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DearReader,
AFRICA’S NEW THINKING THROUGH INNOVATION
Welcome to your anticipated edition of Energy and Sustainability Africa (ESA), proudly researched and as youknow,producedinNamibia
Youhavelikelyheardthephrase,“Let us be innovative and start businesses ”Butwhatdoesitreallymeanto beinnovative?Moreimportantly,howdowenurturetheabilitytoinnovate?
Atitscore,innovationisaboutapplyingnewideasandmethodstosolveproblemsorcreatevalue.Butthis does not happen in isolation. According to the United Nations, fostering innovation capacity involves learning to generate, test, and scale up ideas, processes, processes, products or services that create value in environments that are inclusive, open minds, and rich in diverse skills Inshort,innovationthriveswhenwe makeroomforeveryonetothinkdifferently.
Across Africa, this mindset has started shaping key industries and opening new pathways The FinTech industryisagoodexampleandfertilegroundforinnovation FinTechisnotjustdisruptinghowwebank, but it is enabling real-time transactions, lowering costs, and bringing financial access to remote communities. According to the International Trade Centre (2024), there are over 1000 tech hubs in Africa. ThisdatashowsthatAfricaisindeedcreatinganenvironmentthatenablesthetechbusinessestoexist
Another innovative sector is the water sector. Rainwater harvesting, once limited to clay pots and improvised gutters solutions, now is being modernised with smart sensors, mobile data, and locally adapted filtration systems Sand and charcoal filters in countries like Kenya and South Africa are making rainwater safe for consumption via cleaner storage, while tech-enabled storage systems help farmers irrigatecropsandsustainlivelihoods.
The tourism sector is amongst those making sure that they are also not excluded With approximately 24 Africancountriesin2020offeringelectronicvisas(e-visa),anincreasefromjustamere9in2016 Assuch, the continent is seemingly simplifying travel and strengthening its vision for economic integration. However,digitalinfrastructure,policyalignment,andsustainablefundingremainachallengethatneedsto beaddressedinordertofullyrealisethee-visa’sbenefits
Remarkably so, the electric vehicle (EV) innovation is making bold strides in transforming Africa’s public transport WithcountrieslikeRwandaandKenya,investinginEVspublictransport,aimingtoaddressthe pressingmobilitychallengesburdenedbyimportedfuelwhilereducingthesector’scarbonemissions
InthisJuly2025edition,ourresearchersexplorethesecrucialissuesandmore,fromFinTechande-visas,to rainwaterinnovationsandtheelectrificationofAfricanpublictransportsystems Wealsolookattheroleof WhatsApp as a form of digital infrastructure, and how Mergers & Acquisitions are reshaping the energy landscapeacrossAfrica
Innovation: the process of bringing about new ideas, methods, products, services, or solutions that have a significant positive impact and value.
Fostering innovation capacity is about learning to generate, test and scale up novel ideas, processes, products or services that create value. It requires supportive and inclusive environments, open minds and diverse skills. Innovation cultures embrace challenges as opportunities to design groundbreaking sustainable solutions.
The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) and its Digital Trade Protocol are foundational for Africa’s digital era Full implementation could lift 30 million people out of extreme poverty and boost continental income by $450 billion by 2035
-(The World Economic Forum, 2025 https://www weforum.org/stories/2025/07/africa-leapfrogmoment-harnessing-technology-green-growth-and-regional-integration-for-global-valuechains/)
There are now more than 1000 tech hubs across Africa.
-(International Trade Centre (2024): https://www un.org/technologybank/news/africa%E2%80%99stime-%E2%80%93-delivering-transformation-innovation)
A record for tech start-ups was registered [in Africa] in 2021 with nearly US$2.15 billion in investment capital directed toward the sector, a staggering 206 percent increase over the previous year The [African] continent now boasts seven “unicorns” – new businesses valued at over US$1 billion –mainly in fintech and e-commerce, up from zero in 2014
-(The OPEC Fund for International Development (4/2023): https://publications.opecfund.org/view/966422609/26/)
Tech initiatives, like 2Africa and Equiano , are boosting broadband and enabling 5G. Pan-African efforts, such as Smart Africa Alliance and the African Union’s Data Policy Framework, are aligning digital regulations and enabling cross-border data flows, accelerating integration into global digital value chains.
-(The World Economic Forum: https://www weforum.org/stories/2025/07/africa-leapfrogmoment-harnessing-technology-green-growth-and-regionalintegration-for-global-value-chains/)
The rise of financial technology (FinTech), refers to the innovative use of technology to deliver financial services and products, and presents a
unique opportunity to align economic growth with environmental sustainability. By enabling smarter, greener energy systems and more efficient resource use, FinTech is rapidly reshaping both financial and energy landscapes across Africa
FinTech innovations bring about a wide range of digital tools including actions such as mobile banking, peer-topeer (P2P) lending, blockchain-based cryptocurrencies, robo-advisors, and online payment platforms which support and in some cases disrupt traditional financial
services. By leveraging artificial intelligence, data analytics, and secure digital infrastructure, fintech facilitates real-time transactions, lowers costs, and expands financial access to even the most remote communities
In Africa, where financial inclusion remains extremely limited and vast regions lack access to national electricity grids, fintech is emerging as a vital enabler of decentralised energy access Mobile money platforms like M-Pesa in Kenya and MTN Mobile Money in West Africa allow households to pay for energy on a pay-asyou-go basis, making off-grid solar energy systems more accessible and affordable for underserved communities.
Moreover, fintech is facilitating innovative models such as peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading. Households and businesses equipped with solar panels can sell excess electricity to neighbours, bypassing traditional utility structures Blockchain ensures transparency, trust, and traceability in these transactions which further promotes clean energy access and competitive local pricing.
Another critical benefit is improved energy data management FinTech tools enable companies to analyse customer usage patterns, forecast demand, and tailor services, leading to more resilient and responsive energy systems Consumers benefit through personalised pricing and product offerings aligned with their consumption habits.
