Environmental Biology Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Environmental Biology explores the intricate relationships between living organisms and their surroundings, focusing on the impact of human activities on natural ecosystems. The course examines fundamental ecological concepts, biodiversity, and the processes that sustain life on Earth, such as nutrient cycling and energy flow. Students analyze contemporary environmental issues including climate change, pollution, habitat destruction, and conservation strategies, gaining an understanding of scientific approaches used to study and address these challenges. Through lectures, discussions, and practical case studies, learners develop skills to critically evaluate environmental problems and propose sustainable solutions.
Recommended Textbook
Discover Biology 6th Core Edition by Anu Singh
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25 Chapters
2110 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Nature of Science and the Characteristics of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Using a process called photosynthesis,plants make energy-rich substances by using the energy contained in ________.
Answer: sunlight
Q2) Advantageous genetic features that evolve over time and help an organism survive or reproduce are called ________.
Answer: adaptations
Q3) Modern life often masks the struggles that have characterized human life through much of its history.In the past,human survival was critically dependent on our ability to A) run faster than most human predators.
B) solve complex problems.
C) hear sounds at much lower intensities than other animals.
D) sense a wider range of smells than other animals.
Answer: B
Q4) New cells are created when existing cells divide; immediately after division,every cell of every known living organism will contain DNA.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a role of fatty acids in living organisms?
A) energy storage
B) storage of genetic information
C) membrane construction
D) building blocks of fats
Answer: B
Q2) Ionic bonds
A) result from the sharing of electrons between atoms.
B) form only between polar molecules.
C) form between atoms that develop opposite charges.
D) result from the natural repulsion that develops between protons.
Answer: C
Q3) One of the symptoms of kidney disease is the presence of proteins in a patient's urine.To quickly test for kidney disease using a urine sample,a doctor might add a chemical that causes a color change when
A) nitrogen is present, but not oxygen.
B) nitrogen is present, but not phosphorus.
C) only oxygen and hydrogen are present.
D) only carbon and hydrogen are present.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Internal Compartments
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Q1) At the most basic level of life,organic compounds are organized into energy-dependent,self-replicating units known as ________.
Answer: cells
Q2) Which of the following components contribute to the structure of the cytoskeleton of a cell?
A) microtubules and actin filaments
B) pseudopodia and motor proteins
C) chloroplasts and mitochondria
D) the cell wall and plasma membrane
Answer: A
Q3) Certain cells in the mouth produce large amounts of the enzyme amylase,a component of saliva that hydrolyzes carbohydrate.Which of the following organelles would be expected to be especially abundant in these cells?
A) chloroplasts
B) mitochondria
C) rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) lysosomes
Answer: C
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5
Chapter 4: Cell Membranes, Transport, and Communication
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Q1) You observe a cell in a solution that swells until it bursts.What you have seen is an instance of osmosis in a(n)________ solution.
A) hypertonic
B) isotonic
C) hypotonic
D) exotonic
Q2) Which of the following would directly supply energy to an active carrier protein?
A) starch
B) sugars
C) ATP
D) fatty acids
Q3) After entering its target cell,a hydrophobic hormone binds to its intracellular receptor and then interacts with the cell's DNA,resulting in the production of a specific ________.
Q4) Channel proteins require energy for transporting molecules across the plasma membrane.
A)True
B)False
Page 6
Q5) Water moves across a membrane from a hypotonic solution to a ________ solution.
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Chapter 5: Energy, Metabolism, and Enzymes
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Q1) Imagine a mousetrap with the spring arm set and latched,and with the level of potential energy high.This potential energy was added to the mousetrap
A) when it was first constructed.
B) as kinetic energy when the arm was pulled back and latched.
C) when the latch was released and the arm sprang forward.
D) when the various materials used to construct the mousetrap were selected.
Q2) A spherical rock rests at the top of a steep hill.The rock has________ energy.
A) potential
B) chemical
C) kinetic
D) no
Q3) Which of the following statements about the role of enzymes in chemical reactions is true?
