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23. 2G WDGD MH SRฤ HR V YHOLNRP JRUOMLYRรฅรพX GXKD L UDGRรฅรพX VUFD VYLPD SURSRYLMHGDWL SRNRUX รฟLQLR MH WR MHGQRVWDYQLP ULMHฤ LPD D ]DQRVQLP VUFHP MH L]JUDฤ LYDR VOXรฅDRFH 1MHJRYD MH ULMHฤ ELOD SRSXW UD]EXNWDOH YDWUH SURGLUDOD MH GR GQD VUFD 'XรฅH VYLMX QDSXQMDR MH GLYOMHQMHP ,]JOHGDR MH VDVYLP GUXJDฤ LMH QHJR SULMH 'RN MH SURPD WUDR QHER QLMH PX ELOR VWDOR GR WRJD GD JOHGD ]HPOMX 7R MH GRLVWD ELOR QHรฅWR QHRELฤ QR MHU MH QDMSULMH SRฤ HR SURSRYLMHGDWL RQGMH JGMH MH MRรฅ NDR GMHฤ DN QDXฤ LR ฤ LWDWL QD RQRP MH PMHVWX QDMSULMH VDKUDQMHQ GD EL VUHWDQ SRฤ HWDN RVLJXUDR MRรฅ VUHWQLML VYUรฅHWDN 7 *GMH MH VDP Xฤ LR RQGMH MH L SRXฤ DYDR L JGMH MH ]DSRฤ HR RQGMH MH L GRYUรฅLR 3ULMH VYDNH 6

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GRGD MRรฅ MHGDQ EUDW )LOLS QMLPH VH ]DRNUXรงLR EURM VHGDP 11 1MHJRYH MH XVQH *RVSRGLQ WDNQXR NDPHQฤ LรพHP ฤ LVWRรพH GD EL SR QMHPX XPLR VODWNR JRYRULWL L ]DQRVQR NOLFDWL 8OD]LR MH X VPLVDR 6Y SLVPD L WX PDฤ LR JD SUHPGD QLMH Xฤ LR SRVWDR MH QDVOMHGRYDWHOM RQLK รฅWR VX NDR QHXNL L QHSLVPHQL LPDOL ELWL รงLGRYVNL SUYDFL 11. POGLAVLJE O duhu proricanja sv. Franje i o njegovim opomenama

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29. .DG MH QHNDNR X LVWR YULMHPH QHNL GUXJL ฤ RYMHN VWXSLR X 5HG QDฤ RรฅH VH QD RNXSX RVPRULFD 7DGD LK MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR VYH SR]YDR N VHEL YLรฅH LP MH WRJD ND]DR R NUDOMHYVWYX %RรงMHP R SUH]LUDQMX VYL MHWD R RGULFDQMX YODVWLWH YROMH L R XSRNRUDYDQMX YODVWLWRJD WLMHOD 3R GYRMLFX LK MH RGYRMLR ]D ฤ HWLUL NUDMD VYLMHWD SD LP MH UHNDR ยช,GLWH SUHGUDJL GYRMLFD SR GYRMLFD X UD]OLฤ LWH NUDMHYH VYLMHWD QDYMHรฅรพXMWH OMXGLPD PLU L SRNRUX ]D RSURรฅWHQMH JULMHKD 8 QHYROMDPD EXGLWH VWUS OMLYL L VLJXUQL GD รพH *RVSRGLQ LVSXQLWL VYRMX RGOXNX L REHรพDQMH 2QLPD NRML YDV รฅWR ]DSLWDMX RGJRYRULWH SRQL]QR EODJRVOLYOMDMWH RQH NRML YDV SURJRQH ]DKYDOMXMWH RQLPD NRML YDP QDQRVH QHSUDYGX L XYUHGH MHU QDP VH ]D VYH RYR SULSUDYOMD YMHฤ QR NUDOMHYVWYRยฉ $ RQL

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13. POGLAVLJE Kako je napisao prvo pravilo, kad je imao jedanaestoricu braฤ e, i kako ga je gospodin papa Inocent potvrdio; viฤ enje drveta

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SRGLQ XPQRรงL EURMHP L RERJDWL PLORรฅรพX UDGRVQR VH N PHQL YUDWLWH SD รพX YDP MRรฅ YLรฅH RG RYRJD GDWL L SRYMHULWL YDP V YHรพRP VLJXUQRรฅรพX YHรพH VWYDULยฉ =DLVWD MH *RVSRGLQ ELR VD VYHWLP )UDQMRP NDPR JRG EL SRรฅDR 2EMDYDPD JD MH UDGRYDR D GREURฤ LQVWYLPD SRWLFDR .DG VH MHGQH QRรพL SUHSXVWLR VQX LPDR MH YLฤ HQMH Xฤ LQLR PX VH GD LGH QH NLP SXWRP SRNUDM NRMHJD MH VWDMDOR YLVRNR GUYR 'UYR MH ELOR OLMHSR L VQDรงQR GHEHOR L YHRPD YLVRNR .DG PX VH SULEOLรงLR L SRGD QM VWDR GLYLR VH QMHJRYRM OMHSRWL L YLVLQL 3ULฤ LQLOR PX VH GD MH L VDP VYHWDF QDMHGQRP SRVWDR WDNR YLVRN WH MH GRWLFDR QDMYLรฅL YUK GUYHWD D NDG JD MH UXNRP REXKYDWLR SRVYH ODNR JD MH VDYLR VYH GR ]HPOMH 7DNR VH ]DLVWD L GRJRGLOR JRVSRGLQ SDSD ,QRFHQW X]YLรฅHQR L YLVRNR VWDEOR QD RYRPH VYLMHWX QMHJRYRM VH PROEL L รงHOML WDNR GREURVWLYR SULNORQLR 14. POGLAVLJE O njegovu povratku iz Rima u Spoletsku dolinu i o zaustavljanju za vrijeme putovanja

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NUDMX PQRJL PXรฅNDUFL L รงHQH ERORYDOL RG UD]OLฤ LWLK EROHVWL L JUR]QL FH 6SRPHQXWL MH ฤ RYMHN ]DUHGDR SR EROHVQLฤ NLP NXรพDPD SRMDV EL XPRฤ LR X YRGX LOL EL QHรฅWR RG QMHJRYD YODNQD X QMX SULPLMHรฅDR SD MH WR EROHVQLFLPD GDYDR GD SLMX , WDNR VX VYL X .ULVWRYR LPH ]DGREL YDOL ]GUDYOMH 2YR VH ]ELYDOR X RGVXWQRVWL EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH DOL VH GRJRGLOR L PQRJR YLรฅH RG WRJD รฅWR QDP QLMH PRJXรพH RSรฅLUQR LVSULSR YLMHGDWL ,SDN รพHPR X RYR GMHOR XNUDWNR XQLMHWL QHรฅWR PDOR RG RQRJD รฅWR VH *RVSRGLQ %RJ QDรฅ XGRVWRMDR Xฤ LQLWL SR )UDQMLQRM QD]Rฤ QRVWL 23. POGLAVLJE Kako je u Toscanelli ozdravio hromoga, a u Narniu uzetoga

65. .DG MH X VYRMH YULMHPH VYHWDF %RรงML )UDQMR UDGL QDYLMHรฅWDQMD NUDOMHYVWYD %RรงMHJD RELOD]LR UD]OLฤ LWH SURVWUDQH NUDMHYH SULVSLR MH WDNR L X JUDG NRML VH ]RYH 7RVFDQHOOD 'RN MH WX QD XRELฤ DMHQL QDฤ LQ VLMDR VMHPH รงLYRWD MHGDQ JD MH YLWH] WRJD JUDGD XJRVWLR 7DM MH LPDR VLQD NRML MH ELR KURP L FLMHOR PX MH WLMHOR ELOR VODEDรฅQR ,DNR MH MRรฅ ELR GMHฤ Dฤ Lรพ LSDN MH YHรพ SUHรฅDR JRGLQH GRMHQMD L MRรฅ ELR X NROLMHYFL 'MHฤ DNRY RWDF NDG MH YLGLR NDNYRP MH VYHWRรฅรพX ELR REGDUHQ ฤ RYMHN %RรงML SRQL]QR PX VH EDFLR GR QRJX L PROLR ]GUDYOMD VYRPH VLQX )UDQMR VH PHฤ XWLP VPDWUDR EHVNRULVQLP L QHYULMHGQLP WROLNH PRรพL L PLORVWL SD VH GXJR VNDQMLYDR GD WR Xฤ LQL , QDSRNRQ MH ELR VYODGDQ XSRUQRรฅรพX QMHJRYLK PROEL 1DMSULMH VH SRPROLR D ]DWLP MH QD GMH ฤ DND VWDYLR UXNX EODJRVORYLR JD L SRGLJDR 0DOL MH QDRฤ LJOHG VYLPD GRN VX JD JOHGDOL L UDGRYDOL VH X LPH *RVSRGLQD QDรฅHJD ,VXVD .ULVWD XVWDR ]GUDY WH MH SRฤ HR WDPR DPR SR NXรพL KRGDWL 66. .DG MH MHGQRP ]JRGRP ฤ RYMHN %RรงML GRรฅDR X 1DUQL L RQGMH ERUDYLR YLรฅH GDQD QHNL MH ฤ RYMHN LPHQRP 3HWDU JUDฤ DQLQ WRJD JUD GD ELR X]HW L OHรงDR X NUHYHWX 1MHPX VX NUR] SHW PMHVHFL VYL XGRYL RWND]DOL VOXรงEX WH QLNDNR QLMH PRJDR XVWDWL QLWL VH PRJDR NUHWDWL ,]JXELYรฅL WDNR VDVYLP XSRWUHEX QRJX UXNX L JODYH VDPR MH PRJDR PLFDWL MH]LNRP L RWYDUDWL Rฤ L .DG MH ฤ XR GD MH VYHWL )UDQMR GRรฅDR X 1DUQL SRVODR MH SRUXNX ELVNXSX GD VH SREULQH L ]D OMXEDY %RรงMX SRรฅDOMH N QMHPX VOXJX %RJD 6YHYLรฅQMHJD MHU VH X]GDR GD รพH NDG JD YLGL L EXGH X QMHJRYRM QD]Rฤ QRVWL ELWL RVORERฤ HQ RG EROHVWL NRMD JD MH GUรงDOD 7DNR VH L GRJRGLOR .DG MH N QMHPX GRรฅDR EODรงHQL )UDQMR QDฤ LQLR MH QDG QMLP ]QDN NULรงD RG JODYH GR QRJX EROHVW MH SURWMHUDR L RYRP SRYUDWLR SULMDรฅQMH ]GUDYOMH

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24. POGLAVLJE Kako je slijepoj ลพeni povratio vid i kako je u Gubbiu ispravio jednu pogurenu

67. 1HND JUDฤ DQND VSRPHQXWRJD JUDGD XGDUHQD VOMHSRรพRP Rฤ L MX NDG MH QD VYRMH Rฤ L SULPLOD EODJRVORY EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH VPMHVWD MH SULPLOD รงHOMHQL YLG 1HGDOHNR RG *XEELD ELMDรฅH QHND GUXJD รงHQD NRMRM ELMDKX VNYUฤ HQH REMH UXNH WH V QMLPD QLMH PRJOD QLรฅWD UDGLWL .DG MH VD]QDOD GD MH VYHWL )UDQMR GRรฅDR X JUDG RGPDK MH SRKLWLOD N QMHPX รงDORVQD L WXUREQD OLFD SRND]DOD PX MH VNYUฤ HQH UXNH =DPR OLOD JD MH GD VH XGRVWRML GRWDNQXWL LK )UDQMR MH ELR GLUQXW QMH]LQRP SRERรงQRรฅรพX GRWDNQX MRM UXNH L RQD MH R]GUDYLOD รฆHQD VH RGPDK UDGRVQD SRYUDWLOD NXรพL YODVWLWLP UXNDPD MH QDฤ LQLOD NRODฤ RG VLUD L GDURYDOD JD VYHWRP ฤ RYMHNX 2Q MH X]HR PDOR NRODฤ D L ]DSRYMHGLR GD RVWDOR รงHQD SRMHGH VD VYRMRP RELWHOML 25. POGLAVLJE Kako je jednoga brata oslobodio od padavice i kako je u selu San Geminiu oslobodio opsjednutoga

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27. POGLAVLJE Bistrina i postojanost njegova duha, kako je propovijedao pred gospodinom papom Honorijem i kako je sebe i braฤ u izruฤ io gospodinu Hugolinu, biskupu ostijskom

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349

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1RYFH MH QDXPLR 1RYFH NRML VX PX XWHJRP 6ORERGQR VUFH WODĀLOL 5 $ NDG VH VLURWL VYHþHQLN 3RERMD GD LK SULPL 2Q LK QHKDMQR EDFL

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353

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10. 1DNRQ รฅWR MH GDNOH EODรงHQL )UDQMR XPDNDR ELMHVQX Rฤ HYX SUR JDQMDQMX MHGQRJD MH GDQD RQ UHYQLWHOM QRYRJD ]DNRQD KRGLR SROXJRO รฅXPRP L SMHYDMXรพL KYDOH *RVSRGX QD IUDQFXVNRP MH]LNX L]QHQDGD MH XSDR PHฤ X UD]ERMQLNH XVS /N .DG JD GLYOMDฤ NL SLWDKX WNR MH QLรฅWD VH QH ERMHรพL RYDNR SURURฤ DQVNL RGJRYRUL ยช-D VDP JODVQLN .UDOMD YHOLNRJ XVS 3V รคWR VH WR YDV WLฤ H"ยฉ $ RQL VUGHรพL VH LรฅLEDรฅH VOXJX %RรงMHJD L EDFLรฅH JD X MDPX SXQX VQLMHJD L UX JDMXรพL VH EXGXรพHP SDVWLUX VWDGD *RVSRGQMHJD RYDNR UHNRรฅH ยช/HรงL WX WXSL JODVQLฤ H %RรงML ยฉ .DG SDN RGRรฅH RQL ]ORฤ LQFL RQ YHVHOR LVNRฤ L L] MDPH L MDฤ LP JODVRP ]DSMHYD KYDOH 6WYRULWHOMX VYHJD 11. 1DSRNRQ MH RQ NRML ELMDรฅH QRVLR VNXSRFMHQX RGMHรพX L]QH QDGD GRรฅDR X QHNL PRQDรฅNL VDPRVWDQ VDPR X SURVWRM NRรฅXOML 2QGMH GRLVWD QLMH ELR QL SUHSR]QDW QL FLMHQMHQ SD MHU QLMH LPDR KUDQH MHGQRVWDYQR VX JD XSXVWLOL X NXKLQMX 1DNRQ YLรฅH GDQD NDG QLWNR Rฤ LPD VPLORYDQMD QLMH SRJOHGDR QD QMHJRYX JRORWLQMX RWLรฅDR MH RWMHUDQ ฤ LVWRP QXรงGRP $ SRVOLMH NDG VH JODV R QMHJRYRM VYHWRVWL VWDR รฅLULWL XRNROR SULRU VDPRVWDQD WHรฅNR SRJRฤ HQ รฅWR VH QLVX SREULQXOL ]D WROLNRJD PXรงD RWLฤ H V WXJRP N QMHPX L SRQL]QR ]DLVND RSURรฅWHQMH ]D VH L ]D VYRMX VXEUDรพX ยฒ 2WLรฅDYรฅL GDNOH L] VSRPHQXWRJ VDPRVWDQD L GRรฅDYรฅL X JUDG ]YDQL *XEELR VLURPD รฅDN ,VXVD .ULVWD RQGMH SRWUDรงL QHNRJ VYRJD SULMDรฅQMHJ SR]QDQLND L SULMDWHOMD 2Q ]ERJ VWDURJD SULMDWHOMVWYD SRNUL QMHJRYX JRORWLQMX PDORP WXQLNRP 12. 1DNRQ WRJD SRQL]QL SUH]LUDWHOM VDPRJD VHEH L QH PDUHรพL YLรฅH รฅWR JD OMXGL SUH]LUX SRฤ H ND JXEDYFLPD 1MLPD MH QDMRGDQLMH VOXรงLR SRQL]QR SUDR QMLKRYH ฤ LUHYH L QLMH VH SODรฅLR EULVDWL LP JQRM $ SULMH VH RYH VWYDUL WROLNR JQXรฅDR GD MH XJOHGDYรฅL QH VDPR QMLK L]EOL]D YHรพ L QMLKRYH NXรพH L]GDOHND UXNDPD QRV ฤ HSLR 1R NDG JD MH *RVSRGLQ SRKRGLR VYRMRP PLORรฅรพX GRN MH MRรฅ QRVLR VYMHWRYQR RGLMHOR VOXฤ DMQR JD MH VXVUHR QHNL JXEDYDF LDNR VH NDR L RELฤ QR XSODรฅLR ฤ LP JD MH XJOHGDR SULVLOL VH L SRELMHGL VDPD VHEH SD KUD EUR SULVWXSL L SROMXEL XVS 0N JD ยฒ 6WRJD MH RWDGD รงDUฤ H ฤ H]QXR GD SUH]LUH VHEH L VWDR VH QHSUHVWDQR ERULWL SURWLY VDPRJD

