โซืืืืจโฌ โซืืืืฃโฌ โซืฉืืฉืืชโฌ โซืืืืืืช ืฉืืืกืืจื ืืืืโฌ โซืืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืงืจ ืืขืืืชืโฌ
โซืืืืจ ืืืืฃ ืฉืืฉืืช โช -โฌืืืืืืช ืฉืืืกืืจื ืืืืโฌ โซืืจืฅโช-โฌืืื โช2018โฌโฌ
โซืืืืจ ืืืืฃ ืฉืืฉืืชโฌ
โซืืืฆืจืืชโช :โฌืงืืืฆืช โชSala Mancaโฌโฌ โซืขืืฆืื ืงืืืืโช :โฌืื ืืจืืโฌ โซืขืจืืืช ืืฉืืโช :โฌืจืื ืคืจืฅโฌ โซืชืจืืื ืืื ืืืืชโช :โฌืืื ืชื ืืืจโช-โฌืกืชืืโฌ
โซืืืืืืช ืฉืืืกืืจื ืืืืโฌ โซืืืฆืจืืโช :โฌืงืืืฆืช ืกืืึพืื ืงืโฌ
โซืฆืืืืืืโช :โฌืื ืืจืื ืืืืืืกืงื (ืขืืณ โช,)25-20 ,17-16 ,11-10 ,7โฌโฌ โซืืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืืืื (ืขืืณ โช)36 ,32-31 , 28 , 27-26 , 15 ,13 ,4โฌโฌ โซืืจื ืืืืโช-โฌืืืืง (ืขื' โช )4โฌืืชืื ืคืืกืืจ ืืชืขืจืืืโช ,โฌืขืืฆืืโช :โฌืืืื ืฉืืืืคืจโฌ โซืืชืขืจืืื ืืืคืงื ืืชืืืืช ืืคืขื ืืคืืกโช ,โฌืื ืื ืืชืจืืืชโช ,โฌืขืืจืืืช ืืจืืฉืืืโฌ โซืืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืงืจ ืืขืืืชืโฌ โซืืืืกืืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืฉื ืงืืืฆืช โชSala Mancaโฌโฌ โซืืฉืจื ืืขืืืจืช ืืคืงืโช :โฌืชืืจ ืืจืืืโฌ โซืืื ื ืืชืืืืช ืชืขืจืืืโช :โฌืืืื ืคืืฉโฌ โซโโฌ โซืืจืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืงืจ ืืขืืืชืโฌ โซืืืช ืื ืกืโช ,โฌืืืืืื ืืืื โช ,14โฌืืจืืฉืืืโฌ โซโชwww.mamuta.orgโฌโฌ
โซโช15.3-11.5.2018โฌโฌ
โซืืฉื ืช โช 1978โฌืชืื ืืืขื ืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืคืืจืืืืฅ' ืืืืืจืกืงื ืืช ืจืืฉื ืื ืชืื ืืืืฅ ืืืงืืงืื ืืืโฌ โซืืชืงื ืื ืชืงืืโช .โฌืงืจื ืคืืืื ืฉื ืขื ืืชืื ืืืืืฅ ืคืืขื ืืจืืฉื ืืืืืจืืช ืืงืจืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืืจโช .โฌืืืืขืโฌ โซืืขื ืฉืื ืืฉ ืืืโช ,โฌืื ืจืื ืืืจ ืฉืืื "ืืืืจ ืืืืฃ ืฉืืฉืืช"โช .โฌืชืขืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ืฉื ืืืืืืชโฌ โซืฉืืืกืืจืโช-โฌืืืืโช ,โฌืฉืฉืื "ืืืืจ ืืืืฃ ืฉืืฉืืช"โช ,โฌืืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืคืืงืืืคืืืื ืืกืชืืืื ืืคืืืืืืโช,โฌโฌ โซืืจืชืงืื ืืืืจืืืื ืื ืืืืโช .โฌืืืืื ืืคืืจืืืืฅ'โช ,โฌืื ืขืืืจ ืฉืืืกืืจืโช-โฌืืืืโช ,โฌืฉืืฆืจื ืืช ืืขืืืืืช ืืืกืืจืชโฌ โซืฉืืืชื ืืืื ืืช ืืจืืืื ืกื ืืืขืืืชืโช ,โฌืคืฆืฆืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืขโช.โฌโฌ โซืืชืขืจืืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืช ืืช ืืืื ืืืจืชืคื ืฉื ืืขืืืชื ืืืืช ืื ืกื ืืืงืื ืฉื ืฉืจืืืื ืืืืชืืืโช,โฌโฌ โซืจืืขืื ืืืืจ ืืืกืื ืืืืืโช ,โฌืืืืืืื ืฉื ืจืืื ืืืงืืืื ืืืกืข ืืจืืืืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืช โโฌ โซืืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืคืื ืืืืืโืืืืจโช.โฌโฌ โซืืืืช ืืขืืืืืชโช" ,โฌืฆืขื ืงืื ืืืื"โช ,โฌื ืจืื ืืจื ืืืืืืชื ืืืืืจ ืืืฆืื ืืืฉ ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืจืืโช .โฌืืื ืืโฌ โซืืืื ืฉืืืกืืจืโช-โฌืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืื ืืฆืื ืืืืจืื? ืืื ืืืื ืืคืขืืืชื ืืืืขืืช ืืืืฉืืื ืฉื ืืืืฉ?โฌ โซืืืคืโช ,โฌืคืชืืก ืืืืืืืชโช ,โฌืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืชืงืืื?โฌ โซืืขืืืื ืืืจืชโช" ,โฌืืกืขื ืฉื ืืืช"โช ,โฌืืฆืจื ืฉืืืกืืจืโช-โฌืืืื ืกืจื ืชืืขืืื ืฉืฆืืื ืืชืื ืงืืจ ืฉื ืจืืืช ืืฉืโฌ โซืืืืืจ ืฆืืโช .โฌืืจืืืช ื ืืกืขืช ืืฉืืืงืื ืืฉืืืงืื ืืขืืืจืช ืืฆื ืืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืฉืจืืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืืื ื ืโฌ โซืืืืจืื ืืืขืช ืฉืื ืื ื ืืืืขืื ืฉืืื ืฉืโช .โฌืืกืขื ืฉื ืืจืืืชโช ,โฌืืืชืืชื ืขื ืชืืืืืช ืืงืืื ืืขโช ,โฌืืื ื ืืชืขืโฌ โซืืช ืืืฆืืื ืื ืืืคืขืโช :โฌืืช ืืชืขืฉืืืโช ,โฌืืืืฆืืจ ืืืงืืื ืืื ืืช ืืจืืงโช ,โฌืืกืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืโช.โฌโฌ โซืืกืืจื "ืื ืฆืืงืืืคืืืืช" ืืืืืช ืืขืืืข ืืฆืืจื ืืกืชืืืช ืฉื ืืืข ืืืืื ืืฆื ืจืชืืขื ืืคืืขืื ืฉืโฌ โซืืืืโช .โฌืืื ืฆืืงืืืคืืืืช ืโโช 1908โฌืฉืืืคืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืืข ืืขืืื ืืืจืืื ืืคืืคืืืโช .โฌืฉืชื ืืืืืืชโฌ โซืืขืืื ืืจื ืืชืจืืฉืโช ,โฌืืืืื ืืืืฉื ื ืจืืชื ืืืืืื ืืืืืช ืชืงืืืโช .โฌืฉืืืกืืจืโช-โฌืืืื ืืฉืชืขืฉืขืช ืขืโฌ โซืืื ืฆืืงืืืคืืืืชโช ,โฌืืืกืืคื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืื ืคืฉืืืื ืืืืืฆืจืช ืืฉืืงืื ืืืืืชืืื ืฉื ืืืคื ืืงืกืโช ,โฌืืืฉืืืืืโฌ โซืืืืืจืื ืชืืขืืืืื ืื ืืกืืืื ืืจืขืื ืืืโช.โฌโฌ โซ"ืืืืจ ืืืืฃ ืฉืืฉืืช" ืืืื ืช ืขืืกืืง ืืืฉื ืืฉืืืืช ืงืืืืืืชโช :โฌืืืกืื ื ืขื ืืืืขโช ,โฌืกืืืืืช ืฉื ืฉืืืื ืืืืืืโช,โฌโฌ โซืืื ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืืกื ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืขโช :โฌืืืชืืื ื ืืช ืืืกืืืจโช ,โฌืืืชืขืจืืืช ืืคืจืืฉืโช .โฌืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืฉืืชโฌ โซืืชืขืจืืืโช ,โฌืืืชืืืืช ืืจื ืืืฆืืื ืืืืืโช ,โฌืืขื ืืงื ืืื ืืื ืคืจืฉื ืืช ืืจืชืงืช ืืืืคื ืจืโช.โฌโฌ โซืืื ืืืืืืโฌ โซืงืืืฆืช ืกืืโช-โฌืื ืงืโฌ
โซโช5โฌโฌ
โซ โฌ
โซืจืฉืืืช ืขืืืืืชโฌ
