Brighter Than A Thousand Suns

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โ€ซื‘ื”ื™ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืืœืฃโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืžืฉื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ืกื‘ืจื’ ื™ื•ื’ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืจื›ื– ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืขืžื•ืชื”โ€ฌ


โ€ซื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืžืืœืฃ ืฉืžืฉื•ืช โ€ช -โ€ฌื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ืกื‘ืจื’ ื™ื•ื’ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืจืฅโ€ช-โ€ฌืžืื™ โ€ช2018โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืžืืœืฃ ืฉืžืฉื•ืชโ€ฌ

โ€ซืื•ืฆืจื•ืชโ€ช :โ€ฌืงื‘ื•ืฆืช โ€ชSala Mancaโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืงื˜ืœื•ื’โ€ช :โ€ฌื˜ืœ ื”ืจื“ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืจื™ื›ืช ืœืฉื•ืŸโ€ช :โ€ฌืจื—ืœ ืคืจืฅโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืชโ€ช :โ€ฌื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืื•ืจโ€ช-โ€ฌืกืชื™ื•โ€ฌ

โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ืกื‘ืจื’ ื™ื•ื’ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืฆืจื™ืโ€ช :โ€ฌืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืกืœื”ึพืžื ืงื”โ€ฌ

โ€ซืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ืโ€ช :โ€ฌืื ื“ืจื™ื• ืžืœื›ื•ื‘ืกืงื™ (ืขืžืณ โ€ช,)25-20 ,17-16 ,11-10 ,7โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื•ื™ื“ืื• (ืขืžืณ โ€ช)36 ,32-31 , 28 , 27-26 , 15 ,13 ,4โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืจื— ื›ื‘ื•ื™โ€ช-โ€ฌื“ืœื•ืง (ืขืž' โ€ช )4โ€ฌืžืชื•ืš ืคื•ืกื˜ืจ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื™ืฆื•ื‘โ€ช :โ€ฌืžืื™ื” ืฉืœื™ื™ืคืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื•ืคืงื” ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืกโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืจื›ื– ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืขืžื•ืชื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช โ€ชSala Mancaโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืจื“ ื•ืขื•ื–ืจืช ื”ืคืงื”โ€ช :โ€ฌืชืžืจ ื“ืจื•ื–ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ื›ื ื™ ื•ืชืœื™ื™ืช ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”โ€ช :โ€ฌื™ื•ืื‘ ืคื™ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืจื›ื– ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืขืžื•ืชื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืกืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ื“ืœื™ื”ื• ืืœื•ืŸ โ€ช ,14โ€ฌื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ชwww.mamuta.orgโ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช15.3-11.5.2018โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช 1978โ€ฌืชื—ื‘ ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืื˜ื•ื ืื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืคื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื‘ื•ื’ื•ืจืกืงื™ ืืช ืจืืฉื• ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืžืื™ืฅ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืชืงืŸ ื‘ื• ืชืงืœื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืงืจืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืื™ืฅ ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืจืืฉื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืžื“ืขืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœื ื—ืฉ ื›ืื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืš ืจืื” ืื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” "ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืžืืœืฃ ืฉืžืฉื•ืช"โ€ช .โ€ฌืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื•ืกื‘ืจื’โ€ช-โ€ฌื™ื•ื’ื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืฉืžื” "ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืžืืœืฃ ืฉืžืฉื•ืช"โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื›ื™ืœื” ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืืกืชื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืื˜ื™ื™ืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืจืชืงื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ'โ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืกื‘ืจื’โ€ช-โ€ฌื™ื•ื’ื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ื•ืชื” ื›ืืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื–ื™ื“ื ืกื™ ื‘ืžืขืžื•ืชื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืคืฆืฆืช ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื ื™ืขโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืžืจืชืคื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื•ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืกืŸ ื›ืžืงืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื’ืขื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืœืงื•ื—ื™ื ืžืžืกืข ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ืžื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช โ€“โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื—ืจื“ื” ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืื™ืŸโ€“ื—ื–ื•ืจโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชโ€ช" ,โ€ฌืฆืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืื“ื"โ€ช ,โ€ฌื ืจืื” ื™ืจื— ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืฆื“ื• ืื™ืฉ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืจื•ื—โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืื ื›ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื“ืžื” ืฉืœื•ืกื‘ืจื’โ€ช-โ€ฌื™ื•ื’ื‘ ืืช ื—ืœื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ? ื•ืžื” ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืช ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ?โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื•ืคื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืคืชื•ืก ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื• ื’ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื”?โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจืชโ€ช" ,โ€ฌืžืกืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืช"โ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืฆืจื” ืฉืœื•ืกื‘ืจื’โ€ช-โ€ฌื™ื•ื’ื‘ ืกืจื˜ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืฉืฆื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืงื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฆื™ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื ื•ืกืขืช ืžืฉื•ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื•ืžืงื•ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื™ื ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืโ€ช .โ€ฌืžืกืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืžืชื›ืชื‘ ืขื ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื™ื ื• ืžืชืขื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคืขืœโ€ช :โ€ฌืืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืืœื ืืช ื”ืจื™ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืกื•ื“ ื•ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกื“ืจื” "ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืช" ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื’ืขื’ื•ืข ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืืกืชื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืฆื“ ืจืชื™ืขื” ืžืคื•ืขืœื• ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื“ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืช ืžโ€“โ€ช 1908โ€ฌืฉื•ืืคื•ืช ืœืื’ื“ ืืช ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืฉืชื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื•ืœื ื˜ืจื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ืžืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื ืจืืชื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื•ืžืœืืช ืชืงื•ื•ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืฉืœื•ืกื‘ืจื’โ€ช-โ€ฌื™ื•ื’ื‘ ืžืฉืชืขืฉืขืช ืขืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืœื”ืŸ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ืงืกืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซ"ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืžืืœืฃ ืฉืžืฉื•ืช" ืžื–ืžื ืช ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื—ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืชโ€ช :โ€ฌื™ื—ืกื™ื ื• ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืžื’ื‘ืœื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื˜ื‘ืขโ€ช :โ€ฌืžื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืœืžืกื’ื•ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืคืจื™ืฉื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืžืชื•ื•ื›ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ื•ื”ืžืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื›ืœ ืืœื” ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžืจืชืงืช ื•ื™ื•ืคื™ ืจื‘โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืื” ื•ื“ื™ืื’ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืกืœื”โ€ช-โ€ฌืžื ืงื”โ€ฌ

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โ€ซืจืฉื™ืžืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชโ€ฌ

