Material and Construction

Lecturer:Dr.YuliantoPurwonoPrihatmaji,S.T.,M.T Ast.Lecturer:HannaZahratulAfifah RaisaMarantaSaika

Fig1.1FrontViewofJogloSayCafe

Source:Author,2021

JogloSayCafe

Fig1.2AerialViewofJogloSayCafe

Source:Googlepic,2021

is one of the cafes in Batang City that have a Joglo house concept. This photo shows the main building of this cafe. On the left there is a room for the kitchen and on the right is the warehouse. Alsotherearewaitressbarandcashier.

Location:PemudaStreet,Pasekaran,Batang,CentralJava

Function:Cafe

Material:Wood Buildingarea:±105m²

Pictureoftheinsideofthebuildingandtheroof

Source:Author,2021

Pictureoftheinsideofbuilding

Source:Author,2021

DatumandPlatform

Datum

Datumisaline,area,orvolumethathas ability to collect, measure, and adjust shapes and spatial patterns. Basically, a datum is a form of connecting or anchoringalldesignelements.

Inconstructionprojects,thedatumlevel is a horizontal plane that can represent the vertical height difference between the floor levels of a building and the level difference between one part and another.

Platform

Platform from the word ‘flatform’. This wordreferstoaraisedsurface.

Therearefivemainfoundationtypes

1.BasementFoundation

A whole basement foundation starts off evolved withapitthisisattheleast8ftdeeptodealwitha subterranean dwelling area with a ground vicinity that fits maximum or all the floor stage of the home. Lay the load-bearing basis wall over the concrete basis across the basement perimeter. These helps need to be positioned at least 12 inches underneath formerly undisturbed soil and the frost line. Then the beams are poured, the inspiration partitions are erected and the cement slabsarepouredinthepartitions.

Theadvantageofabasementfoundation

● Theadditionallivingspaceitcanprovide

● It’s durable and resistant to fire and extreme weatherconditions

2.CrawlspaceStemWalls

Fig2.1TypeofDatum

Source:Slideserve,2009

Fig2.2Platform

Source:EfluxArchitecture,2019

The most important thing when make a building is the foundation.A foundation is the part of a structural system that supports and anchors the superctructure of a building and transmits loads directly to the ground. The foundation floor must be below the freezing line to avoid damage from repeated freezeandthawcycles.

Thedisadvantageofbasementfoundation

● Themostexpensivetypesoffoundations

● Itdoesnthaveaccessto naturallight

Fig2.4CrawlspaceFoundationSection

Source:MTCopeland,2020

They form a space that sounds exactly like the name. It can crawl into the slightly raised space under the house, often providing ample space for storage,stovesandotherequipment.

Theadvantageofcrawlspacefoundation

● It raises the foundation of the house to protectthefoundationofthehouse

● The walls are protected from flooding and otherenvironmentalhazards.

● It provides easy access to plumbing, wiring andothermechanicalsystems.

● A cheaper option than digging a full-fledged basement.

Thedisadvantageofcrawlspacefoundation

● Moistureispronetomoldandmildew

Fig2.3BasementFoundation

Source:MTCopeland,2020

● Requires maintenance. Homeowners should check basement walls for cracks, check for leaks around plumbing components, and install vapor barriers to store. them. It will dryout.

3.ConcreteSlabFoundations

A slab foundation, also called a monolithic or monolithic foundation, is a flat slab of concrete laid in the ground and poured in onepiece.

Theadvantageofthisfoundation

● Itischeaperandfastertobuild.

● It doesn't have space to crawl, so homeowners don't have to worry aboutmaintaining

● Concrete slab foundation wont have weak points that could crumble over time.

Thedisadvantage

● Theycanmoveincoldclimates

● Drainsareinstalledbefore concreteis poured. If there is a problem with the sewer or plumbing, a slab must be cut toaccessthepipe.

4.WoodFoundations

Builders will use preserved wood that is corrosion-resistant and easy to install. A wooden foundation is faster and cheaper to install because it does not require concrete pouringortime-consumingmasonrywork.

Certain types of wood, such as cypress, mahogany, and cedar, are resistant to insects and mold, but are expensive, so the wood industry has developed methods of treating other woods to impart similar properties. However, wood foundation does not last as long as concrete foundations and it can only beusedoncompletelydrysoils.