โซ ืฆืขื ืงืื ืืืืโฌ โซืขืืณ โช7 ,4โฌโฌ โซืืงืจื ื ืืขืจืืฅ ืืืโช,HD ,07:20 ,โฌืโช2018โฌโฌ โซืฆืืืืโช :โฌืืืชืืจ ืื ืืก ืคืืืจโฌ โซืขืจืืืช ืืืืื ืืคืืกืโช :โฌืืืคืง ืฉืืจ ืืขืื ืจืืืืโฌ โซืืืืฉ ืืชืื ืืืจืโช :โฌืืืื ืคืืืื ืืืจืฃโฌ โซืขืืณ โช 13 ,10โฌืืืคืขื ืืจืโฌ โซืืืฆื ืืืืื; โช 7โฌืืกืื โช LCDโฌืืคืืจืงืืโช 7 ,โฌืืืฉืื ืจืกืืจื ืคืืโช,โฌโฌ โซืืืืืโช2018 ,โฌโฌ โซืืกืืืโช :โฌืื ืื ืฉืืื ืคืืโฌ โซ โชWatch From a Safe Distanceโฌโฌ โซืขืืณ โช1 0โฌโฌ โซืขืืืืช ืกืืื ื; ืืคืชืืจ ืืจืืงโช ,โฌืืจืืืืื ืโช ,MP3 ,โฌืจืืงืืืืโช ,โฌื ืืจืช ืืโช2018 ,โฌโฌ โซืขืจืืืโช :โฌืืืคืง ืฉืืจ ืืขืื ืจืืืื ืืืงืืจืื ืืงืโช :โฌืืืืจ ืืืืฆืืโฌ โซ ืืืจืโฌ โซืขืืณ โช1 5โฌโฌ โซืจืืโืืืื; ืืืื ืชืคืืจ ืืคื ืืืืโช ,โฌืืคืื ืืชืืืจื ืคื ืืืืืโช 5 ,โฌืืืจ ืงืืืจโช,โฌโฌ โซืืืืฉื ืชื ืืขืโช2017 ,โฌโฌ โซ ืื ืื ืื ืชืืชืโฌ โซืขืืณ โช1 5โฌโฌ โซืืืืืืงื; ืขืฅโช ,โฌืื ืืจืช โช ,USBโฌืื ืืข ืฉื ืืืงืจืืืโช ,โฌืคืจืกืโช2018 ,โฌโฌ โซืื ืื ืืโช :โฌืืืชืืจ ืื ืืก ืคืืืจโฌ โซืขืืณ โช 22 ,20โฌืื ืฆืืงืืืคืืืืชโฌ โซโช 4โฌืืจืืื ืืชืื " โช ,"Brockhaus / Ronberlations Lerikonโฌืืจืื ืืโช,โฌโฌ โซโช ,1908โฌื ืืจืืช ืืโช ,โฌืืจืืืืื ืโช2018 ,โฌโฌ โซืืืงืืจืื ืืงืโช :โฌืขืืืจื ืืืโฌ โซืขืืณ โช 36 ,32 ,28 ,26โฌืืกืขื ืฉื ืืืชโฌ โซืืงืจื ื ืืขืจืืฅ ืืืโช( 01:34:00 ,โฌืืชืื โช 5โฌืฉืขืืช)โช ,HD ,โฌืืื ืกืืื ืโช2015 ,โฌโฌ โซืฆืืืืโช :โฌืืืชืืจ ืื ืืก ืคืืืจโฌ โซ ืกืคืื ืืชโฌ โซืขืืณ โช4 2โฌโฌ โซืจืืฉืื ืืืงืจื ื ืฉื โช foundfootageโฌืขื ืืื ื ืืืจ ืคืจืืื ืโช2018 ,60/50 ,โฌโฌ
โซโช7โฌโฌ
โซ โฌ
โซืฉืืื ืืื ืฉืืืช ืืืืจ ืืืืืืืช ืฉืืืกืืจืโช-โฌืืืืโฌ
โซืฉืืืช ืืชืขืจืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืื โช 110โฌืฉื ืื ืืืืจืโช ,โฌืโโช ,1908โฌืืฉืืช ืคืืขืืช ืืืจ ืืชืืโฌ โซืืงืฉืจืื ืงืืื ืืขืืืโช .โฌืืืืื ืืืจืขืื ื ืืืื ืฆืืงืืืคืืืืช ืฉืืืืื ืืืืชื ืขืืืโช ,โฌืขืืืโฌ โซืฉืืฆืื ืืคื ื ืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืโช ,โฌืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืืืืืื ืขืืฉืื ืืจืืจโช .โฌืืืชืขืจืืืโฌ โซืขืืื ืชืืืฉื ืฉืืช ืืืื ืืืืฉ ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืคืืจืืฆืืโช ,โฌืืืืื ืฉื ืืืขืฆืืโช.โฌโฌ โซืืืขืฆืืืช ืืฆืจื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืจืขืื ืโช ,โฌืืืขืฆืืืช ืืื ืืืืฆืขืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืฆืจโฌ โซื ืืกืืืื ืืจืขืื ืืืโช ,โฌืื ืืื ืฆืืงืืืคืืื ืืื ืืขืฆืืช ืืื ืคืืจืืฆืืโช .โฌืืชืขืจืืื ืืื ืกืืโฌ โซืฉื ืฉืืจโืงืื ื ืืืขืฆืืืช ืืืื?โฌ โซืืืืืืช ืื ืฉืืขื ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืื ืโช ,โฌืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืขืืโช ,โฌืฉืืืขืฉื ืืืจืืฅ ืืืืืืฉ ืืื ืจืืกืืโฌ โซืืืจืฆืืชโืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืืฆืืืช ืื ืืฉืืืช ืืจืืืงืืช ืืืช โ ืคืฆืฆืืช ืืืืโช ,โฌืืงืจโฌ โซืืืื ืืืืืขื ืืืจืโช .โฌืืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืืขื ืืขืงืืืช ืืืจืืฅโฌ โซืืืืืืฉโช ,โฌืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืขืื ื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืโช .โฌืื ื ืื ืืืฉืืช ืฉืื ื ืืชืืขืืขืชโฌ โซืืืขืฆืืืชโช ,โฌืืื ืื ืืืืื ืกืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืขืืฆืื ืืื ืืืืื ืกืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืขโฌ โซืืืฉืงืขื ืฉื ืขืืืืชโืื ืกืืื ืืืขโช .โฌืืฉ ืืืื ืืืื ืืืขโช ,โฌืืื ืืื ืืืโช .โฌืขืืืืช ืืืืืืืืโฌ โซ'ืฆืขื ืงืื ืืืื' ื ืืืขืช ืืืโช ,โฌืื ืื ืขืฉืืชื ืืขืฆื? ืืืื ืชื ืืจื ืขื ืง ืืกืืโช ,โฌืืืืืจโฌ โซืืกืืจื ืฉืืฉืืฉ ืืคืจืกืืืืชโช .โฌืชืคืจื ืื ืืืชื ืืคื ืืืืโช ,โฌืขื ืืืคืก ืฉื ืคื ื ืืืจืโช .โฌืืชืืโฌ โซืืืจื ืืฉ ืืคืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืชืืืจืโช .โฌืืืืจืื ืืืชื ืืฉืงืขโช ,โฌืืืื ืืชืืื ืืืชื ืคืโช.โฌโฌ โซืืืืืื ืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืจ ืืืืืจโช ,โฌืจืฆืืชื ืืฉืืืจ ืืื ืืืข โโฌ โซืืคืืจืง ืืจืืืช ืืจืโช .โฌืืืขื ื ืืฆืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืจื ืืื (ืืืจื ืืืืืชื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืืฃโฌ โซืชืืืจื)โช ,โฌืืฉืโช ,โฌืืฉืืโช ,โฌืืืืื ื ืฉืืฉ ืืืงืื ืืจืโช .โฌืืืจื ืฉืขื ืืขืจื ืืชืืืื ืจืื ืืืืจืคืชโช,โฌโฌ โซืืืขืฆื ืืื ืืืืข ืืืคืืืจืง ืืคื ืืืื ืืืข ืืืืชืโช ,โฌืืื ืืคื ืืืืืช ืืคืจืฉ ืขื ืงโฌ โซืฉืืจืืขื ืื ืฉืื ืฆืจืืืื ืืกืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืขืืฃโช .โฌืืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืชืจืืฉ ืืจืืขโฌ โซืืืฉืืขืืชื โ ืืจืืข ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืข ืืืคืืืจืง ืงื ืขื ืืืฆืจืโช .โฌืืชืื ืื ืฉื ืืฆืืืืืืโฌ โซืืืืืชื ืฉืื ืืงืจืโช ,โฌืื ืืืขืชื ืื ืืงืจื ืืืืืงโช ,โฌืืื ืืจืฆืื ืื ืืื ืืืืฆืจ 'ืืืืื ืืคื'โช,โฌโฌ โซืืื ืืืชืืจืืช ืืืืขโช ,โฌืืืกืชืืโช.โฌโฌ โซืฉืืืช ืืช ืขืืกืงืช ืื ืืคืฆืฆืืช ืืืืโช ,โฌืืืฉืื ื ืืืฉืืช ืขื ืืืืฉื "ืืืื" ืื ื ืืืฉืืช ืขืโฌ โซืืืง ืืกืืกื ืฉื ืืืืจโช .โฌืืืื ืืช ืคืืกืืืชโช ,โฌืืขืกืืง ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืจืืโช ,โฌืืืจืขืื ืฉืโฌ โซืืืืจืืโช ,โฌืื ืืจืื ืืงืื ืกืคืืืืืืชโช ,โฌืืคืืื ืืืืืืืืชโช ,โฌืื ืืื ืืจืืช ืืฉืืจืฉ ืืฉืคืโช,โฌโฌ โซืืืืืื ืืื ืงืื ื ืฉื ืฉืคื ืืืืืจโช .โฌืืืืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืื ืฉืืโฌ โซืฉื ืคืชืโช .โฌืืช ืืขืฆื ืฉืืืืชโช ,โฌืืื ืืืืืโช ,โฌืืืจืขืื ืฉื ืืืืจืืโช ,โฌืืืฉืจ ืืืื "ืืืื"โฌ โซืืขืื ื ืืงืื ืืงืกื ืชืจืืืชื ืืืืกืืืจืโช .โฌืืืืฆืขืืช ืืชืขืจืืื ืืช ืืืจืืื ืืืชื ื ืืฉืืจืฉโฌ โซืืืืจืืโช ,โฌืืื ืคืืชืืช ืืืื ืื ืืคืโช.โฌโฌ
โซโช8โฌโฌ