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VHEH VYH GRN PX RGR]JRU QLMH ]DMDPฤ HQR NDNR รพH L]YRMHYDWL VD YUรฅHQX SREMHGX QDG VRERP .DR รฅWR MH SRVOLMH VDP SRVYMHGRฤ LR LVND]LYDR MH PLORVUฤ H JXEDYFLPD NRMH QLMH PRJDR QL JOHGDWL GRN MH รงLYLR X JULMHVLPD ยฒ 1D GUXJH SDN VLURPDKH L QHYROMQLNH GRN MH MRรฅ ELR RGDQ VYLMHWX JOHGDR MH XYLMHN V GREURWRP L VXรพXWL L YUOR EL UDGR SUXรงLR UXNX VPLORYDQMD RQLPD NRML VX WUDรงLOL %RJD UDGL $ NDG MH MHGQRP SULOLNRP PLPR RELฤ DMD L]JUGLR VLURPDKD NRML MH PROLR %RJD UDGL RGPDK VNUXรฅHQR ]ERJ WRJD YHRPD WHรฅNR SRรงDOL 6PD WUDรฅH NDNR MH L RGYHรพ QHGRVWRMQR XVNUDWLWL รฅWRJRG RQRPH NRML WUDรงL X LPH WROLNRJD .UDOMD 6WRJD MH RGOXฤ LR NDNR RWDGD QHรพH RGELWL VLURPDKH NRML EXGX รฅWR WUDรงLOL %RJD UDGL $ WR MH EULรงQR QDVWRMDR L LVSXQLWL NROLNR MH PRJDR ยฒ 3D SUHPGD VH L] RYRJD GRVDG PRรงH YLGMHWL NDNDY MH GXK VXรพXWL SUHPD VLURPDVLPD QMLPH UDYQDR QDNRQ REUDรพHQMD LSDN รพH WR SRVOLMH ELWL PDOR SRWDQMH L]ORรงHQR 13. $OL VYHWL PXรง VYH GRVDG XRSรพH QLMH ]QDR รฅWR รพH PX VH GR JRGLWL ,]PHฤ X RVWDORJD รฅWR MH Xฤ LQLR NDR SUYR GMHOR SRERรงQRVWL GDR VH QD REQRYX FUNYH VYHWRJD 'DPMDQD NRG NRMH MH SUYR ER UDYLR .DR รฅWR MH WDM SRVDR SRฤ HR L] VDรงDOMHQMD ]ERJ RSDVQRVWL RG UXรฅHQMD WDNR JD MH XEU]R L GRYUรฅLR X] VXUDGQMX *RVSRGLQRYX XVS 0N ยฒ 2YR MH RQR PMHVWR GRVWRMQR VODYQD VSRPHQD JGMH LVWL VYHWL PXรง JRWRYR รฅHVW JRGLQD QDNRQ VYRJD REUDรพHQMD VUHWQR XVWDQRYL UHG REGDUHQ SXQLQRP WROLNLK YUOLQD WR MHVW RQDM UHG VL URPDรฅQLK JRVSRฤ D L VYHWLK GMHYLFD 7DM UHG KYDOH YULMHGDQ ]ERJ YH OLNRJ VDYUรฅHQVWYD *RVSRGLQ MH GDQDV YHOLฤ DMQR UDรฅLULR SR UD]QLP NUDMHYLPD ,WDOLMH 14. 8 PHฤ XYUHPHQX VOXJD %RรงML SURPLMHQL RGMHรพX L SUHVHOL VH X GUXJR PMHVWR QHGDOHNR RG $VL]D JGMH WDNRฤ HU SRฤ H REQDYOMDWL QHNX FUNYX MHGQDNR UXรฅHYQX L QH VWDGH GRN ]DSRฤ HWR QH GRYUรฅL ยฒ 1DNRQ WRJD SULMHฤ H X WUHรพH PMHVWR ]YDQR 3RUFLMXQNXOD QHGDOHNR RG VSRPHQXWRJD JUDGD JGMH QHNRรพ ELMDรฅH SRGLJQXWD FUNYD X ฤ DVW SUHVODYQH %RJRURGLFH 0DULMH DOL WDGD MHGQDNR SXVWD L WURรฅQD ,] VDรงDOMHQMD SUHPD QMH]LQRM UXรฅHYQRVWL DOL L L] SRVHEQH SRERรงQRVWL SUHPD %ODรงHQRM 'MHYLFL RQGMH MH QHSUHNLGQR ERUDYLR GRN MH WHNOD WUHรพD JRGLQD RG QMHJRYD REUDรพHQMD NDG MH YHรพ ELOD REQRYOMHQD VSRPHQXWD FUNYD ยฒ 7R GD MH WDM VYHWDF SRGLJDR WUL VSRPHQXWH FUNYH QH PLVOLP GD VH GRJRGLOR EH] GXEOMHJD WDMQRYLWRJ ]QDฤ HQMD 1DSURWLY VPDWUDP GD WR SR SUHWKRGQRM %RรงMRM YROML VLPEROL]LUD RQR รฅWR MH WDM MHGQRVWDYQL PXรง ฤ XGHVQR RVWYDULR RVQRYDR MH WUL VODYQD UHGD QD NRMH รพHPR VH XNUDWNR QD RGJRYDUDMXรพHP PMHVWX RVYUQXWL L QMLK MH VYRMLP รงLYRWRP L ULMHฤ MX GRYHR GR VWDQMD VDYU รฅHQVWYD

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TREĆE POGLAVLJE Kako je započinjući evanđeosko savršenstvo drugi put promijenio odjeću, propovijedao i počeo stjecati braću; i kako je unaprijed znao svoju i njihovu sudbinu, poslao ih u svijet dva po dva i postigao da se opet saberu

15. .DG MH GDNOH EODçHQL )UDQMR REQRYLR WUL FUNYH WDGD MH MRå LPDR SXVWLQMDĀNX RGMHþX KRGLR MH VD åWDSRP X UXFL X REXþL L RSD VDQ SRMDVRP ² $OL ĀXR MH MHGQRJD GDQD QD PLVL åWR .ULVW X HYDQāH OMX JRYRUL XĀHQLFLPD NRMH åDOMH GD SURSRYLMHGDMX QDLPH GD QH VWMHĀX ]ODWD QL VUHEUD GD QH QRVH QD SXW WRUEH QL NHVLFH QL åWDSD QL NUXKD GD QHPDMX REXþH QL GYLMX KDOMLQD XVS 0W ² 0N ² $ NDG WR LVWR SRGUREQLMH VKYDWL RG VDPRJD VYHþHQLND YHþ LVSXQMHQ QHL]UHFLYRP UDGRåþX UHĀH ª7R MH RQR åWR WUDçLP WR MH RQR ]D ĀLP ĀH]QHP VYRP GXåRP © 'REUR GDNOH XSDPWLYåL VYH åWR ELMDåH ĀXR YHVHOR QDVWRML WR LVSXQLWL EH] RGXJRYODĀHQMD RVWDYL MHGQX RG GYLMX LVWRYUVQLK VWYDUL NRMH LPDåH WH YLåH QH XSRWUHEOMDYD åWDSD REXþH NH VLFH QL WRUEH =DWLP QDĀLQL YUOR SURVWX L QHXJOHGQX WXQLNX RGEDFL SRMDV SD MH RSDVD XçHWRP 16. äWRYLåH VYX EULJX VUFD SRVYHþXMXþL WRPH NDNR GD LVSXQL ULMHĀL QRYH PLORVWL SRåWR LK ĀX SRVWDGH SR ERçDQVNRP SRWLFDMX QDYMHVWLWHOM HYDQāHRVNRJ VDYUåHQVWYD VWDGH MHGQRVWDYQLP ULMHĀLPD MDYQR SURSR YLMHGDWL SRNRUX 1MHJRYL SDN JRYRUL QH ELMDKX LVSUD]QL QL YULMHGQL LVPLMDYDQMD ELMDKX SXQL VQDJH 'XKD 6YHWRJD XVS 'M /N

GRSLUDOL VX X QXWULQX VUFD L X VOXåDWHOMD L]D]LYDOL VLOQR GLYOMHQMH $ NDR åWR MH SRVOLMH L VDP SRVYMHGRĀLR NDNR MH RYDNDY SR]GUDY GD JRYRUL ª*RVSRGLQ WL GDR PLU© XVS %U 6RO QDXĀLR SR %RçMRM REMDYL WDNR MH X VYDNRM VYRMRM SURSRYLMHGL QDURG QD SRĀHWNX JRYRUD SR]GUDYOMDR QDYMHåþXMXþL PLU 2GPDK GDNOH SURçHW GXKRP SURURND SUHPD SURURNRYRM ULMHĀL RJODåDYDåH PLU QDYMHåþLYDåH VSDVHQMH XVS ,]

'RJRGLOR VH GD MH VSDVRQRVQLP RSRPHQDPD LVWLQVNRP PLUX SULYHR YUOR PQRJR RQLK NRML VH SULMH SURWLYQL .ULVWX ELMDKX XGDOMLOL RG VSDVHQMD 17. .DG GDNOH PQRJL GR]QDåH LVWLQX NDNR R MHGQRVWDYQX QDX NX WDNR L R çLYRWX SRĀHåH VH QDNRQ NUDWND YUHPHQD QHNL OMXGL SR QMHJRYX SULPMHUX REUDþDWL QD SRNRUX L RVWDYLYåL VYH XVS /N

SULGUXçLYDWL PX VH SR RGMHþL L çLYRWX $ NDG VH VYHĀHYH ]DVOXJH SR ĀHåH QDJUDāLYDWL QRYLP VLQRYLPD SRĀH VH L RQ YLåH QDSXQMDWL QRYRP XWMHKRP 6YHWRJD 'XKD XVS 'M SRĀH L RQ EULçQLMH EGMHWL QDG QMLKRYLP VSDVRP 0LOXMXþL LK VWRJD L JRMHþL RĀLQVNRP OMXEDYOMX QH SUHVWDQR LK MH XSXþLYDR QRYLP RSRPHQDPD XĀHþL LK GD SRVWRMDQR KRGH SXWHP VYHWRJD VLURPDåWYD L LVWLQVNH MHGQRVWDYQRVWL ² 8 GUD

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JRP GUXรฅWYX รฅHVWHUR EUDรพH NDR VHGPL VH UDGRYDR VDP RWDF NRML VH PHฤ X PDQMLPD X VYHPX YODGDR QH NDR YHรพL YHรพ NDR QDMPDQML %X GXรพL GD MRรฅ XYLMHN XRSรพH QLMH ]QDR VXGELQX VYRMX L VYRMH EUDรพH VLOQR MH รงHOLR ]QDWL EXGXรพQRVW PDORJD VWDGD XVS /N

18. -HGQRJD VH GDQD GDNOH SRERรงQLMH SR RELฤ DMX SUHGDR PROLWYL SD VH ]DKYDOMLYDรฅH XVS 0W ]D GREURฤ LQVWYD XGLMHOMHQD PX RG %RJD L V JRUฤ LQRP X VYRMRM GXรฅL XVS ,] UD]PLรฅOMDรฅH R JRGL QDPD SURYHGHQLP X ]OX 'RN MH SUHG *RVSRGLQRP VWDMDR GUKWHรพL RG VWUDKD VWDGH RGDVYXG QMHJRY GXK REX]LPDWL QHND ฤ XGHVQD VODVW L YHVHOMH GR WH PMHUH GD MH JXELR VYLMHVW WHรฅND WDPD ]ERJ JULMHKD SRWSXQR MH RWMHUDQD D QMHPX MH GDQD VLJXUQRVW X RSURรฅWHQMH GXJD ]D JULMHKH GR SRVOMHGQMHJ QRYฤ LรพD XVS 0W 3RWRP MH ELR SRGLJQXW L]QDG VHEH L VDY XURQMHQ X QHNX MDVQRรพX ฤ XGHVQD VYMHWOD 3RรฅWR PX VH UDรฅLUL VMHGLรฅWH GXKD RQGMH ]DYULMHGL RVYMHGRฤ LWL VH R RQRPH รฅWR ELMDรฅH SRรงHOLR L XJOHGD NDNR VH QMHJRYL VOMHGEHQLFL L] VYDNRJ QDURGD XVS 'M VMDMQR XPQDรงDMX 5D]PLรฅOMDMXรพL QH VDPR R WRPH YHรพ L R PQRJLP GUXJLP WDMQDPD X EXGXรพQRVWL QDSRNRQ GRฤ H N VHEL L EUDรพL LVSULฤ D VYH SR UHGX 'DNDNR SRVYH REQRYOMHQ X GXKX XVS 3V

RSRPHQX LK GD QH JXEH SRX]GDQMH QL ]ERJ VYRMH QL ]ERJ QMHJRYH MHGQRVWDYQRVW QHJR LK RMDฤ D X *RVSRGLQX XVS (I NDNR รพH VH QDPQRรงLWL L UDรฅLULWL JRWRYR VYH GR NUDMD VYLMHWD 19. 8 RQR YULMHPH SULGUXรงHQ LP MH XVS 3RVW MRรฅ MHGDQ ฤ RYMHN L WDNR MH QMLKRY EURM ]DRNUXรงHQ QD RVDP 7DGD LK VYHWDF VYH SR]YD N VHEL L UDVSRUHGL LK GYD SR GYD GD LK SRรฅDOMH X UD]QH NUDMHYH VYLMHWD ,]ORรงL LP OMXSNR L EULรงQR YLรฅH VWYDUL R NUDOMHYVWYX %RรงMHP XVS 'M R SUH]LUDQMX VYLMHWD L VHEH D PHฤ X RVWDOLP SRVHEQR LK SRXฤ L R WUSOMHQMX L SRQL]QRVWL 5DGXMH VH GDNOH SRQL]QR VWDGR JODVX VYRJD SDVWLUD UDGRVQR SULKYDรพD VSDVRQRVQX ]DSRYLMHG SRVOXรฅQRVWL SRNR UDYD VH L SRQL]QR SDGD QLฤ LFH N QMHJRYLP QRJDPD 1MLK VDP SUHEODJL SDVWLU SRGLรงH L NDR PDMND VLQRYH V OMXEDYOMX JUOL MHGQH OMXEL GUXJH Xฤ YUรฅรพXMH RQRP SURURฤ NRP ULMHฤ MX ยช3RYMHUL -DKYL VYRMX EULJX L RQ รพH WH SRNULMHSLWL XVS 3V ยฉ 2YX MH ULMHฤ ฤ HVWR JRYRULR VYLPD NRMH MH VODR 7DNR MH KWLR VYX EULJX EUDรพH XSXWLWL QD *RVSRGLQD WDNR VH SREULQXR GD LP SUHSULMHฤ L SRJUHรฅDQ L QH]DVLWDQ SXW SUHPD SRKOHSL WDNR QL QRYFL R SRMDVX XVS 0N QH RVOREDฤ DMX VUFH SRVYHPD EULJD ]D VXWUD 20. รคHVWRULFX QMLK GDNOH GYD SR GYD RGYRML ]D UD]QH NUDMHYH GD QDYMHรฅรพXMX PLU L SRNRUX D ]DGUรงDYรฅL MHGQRJD VD VRERP L VDP RGH X GUXJL NUDM VYLMHWD $OL Rฤ LQVNX OMXEDY NRMD QLMH SRGQRVLOD GD QRYR SR WRPVWYR GXJR EXGH RGVXWQR VWDGH QHGXJR SRVOLMH WLรฅWDWL VLOQD รงXG QMD GD LK YLGL 'D EL GRELR รฅWR MH ELR SRรงHOLR XWHฤ H VH XRELฤ DMHQRM