5.PierandBeamFoundations

The best way to secure a house on soil that is constantly moving, flooding, or eroding in coastal areasistobuildapierandbeamfoundations.They canoftenbefoundinareaspronetohurricanesor severe flooding. They need to keep the house and protect it from moisture, so serious planning is required.

Creating the foundations for pier and beams requires a civil engineer on board to oversee the project. This is because civil engineers need to perform soil analysis to make sure the building structuresareintherightconditions.

6.RiverstoneFoundations

Riverstone foundations are a type of shallow foundation found in low-traffic buildings such as houses. A riverstone foundation consists of a collectionof natural stones ofvarious shapes and is mixed with binders such as cement and concrete to make them stronger and more durable.

During installation as a foundation, riverstones donotchangeshapeorsize.Duetothestrongand durable properties of riverstones, the building withstands various weather conditions well. Therefore,ariverstone

Theadvantages

● Simpleconstruction

● Convenientinstallation

● Efficiencyofworkingtime

● Inexpensiveandeasytofind

Thedisadvantages

● Easily cracked due to natural phenomena, and very low water resistance, not suitable for softsoilandmulti-storybuildings

Fig2.6PierandBeamFoundation

Source:A1Engineering,2020

Fig2.5Wood Foundation

Source:123RF,2021

Fig2.4ConcreteSlabFoundation

Source:Probuilder,2021

Fig2.7RiverstoneFoundation

Source:Astudioarchitect,2011

Whenwediscussaboutdatumandplatforms, it’s not far from discussing about the floor. A floor is the lower horizontal surface of a building space, including a trim installed as partofapermanentstructure.

Pros

● Increasethevalueofyourhome

● Canbepolishedmanytimes

● Variousoptionsavailable

● Stronganddurable

Thereareverydifferentvariantsofflooring

Hardwoodflooring

Cons

● Highvalue Scratching,scraping,anddentsmay occurin areasofhighmovement. Susceptibletomoisturedamage Notsuitableforbathrooms,laundry roomsandbasements.

Engineeredwoodflooring

Fig

It is made from a single piece of milled wood and is made entirely of solid wood. Popular hardwoods include maple, oak, walnut, or cherry. It is a desirable flooring option for many homebuyers by its versatility and quality.

Engineered wood flooring looks like natural wood and it has lower price than solid wood. Thefloorconsistsofathinlayerofhardwood glued to high-quality plywood. It is as durable as hard parquet and can last for a long time with proper care. Engineered hardwoodfloorsareagoodchoiceforDIYers who want to save on installation costs. the cost required to installed is $4 to $9 per squarefoot.

However, it's one of the costly floors substances available in the marketplace and calls for ordinary maintenance, such as re-coating it each 3-five years to maintain it lookinggreat.thecostrequiredtoinstalledis $5to$10persquarefoot.

Pros

● Doityourself(DIY)friendly

● Hasanaturalhardwoodtoplayer

● Better moisture and waterproof than realwood

● Lesslikelytowarp

● Variousinstallationmethods

Cons

● Cannotberepairedmorethanonce

● Doesnotfade

● Itcansoundhollowunderthefeet.

● VOCemissions

Laminate Laminate floor is an affordable flooring optionforhomeowners.Thefloorconsistsofa wooden chipboard base covered with wood or photo tiles under a transparent plastic protective layer. These floors are very comfortable to use and the laminate offers a varietyoftexturesandcoloroptions.Thecost required to installed is $3 to $7 per square foot.

Pros

● Cheaperthanwood.

● Easytoclean

● Scratchresistant

● Doityourself(DIY)friendly

● Variousstylesandcolorsavailable Cons

● Susceptibletomoisturedamage

● Chipseasily

● Doesn'tlookandfeellikewood

● Thereisadullsoundunderthefeet

Vinylflooring

Vinyl flooring is waterproof and will not be damaged even if water remains on the surfaceforalongtime.Itmadeofplasticand available in board, tile or sheet form. LVP (Luxury Vinyl Board) and LVT (Luxury Vinyl Tile) are two types that are gaining popularity recently due to their durability and various styles. The average installation cost depends on the shape. Average ranges from $1.50 per square foot (vinyl sheet) to over$6persquarefoot(LVPandLVT).

MATERIALANDCONSTRUCTION

Pros

● Perfect for kitchens, bathrooms, laundryroomsandbasements.