FinTech increases inclusivity
Beyond payment processing and data management, fintech also increases inclusivity Regardless of location, individuals can remotely access a wide range of energy services now, from paying utility bills via mobile phones to purchasing solar kits. These digital finance options reduce infrastructure costs and automate service delivery ultimately translating into lower energy prices I p p m
for green startups, and blockchain-based carbon credit trading systems These models support the financing anddeploymentofcleanenergyinfrastructureatscale
Notably, the impact of fintech extends beyond infrastructure, where it contributes to equity and inclusion A 2024 study by Akono and Kemezang found that every unit increase in digital financial integration in Sub-Saharan Africa could reduce income inequality by 1 31 percent This highlights FinTech’s role in reducing poverty, boosting economic participation, and narrowingtheincomegap.
In the realm of green finance, fintech is also proving to be essential through enabling investors to support sustainable projects through digital platforms. Blockchain, in particular, brings transparency and accountability to transactions involving green bonds anddecentralisedfundingforrenewableenergy.
In summary, across Africa and other emerging markets, fintech is transforming how energy is delivered, financed, and managed Yet, realizing its full potential requires addressing key risks such as cybersecurity threats, data privacy, and regulatory challenges Governments and private stakeholders must collaborate t b ild secure, enabling environments that foster n while protecting consumers and supporting activities As Africa advances toward a more andsustainableenergyfuture,fintechemerges a technical solution and a strategic lever for y, environmental stewardship, and equitable ment
In the wake of accelerating energy transitions, Africa finds itself at a curious crossroads, overwhelmed with exploratory successes yet underwhelmed by the
strategic architecture of its investment structures. The Orange Basin alone has seen headline-grabbing discoveries from TotalEnergies (Venus), Shell (Graff), and Galp (Mopane), yet most merger and acquisition activity remains rooted in conventional Return on Investment (ROI) modeling, divorced from social sustainability or environmental futureproofing.
As the continent enters an age of resource repositioning, impact investing; framed not just as Environmental, Social & Governance (ESG) compliance but as a financial paradigm, must become the fulcrum of Merger & Acquisition (M&A) strategy This isn’t corporate charity This is a recalibration of value creation itself.
The Shortcomings of Traditional M&A Logic
Africa’s energy M&A deals continue to operate within transactional silos, where deal teams emphasize acquisition premiums, post-deal synergies, and shareholder alignment. What they exclude are material risks tied to community backlash, environmental degradation, policy misalignment, and reputational volatility
Case in point: post-2020, several gas-to-power initiatives in the SADC region faced unanticipated resistance not because of technical failure, but because due diligence had neglected stakeholder mapping and local benefit modeling. In quantitative terms, the cost of deferred community consent added an average of 8 3% in project
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delays and operational expenses to midstream budgets (African Development Finance Database, 2024).
And yet, few valuation models include this risk, mostly because analysts aren’t trained to
ESG Integration: Rethinking Materiality
To embed impact at the heart of M&A, Africa’s financial analysts must rethink what is material. A 2022 study from the Global Impact Investment Network (GIIN) estimates that energy transactions aligned with ESG criteria outperform purely financial benchmarks by up to 11% over five years, especially when sustainability premiums are considered
Let’s illustrate it:
Suppose a downstream acquisition in Angola has a projected Net Present Value (NPV) of US$45 million under conventional modelling When ESG risk buffers (carbon taxation, community litigation risk, policy shifts) are integrated with a weighted factor of 0 12 on projected Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortisation (EBITDA) based on emerging sovereign green frameworks, the adjusted valuation falls to US$39.6 million However, when impact benefits are monetised (e g local job creation, skill transfer models), the valuation regains a growth horizon, rebounding to
US$46.1 million due to public-private co-financing accessibility.
In Namibia, this logic isn’t theoretical, it’s emerging in the Green Hydrogen Initiative, where firms like Hyphen Hydrogen Energy are negotiating stakeholder inclusion not as a Corporate Social Responsibility (CRS) add-on, but as a capital mobilisation requirement.
M&A as a Tool of Sovereignty, Not Just Scale
Africa’s energy ambitions aren’t just about attracting capital, but they’re about shaping the form of capital that enters. As institutions like the Africa Energy Bank (AEB), Afreximbank, and the Namibian Ministry of Mines advance transition-aligned policies, M&A must evolve from acquisition logic into sovereignty logic
When deals are structured to support local resilience, energy education, infrastructure co-ownership, and longterm developmental outcomes, they move from transactional to transformational
Petroleum Training Institutes, ESG-aligned rating agencies, and sovereign green funds should be embedded into deal sourcing stages. Advisory firms could pioneer new diligence frameworks that treat social returns as convertible capital.
The Hidden Language of Impact
Impact investing in Africa cannot rely on borrowed terminology from European markets Our policy contours are different. Our community expectations are historical, not hypothetical.
A recalibrated M&A strategy must include: Inclusive valuation modeling with discounted social premium metrics; Blended finance sourcing from both African sovereign funds and multilateral platforms; ESG-weighted post-deal performance metrics published in national budget annexures.
Moreover, it must be narrated in a language that African stakeholders understand Technical reports must have public versions Investor briefings must translate into local languages. Fiscal modeling should factor in non-linear risk curves tied to governance stability.
A Call to Boardrooms and Policy Desks
Africa doesn't need more deals; it needs better ones. As energy markets heat up, the continent faces a unique window: to shape investment frameworks that do not replicate extractive errors, but unlock catalytic capital aligned with sovereignty and sustainability
Impact investing offers this path, but it must step boldly into the architecture of M&A itself. Financial analysts must unlearn what traditional spreadsheets taught them Policy desks must incentivize ESG-linked acquisition models
Recruiters and investment committees must recognize that future leaders, those fluent in both Financial Modeling & Valuation Analyst (FMVA) modeling and community dynamics are not a luxury They are a necessity
The next energy acquisition in Namibia, Angola, or South Africa must be remembered not for its closing price but foritsclosingpurpose
This piece is the sole responsibility of the author and RDJ Publishing PTY LTD Cautions readers that this piece is for INFORMATIONONLY!
SEEK PROFESSIONAL FINANCIAL ADVISE BEFORE VENTURING ON MATTERSMENTIONEDORASSOCIATEDWITHTHISARTICLE.