โ€ซ ืฆืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืื“ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืžืณ โ€ช7 ,4โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงืจื ื” ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ืื—ื“โ€ช,HD ,07:20 ,โ€ฌืโ€ช2018โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆื™ืœื•ืโ€ช :โ€ฌืื™ืชืžืจ ืžื ื“ืก ืคืœื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืจื™ื›ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื•ืคื•ืกื˜โ€ช :โ€ฌืื•ืคืง ืฉืžืจ ื•ืขื“ื” ืจื™ืžื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืจื—โ€ช :โ€ฌืื™ื™ืœ ืคืœื•ืžื ื“ื•ืจืฃโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืžืณ โ€ช 13 ,10โ€ฌืžื•ืคืขื™ ื™ืจื—โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื™ืฆื‘ ื•ื™ื“ืื•; โ€ช 7โ€ฌืžืกื›ื™ โ€ช LCDโ€ฌืžืคื•ืจืงื™ืโ€ช 7 ,โ€ฌืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืจืกื‘ืจื™ ืคื™ื™โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ื‘ืœื™ืโ€ช2018 ,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืกื›ื™ืโ€ช :โ€ฌื™ื ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ื™ื ืคืœื“โ€ฌ โ€ซ โ€ชWatch From a Safe Distanceโ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืžืณ โ€ช1 0โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืกืื•ื ื“; ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืจื“ื•ืื™ื ื•โ€ช ,MP3 ,โ€ฌืจืžืงื•ืœื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื•ืจืช ืœื“โ€ช2018 ,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืจื™ื›ื”โ€ช :โ€ฌืื•ืคืง ืฉืžืจ ื•ืขื“ื” ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”โ€ช :โ€ฌืืžื™ืจ ื‘ื•ืœืฆืžืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซ ื”ื™ืจื—โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืžืณ โ€ช1 5โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื“ื™โ€“ืžื™ื™ื“; ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืชืคื•ืจ ืœืคื™ ืžื™ื“ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืคื•ื— ื•ืชืื•ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ืโ€ช 5 ,โ€ฌืžื˜ืจ ืงื•ื˜ืจโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืชื ื•ืขื”โ€ช2017 ,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืชื—โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืžืณ โ€ช1 5โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜; ืขืฅโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื ื•ืจืช โ€ช ,USBโ€ฌืžื ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌืคืจืกื”โ€ช2018 ,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸโ€ช :โ€ฌืื™ืชืžืจ ืžื ื“ืก ืคืœื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืžืณ โ€ช 22 ,20โ€ฌืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช 4โ€ฌื›ืจื›ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš " โ€ช ,"Brockhaus / Ronberlations Lerikonโ€ฌื’ืจืžื ื™ื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซโ€ช ,1908โ€ฌื ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืจื“ื•ืื™ื ื•โ€ช2018 ,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”โ€ช :โ€ฌืขื•ืžืจื™ ื“ื•ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืขืžืณ โ€ช 36 ,32 ,28 ,26โ€ฌืžืกืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงืจื ื” ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ืื—ื“โ€ช( 01:34:00 ,โ€ฌืžืชื•ืš โ€ช 5โ€ฌืฉืขื•ืช)โ€ช ,HD ,โ€ฌืœืœื ืกืื•ื ื“โ€ช2015 ,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฆื™ืœื•ืโ€ช :โ€ฌืื™ืชืžืจ ืžื ื“ืก ืคืœื•ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืžืณ โ€ช4 2โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืจื™ืฉื•ื ื•ื”ืงืจื ื” ืฉืœ โ€ช foundfootageโ€ฌืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืคืจื’ืžื ื˜โ€ช2018 ,60/50 ,โ€ฌโ€ฌ

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โ€ซืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืช ืžื–ืžืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ืกื‘ืจื’โ€ช-โ€ฌื™ื•ื’ื‘โ€ฌ

โ€ซืฉื’ื™ืช ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” โ€ช 110โ€ฌืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘โ€“โ€ช ,1908โ€ฌื›ืฉืืช ืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืื•ืชื• ืขื•ืœืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื•ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื‘ื”ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืจโ€ช .โ€ฌืžื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืขื•ืœื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืืช ืžื–ื”ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืฆืžื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ื ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืขืฆืžืช ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจโ€“ืงื™ื ื” ืœืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”?โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืืจืฆื•ืชโ€“ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช โ€” ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืื˜ื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ืงืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ืœืœ ื•ื”ื”ื’ืขื” ืœื™ืจื—โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืจื•ืฅโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื’ืขื’ืขืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžืขืฆืžื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ื›ืŸ ืœืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ื’ื ืœืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื™ื“ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชโ€“ื™ื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ื“ืขโ€ช .โ€ฌื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื™ื“ืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ืœโ€ช .โ€ฌืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืื•โ€ฌ โ€ซ'ืฆืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืื“ื' ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื–ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื™ ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขืฆื? ื”ื–ืžื ืชื™ ื™ืจื— ืขื ืง ืžืกื™ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ื™ื–ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืกื—ืจื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืชืคืจื• ืœื™ ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื™ ืžื™ื“ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื ื”ื“ืคืก ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืชื•ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืจื— ื™ืฉ ืžืคื•ื—ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืชืื•ืจื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉืงืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื ืคื—โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืื“ื ืžื’ืœื’ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ื›ื•ื— ื˜ื‘ืข โ€”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืคื‘ืจืง ื–ืจื™ื—ืช ื™ืจื—โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฆืœื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื™ืจื— ืžืœื (ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื’ื•ืฃโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืื•ืจื”)โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืฉืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืฉื˜ื—โ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื™ืจื—โ€ช .โ€ฌืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืจื•ื— ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ื•ื— ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžืคื•ื‘ืจืง ื”ืคืš ืœื›ื•ื— ื˜ื‘ืข ืืžื™ืชื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืจืฉ ืขื ืงโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืืจื‘ืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกื—ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืขื•ืฃโ€ช .โ€ฌืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™ ืฉื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ืจื’ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ โ€” ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื•ื— ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžืคื•ื‘ืจืง ืงื ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื™ื—ืœืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ 'ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื™ืคื”'โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืœื ืœื”ืชื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื’ื™ืช ืืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื’ื ื‘ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืื˜ื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืื˜ื•ื" ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ืœืง ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืืžื ื™ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ื•ืืœื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืจื“ืช ืœืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืฉืคื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ืคืชื—โ€ช .โ€ฌืืช ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื•ืืœืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื”ื• ื”ืื˜ื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืœื” "ืื˜ื•ื"โ€ฌ โ€ซื˜ืขื•ื ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืืช ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉื•ืจืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื– ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืื™ื–ื• ืžื ื™ืคื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