● Longlasting

● Waterproof and discoloration resistant

● Doityourself(DIY)friendly

● Variousdesignoptionsavailable

● Easymaintenance

Cons

● LVPandLVTaremoreexpensivethan laminate.

● LowerROIthanwood

Tileflooring

It is a popular choice in humid areas such as bathrooms and kitchens. Ceramic or porcelain stoneware are the most commonly used for tile flooring. Tiles are waterproof, durable and available in a variety of styles andcolors.

The cost of installation depends on the material. For example, glazed porcelain is cheaper than porcelain stoneware. It cost $2.50persquarefootforceramictilesand$3 to$10forporcelaintiles.

StoneFlooring

Fig2.12TileFlooring

Source:ConstructionWiki,2021

Pros

● Waterproof

● Durable

● Long-lasting

Cons

● Expensive

● Difficulttoinstall

● Coldandslippery

Fig2.13StoneFlooring

Source:ConstructionWiki,2021

Stone floor use natural stones such as granite,marble,travertineandsandstonefor indoor or outdoor spaces. The finish of the stone determines the amount of care required to maintain the floor. However, stone provides a natural beauty and quality unmatched by most flooring materials. the cost required to installed is $5 to $10 per squarefoot.

Pros

● Boldandelegant

● Long-lasting

● Waterproof Cons

● Expensive

● Difficulttoinstall

● Many preparatory work must be done beforeinstallation.

● Coldandslippery

● Difficulttomaintain

LinoleumFlooring

Linoleum is a durable and environmentally friendly option for linseed oil and cork flooring.Linoleumfloorsareinexpensiveand easy to install. Floors are available in sheet form in a variety of colors and styles. Made from stretchy material and with proper care, it can last for decades. The cost required to installedis$4-8persquarefoot.

CarpetFlooring

Carpets are homeowners favourite floors, specifically in bedrooms. Available in a number of colors, substances and textures. Carpet era has advanced over time and contemporary-dayrugsarestainresistant.It is likewise the maximum low in cost floors alternative at the market. Carpet set up charges range substantially relying at the form of fabric and thickness of the carpet.The rangescostfrom$2.50to$10per squarefoot.

Pros

● Softandwarmtothefeet

● Visuallywarmthespace

Fig2.14LinoleumFlooring

Source:ConstructionWiki,2021

Pros

● Cheap

● Ecofriendly

● Doityourself(DIY)friendly

● Available in a variety of colors and patterns

● Almostnomaintenance Cons

● Doesnotaddvaluetoyourhome

● Easytowrinkleorcut

● May darken or yellow when exposed to sunlight

● Notsuitableforwetareas.

● Various colors, materials and designs available

● Excellentforsoundinsulation

● Therearestainresistantvarieties Cons

● Difficulttoclean

● Canstain

● Showsthewearpattern

● Notsuitableforpeoplewithallergies.

MATERIALANDCONSTRUCTION

Fig2.15CarpetFlooring

Source:ConstructionWiki,2021

JogloSay’sDatumandPlatform

FoundationPlan(scale1:50)

FoundationandFloorDetail(scale1:10)

JogloSayCafeuseriverstonefoundationbecausethisbuildingonlyconsistsoneflooranditdoesn’t haveextremeloads. Alsobecausethelandisnotfromsoftsoilsoriverstoneisthebestchoice.

For the flooring it used ceramics floor which is waterproof, durable, and long-lasting. But The disadvantagesofceramicsfloorisexpensive,hardtoinstall,andslippery

FloorPlan(scale1:50)

FloorPatternPlan(scale1:50)

FloorPlanwithOpening (scale1:50)

Vertical Structural Component

03VerticalStructuralComponent

VerticalStructure

Vertical structure is a vertical plane of a building structure that creates the height of the interior space and can support the weightoftheroofelementsandroof.Itcan also protect buildings from horizontal windsandearthquakes.

Therearesomeverticalstructure

1. Bearingwall

2. Shearwall

3. Frame

BearingWall

ShearWall

Fig3.1BearingWall

Source:CBS,2020

A type of system in which walls are used to transfer vertical and lateral loads from a structure to a foundation. Materials availableforthistypearewood,concreteand brick.

Fig3.2ShearWall

Source:Pengadaan,2020

Structural elements of multi-story or high-rise buildings or general buildings in areas with strong winds. The materials used in the construction of shear walls are steel andreinforcedconcrete.Althoughitcanalso bemadeofplywoodorbrick.