Readings:
GIIN Impact Investing Global Benchmark, 2022–2024 https://thegiin.org/publication/research/sizing-the-impactinvesting-market-2024/
African Development Finance Database, SADC Delay Index, 2024 https://www.sadc.int/sadc-statistics/statistics-database
In Africa, where water scarcity is intensifying and rainfall patterns are becoming increasingly unpredictable, an ancient tradition is being revived
with a high-tech twist Rainwater harvesting, once confined to clay pots and improvised gutters, is being modernised with digital sensors, smart filtration systems and mobile data. From the rooftops of Nairobi to subsistence plots in Namibia, smart rainwater harvesting is not just a climate solution; it's a symbol of a new kind of resilience
Gone are the days when harvesting rain meant leaving a barrel under the eaves Across the continent, a new generation of smart water systems is emerging. These setups feature filtration units, water-level sensors and digital monitors that offer real-time feedback. According
to Zabidi et al (2020), such systems not only enhance performance but are more user-friendly and adaptable to local needs. In short, they’re making rainwater harvesting smarter, safer and more sustainable.
Water quality has long been a thorny issue Dust, bird droppings and debris often render harvested rainwater unfit for consumption But affordable filtration is changing the game In Kenya and South Africa, basic sand and charcoal filters, costing as little as USD20 to USD50, are ensuring cleaner storage. Meanwhile, solar-powered UV and reverse osmosis units, priced between USD300 and USD1,200, are being installed in rural schools and clinics, allowing off-grid communities access to potable water year-round
It’s not just about clean water, it’s about control. Devices such as the smart water meter are coming on board and are increasingly seen in urban hubs like Nairobi and Lagos They track household water use, detect leaks and transmit data via SMS With an estimated cost ranging between USD100 and USD300, these devices are already slashing water loss by up to 30 percent in pilot areas such as Kibera, where informal settlements struggle with equitable distribution.
Urban landscapes are also evolving In Cape Town, Dar es Salaam and Accra, city planners and developers are adopting sleek, space-efficient systems Rooftop catchment units equipped with digital overflow sensors and underground tanks are becoming the norm. Although installation costs can range as high as from USD2,000 to USD7,000, studies show that users typically recover these expenses within three to five years through lower water bills and fewer interruptions in municipal supply
Meanwhile, on Africa’s farms, smart harvesting is quietly revolutionising productivity. In Kenya’s arid regions like Turkana and Kitui, farmers are integrating smart tracking devices with traditional ponds to better manage irrigation According to CGIAR, these tech-assisted setups are boosting crop yields by 15-25 percent, a lifeline in drought-prone areas
Namibia offers a particularly compelling case study. Research by Woltersdorf, Liehr and Döll (2015) examined rainwater harvesting systems for smallholder horticulture and found that combining rooftop collection with microcatchments and lined storage ponds significantly improved soil moisture by up to 30 percent Implemented through the CuveWaters project, these innovations allowed Namibian families to grow vegetables yearround, enhancing food security even in semi-arid conditions Designs included mulched garden beds to reduce evaporation and gravity-fed irrigation to minimise labour
However, smart harvesting isn’t limited to farms. In Somalia, rainwater tanks in IDP camps are now equipped with digital sensors that send alerts when maintenance is required, or when the water levels drop too low These SMS-based systems cost under USD500 and are proving critical in regions where every water drop counts
Then there are sand dams, brilliantly simple structures that store water underground. Built across seasonal rivers, these reinforced concrete walls cost 3 to 100 times less than traditional reservoirs Sand dams can last over 50 years and provide a reliable supply to more than 1,000 people per site It’s low-cost engineering with long-term impact
Africa isn’t just catching rain, it’s capturing a smarter, more resilient future.
Although most rainwater harvesting innovations involve high-tech tools, it’s important to note that innovation doesn’t always mean digital. In Zimbabwe, traditional practices like basin tillage and tied ridges have boosted grain yields by 50-200 percent since the 2007-2008 season Yet uptake waned when NGO support faded The solution? Blend the old with the new, integrating solar pumps, automated valves and digital moisture sensors to reduce labour and keep systems running sustainably.
From small-scale interventions to continent-wide initiatives, momentum is building UNDP’s Climate Resilient Livelihoods programme in southern Zimbabwe, CGIAR’s smart agriculture efforts and the AU-backed TerrAfrica initiative, all investing in sustainable land management, are helping communities scale innovation and adapt to climate change.
Looking ahead, Africa’s future in water security lies in hybrid systems, melding ancestral know-how with
modern tech Whether it’s micro-basins with solar filtration or sand dams linked to digital dashboards, the combination is proving potent Not only are farmers boosting yields, but schools, hospitals and urban householdsareachievingwaterindependence
With water demand expected to rise by up to 50 percent acrossthecontinentby2030,themessageisclear:
Africa isn’t just catching rain, it’s capturing a smarter, moreresilientfuture
Whether on a hospital rooftop in Kigali, a vegetable patch in northern Namibia, or a schoolyard in Maputo, these systems are no longer optional; they are essential. Moreover, they prove one thing beyond doubt: the future ofwaterinAfricaisbright,bold,andbrilliantlysmart!
https://www indiawaterportal org/groundwater/rainwaterharvesting/how-create-farm-pond-waterstorage#: :text=Greater%20depth%20of%20the%20pond%20and% 20less,3%20meters%20deep%20is%20an%20ideal%20size Pulido, M , Alfonso-Torreño, A , Barrena-González, J , RobinaRamírez, R , & Abdennour, M A (2020) Identifying Problems in Watering Ponds with Different Purposes Environments, 7(9), 63 https://medium com/mark-and-focus/innovative-rainwaterharvesting-smart-technologies-and-sustainable-solutions-forurban-resilience-8ed0df02ee78
https://www arad co il/blog/smart-watermeters/#: :text=The%20development%20of%20a%20smart%20met er%20is,innovations%20for%20conserving%20water%20and%20sa ving%20money
Woltersdorf, L , Liehr, S , & Döll, P (2015) Rainwater Harvesting for Small-Holder Horticulture in Namibia: Design of Garden Variants and Assessment of Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Water, 7(4), 1402-1421 https://doi.org/10.3390/w7041402
Chesterman, Sabrina (2015) Evidence and policy implications of Climate-Smart Agriculture in Kenya 10 13140/RG 2 1 1201 8960 https://inr.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/DEA-RWH-FinalStrategy-19 07 16 pdf
ourism is now the fastest developing sector in Africa and has become an important sector towards contributing to overall development in Courtesy:https://www.holidify.com/pages/online-visa-for-south-africa-6578.html
Tmany countries, both in terms of foreign exchange earnings, employment generation and growth in the region’s gross domestic product (GDP). The industry has shown a record growth rate of 6 percent over the last decade, receiving 4 8 percent of all tourist arrivals globally and accounting for 3 3 percent of international tourism receipts However, unlocking the full potential of tourism in Africa requires addressing barriers to travel, with one of the most critical being visa restrictions.