โซืืืืืืช ืื ื ืืืโช ,โฌืืืืื ืฉืื ืืชืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืชืืืืื ืืฆืื ืืืืื ืจืืข ืงืื ืฉืโฌ โซืืชืจืืฉืืช ืืืืืจโช ,โฌืืืฉื ืืขืืกืืง ืืื ืฆืืงืืืคืืืืชโช .โฌืืฉืืืืชื ืืจืืืื ืกื ืืืขืืืชืโฌ โซืืืืขื ืืืื ืืืื ืืจืืื ืฉื ืื ืฆืืงืืืคืืื ืืจืื ืืช ืืคืืคืืื ืโโช 18 ,1908โฌืืจืืืโฌ โซืฉืืืืืื ืืืงืฃ ืืืชื ื ืชืคืก ืฉื ืืืืขโช .โฌืชืืืื ืืืฆืื ืฉื ืขืจืืื ืขื ืืืฃ ืืืืโช,โฌโฌ โซืขื ืืืื ืืชโช ,โฌืื ืืขืืโช ,โฌืฆืืืืโช ,โฌืืขืืโืืืืโช ,โฌืืคืืชโช ,โฌืืืฆืืืชโช ,โฌืืืจืืขืืโช ,โฌืืงืืืืชโช,โฌโฌ โซืืชืืช โ ื ืจืื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืฉืโช .โฌืื ื ืื ืงืืจืืช ืืจืื ืืชโช ,โฌืืื ืื ื ืคืืชืืช ืืชโฌ โซืืื ืฆืืงืืืคืืืืช ืืืืคืืคืช ืืื ืืจืืฉืืืืโช ,โฌืฉืืื ืืื ืฆืืืขืื ืืืโช ,โฌืืืืชืจืืฉืืชโฌ โซืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจืืช ืืืจืฉืจืฉืืโช ,โฌืืขืืืืช ืืืโช ,โฌืืืฆืืขืื ืืืชโช .โฌืืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืขโช,โฌโฌ โซืชืงืืื ืฉืืืืกื ืืืืขโช .โฌืืืฉ ืขืืืจืช ืืชืืืฉื ืืชืื ืืื ืฆืืงืืืคืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืฉืืชโฌ โซืืืืื ื ืืขืฆืืโช .โฌืจืืข ืืคื ื ืืืืืืช ืืขืืืโช ,โฌืจืืข ืืคื ื ืืืื ืโโช.20โฌโฌ โซืฉืืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉืขืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืง ืฉื ืืืืืืช ืืฉ ืืขืืืื ืขื ืจืืฉืืโช ,โฌืขื ืื ืื ืื ืืโฌ โซืงืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืฆืืงืืืคืืืืชโช ,โฌืขื ืืืืจื ืืจืืืื ืฉื ืคืฆืฆืืช ืืืื โ ืืืืื ืฆื ืฉืื ืืฉโฌ โซืืืืืืืื ืฉืฆืืืืื ืืขืืืืืช ืืืืืืโช ,โฌืืืคืงืืช ืืืืืืชโช.โฌโฌ โซืืืืืืช ืื ื ืืืฉืืช ืฉืื ืฉืืขืกืืง ืืืชื ืงืืื ืื ืื ืจืืข ืงืื ืฉื ืงืกืโช .โฌืืงืกื ืืื ืกืืโฌ โซืฉื ืืืืจ ืืื ืขืืืจืโช ,โฌืืคืฆืฆืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืงืกื ืืืืื ืืืืชืจ ืืืืืืืฃ ืืืืชืจโฌ โซืฉืืื ืืฉืืช ืืืฆืืืโช .โฌืืจืืขื ืืคืืฆืืฅ ืืืืืื ืืฉ ืืืคื ืืืคื ืโช ,โฌืื ืืืคื ืืจืืฉืืชืโฌ โซืฉืขืฉืื ืืืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืจืืืช ืืขืืืโช .โฌื ืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืืจ ืฉื ืืงืืกืืืก ืืืชืโฌ โซืื ืืฆืง ืืืืฉโช .โฌืืฉ ืฉื ืืฉโช ,โฌืืืโช ,โฌืขืฉื ืืืชืืงืขืืช ืฉื ืืืืจโช ,โฌืืฉ ืืืื ืื ืืช ืื 'ืื ืฉืืโฌ โซืืืืืื'โช.โฌโฌ โซืฉืื ืช โฌ
โซืืื ื"ื ืฉืื" ืืื ืืืื ืคืืื ืฆืืื ืืจืก ืืืชื ื ืชืคืกโช.โฌโฌ
โซืืืืืืช ื ืืืโช ,โฌืื ืื ืื ืืืงื ืืื ืืืชืืืืข ืืืจืกโช .โฌืงืืื ืื ืื ื ื ืืืขืช ืืงืกืโช ,โฌืืื ืืืโืืืโฌ โซืืชืืืืขืช ืืงืืกืืจืืคืโช .โฌืื ืื ืื ืฉืงืจื ืื ืืชืืืื ืืขืืืื ืขื ืืชืขืจืืืโช .โฌืืืขืืจโฌ โซืื ืคืื ืื ื ืจืืื ืืช ืชืืืืื ืืขืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืชืืืืืื ืฉืขืืจื ืืื ืืฉืืชโช,โฌโฌ โซืฉืืจืื ืืคื ื ืืืคื ืื ืฉื ืืืจืก ืื ืืจื ืฉื ืืคืฆืฆืโช ,โฌืืชืืืื ืืืืืฆืื ืืืืขืฆืืโช.โฌโฌ โซืจืืืชื ืืืื ืืืืจืื ืชืืขืืืืื ืืื ืืกืืืื ืืืจืขืื ืืืโช .โฌืืื ืืืืจืื ืืคืืคืืืโฌ โซืฉื ืืฆืืื ืืืื ืืจื ืโช ,โฌืืื ืจืง ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉื ืืขืืืื ืืขืืชื ืืืขืช ืืืจืกโฌ โซืขืฆืืโช ,โฌืืคืืืขื ืืืืฃ ืืืฉืโช .โฌืืกืืฃ ืชืืืื ืืขืืืื ืขื ืืชืขืจืืื ืืืขืชื ืืกืจืโฌ โซืฉืืจืื ื ืืฆืืืื ืืืืจืืฉืืืโช .โฌืจืืืื ืื ืืคื ืื ืฉืขืืืืื ืืื ืืืฆืืืโช ,โฌืืื ืขืืืโฌ โซืืืกืชืื ืืืฆืืืโช ,โฌืืืจื ืืงื ืืื ืืชืคืฉืโช ,โฌืืคืชืืื ืืช ืจืืื ืืช ืืืืฃ ืืคืืืขโฌ โซืืืงืจืื ืโช .โฌืืกืจื ืืื ืืจื ืื ืืชืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืขืืจืจ ืกืคืงืืช ืืืื ืืชืขืจืืื ืืืืโช.โฌโฌ โซืืืขืฉื ืืงื ืื ืืืขืื ืืฉื ืชืืื ืืืขื ืืืขืช ืืืืฃโช ,โฌืืืจืก ืขืฆืืโช ,โฌืืงืืกืืจืืคืโช.โฌโฌ โซืฉืืืช ืื ื ืื ืกื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืฉ ืืืื ืฆืืจื ืฉืืืืจืช ืขื ืขืฆืื ืืขืืืืืชโช ,โฌืืื ื ืจืืื ืืฉืืโฌ โซืฉืืืฆื ืืฉืืืืโช ,โฌืืื ืืชืื ืืืืืืช ืืืืืจืื ืืืกืชืืืืโช .โฌืื ืืขืฆื ืืขืจื ืืืกืชืืโฌ โซืฉื ืืขืืืื ืฉืื โ ืฆืืจืืช ืฉืืืฆืจืืช ืืชืืื ืืช ืคืืื ืฆืืื ืืืชืคืจืฆืืชโช ,โฌืฉืืฉืืจืืชโฌ โซืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืงืกืืืื ืคืืื ืฆืืื ืืจืก โ ืืื ืื ืืืงืกืืืื ืืืคืโช .โฌืืืืจืื ืืโฌ โซืืชืคืจืฆืื ืขื ืืกืืฃโช ,โฌืื ืื ื ืืจืกืืโช .โฌืืขื ืืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืชืโช.โฌโฌ โซืืื ืืช ื ืืฉืืช ืืขืกืืง ืืื? ืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืฉืขืืฉื ืืช ืื? ืืื ืืช ืืืืจืชโฌ โซืืจืื ืืช ืืืฉืืืื ืฉืื ืืื? ืื ืืืชืืงื ืฉื ืืืืจ ืืื? ืืืืืจื ืืขืกืืง ืืคืฆืฆืชโฌ โซืืืื ืืืฉืจืืโช ,โฌืโโช ,2018โฌืืืขืืืชืโช ,โฌืืืจืชืฃโช ,โฌืื ืกืืข ืืจืืืช ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืืืโฌ โซืืืืืื ื โ ืืื ืืืืจืืช ืฉืืืื ืืช ืืช ืืืืืืืช ืืคืืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉื ืืชโช ,โฌืฉืโฌ โซืืืื ืืช ืืืจืืืชโช .โฌืืฆื ืฉื ืโช ,โฌืืขืจื ืืคืืืื ืืชืงืืื ืืขืืืืืช ืืืืคื ืืืื ืืืืืงโช.โฌโฌ
โซโช9โฌโฌ
11
10
โซืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืืจื ืฉืืืฉืช ืืฆืืจืื ืืืื โ ืืืชืโช ,โฌืืคืืืืื ืืืคืืืื โ ืื ื ืืจืืืฉืโฌ โซืฉืืช ืืืืจืช ืขื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืฉืโช .โฌืืืชืขืจืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืื ืจืืื ื ืคืฉืืช ืฉื ืคืฆืฆืชโฌ โซืืืื ืฉืขืืกืงืช ืืขืฆื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืฉืโช ,โฌืืงืืื ืืื ืืฉืโช ,โฌืืืจืช ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืโช.โฌโฌ โซืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืชื ืฉืชืกืชืืื ืคื ืืื ืืชืืฉืื ืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืขืืืจื? ืื ืืืฉืืขืืชโฌ โซืฉื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืืช ืฉื ืฆืืจื ืฉืขืืืืช ืืืชืคืจืฅ?โฌ โซืืืืืืช ืืฉืืื ืฉืื ืคืืืฉืช ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืืจืคื ืืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ื ืื ื ืขืืฉืโฌ โซืืื ืืชโช ...โฌืฉืืื ื ืื ื ืขืืฉื ืื ืืืจ ืืขืฆืโช...โฌโฌ โซืฉืืืช ืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืื?โฌ โซืืืืืืช ืืืชืืืืืชโช .โฌืื ื ืืจื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืืช ืืโช ,โฌืืื ืืืชืืืืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืชืโฌ โซืืืืฉืืฉ ืืืืื ืชื ืืขืฉืืืช ืืื ืืชโช.โฌโฌ โซืฉืื ืช โฌ
โซืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืื ืชืืื?โฌ