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PROLWYL L WDNR MH ]DYULMHGLR RG *RVSRGLQD ฤ XWL NDNR รพH VH XVNRUR VYL L]QHQDGD L ฤ XGHVQR VNXSLWL X MHGQR XVS ,Y .DG VH SDN WDNR VNXSLรฅH QLMH ฤ XGQR รฅWR VH GREUL RWDF UDGRYDR X VYRMLP VLQRYLPD , VLQRYL VX VH YHVHOLOL Rฤ HYRM UDGRVWL SD GLYHรพL VH L YHVHOHรพL VORรงQR VX VODYLOL 6WYRULWHOMHYX YHOLฤ DMQRVW 2Q SULSRYLMHGDรฅH NRMLP MH VOLMHGRP *RVSRGLQ LVSXQLR QMHJRYX รงHOMX 2QL VX SDN SULSRYLMHGDOL R GREUR ฤ LQVWYLPD RG %RJD LP XGLMHOMHQLP L SRQL]QR VX X VYHPX RSWXรงLYDOL VDPL VHEH ]D QH]DKYDOQRVW ยฒ $ QDNRQ WRJD RYRP VH VWDGX PDORP XVS /N SULGUXรงLรฅH ฤ HWLUL GUXJD SULNODGQD PXรงD L WDNR VH EURM EUDรพH SRSH QD GYDQDHVW 6WDGH VH GDNOH JODV R VYHWRPX PXรงX L QMHJRYLPD GDOMH รฅLULWL $ MHU VX VH QHSULVWUDQR XVS 3W UDGR YDOL REUDรพHQMX JUHรฅQLND VYDNRGQHYQR VH PQRรงLOD QMLKRYD UDGRVW X *RVSRGLQX ฤ ETVRTO POGLAVLJE Kako je od pape dobio Pravilo i dopuลกtenje da propovijeda, kako je u pustu mjestu nahranjen, kako je odluฤ io trajno biti siromaลกan i bliลพnjima koristiti te kako je njega i njegove drugove saฤ uvala stroga budnost

21. .DG MH GDNOH EODรงHQL )UDQMR YLGLR NDNR SRVWXSQR UDVWH EURM EUDรพH SRWSXQLMH LP MH L]ORรงLR QDXP VYRJD VUFD L WDMQX ERรงDQVNH REMDYH 8 NUDWNX LP MH REOLNX QDSLVDR 3UDYLOR XPHWQXYรฅL X QM ULMHฤ L VYHWRJD HYDQฤ HOMD WHรงLR MH ]D HYDQฤ HRVNLP VDYUรฅHQVWYRP NROLNR JRG MH PRJDR $OL รงHOHรพL GD YUKRYQL VYHรพHQLN SRWYUGL RQR รฅWR ELMDรฅH QD SLVDR X]H VD VRERP XVS 0N /N MHGDQDHVWRULFX NRMX LPDรฅH L VDP NDR GYDQDHVWL NUHQX V QMLPD X 5LP .DG GRฤ H RQDPR SULVWXSL MHGQRPH RG ELVNXSD NDUGLQDOD PXรงX SURNXรฅDQX L UD]ERUL WX SD PX SR UHGX SREOLรงH L]ORรงL UD]ORJ VYRJD GRODVND .DUGLQDO EULรง QR VDVOXรฅD SRWKYDW .ULVWRYLK VLURPDKD SUHPGD WDNR SRKYDODQ QDXP V SUDYRP RGREUDYDรฅH SUYR LP VDYMHWRYD GD SULKYDWH SXVWLQMDฤ NL LOL PRQDรฅNL รงLYRW $OL VOXJD .ULVWRY SRVWRMDQR L XSRUQR RVWDGH SUL RQRP รฅWR ]DSRฤ H SD รฅWR PRJDรฅH SRQL]QLMH RGEL RYR QDJRYDUDQMH 2Q QD SRNRQ X] *RVSRGLQRYX VXUDGQMX XVS 0N XVWUDMD VYH GRWOH GRN RGDQLP ]DX]LPDQMHP WRJD LVWRJ ELVNXSD YUKRYQL VYHรพHQLN WR QH ฤ X ยฒ %ODรงHQRJ MH PXรงD L ERรงDQVND 3URYLGQRVW SUDWLOD X VYHPX รฅWR MH ฤ LQLR L ฤ HVWLP REMDYDPD L YLฤ HQMLPD ฤ LQLOD JD VLJXUQLP , X WR MH YULMHPH YLGLR YLฤ HQMH NRMH MH QMHJRYX QDXPX REHรพDYDOR RGREUHQMH JRVSRGLQD SDSH YLGLR MH QDLPH QHNR YHOLNR VWDEOR L ฤ XGHVQR YLVRNR XVS 'Q NRMHPX YUK RQ ODJDQR UXNDPD VDYL GR ]HPOMH 7R MH GRLVWD SRVOLMH Rฤ LWR SRWYUGLR LVKRG VWYDUL WLPH รฅWR VH QDML]YUVQLML L SOHPHQLWL PXรง WR MHVW SDSD ,QRFHQW ,,, VDJQXR GD VH VSXVWL GR VLURPDรฅQD PXรงD ยฒ 'DYรฅL GDNOH GYDQDHVWRULFL EUDรพH UDGR SULVWDQDN

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SEDMO POGLAVLJE Kako je ลพelio biti muฤ enik, kako je oslobodio mornare opasnosti na moru i kako se ponaลกao pred sultanom

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3. POGLAVLJE Blaลพeni Franjo potiฤ e braฤ u

12. .DG VH EODรงHQL )UDQMR SRVDYMHWRYDR V WLP OMXGLPD RWLรฅDR MH L VHEL L]DEUDR QHNROLFLQX YMHUQLK GUXJRYD 6 QMLPD MH SRรงXULR D NDG MH VWLJDR JRUH UHNDR MH VYRMRM EUDรพL ยช'Rฤ LWH XVSQLPR VH QD JRUX *RV SRGQMX L X GRP XVS ,] JRVSRฤ H 6LURPDรฅWLQH GD EL QDV SRXฤ LOD R VYRMLP SXWRYLPD L GD ELVPR KRGLOL QMH]LQLP VWD]DPDยฉ XVS 0LK

$ NDG VX VD VYLK VWUDQD SURPRWULOL XVSRQ QD JRUX L QMHJRYX VWUPL QX QHNL RG QMLK UHNRรฅH JRYRUHรพL PHฤ X VRERP ยช7NR รพH VH XVSHWL QD RYX JRUX XVS 3V L WNR รพH VWLรพL GR QMH]LQD QDMYLรฅHJ YUKXQFD"ยฉ 13. .DG MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR WR UD]DEUDR UHNDR MH ยช8]DN MH SXW ยฒ EUDรพR ยฒ L WLMHVQD VX YUDWD NRMD YRGH X รงLYRW L PDOR LK MH NRML LK QDOD]H XVS 0W %XGLWH MDNL X *RVSRGLQX L X QMHJRYRM VLO QRM PRรพL XVS (I MHU รพH QDP VYH รฅWR MH WHรฅNR SRVWDWL ODNR 2GORรงLWH WHUHW YODVWLWH YROMH L RGEDFLWH EUHPHQD JULMHKD RSDรฅLWH VH L EXGLWH MXQDFL XVS 0DN =DERUDYLWH รฅWR MH ]D YDPD D SUHPD PRJXรพQRVWLPD SRVHรงLWH ]D RQLP รฅWR MH SUHG YDPD XVS )LO .DรงHP YDP GD รพH VYDNR PMHVWR QD NRMH VWXSL YDรฅD QRJD ELWL YDรฅH XVS 3Q] 3UHG YDรฅLP MH OLFHP รงLYRWQL 'XK .ULVW *RVSRGLQ XVS 7Xรง NRML รพH YDV YXรพL NRQRSFLPD OMXEDYL XVS +Rรฅ QD QDMYLรฅL YUKXQDF JRUH รฟXGHVDQ MH EUDรพR ERรงDQVNL QDXP VSDVHQMD SR 6LURPDรฅWLQL /DNR รพHPR PHฤ XWLP PRรพL XรงLYDWL X QMH]LQLP ]DJUOMDMLPD MHU SRVWDGH NDR XGRYLFD YODGDULFD QDURGD XVS 7Xรง ELMHGQD L RG VYLMX SUH]UHQD NUDOMLFD NUHSRVWL 1HPD QLNRJD WNR EL VH L] EOL]LQH XVXGLR QD QDV YLNDWL QLNRJD WNR EL QDP VH VXSURWVWDYOMDR QLNRJD WNR EL V SUDYRP ELR NDGDU VSULMHฤ LWL RYDM VSDVRQRVQL 6DYH] 6YL MH SULMDWHOML L]QHYMHULรฅH L SRVWDGRรฅH MRM QHSULMD WHOMLยฉ XVS 7Xรง 1DNRQ WLK VX ULMHฤ L VYL ]DMHGQR SRฤ HOL KRGLWL ]D VYHWLP )UDQMRP

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I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

4. POGLAVLJE Siromaลกtina se divi lakom uspinjanju braฤ e

14. 'RN VX VH SRVYH ODNLP NRUDNRP รงXUQR XVSLQMDOL SUHPD YU KXQFX JOH JRVSRฤ D MH 6LURPDรฅWLQD VWRMHรพL QD QDMYLรฅHP YUKXQFX SODQLQH ]DRNUXรงLOD SRJOHGRP SR JRUVNLP YUOHWLPD *OHGDMXรพL RYH OMXGH NDNR VH RGYDรงQR XVSLQMX NDNR XSUDYR OHWH VLOQR VH ]DGLYLOD L UHNOD 7NR VX RYL รฅWR OHEGH SRSXW REODND NDR รฅWR JROXERYL OHWH SUHPD VYRMLP JROXELQMDFLPD XVS ,] " 7D YHรพ GXJR WDNYLK YLGMHOD QL VDP QLWL VDP JOHGDOD WDNR SRVYH VORERGQH NRML VYH WHUHWH RGEDFLรฅH =DWR รพX LP UHรพL รฅWR X VYRP VUFX QRVLP GD VH QH EL SRSXW RQLK GUX JLK NDMDOL ]ERJ WROLND XVSRQD D QLVX VH QL RED]LUDOL QD SRQRU NRML VH QDRNROR XVMHNDR =QDP GD GR PHQH QHรพH PRรพL VWLรพL EH] PRMH SULYROH DOL รพX LPDWL ]DVOXJX SUHG VYRMLP QHEHVNLP 2FHP GDGQHP OL LP VSDVRQRVDQ VDYMHW ยฒ , JOH ฤ XOD MH RGR]JRU JODV XVS /N NRML UHฤ H 1H ERM VH NรพHUL VLRQVND XVS ,Y 6HI MHU VX RYL VMHPH รฅWR JD EODJRVORYL *RVSRGLQ XVS ,] L L]DEUD LVNUHQRP OMXEDYOMX XVS .RU

15. , JRVSRฤ D MH 6LURPDรฅWLQD VMHOD QD SULMHVWROMH VYRMH JRORWLQMH SUHGXVUHOD LK MH VUHWQLP EODJRVORYLPD XVS 3V L UHNOD ยช.DรงL WH PL EUDรพR UD]ORJ VYRJ GRODVND L ]DรฅWR VH XVSLQMHWH WDNR รงXUQR L] GROLQH ELMHGQLK QD JRUX VODYH" 0RรงGD WUDรงLWH PHQH NRMD VDP NDNR YLGLWH ELMHGQLFD ROXMRP YLWODQD EH] LNDNYH XWMHKH" XVS ,]

5. POGLAVLJE Blaลพeni Franjo hvali Siromaลกtinu

16. 2QL X]YUDWLรฅH JRYRUHรพL ยช'Rฤ RVPR N WHEL JRVSRGDULFH QDรฅD ]DNOLQMHPR WH SULPL QDV V PLURP รฆHOLPR SRVWDWL VOXJDPD *RVSRGL QD QDG YRMVNDPD MHU 2Q MH .UDOM VODYH XVS 3V 'Rฤ XOL VPR GD รพHรฅ SRVWDWL NUDOMLFRP NUHSRVWL L WR VPR GRQHNOH LVNXVWYRP QDXฤ LOL =DWR GR WYRMLK QRJX SURVWUWL SRQL]QR L XVUGQR WH PROLPR XGRVWRM VH ELWL V QDPD L EXGL QDP SXWRP NRMLP VH GROD]L GR .UDOMD VODYH NDR รฅWR VL ELOD SXW QMHPX NDG VH XGRVWRMDR SRKRGLWL RQH NRML SUHELYDMX X WDPL L VMHQL VPUWQRM 2Q 6XQFH V YLVLQH XVS /N 'REUR ]QDPR GD MH WYRMD PRรพ WYRMH NUDOMHYVWYR GD VL X]YLรฅHQD L]QDG VYHJD XVS /MHW .UDOM NUDOMHYD SRVWDYLR WH GD EXGHรฅ NUDOMLFRP L JRVSRGDULFRP 6DPR V QDPD XWDQDฤ L PLU L ELW รพHPR VSDรฅHQL GD EL QDV SR WHEL SULPLR RQDM NRML QDV MH SR WHEL RWNXSLR 2GOXฤ Lรฅ OL VSDVLWL QDV RGPDK รพHPR ELWL VSDรฅHQL 7D VDP MH .UDOM NUDOMHYD L *RVSRGDU JRVSRGDUD XVS 2WN 6WYRULWHOM QHED L ]HPOMH SRรงHOLR WYRMX OMHSRWX L GUDรงHVW XVS 3V 'RN VH .UDOM RGPDUDR QD OHรงDMX VYRPH

Savez sv. Franj e s gosp o ฤ om Si roma ลกti nom

415

XVS 3M ERJDW L VODYDQ X VYRP NUDOMHYVWYX RVWDYLR MH GRP VYRM RVWDYLR VYRMX EDรฅWLQX XVS -HU EODJRVWDQMH L ERJDWVWYR ELMDKX X QMHJRYX GRPX XVS 3V , GROD]HรพL WDNR L] NUDOMHYVNRJD VMHGLรฅWD XVS 0XGU V QDMYHรพLP WH WUDรงLR SRรฅWRYDQMHP 17. 9HOLNR MH GDNOH WYRMH GRVWRMDQVWYR L QHXVSRUHGLYD X]YLรฅHQRVW MHU WH QDSXVWLYรฅL VYH ฤ HWH DQฤ HOD L QHEURMHQH YRMVNH ยฒ D ELMDรฅH LK YH OLNR PQRรฅWYR X QHEHVLPD ยฒ GRรฅDR WUDรงLWL X GRQMLP NUDMHYLPD ]HPOMH D QDOD]LOD VL VH X EODWX NDOQRPH XVS 3V X WPLQL L VMHQL VPUWQRM XVS 3V 6YLP รงLYLPD VL ELOD VWUDKRYLWR PUVND L VYL VX WH VH NOR QLOL L NROLNR VX PRJOL RG WHEH EMHรงDOL รคWRYLรฅH LDNR WL QHNL QLVX PR JOL EDรฅ QLNDNR SREMHรพL LSDN LP ]DWR QLVL ELOD PDQMH PUVND L RGYUDWQD 18. 1R NDG MH YODGDU *RVSRGLQ GRรฅDR XVS 0DO VDP WH MH SULKYDWLR X]GLJDR WL JODYX XVS 3V PHฤ X SOHPHQLPD QDURGD L NDR ]DUXฤ QLFX WH XUHVLR YLMHQFHP XVS ,] X]GLJDR WH L]QDG REODND XVS ,] 3UHPGD VL EH] VXPQMH RGYUDWQD MRรฅ EH] EURMQLPD MHU QH SR]QDMX WYRMH PRรพL L WYRMH VODYH XVS 3V WHEL LSDN QLรฅWD QH SURSDGD MHU VORERGQR SUHELYDรฅ QD VYHWLP JRUDPD XVS 3V X QDMฤ YUรฅรพHP SUHELYDOLรฅWX XVS /MHW .ULVWRYH VODYHยฉ 6. POGLAVLJE Dostojanstvo Siromaลกtine

19. 7DNR MH 6LQ 6YHYLรฅQMHJD 2FD ]DOMXEOMHQ X WYRMX OMHSRWX XVS 0XGU SULRQXR X]D WH MHGLQX L X VYHPX WH SURQDรฅDR QDMYMHUQL MRP 3ULMH QR รฅWR MH VWLJDR L] VYLMHWOH GRPRYLQH QD ]HPOMX SULSUD YLOD VL PX SULNODGQR PMHVWR SULMHVWROMH QD NRMHP VMHGL ORรงQLFX X NRMRM SRฤ LYD QDLPH YUOR VLURPDรฅQX 'MHYLFX RG NRMH MH URฤ HQ ]DVMDR VYLMHWX 9MHUQR VL PX NDG VH URGLR L]LรฅOD X VXVUHW GD EL X WHEL D QH X XGREQRVWL QDรฅDR PMHVWR NRMH PX MH SR YROML 3RORรงHQ MH NDรงH HYDQฤ HOLVW X MDVOH MHU ]D QM QLMH ELOR PMHVWD X VYUDWLรฅWX XVS /N , WDNR VL JD XYLMHN QHUD]GUXรงLYR SUDWLOD GD ]D FLMHORJ รงLYRWD RWNDNR VH SRMDYLR QD ]HPOML L ERUDYLR PHฤ X OMXGLPD XVS %DU GRN VX OLVLFH LPDOH MD]ELQH D SWLFH QHEHVND JQLMH]GD QLMH LPDR JGMH EL QDVORQLR VYRMX JODYX XVS 0W 2Q NRML MH QHNRรพ RWYDUDR XVWD SURURFLPD NDG MH QDNRQ WRJD RWYRULR VYRMD XVWD GD QDXฤ DYD L]PHฤ X PQRJLK VWYDUL R NRMLPD MH JRYRULR SULMH VYHJD MH SRKYDOLR WHEH L SRVWDYLR WH QD SUYR PMHVWR ยช%ODJR VLURPDVLPD X GXKX MHU MH QMLKRYR NUDOMHYVWYR QHEHVNRยฉ XVS 0W