African countries, in many cases, remain closed off to each other, making travel within the continent difficult for Africans and non-Africans alike Africa is noted as one of the regions in the world with the highest visa
requirements. This situation is even more restricted for Africans traveling within Africa. Visa restrictions are notably pronounced in Northern and Central Africa, as compared to that for Europeans and North Americans This is despite the fact that the number of arrivals to the continent’s destinations and especially intra-African flight has shown the highest growth globally over the years. It is also notable that business visas are often more difficult to obtain than tourist visas. Only five African countries (Seychelles, Mozambique, Rwanda, Comoros and Madagascar) offer visa-free access or visas on arrival to citizens of all African countries
Africa is making significant strides in improving its visa requirements to boost tourism and facilitate easier travel
To combat these difficulties, Africa is making significant strides in improving its visa requirements to boost tourism and facilitate easier travel across the continent. Many countries have adopted more open and flexible visa policies, including expanding visa-on-arrival options, waiving fees for certain nationalities, and introducing electronic visa (e-visa) systems to streamline the application process. According to the Africa Visa Openness Index 2023, a growing number of countries are granting visa-free or simplified access to fellow African nationals, reflecting a broader push toward regional integration and increased mobility These reforms aim to attract more international and intra-African tourists by removing bureaucratic barriers and making travel more convenient, secure, and predictable.
The introduction and growing adoption of e-visa systems promises a steady digital transformation in the continent These digital platforms allow travelers to apply for visas online, reducing the need for physical paperwork and long embassy queues E-visas have the potential to simplify travel procedures, improve border security, and enhance economic prospects across the continent. There are different classes of visas: (transit visas, tourist visas, work visas, etc ) and countries use different procedures to issue them In the past, travellers were almost always required to obtain a visa before travelling to their country of destination. Nowadays, e-visas are reducing the administrative burden associated with travelling abroad. For governments, E-visa systems provide enhanced security through pre-screening and better data collection, allowing for better risk management and border security
The number of African countries to have adopted an evisa system more than doubled between 2016 and 2019, when it rose from 9 to 21 countries. The number rose
again in 2020, to 24 countries. Of these 24 countries that offered e-visas in 2023, 8 are top 20 on the Africa Visa Openness Index. These leading countries are: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, Morocco, Nigeria, Benin, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Egypt, Zambia, Lesotho, Gabon, São Tomé and Principe, Angola and South Africa.
The move toward e-visas is deeply linked to the African Union’s long-term vision for integration, as outlined in Agenda 2063 A major component of this vision is the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), which aims to unite the continent into a single economic zone, as well as The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS ), which has taken a progressive stance on visa openness for decades, formalising it in 1979 with a protocol on the free movement of persons, residence and establishment Free movement of people is essential to this goal As such, visa reform, including the expansion of e-visa systems, is not just a tourism strategy but a a vital pillar of continental development.
E-visas represent a powerful tool in Africa’s journey toward open borders, economic integration and honouring the continental ratification which envisions a united and seamlessly connected Africa Although digital transformation progress is uneven, the momentum is clear. More countries are moving away from tedious paperwork and toward smart, accessible travel solutions. If supported by the right policies, infrastructure, and partnerships, the implementation of e-visas could transform how Africa connects with itself and the world E-visas offer convenience as travellers can apply for their visas from anywhere with internet access, avoiding long waits and physical visits to embassies. Countries that
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have adopted e-visas early, such as Kenya, Rwanda, and Ethiopia, have seen noticeable increases in tourism, business travel, and international events.
As of mid-2025, more than 30 African countries have implemented some form of e-visa, with Rwanda standing out as a continental leader, offering a seamless digital visa experience and championing the African Union epassport. Kenya and Ethiopia follow closely, both having rolled out efficient e-visa platforms that are well-received by international visitors Ghana, Nigeria, Morocco, and South Africa have also launched e-visa systems, though often for select nationalities or traveler categories
Countries such as Namibia, Botswana, and Senegal are actively developing their platforms, signaling broader continental momentum. Still, some states remain reliant on paper-based systems, often due to budgetary limitations, lack of infrastructure, or policy inertia
Case study: Rwanda
Rwanda emerged as a new champion in 2023, following a progressively more liberal visa regime pursued over 8 years In 2016, Rwanda allowed the citizens of nearly 90 percent of African countries to obtain a visa on arrival; with citizens of the remaining countries being able to enter the country without a visa It later abolished visa fees for African citizens, and in 2023, Rwanda dropped visa requirements for the citizens of the entire continent which eased the burden of travel for the citizens of 35 African countries that had until then, still required a visa on arrival
e-visas is not just about technology
Today, Rwanda has the continent’s most liberal migration policy In an attempt to consolidate regional integration and trade as well as boost business and tourism, Rwanda has, as of January 1, 2013, allowed entry-visas for all African citizens arriving at its borders Furthermore, Rwanda offers online visa requests and biometric border management through registration of facial image and finger prints. This has led to a 24 per cent rise in tourism from African countries and has also given effect to the country’s commitment to the African Union’s Protocol on the Free Movement of Persons, Right of Residence and Right of Establishment Rwanda is one of only four countries that have signed and ratified it.
The move toward e-visas is not just about technology, it is deeply tied to Africa’s regional integration goals Shared visa models such as the East African Tourist Visa, jointly used by Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda, demonstrate how regional collaboration can reduce barriers and enhance
mobility The rise of e-visas in Africa signals more than a shift in how travelers apply for entry It also represents a broader transformation in how the continent connects, collaborates, and competes globally With the right investments and partnerships, e-visas could become the foundation of a truly mobile, digitally enabled Africa, where borders become bridges to opportunity rather than barrierstoprogress
But despite these noted potentials, several challenges remain Digital infrastructure gaps persist in many parts of the continent, where internet access is unreliable and technical capacity is lacking. Financial resources are essential and without them, implementation often stalls or remains incomplete. An e-visa depends on access to a computer with a stable internet connection, and the degree to which the visa application platform is mobilefriendly. To truly ease travel, e-visa systems must be fully compatible with prevailing web browsers and platforms, offer secure connections, be reliable, and provide high uptime.
