Counseling Children and Adolescents
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
This course provides an in-depth exploration of counseling theories, techniques, and strategies specifically tailored to children and adolescents. Students will examine developmental stages, assessment tools, and the family and social contexts that influence young clients. Emphasis is placed on evidence-based practices, play therapy, multicultural considerations, and ethical responsibilities in counseling minors. Through case studies, role-plays, and research, students will develop practical skills for building rapport, managing behavioral challenges, and supporting emotional and psychological well-being in diverse youth populations.
Recommended Textbook
Disorders of Childhood Development and Psychopathology 2nd Edition by Robin Hornik Parritz
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15 Chapters
587 Verified Questions
587 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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40 Verified Questions
40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare developmental psychopathology and psychopathology in terms of basic approaches.
Answer: -Psychopathology - intense,frequent,and/or persistent maladaptive patterns of emotion,cognition and behavior;could apply to adults or children;doesn't emphasize the impact on development
-Developmental psychopathology - emphasizes how maladaptive behaviors occur in the context of typical development and can result in short-term or long-term impairment of children;emphasizes typical and atypical development and the concern about how it can impact current and future development
Q2) The Tolan and Dodge (2005)model of a comprehensive mental health system includes access to mental health services,services provided in primary care settings,preventative care for high-risk children,and ________.
Answer: attention to cultural context and cultural competence
Q3) Dr.Wang has diagnosed Emma with separation anxiety disorder based on her presenting symptoms,but also has considered how these symptoms impact her quality of life.Dr.Wang is using the ________ aspect of psychopathology.
Answer: mental health definition
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Models of Child Development, psychopathology, and Treatment
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40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Parenting style is an example of a family's ________ environment,while sibling relationships are an example of a family's ________ environment.
Answer: shared;nonshared
Q2) Compare and contrast at least three models of psychopathology in terms of explanation of etiology (cause)and focus of treatment. Answer: -Models could include psychodynamic,behavioral and cognitive,humanistic,family and sociocultural
-Etiology: psychodynamic - unconscious thoughts;behavioral and cognitive - faulty learning and/or thoughts;humanistic - unfulfilled or unrecognized strengths;familyproblems resulting from family issues;sociocultural - perspective of culture and society on problems
-Treatment: psychodynamic - reveal unconscious and unresolved conflicts;behavioral and cognitive - identify reinforcers and change consequences,change thought patterns that are sustaining problems;humanistic - identify strengths and support individual in developing self-esteem;family - identify family issues and treat both child and family;sociocultural - acknowledge and understand cultural issues that are impacting child,provide culturally sensitive treatment
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Principles and Practices of Developmental
Psychopathology
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40 Verified Questions
40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the three types of gene-by-environment interactions and give examples of each.
Answer: -Passive correlations - genes and environment from parents;exampleparental substance abuse and chaotic household
-Active correlations - child seeks and shapes own environment;example - participating in various clubs,church activities,sports,music,etc.
-Evocative correlations - child influences how others respond to them;exampleaggressive child alienates peers and family members
Q2) Adrienne's parents enjoy discussing politics and historical events at the dinner table and often engage Adrienne in their discussions.This is an example of a/n ________ trajectory.
Answer: initiating
Q3) Samantha's father was recently arrested for shoplifting and her mother lost her job as a teacher.These risk factors would most likely be considered transient.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Classification, assessment and Diagnosis, and Intervention
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe three different methods a clinician may use to assess a child for depression.
Q2) Compare and contrast the bottom-up and top-down processes as they relate to the dimensional classification system.Identify at least one benefit of the dimensional classification system.
Q3) One of the advantages of standardized testing is that it:
A)allows for a measure of growth over time.
B)provides an accurate diagnosis of psychopathology and comorbidity.
C)leads to treatment recommendations.
D)can provide a basis of comparison to other typically developing children.
Q4) Dr.Schreck is a researcher who wants to know how accurate the autism diagnosis is for children below the age of 2.Discuss what types of reliability and validity she might be interested in examining in her research.
Q5) Develop an assessment protocol for a 10-year-old who is experiencing behavior problems at school and at home.These problems include physical and verbal aggression towards peers and siblings,refusing to follow school rules,and engaging in dangerous behaviors such as running out in the street.Include a rationale for each of our assessment recommendations.
Q6) Describe the role of culture in the use of classification systems.