20. $ NDG MH L]DELUDR QHNROLFLQX QXรงQLK VYMHGRND VYRJD VYHWRJ SURSRYLMHGDQMD L VODYQRJD รงLYRWD ]D VSDVHQMH OMXGVNRJD URGD QLMH

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L]DEUDR ERJDWH WUJRYFH QHJR VLURPDรฅQH ULEDUH GD EL WROLNLP RGOLNR YDQMHP SRND]DR NDNR EL WUHEDOR GD VYL OMXEH WHEH 'D EL QDSRNRQ ELOD VYLPD Rฤ LWD WYRMD GREURWD WYRMD SOHPHQLWRVW WYRMD KUDEURVW L GRVWRMDQVWYR NDNR QDGYLVXMHรฅ VYH NUHSRVWL L NDNR EH] WHEH QH PRรงH SRVWRMDWL QL MHGQD NUHSRVW NDNR WYRMH NUDOMHYVWYR QLMH RG RYRJD VYLMHWD XVS ,Y QHJR GD MH V QHED WDGD VL VH WL MHGLQD SULOMXELOD X] .UDOMD VODYH NDG VX JD VYL L]DEUDQL L OMXEOMHQL NXNDYLฤ NL QDSXVWLOL 7L QMHJRYD QDMYMHUQLMD ]DUXฤ QLFD SUHVODWND OMXELWHOMLFD QLVL VH RG QMHJD QL QD ฤ DV XGDOMLOD รคWRYLรฅH X]D QM VL MRรฅ YLรฅH SULRQXOD NDG VL SURPDWUD OD NDNR JD VYL MRรฅ YHรพPD SUH]LUX 'D QLVL QDLPH ELOD V QMLP QLNDGD QH EL PRJDR ELWL WDNR SUH]UHQ RG VYLMX 21. %LOD VL V QMLP NDG VX JD รฆLGRYL SRJUฤ LYDOL NDG VX JD IDUL ]HML L]UXJLYDOL NDG VX PX VYHรพHQLฤ NL SUYDFL SUHGEDFLYDOL 6 QMLP VL ELOD NDG VX JD รพXรฅNDOL NDG VX QD QM SOMXYDOL NDG VX JD ELฤ HYDOL 2Q NRJD VX VYL PRUDOL รฅWRYDWL ELMDรฅH UXJOR VYLPD D VDPR VL JD WL WMHรฅLOD 1LVL JD RVWDYLOD VYH GR VPUWL VPUWL QD NULรงX XVS )LO

, QD VDPRP VL NULรงX NDG PX MH WLMHOR YHรพ ELOR RJROMHQR UXNH UD VWHJQXWH UXNH L QRJH SURERGHQH ]DMHGQR V QMLP WUSMHOD WDNR GD VH QD QMHPX QLMH YLGMHOR QLรฅWD VODYQLMH RG WHEH $ NDG MH QDSRNRQ X]DรฅDR QD QHER WHEL MH RVWDYLR ]QDN QHEHVNRJ NUDOMHYVWYD ]D REL OMHรงDYDQMH L]DEUDQLK GD VYDWNR WNR WHรงL ]D YMHฤ QLP NUDOMHYVWYRP GRฤ H N WHEL L GD WH ]DPROL NDNR EL SR WHEL XQLรฅDR MHU ยฒ DNR QHWNR QLMH WYRMLP ]QDNRP RELOMHรงHQ XVS 3M 2WN ยฒ QH PRรงH XรพL X NUDOMHYVWYR 22 =DWR JRVSRฤ R EXGL QDP PLORVWLYD SD QDV RELOMHรงL ]QDNRP VYRMH QDNORQRVWL 7NR MH WDNR EH]XPDQ WDNR QHUD]XPDQ D GD WH QH EL OMXELR VYLP VUFHP WHEH NRMX MH 6YHYLรฅQML RGDEUDR L SULSUDYOMDR RGYLMHND" 7NR WH QH EL รฅWRYDR L ฤ DVWLR NDG WH RQDM NRPX VH NODQMDMX VYH QHEHVNH VQDJH RGOLNRYDR WROLNRP ฤ DรฅรพX" 7D WNR QH EL UDGR ฤ DVWLR WUDJRYH WYRMLK QRJX XVS ,] NDG WL VH *RVSRGLQ YHOLฤ DQVWYD WDNR SRQL]QR SRNORQLR V WRERP VH WDNR SULMDWHOMVNL SRYH]DR WROL NRP OMXEDYOMX X]D WH SULRQXR" =DWR WH JRVSRฤ R SR QMHPX L SRUDGL QMHJD ]DNOLQMHPR QH SUH]UL X SRWUHEDPD QDรฅLK YDSDMD QHJR QDV XYL MHN RVORERGL RG SRJLEHOML WL VODYQD L GRYLMHND EODJRVORYOMHQD 7. POGLAVLJE Odgovor gospoฤ e Siromaลกtine

23. 1D RYR MH JRVSRฤ D 6LURPDรฅWLQD RGJRYRULOD UDGRVQLP VUFHP UD]GUDJDQLP OLFHP XPLOMDWLP JODVRP L UHNOD ยช3UL]QDMHP YDP EUD รพR L SUHGUDJL SULMDWHOML GD VDP LVSXQMHQD YHVHOMHP SUHRELOQR VDP

Savez sv. Franj e s gosp o ฤ om Si roma ลกti nom

417

UDGRVQD XVS .RU RWNDNR VWH SRฤ HOL JRYRULWL 3URPDWUDP YDรฅX UHYQRVW L YHรพ PL MH SR]QDWR YDรฅH VYHWR 3UDYLOR 9DรฅH PL ULMHฤ L SRVWD GRรฅH GUDJRFMHQLMH RG ]ODWD ]ODWD ฤ LVWRJD VODฤ H RG PHGD PHGD VDPRWRND XVS 3V 1LVWH QDLPH YL RQL NRML JRYRUH QHJR MH 'XK 6YHWL RQDM NRML JRYRUL X YDPD XVS 0W L QMHJRYR YDV SRPD]DQMH SRXฤ DYD X VYHPX XVS ,Y รฅWR VWH JRYRULOL R 6YHYLรฅQMHP .UDOMX NRML PH VDPR SR VYRMRM PLORVWL X]HR GD PX EXGHP GUDJD 7DNR MH QD ]HPOML V PHQH XNORQLR SRUXJX XVS /N L SURVODYLR PH PHฤ X RGOLฤ QL FLPD QHED 24. =DWR DNR YDP QLMH WHรฅNR VOXรฅDWL รงHOLP SUHG YDV L]QLMHWL GXJX SRYLMHVW VYRJD SRORรงDMD D WR รพH YDP ELWL YUOR NRULVQR GD ELVWH QDXฤ LOL NDNR YDP WUHED รงLYMHWL L XJDฤ DWL %RJX XVS 6RO GD SD]LWH GD VH QH ELVWH RED]LUDOL QDWUDJ MHU รงHOLWH VWDYLWL UXNX QD SOXJ XVS /N

1LVDP NDR รฅWR PQRJL PLVOH QHXND 'RVWD VDP VWDUD L RELOXMHP EURMHP GDQD 3R]QDW PL MH SRUHGDN VWYDUL UD]QROLNRVW VWYRURYD SUR PMHQOMLYRVW YUHPHQD 3R GXJRP LVNXVWYX SR QDUDYQRM SURQLFDYRVWL L SR GDUX PLORVWL SR]QDP QHVWDOQRVW OMXGVNRJD VUFD 8. POGLAVLJE Siromaลกtina se sjeฤ a raja

25. 1HNRรพ VDP ELOD X UDMX VYRJ %RJD XVS 2WN JGMH ฤ RYMHN ELMDรฅH JRO รคWRYLรฅH FLMHOL VDP RQDM SUHGLYQL YUW XVS 3RVW

RELOD]LOD X ฤ RYMHNX L V ฤ RYMHNRP JROLP 1LรฅWD VH QLVDP ERMDOD QL X รฅWR QLVDP VXPQMDOD QLNDNYH VH SURWLYรฅWLQH QLVDP SODรฅLOD 0LVOLOD VDP GD รพX V QMLP ERUDYLWL GRYLMHND MHU JD MH 6YHYLรฅQML VWYRULR NDR SUDYHGQD GREUD L PXGUD WH VPMHVWLR QD QDMXEDYLMH L QDMOMHSรฅH PMHVWR %LMDK XYHOLNH UDGRVQD VYH YULMHPH VDP LJUDOD SUHG QMLP XVS ,]U MHU QH LPDฤ DรฅH QLNDNYD YODVQLรฅWYD VDY ELMDรฅH %RรงML 26. $OL MDR 1DGRรฅOR MH QHRฤ HNLYDQR ]OR RG SRฤ HWND VWYDUDQMD SRVYH QHฤ XYHQR 2QDM QHVUHWQLN NRML MH QHNRรพ X VYRMRM OMHSRWL L] JXELR PXGURVW XQLรฅDR MH X ]PLMX XVS (] 3RVW %XGXรพL GD YLรฅH QLMH PRJDR RVWDWL X QHEX SULMHYDUQR MH QDSDR ฤ RYMHND GD EL L RQ NDR รฅWR MH L VDP SRVWDR SULMHVWXSQLNRP %RรงMH ]DSRYLMHGL %LMHGQLN MH SRYMHURYDR RQRPX NRML JD MH XSXWLR QD ]OR L X]D QM MH SULVWDR =DERUDYLR MH %RJD VYRJD 6WYRULWHOMD XVS 3Q] VOLMH GLR MH SUYRJ SULMHVWXSQLND รฅWRYLรฅH SUHNUรฅLWHOMD 1DMSULMH ELMDรฅH JRO NDรงH R QMHPX 3LVPR DOL VH QLMH VUDPLR XVS 3RVW MHU X QMHPX ELMDรฅH SRWSXQD QHGXรงQRVW $ NDG MH VDJULMHรฅLR VSR]QDR MH GD MH JRO L RG VUDPD VH XWHNDR VPRNYLQX OLรฅรพX WH MH VHEL QDฤ LQLR SUHJDฤ H XVS 3RVW

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I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

27. =DWR NDG VDP YLGMHOD NDNR PL MH GUXJ SRVWDR SULMHVWXSQLNRP L SUHNULR VH OLรฅรพHP MHU QH LPDฤ DรฅH QLรฅWD GUXJR XGDOMLOD VDP VH RG QMHJD WH VDP JD VWRMHรพL SRGDOMH SRฤ HOD SURPDWUDWL VX]QD OLFD ,รฅฤ HNL YDOD VDP RQRJD NRML EL PH VSDVLR RG PDORGXรฅQRVWL VUFD L WROLNRJD YLKRUD XVS 3V

7DGD L]QHQDGD GRฤ H V QHED QHND KXND XVS 'M NRMD MH ]DKYD WLOD FLMHOL UDM D V QMRP GRฤ H V QHED EOLVWDYR VYMHWOR 2JOHGDYรฅL VH QDRNROR YLGMHK *RVSRGLQD 9HOLฤ DQVWYD NRML MH รฅHWDR UDMHP ]D GQHYQRJ SRYMHWDUFD XVS 3RVW 2GVLMDYDR MH QHRSLVLYRP L QHL]UHFLYRP VODYRP 3UDWLOR JD MH PQRรฅWYR DQฤ HOD NRML NOLFDKX VQDรงQLP JODVRP JRYRUHรพL ยช6YHW VYHW VYHW *RVSRGLQ %RJ QDG YRMVNDPD SXQD MH VYD ]HPOMD VODYH XVS ,] WYRMHยฉ 7LVXรพX WLVXรพD VOXรงDKX QMHPX PLULMDGH VWDMDKX SUHG QMLP XVS 'DQ

28. 3Rฤ HOD VDP SUL]QDMHP SODรฅHรพL VH L VLOQR GUรฅรพXรพL RG VWUDKD L XรงDVD L]QHPDJDWL 3X]DMXรพL WLMHORP X]EXUNDQLP VDP VUFHP L] GXEL QH ]DYDSLOD XVS 3V JRYRUHรพL ยช*RVSRGLQH VPLOXM VH *RVSRGL QH VPLOXM VH 1H LGL QD VXG VD VOXJRP VYRMLP MHU QLWNR รงLY QLMH SUDYHGDQ SUHG WRERPยฉ XVS 3V $ RQ PL UHฤ H ยช,GL VDNULM VH ฤ DVNRP GRN QH SURฤ H MDURVW XVS ,] PRMDยฉ , RGPDK SR]YD PRJ GUXJD JRYRUHรพL ยช$GDPH JGMH VL"ยฉ $ RQ MH QD WR RGJRYRULR รฟXR VDP WYRM JODV 3RERMDK VH MHU VDP JRO SD VH VDNULKยฉ XVS 3RVW ยฒ 'RLVWD ELMDรฅH JRO MHU MH VLOD]HรพL L] -HUX]DOHPD X -H ULKRQ XSDR PHฤ X UD]ERMQLNH NRML PX SULMH VYHJD RWHรฅH GDURYH XVS /N

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1D WDM MH QDฤ LQ SRYHรพDR JULMHK L XPQRรงLR ND]QX 6HEL MH QDJRPLODR JQMHY ]D GDQ JQMHYD L VUGรงEH SUDYHGQRJD VXGD %RรงMHJ XVS 5LP

1LMH SRรฅWHGLR QL VHEH QL VYRJD SRWRPVWYD NRMH GRฤ H QDNRQ QMHJD VYH SUHGDGH VWUDKRYLWRP SURNOHWVWYX VPUWL , QDNRQ SUHVXGH VYLMX QD]Rฤ QLK *RVSRGLQ JD MH LVWMHUDR L] HGHQVNRJ YUWD XVS 3RVW

RVXGRP SUDYHGQRP DOL QLรฅWD PDQMH PLORVUGQRP , UHNDR PX MH XEODรงXMXรพL PQRJR SUHVXGX SURNOHWVWYD GD VH LPD SRYUDWLWL X ]HPOMX L] NRMH MH X]HW XVS 3RVW QDฤ LQLR LP MH RGMHรพX RG NRรงH XVS 3RVW GD WDNR R]QDฤ L QMLKRYX VPUWQRVW SRรฅWR VX OLรฅHQL RGMHรพH QHGXรงQRVWL 30. .DG VDP XJOHGDOD VYRJD GUXJD REXฤ HQD X NRรงX PUWYLK RG QMHJD VDP VH RGYRMLOD MHU ELMDรฅH SULVLOMHQ SRYHรพDWL QDSRUH GD EL VH RERJDWLR =DWR VDP VH JRUNR SODฤ XรพL L QDULฤ XรพL SRWXFDOD VYLMHWRP

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NDR OXWDOLFD L SURJQDQLFD XVS 3RVW 2G RQRJD YUHPHQD QH QD āRK PMHVWD JGMH EL PL RWSRĀLQXOD QRJD XVS 3RVW ² GRN MH $EUD KDPX ,]DNX -DNRYX L RVWDOLPD REHþDQR ERJDWVWYR L ]HPOMD NRMD WHĀH POLMHNRP L PHGRP XVS ,]O 8 QMLPD VYLPD VDP WUDçLOD SRĀLYDOL åWH DOL JD QH QDāRK XVS 6LU -HU 3UHG UDMVNLP MH YUDWLPD VWDMDR .HUXE V SODPHQLP LVXNDQLP PDĀHP XVS 3RVW GRN L] NULOD 2ĀHYD XVS ,Y QLMH QD VYLMHW GRåDR 6YHYLåQML NRML PH SR QRYQR QDMPLORVWLYLMH SRWUDçLR© 9. POGLAVLJE Kristova oporuka