By reducing visa barriers and embracing digital solutions, countries across Africa are making travel more accessible, secure, and efficient, aligning with key continental goals and Rwanda’s progressive visa reforms exemplify the benefits of such innovation, showing how streamlined processes can catalyze tourism, trade, and investment Yet, the journey toward seamless e-visa integration is still unfolding To fully realize the potential of e-visas, African nations must address persistent challenges in digital infrastructure,funding,andpolicyharmonization
Readings:
https://voyagesafriq com/about/tourism-in-africa/ https://www africanleadershipmagazine co uk/tourism-andeconomic-development-in-africa-trends-and-challenges/ https://blogs afdb org/fr/afdb-championing-inclusive-growthacross-africa/post/visa-restrictions-and-economic-consequencesin-africa-11987
Africa continues to witness rapid urbanisation, with projections showing that by 2050, nearly 60 percent of Africa’s population will live in cities.
What is obvious is that this surge, estimated at 600 million additional urban dwellers will place immense pressure on the already strained transport systems, air quality, and urban infrastructure in many Africa countries
As cities around the world race to decarbonise their transport sectors, Africa stands at a crossroads, one that presents a unique opportunity to leapfrog into a more sustainable and a cleaner future. It is therefore crucial for African governments to urgently explore sustainable alternatives, such as electric vehicles (EVs), to mitigate the growing burdens on city infrastructure EVs, particularly in public transport, present not only environmental advantage but also a practical, longterm solution to the continent’s most pressing mobility challenges burdened by imported fuel pricing.
Globally, transportation accounts for over a third of CO₂ emissions from end-use sectors. This is the rationale behind the International Energy Agency (IEA)’s Net Zero Scenario calls for a 25 percent reduction in transport emissions by 2030 To meaningfully contribute to this international goal, Africa requires a bold action plan, with the electrification of public transport emerging as one of the most impactful steps to drive the necessary change.
As of year 2020, approximately 78 percent of urban residents in Africa had access to electricity This relatively high level of electrification provides a foundation for integrating EVs into public transport networks across many African cities
Generally, public transport equipment such as electric buses and minibuses offer a high-capacity, low-emission alternative to diesel-powered fleets Moreover, they help to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) and curb harmful pollutants like nitrogen oxides and particulate matter,
which are linked to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Beyond health benefits, electric buses and minibuses also provides a quieter, more energy-efficient commuting experience that could redefine urban mobility in Africa
African cities can draw lessons from the international counterparts where electric public transport has already gained momentum. Some of the existing EV technology includes the battery electric buses (BEBs), which for instance, can run purely on rechargeable batteries and produce zero emissions during operation
A typical BEB carries a 350-400kWh battery, offering a distance range of up to 350km which is sufficient to cover most of the city routes
Cities like Shenzhen in China have fully electrified their bus fleets, while Paris and Copenhagen hope to do the same by 2025 Like any other technology, BEBs come with its own challenges They require high-capacity charging depots, sufficient grid power, and ample space; competing with land use in crowded cities. Yet, “opportunity charging” which involves quick, highpowered recharges during layovers can be used as an alternative for shorter routes
Another promising option is the Fuel Cell Electric Bus (FCEB) Instead of relying on external charging, FCEB generates electricity on board using the hydrogen fuel cells. This dramatically reduces battery size and weight while allowing for faster refuelling timeframes, comparable to diesel buses Therefore, these buses can run all day and refuel within minutes, making them ideal for high-frequency routes While the hydrogen
production and infrastructure remain limited in Africa, FCEBs are a scalable solution if renewable hydrogen can be produced locally.
Trolleybuses with In-Motion Charging (IMC) also presents yet another innovation These are hybrid between rail and bus which draw power from overhead wires while in moving They offer the flexibility of off-wire service, 24/7 operation, and high energy efficiency. Unlike fixed rail systems, IMC trolleybuses are more flexible and less affected by roadworks or congestion As such, IMC technology thrives in cities that requires high-capacity transport but lacks the capital for light rail While infrastructure investment is required, it’s often faster and cheaper to implement than tram systems
Battery swapping systems, a concept dating back to 1896 is also gaining traction again, particularly in China, where the government appears to be actively supporting the approach As of 2025, market players like NIO have emerged as leaders in the battery-swapping industry, operating over 3,100 stations across China, which accounts for approximately 69 percent of China’s total swapping network. Battery swapping is considered a fast alternative compared to conventional charging For Africa, this innovation is appealing due to its ability to reduce vehicle costs (as batteries are rented, not owned), enabling quicker “refuelling, ” and better battery lifecycle management. However, interoperability remains a challenge, as different vehicles use different battery types. Still, if standardised and supported by policy, battery swapping could become a game-changer for African cities
Across Africa, the electric bus transformation has begun. In Kenya, BasiGo, a Nairobi-based start-up, is said to lead the charge. With over 84 electric buses in operation and 16 planned charging stations across the capital, BasiGo is showing how public-private partnerships can drive e-mobility Their innovative “Pay-As-You-Drive” approach is lowering the cost barrier for many bus operators
Kigali in Rwanda is pushing forward with an ambitious e-bus strategy In partnership with Vivo Energy and the Rwanda Social Security Board, the city will soon deploy over 200 electric buses, supported by a dedicated charging depot Earlier this year [2025], BasiGo has also announced plans to expand into Rwanda, including the rollout of 28 new buses.
In South Africa, Golden Arrow Bus Services (GABS), one of Cape Town’s largest operators, is expecting 120 electric buses into its fleet following a successful pilot The South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) has installed the country’s largest EV charging hub with 30 units, to support this green shift.
Despite these success stories, the challenges remain Most African cities still lack sufficient charging stations or grid capacity to support large-scale EV operations EVs also come with higher upfront costs than diesel buses, slowing mass adoption in the absence of subsidies or innovative financing. Furthermore, mechanics, drivers, and technicians require new training and upskilling to work with EV systems Only a handful of African countries currently have comprehensive e-mobility policies or roadmaps to support local manufacturing and innovation
To have EVs as a staple mode of public transport, Africa needs a truly holistic and sustainable strategy. One that includes collaboration between governments and private sector players to encourage co-investment and financing for costly projects like EV infrastructure development, pilot projects, and local assembly plants Government policy that promotes tax incentives and imports duty exemptions, alongside robust e-mobility regulations can accelerate the uptake by the private sector Investment in key workforce training, especially for drivers, mechanics, and engineers is critical Charging EVs using renewable energy, such as solar or wind, can lower operational costs and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
Notably, encouraging domestic assembly of electric buses and components will also reduce long-term costs, create jobs and support livelihoods.