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โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืืฆืœื™ ืžืื™ื–ื” ืจื’ืข ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืจื–ื™ื“ื ืกื™ ื‘ืžืขืžื•ืชื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื” ืžโ€“โ€ช 18 ,1908โ€ฌื›ืจื›ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืžืื’ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืคืก ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืขโ€ช .โ€ฌืชื•ื›ืœื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื ื•ืขื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฆืžื—ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืขืœื™โ€“ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืคื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืžืฆืื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื™ืจื•ืขื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืงื•ืžื•ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืชื•ืช โ€” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื›ืœ ื ืžืฆื ืฉืโ€ช .โ€ฌืื ื™ ืœื ืงื•ืจืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืคื“ืคืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจืฉืจืฉื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื™ื“ืขโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื™ื“ืขโ€ช .โ€ฌืžืžืฉ ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”โ€“โ€ช.20โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื’ื™ืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืจื™ืฉื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืงื˜ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืื˜ื•ื โ€” ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืฆื“ ืฉืœืš ื™ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ื™ืื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื”ืคืงื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืžื” ืฉืžืขืกื™ืง ืื•ืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืจื’ืข ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืกืโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืงืกื ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืคืฆืฆืช ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืกื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืœืจื’ืขื™ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืคื™ ืžื”ืคื ื˜โ€ช ,โ€ฌื–ื” ื™ื•ืคื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€ช .โ€ฌื ื“ืžื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก ื”ื•ืชืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื ื•ืฆืง ืžื—ื“ืฉโ€ช .โ€ฌื™ืฉ ืฉื ืืฉโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืฉืŸ ื•ื”ืชื‘ืงืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืฉ ื”ืžื›ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” 'ื”ื ืฉื’ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™'โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื’ื™ ืช โ€ฌ

โ€ซืื‘ืœ ื”"ื ืฉื’ื‘" ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืจืก ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืคืกโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื ื›ื™ ืœื™ ืœื•ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ืจืกโ€ช .โ€ฌืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืื ื™ ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืงืกืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื– ืœืื˜โ€“ืœืื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชื•ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื–ื” ื’ื ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืœื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื–ืขื™ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืื ืคื™ืŸ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืคื ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจืก ื”ื ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฆืฆื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื” ืžื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื•ืžื”ืขืฆืžื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืื™ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืืœื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืขื–ืชื™ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื”ืจืกโ€ฌ โ€ซืขืฆืžื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืžืฉืœโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืกืจื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืžืจืื” ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื• ื™ืคื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื“ื ืขื•ืžื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืœืžืฆืœืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื—ืจื™ ื“ืงื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืคืชืื•ื ืืช ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื’ื•ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ืงืจื™ื ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืื™ื•ืžื” ื•ืขื•ืจืจ ืกืคืงื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื›ื•ืœื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืงื— ืœื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœื”ืขื– ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื”ืจืก ืขืฆืžื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื’ื™ืช ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื• ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืžืฉื”ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืืกืชื˜ื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš โ€” ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืžืฉืžืจื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืจืก โ€” ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืคื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชืคืจืฆื™ื ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื ืœื ื ื”ืจืกื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ืžื”ื ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชืšโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื” ืืช ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ื? ืžื™ ื–ืืช ื”ืืžื ื™ืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”? ืœืžื” ืืช ื‘ื•ื—ืจืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืจื›ื– ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื‘ื–ื”? ืžื” ื”ืืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”? ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืคืฆืฆืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื˜ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘โ€“โ€ช ,2018โ€ฌื‘ืžืขืžื•ืชื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืžืจืชืฃโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืœื™ื“ ื”ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื ื” โ€” ืืœื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืขืจืš ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

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โ€ซื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฆื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• โ€” ื”ืืชื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ โ€” ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืืช ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™โ€ช .โ€ฌืžื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืฆืฆืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืื˜ื•ื ืฉืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื—ืจืช ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื– ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืชืกืชื›ืœื™ ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ืชื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจืš? ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืชืคืจืฅ?โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœืš ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืžื ื• ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืืžื ื•ืชโ€ช ...โ€ฌืฉืžืžื ื• ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืโ€ช...โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื’ื™ืช ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”?โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื–ื” ื ื•ืจื ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืžื™ืฉื•ืฉ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืืžื ื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื’ื™ ืช โ€ฌ

โ€ซื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืชืžื™ื“?โ€ฌ

โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื›ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื ื™ ืคื•ืขืœืช ืžืชื•ืš ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืฉโ€ช .โ€ฌืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื•ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคื™ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ืœืจื’ืข ื”ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื•ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืชื™ ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืจื’ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืžื—ื•ืœืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืื‘ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื’ื™ืช ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืžืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืจื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืื•ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืืกืชื˜ื™โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืจืก ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืืกืชื˜ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃโ€ช .โ€ฌื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื–ื” ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื›ืœโ€“ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืคืจืง ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื ืฉืœื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื“ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื•ืฃ ืคืฆื•ืขโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื”ืจืก ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฉืžื™ื“โ€“ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœืื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื“ื”ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื’ื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืœื—ื‘ืœื ื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืช โ€ฌ

โ€ซื ื›ื•ืŸโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืฉื’ื™ืช ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ื ืข ืžืžืš ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœืš? ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืืช ื›ืžื• ืงืื•ื‘ื•ื™ื™ืช ืฉืœื ืชืชืขืกืง ื‘ืขืจื‘ื” ืฉืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœืโ€ฌ โ€ซืชืชืขืกืง ื‘ื ื‘ืื“ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืจื™ื‘ ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉื [ืฆื•ื—ืงืช]โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืฆื™ืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืช ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืงืฉื•ืจ ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื’ื“ืœืชื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ืžืชื— ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืื•ืžืจืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช12โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซโ€ช13โ€ฌโ€ฌ