31. ª$ NDG VH .ULVW KWMHGH YUDWLWL VYRP 2FX NRML JD MH SRVODR SRåWR VH LVSXQLOR VYH åWR VWH UHNOL V RE]LURP QD PHQH L]DEUDQLFLPD MH VYRMLP VDĀLQLR RSRUXNX L SRWYUGLR MH QHRSR]LYLP L]ULĀDMHP JRYR UHþL ·1HPRMWH SRVMHGRYDWL QL ]ODWD QL VUHEUD QL QRYFD 1HPRMWH QRVLWL QL NHVX QL WRUEX QL åWDS QL REXþX L QHPRMWH LPDWL GYLMX KDOMLQD XVS 0W ² /N 2QRPH NRML EL VH V WRERP KWLR SDUQLĀLWL QD VXGX L KWLR X]HWL WYRMX KDOMLQX SRGDM L RJUWDĀ , WNR EL WH SULVLOLR QD WLVXþX NR UDND SRāL V QMLP L GUXJH GYLMH WLVXþH XVS 0W ² 1H VDNXSOMDMWH EODJR VHEL QD ]HPOML JGMH JD L]JUL]D PROMDF L KUāD L JGMH JD NUDGOMLYFL SRWNRSDYDMX L NUDGX XVS 0W ² 1H EULQLWH VH WMHVNREQR L QH JRYRULWH äWR þHPR MHVWL LOL åWR þHPR SLWL LOL X åWR þHPR VH REXþL XVS 0W " 1HPRMWH VH EULQXWL ]D VXWUD MHU þH VH VXWUDåQML GDQ EULQXWL ]D VH 6YDNRP MH GDQX GRVWD ]OD QMHJRYD XVS 0W $NR VH WNR QH RGUHNQH VYHJD åWR SRVMHGXMH QH PRçH ELWL PRM XĀHQLN· XVS /N L RVWDOR åWR MH QDSLVDQR X WRM NQML]L© 10. POGLAVLJE O apostolima

32. $SRVWROL VX L VYL QMLKRYL XĀHQLFL VYH RYR RSVOXçLYDOL V QDMYHþRP SRPQMRP L QLVX QL ]D ĀDV XVS *DO SURSXVWLOL QHåWR RG VYHJD åWR VX ĀXOL RG VYRJD *RVSRGLQD L 8ĀLWHOMD 2QL L]YDQUHGQR KUDEUL YLWH ]RYL VXFL FLMHORJD VYLMHWD LVSXQLåH L VSDVRQRVQX ]DSRYLMHG SRVYXGD VX MH SURSRYLMHGDOL D *RVSRGLQ MH V QMLPD GMHORYDR L SRWYUāLYDR JRYRU ĀXGHVLPD åWR VX LK SUDWLOD XVS 0N 3ODPWMHOL VX OMXEDYOMX SUH PD VYLPD VX ELOL YUOR VUGDĀQL L XVXVUHW L]OD]LOL SRWUHEDPD VYLMX 1DGD VYH VX EXGQR SD]LOL GD VH QH EL R QMLPD UHNOR ª*RYRUH D QH ĀLQH© XVS 0W =DWR MH MHGDQ L]PHāX QMLK V QDMYHþLP SRX]GDQMHP UHNDR ª1H XVXāXMHP VH UHþL VDPR QHåWR RG RQRJD åWR .ULVW QLMH SR PHQL XĀLQLR ULMHĀMX L GMHORP VLORP 'XKD 6YHWRJD© XVS 5LP $

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GUXJL MH UHNDR ยช6UHEUD L ]ODWD QHPDPยฉ XVS 'M , WDNR VX PH VYL L ]D รงLYRWD L QD VDPUWL YHOLฤ DOL QDMX]YLรฅHQLMLP KYDORVSMHYLPD 1MLKRYL VX VOXรฅDWHOML QDVWRMDOL LVSXQLWL VYH รฅWR VX LP QMLKRYL Xฤ LWH OML QDYLMHรฅWDOL 3URGDYDOL VX SRNUHWQD L QHSRNUHWQD GREUD L WR VX GLMHOLOL VYDNRP SUHPD QMHJRYRM SRWUHEL XVS 'M 'UรงDKX VH ]DMHGQR L VYH LP ELMDรฅH ]DMHGQLฤ NR XVS 'M +YDOLOL VX %RJD L ]DWR VX XรงLYDOL QDNORQRVW VYHJD QDURGD =DWR MH *RVSRGLQ GDQRPLFH SULSDMDR &UNYL RQH NRML VH VSDรฅDYDKXยฉ XVS 'M

11. POGLAVLJE O sljedbenicima apostola

33. ยช'XJR MH GRGXรฅH X PQRJLPD RVWDOD LVWLQD RYRJD รฅWR MH UHฤ H QR D QDSRVH GRN MH MRรฅ NUY VLURPDรฅQRJD 3URSHWRJ ELOD WRSOD X QMLKRYX VMHรพDQMX L GRN MH VODYQL NDOHรง QMHJRYH PXNH QDSDMDR QMLKRYD VUFD $NR EL PH QDLPH QHNL ]ERJ SUHYHOLNH JRUฤ LQH SRNXรฅDOL QDฤ DV RVWDYLWL NDG EL VH VMHWLOL *RVSRGLQRYLK UDQD SR NRMLPD SRVWDGH SULVWXSDฤ QD QMHJR YD OMXEDY ]ERJ WH EL QDSDVWL VHEH QHPLOR NDรงQMDYDOL L X]D PH SULDQMDOL ฤ YUรฅรพH L JUOLOL PH VUGDฤ QLMH 'RN VDP ELOD V QMLPD QHSUHVWDQR VDP LP GR]LYDOD X SDPHW VWUDKRYLWH EROL YMHฤ QRJD .UDOMD WDNR GD VX PRMLP ULMHฤ LPD QHPDOR RKUDEUHQL GUDJRYROMQR GRฤ HNLYDOL PDฤ NRML LP MH UDVL MHFDR WLMHOR 2GYDรงQR VX JOHGDOL NDNR LP L] WLMHOD WHฤ H VYHWD NUY 'XJR MH YUHPHQD WUDMDOD WD SREMHGD WDNR GD VX GDQRPLFH WLVXรพH WLVXรพD ELYDOH RSHฤ DรพHQH ]QDNRP 6YHYLรฅQMHJD .UDOMDยฉ XVS 2WN ยฒ

12. POGLAVLJE O miru protivnom Siromaลกtini

34. ยช$OL MDR 1DNRQ NUDWND YUHPHQD QDVWD PLU DOL PLU NRML MH VWUDรฅQLML RG VYDNRJD UDWD 8 QMHJRYX MH SRฤ HWNX PDOR QMLK RELOMHรงHQR X VUHGLQL MRรฅ PDQMH D QD NUDMX QDMPDQMH , JOH VDGD X PLUX PRMD JRUฤ LQD SRVWDGH QDMJRUฤ D XVS ,] , GRN JD XรงLYDP VYL PH L]EMHJDYDMX VYL PH SURJRQH QLWNR PH QH WUDรงL VYL PH QDSXรฅWDMX 1HSULMDWHOML PL RVLJXUDYDMX PLU D QH PRML GRPDรพL 0LU PL GROD]L RG WXฤ LQDFD D QH RG YODVWLWH GMHFH , MD VDP QDLPH RWKUDQLOD GMHFX L SRGLJOD LK QD QRJH D RQD PH SUH]UHรฅH XVS ,]

35 8 RQR YULMHPH NDG MH *RVSRGQMD VYMHWLOMND VMDOD SRYUK PRMH JODYH L NDG PH NUR] PUDN QMHJRYR VYMHWOR YRGLOR XVS -RE ฤ DYDR MH EMHVQLR X PQRJLPD NRML ELMDKX VD PQRP 6YLMHW MH PDPLR WLMHOR MH รงXGMHOR WDNR GD VX PQRJL SRฤ HOL OMXELWL VYLMHW L RQR รฅWR MH X VYLMHWXยฉ XVS ,Y

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13. POGLAVLJE Progonjenost sestra Siromaลกtine

36. ยช0Hฤ XWLP VDYUรฅHQRVW VYLMX NUHSRVWL QDLPH JRVSRฤ D 3URJR QMHQRVW NRMRM %RJ SUHGDGH NUDOMHYVWYR QHEHVNR XVS 0W NDR รฅWR JD MH SUHGDR L PHQL ELMDรฅH PL X VYHPX YMHUQRP SRPDJDฤ LFRP PRรพQRP ]DรฅWLWQLFRP UD]ERULWRP VDYMHWQLFRP .DG EL RQD JGMHNDG RSD]LOD NDNR QHNL SRVWDMX PODNL X OMXEDYL NDNR QD QHEHVNH VWYDUL L QDฤ DV ]DERUDYOMDMX NDNR VUFHP ฤ H]QX ]D ]HPDOMVNLP VWYDULPD RG PDK EL ]DJUPMHOD VPMHVWD EL SRGLJOD YRMVNX RGPDK EL OLFD PRMLK VLQRYD REX]LPDOD VUDPRP WH EL WUDรงLOL LPH *RVSRGQMH 6DGD PH PH ฤ XWLP PRMD VHVWUD QDSXVWLOD XVS /N L VYMHWOR PRMLK Rฤ LMX QLMH VD PQRP XVS 3V MHU RWNDNR MH V SURJRQLWHOMLPD VNORSOMHQ PLU PRMD VH GMHFD MRรฅ RNUXWQLMH UD]GLUX GRPDรพLP XQXWDUQMLP UDWRP ]DYLฤ DMXรพL MHGQL GUXJLPD L]D]LYDMXรพL MHGQL GUXJH XVS *DO X SR WUD]L ]D ERJDWVWYRP L RELOQLP XรงLYDQMLPDยฉ 14. POGLAVLJE Pohvala dobrih siromaha

37. ยช1HNL VH QDNRQ QHNRJ YUHPHQD SRฤ HรฅH RVYMHรฅรพLYDWL L GUD JRYROMQR ]DSRฤ HรฅH LรพL SUDYLP SXWRP NRMLP VX QHNL X RQR YULMHPH LรฅOL SULVLOQR 6YL VX RQL GROD]LOL N PHQL SD VX PH PQRJLP PROEDPD L VX]DPD XVWUDMQR PROLOL GD V QMLPD VNORSLP VDYH] WUDMQD PLUD GD V QMLPD EXGHP NDR รฅWR VDP ELOD QHNRรพ X GDQLPD VYRMH PODGRVWL XVS (] NDG X]D PH MRรฅ ELMDรฅH 6YHPRJXรพL L NDG PH PRML RNUXรงLYD KX GMHฤ DFL XVS -RE %LOL VX WR OMXGL NUHSRVQL OMXGL PLUROMXEL YL EHV SULMHNRUQD VUFD SUHG %RJRP XVS 6RO %LMDKX SRVWRMDQL X EUDWVNRM OMXEDYL XVS 3HW GRNOH JRG VX รงLYMHOL X WLMHOX VLURPDรฅQL X GXKX RVNXGLMHYDMXรพL X VWYDULPD VYHWRรฅรพX รงLYRWD ER JDWL %LMDKX SXQL L]YDQUHGQLK QHEHVNLK GDURYD ELMDKX JRUOMLYL GX KRP UDGRVQL QDGRP X QHYROML VWUSOMLYL XVS 5LP NURWND L SRQL]QD VUFD XVS 0W รฟXYDOL VX PLU GXรฅH VNODG NUHSRVWL PHฤ XVREQX VORJX SRYH]DQRVW VUGDFD UDGRVQR MHGLQVWYR ]DMHGQLฤ NRJD รงLYRWD %LMDKX WR QDGDOMH OMXGL RGDQL %RJX PLOL DQฤ HOLPD GUDJL OMXGLPD VWURJL SUHPD VHEL PLORVUGQL SUHPD GUXJLPD ยฒ SUDYL UHGRYQLFL 1DVWXSDOL VX ฤ HGQR YHGUD OLFD R]ELOMQD VUFD 3RQL]QL ELMDKX X XVSMHVLPD YHOLNRGXรฅQL X QHXVSMHVLPD X MHOX XPMHUHQL X RGLMHYDQMX YUOR รฅWHGOMLYL X VSDYDQMX YUOR RGPMHUHQL %LMDKX VUDPH รงOMLYL L ERJRERMD]QL RGOLNRYDKX VH VMDMHP GREULK VYRMVWDYD 'XรฅD PL VH V QMLPD XSUDYR VWRSLOD X QMLPD ELMDรฅH MHGDQ GXK L MHGQD YMHUDยฉ XVS (I

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15. POGLAVLJE O laลพnim siromasima

38. ยช1DSRNRQ VH PHฤ X QDPD SRMDYLรฅH WDNYL NRML QLVX SULSDGDOL QDPD XVS ,Y QHNL VLQRYL %HOLMDORYL XVS 3Q] NRML VX JRYRULOL LVSUD]QRVWL ฤ LQLOL ]OR JRYRUHรพL GD VX VLURPDรฅQL D WR QLVX ELOL XVS 2WN 0HQH ยฒ NRMX VX VODYQL OMXGL R NRMLPD VDP JRYRULOD OMXELOL VYLP VUFHP ยฒ SUH]UHรฅH L REHรฅฤ DVWLรฅH 3Rฤ RรฅH SXWHP %RVRURYD VLQD %DODDPD NRML MH YROLR SODรพX QHSUDYHGQRVWL XVS 3HW 7R ELMDKX OMXGL SRNYDUHQD XPD L OLรฅHQL LVWLQH NRML SRERรงQRVW VPDWUDMX VUHGVWYRP GR ELWND XVS 7LP OMXGL NRML REODฤ HรพL RGMHรพX VYHWRJ UHGRYQLรฅWYD QH REXNRรฅH QRYRJD ฤ RYMHND XVS (I QHJR VDPR SUHNULรฅH VWDURJD .XGLOL VX VYRMH SUHฤ H NRML ELMDKX ]Dฤ HWQLFL VYHWD รงLYRWD 3RWDMQR VX QD SDGDOL QMLKRY รงLYRW L SRQDรฅDQMH QD]LYDMXรพL LK QHUD]ERULWLPD QHPLORVUG QLPD RNUXWQLPD XVS -HU D PHQH VX NRMX SULKYDWLรฅH QD]YDOL QHUDGQRP QHPDUQRP RGYUDWQRP QHXNRP VODERNUYQRP L PUWYRP 0RMD VXSDUQLFD NRMD MH REXNOD RYฤ MH UXQR OLVLฤ MRP MH OXNDYรฅWLQRP VDNULYDOD YXฤ MX RNUXWQRVW L VYH WR SURYRGLOD V QDMYHรพRP UHYQRรฅรพXยฉ 16. POGLAVLJE Pohlepa

39. ยช2YR MH 3RKOHSD X QMRM JOHGDPR QHXPMHUHQX WHรงQMX ]D VWMH FDQMHP LOL ]D Rฤ XYDQMHP ERJDWVWYD 1D]LYDKX MH L SRERรงQLMLP LPH QRP NDNR XRSรพH QH EL L]JOHGDOR GD VX PH QDSXVWLOL D PRMRP VH ]DVOXJRP SRGLJRรฅH L] SUDรฅLQH L ELMDKX L]YXฤ HQL L] JOLED 2 QMRM VX PL JRYRULOL SRPLUOMLYR D VPLรฅOMDOL VX VSOHWNH XVS 3V ,DNR VH QH PRรงH VDNULWL RSXVWRรฅHQMH JUDGD VPMHรฅWHQD QD JRUL XVS 0W

LSDN MRM QDGMHQXรฅH LPH XVS 3Q] 5D]ERULWRVW LOL %ULรงOMLYRVW LDNR WDNYX UD]ERULWRVW WUHED UDGLMH QD]YDWL SRPXWQMRP D EULรงOMLYRVW RSDVQLP ]DERUDYOMDQMHP VYLMX GREDUD *RYRULOL VX PL ยท7YRMD MH PRรพ WYRMH MH NUDOMHYVWYR XVS /MHW

QH ERM VH 'REUR MH SUHSXรฅWDWL VH GMHOLPD SRERรงQRVWL L VX] GUรงDYDWL VH RG GRSXรฅWHQLK VWYDUL GLMHOLWL SRWUHEQLFLPD GDWL SRQHรฅWR VLURPDVLPDยทยฉ 17. POGLAVLJE Siromaลกtina opominje laลพne redovnike

40. ยช-D VDP LP JRYRULOD ยท1H RVSRUDYDP EUDรพR GD WR รฅWR NDรงHWH QLMH GREUR DOL JOHGDMWH ]DNOLQMHP YDV VYRMH ]YDQMH XVS .RU