In summary, the electrification of public transport in Africa is not just a climate solution, it is also a development opportunity Beyond the promise of cleaner air and lower emissions, electric vehicles (EVs) also have the potential to reduce transport costs, create new industries, and build more resilient cities across the continent if implemented effectively However, these benefits can only be fully realised through bold leadership, innovation, and collaboration African governments therefore have a mountain to climb to ensure that this EV future becomes a reality, one that is maximisedacrossallcities
Readings:
https://www iea org/reports/net-zero-by-2050 https://au int/en/pressreleases/20240904/africa-urban-forum-cocreating-solutions-make-cities-habitable-growing https://info ballard com/hubfs/BEBvFCEB%20paper pdf https://portal ct gov/dot/programs/electricbus/commitment? language=en US
https://cms uitp org/wp/wpcontent/uploads/2021/07/Knowledge-Brief-IMC pdf https://changing-transport org/wpcontent/uploads/2022 Overview on Battery Swapping and Bat tery-as-a-Service BaaS in China pdf
In many parts of the world, WhatsApp is just another messaging app. But in Africa, it is an infrastructure Across the continent, WhatsApp
serves as a lifeline, connecting doctors, merchants, educators, and communities in ways that bridge deep infrastructural and economic divides More than a communication tool, it has evolved into a digital utility, enabling commerce, healthcare, education, and even governance in a low-cost, mobile-first environment
Africa’s digital ecosystem is uniquely suited to WhatsApp. With low data consumption, end-to-end encryption, and compatibility with entry-level smartphones, the platform thrives in environments where cost and access remain significant barriers with over 200 million Africans actively use WhatsApp today In Kenya and Nigeria, more than 70 percent of mobile users rely on it as their primary means of communication, evidence of its deep integration into everyday life
The scale of adoption is staggering Nigeria alone reportedly has between 90 to 100 million users, representing roughly 95 percent of its internet users; accounting to 40 to 45 percent of its total population. In South Africa, where internet penetration is 74.5 percent, WhatsApp usage reaches 93 9 percent, an estimated 28 to 29 million people Ghana sees 91 8 percent of internet users on the platform, equating to 20 and 21 million individuals In Ivory Coast, more than 10 million people, over a third of the population, use WhatsApp,
while Cameroon’s urban centre’s account for 8 to 10 million users. Uganda, despite lower smartphone adoption, sees nearly 98 percent WhatsApp penetration among its internet-connected population Even in smaller markets like Namibia, WhatsApp dominates, accounting for 98 percent of the major mobile service, MTC's messaging traffic.
In regions where formal systems are limited or unreliable, WhatsApp acts as an accessible workaround A smartphone and mobile data are all that’s needed to launch a business, deliver a service, or distribute critical information Entrepreneurs therefore can run entire operations without websites, storefronts, or bank accounts.
This functionality has spurred remarkable innovation In Senegal and surrounding areas, an AI-powered health chatbot delivers medical advice in Wolof to over 150,000 users, and a physical clinic is not needed Vaccine distribution is coordinated via WhatsApp groups, raising immunization rates by up to 25 percent. In South Africa, the data startup Yazi conducts market surveys entirely through WhatsApp, achieving response rates of over 60 percent with messages, photos, and voice notes
WhatsApp is now deeply embedded in Africa’s informal economy, which accounts for more than 85 percent of employment in sub-Saharan Africa, according to the International Labour Organization Micro-entrepreneurs, from street vendors and hairdressers to taxi drivers and
tailors, use the platform to manage orders, market their products, and communicate with clients
In Lagos, food vendors coordinate deliveries via WhatsApp and bike couriers. In rural Kenya, Maasai artisans bypass middlemen by selling directly to global buyers. Township resellers in South Africa post daily stock updates to customer groups Ghanaian cosmetic sellers finalize transactions using mobile money and WhatsApp Stories These lean models, built on minimal infrastructure, collectively generate billions in economic value.
More than 70 million micro and small enterprises operate across Africa, with over 60 percent depending on mobile messaging apps, primarily WhatsApp, for business operations Many reports highlighted time savings of at least 4 to 6 hours per week through streamlined coordination. Some achieve revenue growth estimated at 30 percent through better customer engagement.
Beyond the informal economy, WhatsApp is also reshaping high-end commerce Nigerian fashion house Torlowei and designer Kenneth Ize use the platform for personalized fittings, exclusive access, and secure transactions. This bypasses traditional e-commerce frameworks, turning a chat thread into a luxury storefront
Africa’s mobile-first culture enhances WhatsApp’s appeal Many users skip desktop computing entirely The platform’s simplicity, image sharing, voice notes, and personalised messaging build trust in a region where digital literacy varies widely. WhatsApp serves as a scalable, user-friendly infrastructure with minimal technical barriers
Yet challenges remain Businesses on WhatsApp are not easily discoverable, relying heavily on word-of-mouth. The app lacks built-in tools for payments, delivery, or performance analytics Without verified profiles, scammers can easily impersonate vendors Losing a phone or being banned can mean losing an entire customer base and transaction history
Suggested reforms include a searchable business directory, verification badges, and cloud-based backups Governments and NGOs could help strengthen this ecosystem through digital training and microenterprise support programs
WhatsApp’s defining privacy feature, end-to-end encryption, enables secure communication between sender and receiver, shielding users from surveillance. In politically sensitive regions like Zimbabwe and Sudan, journalists, activists, and health workers rely on
encrypted group chats to share vital information without fear of reprisal Victims of gender-based violence use the apptoseekhelpanonymouslyandsafely.