โ€ซืฉื’ื™ ืช โ€ฌ

โ€ซืื™ืคื” ื’ื“ืœืช?โ€ฌ

โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื“ื•ืœื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื™ื“ ืจืžืืœืœื” ื•ืœื™ื“ ื›ืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืขื™ืŸโ€“ืงื™ื ื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืขื•ื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ื”ื›ืคืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืงื“ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื‘ื˜"ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืฉื‘ื˜โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื™ืฉ ืžื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืจ ื›ืชื•ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื’ืขื’ื•ืข ืœื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœื• ื ื•ืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™โ€ช .โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืžืขื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืคื—ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืœื ื’ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ื›ืœ ืฉื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืžืชื ื—ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื ืขืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื™ ื•ื’ื ืขืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ืขื•ืชื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื โ€” ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ืžื™ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื ื™ ืœื ืฉืžืืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื ื™ ื’ื ืœื ืžืจื›ื–โ€ฌ โ€ซืงืœืืกื™โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื’ื™ืช ืืช ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืื™ื–ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื’ื™ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืคื—ื“ ืžืขื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžืคื’ืฉโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื–ื• ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืคืœื•ืจืœื™ื–ื ืืžื™ืชื™โ€ช .โ€ฌืœืฆื“ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ื™ ื’ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืชืคื›ื—ื•ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืชื ืขืจืชื™ ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืชโ€”ืœืื•ืžื™ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื’ื“ืœื ื• ื›ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื โ€” ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืื•ื™ื‘ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื–ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืžื˜ื‘ื™ืขโ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ืชืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืื–โ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืจืื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ โ€” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื™ืชโ€“ื”ืกืคืจ ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืจืžืืœืœื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ืจืชื™ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจืžืืœืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื›ืจืชื™ ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืจืžืืœืœื”โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžื• ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืœื‘ืงื ื™ื ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืชโ€“ื”ืกืคืจ ืขื ืชื™ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ ืœืฆื“โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืœื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืœืจืื•ืชโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืœื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌืื– ื”ื“ื™ืกื•ื ื ืก ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืื”ื•ื‘โ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื ื•ืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ โ€” ื–ื” ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ื•โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื’ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ืช ืืช ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืœื ืœื”ืชืขืกืง โ€” ืขื ื ื•ืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืื™ื•ืโ€ช ...โ€ฌืืœื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืืช ืœื ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื”ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื›ืจื’ืข ืืช ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ื‘ื“ื "ื ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืื™ื•ื ื•ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืืกื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืื™ืงื•ื ื•ืช ืืกืชื˜ื™ื•ืช โ€” ื›ื™ ืคืฆืฆืช ืื˜ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื ืื™ืงื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืกื•ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืงื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืขโ€ช .โ€ฌืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื–ื” ื›ืžื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืคืš โ€” ืืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžืžืงืžืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืจืชืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื•ืชื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืคื—ื“โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืืช ืžืขื–ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื•ืžืจืชโ€ช" ,โ€ฌืชื›ื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™"โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืื™ืžื” ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื’ื•ืข ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืงืจื•ืกโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื“ืจืš ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ื”ื”ืจืกโ€ช ,โ€ฌื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ื”ื™ืงืกืžื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื–ืืช ืื ื™ ืžืกืชื™ืจื” ืžืขืฆืžื™ ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซืคื’ื™ืขื” ืื—ืจืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจโ€ช .โ€ฌื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™โ€ฌ โ€ซืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืขืกืงืชื™ ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื™โ€ช .โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื‘โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ื’ื ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืื˜ื•ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืจืข ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ื ืฉืžื•ื—ืง ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ื“ืขื” ื—ื“โ€“โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืฉืžืขื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืฆืฆื” ื’ื ืžืคืชื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืงืกืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื—ืคืฉืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

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โ€ซืฉื’ื™ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืงืกื ืฉืืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื•ื ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืชืจื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™โ€ช .โ€ฌืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื›ืžื• ืื•ืžืจืชโ€ช :โ€ฌืืคื™ืœื• ืชื›ืœืื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื—ืฉื•ืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื ื™ ืื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ืœื•ื‘โ€ช .โ€ฌืืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืขืฆืžืชื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืงืกื ืงื˜ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื’ื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืขื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืคืฆืฆืช ื”ืื˜ื•ื ืืชื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆืžื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืžื’ืœื•ืžื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ื™ืฉโ€ช...โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืฉื’ื™ืช ื‘ื•ืื™ ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืจื’ืข ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืกืื•ื ื“โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืžื• ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืœืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื ื“ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกืื•ื ื“ ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉืœืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌื–ื” ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืฉืœืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื” ืืกืคืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืšโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื” ืืกืคืช ื‘ื“ืจืšโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืืช ื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืžืจืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืšโ€ฌ โ€ซืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื’ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืจืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื” โ€” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ื ืื“ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืจื— ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืจื•ืื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ืžืœืืช ืคืชื•ืก ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื“ื‘ื™ืœื™โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ื”ืกืื•ื ื“ ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉื™ ืžืื•ื“โ€ช ,โ€ฌืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื“ืงืก ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืฉื’ื™ืช ื–ื• ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืงืกืžื•ืช ืžื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื ืคืขืจื™ื ืกื“ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ื“ืจื›ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืžืฉื”ื•โ€ฌ โ€ซืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชืš ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื โ€” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืืช ืชื“ืขื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืจื—โ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืกื ืœืžืฉืœโ€ช .โ€ฌืื– ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžื‘ืฆื‘ืฆื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื’ื ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ื ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™โ€ฆโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื–ืจโ€ช .โ€ฌืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฆืฅ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืฆืœื ื‘ื ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืกื ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืชโ€ช :โ€ฌื–ื” ืžืงื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืœื™ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืจื—โ€ช .โ€ฌืžืฆื“โ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ื ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืกื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืžื™ ืฆืืœื— ืโ€“ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืจื’ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืœืงื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืกื (ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•)โ€ช .โ€ฌืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื–ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืชโ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ืงื“ ืœื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื ื˜ื™โ€“ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื“ ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช โ€ช '37โ€ฌื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืกืจื• ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื’โ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื ืฉืžืจ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื–ื” ืžื•ืงื“ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืจื“ื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืขื›ืฉื™ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌืื– ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื™ืคื” ืื ื™ ื ืžืฆืืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ืโ€ช .โ€ฌืื ื™ ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื ื•ืฃ โ€” ื•ืื–โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื•ืฆืจื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื–ื•ื™ื™ืโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื’ื™ ืช โ€ฌ