1HPRMWH VH RED]LUDWL QDWUDJ 1HPRMWH VLOD]LWL V NURYD GD QHรฅWR X]PHWH

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L] NXรพH XVS 0W 0N 1HPRMWH VH YUDรพDWL QDWUDJ V SROMD GD X]PHWH RGMHรพX XVS 0W 1HPRMWH VH XSOLWDWL X VYMHWRYQH SRVORYH XVS 7LP 1HPRMWH VH SRQRYQR XSXรฅWDWL X SUOMDYรฅWLQX L SRNYDUHQRVW VYLMHWD RG ฤ HJD SREMHJRVWH NDG VWH XSR]QDOL 6SDVLWH OMD .DG VH X QMLK SRQRYQR ]DSOHWHWH QXรงQR รพH GRรพL GR WRJD GD รพH SRVOMHGQMH VWDQMH RYLK OMXGL ELWL JRUH RG SUYRJD XVS 3HW 0W

NUHQX OL SRG L]OLNRP SRERรงQRVWL QDWUDJ GDOMH RG RQRJD รฅWR LP MH SUHGDQR SR VYHWRM ]DSRYLMHGLยทยฉ 18. POGLAVLJE Njihov odgovor

41. ยช.DG VDP SUHG VYH WR L]QLMHOD PHฤ X QMLPD QDVWDGH SRGYRMH QRVW XVS ,Y -HGQL UHNRรฅH ยท'REUD MH L GREUR JRYRULยท D GUXJL ยท1LMH QHJR QDV KRรพH ]DYHVWL XVS ,Y GD ELVPR MH QDVOMHGR YDOL %LMHGQD MH L รงHOL GD L PL V QMRP EXGHPR ELMHGQLยทยฉ 19. POGLAVLJE Siromaลกtina govori o dobrim redovnicima

42. ยช0RMD PH VXSDUQLFD X RQR YULMHPH QLMH PRJOD LVWMHUDWL L] QMLKR YD NUDMD MHU MH PHฤ X QMLPD ELOR MRรฅ PQRJR PXรงHYD YHOLNH JRUOMLYRVWL L YHOLNH OMXEDYL NDR QD SRฤ HWNX QMLKRYD UHGRYQLฤ NRJ รงLYRWD 2YL VX JOD VQLP YDSDMLPD MXULรฅDOL QD QHER L XSRUQLP PROLWYDPD SURGLUDOL 3UHSX รฅWDOL VX VH SURPDWUDQMX SUH]LUDOL VX VYH ]HPDOMVNR 7DGD PL ]DSRYMHGL 6WYRULWHOM VYHJD L *RVSRGLQ NRML PH VWYRUL UHฤ H PL ยท1DVWDQL VH X -DNREX L Xฤ L X EDรฅWLQX ,]UDHORYX L XNRULMHQL VH PHฤ X VYRMLP L]DEUDQLPDยท XVS 6LU ยฒ , MD VDP VYH WR Xฤ LQLOD QDMEULรงOMLYLMH 'RN VDP WDNR ELOD V QMLPD L GRN VPR ]DMHGQR LรฅOL NUDOMHYVNLP SXWRP PHฤ X PQRรฅWYRP VX SR PHQL VWHNOL VODYX L GLYLรฅH LP VH YHOLNDรฅL XVS 0XGU ยฒ /MXGL VX LK รฅWRYDOL L QD]LYDOL VYHWLPD , SRฤ H LP ELWL PUVNR LPH VYHWRVWL SD VX VH VMHWLOL RQRJD รฅWR UHฤ H 6LQ %RรงML ยท1H SULPDP VODYH RG OMXGL XVS ,Y

=DWR VX RGOXฤ QR RWNODQMDOL LVND]LYDQR LP รฅWRYDQMHยทยฉ 20. POGLAVLJE Pohlepa se naziva imenom Razboritost

43. ยช'RN VX WDNR LรฅOL V WROLNLP รงDURP OMXEDYL .ULVWRYH 3RKOHSD X]HYรฅL LPH 5D]ERULWRVW SRฤ H LP JRYRULWL RYDNR 1HPRMWH VH SUHG OMXGLPD SRND]LYDWL WDNR NUXWL L QH SUH]LULWH QMLKRYR รฅWRYDQMH QHJR

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VH SRND]XMWH SUHG QMLPD SULMD]QL L LVND]DQX YDP SRฤ DVW QHPRMWH RWNODQMD WL QD L]YDQMVNL QDฤ LQ รฟLQLWH WR X SUYRP UHGX QD XQXWUDรฅQML QDฤ LQ 'REUR MH XรงLYDWL SULMDWHOMVWYR NUDOMHYD SR]QDQVWYR NQH]RYD QDNORQRVW YHOLNDรฅD MHU ยฒ GRN YDV RQL WDNR รฅWXMX L ฤ DVWH GRN SUHG YDPD WDNR XVWDMX L L]OD]H YDP X VXVUHW ยฒ PQRJL รพH VH NRML WR EXGX YLGMHOL SR QMLKRYX SULPMHUX ODNรฅH REUDWLWL %RJX 44. .DG VX GRLVWD XYLGMHOL SUHGQRVW SULKYDWLOL VX SUXรงHQL LP VD YMHW .DNR VH PHฤ XWLP QLVX ฤ XYDOL ]DPNH SRVWDYOMHQH NUDM SXWD QD SRNRQ FLMHOLP VUFHP SULJUOLรฅH รฅWRYDQMH L ฤ DVW ,]QXWUD VX VH VPDWUDOL RQDNYLPD NDR รฅWR VX ELOL ฤ DรฅรพHQL L]YDQD 6YRMX VX VODYX VWDYOMDOL X XVWD RQLK NRML VX LK KYDOLOL SRSXW OXGLK GMHYLFD NRG SURGDYDฤ D XOMD

XVS 0W L EHVNRULVQL VOXJD XVS 0W VD ]HPOMRP X NRMX MH ]DNRSDR WDOHQDW

/MXGL NRML VX VPDWUDOL GD VX L L]QXWUD RQDNYL NDR รฅWR VX VH SRND ]LYDOL L]YDQD UDGR VX LP SRUDGL RSURรฅWHQMD VYRMLK JULMHKD GDYDOL VYRMD GREUD 6YH VX WR X SRฤ HWNX VPDWUDOL L]PHWRP XVS )LO SD VX JRYRULOL ยท0L VPR VLURPDรฅQL L รงHOLPR XYLMHN ELWL VLURPDรฅQL QH รงHOLPR QLรฅWD YDรฅH QHJR YDV XVS .RU ,PDMXรพL KUDQX L RGMHรพX ]DGR YROMQL VPR WLPH XVS 7LP MHU LVSUD]QRVW QDG LVSUD]QRVWLPD L VYH MH LVSUD]QRVWยท XVS 3URS =DWR MH GDUHรงOMLYRVW OMXGL SUHPD QMLPD GDQRPLFH UDVOD WDNR GD VX PQRJL PDQMH YROMHOL VYRMD GREUD SRรฅWR VX YLGMHOL GD WD GREUD VYHWL SUH]LUXยฉ 21. POGLAVLJE Ljudska Briลพljivost

45. ยช.DG MH WR PHฤ XWLP YLGMHOD RQD PRMD GLYOMD QHSULMDWHOMLFD SR ฤ HOD VH รงHVWRNR VUGLWL L รฅNULSDWL ]XELPD XVS 3V , UDรงDORรฅรพHQD X VYRP VUFX XVS 3RVW UHฤ H ยทรคWR รพX Xฤ LQLWL" (YR FLMHOL VYLMHW LGH ]D QMRP XVS /N ,Y 1DGMHQXW รพX VHEL UHฤ H LPH %ULรงOMLYRVW SD รพX JRYRULWL VUFX QMLKRYX 0RรงGD รพH PH ฤ XWL L SRVOXรฅDWLยท XVS (]

7DNR MH L Xฤ LQLOD 3URJRYRULOD LP MH SRQL]QLP ULMHฤ LPD ยทรคWR VWRMLWH RYGMH YD]GDQ EHVSRVOHQL XVS 0W QLรฅWD VH QH EULQXรพL ]D EXGXรพ QRVW" รคWR EL YDP รฅNRGLOR GD LPDWH RQR รฅWR MH SRWUHEQR ]D รงLYRW GRN VH VDPR ฤ XYDWH VXYLรฅQRJD" 6 YHรพLP ELVWH PLURP L QHVPHWDQR PRJOL UDGLWL QD VYRP YODVWLWRP VSDVX L QD VSDVHQMX GUXJLK DNR ELVWH LPDOL VYH SUL UXFL รฅWR YDP MH RSรพHQLWR SRWUHEQR 'RN LPDWH YUHPHQD XVS *DO

SREULQLWH VH ]D VHEH L VYRMH QDVOMHGQLNH MHU รพH OMXGL SRYXรพL VYRMX UXNX RG SUYRWQLK GDURYD L XRELฤ DMHQLK SRNORQD %LOR EL GREUR NDG EL XYLMHN ELOR RYDNR 7R MH PHฤ XWLP SRVYH QHPRJXรพH MHU YDV *RVSRGLQ GDQRPLFH VYH YLรฅH PQRรงL XVS 'M =DU %RJ WR QH EL RGREULR DNR ELVWH LPDOL QHรฅWR รฅWR ELVWH PRJOL SUXรงLWL SRWUHEQLFLPD L DNR ELVWH LPDOL

Savez sv. Franj e s gosp o ฤ om Si roma ลกti nom

425

QD SDPHWL VLURPDKH XVS *DO MHU RQ NDรงH %ODรงHQLMH MH GDYDWL QHJROL SULPDWL XVS 'M =DรฅWR QH SULPDWH GREDUD NRMD YDP VH QXGH GD WDNR GDURYDWHOMH QH OLรฅLWH YMHฤ QH QDJUDGH" 1HPD UD]ORJD GD ELVWH VH MRรฅ PRUDOL ERMDWL ]DMHGQLรฅWYD V ERJDWVWYRP MHU JD QLรฅWD QH FLMH QLWH =OR VH QH QDOD]L X VWYDULPD QHJR X VUFX MHU YLGMH %RJ GD MH VYH YH RPD GREUR รฅWR MH QDฤ LQLR XVS 3RVW 'REULPD MH GDNOH VYH GREUR 6YH QMLPD VOXรงL L ]D QMLK VYH SRVWDGH XVS ,Y 2 NROLNL ]ORUDEH GREUD รฅWR LK LPDMX $ NDG ELVWH LK YL LPDOL GREUR ELVWH LK XSRWULMHELOL MHU MH VYHWD YDรฅD QDNDQD VYHWD YDรฅD รงHOMD 9L QH รงHOLWH RERJDรพLYDWL YODVWLWLK URGLWHOMD MHU VX GRVWD ERJDWL $OL NDG ELVWH LPDOL RQR รฅWR MH QXรงQR PRJOL ELVWH VYRM รงLYRW SURYRGLWL GROLฤ QLMH L VUHฤ HQLMHยท 'RN LP MH UD]MDUHQD RYDNR L VOLฤ QR JRYRULOD QHNL RG QMLK NRMLPD VDYMHVW ELMDรฅH SRNYDUHQD RGPDK SULVWDGRรฅH 'UXJL VX PHฤ XWLP SUH NR WRJD SUHรฅOL NDR JOXKL WH VX RรฅWULP RGJRYRULPD VX]ELMDOL L]QHVHQH UD]ORJH NRML QLVX QLรฅWD PDQMH ELOL SRGXSUWL VYMHGRฤ DQVWYLPD 3LVPDยฉ 22. POGLAVLJE Pohlepa traลพi pomoฤ od Lijenosti

46. ยช1R NDG MH 3RKOHSD YLGMHOD GD VDPD SR VHEL PHฤ X QMLPD QH EL PRJOD LVSXQLWL VYRMX รงHOMX L]PLMHQLOD MH SODQ GD EL RVWYDULOD VYRMX QDNDQX 3R]YDOD MH /LMHQRVW NRMD ]DQHPDUXMH ]DSRฤ HWL QHND GREUD D YHรพ ]DSRฤ HWD ]DQHPDUXMH GRYUรฅLWL 6 QMRP MH VNORSLOD VDYH] L SURWLY QMLK QDฤ LQLOD XJRYRU 1LMH ELOD V QMRP SRYMHUOMLYD QL MDNR SRYH]DQD D LSDN VX VH QD ]OR UDGR VORรงLOH XVS 3V NDR รฅWR VX WR QHNRรพ Xฤ LQLOL +HURG L 3LODW SURWLY 6SDVLWHOMD XVS 'M

6 RE]LURP GD MH /LMHQRVW VWYRULOD RGOXNX L VD VYRMLP ERUFLPD SUR YDOLOD X QMLKRYR SRGUXฤ MH VYRP VH VQDJRP SRVOXรงLOD VYRMLP RUXรง MHP XJDVLOD MH X QMLPD OMXEDY D QMLK MH Xฤ LQLOD PODNLPD L OLMHQLPD , NDG LK MH WDNR REX]HOD PDORGXรฅQRVW VUFD XVS 3V ยฒ SRVWDGRรฅH NDR PUWYLยฉ XVS 3V

23. POGLAVLJE O redovnicima koje svlada Lijenost

47. ยช1DNRQ WRJD SRฤ HรฅH YUOR ELMHGQR X]GLVDWL ]D NRMHฤ LP HJLSDW VNLP รฅWR VX RVWDYLOL L QD UXรงDQ QDฤ LQ SRQRYR SRฤ HรฅH WUDรงLWL RQR รฅWR VX YHOLNRGXรฅQD VUFD SUH]UHOL +RGLOL VX รงDORVQL SXWHP %RรงMLK ]DSRYL MHGL XVS 3V L WXUREQD VX VUFD SULVWXSDOL VYRMLP GXรงQRVWLPD ,]QHPDJDOL VX SRG WHUHWRP L ]ERJ QHGRVWDWND GXKD MHGYD VX XVSL MHYDOL ]DGUรงDWL X VHEL GDK 5LMHWNR VX RVMHรพDOL VNUXรฅHQRVW QLNDNYR

426

I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

NDMDQMH 3RVOXรฅQRVW LP ELMDรฅH SXQD PUPOMDQMD PLรฅOMHQMH WMHOHVQR YHVHOMH UD]X]GDQR รงDORVW PDORGXรฅQD JRYRU QHSURPLรฅOMHQ VPLMHK ODNRXPDQ 1D OLFX LP VH EOLVWDOD UDGRVW X SRQDรฅDQMX WDรฅWLQD RGMHรพD LP ELMDรฅH PHNXรฅQD L ELUDQD SDรงOMLYR ELMDรฅH NURMHQD D MRรฅ SDรงOMLYLMH รฅLYDQD 0QRJR VX VSDYDOL RELOQR MHOL L SLOL QHXPMHUHQR 8 YMHWDU VX JRYRULOL EUEOMDULMH L OXGRULMH 3ULSRYLMHGDOL VX L]PLรฅOMRWLQH PLMHQMDOL ]DNRQH GLMHOLOL LPDQMD L VD ]DQLPDQMHP UDVSUHGDOL R OMXGVNLP GMH OLPD 1LVX VH EULQXOL ]D GXKRYQL รงLYRW QLWL VX PDULOL ]D VSDV GXรฅH 5LMHWNR VX JRYRULOL R QHEHVNLP VWYDULPD D ฤ HรงQMD LP MH ]D YMHฤ QLPD ELOD PODND 48. 7DNR RWYUGQXOL SRฤ HรฅH MHGDQ GUXJRPH ]DYLฤ DWL MHGQL VX GUX JH L]D]LYDOL 6YDWNR MH WHรงLR ]D WLP GD ]DJRVSRGXMH QDG GUXJLPD D EUDW MH RSWXรงLYDR EUDWD ]D QDMJRUH ]ORGMHOR XVS 3RVW ,]EMHJD YDOL VX รงDORVQH VWYDUL D ฤ H]QXOL ]D RQLP X ฤ HPX VX QDOD]LOL LVSUD]QX UDGRVW MHU SUDYH UDGRVWL QLVX SRVMHGRYDOL ,SDN VX GRQHNOH QDVWRMDOL VDฤ XYDWL SULYLGQX VYHWRVW GD QH EL VDVYLP L]JXELOL XJOHG D NDG EL SUHG SULSURVWLPD JRYRULOL R VYHWLP VWYDULPD SULNULYDOL VX VYRM ELMHGQL รงLYRW 1MLKRYD MH XQXWDUQMD UDVWUJDQRVW ELOD WROLND GD VH QLVX ELOL ND GUL REX]GDWL QHJR VX L] QMLK SURYDOMLYDOL Rฤ LWL ]QDNRYL QMLKRYD VWDQMD 49. 1DSRNRQ ]DSRฤ HรฅH ODVNDWL VYMHWRYQMDFLPD L V QMLPD VH SRYH ]LYDKX GD EL LP LVSUD]QLOL GรงHS SURรฅLULOL VYRMD ]GDQMD L SRYHรพDOL RQR ฤ HJD VX VH SRVYHPD RGUHNOL %RJDWDรฅLPD VX SURGDYDOL VYRMH ULMHฤ L D SRERรงQLP JRVSRฤ DPD VYRMH QDNORQH 9UOR VX UHYQR SRVMHรพLYDOL NUD OMHYVNH L NQHรงHYVNH GYRURYH GD EL SRYH]DOL NXรพX V NXรพRP L QMLYX V QMLYRP VDVWDYLOL XVS ,] , VDGD LK VH XYHOLNH FLMHQL MHU SRVWDGRรฅH ERJDWL 1D ]HPOML VX VH GREUR RVLJXUDOL L] ]OD X ]OR VUOMDMX D *RVSRGL QD QH XSR]QDรฅH XVS -HU 3RSDGDOL VX GRN VX VH X]GL]DOL XVS 3V