A) An enzyme can be used for many different kinds of chemical reactions.
B) An enzyme is permanently changed during a chemical reaction.
C) An enzyme has a special site where the products bind before the reaction begins.
D) An enzyme lowers the activation energy of a particular reaction.
Q4) The energy input needed to start a chemical reaction is called the ________.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Photo Synthesis and Cellular Respiration
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Q1) During the Calvin cycle,the enzyme rubisco forms an unstable carbohydrate by combining CO with a compound that contains ________ carbons.(Hint: The answer is a number.)
Q2) Cells use a variety of metabolic pathways to construct ATP,but each pathway concludes with the same step.Which of the following processes is the final step by which ADP becomes ATP?
A) photosynthesis
B) phosphorylation
C) carbon fixation
D) electron transfer
Q3) In mitochondria,the energy that electrons release as they move through the electron transport chain is used to transport
A) electrons from the thylakoid matrix to the cytosol.
B) acetyl CoA into the Krebs cycle.
C) protons into the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
D) pyruvate into the first reaction of glycolysis.
Q4) Not all visible light supports photosynthesis; the chlorophyll molecules in an antenna complex can be excited only by those wavelengths that are colored ________ and
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Chapter 7: Cell Division
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Sample Questions
Q1) During anaphase,daughter chromosomes do which of the following things?
A) They are condensed into chromatin.
B) They move toward opposite spindle poles.
C) They form homologous pairs.
D) They move toward the same spindle pole.
Q2) Oocytes are such big cells that a person with good eyesight could see them without a microscope.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The old saying that everyone has a double is likely to be true; except for genetic mutations,the number of meiotically possible recombinations of human DNA is much smaller than the total number of people in the world.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The sequence of events in meiosis II is prophase II,________,anaphase II,and telophase II,which is accompanied by cytokinesis.
Q5) Cytokinesis and mitosis are the same processes.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Cancer and Human Health
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Q1) Normal cell division requires ________ proto-oncogenes and ________ tumor suppressor genes.
A) inactivated; activated
B) inactivated; inactivated
C) activated; activated
D) activated; inactivated
Q2) The p53 gene is activated by positive growth regulators.
A)True
B)False
Q3) For cancer to form in the presence of a tumor suppressor gene,which of the following is necessary?
A) Both copies of the tumor suppressor gene must be inactivated.
B) The tumor suppressor gene must be activated.
C) One copy of the tumor suppressor gene must be inactivated.
D) The tumor suppressor gene is not involved in cancer formation.
Q4) For proper cell division to occur,the activity of proto-oncogenes must be balanced by the activity of ________ genes.
Q5) A person's risk for cancer remains stable throughout his or her life.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Patterns of Inheritance
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Q1) The first reaction in the chain of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions that convert the amino acid tyrosine into eumelanin or pheomelanin is orchestrated by an enzyme encoded by the C gene.Homozygotes for the recessive allele of this gene (cc)exhibit the ________ phenotype.
Q2) A tall plant mates with itself and produces all tall offspring.This cross is repeated for many generations with the same results.The parental plant is most likely
A) heterozygous.
B) completely dominant.
C) mutated.
D) true-breeding.
Q3) Which of the following expresses Mendel's law of segregation?
A) All dominant alleles of different genes divide into different cells from the recessive alleles.
B) Two copies of a gene separate during meiosis and end up in different gametes.
C) When gametes form, the genes originally from one parent all end up in different gametes from the genes originally from the other parent.
D) Gametes with recessive alleles will only fuse with each other.
Q4) The expressed characteristics of an organism are known as its ________.
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11
Chapter 10: Chromosomes and Human Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Among children with parents who are both carriers of Tay-Sachs,an autosomal recessive disorder,chances are that
A) 75 percent will be carriers.
B) 50 percent will die in a few years.
C) 75 percent will not carry the recessive Tay-Sachs's allele.
D) 50 percent will be carriers.
Q2) During meiosis,"new" chromosomes are generated when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during ________.