Advantage : Provides greater strength and stiffnessinthedirectionaldirection,reduces lateral vibrations and effectively minimizes damagecausedbyearthquakes

Disadvantage : Complex design, weak appearance and requires high torque connections.

Advantages:payload,architecturalappealandcomfortablespace.

Disadvantages:Itisimpossibletocreatelargeopenspaceswithseveral largeholesinarow.

Frame

It is a structural component that is made stably by aframethatcanresistdeformationbybeingableto stand on its own as a solid structure without being constrained by a floor or wall. Materials such as wood, steel and reinforced concrete that have both tensile and compressive strength are the best structuralelements.

Fig3.4BracedvsUnbravedFrame

Source:Gharpedia,2019

BeamBracing

Beam bracing are vertical building components on the roof and each floor or horizontal plane to provide a load path for transmitting horizontal forcesintheplaneoftheverticalbracing

Fig3.3FrameStructure

Source:Gharpedia,2019

ColumnBracing

Column bracing provides a load path to transfer horizontal forces to the ground. For framed buildings,atleastthreecolumnplanesintwoplane directions must be fixed and torsion-free about a verticalaxis.

Fig3.5TypeofBeamBracing

Source:Civilwale,2020

JogloSay’sVerticalStructuralComponent

SectionAA’(scale1:50)

SectionBB’(scale1:50)

JoineryDetail(scale1:10)

SectionCC’(scale1:50)

Roof truss bengkirai bricks

Teak wood

MATERIALANDCONSTRUCTION

Vertical Architectural Component

04VerticalArchitecturalComponent

Wall

Wall is a vertical plane dividing the building space into rooms that can protect and support the topsofbuildings.Thereareseveralmaterialscommonlyusedforwalls.

Wood

Fig4.1WoodWall

Source:Lowes,2020

Advantage : Wood is very stylish and can provide warmth and sound insulation to your home. It also hides potholes and cracks in the house. The material is easy to modify andenvironmentallyfriendly.

Disadvantage : Requires proper care, is not waterproofandwillnotrot.

Bricks

Fig4.2BricksWall

Source:Gharpediai,2021

Advantage:Brickhelpskeepyourhomecool in hotweatherandisadurablematerialthat willlast alifetime..

Disadvantage : Takes a long time to build and cannot be used in seismic areas. The tensilestrengthisverylow.

Fig4.3ConcreteWall

Source:Archify,2021

Concrete duetotheirlowtensilestrength.

Stone

Fig4.4StoneWall

Source:ConstructionWiki,2021

Advantage:Stonegivesthebuildinganaturallook. The stone also provides insulation and is suitable for extreme weather conditions. It is easy to clean asitdoesnotgetdirtypermanently.

Disadvantage : Natural stone is expensive to install andrepair.

Glass

Fig4.5GlassWall

Source:Unsplash,2021

Advantage:Glasscanmakearoomappearbrighter and larger.Italsogivesaluxuriousfeel.

Disadvantage It is quite expensive and requires a lotofmaintenancecomparedtoothermaterials.

JogloSay’sVerticalArchitecturalComponent

The walls of Joglo Say Cafe are made of Bengkirai wood and red bricks. Bengkirai wood are very resistant to a variety of weather conditions,aswellasmoldandtermites.Naturally,somepeopleuse treatedbengiraiwoodontheexterioroftheirhomes.Redbrickhelps keepyourhomecoolin hotweatherandisadurablematerialthat will last a lifetime.

Elevation(scale1:50)

Elevation(scale1:50)

Elevation(scale1:50)

Elevation(scale1:50)

Door

The function of the door is to connect the interior and exterior of the room. There are somanytypesofdoor,someexample

Sliding

Door

Doors can be fully opened and this type of doorrequiresahorizontalframeortrack.

RollingDoor

The door can be opened by rolling. If the door leaf is wound on the tool, the door can befullyopened.

Window

The function of a window is to circulate air, provide natural light, and observe the environment or landscape outside. Windows are usually divided according to the type of opening.

DoubleHangingWindow with shutters that open vertically or horizontally.Thissheetisplacedonthefront of the frame or on the rail tool. Windows can only beopenedupto50%

Doublewing(hingeontheframe)

Fig5.3RollingDoor

Source:SitusBangunan,2021

SingleorDoubleWingDoor

The door leaf is hung on hinges from inside or outside the frame. The door is separated leftandright,sothedoorpartcanbeopened completely.