But this same encryption also enables abuse. In 2023, Nigerian authorities flagged WhatsApp as a vehicle for voter manipulation and online fraud. The platform’s closed nature allows misinformation and hates speech to proliferate rapidly. As African nations grapple with digital rights and online safety, policymakers face the challenge of safeguarding privacy while deterring criminal activity. Proposals range from encrypted traceability tools to publicawarenesscampaignsondigitalrisks
Ultimately, WhatsApp in Africa is not just an app; it is infrastructure, economy, and innovation rolled into one Its trajectory is deeply intertwined with the continent’s mobile future Whether enabling market access, delivering healthcare, or advancing civic discourse, the platformhasembeddeditselfintoAfrica’seconomicDNA
As Africa continues to leapfrog traditional development pathways, WhatsApp exemplifies how digital platforms can be adapted, not just adopted, to meet local realities It empowers, protects, and, at times, disrupts But above all, it shows how innovation thrives when necessity and ingenuitymeet.
Ojedeji, Solomon (2024) Benefits and Drawbacks of WhatsApp Utilisation as a Learning Support Tool in Adult Literacy Programmes in Nigeria 11 435-448 www askyazi com/useful-data-sources-for-africa/WhatsAppusage-across-africa-key-statistics-insights-for-2025 https://it-online co za/ https://neweralive na/letter-namibia-youth-and-social-media-adouble-edged-sword/ https://www telecompaper com/news/WhatsApp-dominatesmessaging-traffic-in-namibia--1303551
Gridlines to Growth: Navigating Energy, Data & Development
Interview with Michelle Handura-Tjiteere
contributed by: presented by:
In this episode, we meet Michelle Handura-Tjiteere ,a Renewable Energy and Specifications Engineer Michelle Handura-Tjiteeresharesherstoryofhowshegotstartedin
the energy industry, detailing her initial challenges and offering invaluableadvicetofellowyoungprofessionalsseekingtheirpath inthisdynamicindustry.
Tell us about your journey in the energy industry.
AftercompletingmyBachelor'sdegreein2015,Ibeganmycareer as a Graduate Electronics Engineer at Telecom Namibia, where I spent nearly two years working on core network design, Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) equipment configuration, network implementation, and troubleshooting. This experience provided me with a solid foundation in telecommunications infrastructureandoperations.
In2018,Itransitionedintoelectricalengineeringconsultancywith DEKA Consulting Engineers, focusing on electrification design projects During this period, I developed a strong passion for renewable energy and actively researched the utilisation of technologies such as wind and solar PV as alternatives to grid extension for rural electrification My work at DEKA centred on renewable energy feasibility studies, policy reviews, and energy management,withaparticularemphasisonincorporatingbattery storage solutions to address the intermittency challenges posed bysolarphotovoltaicsystems
In2019,IcommencedaMaster’sprograminElectricalEngineering with a specialisation in Smart Grid Technologies, focusing on renewableenergy Thisprogramofferedabalancedintegrationof theoretical concepts and practical applications, particularly in areas such as renewable energy technologies, finance, advanced photovoltaics, battery storage, and smart grid applications. Overall, the Master's program equipped me with a robust foundation in both the technical and financial aspects of renewableenergyprojects,preparingmetocontributeeffectively totheadvancementofsustainableenergysolutions.
Whileworkingonmyresearchprojectin2019,Isecuredaposition as a Data Analyst Intern at Energy Partners in Cape Town, a prominent South African company specialising in developing, operating, and investing in industrial energy solutions that enhance operational performance for commercial and industrial clients Their expertise includes renewable energy projects such as solar power installations, refrigeration systems, steam generation,andintelligentenergymanagement
In early 2020, I returned to Namibia to join Energy Partners NamibiaasaRenewableEnergyAnalystandSupportEngineer,a roleIheldfornearlyfouryears Duringthistime,Iexpandedupon thepracticalexperiencegainedduringmyMaster'sprogram,
focusing on demand-side management through the design of optimalandfinanciallyviablesolarphotovoltaic(PV)systems
In July 2023, I transitioned into the corporate sector by joining Erongo RED as a Renewable Energy and Specifications Engineer Building on my experience and my Master's in Electrical Engineering specializing in Renewable Energy Technology and Financial Modeling I recently enrolled in a part-time Master’s program in Development Finance at Stellenbosch University Business School This new academic journey aims to bridge the gap between engineering and finance, integrating these two powerful fields to unlock the full potential of our growing economy. The goal is to support economic growth and drive meaningful, inclusive, and equitable development on a global scale.
What do you do in your current role at your company?
I focus on the technical design and financial modeling of renewableenergysystemsforErongoRED’scapitalinfrastructure projects IensurethatembeddedgeneratorscomplywithErongo RED'sinternalstandardsaswellastheElectricityControlBoard's EmbeddedGenerationStandards(EGS)framework Additionally,I am responsible for specifying distribution network equipment in accordance with NRS, IEC, and SANS standards to maintain compliancewithElectricitySupplyIndustryregulations Thisrole enablesmetoapplymyexpertiseinrenewableenergytosupport the integration of sustainable solutions within the regional electricitydistributionnetwork
Could you describe your typical day at work?
In my role as a Renewable Energy and Specifications Engineer at ErongoRED,Iamresponsibleforthedesignandmanagementof renewable energy capital infrastructure projects. This includes reviewing and providing feedback on embedded generation (EG) designs to ensure compliance with Erongo RED’s internal standards and the Electricity Control Board’s Embedded Generation Standards (EGS) framework. I am also tasked with specifying and approving distribution network equipment in accordance with NRS, IEC, and SANS standards to ensure regulatorycompliance.
On a daily basis, I engage with various stakeholders, including renewable energy clients and Independent Power Producers (IPPs),todiscusspotentialoff-takeagreementswithErongoRED. Additionally, I contribute to the company’s renewable energy initiativesandotherstrategicprojects,supportingtheintegration ofsustainableenergysolutionsintoourdistributionnetwork
Furthermore, I manage applications for small-scale embedded generation (SSEG) systems, ensuring they meet technical and safety standards prior to integration into the network Through theseresponsibilities,Iactivelycontributetotheadvancementof renewable energy adoption and the development of a more sustainableandresilientenergyinfrastructureinNamibia
What are some of the challenges you have faced in the industry?
In the distribution sector, one of the key challenges I face is keeping up with evolving trends and updating standards to align withconsumer-centricframeworks Thisisessentialformitigating the impacts of embedded generation on both distribution network infrastructure and utility revenue Balancing the integrationofrenewableenergysolutionsforcustomerswiththe sustainability of Erongo RED requires continuous adaptation and strategicplanning
Additionally, as a woman in a traditionally male-dominated industry,Ioftenfinditnecessarytogotheextramiletoestablish credibility This means being exceptionally prepared, knowledgeable, and confident in my work While the energy sector is gradually becoming more inclusive, women remain underrepresented particularly in leadership roles highlighting the importance of resilience and determination in overcoming thesebarriers
What is the most fun thing you love about your work?