Q3) Two gametes that are both diploid for the sex chromosomes join to form a zygote.Which of the following genotypes would result?
A) XXXX
B) XXY
C) X
D) XX
Q4) A specific gene can be found in several possible places on a given chromosome. A)True B)False
Q5) A female who is a carrier of the sex-linked gene A has the genotype ________.
Q6) All sex-linked genes are either X-linked or ________-linked.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: DNA and Genes
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Sample Questions
Q1) A mistake during which of the following processes would have the most long-lasting effects on an organism and its offspring?
A) replication in germ line cells
B) transcription in somatic cells
C) translation in germ line cells
D) mitosis in somatic cells
Q2) ________ DNA consists of stretches of nucleotides that separate genes.
Q3) One level of DNA packing involves the DNA being wound around A) histone proteins.
B) an RNA molecule.
C) cytoplasmic organelles.
D) translation enzymes.
Q4) DNA consists of two twisted strands of ________.
Q5) The significance of specific base pairing in DNA is that A) it stabilizes the sugar molecule.
B) it provides a method for making exact copies of DNA.
C) it prevents errors in DNA replication.
D) protein copies can be made directly from the DNA.
Q6) A permanent change in the DNA base sequence due to an uncorrected mismatch error is called a ________.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: From Gene to Protein
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Sample Questions
Q1) Changing even a few bases in a molecule of DNA always adversely affects the protein product.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Messenger RNAs usually persist for weeks after they are produced,but their life span can sometimes be reduced to minutes or hours,if necessary.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The base sequence of mRNA specifies the sequence of amino acids in a ________.
Q4) If both strands of the DNA of a gene underwent transcription and translation,they would produce the same mRNA and protein.
A)True
B)False
Q5) In tRNA,an amino acid is covalently bonded to an anticodon.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The first amino acid in most proteins is methionine.
A)True
B)False
Page 14
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Chapter 13: DNA Technology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Stem cells display two unique characteristics: the ability to ________ and ________.
A) produce vaccines; produce insulin
B) cut DNA into smaller pieces; accept recombinant plasmids
C) express genes; synthesize proteins
D) differentiate into a variety of cell types; divide repeatedly
Q2) The FBI produces DNA fingerprints from 13 STRs using ________ based amplification.
Q3) Which of the following is the best way to make many copies of a vector containing recombinant DNA?
A) polymerase chain reaction
B) DNA hybridization
C) reproductive cloning
D) DNA cloning
Q4) A(n)________ is a small,circular portion of DNA that is found in bacteria and is NOT part of the main genome.
Q5) During ________ cloning,the nucleus of an egg cell is replaced with the nucleus of a somatic cell from the individual being cloned.
Q6) Genetically modified organisms are also called________ organisms.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: How Evolution Works
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Sample Questions
Q1) As terrestrial organisms,both insects and vertebrates evolved legs with joints,but the last common ancestor shared by these lineages existed long before vertebrates had evolved.This knowledge makes it possible to predict that A) other aspects of leg anatomy, such as fingernails and the number of digits, will also be shared among the two lineages.
B) the DNA sequences that direct leg formation in insects and vertebrates will be very different.
C) future evolutionary developments in these lineages will also parallel one another. D) the embryos of insects and vertebrates will share many additional developmental characteristics.
Q2) Early scholars recognized that species change over time,either because of chance or because of changes imposed by their environment.
A)True
B)False
Q3) One result of ________ over evolutionary time spans is that the alleles that enable individuals to survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals become more common in the population.
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16
Chapter 15: The Origin of Species
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Sample Questions
Q1) The fact that Neanderthal genes were found in the modern human genome suggests that these two species interbred at some point,creating human-Neanderthal
Q2) The failure of the gametes to fuse is a prezygotic barrier to reproduction.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Today's diversity of mammals originated with an adaptive radiation that occurred 65 million years ago.This adaptive radiation occurred because A) ecological niches were opened up and predators were removed.
B) the evolution of a novel trait that gave the animals an advantage. C) the ancestral species colonized a new continent.
D) increased competition led to rapid natural selection.