SDGRรฅH QD ]HPOMX SULMH URฤ HQMD NDR SREDฤ HQL L X]D VYH WR PL JRYRUH ยท0L VPR WYRML SULMDWHOMLยทยฉ 24. POGLAVLJE Obogaฤ eni siromasi progone Siromaลกtinu

50. ยช'XERNR VDP VH MD รงDORVWLOD ]ERJ QHNLK NRML X VYLMHWX ELMDKX GRVWD ELMHGQL L QHXJOHGQL D NDG GRฤ RรฅH N PHQL RERJDWLรฅH VH XVS 2WN .RU 8JRMHQL L XGHEOMDQL MDฤ H VH ULWDMX XVS 3Q]

RG GUXJLK LVPMHKXMXรพL PHQH 7L LVWL VPDWUDQL VX ฤ DN L ]D รงLYRW QHVSRVREQLPD LVFUSOMHQL RVNXGLFRP L JODฤ X KUDQLOL VH ELOMHP L NRURP GUYHรพD SRVWDGRรฅH JQXVQL RG QHYROMH L ELMHGH XVS -RE ยฒ 6DGD VX QH]DGRYROMQL VD ]DMHGQLฤ NLP รงLYRWRP L]GYDMDMX VH XVS -G EH]

Savez sv. Franj e s gosp o ฤ om Si roma ลกti nom

427

VWUDKD VDPL VHEH YRGH QD SDรฅX XVS -G 'RN ]DKWLMHYDMX VXYLรฅQH VWYDUL QMLKRY MH UHGRYQLฤ NL รงLYRW RVWDOLPD SRVWDR YUOR PU]DN 0Hฤ X .ULVWRYLP Xฤ HQLFLPD ฤ H]QX ]D ฤ DVWLPD D X VYLMHWX VX PHฤ X SR]QD WLPD ELOL YUOR SUH]UHQL 2YL NRML ฤ HVWR ELMDKX L EH] MHฤ PHQRJD NUXKD L YRGH VPDWUDOL VX รฅWRYLรฅH XรงLWNRP GD OHรงH VWLVQXWL SR WUQMDFLPD 6LQRYL EH]YULMHGQLK VRM EH]LPHQLK NRML VH QLVX QL SRND]LYDOL QD ]HPOML XVS -RE ยฒ REUXรฅLรฅH VH QD PRMX ELMHGX XVS -RE *QXVQD VDP LP L RG PHQH EMHรงH D QH XVWUXฤ DYDMX VH QL SOMXQXWL PL X OLFH XVS -RE

3UHWUSMHOD VDP RG QMLK SRUXJH L VWUDKRWH D RQL รฅWR PL ELMDKX SULMDWHOML L ERN PL ฤ XYDKX ฤ HNDKX PRM SDG XVS -HU %RMDKX PH VH D WR YLรฅH PH RGEDFLYDKX รฅWR VX YLรฅH ]QDOL GD รพH PRMRP ]DVOXJRP ELWL RERJDรพHQL WDNR GD LP ELMDรฅH RGYUDWQR L ฤ XWL PRMH LPHยฉ 25. POGLAVLJE Siromaลกtina ih opominje da joj se vrate

51. ยช6LOQR รงDORVQD UHNRK LP ยท9UDWLWH VH VLQRYL RGPHWQLFL L]OL MHฤ LW รพX RGPHWQLรฅWYD YDรฅD XVS -HU รฟXYDMWH VH ODNRPRVWL NRMD MH LGRORSRNORQVWYR XVS /N (I MHU ODNRPFX QRYFD QLNDG GRVWD XVS 3URS 6MHWLWH VH SULMDรฅQMLK GDQD NDGD VWH SURVYLMHWOMHQL SRGQRVLOL YHOLNX SDWQLฤ NX ERUEX XVS +HE 1H EXGLWH VLQRYL RQLK NRML RWSDGDMX GD SURSDGQX QHJR RQLK NRML YMHUXMX QD VSDV GXรฅH XVS +HE $NR MH QHWNR NUรฅLR 0RMVLMHY =DNRQ WDM X QD]Rฤ QRVWL GYRMLFH LOL WURMLFH VYMHGRND EH] PLORVWL XPLUH รคWR PLVOLWH NROLNR YHรพX ND]QX ]DVOXรงXMH RQDM NRML MH SRJD]LR 6LQD %RรงMHJD L REHรฅฤ DVWLR NUY 6DYH ]D NRMRP MH SRVYHรพHQ L SRJUGLR 'XKD PLORVWL XVS +HE ยฒ " 8]PLWH WR GDNOH N VUFX RWSDGQLFL XVS ,] MHU QL RQRPX WNR MH X L]RELOMX QLMH รงLYRW RVLJXUDQ QMHJRYLP LPDQMHPยท XVS /N

$ RQL UD]MDUHQL UHNRรฅH ยท2GOD]L ELMHGQLFH RVWDYL QDV QH รงHOLPR ]QDWL ]D WYRMH SXWRYHยท XVS -RE

1MLPD NDรงHP ยท6PLOXMWH PL VH VPLOXMWH PL VH EDU YL SULMDWHOML PRML =D รฅWR PH SURJRQLWH XVS -RE ยฒ EH] UD]ORJD" 1LVDP OL YDP ND ]DOD GD PRM L YDรฅ QDฤ LQ รงLYRWD QH LGX ]DMHGQR" รฆDR PL MH รฅWR VDP YDV YLGMHODยทยฉ 26. POGLAVLJE Gospodin govori Siromaลกtini

52. ยช, GRฤ H PL ULMHฤ *RVSRGQMD JRYRUHรพL XVS -HU ยท9UDWL VH 6XQDPNR YUDWL VH GD WH JOHGDPR XVS 3M 2YL WYRML VLQRYL OMXGL NRML L]D]LYDMX VUGรงEX XVS (] QHรพH VOXรฅDWL WHEH MHU QHรพH GD VOXรฅDMX

428

I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

PHQH XVS (] 6UFH LP SRVWDGH QHYMHUQR L EXQWRYQR RGYUDWLOL VX VH RG PHQH L RVWDYLOL PH XVS -HU QH RGEDFLรฅH QDLPH WHEH QHJR PHQH XVS 6DP 'D WH QDLPH QLVX SULJUOLOL QLNDGD VH QH EL GRPRJOL WROLND ERJDWVWYD 3RND]LYDOL VX VH NDR GD WH OMXEH GD EL VH WDNR RERJDรพHQL RG WHEH SRYXNOL =ERJ WRJD VH QD SURWLYQX VWUDQX RGPHWQXรฅH L SULKYDWLYรฅL ODรง QH KWMHGRรฅH VH YUDWLWL XVS -HU 1H PRM LP SRQRYQR YMHURYDWL NDG WL EXGX OLMHSR JRYRULOL MHU WH SUH]UHรฅH L WYRM รพH WUDรงLWL รงLYRW XVS -HU 1H GLรงL JODVD ]D QMLK L QH PROL MHU WH QHรพX XVOLรฅDWL XVS -HU RGEDFLR VDP LK XVS 6DP QDLPH MHU VX RQL SUH]UHOL PHQHยทยฉ XVS ,]

27. POGLAVLJE Gospoฤ a Siromaลกtina upozorava blaลพenog Franju s obzirom na uspon i pad redovniฤ kog ลพivota

53. ยช(YR VDP YDP EUDรพR LVSULSRYLMHGDOD VYRMX GXJX SRYLMHVW 1HND YDP YMHฤ H EXGX LVSUHG NRUDND XVS ,]U GD ELVWH YLGMHOL รฅWR YDP MH ฤ LQLWL -DNR MH RSDVQR RED]LUDWL VH QDWUDJ L UXJDWL VH %RJX 6MHWLWH VH /RWRYH รงHQH XVS /N 3RVW L QHPRMWH YMHURYDWL VYDNRPH GXKX XVS ,Y ,SDN VH SUHGUDJL SRX]GDMHP X YDV XVS +HE MHU X YDPD YLGLP YLรฅH QHJROL X GUXJLPD RQR EROMH L รฅWR MH EOLรงH VSDVHQMX รฟLQL PL VH QDLPH GD VWH VYH SRWSXQR RGEDFLOL L VYHJD VH SRVYH UDVWHUHWLOL 7R PL MH ]D VYH QDMMDฤ L GRND] XVSLQMDQMD QD RYX JRUX ฤ LML MH YUKXQDF GR VDGD PRJOD GRVHรพL VDPR QHNROLFLQD 1R NDรงHP YDPD VYRMLP SULMDWHOMLPD XVS /N GD PL ]ORรพD PQRJLK ฤ LQL VXPQMLYRP NUHSRVW GREULK L ฤ HVWR VDP SRG RYฤ MRP RGMHรพRP RW NULYDOD JUDEHรงOMLYH YXNRYH XVS 0W

54. 8 VYDNRP VOXฤ DMX รงHOLP GD EL VYDNL SRMHGLQL L]PHฤ X YDV SR VWDR VOMHGEHQLNRP VYHWDFD NRML PH SR YMHUL L VWUSOMLYRVWL SULPLรฅH NDR EDรฅWLQX $OL MHU VH ERMLP GD YDP VH QH EL GHVLOR รฅWR L RVWDOLPD GDMHP YDP VSDVRQRVDQ VDYMHW 1H SRVHรงLWH MHU VWH QD SRฤ HWNX ]D RQLP รฅWR MH QDMYLรฅH L QDMVYHWLMH QHJR SRODNR NRUDฤ DMWH QDSULMHG SD รพHWH WDNR SRG .ULVWRYLP YRGVWYRP SRODJDQR VWLรพL GR QDMYLรฅHJD 3D]LWH GD QH ELVWH SRรฅWR VH QD YDรฅH NRULMHQMH VWDYL JQRM QH]QDWQRVWL ELOL SURQD ฤ HQL NDR QHSORGQL MHU YDP VH WDGD QHรพH QLรฅWD GUXJR VWDYLWL QD NRUL MHQMH RVLP VMHNLUH 1HPRMWH VH SRVYH RVORQLWL QD VYRMH RGXรฅHYOMHQMH รฅWR JD LPDWH VDGD MHU VX ฤ RYMHNRYD VMHWLOD VNORQLMD ฤ LQLWL ]OR XVS 3RVW

QHJROL GREUR , VUFH VH ODNR YUDรพD QD RQR QD รฅWR MH QDYLNOR SUHPGD VH RG WRJD JGMHNDGD PQRJR XGDOMLOR =QDP QDLPH GD YDP VH ]ERJ YHOLNH UHYQRVWL VYH ฤ LQL YUOR ODNLP DOL VH VMHWLWH RQRJD รฅWR NDรงH 6Y SLVPR *OH QLVX VWDOQL NRML PX VOXรงH RQ L QD VYRMLP DQฤ HOLPD RSDรงD ]ORรพX XVS -RE

Savez sv. Franj e s gosp o ฤ om Si roma ลกti nom

429

55 8 SUYL PDK รพH YDP VH ฤ LQLWL GD MH VYH YUOR ODNR SRGQRVLWL DOL PDOR SRVOLMH NDG VWHNQHWH VLJXUQRVW SUHPD SULPOMHQLP รพHWH VH GR EURฤ LQVWYLPD RGQRVLWL UDYQRGXรฅQR 3RPLรฅOMDW รพHWH QD WR GD ELVWH VH NDG JRG ]DรงHOLWH YUDWLOL RQDPR L SRQRYQR QDรฅOL SULMDรฅQMX XWMHKX 1R MHGQRP SULSXรฅWHQ QHPDU QH PRรงH VH ODNR LVNRULMHQLWL 1DNRQ WRJD รพH VH YDรฅH VUFH SULNORQLWL GUXJLP VWYDULPD DOL รพH YDV ULMHWNR NDGD SR ]YDWL GD ELVWH VH YUDWLOL QD SUYH SRฤ HWNH 3ULNORQMHQL WDNR POLWDYRVWL L GXKRYQRM OLMHQRVWL RSUDYGDYDW รพHWH VH NULODWLFDPD JRYRUHรพL ยท1H PRรงHPR ELWL RQDNR MDNL NDR รฅWR ELMDVPR X SRฤ HWNX 6DGD VX GUXJD YUHPHQDยท D QH ]QDMX NDNR VH RQR NDรงH .DG ฤ RYMHN ]DYUรฅL WHN ]DSRฤ L QMH XVS 6LU ,SDN รพH X YDรฅHP VUFX ELWL XYLMHN QD]Rฤ DQ JODV NRML RYDNR JRYRUL ยท6XWUD VXWUD รพHPR VH YUDWLWL SUYRPH PXรงX MHU QDP MH SULMH ELOR EROMH QHJROL VDGDยท XVS +Rรฅ

(YR EUDรพR PQRJR VDP YDP WRJD UHNOD XQDSULMHG XVS 0W

DOL YDP MRรฅ PQRJR WRJD LPDP UHรพL รฅWR VDGD QH PRรงHWH QRVLWL XVS ,Y

1R GRรพL รพH ฤ DV NDG รพX YDP RWYRUHQR REMDVQLWL XVS ,Y

VYH รฅWR MH SULMH UHฤ HQRยฉ 28. POGLAVLJE Blaลพeni Franjo s braฤ om odgovara Siromaลกtini

56. 1D WH VH ULMHฤ L EODรงHQL )UDQMR VD VYRMRP EUDรพRP EDFLR QLฤ LFH QD ]HPOMX WH MH ]DKYDOMXMXรพL %RJX UHNDR ยช6YLฤ D QDP VH JRVSRฤ R QDรฅD RYR รฅWR NDรงHรฅ L QH PRรงH VH QLรฅWD SULJRYRULWL RQRPH รฅWR VL UHNOD ,VWLQD MH รฅWR VPR ฤ XOL X QDรฅRM ]HPOML R WYRMLP L]UHNDPD L R WYRMRM PX GURVWL L PQRJR MH YHรพD WYRMD PXGURVW RG JODVLQH NRMX VPR ฤ XOL %ODJR WYRMLP OMXGLPD L EODJR WYRMLP VOXJDPD RQLPD รฅWR XYLMHN VWRMH SUHG WR ERP L VOXรฅDMX WYRMX PXGURVW 1HND MH GRYLMHND EODJRVORYOMHQ *RVSRGLQ %RJ WYRM NRPX VL WROLNR RPLOLOD L NRML WH YMHฤ QR OMXEL SD WH MH SRVWDYLR ]D NUDOMLFX GD QMHJRYLP VOXJDPD LVND]XMHรฅ PLORVUฤ H L GD NURMLรฅ SUDYGX XVS .U ยฒ 2 NDNR MH GREDU L PLR WYRM GXK XVS 0XGU

NRML NRUL ]DOXWDOH L RSRPLQMH JUHรฅQLNH 57. (YR JRVSRฤ R ]DNOLQMHPR WH OMXEDYOMX YMHฤ QRJD .UDOMD NRMRP WH OMXELR RQ L NRMRP WL OMXELรฅ QMHJD GD QH L]QHYMHULรฅ QDรฅX รงHOMX XVS 3V QHJR V QDPD SRVWXSDM SR VYRMRM EODJRVWL L SR VYRPH PLOR VUฤ X XVS 6LU 9HOLND VX L QHL]UHFLYD WYRMD GMHOD ]DWR OXWDMX GXรฅH QHSRXฤ OMLYH XVS 0XGU GDOHNR RG WHEH , MHU LGHรฅ VDPD QDRNROR QDRUXรงDQD NDR GREUR XUHฤ HQD ERMQD MHGLQLFD XVS 3M