โซืืืืืืช ืืโช ,โฌืื ื ืคืืขืืช ืืชืื ืกืื ืฉื ืืฉโช .โฌืื ื ืืืฉืืช ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืงืฉืืจ ืืืืฉืืืชโช ,โฌืืืืโฌ โซืืืืื ืืคืืจืืื ืืโช ,โฌืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืืกืืจืช ืืจืืข ืืขืืฆืืชื ืฉื ืืืกืืโช ,โฌืืคื ื ืืืฉืืืืชโฌ โซืฉืืโช .โฌืืืืืื ืืืชื ืื ืืืื ืงืฉืืจ ืืืืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉื ืืฉืืโช ,โฌืืืืืช ืงืฉืืจื ืืจืืขโฌ โซืฉืืืืื ืืฉืื ืฉืืืื ืฉืืืืโช.โฌโฌ โซืฉืืืช ืื ืืขื ืืืโช ,โฌืื ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืช ืืจืืจ ืืืกืชืืืงื ืืืืืื ืืืืโช ,โฌืืืืฉืง ืืื ืฉื ืโฌ โซืืงืฆืืืช ืืืืโช ,โฌืืืื ืืืืืชโช ,โฌืืจืืข ืืื ืฉืขืฉืื ืืืืืช ื ืืจื ืืกืืืโช ,โฌืืืื ืืขืฆื ืืืืโฌ โซืืกืชืืโช.โฌโฌ โซืืืืืืช ืื ื ืืืฉืืช ืฉืื ืื ื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืจืก ืืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืกืชืื ืืืืงื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืื ืโฌ โซืืคืกืืงืื ืืจืืืช ืืืชื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืฃโช .โฌืืืช ืืืืจืชโช ,โฌืื ืืืืช ืืกืื ืืโืื ืืืืืโช,โฌโฌ โซืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืโช ,โฌืืคืจืง ืืช ืืืงืื ืืืจื ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืฉืืโช .โฌืืื ืื ืืโช ,โฌืืื ืืโฌ โซืืืฃ ืคืฆืืขโช .โฌืืืจืก ืืื ืื ืื ืืฉืืืโืื ืฉืืื ืืคืกืืง ืืืืื ืืืชืืื ืืืืืืโช.โฌโฌ โซืฉืืืช ืืื ืืืฉืืื ืฉืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจืืจ ืืืืืื ืืชโช.โฌโฌ โซืืืืื ืช โฌ
โซื ืืืโช.โฌโฌ
โซืฉืืืช ืืืืื ืืขืืกืืง ืืื ืืื ืข ืืื ืืขืกืืง ืืืืืืจืคืื ืฉืืโช ,โฌืืืฆืืืืช ืืืืื ืืฉืืืืโฌ โซืฉืืืชื ืืขืืจ ืืืง ืืืืืืืื ืฉืื? ืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืชโช ,โฌืื ืกืืข ืืืืืฉืื ืืกืืื ืืโช,โฌโฌ โซืืขืืืจ ืืืืกืืืืโช .โฌืืช ืืื ืงืืืืืืืช ืฉืื ืชืชืขืกืง ืืขืจืื ืฉืืโช ,โฌืืฉืื ืฉืืโช ,โฌืืืโฌ โซืชืชืขืกืง ืื ืืืืโช ,โฌืืจืื ืื ืืคืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืฉื [ืฆืืืงืช]โช.โฌโฌ โซืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืืืชโช ,โฌืื ืงืฉืืจ ืืฆืืจ ืืคืืืืื ืฉืืืืจืช ืขืืื ืืงืฉืืจ ืืืื ืื ืืกืืืื ืฉืืืืชืโฌ โซืืโช .โฌืืืืชื ืืืชื ืืืืช ืืืงืืื ืืืื ืคืืืืืโช ,โฌืืืื ืคืืฆืืฆืื ืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืืืโช ,โฌืืื ืโฌ โซืืืืจืช ืืช ืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืฉืืจืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืขืจืื ืืืชื ืืืืชโช .โฌืืื ืงืืื ืื ืืืืืชโฌ โซืืืงืื ืฉื ืขืืืืช ืื ืืืืื ืืืงืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืจืื ืคืืโช ,โฌืืืื ืชืืคืืื ืืจืืฉืื ืโฌ โซืืชืืืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉืืโช.โฌโฌ
โซโช12โฌโฌ
โซโช13โฌโฌ
โซืฉืื ืช โฌ
โซืืืคื ืืืืช?โฌ
โซืืืืืืช ืืืืชื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืโช ,โฌืืื ืจืืืืื ืืืื ืืคืจ ืงืื ืืฉื ืขืืโืงืื ืืโช .โฌืืฉื ืืช ืืื ืฉืื ืขืืโฌ โซืืื ืืืกืื ืืืืืืื ืขื ืืืคืจโช ,โฌืืืื ื ืืืจืืื ืืืื ืืจืืืช ืืช ืืฉืงืืืืช ืคืืจืืืช ืื"ืโฌ โซืืฉืืโช ,โฌืืืืฉ ืืืืคืจ ืืื ืืืืข ืขื ืืจื ืกืคืืจืืจ ืืชืื ืืืืืจ ืืจืงืืช ืืืจืื ืืืืฉืืโช.โฌโฌ โซืืืื ืืฉ ืื ืืขืืืข ืื ืืคืื ืืืืืืืื ืืืืโช ,โฌืืื ื ืืคื ืืืืืชืโช .โฌืืื ืืืืืช ืืืชื ืืืืชโฌ โซืืฉืืขื ืืืืืช ืืืืืจ ืขืืืืช ืื ืจืง ืืืืื ืช ืคืืโช ,โฌืืื ืื ืืืืื ืช ืืืืืืืฆืืโฌ โซืคืืืืืืช ืืืืจืชืืชโช .โฌืืื ืฉืืืืชื ื ืขืฉืืชื ืืืืขืช ืืขืืืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืืฉืืืโฌ โซืืื ืืืืืืงืช ืืฆืืืืจืืชโช .โฌืืืืจ ืืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืฉืคืขื ืื ืขื ืืืฉืืืชื ืืื ืขืโฌ โซืืขืืชื ืืคืืืืืืืชโช ,โฌืฉืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืื โ ืื ื ืื ืืืืโช ,โฌืื ื ืื ืฉืืืโช ,โฌืื ื ืื ืื ืืจืืโฌ โซืงืืืกืโช.โฌโฌ โซืฉืืืช ืืช ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืชืื ืืืืจ ืืืโช.โฌโฌ โซืืืืืืช ืื ื ืืืืื ืืืจืืืืช ืืืื ืฉืืืงืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืจืืืืชโช .โฌืืืโฌ โซืืฆืจ ืืืกืจ ืคืื ืืขืืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืืชื ืืฉืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืืคืืฉโช .โฌืืขืื ื ืื ืืืฉืืขืืช ืฉืโฌ โซืคืืืจืืืื ืืืืชืโช .โฌืืฆื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืชืจืืฉื ืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืฉื ืื ืืืื ืืชืคืืืืชโช,โฌโฌ โซืฉืืขืงืืืชืื ืืชื ืขืจืชื ืืืจืื ืจืขืืื ืืช ืฉื ืืชืคืืกื ืืืชืืชโืืืืืืชโช .โฌืืื ืืืชืจโฌ โซืืื ืชื ืฉืืกืืคืืจ ืฉืขืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืงื ืืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืโช .โฌืืขื ืืื ืฉืื ืื ืโฌ โซืืขืจืืื โ ืื ื ืืืืืชื ืืช ืืืขืืจ ืืฉืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืืืืชโช ,โฌืืื ืืขืืจ ืฉืืืืืขโฌ โซืืืชืโช .โฌืืืโช ,โฌืขื ืคืจืืฅ ืืืื ืชืืคืืืโช ,โฌืืฉืืชืืื ื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืโช ,โฌืื ืจืืื ื ืืืชื ืืืชืจโช,โฌโฌ โซืืืช ืืืืจืช ืจืืื ื ืืืชื ืื ืืืื โ ืืืจื ืืืืชโืืกืคืจ ืขืืจื ื ืื ืืื ืืจื ืจืืืืืโช,โฌโฌ โซืืืจืชื ืืืื ืืช ืจืืืืืช ืจืืืืืโช ,โฌืืืจืชื ืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืคืจืืืื ืืชืื ืจืืืืืโช,โฌโฌ โซืืื ืืช ืืฉืคืืช ืืืืงื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืชโืืกืคืจ ืขื ืชืืงืื ืขื ืืื ืืฆืโฌ โซืืืืืฉ ืืืืืง ืืืืชื ืฉืขื ืฉืื ืืืืืืืืก ืฉืื ื ืืื ืขืืืจ ืืจืืืโช ,โฌืืื ืจืืื ื ืืืโฌ โซืืจืืืชโช .โฌืืื ืืจืืืช ืืช ืืืฆืืืืช ืขื ืืืงืืโช .โฌืื ืืืืกืื ื ืก ืืื ืืื ืืืืืจโช ,โฌืืืืืโฌ โซืืืืืืช ืงืฉืืจ ืื ืืฃ ืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืืืืืขื ืืคืืืืื โ ืื ืืืงืืื ืฉืืืืชื ืืโช.โฌโฌ โซืฉืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืืโช ,โฌืืจืื ืืืกืชืืืช ืืช ืืืืจืช ืื ืืืชืขืกืง โ ืขื ื ืืคื ืืืืืชืโช ,โฌืขืโฌ โซืืืืืโช ...