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Chapter 5: Disorders of Early Development
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39 Verified Questions
39 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An infant who is timid and shy may be at risk for developing an anxiety disorder.Timidity and shyness are considered which type of risk factor?
A)general
B)developmental
C)specific
D)familial
Q2) Research has identified a link between children who are uninhibited and less reactive to what types of childhood disorders?
A)extraversion
B)externalizing
C)inhibited
D)internalizing
Q3) When understanding the etiology of sleep disorders,it is important to understand factors that influence the ________ of sleep disorders (e.g. ,childhood illness)and the ________ of sleep disorders (e.g. ,difficulty self-soothing after an illness).
Q4) Dale's tendency to react negatively to changes in his routine has persisted into his adult life.This is called temperamental ________.
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Chapter 6: Disorders of Attachment
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38 Verified Questions
38 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Researchers at the state university are conducting research designed to create situations in which they can directly observe attachment patterns in young children.They may be basing their research on the __________ originally developed by Mary Ainsworth.
Q2) According to the authors of the text,attachment is based on which of the following factors?
A)parental variables
B)child variables
C)a cumulative effect of multiple factors
D)all of these factors
Q3) Assessment of disorders of attachment includes more ________ assessment than research-oriented assessment.
Q4) Children who are diagnosed with __________ have almost always been in very adverse situations (e.g. ,abusive homes or institutions).
Q5) Children who are securely attached to a caregiver use that person as a source of security from which they can explore their world.This is known as a/n __________.
Q6) According to the authors of this text,the most salient aspect of disordered attachments is the ________ relationship.
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Chapter 7: Intellectual Developmental Disorder and Learning Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Using what is known about the cause of intellectual developmental disorders,develop a brief public service announcement (3-4 sentences)highlighting what can be done to prevent and treat these disorders.
Q2) The primary difference between Down syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome is the role of environment related to their etiology.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Josephine loves music,is very friendly (even to total strangers),and displays deficits in general cognitive functioning and visual spatial skills.She most likely meets the criteria for fragile X syndrome.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Children with learning disorders who require intensive academic assistance are often provided special education services as outlined on a/n __________.
Q5) Based on what is known about the etiology,diagnosis,and treatment of learning disorders,develop a program that would provide effective prevention and intervention for young children.Identify the key components of such a program.
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Chapter 8: Autism Spectrum Disorder
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38 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe two of the physiological factors discussed as possible factors in ASD.
Q2) Children with ASD who do develop language are reported to be most handicapped by their continued impairment in ________ language.
Q3) Describe common social and communication pathways in children with ASD.
Q4) A child with autism is less likely to be able to distinguish between what is socially important and what is not when compared to typically developing peers.This is known as a child's:
A)social behavior.
B)social cognition.
C)psychosocial understanding.
D)theory of mind.
Q5) Cody,a 15-year-old diagnosed with ASD,is being treated with an intervention that focuses on teaching structure,involves his parents,emphasizes skills development,and includes generalization.This is most likely the Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Communication-Handicapped Children (TEACCH)model.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Children with ASD are sometimes also diagnosed with ___________ disorder.
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Chapter 9: Attention Deficithyperactivity Disorder
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40 Verified Questions
40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify two school-based interventions for children with ADHD.
Q2) Describe one of the developmental pathways for the course of ADHD and identify points where intervention might be especially useful.
Q3) Dr.Samuelson specializes in research related to ADHD.Based on the most common deficits found in ADHD,his research might focus on all of the following EXCEPT:
A)self-regulation.
B)executive function.
C)effortful control.
D)motor inhibition.
Q4) Joel,a 9-year-old European American boy,is more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than Samantha,a 10-year-old African American girl.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Children who display signs of inattentiveness and impulsivity could be diagnosed with depression or generalized anxiety disorder instead of ADHD.
A)True
B)False
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11
Chapter 10: Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder
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39 Verified Questions
39 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss how proponents of developmental cascade models would explain how behavioral issues in early childhood could lead to violent behavior related to antisocial personality disorder.
Q2) Oppositional defiant disorder is more prevalent in the United States than in other countries and cultures.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Children who encourage each other to act in socially deviant ways have likely been encouraged to do so by which of the following processes?
A)peer contagion
B)peer punishment
C)hazing
D)peer rejection
Q4) Describe and give one example of three of the following as it relates to the development of ODD and CD: genes and heredity;physiological factors;child factors;parent and family factors;peer factors;and sociocultural factors.