โ€ซืฉื’ื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืคื” ืฉืœืš ืืช ื ื•ืชื ืช ื’ื ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช โ€” ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกืคืจื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื• ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸโ€ช ,โ€ฌืขื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ื ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืกืโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ื“ืจืš ืืช ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌื–ื• ืžื ื™ืคื” ืจื—ื‘ื”โ€ช .โ€ฌื•ืื ื™โ€ฌ โ€ซื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœืšโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื›ื” ืื ื™ ืžื’ืœื” ืื•ืชืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืืชโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื ืžืกืชื™ืจื” ืื•ืชืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื ืžื•ื—ืงืช ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืชืจืื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉโ€ฌ โ€ซืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื•โ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืžืคืœื—ื™ืโ€“ืคืœื—ื™ื ืฉืชืคื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืื—ืจื™ ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคืจื™ืโ€ช ,โ€ฌื–ื” ื™ืจื— ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™!โ€ฌ โ€ซืžืกื™ืŸ! ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจโ€ช .โ€ฌื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืžืชืขืกืงืช ื‘ืจื“ื™ืžื™ื™ื“ ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ื•ืžื ืกื”โ€ฌ โ€ซืœื”ืชื’ืจื•ืช ืื™ืชื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืกืชื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกื—ืจื™โ€ช,โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื›ื™ ืกื™ื ื™โ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื›ื™ ื–ื•ืœ ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉโ€ช .โ€ฌื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืกืจื˜โ€ช ,โ€ฌื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ืก โ€” ื’ื ืืชื”โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื›ื•ืœโ€ช ,โ€ฌื’ื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘โ€“โ€ช Alibbaโ€ฌื™ืจื— ืขื ืงโ€ช ,โ€ฌื”ื•ื ื™ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ืš ื‘ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

โ€ซืœืžื” ืืช ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช?โ€ฌ

โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื™ืจื“ื ื• ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ื™ืจื— ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื™ืจื— ืžืœืโ€ช ,โ€ฌืœืžืงื•ื ืขื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืชโ€“ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื”ืกืžืœ ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื”ืจโ€ช .โ€ฌื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื™ืจื— ื•ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื‘ืœื•ืŸโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ืจื— ืœืงื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื—' ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืขื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื•ื—โ€ช .โ€ฌื–ื• ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ื–ืืจื™ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืœื™ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืฉืฃโ€ช .โ€ฌื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆืœื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกืฆื ื•ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฆื™ืœืžื ื• โ€ช 45โ€ฌืงื‘ืฆื™ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืฉืข ืฉืขื•ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซืฉื’ื™ืช ื›ืฉืืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืืช ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœืชืช ืœื•?โ€ฌ โ€ซื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืฆื•ืคื” ืœืชื•ืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื 'ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ'โ€ช .โ€ฌืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉืœโ€ฌ โ€ซืžืขืžื•ืชื” ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื›ืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืชืฃ ืฉืœ ืงืฅ ื”ืขื•ืœื โ€” ื›ืฉืืช ื ื›ื ืกืช ืืช ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืืโ€ฌ โ€ซื–ื” ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ืื• ืจื’ืข ืื—ืจื™ื•โ€ช .โ€ฌื–ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจ ื’ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ โ€ซื–ื”ื• ืกืจื˜ ืžืกืข ืฉืฆื•ืœื— ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื“ื™ืžื•ื ื” ืœืฆื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืชโ€ช ,โ€ฌืื‘ืœโ€ฌ โ€ซื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืขืชืขโ€ช ,โ€ฌื›ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืจื™ื–ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืจืื™ืช ืขื ืงื™ืช ื•ืฉื•ืžืžื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื•ืคืชืื•ืโ€ฌ โ€ซืืชื” ืœื ืžื–ื”ื” ืื•ืชื”โ€ช ,โ€ฌื ื•ืฆืจืช ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื™ืกืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืชโ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ

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Yehudit Thatโ€™s very true, in a way the sound is very personalโ€”a kind of material index, a network of internal connections. Sagit You also provide your viewers with a wide range of actionsโ€”from minor actions of small inventions within books, or notational interventions in archival material, to the total initiative at Nabi Musa. As you do so, you also reveal your studioโ€”so itโ€™s a broad fan. And I think that thatโ€™s your kind of artโ€”thatโ€™s how I discover you now, as someone who exposes the means, doesnโ€™t hide them, doesnโ€™t erase the attempts. Yehudit Look, when I think about the Moon shoots, there was a moment when I started to worry about the fact that one can see the seams, because itโ€™s made up of segments that are sewn together. But on then I thought to myselfโ€”โ€œOf course you see the seamsโ€”itโ€™s an artificial moon! From China!โ€ And thatโ€™s the humor of the thing, too. This is where I engage with a monumental readymade item, and try to riff on the story of Creation with itโ€”but I donโ€™t hide the fact that itโ€™s the most commercial, the most Chinese, the cheapest and most accessible thing. Itโ€™s like saying, in the middle of a movie, at the moment of greatest pathosโ€”you too can order a huge moon from Alibaba, and it will be delivered to your doorstep.

โ€ซืžืกืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชโ€ฌ โ€ซ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืžื—ืฆื‘ื™โ€ฌ,โ€ซ ืฉืื•ืจื›ื” ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจโ€ฌ,โ€ซื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื ืฉืงืคืช ื“ืจืš ืงื˜ืจ ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉืโ€ฌ โ€ซ "ืžืกืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืช" ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจโ€ฌ.โ€ซืคื•ืกืคื˜ื™ื ืžืžืคืขืœื™ ืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘ ืœื ืžืœ ืืฉื“ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”โ€ฌ โ€ซ ื›ืฉื˜ื— ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœ"ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜โ€ฌ1945 โ€ซืฉื•ืžื ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื ื™ื• ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ืชโ€ฌ .โ€ซืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ" โ€” ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื˜ืœืช ืคืฆืฆืช ื”ืื˜ื•ืโ€ฌ

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Yehudit When I began to watch the materials of the damaged body from Hiroshima, I felt that I was on the verge of collapse. I realized that somehow through this celebration of destruction, this celebration of beauty and fascination, I was hiding the harm from myselfโ€”in this case the harm to the Japanese, but also harm that is inflicted elsewhere. In my daily life and work I was encountering many conflict areas, and dealing with the complexity of life here, through my political views. But emotionally, as well as in my artistic work, I have defensesโ€”and that defense is atomic bombs. Thatโ€™s to say, there is something in the absolute evil of the atom that obliterates conflicts. Itโ€™s easier to express an unequivocal opinion about itโ€”which is much more complicated to do with the complexities of life that we live in. And of course the bomb is also seductiveโ€”it has a magical quality, which is something Iโ€™m looking for.

Yehudit As far as the political issue is concerned, itโ€™s very interesting and strange: I choose a site for very private reasons, [but] the political [aspect] pops up again and again. I chose to shoot at Nabi Musa for reasons to do with material: itโ€™s a place that Iโ€™m very fond of, and those soft and light-colored hills reminded me of the face of the moon. On the other hand, since the days of Saladdin there has been a Muslim tradition of pilgrimage to the tomb of Nabi Musa (Arabic, โ€œThe Prophet Mosesโ€). Over time, this became a political celebration, so the site became a focus of nationalistic and anti-Zionist demonstrationsโ€”to the point where, in 1937, the British banned those events. That prohibition stands to this day, so in fact itโ€™s now a dormant political focus. So on the one hand I am aware of where I am, but on the other hand my choices are made for other reasons. I am attracted to the material, to the landscapeโ€”so in the encounter with reality, very weird juxtapositions are created.