I am passionate about solving engineering challenges in renewable energy, particularly those related to embedded generation Myfocusisonbalancingtheurgentneedtomitigate global warming, enhance energy security, and ensure the sustainabilityofErongoRED'soperations.
What are the core hard skills someone in your field should have?
A strong engineering foundation with technical and financial modelingskills
What soft skills should someone in your field have?
Intherenewableenergyfield,it’sessentialtobesociable,curious, and emotionally intelligent. Being teachable and adaptable is crucial for navigating this ever-evolving industry. Embracing the mindset that every situation offers a new lesson fosters continuousgrowthanddrivesinnovation.
What is the best thing about your work?
The best part of my job is contributing to an inclusive energy transition that benefits both utilities and consumers, while ensuringlong-termsustainabilityforallstakeholders.
What would you consider a highlight of your career?
A highlight of my career has been contributing to significant energy cost savings for various municipal utilities, universities, and retailers in Namibia and South Africa. These achievements underscore my commitment to advancing sustainable energy solutionsanddemonstratemyabilitytoapplytechnicalexpertise toreal-worldchallenges.
What
are you passionate about outside
of work?
Outside of my professional endeavors, I am deeply passionate about family, agriculture, and community development. My spouse and I, both avid farming enthusiasts, cherish spending holidaysonourfarmwithourthree-year-oldchild,whosharesour love for nature. Our commitment to agriculture not only strengthensourfamilybondsbutalsocontributestojobcreation, foodsecurity,andtheimprovementofouremployees'livelihoods, therebysupportingbroadereconomicdevelopment.
In addition to my personal interests, I actively contribute to the academic and energy sectors. I serve as a Program Advisor for Sustainable Energy at the Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST), where I support research and development initiatives aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 13, focusingonclimateaction
How do you think that your work makes a difference in the energy space?
Myworkplaysapivotalroleinadvancingtheenergytransitionby promoting distributed renewable energy systems that directly enhance community well-being and reduce environmental impact.
By focusing on the design and financial modelling of renewable energysystems,Icontributetotheimplementationofdistributed generation solutions. These systems empower communities to generate their own clean energy, resulting in increased energy independence, reduced electricity costs, and improved energy security.
Throughmyeffortstoensurecompliancewithtechnicalstandards and regulatory frameworks, I help facilitate the integration of renewable energy into existing power grids This integration supports a more resilient and sustainable energy infrastructure, aligning with global goals for environmental stewardship and socialequity
Whatadvicedoyouhaveforsomeonenewtothe industry?
Payattentiontodetails,bepresent,andbeconfident Alwaysstay relevant and give your best Develop a multidimensional skill set by combining technical knowledge with financial and policy understandingtomakebroader,moreimpactfulcontributions
Nurturing Nigeria’s Hydrogen Future Through Research and Passion
Interview with Abdurrahman Mijinyawa Aliyu
contributed by:
presented by:
In this chapter, we spotlight Abdurrahman Mijinyawa Aliyu, a dedicated researcher contributing to Nigeria’s emerging hydrogeneconomy ThroughhisworkwiththeFoundationfor
Sustainable Social Responsibility in Emerging Africa (FOSSREA), Abdurrahman supports research efforts and collaborates with sectorexpertstoadvancehydrogendevelopmentinNigeria.
Join us as we learn about Abdurrahman’s background in Chemistry,hisperspectiveonhydrogen’spotentialtosolveglobal challenges, and his hopes for a more inclusive and innovative energyfuture.
Can you describe your current role and responsibilities in the hydrogen sector?
I help with updating and translating scientific processes or reactions related to hydrogen technology. I also support specific hydrogenprojectsalongsideprofessionalsinthefield
What are your activities in the hydrogen space?
As an individual, I assist with research As an organization, we focusondevelopinghydrogentechnologyinNigeria
Can you share a bit about your background and how you first became interested in the hydrogen sector?
I studied Chemistry at Northwest University, Kano, and I'm currently pursuing an MSc in Organic Chemistry at Bayero University, Kano. My professional background includes roles as a Marketing Manager and Researcher at a plastic waste management company, and as a teacher in secondary schools. I now serve as a Research Assistant at FOSSREA. I’m drawn to hydrogen because it’s an emerging field that tackles global challenges andI’mexcitedtogrowwithit.
What challenges have you encountered in the industry?
The hydrogen industry in Africa is still emerging There’s limited access to proper technology, and the lack of policy-driven educationalsupportcreatesobstacles Earlyinmycareer,Ifaced challengeswithtechnicalskillsandaccesstoqualitytraining
What aspect of your work do you find most enjoyable?
Collaborative problem-solving Bringing together diverse perspectives sparks creativity and often leads to the best solutions
How have you seen the hydrogen industry evolve since you started your career in this space?
Are there any recent trends or developments in the hydrogen sector that particularly excite you?
Yes! Improvements in hydrogen storage and the use of hydrogen in heavy-duty vehicles are exciting I’m particularly intrigued by thediscoveryofanaturalhydrogenreservoirinMali Also,herein Nigeria, we’re making progress with a hydrogen policy plan and recently hosted the country’s first international hydrogen conference amajormilestone
What are your passions outside of work?
Even outside of work, I enjoy learning more about science and technology.Continuousknowledge-buildingismypassion.
Are there specific skills or knowledge areas you've found particularly beneficial for a career in this space?
Hydrogentechnologyismultidisciplinary.Engineers,chemists,IT professionals, safety experts everyone has a role. The early stages require infrastructure and collaboration across fields, includingarchitectureandconstruction.
What qualities do you believe are important to succeed in this field?
advice do you have for young professionals or students aspiring to enter the hydrogen sector?
Focus on your current activities and keep up with the latest hydrogennews.Moreimportantly,deepenyourunderstandingof the science and technology behind hydrogen production and utilization.
Ifyouenjoyedreadingthis,besuretofollow Africa Hydrogen Hub (AHH) formoreinspiringstoriesandinsightsintoAfrica's hydrogenindustry.Staytunedforournextchapter!
TENDERS
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Bid Closing date: 12 August 2025 10h00
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