โฌืืื ืืงืืืืช ืฉืืช ืื ื ืืืขืช ืืืโช .โฌืืจืืข ืืช ืืืืจืช ืืืชืขืกืง ืืื "ื ืฉืโฌ โซืืืื ืืฉื ืืจืืจโช ,โฌืืืืืจ ืืจืืืืืคื ืฉื ืืกืื ืืืืืงืื ืืช ืืกืชืืืืช โ ืื ืคืฆืฆืช ืืืืโฌ โซืืื ืืืงืื ื ืฉื ืืกืืโช ,โฌืืื ืฆืืงืืืคืืื ืืื ืืืงืื ื ืฉื ืืืขโช .โฌืื ื ืืจืืืฉื ืฉืื ืืืโฌ โซืืฉืคื โ ืืช ืืืืืช ืืจืื ืืืืชืจโช ,โฌืืืงืืช ืืืชื ืืืจืชืฃ ืฉื ืืขืืืชืโช ,โฌืืืื ืื ืคืืโช,โฌโฌ โซืืช ืืขืืโช ,โฌืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจืชโช" ,โฌืชืื ืืืชื ืืืืคื"โช ,โฌืืืฆื ืฉื ื ืืฉ ืืืื ืงืืืืืชโช ,โฌืืืโฌ โซืืื ืจืืืงื ืืกืคืืง ืืื ืืขืกืืง ืืโช.โฌโฌ โซืืืืืืช ืืฉืืชืืืชื ืืฆืคืืช ืืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืฃ ืืคืืืข ืืืืจืืฉืืืโช ,โฌืืจืืฉืชื ืฉืื ื ืขืืืืชโฌ โซืืงืจืืกโช .โฌืืื ืชื ืขื ืขืฆืื ืฉืืืืฉืื ืืจื ืืืืืช ืืืจืกโช ,โฌืืืืืช ืืืืคื ืืืืืงืกืืืชโฌ โซืืืืช ืื ื ืืกืชืืจื ืืขืฆืื ืืช ืืคืืืขืโช ,โฌืืืงืจื ืืื ืฉื ืืืคื ืื ืืืืงืื ืืืจโฌ โซืคืืืขื ืืืจืชโช ,โฌืงืจืืื ืืืชืจโช .โฌืืืืงื ืืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืขืืืืชื ื ืคืืฉืชื ืืืื ืืืืืจืโฌ โซืงืื ืคืืืงื ืืขืกืงืชื ืืืืจืืืืช ืฉื ืืืืื ืืืโช ,โฌืืชืคืืกื ืืคืืืืืืช ืฉืืโช .โฌืืื ืืืโช,โฌโฌ โซืืื ืื ืืขืืืื ืืืื ืืชืืชโช ,โฌืืฉ ืื ืืื ืืชโช ,โฌืืืืื ืืช ืื ืคืฆืฆืืช ืืืืโช .โฌืืืช ืืืืจืชโช ,โฌืืฉโฌ โซืืฉืื ืืจืข ืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืื ืฉืืืืง ืงืื ืคืืืงืืืโช .โฌืืืชืจ ืงื ืืืืืช ืขืืื ืืขื ืืโโฌ โซืืฉืืขืืชโช ,โฌืืืจ ืฉืืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืกืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืืืก ืืืฆืืืืช ืืืืื ืืืืจืืืช ืฉืืโฌ โซืื ืื ื ืืืืโช .โฌืืืืืื ืฉืืคืฆืฆื ืื ืืคืชืโช .โฌืืฉ ืื ืงืกืโช ,โฌืฉืื ืืืจ ืฉืื ื ืืืคืฉืชโช.โฌโฌ
โซโช14โฌโฌ
โซโช15โฌโฌ
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16
โซืฉืืืช ืืกืื ืืงืกื ืฉืืช ืืืืฆืจืช ืืฉ ืืฉืื ืจืืฉืื ืโช .โฌืืื ืืงืืืืโช ,โฌืืคืืื ืืชืจื ื ืืขืื ืโช .โฌืืชโฌ โซืืื ืืืืจืชโช :โฌืืคืืื ืชืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืโช ,โฌืื ื ืืืืฆืจ ืืช ืืืืคืโช ,โฌืืืคื ืฉืืื ืืืขืโฌ โซืืืืืโช .โฌืืช ืืฆืืืขื ืขื ืืคืจืื ืื ืืื ืืืขืฆืืชืโช .โฌืืื ืฆืืงืืืคืืืืช ืืฉ ืงืกื ืงืืโฌ โซืฉืื ืืืื ืืขื ื ืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืืืฆืจ ืืขืฆืืโช ,โฌืืืื ืืืืฆืจ ืืช ืคืฆืฆืช ืืืืื ืืชืโฌ โซืฆืจืื ืืื ืฉื ืืขืฆืืโช .โฌืืืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืกืชืืืงื ืืฉโช...โฌโฌ
โซืฉืืืช ืืืื ื ืืืจ ืจืืข ืขื ืขืืืืช ืืกืืื ืโช .โฌืืขืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืขืฆื ืืื ืืฉืืคื ืฉื ืืกืืืืืโฌ โซืฉืืโช ,โฌืืืื ืืชืคืงืืช ืืชืขืจืืื ืืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืขืื ืโช .โฌืืืืืจืื ืฉื ืขืืืืชโฌ โซืืกืืื ื ืื ืืขืฆื ืืงืืจืืช ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืโช ,โฌืื ืืื ืืข ืฉืืโช ,โฌืื ืืกืคืช ืืืืืโฌ โซืืขืืืืโช ,โฌืื ืืกืคืช ืืืจืโช .โฌืืคืจืืฉื ืืื ืืช ืืขืฆื ืืืืจืชโช ,โฌืืื ืืืจืจืืื ืืื ืืชืืืืโฌ โซืืืื ืืชืืฆืจโช.โฌโฌ
โซืืืืืืช ืืฉ ืืืืืจโช ,โฌืืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืขืจื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืืจืโช .โฌืืขืืืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืื ืืกืืคื ืฉืโฌ โซืืืจ ืื ืืฆืืืงื โ ืืืื ืืก ืื ืืื ืืชืื ืืจื ืืคืืกืืืง ืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืคืขืืื ืืจืืืืชโฌ โซืืืืืช ืคืชืืก ืื ืืืขื ืืืืืโช.โฌโฌ
โซืืืืืืช ืื ืืืื ื ืืืโช .โฌืืืืืฉืื ืืงืื ืืกืืื ื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืืโช ,โฌืกืื ืฉื ืืื ืืงืก ืืืืจืืโช,โฌโฌ โซืจืฉืช ืฉื ืืงืฉืจืื ืคื ืืืืื ืฉืืโช.โฌโฌ
โซืฉืืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืืฆืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืขื ืืื ืชโช ,โฌืื ืืืืงื ืืจื ืืืืงืกืืืช ืืืืืืืืืโฌ โซืืืืืืื ืฉืืช ืืืืฆืจืช ื ืคืขืจืื ืกืืงืื ืฉืืืืืืืื ืืืคืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืจืืโช .โฌืืฉืืโฌ โซืืืืื ืืืชื ืืืืืจืื ืืคืืืืืืื โ ืืขืืืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืชืืขื ืืงืืช ืืช ืืืจืโฌ โซืืืืื ืืื ืืืืงื ืื ืื ืืืกื ืืืฉืโช .โฌืื ืืจื ืืกืืงืื ืฉื ืืขืืืื ืืืืช ืืืฆืืฆืืโฌ โซืื ืืืืืืจโช ,โฌืื ืืขืืฉืืืโช ,โฌืื ืืคืืืืืโฆโฌ โซืืืืืืช ืืขื ืืื ืืคืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืืืจโช .โฌืื ื ืืืืจืช ืืงืื ืืกืืืืช ืืืื ืคืจืืืืชโช,โฌโฌ โซืืืคืืืืื ืฆืฅ ืฉืื ืืฉืืโช .โฌืืืืืชื ืืฆืื ืื ืื ืืืกื ืืชืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืืจืืืชโช :โฌืื ืืงืืโฌ โซืฉืื ื ืืืื ืืืืืชโช ,โฌืืืืืขืืช ืืจืืืช ืืืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืื ืืช ืคื ื ืืืจืโช .โฌืืฆืโฌ โซืฉื ืโช ,โฌืื ืื ืืืกื ืืชืงืืืื ืขืื ืืืื ืฆืืื ืโืืื ืืกืืจืช ืืืกืืืืช ืฉื ืขืืืื ืืจืืโฌ โซืืงืืจ ื ืื ืืืกื (ืืฉื ืจืื ื)โช .โฌืขื ืืืื ืืืกืืจืช ืืืืช ืืชืคืชืื ืืืืืื ืคืืืืืืชโช,โฌโฌ โซืืืืงืื ืืคื ืืืืงื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืโืฆืืื ืืืชโช ,โฌืขื ืฉืืฉื ืช โช '37โฌืืืจืืืืโฌ โซืืกืจื ืขื ืงืืื ืืืโช .โฌืืืืกืืจ ื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืืืืโช ,โฌืื ืฉืืขืฆื ืื ืืืงื ืคืืืืื ืจืืืโฌ โซืขืืฉืืโช .โฌืื ืืฆื ืืื ืื ื ืืืืขืช ืืืคื ืื ื ื ืืฆืืชโช ,โฌืืืฆื ืฉื ื ืืืืืจืืช ืฉืื ื ืืืขืืชโฌ โซืืื ืืขืื ืืืจืืโช .โฌืื ื ื ืืฉืืช ืืืืืจโช ,โฌืื ืืฃ โ ืืืโช ,โฌืืืคืืฉ ืขื ืืืฆืืืืชโช ,โฌื ืืฆืจืืโฌ โซืืคืืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืืืโช.โฌโฌ โซืฉืื ืช โฌ