Sagit The type of magic you produce has a primeval qualityโ€”for me, it is activistic, even subversive. Itโ€™s like youโ€™re saying: โ€œEven if you were to lock me up in a dark room, I will create the beautyโ€”a beauty that is almost a blossoming.โ€ You highlight the individual versus the superpower. Encyclopedias have a small charm that even the poorest person can produce for themselvesโ€”but to produce an atom bomb you need the financial wherewithal of a major power. In the megalomania of aesthetics there isโ€”

Sagit What do you mean?

Yehudit There is humorโ€”and humor is a very important value for me. My Moon work is also funnyโ€”putting a man in a plastic moon to do something heroic and full of pathos is almost moronic. Sagit This material intuition is very interesting, because it is precisely through the enchantment of the great images that you create that we see the cracks through which the everyday and the political may be glimpsed. Something leads you to the political sitesโ€”in the great work you choose to take this great moon to Nabi Musa, for example. So through the cracks of this work we also see glimpses of humor, that is both contemporary and political.

Yehudit We went down to the desert with the Moon on a full moon night, to a place with a Muslim-Palestinian history whose symbol is the crescent, and when we get there we discover that there is a lunar eclipse, and tie the moon balloon to the sheikhโ€™s tomb so that it doesnโ€™t fly away in the wind. It was a bizarre scene, and the shooting session was magical. The plan was do shoot three scenes, and we ended up shooting 45 different clips over nine hours. Sagit When you think about the viewers at the exhibition, what is it that youโ€™re seeking to give them? Yehudit I would like to manage to draw viewers into an environment that is โ€œafter the event.โ€ I thought about the Mamuta basement like the End of the World: when you enter, you donโ€™t know if itโ€™s a moment before the disaster, or immediately after. The same thing happens, in a different way, in the train film: ostensibly, itโ€™s a film about a journey through the desert landscape along the train route between Dimona to the Wilderness of Zinโ€”but thatโ€™s deceptive, because through this prism the country looks huge and desolate, and suddenly you donโ€™t recognize it, which triggers a kind of inner disorientation. Sagit Letโ€™s talk for a moment about the sound work. This work is really like an insight into your studio, and for me it functions as something very generous at the exhibition: the sound materials are actually your sources of inspirationโ€”itโ€™s your engine, what youโ€™ve collected during your work, what you have collected on the way. Through this presentation youโ€™re actually saying that there is no hierarchy between the process and the product.1

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Yehudit The enthusiasm. Itโ€™s very strange to say this, but for me, my enthusiasm is the most tangible material I have for making art. Sagit Is this something youโ€™ve always had? Yehudit Yes, I work from within a kind of fire. And in answer to your question, I think it has something to do with personalityโ€”maybe a kind of pyromaniaโ€”an inexplicable attraction to the powerful moment of destruction, before its consequences. And in an ethical sense perhaps it has something to do with being someone who generates somethingโ€”to be linked to the moment that generates something that goes out of control. Sagit Thatโ€™s interesting, because in recent years terrorism and aesthetics have gone hand in handโ€”the interface between these two extremes, life and death, that moment that can be very dangerous, and is actually very aesthetic. Yehudit I think that we see atomic destruction as something aesthetic because we stop seeing it as the death of the bodyโ€”thatโ€™s to say, itโ€™s a death that is so total that it annihilates everything, breaks the universe down into its raw materials. No blood is involved, no bleeding bodiesโ€” the destruction is so complete that it stops being threatening and starts to astonish, instead. Sagit But your attraction in this place is an attraction to terrorism. Yehudit Right. Sagit And perhaps this preoccupation prevents you from grappling with your own life storyโ€”with the reality of life in the Occupied Territories that used to be part of your daily life? To grow up in a Jewish settlement in the West Bank, to travel on dangerous roads, to pass through checkpoints. Youโ€™re like a cowboy who refuses to confront her own prairie, her neighbors, but rather deal with Nevada, fighting the gangs that are over there [laughs]. Yehudit That may be. It has to do with the political aspect that you mentioned earlier, and perhaps also with the environment that I grew up in. I grew up in a settlement in a very political climate, full of explosions and constant tensionโ€”and I say this both in terms of appreciation and of resistance. But above all, to live in an area of conflict means to grow up in a place where there is a lot of fearโ€”the first intifadah [Palestinian uprising] started in my childhood. Sagit Where did you grow up?

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Yehudit I grew up in the settlement of Dolev, near Ramallah and near a small village called Ein Qinnia. When I was in kindergarten we still had amazing relationship with the villageโ€”we would go down to see the almond trees blossoming during the Tu Bโ€™Shvat Festival, and a guy would arrive in an orange Transporter van to sell vegetables in the middle of town. Today I have a longing for those amazing landscapesโ€” the landscapes of my childhood. But living in a settlement means living in a conflict zoneโ€”not only in terms of fear, but also in terms of political and social legitimacy. As I grew up, I became aware of the fact that we, as settlers, were at the heart of public controversyโ€”and this had a big impact, both on my personality and on my political opinions, which are complex todayโ€”I am neither right-wing, nor left, nor am I a classic member of the political mainstream. Sagit You harbor a certain complexity within this thing. Yehudit I have complexities because that setting cultivated the ability within me to live in complexity. It created a fearlessness of confrontation and a readiness for clashes of identities and for encounters. For me, that is the meaning of real pluralism. Beside that, however, a certain realization has emerged in me over the years, which has led me to break free from many of the nationalist-religious views. Among other things, I now understand that the story that we were told as children is partial in every respect. With regard to our Arab neighbors, I experienced the transition from good neighbors to enemiesโ€”and that kind of transition leaves a mark. And then, with the outbreak of the intifadah, when we started to be enemies, I didnโ€™t see them any moreโ€”thatโ€™s to say, we saw them all the time: on the way to school we used to pass through Ramallah every day. I knew the streets of Ramallah very wellโ€”I even got to know very private things inside Ramallah, like the albino family who used to go to school by the wayside every day, with their backpacks, just as our bus drove down the streetโ€”but we saw without seeing. Without seeing all aspects of the reality. So this dissonance between being familiar with, and loving it and being emotionally connected to the landscape, and the enmity and the politically charged atmosphere, is the climate that I grew up in. Sagit And with this issueโ€”the aesthetic levelโ€”you have chosen not to get involved, with the landscapes of your childhood, with the threat... these are areas that you donโ€™t touch. Right now, you have chosen to tackle the DNA of threat and terrorism, the archetypal examples of calamity โ€‹โ€‹ and aesthetic iconsโ€”because an atomic bomb is an icon of disaster, and an encyclopaedia is an icon of knowledge... I feel that itโ€™s like a funnel: youโ€™re taking a wider view, placing it in the basement of Mamuta, and you have no fearโ€”you dare, itโ€™s like youโ€™re saying, โ€œHit me with beautyโ€โ€”and on the other hand there is an existential horror, but itโ€™s sufficiently distant to deal with it.