Q4) Vertebrates are a group of related animals with a backbone.All vertebrates have basically the same eye structure.Therefore,the vertebrate eyes are A) homologous structures.
B) vestigial structures.
C) analogous structures.
D) convergent structures.
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Chapter 16: The Evolution of Biodiversity
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Q1) Following each of Earth's five mass extinctions,the diversity of life on Earth,over time,has ____________________ [increased or decreased].
Q2) Oxygen was one of the original gases abundant in Earth's atmosphere before the evolution of life.
A)True
B)False
Q3) After the extinction of the dinosaurs,the stage was set for the eventual evolution of humans by the adaptive radiation of ____________________.
Q4) A gene that controls a battery of other genes that are responsible for the development of structures such as a limb during embryological development is called a(n)_____________.
A) limbic gene
B) sex-linked gene
C) homeotic gene
D) epigenetic gene
Q5) Scientists can determine the approximate age of a fossil by using an unstable form of the element uranium,Uranium-235,which has a half-life of 700 million years.Such an unstable form of an element is called a ______________.
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Chapter 17: Biological Diversity, Bacteria, and Archaea
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Q1) Which of the following statements about bacteria is FALSE?
A) They are important for nutrient recycling in ecosystems.
B) They can provide the nitrate necessary for plant nutrition.
C) They can be used to clean up oil spills.
D) The membranes from their organelles can be used to produce medicines.
Q2) Microscopic examination can often resolve questions in taxonomy; for example,cells that possess a nucleus are never classified as
A) eukaryote.
B) fungi.
C) archaean.
D) protist.
Q3) Which of the following statements about the human intestinal microbiome is correct?
A) The diversity of bacteria present can affect human health.
B) Diet does not seem to affect the diversity of gut bacteria.
C) Intestinal microbiomes are made up of only a few species of bacteria.
D) The makeup of a person's intestinal microbiome is always the same from birth to death.
Q4) Bacteria trade small sections of plasmid DNA with one another during ________.
Q5) Pathogens are organisms that cause ________.
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Protista, Plantae, and Fungi
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Q1) Mixotrophs show some unusual nutritional strategies; for example,when resources such as nitrogen become limited,they often switch from
A) photoautotrophy to chemoheterotrophy.
B) photoautotrophy to chemoautotrophy.
C) chemoheterotrophy to photoheterotrophy.
D) photoheterotrophy to photoautotrophy.
Q2) Xylem is specialized for transporting water and dissolved nutrients.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What resources do plants use to produce the sugar molecules that plant cells use for fuel?
A) carbon dioxide, water, and light energy
B) water and pond scum
C) nitrogen and oxygen
D) water, nitrogen, and iron
Q4) Sexual reproduction can be observed in all the Eukarya kingdoms,although not in all Eukarya species.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Animalia
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Q1) Sharks and the ray-finned fishes differ in several ways; the most significant difference is the composition of the skeleton.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Snakes can often be found resting on asphalt highways at dusk; what biological factor motivates them to engage in this behavior?
A) Ectothermy-a snake's body temperature will match the environment; rocks and asphalt cool more slowly than the surrounding ground.
B) Predation-as higher-level consumers, snakes need to hunt continuously and are more successful on the smooth surface of a roadbed at night.
C) Camouflage-the background color of asphalt makes detection by owls and other nocturnal predators difficult.
D) Mating-locating compatible mates can be difficult among the grasses, brush, and shrubs of typical snake habitat.
Q3) The vertebrates are grouped into a lineage because all members possess an internal ________.
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Chapter 20: The Biosphere
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Q1) During an El Niño event,
A) sea surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean become significantly warmer.
B) a reversal of the Peru current brings Pacific Ocean water to the tip of South America where it mixes with Atlantic Ocean water.
C) the Earth's rotational axis tilts beyond its normal 23.5°.
D) sea surface temperatures in the Atlantic Ocean become significantly warmer.
Q2) A ________ biome forms in a region with low precipitation,generally less than 25 cm/year.