โซืฉืืืช ืืฆืืคื ืฉืื ืืช ื ืืชื ืช ืื ืกืคืงืืจืื ืจืื ืฉื ืคืขืืืืช โ ืืคืขืืืืช ืืื ืืจืืืช ืฉืโฌ โซืืืฆืืืช ืงืื ืืช ืืชืื ืกืคืจืืโช ,โฌืื ืืชืขืจืืืืืช ืจืืฉืืืืืช ืืืืืจื ืืจืืืืโช ,โฌืขื ืืืืจโฌ โซืืืืืื ืื ืื ืืืกืโช .โฌืืืจื ืืช ืืืฉืคืช ืืช ืืกืืืืื ืฉืืโช ,โฌืื ืื ืืคื ืจืืืโช .โฌืืื ืโฌ โซืืืฉืืช ืฉืื ืกืื ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืโช ,โฌืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืืชื ืขืืฉืืโช ,โฌืืืืฉืื ืฉืืืฉืคืช ืืชโฌ โซืืืืฆืขืืโช ,โฌืื ืืกืชืืจื ืืืชืโช ,โฌืื ืืืืงืช ืืช ืื ืกืืื ืืชโช.โฌโฌ โซืืืืืืช ืชืจืืโช ,โฌืืืืฉืื ืขื ืืฆืืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืืื ืืืืฉืื ืจืืข ืฉืืชืืืชื ืืืฉืืฉโฌ โซืืืขืืืื ืฉืจืืืื ืืช ืืชืคืจืื ืฉืืโช ,โฌืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืคืืืืโืคืืืื ืฉืชืคืืจืื ืื ืืืโช.โฌโฌ โซืืืจื ืจืืข ืฉื ืืืฉืื ืืืจืชื ืืขืฆืืโช ,โฌืืจืืจ ืฉืจืืืื ืืช ืืชืคืจืืโช ,โฌืื ืืจื ืืืืืืชื!โฌ โซืืกืื! ืืื ืื ืืืืืืจโช .โฌืื ืืืงืื ืฉืื ืื ื ืืชืขืกืงืช ืืจืืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืกืโฌ โซืืืชืืจืืช ืืืชื ืืืขืฉื ืืืจืืืโช ,โฌืืื ืื ืืกืชืืจื ืืช ืืขืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืกืืจืโช,โฌโฌ โซืืื ืกืื ืโช ,โฌืืื ืืื ืื ืืืฉโช .โฌืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฆืข ืืกืจืโช ,โฌืืจืืข ืฉื ืฉืื ืืคืชืืก โ ืื ืืชืโฌ โซืืืืโช ,โฌืื ืืช ืืืืืโช ,โฌืืืืืื ืโโช Alibbaโฌืืจื ืขื ืงโช ,โฌืืื ืืืืข ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืขื ืืืืชโช.โฌโฌ
โซืืื ืืช ืืชืืืื ืช?โฌ
โซืืืืืืช ืืจืื ื ืืืืืจ ืขื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืจื ืืืโช ,โฌืืืงืื ืขื ืืืกืืืจืื ืคืืกืืื ืืชโืืืกืืืืชโฌ โซืฉืืกืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืกืืจโช .โฌืืฉืื ืื ืื ื ืืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืืงืื ืืจื ืืงืืฉืจืื ืืช ืืืืโฌ โซืืืจื ืืงืืจ ืืฉืื' ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืขืืฃ ืืจืืโช .โฌืื ืกืืืืืฆืื ืืืืืจืืชโช ,โฌืืืื ืืฆืืืืืืโฌ โซืืื ืืืืฉืฃโช .โฌืืชืื ืื ืืื ืืฆืื ืฉืืืฉ ืกืฆื ืืชโช ,โฌืืืกืืคื ืฉื ืืืจ ืฆืืืื ื โช 45โฌืงืืฆืืโฌ โซืฉืื ืื ืืืืจื ืชืฉืข ืฉืขืืชโช.โฌโฌ โซืฉืืืช ืืฉืืช ืืืฉืืช ืขื ืืฆืืคื ืฉืื ืืชืขืจืืืโช ,โฌืื ืืขืฆื ืืช ืืขืื ืืื ืช ืืชืช ืื?โฌ โซืืืืืืช ืืืืชื ืจืืฆื ืืืฆืืื ืืืื ืืก ืฆืืคื ืืชืื ืกืืืื ืฉืืื 'ืืืจื ืืืื'โช .โฌืขื ืืืื ืฉืโฌ โซืืขืืืชื ืืฉืืชื ืืื ืขื ืืืจืชืฃ ืฉื ืงืฅ ืืขืืื โ ืืฉืืช ื ืื ืกืช ืืช ืื ืืืืขืช ืืโฌ โซืื ืจืืข ืืคื ื ืืืกืื ืื ืจืืข ืืืจืืโช .โฌืื ืืชืงืืื ืืืืคื ืืืจ ืื ืืกืจื ืฉื ืืจืืืชโช.โฌโฌ โซืืื ืกืจื ืืกืข ืฉืฆืืื ืืช ืื ืืฃ ืืืืืจื ืืืืืื ื ืืฆืื ืืจื ืืชืืืื ืฉื ืืจืืืชโช ,โฌืืืโฌ โซืืกืจื ืืื ืืชืขืชืขโช ,โฌืื ืืจื ืืคืจืืืื ืืืืช ืืืจืฅ ื ืจืืืช ืขื ืงืืช ืืฉืืืืโช ,โฌืืคืชืืืโฌ โซืืชื ืื ืืืื ืืืชืโช ,โฌื ืืฆืจืช ืืืื ืืืกืืืจืืื ืืฆืื ืคื ืืืืชโช.โฌโฌ
โซโช18โฌโฌ
โซโช19โฌโฌ
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Yehudit Thatโs very true, in a way the sound is very personalโa kind of material index, a network of internal connections. Sagit You also provide your viewers with a wide range of actionsโfrom minor actions of small inventions within books, or notational interventions in archival material, to the total initiative at Nabi Musa. As you do so, you also reveal your studioโso itโs a broad fan. And I think that thatโs your kind of artโthatโs how I discover you now, as someone who exposes the means, doesnโt hide them, doesnโt erase the attempts. Yehudit Look, when I think about the Moon shoots, there was a moment when I started to worry about the fact that one can see the seams, because itโs made up of segments that are sewn together. But on then I thought to myselfโโOf course you see the seamsโitโs an artificial moon! From China!โ And thatโs the humor of the thing, too. This is where I engage with a monumental readymade item, and try to riff on the story of Creation with itโbut I donโt hide the fact that itโs the most commercial, the most Chinese, the cheapest and most accessible thing. Itโs like saying, in the middle of a movie, at the moment of greatest pathosโyou too can order a huge moon from Alibaba, and it will be delivered to your doorstep.
โซืืกืขื ืฉื ืืืชโฌ โซ ืืืืืืื ืืืฆืืโฌ,โซ ืฉืืืจืื ืืืฆื ืงืืืืืืจโฌ,โซืื ืกืืขื ืืืืืจ ื ืฉืงืคืช ืืจื ืงืืจ ืจืืืช ืืฉืโฌ โซ "ืืกืขื ืฉื ืืืช" ืืื ืฉืื ืฉื ืืืืจโฌ.โซืคืืกืคืืื ืืืคืขืื ืฆืื ืื ืื ืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืืจืโฌ โซ ืืฉืื ื ืืกืื ื"ืคืจืืืงืโฌ1945 โซืฉืืื ืืืืงื ืืืจืืื ืฉื ืืืืจ ื ืื ืืงืกืืงื ืืฉืจ ืฉืืืฉ ืืฉื ืชโฌ .โซืื ืืื" โ ืื ืืกืื ืืืืจืืงืื ืืจืืฉืื ืืืืืช ืคืฆืฆืช ืืืืืโฌ
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Yehudit When I began to watch the materials of the damaged body from Hiroshima, I felt that I was on the verge of collapse. I realized that somehow through this celebration of destruction, this celebration of beauty and fascination, I was hiding the harm from myselfโin this case the harm to the Japanese, but also harm that is inflicted elsewhere. In my daily life and work I was encountering many conflict areas, and dealing with the complexity of life here, through my political views. But emotionally, as well as in my artistic work, I have defensesโand that defense is atomic bombs. Thatโs to say, there is something in the absolute evil of the atom that obliterates conflicts. Itโs easier to express an unequivocal opinion about itโwhich is much more complicated to do with the complexities of life that we live in. And of course the bomb is also seductiveโit has a magical quality, which is something Iโm looking for.