Q5) Provide two examples of how impaired social cognition may be observed in a child diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder.
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Chapter 11: Anxiety Disorders, obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder, and Somatic Symptom Disorders
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38 Verified Questions
38 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define and give two examples of an obsession and a compulsion frequently found in children.
Q2) What are the key clinical symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder? Provide a symptom in four out of these six categories: perception,cognition,effect,arousal,behavior,and interpersonal adjustment.
Q3) Fifteen-year-old Ashley is experiencing panic attacks on a daily basis,sometimes in response to attempting to go to school and sometimes while she is at home in her room.Ashley may meet the criteria for which disorder?
A)OCD
B)anxiety disorder
C)panic disorder
D)social anxiety
Q4) Provide one example each of a typical fear in a child who is 6 years old,a child who is 8 years old,and a child who is 12 years old.
Q5) Describe how a clinician might best conduct a comprehensive evaluation of a child who is experiencing several somatic complaints.
Q6) Describe how a fear of dogs may develop in a child based on behavioral and parental factors.
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Chapter 12: Mood Disorders and Suicidality
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37 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The fact that children who are diagnosed with depression are more likely to have parents who also have depression and who interact with them differently than parents without depression could illustrate a(n)____________ interaction.
Q2) Which of the following statements best represents the relationship between arenas of comfort and mood disorders?
A)A child who has more than one arena of comfort is unlikely to develop a mood disorder.
B)Children who are at risk of developing a mood disorder can still have several arenas of comfort.
C)A child who has at least one arena of comfort is more likely to have a stronger sense of self and therefore be at decreased risk for developing a mood disorder.
D)Children who later develop mood disorders are more likely to have strong friendships and other relationships that buffer the full impact of symptoms of mood disorders.
Q3) The development of an understanding of the self occurs during childhood and adolescence.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Maltreatment and Trauma-And
Stressor-Related Disorders
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39 Verified Questions
39 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the ecological-transactional model of child maltreatment as it relates to the understanding of how and why parents mistreat their children.
Q2) The authors of this text would likely agree with which of the following statements regarding the role of stress in an individual's life?
A)At one time,stress was necessary to protect an individual against predators,but it is no longer necessary in today's society.
B)Stress is an evolutionary-based brain response system that still functions to protect an individual in potentially dangerous situations.
C)Stress is maladaptive in today's society.
D)At one time in human evolution,stress was necessary to allow an individual to adapt quickly to their ever-changing environment,but it is maladaptive in today's society.
Q3) Discuss why adolescence is a particularly vulnerable time for the expression of stress and/or symptoms related to trauma.
Q4) The ________ effect describes how parental responses to trauma may elicit,maintain,and exacerbate a child's anxiety.
Q5) Identify and give examples of the different types of maltreatment.
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Chapter 14: Substance Use and Addictive Disorders
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40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr.Stephens tells her psychology students that adolescents who are at risk for developing a substance use disorder are also more at risk for developing a conduct disorder.This assertion is based on the concept of problem behavior syndrome.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding marijuana use in adolescents?
A)Currently,more adolescents smoke cigarettes than smoke marijuana.
B)Adolescents who smoke marijuana show decreases in executive functioning.
C)Although illegal,marijuana is generally a harmless drug and most adolescents give it up before adulthood.
D)Adolescents who begin smoking marijuana at a young age will go on to abuse cocaine.
Q3) The age a child is when they have their first drink is correlated with the significance of impairment in adulthood.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Summarize the data on the genetic of alcohol abuse.
Q5) Compare and contrast physical dependence and psychological dependence.
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Chapter 15: Eating Disorders
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40 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Angela,a 15-year-old,is being seen by a clinical psychologist to determine if her eating patterns and preoccupation with having the perfect body meet the criteria for an eating disorder.Along with or instead of an eating disorder diagnosis,her psychologist should consider which of the following disorders?
A)body dysmorphic disorder
B)borderline personality disorder
C)schizophrenia
D)bipolar disorder
Q2) Adrienne has been diagnosed with the most common type of eating disorder known as __________ disorder.
Q3) It is not unusual for a child to be first diagnosed with anorexia nervosa at age 12 and then bulimia nervosa at age 18.This is known as:
A)correlational connection.
B)crossover.
C)comorbidity.
D)misdiagnosis.
Q4) A 12-year-old is more likely to be diagnosed with ________,while a 17-year-old is more likely to be diagnosed with ________.
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Page 17