Governments benefit massively by showing quick

Urban Regeneration through the Bankside

lifestyle and an understanding of its fluid and constantly

chnage to place and its identity, by ensuring a low cost

Urban Forest: The transformation stroy

negotiating changes. Understanding Tactical urbanism

but high impact city improvement. Private players of the

of the Tate modern gallery at south bank

as a short term action for a long term change. Different

market by applying ‘pre-vitalisation’ technique create a

london, from a power station to a museum

forms of like ‘Guerilla urbanism’, ‘DIY urbanism’ and

place by rebranding them that would increase its value.

of modern art stimulated a regeneration

‘pop urbanism’ comminicate how people have adapted

Using ‘pop up business’ ideas can make them test

effect in south bank. This infused culture

to new changes.

possible future tenants and cultures. Creating a resil-

and money into a depressed part of

ient environment that is adaptable to new changes and

London.

The term ‘urban forest’ at Southbank is composed of a network of streets, scattered open spaces and strong local identity of the area. It has a “User Centered Design” approach to researching and designing urban projects.

The project started by identifying and photographing strong communal spots (ethnographic studies) across southbank and coming up with a framework covering a number of illustrative projects including the development of a Tate Modern playground, planted arch, better

reducing the risk for long term development is a key

landscaping/ pedestrian access/ widening of public

strategy of this concept.

gathering spaces including Flat Iron Square.

Bankside Urban Forest (wwmarchitects, n.d.)

38

(wwmarchitects, n.d.)

39

TA C T I C A L U R B A N I S M FOR SOCIAL INCLUSION Green spaces and pop up spaces boost social inclusion as it targets both low and high income groups in green open spaces. It positively impacts physical and mental health. As these spaces promote social events, festivals, informal markets and pop up parks. This creates interest in this area and adds more resilience. There is high oppurtunties for social interaction.

THE CASE OF TORONTO

41

W10 Big data/ urban futures FOCUS

D ATA S H A P I N G C I T I E S

Data Driven Design is empowering local decisions, cre-

Data driven masterplans: Adaptative Masterplan /

ating a responsive city. Big data is received from peo-

Urban design proposal based on data insights.

ple and can imapct design decision based upon their

- Better Informed decisions

Knowledge with higher value than information,

tastes, behaviors, cultures, societies.

- Generation of Multiple Scenarios

informs the solution

Wisdom being seen as holding a higher value of all.

- Easy data communication A focus on urban computation as a field of study at the

- Application of Machine Learning algorithms to

Information with higher value than data, informs the

intersection of geography and computation. There is a

automate repetitive tasks

data quality

shift from Physical and Economics towards cultural and

- Ex. Solutions like predicting changes on Health and

DIKW PYRAMID

social based on data. This can influence design

footfall levels through the introduction of new sports

DIKW Pyramid visualizing the transformation of data to

Data is at the bottom with the least amount of

decisions for urban and public spaces.

facilities

wisdom, adopted by IBM in AI and Smart Tools.

perceived usefulness collected from users

Shift of data trend towards cultural and social based on data (Sainz, 2021)

42

43

FOCUS Humane smart cities have been defined by the

SMART PEOPLE

SMART MOBILITY

Use of GPS and possession of smart phones means that

- Sensors for solving congestions

Big data is already being collected on the movement of

- Real time traffic data to design better mobility networks

people.

- Apps for ease of transit

Movement tracking can identify the areas of a city that are

- Data can reveal patterns that will encourage better

neglected or avoided.

transportation engineering

Software such as Grimshaw’s ‘Urban Explorer’ can be used

- Play a role in determining transportation policy

to analyse this data and suggest opportunity sites.

European Union around seven fields of study (Giffinger et al. 2007): - smart living - smart people - smart governance - smart mobility - smart environment - smart economy - Smart Social Inclusion

SMART GOVERNANCE

D E S I G N FA C T O R S

City governments rely on smart technologies to upgrade,

- Data for behavior/ trends

manage, and improve the efficiency of urban infrastructure.

- Cultural and social data for data driven design process

Increased use of ICTs for the purposes of efficiency, trans-

- Advantages of real time data (adjust to latest trends)

parency, and sustainability

- Data and spatial understanding

Uses predictive rather than reactive analytics to make

- Allows for increased design time as repetitive tasks can

decisions

be taken away from the designer

Big Data coupled with public engagement and experiential

- Visual data through the use of VR and AR can be used to

knowledge should make predictive analytics and deci-

illustrate the information

(LIndsay, 2010)

sion-making more effective (Mai Thi Nguyen, 2016)

- Allows for greater analysis of proposals and therefore

Potential to improve administrative efficiency and reduce

further refinement of a project

A public- private partnership for a smart city masterplan using data (Wiley, 2015)

man hours spent on tasks, thereby saving time, energy, and money

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REFLECTION

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