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Yehudit Thatโ€™s trueโ€”although it takes me time to become aware of it: first, I touch the magic, and then slowly I become aware of the catastrophe. This is also what happened to me while working on the exhibition. I see my work as replicating, in miniature, the process that the world at large went through: long before the terrible destruction of the bomb sank in, there was a lot of enthusiasm surrounding the invention itself, and about its power. I saw a lot of documentary material from the nuclear experiments (itโ€™s beautiful material thatโ€™s available online), but only at a very late stage of the work did I dare to touch upon the destruction itselfโ€”like the damage done to the body. At the end of the process of working on the exhibition I saw a film about survivors from Hiroshima: it shows Japanese people standing in front of the camera, a man stands and looks at the camera, then after a minute he takes his clothes off, and suddenly you see the body wracked by radiation. The film made me feel terrible, and raised doubts in me about the whole exhibition. In effect, it took me over two years to dare to approach the topic of the body, the destruction itself, the catastrophe. Sagit Iโ€™m trying to think if there is some kind of form that repeats itself in the works, and I see something that is out of controlโ€”but within defined and aesthetic boundaries. Thatโ€™s actually the aesthetic value of your workโ€”forms that contain the potential for eruption, which preserve things at their greatest potential for destructionโ€”but also with the greatest beauty. Things donโ€™t erupt all the wayโ€”they are not destroyed. Iโ€™m curious what are these images are for you? Why are you drawn to engage with them? Who is the artist who is doing this? Why do you choose to focus your resources on it? What is the ethics of this thing? The decision to deal with the atomic bomb in Israel, in 2018, at Mamuta, in the basement; to travel by train near the nuclear reactor in Dimonaโ€”these are decisions that probe the political boundaries of art to change, to show. On the other hand, there is clearly a very poetic value in the works. Ultimately, through these three aspectsโ€”the ethical, political and poeticโ€”I feel you are talking about the human condition. I experience the emotional energy of an atomic bomb from the exhibition, which in effect deals with the human condition, with the human existenceโ€”otherwise it wouldnโ€™t speaks to us. So Iโ€™m interested in you looking inside and thinking what is this thing is for you? What does it mean to be within the boundaries of a form that is about to blow up? Yehudit Your question engages me both in terms of my life story and in terms of the place where I make art... where I actually do everything... Sagit What is this place?

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The Journey of the Dead Man The journey in the desert was filmed from the locomotive of a cargo train which makes its way from a phosphate ore from โ€œZin Industriesโ€ in the Negev to the port at Ashdod and its way back. The โ€œJourney of the Dead Manโ€ is the name of a desolate area in the southern part of the desert of New Mexico,which served as a testing ground for โ€˜Manhattan Projectโ€™ - the first American experiment in the atomic bomb in 1942.

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A C O N V E R S A T I O N B E T W E E N S A G I T M E Z A M E R & YEHUDIT SHLOSBERG-YOGEV

Sagit Your exhibition begins 110 years ago, in 1908, with you are already working within cinematic contexts. The nuclear threat and encyclopedias belong to the same worldโ€”one preceding the threats of today, in which individuals commit terrorist acts. One gets the feeling from the exhibition that you are once again identifying power in the aggregation of information, in the might of the superpower. The superpowers created the nuclear threat, the superpowers had the economic means to produce nuclear tests, and the encyclopedia is also a kind of information superpower. Is the exhibition is a kind of lament for these superpowers? Yehudit For me, what is interesting is to understandโ€”and this is pretty well knownโ€”is that the arms race between Russia and the United States led to far-reaching human inventions: atomic bombs, space exploration, and landing on the moonโ€”the most absolute human achievements were the product of the arms race. I donโ€™t think I miss the superpowers, but I do miss a kind of magnitude and power, and also a kind of respect for knowledge, and the investment of craftsmanship around knowledge. Today there is a lot of knowledgeโ€”but itโ€™s cheap. The video work Small Step for Man touches upon this, because what is it that I did, when you think about it? I ordered a huge moon from Chinaโ€”a commercial accessory used for commercials. It was customized to my specifications, with a print of the moonface on it. Within the moon there are built-in airblowers and lights; you plug it into the socket, and it starts to blow up. I imagined a man rolling this balloon to the top of a mountain in the desertโ€”I wanted to reproduce a natural phenomenonโ€”to fabricate a moonrise. We arrived to film on site on a night with a full moon (the real moon served as a lighting fixture)โ€”and there, on site, we discovered that there is a lunar eclipse. After about an hour or so, a huge wind began to blow, and so this fabricated natural phenomenon became a real force of natureโ€”a huge sail that four people had to hold on to, so that it didnโ€™t fly away. For me, thatโ€™s when the significant moment happened: the moment when the fabricated natural phenomenon rebelled against its creator. When I planned the shoot, I dearly hoped that this would happenโ€”I didnโ€™t know what it would be, exactly, but the desire wasnโ€™t to create a โ€œbeautiful imageโ€โ€”but to provoke nature, to take risks.

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Sagit You also deal with atomic bombs, and when I think of the word atom I think of an elementary part of matter. As a plastic artist, engaging in the atoms of thingsโ€”the core of things, even at the purely conceptual, or the literal, levelโ€”is like getting to the root of the language, to the smallest unit of language in the material. This unit is like an introduction to an entire world that opens up. You actually asking, what is the atom, the nucleus of thingsโ€”whereby the word atom is charged with a certain cultural and historical meaning. Through the exhibition you take us down to the root of thingsโ€”and then open up a kind of fan. Yehudit Thatโ€™s true, because even in my work process, things begin with a little moment of excitement with the materialโ€”for example, when I was in the encyclopedias. When I was Artist in Residence at Mamuta, I came across many volumes of a exquisite German encyclopedia from 1908โ€”eighteen volumes that encompass an unimaginable range of information: entries on the human body, about machines, engines, plants, animals, maps, inventions, events, places, religionsโ€”itโ€™s like everything was there. I donโ€™t read German, but I opened the encyclopedias and leafed through the drawingsโ€”some of which are painted by handโ€”and my exhiliration arose from the rustling pages, the handiwork, the colorfulness. I discovered a respect for knowledge thereโ€”a hope that they attributed to knowledge. I really got the sense from the encyclopedia [volume]s that humanity believed in itself. It was a moment before the world wars, just before the real beginning of the 20th century. Sagit The question that comes to my mind is what part of Yehudit is in the workโ€”in terms of the drawing, through small mechanisms such as encyclopedias, and archive materials about atomic bombsโ€”and what part of you lies in the images that grow into video works, for large productions. Yehudit I think that what preoccupies me first of all is a small moment of magic. Magic is a kind of raw material for meโ€”and the atomic bomb is the biggest and falsest magic that humanity has ever invented... The moments when an atom bomb explodes have a hypnotic beautyโ€”a primeval beauty that is made up of the materials of Creation itself. Itโ€™s as if all the matter of the universe has been melted down and recast: it has fire, water, smoke and splitting of matterโ€ฆ Some people call it the atomic sublime. Sagit But this sublime has the potential of unimaginable destruction.