Fig5.1SlidingDoor

Source:Archify,2019

FoldedDoor

Doorsopenonly90%ofthetime.

WingWindow shutters suspended from upper or lower thresholds or posts. The shutters are hinged on the front or rear so the windows can be fullyopened.

Singlewing(hingeonthedownandup)

Doublewing(hingeonthedown,up)

Fig5.2FoldedDoor

Source:Archify,2019

Fig5.4SingleandDoubleWingDoor

Source:MinimalisMewah,2019

MATERIALANDCONSTRUCTION

Framefordoorandwindowusuallymadefromwood or steel. It usually 6cm x 12 cm, 8cm x 12cm, 10cm x 12cm.

Thedoorsize Height 2m-2.1m Width(single):0.7m-0.9m Width(double)0.6m-0.8m(foreachwing)

Thewindowsize Height 0.8m-1.7m Width:0.6m-0.8m

Spawning(fordoorhinges) size1cm. Ears(reinforcethejampositiononthewall)10-15cm Nate or umpak (concrete material) to keep water out oftheframeandreinforcethepositionoftheframe.

JogloSay’sOpening

DoorDetail(scale1:20)

WindowDetail(scale1:20)

Doublewingdoor

Doublewingwindowwith hingeontheframe

Shade

Roof

Roofisatopviewofabuildingthatcontains all the materials and structures needed to support thebuildingonitswallsorcolumns that protect it from rain, snow, sunlight, temperatureextremes,andwind

Thereareseveraltypesofroofstructure

PitchedRoof

it's a roof that usually consists of two parts angled from the central ridge, but sometimes it consists of one part from one edgetotheother.

Disadvantage:

● A pitched roof places more stress on the building foundation and requires greaterfoundationdepth.

● This is not possible in multi-storey buildings or buildings with a complex layout.

● More expensive to install and maintain.

FlatRoof

it's a rolling roof. It usually consists of two parts angled from the central ridge, but sometimes it consists of one part from one edgetotheother.

Disadvantage:

● Aflatroofisnotstylish

● Flat roof buildings have less space for insulationandaresusceptibletorapid temperaturechanges.

● Lessstability

● Flat roofs do not drain as easily as pitched roofs, so additional mechanisms must be installed to ensureproperdrainage.

Fig6.4QueenPostTruss Source:Roofingcalculator,2020

QueenPostTruss

Wingspan:8-12meters

Usage for residential construction and home extensions

FinkTruss Wingspan:59meters

Fig6.5FinkTruss Source:Roofingcalculator,2020

RoofTruss

Basically, a roof truss makes the roof frame and define the shape of the roof and ceiling. Roof trussesaremorepopularthanraftersbecausethey arecheaperand distributetheweightoftheroofto the exterior walls of the house rather than the interior walls. There are countless truss structures available to create roof frames for almost any roof style..

Fig6.6AtticTruss Source:Roofingcalculator,2020

Usage for construction of residentialbuildings. AtticTruss Wingspan:upto25meters It is used in the construction of residential buildings that require additional living space in theatticorattic.

Fig

Source:

Advantage:

● Safefromharmtotheenvironment

● Thermal efficiency through natural ventilation under the roof of the top floor

● Versatile, can be converted into ample additional living space inside the house.

Advantage:

● The material is inexpensive because it does not have to be particularly attractive.

● Fasterinstallation

● Increasedusableoutdoorspace

● Serviceability

KingPostTruss

Usage for home expansion, garage construction, short-termprojects. Wingspan:5-8meters

Fig6.7ScissorsTruss Source:Roofingcalculator,2020

ScissorsTruss Wingspan:upto22meters Applied in the construction of residential buildings where vaulted ceilingsarerequired.

GableTruss Wingspan : Dependent on roofstructure

Fig6.8GableTruss Source:Roofingcalculator,2020

JogloSay’sStructuralShade

Roofplaninthefloorplan(scale1:50)

Joineryontheroof(scale1:10)

ClayTile

Typesofroofmaterials

Asphaltcompositeshingles

WoodRoofing

Fig

7.1

AsphaltCompositeShingles

Source:Eclatroofing,2018

Madefromfiberglasscoatedwithasphalt andmineralgrains,itisthemostpopular roofingmaterialinNorthAmerica.