Yehudit As far as the political issue is concerned, itโs very interesting and strange: I choose a site for very private reasons, [but] the political [aspect] pops up again and again. I chose to shoot at Nabi Musa for reasons to do with material: itโs a place that Iโm very fond of, and those soft and light-colored hills reminded me of the face of the moon. On the other hand, since the days of Saladdin there has been a Muslim tradition of pilgrimage to the tomb of Nabi Musa (Arabic, โThe Prophet Mosesโ). Over time, this became a political celebration, so the site became a focus of nationalistic and anti-Zionist demonstrationsโto the point where, in 1937, the British banned those events. That prohibition stands to this day, so in fact itโs now a dormant political focus. So on the one hand I am aware of where I am, but on the other hand my choices are made for other reasons. I am attracted to the material, to the landscapeโso in the encounter with reality, very weird juxtapositions are created.
Sagit The type of magic you produce has a primeval qualityโfor me, it is activistic, even subversive. Itโs like youโre saying: โEven if you were to lock me up in a dark room, I will create the beautyโa beauty that is almost a blossoming.โ You highlight the individual versus the superpower. Encyclopedias have a small charm that even the poorest person can produce for themselvesโbut to produce an atom bomb you need the financial wherewithal of a major power. In the megalomania of aesthetics there isโ
Sagit What do you mean?
Yehudit There is humorโand humor is a very important value for me. My Moon work is also funnyโputting a man in a plastic moon to do something heroic and full of pathos is almost moronic. Sagit This material intuition is very interesting, because it is precisely through the enchantment of the great images that you create that we see the cracks through which the everyday and the political may be glimpsed. Something leads you to the political sitesโin the great work you choose to take this great moon to Nabi Musa, for example. So through the cracks of this work we also see glimpses of humor, that is both contemporary and political.
Yehudit We went down to the desert with the Moon on a full moon night, to a place with a Muslim-Palestinian history whose symbol is the crescent, and when we get there we discover that there is a lunar eclipse, and tie the moon balloon to the sheikhโs tomb so that it doesnโt fly away in the wind. It was a bizarre scene, and the shooting session was magical. The plan was do shoot three scenes, and we ended up shooting 45 different clips over nine hours. Sagit When you think about the viewers at the exhibition, what is it that youโre seeking to give them? Yehudit I would like to manage to draw viewers into an environment that is โafter the event.โ I thought about the Mamuta basement like the End of the World: when you enter, you donโt know if itโs a moment before the disaster, or immediately after. The same thing happens, in a different way, in the train film: ostensibly, itโs a film about a journey through the desert landscape along the train route between Dimona to the Wilderness of Zinโbut thatโs deceptive, because through this prism the country looks huge and desolate, and suddenly you donโt recognize it, which triggers a kind of inner disorientation. Sagit Letโs talk for a moment about the sound work. This work is really like an insight into your studio, and for me it functions as something very generous at the exhibition: the sound materials are actually your sources of inspirationโitโs your engine, what youโve collected during your work, what you have collected on the way. Through this presentation youโre actually saying that there is no hierarchy between the process and the product.1
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Yehudit The enthusiasm. Itโs very strange to say this, but for me, my enthusiasm is the most tangible material I have for making art. Sagit Is this something youโve always had? Yehudit Yes, I work from within a kind of fire. And in answer to your question, I think it has something to do with personalityโmaybe a kind of pyromaniaโan inexplicable attraction to the powerful moment of destruction, before its consequences. And in an ethical sense perhaps it has something to do with being someone who generates somethingโto be linked to the moment that generates something that goes out of control. Sagit Thatโs interesting, because in recent years terrorism and aesthetics have gone hand in handโthe interface between these two extremes, life and death, that moment that can be very dangerous, and is actually very aesthetic. Yehudit I think that we see atomic destruction as something aesthetic because we stop seeing it as the death of the bodyโthatโs to say, itโs a death that is so total that it annihilates everything, breaks the universe down into its raw materials. No blood is involved, no bleeding bodiesโ the destruction is so complete that it stops being threatening and starts to astonish, instead. Sagit But your attraction in this place is an attraction to terrorism. Yehudit Right. Sagit And perhaps this preoccupation prevents you from grappling with your own life storyโwith the reality of life in the Occupied Territories that used to be part of your daily life? To grow up in a Jewish settlement in the West Bank, to travel on dangerous roads, to pass through checkpoints. Youโre like a cowboy who refuses to confront her own prairie, her neighbors, but rather deal with Nevada, fighting the gangs that are over there [laughs]. Yehudit That may be. It has to do with the political aspect that you mentioned earlier, and perhaps also with the environment that I grew up in. I grew up in a settlement in a very political climate, full of explosions and constant tensionโand I say this both in terms of appreciation and of resistance. But above all, to live in an area of conflict means to grow up in a place where there is a lot of fearโthe first intifadah [Palestinian uprising] started in my childhood. Sagit Where did you grow up?
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Yehudit I grew up in the settlement of Dolev, near Ramallah and near a small village called Ein Qinnia. When I was in kindergarten we still had amazing relationship with the villageโwe would go down to see the almond trees blossoming during the Tu BโShvat Festival, and a guy would arrive in an orange Transporter van to sell vegetables in the middle of town. Today I have a longing for those amazing landscapesโ the landscapes of my childhood. But living in a settlement means living in a conflict zoneโnot only in terms of fear, but also in terms of political and social legitimacy. As I grew up, I became aware of the fact that we, as settlers, were at the heart of public controversyโand this had a big impact, both on my personality and on my political opinions, which are complex todayโI am neither right-wing, nor left, nor am I a classic member of the political mainstream. Sagit You harbor a certain complexity within this thing. Yehudit I have complexities because that setting cultivated the ability within me to live in complexity. It created a fearlessness of confrontation and a readiness for clashes of identities and for encounters. For me, that is the meaning of real pluralism. Beside that, however, a certain realization has emerged in me over the years, which has led me to break free from many of the nationalist-religious views. Among other things, I now understand that the story that we were told as children is partial in every respect. With regard to our Arab neighbors, I experienced the transition from good neighbors to enemiesโand that kind of transition leaves a mark. And then, with the outbreak of the intifadah, when we started to be enemies, I didnโt see them any moreโthatโs to say, we saw them all the time: on the way to school we used to pass through Ramallah every day. I knew the streets of Ramallah very wellโI even got to know very private things inside Ramallah, like the albino family who used to go to school by the wayside every day, with their backpacks, just as our bus drove down the streetโbut we saw without seeing. Without seeing all aspects of the reality. So this dissonance between being familiar with, and loving it and being emotionally connected to the landscape, and the enmity and the politically charged atmosphere, is the climate that I grew up in. Sagit And with this issueโthe aesthetic levelโyou have chosen not to get involved, with the landscapes of your childhood, with the threat... these are areas that you donโt touch. Right now, you have chosen to tackle the DNA of threat and terrorism, the archetypal examples of calamity โโ and aesthetic iconsโbecause an atomic bomb is an icon of disaster, and an encyclopaedia is an icon of knowledge... I feel that itโs like a funnel: youโre taking a wider view, placing it in the basement of Mamuta, and you have no fearโyou dare, itโs like youโre saying, โHit me with beautyโโand on the other hand there is an existential horror, but itโs sufficiently distant to deal with it.
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Yehudit Thatโs trueโalthough it takes me time to become aware of it: first, I touch the magic, and then slowly I become aware of the catastrophe. This is also what happened to me while working on the exhibition. I see my work as replicating, in miniature, the process that the world at large went through: long before the terrible destruction of the bomb sank in, there was a lot of enthusiasm surrounding the invention itself, and about its power. I saw a lot of documentary material from the nuclear experiments (itโs beautiful material thatโs available online), but only at a very late stage of the work did I dare to touch upon the destruction itselfโlike the damage done to the body. At the end of the process of working on the exhibition I saw a film about survivors from Hiroshima: it shows Japanese people standing in front of the camera, a man stands and looks at the camera, then after a minute he takes his clothes off, and suddenly you see the body wracked by radiation. The film made me feel terrible, and raised doubts in me about the whole exhibition. In effect, it took me over two years to dare to approach the topic of the body, the destruction itself, the catastrophe. Sagit Iโm trying to think if there is some kind of form that repeats itself in the works, and I see something that is out of controlโbut within defined and aesthetic boundaries. Thatโs actually the aesthetic value of your workโforms that contain the potential for eruption, which preserve things at their greatest potential for destructionโbut also with the greatest beauty. Things donโt erupt all the wayโthey are not destroyed. Iโm curious what are these images are for you? Why are you drawn to engage with them? Who is the artist who is doing this? Why do you choose to focus your resources on it? What is the ethics of this thing? The decision to deal with the atomic bomb in Israel, in 2018, at Mamuta, in the basement; to travel by train near the nuclear reactor in Dimonaโthese are decisions that probe the political boundaries of art to change, to show. On the other hand, there is clearly a very poetic value in the works. Ultimately, through these three aspectsโthe ethical, political and poeticโI feel you are talking about the human condition. I experience the emotional energy of an atomic bomb from the exhibition, which in effect deals with the human condition, with the human existenceโotherwise it wouldnโt speaks to us. So Iโm interested in you looking inside and thinking what is this thing is for you? What does it mean to be within the boundaries of a form that is about to blow up? Yehudit Your question engages me both in terms of my life story and in terms of the place where I make art... where I actually do everything... Sagit What is this place?
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The Journey of the Dead Man The journey in the desert was filmed from the locomotive of a cargo train which makes its way from a phosphate ore from โZin Industriesโ in the Negev to the port at Ashdod and its way back. The โJourney of the Dead Manโ is the name of a desolate area in the southern part of the desert of New Mexico,which served as a testing ground for โManhattan Projectโ - the first American experiment in the atomic bomb in 1942.