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The Works

p. 4 One Small Step for a Man one channel screening; 07:20, HD, 2018 Photographer: Itamar Mender-Flohr Actor: Eyal Plumendorf Video Edition and Post Production: Ofek Shemer and Ada Rimon p. 10, 13 Moon Phases video installation; 7 LCD monitors, 7 raspberry pi computers, cables, 2018 Monitors: Yaniv Sheinfeld p. 10 Watch From a Safe Distance sound work; green button, arduino, mp3, speakers, led, 2018 Sound Editing: Ofek Shemer and Ada Rimon p. 15 The Moon ready made; plastic balloon, internal lighting and blowers, 5 mtrs diameter, motion sensor, 2017 p. 15 Cannon Mechanism object; wood, USB lamp, engine of microwave, horseshoe, 2018 Cannon mechanism: Itamar Mendes-Flohr pp. 20, 22 Encyclopaedia 4 volumes from the โ€œBrockhaus / Ronberlations Lerikonโ€ encyclopaedia, Germany, 1908, led lamps, arduino, 2018 Books Electronics: Omri David pp. 26, 28, 32, 36 The Journey of the Dead Man one channel screening; 1:34:00 (from 5 hours), HD, 2018 Photographer: Itamar Mendes-Flohr p. 42 Ships drawing and projection of foundfootage on graphite paper, 60/50, 2018

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โ€ซืกืคื™ื ื•ืชโ€ฌ โ€ซ ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ืกื“ืจืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™โ€ฌ,"โ€ซื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืงื•ื— ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ืžืชืขื“ ืืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ "ื‘ื™ื™ืงืจโ€ฌ ,โ€ซ ืดื‘ื™ื™ืงืจืด ืคื•ืฆืฅ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ืโ€ฌ.โ€ซ ื‘ืื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื™โ€ฌ1946 โ€ซื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืงื™ืฅโ€ฌ โ€ซ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืงโ€ฌ,โ€ซ ื‘ืขืœื™โ€“ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ5700 โ€ซ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸโ€ฌ97 โ€ซ ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ืคื•ื–ืจื•โ€ฌ27 โ€ซื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœโ€ฌ .โ€ซืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ฌ

Ships The archive material was found on the internet. It documents โ€œThe Baker Testโ€, one of a series of american atomic tests was performed during summer of 1946 in Atol, Bikini. The explosion occurred underwater, at 27 meters depth and around it 97 ships were dispersed with 5700 animals inside them. The objective was to check the effect of the explosion on the boats and the radioactive materials on the animals.

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In 1978, atomic scientist Anatoli Petrovich Bugorski shoved his head into a particle accelerator to fix a malfunction. A photon beam that was shooting around in the accelerator hit his head at the speed close to the speed of light. The scientist claimed he did not feel pain, but saw a light that was โ€œbrighter than a thousand suns.โ€ Yehudit Shlosberg-Yogevโ€™s first solo exhibition, titled โ€œBrighter Than a Thousand Sunsโ€ (after the book of that title on the Manhattan Project) contains apocalyptic and poetic images that are fascinating and disturbing at the same time. Like Bugorski, for Shlosberg-Yogev, tooโ€”who created these works as part of her tenure as Artist in Residence at the Mamuta Art Center, the atomic bomb is the driving force.

Brighter Than a Thousand Suns offers a sensory preoccupation with existential questions: our relationship with nature, issues of control and restriction, and various aspects of artโ€™s approach to natureโ€”from observation to framing, from intervention to withdrawal. The human presence at the exhibition, mediated through camera and word, gives all of these fascinating interpretations and a great beauty. L ea and Diego Sala-Manca group

The exhibition is an invitation to experience the basement space of Mamuta at Hansen House as a sanctuary for visual remains moments after the great disasterโ€”images that appear to be taken from an archeological journey through the realms of human terrorโ€” from dread of the magnitude of human power to fear of no return. In one of the worksโ€”A Small Step for a Manโ€”an artificial moon appears in the desert, next to a single man fighting the wind. Is this how Shlosberg-Yogev envisions the dream of the last survivor? And what lies in the manโ€™s futile action? Is it beauty, pathos and solitudeโ€”or humor and hope, as well? In another workโ€”The Journey of the Deadโ€”Shlosberg-Yogev created a documentary film shot from the locomotive of a freight train through in the Desert of Zin in southern Israel. The train is traveling from nowhere to nowhere, passing by the Israeli nuclear reactor that we are not supposed to know that we know is there. The trainโ€™s journey, which contains many references to the history of cinema, does not document the departure from the reactor complexโ€”the plant, production and progressโ€”but rather the void, the secret and the threat that it contains. The series Encyclopedias expresses a yearning for an aesthetic form of absolute knowledge coupled with revulsion from the actions of man. The encyclopedias of 1908 seek to bring together all of world knowledge in beautiful volumes. The two world wars had not yet taken place, and the new century seemed promising and hopeful. Shlosberg-Yogev plays with the encyclopedias, adding simple mechanisms and creating childish games of beauty and magic, combined with documentary material from nuclear experiments.

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Brighter Than A Thousand Suns - Yehudit Shlosberg-Yogev March-May 2018 Curators: Sala-Manca group Catalogue design: Tal Harada English translation: Jonathan Orr-Stav Stills: Andrew Malakhovskyy (pp. 7, 10-11, 16-17)

BRIGHTER THAN A THOUSAND SUNS

Images from video (pp. 4, 13, 15 ,26-27 ,28 ,31-32, 36) The exhibition and catalogue were produced with the support of the Jerusalem Municipality, the Ministry of Culture and Mifal Hapays Mamuta Art and Research Center Initiated and Directed by Sala Manca Office and production assistant: Tamar Drozd Woodworkshop and technical advisor: Yoav Fish รข€” Mamuta Art and Research Center Hansen House, Gedaliahu Alon 14, Jerusalem www.mamuta.org

YEHUDIT SHLOSBERG YOGEV CURATORS: SALA-MANCA GROUP 15.3-11.5.2018


BRIGHTER THAN A THOUSAND SUNS YEHUDIT SHLOSBERG YOGEV MAMUTA ART AND RESEARCH CENTER


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