MetalRoofing

Fig7.3WoodRoofing

Source:TheSpruce,2021

Very attractive but very expensive and limited.Theydonothaveaparticularlylong lifespan and are not recommended in areas with high humidity or where there is a risk of wildfire. However, it is one of the most attractive of all roofing materials, making it apopularchoiceforluxuryhomes.

Fig7.4ClayTileRoof

Source:Creaton,2021

Theyaremadeofclay,driedorentangledwitheach other and fired to increase hardness. Often unglazed, with a characteristic reddish-orange color, ceramic tiles can be made by glazing and firing. Suitable for hot climates or salty air. Tile is an expensive roofing material, but it is a very durable roofing material that can last for more thanacentury.

ConcreteTile

Fig7.2AsphaltCompositeShingles

Source:RoofingContractor,2020

It is very durable and can be completely recycled when finally worn out. However, installation requires special skills.

Fig7.5ConcreteTile

Source:Firstclassroofing,2020

An alternative to clay tiles with similar installation techniques and similar benefits. Concrete shingles are a very heavy roofing material, making them a good choice in areas with strong winds. It costs about a third less than clay tiles and can last for morethan50years.

JogloSay’sArchitecturalShade

JogloSay'sCafeusesanasbestosorconcreteroofoveracementandfiber roof. Asbestos is a very good thermal insulator and has high fire resistance.

RoofDetail(scale1:50)

Joglo Say’s Architectural Model

Form a 3.5 cm trapezoidal shape with the prepared foundation cardboard, fill it with cement mixed with water, plug the 20 cm pieces of wood prepared for the column, and dry until the cementdries.

Preparetheclayandshapeitintoabrickwall.

4

Measure 1 x 1 cm wooden frame again, cut to lengths of 5 cm (for roof joineryy), 35 cm and 75 cm (forbeams),thennailonefoundationtotheotheraccordingtothefoundationplan.

7

Applytheclaywalltothemodelandpaintitwithacrylicpaints.Thenmadethewindow anddoorframes,woodenwallparts,andfences

Opentheouterlayerofcardboardtogetatexturesimilar totheasbestosroof andapply ittothemodel.Thenthefinalstepistolaythemosaictilesasthefloor.

After connecting the truss with nails, connect the chopsticks to the truss with nylon cables to makethepurlin.

References

Designingbuildings.co.uk. (2021, November 4). Datum. Access on December 18, 2021, from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Datum

Designingbuildings.co.uk. (2021, August 25). Types of Floor. Access on December 18, 2021, from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Types_of_floor

Forbes.com. (2021, September 29). 8 Types of Flooring To Consider. Access on December 18, 2021 from https://www.forbes.com/advisor/home-improvement/types-of-flooring/

Constructionor.com.ShearWall:Types,Uses,AdvantageandDisadvantage.AccessonDecember18,2021 fromhttps://constructionor.com/shear-wall/

Designbuilding.co.uk (2021, August 10). Braced Frame Structures. Access on December 18, 2021 from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Braced_frame_structures

Mamarani.com. Top 13 Types of Wall Materials. Access on December 19, 2021 from https://www.maramani.com/blogs/home-design-ideas/types-wall-materials

Arsitekturseru.com (2018, May 28) Berbagai Jenis Pintu dan Jendela. Access on December 19, 2021 from https://www.arsitekturseru.com/2018/05/jenis-jenis-pintu-dan-jendela-lengkap.html

Constructionor.com. Pitched Roof: Types, Advantage and Disadvantage. Access on December 19, 2021 fromhttps://constructionor.com/pitched-roof/

Roofingcalculator.com.SixCommonRoofTrusses:Everythingyouneedtoknow.AccessonDecember19, 2021fromhttps://roofingcalculator.com/news/all-about-roof-trusses

Thespruce.com. 12 Roofing Materials to Consider for Your House. Access on December 19, 2021 from https://www.thespruce.com/basic-types-and-cost-of-roofing-materials-1822016

Location:PemudaStreet,Pasekaran,Batang

Thisbuildingisuseriverstonefoundationandfor theflooringitusedceramicsfloor.

JogloSayCafeuseasbestosfortheroof

JogloSayCafehasahalfredbrickswallandhalfabovewoodenwallfrombengkiraiwood. Itusedkingposttrussfortherooftruss.

For the opening, it use double wingdoorandalsodoublewing with the hinge on the frame window.

Roof truss bengkirai bricks

Teak wood