Q3) Temperature differences drive air movement in the six atmospheric convection cells with warm,moist air sinking and cool,dry air rising.
A)True
B)False
Q4) For years,currents have been concentrating plastics in the Pacific Ocean in the Great Pacific ________.
Q5) In the Northern Hemisphere,most ocean currents run clockwise.
A)True
B)False
Q6) A measure of the energy that producers are able to store as biomass is ________.
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Chapter 21: Growth of Populations
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Q1) The type of growth that occurs when the population size increases by a constant proportion over time is known as ________.
Q2) As a component of its solution for overpopulation,China has imposed a policy that legally limits families to one child; China's government is attempting to manipulate which population factor?
A) N
B) r
C) carrying capacity
D) food supply
Q3) A flock of geese (Flock A)has 100 individuals and an annual growth rate,r,of 1.5.Another flock (Flock B)has 200 individuals and an r of .7.Flock C has a population of 75 and an r of 2.Flock D has a population of 50 and an r of 4.Assuming no other factors are involved,which herd will be largest next year?
A) Flock A
B) Flock B
C) Flock C
D) Flock D
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23
Chapter 22: Animal Behavior
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Q1) Behaviors can evolve because behaviors are influenced by ________.
Q2) Because a frog has a more complex nervous system than a slug,the behaviors of a frog should be more complex than those of a slug.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following choices is NOT a method of communication?
A) human language
B) learning
C) visual signals
D) scent marking
Q4) Nuptial gifts are
A) forms of communication used to end a sexual relationship.
B) forms of communication used to interest a potential sexual partner.
C) are seldom used because they are not usually effective.
D) are examples of altruistic behaviors.
Q5) The entire genetic information of an individual is known as a(n)________.
Q6) Behavioral interactions among members of a group is known as ________ behavior.
Q7) The release of chemicals called ________ by one individual helps other individuals identify and locate that individual.
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Chapter 23: Ecological Communities
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Q1) Human cells contain mitochondria,which are responsible for processing the energy needed by our cells.Remember that the ancestors of mitochondria may once have been free-living prokaryotes.If mitochondria were still considered separate organisms within human cells,which of the following would best describe the relationship with them?
A) parasitic
B) mutualistic
C) competitive
D) pathogenic
Q2) A community whose species are not replaced by other species is classified as a ________ community.
Q3) The terms mutualistic and symbiotic can be used interchangeably; any mutualistic relationship is an example of symbiosis,whereas any symbiotic relationship is also mutualistic.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Exploitation occurs in many forms; those interactions that result in the immediate death and consumption of the prey are classified as ________.
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25
Chapter 24: Ecosystems
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Q1) Each level of an energy pyramid corresponds to a step in a food chain and is called a(n)________ level.
Q2) An atom of phosphorous may remain out of the biological part of its cycle for many millions of years.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An ecosystem service provided by floodplains is to absorb excess flood waters,keeping floods from becoming more severe.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Urine can be a valuable resource for soil nutrients,especially ________.
Q5) What best explains the low productivity of the open ocean?
A) The open ocean lacks sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
B) Nutrients rapidly sink to depths that sunlight cannot reach.
C) The open ocean is actually very productive, but its primary producers are consumed as quickly as they grow.
D) These regions are typically too cool to support significant primary production.
Q6) Eventually,all biomass produced by any organism is consumed by ________.
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Chapter 25: Global Change
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Q1) Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)that interfere with hormone function are known as
A) greenhouse gases.
B) ozone depleters.
C) endocrine disrupters.
D) trophic contaminants.
Q2) Increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere cause the pH levels of oceans to ________.
Q3) Humans now use approximately 30-35 percent of the terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP).One result of this increased human control of NPP is that
A) human hunger has been virtually eliminated.
B) the number of species on Earth has increased.
C) humans are often in direct competition with other species for food and other natural resources.
D) we have learned how to manage Earth's resources so that all species have the resources they need to survive.
Q4) Humans have had a lasting impact on the physical appearance of Earth.
A)True
B)False
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