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A C O N V E R S A T I O N B E T W E E N S A G I T M E Z A M E R & YEHUDIT SHLOSBERG-YOGEV
Sagit Your exhibition begins 110 years ago, in 1908, with you are already working within cinematic contexts. The nuclear threat and encyclopedias belong to the same worldโone preceding the threats of today, in which individuals commit terrorist acts. One gets the feeling from the exhibition that you are once again identifying power in the aggregation of information, in the might of the superpower. The superpowers created the nuclear threat, the superpowers had the economic means to produce nuclear tests, and the encyclopedia is also a kind of information superpower. Is the exhibition is a kind of lament for these superpowers? Yehudit For me, what is interesting is to understandโand this is pretty well knownโis that the arms race between Russia and the United States led to far-reaching human inventions: atomic bombs, space exploration, and landing on the moonโthe most absolute human achievements were the product of the arms race. I donโt think I miss the superpowers, but I do miss a kind of magnitude and power, and also a kind of respect for knowledge, and the investment of craftsmanship around knowledge. Today there is a lot of knowledgeโbut itโs cheap. The video work Small Step for Man touches upon this, because what is it that I did, when you think about it? I ordered a huge moon from Chinaโa commercial accessory used for commercials. It was customized to my specifications, with a print of the moonface on it. Within the moon there are built-in airblowers and lights; you plug it into the socket, and it starts to blow up. I imagined a man rolling this balloon to the top of a mountain in the desertโI wanted to reproduce a natural phenomenonโto fabricate a moonrise. We arrived to film on site on a night with a full moon (the real moon served as a lighting fixture)โand there, on site, we discovered that there is a lunar eclipse. After about an hour or so, a huge wind began to blow, and so this fabricated natural phenomenon became a real force of natureโa huge sail that four people had to hold on to, so that it didnโt fly away. For me, thatโs when the significant moment happened: the moment when the fabricated natural phenomenon rebelled against its creator. When I planned the shoot, I dearly hoped that this would happenโI didnโt know what it would be, exactly, but the desire wasnโt to create a โbeautiful imageโโbut to provoke nature, to take risks.
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Sagit You also deal with atomic bombs, and when I think of the word atom I think of an elementary part of matter. As a plastic artist, engaging in the atoms of thingsโthe core of things, even at the purely conceptual, or the literal, levelโis like getting to the root of the language, to the smallest unit of language in the material. This unit is like an introduction to an entire world that opens up. You actually asking, what is the atom, the nucleus of thingsโwhereby the word atom is charged with a certain cultural and historical meaning. Through the exhibition you take us down to the root of thingsโand then open up a kind of fan. Yehudit Thatโs true, because even in my work process, things begin with a little moment of excitement with the materialโfor example, when I was in the encyclopedias. When I was Artist in Residence at Mamuta, I came across many volumes of a exquisite German encyclopedia from 1908โeighteen volumes that encompass an unimaginable range of information: entries on the human body, about machines, engines, plants, animals, maps, inventions, events, places, religionsโitโs like everything was there. I donโt read German, but I opened the encyclopedias and leafed through the drawingsโsome of which are painted by handโand my exhiliration arose from the rustling pages, the handiwork, the colorfulness. I discovered a respect for knowledge thereโa hope that they attributed to knowledge. I really got the sense from the encyclopedia [volume]s that humanity believed in itself. It was a moment before the world wars, just before the real beginning of the 20th century. Sagit The question that comes to my mind is what part of Yehudit is in the workโin terms of the drawing, through small mechanisms such as encyclopedias, and archive materials about atomic bombsโand what part of you lies in the images that grow into video works, for large productions. Yehudit I think that what preoccupies me first of all is a small moment of magic. Magic is a kind of raw material for meโand the atomic bomb is the biggest and falsest magic that humanity has ever invented... The moments when an atom bomb explodes have a hypnotic beautyโa primeval beauty that is made up of the materials of Creation itself. Itโs as if all the matter of the universe has been melted down and recast: it has fire, water, smoke and splitting of matterโฆ Some people call it the atomic sublime. Sagit But this sublime has the potential of unimaginable destruction.
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The Works
p. 4 One Small Step for a Man one channel screening; 07:20, HD, 2018 Photographer: Itamar Mender-Flohr Actor: Eyal Plumendorf Video Edition and Post Production: Ofek Shemer and Ada Rimon p. 10, 13 Moon Phases video installation; 7 LCD monitors, 7 raspberry pi computers, cables, 2018 Monitors: Yaniv Sheinfeld p. 10 Watch From a Safe Distance sound work; green button, arduino, mp3, speakers, led, 2018 Sound Editing: Ofek Shemer and Ada Rimon p. 15 The Moon ready made; plastic balloon, internal lighting and blowers, 5 mtrs diameter, motion sensor, 2017 p. 15 Cannon Mechanism object; wood, USB lamp, engine of microwave, horseshoe, 2018 Cannon mechanism: Itamar Mendes-Flohr pp. 20, 22 Encyclopaedia 4 volumes from the โBrockhaus / Ronberlations Lerikonโ encyclopaedia, Germany, 1908, led lamps, arduino, 2018 Books Electronics: Omri David pp. 26, 28, 32, 36 The Journey of the Dead Man one channel screening; 1:34:00 (from 5 hours), HD, 2018 Photographer: Itamar Mendes-Flohr p. 42 Ships drawing and projection of foundfootage on graphite paper, 60/50, 2018
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โซืกืคืื ืืชโฌ โซ ืืื ืืชืื ืกืืจืช ื ืืกืืืโฌ,"โซืืืืืจ ืืืจืืืื ื ืืงืื ืืืืื ืืจื ื ืืืชืขื ืืช ื ืืกืื "ืืืืงืจโฌ ,โซ ืดืืืืงืจืด ืคืืฆืฅ ืืชืืช ืืคื ื ืืืืโฌ.โซ ืืืืื ืืืงืื ืโฌ1946 โซืืจืขืื ืืืจืืงืืื ืฉื ืขืฉื ืืงืืฅโฌ โซ ืืืืจื ืืืืืงโฌ,โซ ืืขืืโืืืืโฌ5700 โซ ืกืคืื ืืช ืขืืืืโฌ97 โซ ืืืจ ืืืกืืืืชื ืคืืืจืโฌ27 โซืืขืืืง ืฉืโฌ .โซืืช ืืฉืคืขืช ืืคืืฆืืฅ ืขื ืืกืคืื ืืช ืืืืืืจ ืืจืืืืืงืืืื ืขื ืืฆืืจืื ืืืืโฌ
Ships The archive material was found on the internet. It documents โThe Baker Testโ, one of a series of american atomic tests was performed during summer of 1946 in Atol, Bikini. The explosion occurred underwater, at 27 meters depth and around it 97 ships were dispersed with 5700 animals inside them. The objective was to check the effect of the explosion on the boats and the radioactive materials on the animals.
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In 1978, atomic scientist Anatoli Petrovich Bugorski shoved his head into a particle accelerator to fix a malfunction. A photon beam that was shooting around in the accelerator hit his head at the speed close to the speed of light. The scientist claimed he did not feel pain, but saw a light that was โbrighter than a thousand suns.โ Yehudit Shlosberg-Yogevโs first solo exhibition, titled โBrighter Than a Thousand Sunsโ (after the book of that title on the Manhattan Project) contains apocalyptic and poetic images that are fascinating and disturbing at the same time. Like Bugorski, for Shlosberg-Yogev, tooโwho created these works as part of her tenure as Artist in Residence at the Mamuta Art Center, the atomic bomb is the driving force.
Brighter Than a Thousand Suns offers a sensory preoccupation with existential questions: our relationship with nature, issues of control and restriction, and various aspects of artโs approach to natureโfrom observation to framing, from intervention to withdrawal. The human presence at the exhibition, mediated through camera and word, gives all of these fascinating interpretations and a great beauty. L ea and Diego Sala-Manca group
The exhibition is an invitation to experience the basement space of Mamuta at Hansen House as a sanctuary for visual remains moments after the great disasterโimages that appear to be taken from an archeological journey through the realms of human terrorโ from dread of the magnitude of human power to fear of no return. In one of the worksโA Small Step for a Manโan artificial moon appears in the desert, next to a single man fighting the wind. Is this how Shlosberg-Yogev envisions the dream of the last survivor? And what lies in the manโs futile action? Is it beauty, pathos and solitudeโor humor and hope, as well? In another workโThe Journey of the DeadโShlosberg-Yogev created a documentary film shot from the locomotive of a freight train through in the Desert of Zin in southern Israel. The train is traveling from nowhere to nowhere, passing by the Israeli nuclear reactor that we are not supposed to know that we know is there. The trainโs journey, which contains many references to the history of cinema, does not document the departure from the reactor complexโthe plant, production and progressโbut rather the void, the secret and the threat that it contains. The series Encyclopedias expresses a yearning for an aesthetic form of absolute knowledge coupled with revulsion from the actions of man. The encyclopedias of 1908 seek to bring together all of world knowledge in beautiful volumes. The two world wars had not yet taken place, and the new century seemed promising and hopeful. Shlosberg-Yogev plays with the encyclopedias, adding simple mechanisms and creating childish games of beauty and magic, combined with documentary material from nuclear experiments.
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Brighter Than A Thousand Suns - Yehudit Shlosberg-Yogev March-May 2018 Curators: Sala-Manca group Catalogue design: Tal Harada English translation: Jonathan Orr-Stav Stills: Andrew Malakhovskyy (pp. 7, 10-11, 16-17)
BRIGHTER THAN A THOUSAND SUNS
Images from video (pp. 4, 13, 15 ,26-27 ,28 ,31-32, 36) The exhibition and catalogue were produced with the support of the Jerusalem Municipality, the Ministry of Culture and Mifal Hapays Mamuta Art and Research Center Initiated and Directed by Sala Manca Office and production assistant: Tamar Drozd Woodworkshop and technical advisor: Yoav Fish รข€” Mamuta Art and Research Center Hansen House, Gedaliahu Alon 14, Jerusalem www.mamuta.org
YEHUDIT SHLOSBERG YOGEV CURATORS: SALA-MANCA GROUP 15.3-11.5.2018
BRIGHTER THAN A THOUSAND SUNS YEHUDIT SHLOSBERG YOGEV MAMUTA ART AND RESEARCH CENTER