EH]XPQL QH PRJX ERUDYLWL s WRERP $OL HYR PL VPR WYRMH VOXJH L RYFH WYRMH SDรฅH XVS 3RVW 3V =DNOLQMHPR VH L REHรพD YDPR GD รพHPR XYLMHN L GRYLMHND VOLMHGLWL WYRMH SUDYHGQH RGOXNHยฉ XVS 3V

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29. POGLAVLJE Siromaština pristaje

58. 2YH VX ULMHĀL X]EXGLOH VUFH XVS .U 3RVW JRV SRāH 6LURPDåWLQH L NDR åWR MRM MH VYRMVWYHQR GD VH XYLMHN VPLOXMH L RSUDåWD QLMH VH PRJOD YLåH VX]GUçDWL QHJR LP MH SULVNRĀLOD L]JUOLOD LK L VYDNRP SRMHGLQRP XWLVQXOD SROMXEDF PLUD UHNDYåL ª(YR YHþ GROD]LP XVS 2WN EUDþR PRMD L VLQRYL V YDPD =QDP GD þX SRPRþX YDV SULGRELWL PQRJH© %ODçHQL )UDQMR L]YDQ VHEH RG UDGRVWL SRĀH QD VDY JODV SMHYDWL KYDOH 6YHPRJXþHPX NRML QH QDSXåWD RQLK NRML VH X QMHJD SRX]GDYDMX XVS -GW JRYRUHþL ª%ODJRVOLYOMDMWH *RVSRGLQD VYL L]DEUDQLFL QMHJRYL VODYLWH GDQ UDGRVWL L YHOLĀDMWH JD XVS 7RE MHU MH GREDU MHU MH GRYLMHND PLORVUāH QMHJRYR© XVS 3V

6LåOL VX V JRUH L RGYHOL JRVSRāX 6LURPDåWLQX QD PMHVWR JGMH VX ERUDYLOL ELOR MH WR RNR åHVWH XUH XVS ,Y

30. POGLAVLJE O blagovanju Siromaštine s braćom

59. .DG VYH SULUHGLåH SR]YDåH MH GD V QMLPD EODJXMH 1D WR LP RQD UHĀH ª1DMSULMH PL SRNDçLWH NDSHOX NDSLWXODUQX GYRUDQX NODX V WDU EODJRYDRQLFX NXKLQMX VSDYDRQLFX L GQHYQL ERUDYDN OLMHSH VWR OLFH RWPMHQH VWRORYH L SURVWUDQH VWDQRYH 1H YLGLP QLåWD RG WRJD RVLP åWR SURPDWUDP YDåD UDGRVQD L XPLOMDWD OLFD NRMD VH SUHOLMHYDMX SUHRELOMHP UDGRVWL SXQD XWMHKH XVS .RU NDR GD RĀHNXMHWH GD YDP VH VYH SUXçL SR çHOML© $ RQL RGJRYDUDMXþL UHNRåH ª*RVSRāR QDåD L NUDOMLFH RG SXWD VPR L]GDOHND XVS -å XPRUQL PL WYRMH VOXJH D L WL VL VH LGXþL V QDPD QHPDOR QDSUH]DOD =DWR DNR WL MH SR YROML QDMSULMH EODJXMPR SD NDG VH RNULMHSLPR VYH þH QD WYRM PLJ ELWL LVSXQMHQR© 60. 1D WR þH RQD ª6SRUD]XPQD VDP V WLP åWR NDçHWH DOL QDMSULMH GRQHVLWH YRGH GD RSHUHPR VYRMH UXNH L UXĀQLN NRMLP þHPR LK REUL VDWL© $ RQL KLWUR GRQHVRåH QDSROD UD]ELMHQX ]HPOMDQX SRVXGX SXQX YRGH MHU ĀLWDYH SRVXGH RQGMH QH ELMDåH , NDG SROLåH UXNH RJOHGDKX VH DPR WDPR NDR GD WUDçH UXĀQLN .DG JD QH QDāRåH MHGDQ SUXçL VYRMX WXQLNX NRMRP ELMDåH ]DRGMHQXW GD QMRPH REULåH UXNH $ RQD MH SULKYDWL VD ]DKYDOQRåþX L X VYRP MH VUFX VODYLOD %RJD NRML MX MH SRYH]DR V WDNYLP OMXGLPD

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61. 1DNRQ WRJD MH RGYHGRรฅH QD PMHVWR JGMH ELMDรฅH SULSUDYOMHQ VWRO $ NDG MH RQDPR GRYHGRรฅH SRJOHGDOD MH L QLรฅWD GUXJR QLMH YL GMHOD RVLP WUL ฤ HWLUL NRPDGLรพD NUXKD RG MHฤ PHQRJ EUDรฅQD LOL RG PH NLQMD NRML ELMDKX SRORรงHQL QD WUDYX 6LOQR VH ]DGLYLOD L X VHEL UHNOD ยช7NR MH YLGLR QHรฅWR WDNYR NRG SRNROMHQMD SULMDรฅQMLK YUHPHQD XVS ,]

" %ODJRVORYOMHQ GD VL *RVSRGLQH %RรงH XVS /MHW /N NRML VH EULQHรฅ ]D VYH XVS 0XGU MHU NDG JRG KRรพHรฅ PRรพ WL MH SUL UXFL XVS 0XGU WDNYLP VL GMHOLPD QDURG VYRM SRXฤ LR XVS 0XGU GD EL ELR SR WYRMRM YROMLยฉ , WDNR ]DMHG QLฤ NL SRVMHGDรฅH ]DKYDOMXMXรพL %RJX XVS .RO ]D VYH QMHJRYH GDURYH 62. *RVSRฤ D MH 6LURPDรฅWLQD QDUHGLOD GD VH X ]GMHOLFDPD GRQH VX NXKDQD MHOD , JOH GRQHVHQD MH VDPR MHGQD ]GMHOLFD SXQD KODGQH YRGH GD EL X QMRM VYL QDPDNDOL NUXK MHU QLMH RQGMH ELOR QL PQRJR ]GMHOLFD QL PQRJR NXKDQLK MHOD =DWUDรงLOD MH GD MRM SUXรงL EDUHP NDNYD SULMHVQD WHฤ QD SRYUรพD $OL MHU QLVX LPDOL YUWODUD L MHU QLVX ]QDOL QL ]D NDNDY YUW X รฅXPL QDEUDรฅH GLYOMHJD ELOMD L SRVWDYLรฅH SUHG QMX 1D WR รพH LP RQD ยช'RQHVLWH PL PDOR VROL GD SRVROLP SRYUรพH MHU MH JRUNRยฉ ยช3Rฤ HNDM JRVSRฤ R UH NRรฅH MRM GRN QH SRฤ HPR X JUDG L QH GRQHVHPR VROL DNR VH QHWNR QDฤ H GD QDP MH SUXรงLยฉ ยช'DMWH PL UHฤ H QRรง GD RGVWUDQLP VXYLรฅQR L GD RGUHรงHP NUXKD MHU MH MDNR WYUG L VXKยฉ 5HNRรฅH MRM ยช*RVSRฤ R QHPDPR NRYDฤ D GD QDP QDSUDYL QRรงHYH D VDGD VH XPMHVWR QRรงD SRVOXรงL ]XELPD D SRVOLMH รพHPR VH SREULQXWLยฉ ยช$ LPDWH OL PDOR YLQD"ยฉ XSLWD LK 2GJRYRULรฅH MRM L UHNRรฅH ยช*RVSRฤ R QDรฅD QHPDPR YLQD XVS ,Y MHU VX SUYH ฤ RYMHNRYH SRWUHEH NUXK L YRGD XVS 6LU

D QLMH QL GREUR GD SLMHรฅ YLQR MHU .ULVWRYD ]DUXฤ QLFD PRUD YLQR L]EMHJDYDWL NDR RWURY ยฉ 63. $ NDG VH QDVLWLรฅH YHรพPD VODYRP WROLNH ELMHGH QHJROL RELOMHP VYLMX VWYDUL EODJRVOLYOMDOL VX *RVSRGLQD SUHG ฤ LMLP OLFHP QDฤ RรฅH WR OLNX PLORVW L RGYHGRรฅH MH QD PMHVWR JGMH รพH RWSRฤ LQXWL MHU ELMDรฅH XPRUQD , WDNR VH JROD SURWHJOD SR JRORM ]HPOML =DWUDรงLOD MH L MDVWXN GD JD VWDYL SRG JODYX 2GPDK GRQHVRรฅH ND PHQ L VWDYLรฅH MRM JD SRG JODYX 1DNRQ YUOR VSRNRMQD L YUOR RGPMHUHQD VQD ]DWUDรงLOD MH GD MRM SR NDรงX VDPRVWDQ 2GYHGRรฅH MH QD MHGDQ EUHรงXOMDN L SRND]DรฅH MRM FLMHOL VYLMHW NROLNR JD VH PRJOR YLGMHWL SD UHNRรฅH ยช*RVSRฤ R RYR MH QDรฅ VDPRVWDQยฉ

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31. POGLAVLJE Gospoฤ a Siromaลกtina blagoslivlja braฤ u i potiฤ e da u primljenoj milosti ustraju

64. 1DUHGLOD LP MH GD VYL ]DMHGQR SRVMHGDMX SD LP MH JRYRULOD ULMHฤ L รงLYRWD XVS ,Y UHNDYรฅL ยช%XGLWH EODJRVORYOMHQL VLQRYL RG *RVSRGLQD %RJD NRML MH VWYRULR QHER L ]HPOMX XVS -GW รฅWR VWH PH SULPLOL V WROLNRP SXQLQRP OMXEDYL X VYRMRM NXรพL WH PL VH GD QDV SULฤ LQLOR NDR GD VDP V YDPD ELOD X %RรงMHP UDMX XVS (] 2WN =ERJ WRJD VDP LVSXQMHQD UDGRรฅรพX RELOXMHP XWMHKRP XVS .RU PROLP GD PL RSURVWLWH รฅWR VDP N YDPD GRรฅOD WDNR NDVQR *RVSRGLQ MH GRLVWD V YDPD D MD WR QLVDP ]QDOD XVS 3RVW

(YR รฅWR VDP รงHOMHOD YHรพ JOHGDP ]D ฤ LP VDP รงXGMHOD YHรพ LPDP MHU VDP QD ]HPOML VMHGLQMHQD V RQLPD NRML PL SUHGVWDYOMDMX OLN RQRJD V NLP VDP ]DUXฤ HQD QD QHEHVLPD 1HND *RVSRGLQ EODJRVORYL YDรฅX VQDJX L GMHOR UXNX XVS 3Q] YDรฅLK QHND SULPL 65. 0ROLP YDV L XVUGQR SURVLP NDR SUHGUDJH VLQRYH XVS .RU

GD ELVWH XVWUDMDOL X RQRPH รฅWR VWH SRXฤ HQL 'XKRP 6YHWLP ]DSRฤ HOL 1H QDSXรฅWDMWH VYRJD VDYUรฅHQVWYD NDR รฅWR QHNL RELฤ DYDMX QHJR SRรฅWR XPDNRVWH ]DPNDPD WPLQH QDVWRMWH XYLMHN LรพL SUHPD VDYUรฅHQLMHPX 9DรฅH ]YDQMH NRMH VMDMQLP VYMHWORP REDVMDYD ฤ RYMHND NUHSRVW L VDYUรฅHQVWYR VWDULK QDGD VYH MH X]YLรฅHQR 6 RE]LURP QD SR VMHGRYDQMH NUDOMHYVWYD QHEHVNRJD QH PRUDWH VXPQMDWL QH PRUDWH RNOLMHYDWL MHU YHรพ LPDWH X UXNDPD MDPVWYR 'XKD 6YHWRJD ]DORJ EX GXรพH EDรฅWLQH YHรพ VWH RELOMHรงHQL ]QDNRP .ULVWRYH VODYH =DKYDOMXMXรพL QMHJRYRM PLORVWL X VYHPX RGJRYDUDWH RQRM SUYRM รฅNROL NRMX MH RQ VDP RVQRYDR NDG MH GRรฅDR QD VYLMHW รคWR VX QDLPH X QMHJRYRM QD]Rฤ QRVWL ฤ LQLOL DSRVWROL VYH VWH WR YL SRฤ HOL L]YUรฅDYDWL X QMHJRYRM RGVXWQRVWL L EH] VWUDKD PRรงHWH UHรพL ยท(YR PL VPR RVWDYLOL VYH L SRรฅOL ]D WRERPยท XVS 0W

66. 1HND YDV QH SODรฅL WHรงLQD ERUEH L VWUDKRYLW QDSRU MHU รพHWH SUL PLWL YHOLNX QDJUDGX 8SULPR SRJOHG X ]Dฤ HWQLND L XVDYUรฅLWHOMD YMHUH X ,VXVD NRML QDPMHVWR RGUHฤ HQH PX UDGRVWL SRGQHVH NULรง QH PDUHรพL ]D VUD PRWX XVS +HE QHSRNROHEOMLYR GUรงLWH LVSRYLMHGDQMH VYRMH QDGH XVS +HE 7Uฤ LWH QD XWDNPLFL NRMD YDP MH RGUHฤ HQD XVS +HE

X OMXEDYL 7Uฤ LWH XVWUDMQR MHU YDP MH WR QDMSRWUHEQLMH GD YUรฅH QMHP YROMH %RรงMH SRVWLJQHWH REHรพDQMH XVS +HE 0RรพDQ MH QDLPH %RJ XVS 5LP VUHWQR รพH GRYUรฅLWL VYRMRP VYHWRP PLORรฅรพX RQR รฅWR ]DSRฤ HVWH L]QDG VYRMLK VQDJD MHU MH YMHUDQ VYRMLP REHรพDQMLPD 67. 1HND QLรฅWD VHEL PLOR QH QDฤ H X YDPD GXK NRML GMHOXMH X VLQR YLPD QHSRVOXKD XVS (I QLรฅWD NROHEOMLYR QLรฅWD QHYMHUQR GD QH

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433

EL SURWLY YDV GRELR GRND] ]D VYRMX ]ORรพX รฅWR EL MH L]YUรฅLR QD YDPD 2Q MH YHRPD RKRO D GUVNRVW PX MH YHรพD RG MDNRVWL XVS ,] 6LOQR MH ELMHVDQ XVS 2WN QD YDV L SURWLY YDV รพH XSHULWL VYHNROLNR RUXรงMH VYRMH OXNDYรฅWLQH WH QDVWRMDWL L]OLWL RWURY VYRMH ]ORรพH EXGXรพL GD MH X ERUEL SRELMHGLR L QDGYODGDR RVWDOH ELMHVDQ MH GRN YDV JOHGD L]QDG VHEH 68. .DG VWH VH SUHGUDJL REUDWLOL QHEHVNL VX VH JUDฤ DQL XYHOLNH UDGRYDOL L YMHฤ QRP VX .UDOMX SMHYDOL QRYH SMHVPH XVS 3V 2WN $Qฤ HOL VH UDGXMX X YDPD L ]ERJ YDV MHU GRN PQRJL SR YDรฅHP SULPMHUX EXGX ฤ XYDOL GMHYLฤ DQVWYR L VMDOL ฤ LVWRรพRP QDSXรฅWHQD รพH SUHELYDOLรฅWD QHEHVNRJD *UDGD ELWL ]DX]HWD 2QGMH VH GMHYLฤ DQ VNLP GXรฅDPD GRGMHOMXMH X]YLรฅHQR PMHVWR MHU RQL NRML VH QH รงHQH QLWL XGDMX ELW รพH X QHEX NDR %RรงML DQฤ HOL XVS 0W $SRVWROL NOLฤ X JOHGDMXรพL NDNR VH REQDYOMD QMLKRY QDฤ LQ รงLYRWD DNR VH SURSRYLMHGD QDXN NDNR SRND]XMHWH SULPMHUH RVRELWH VYHWRVWL 5DGXMX VH PXฤ HQL FL MHU Lรฅฤ HNXMX GD VH SUROLMHYDQMHP VYHWH NUYL SRQRYR SRNDรงH QMLKR YD SRVWRMDQRVW 3RVNDNXMX SUL]QDYDRFL MHU ]QDMX GD รพHWH ฤ HรฅรพH QDQR YR SRGVMHรพDWL QD QMLKRYH SREMHGH QDG QHSULMDWHOMHP =DQRVQR NOLฤ X GMHYLFH NRMH VOLMHGH -DQMH NDPR JRG SRฤ H XVS 2WN GRN JOHGDMX NDNR VH QMLKRY EURM SR YDPD SRYHรพDYD .RQDฤ QR VH LVSXQMD NOLFD QMHP FLMHOL QHEHVNL GYRU NRML รพH GDQRPLFH VODYLWL VYHฤ DQRVWL QRYLK VXJUDฤ DQD L QHSUHVWDQR VH RVYMHรงDYDWL PLRPLULVRP VYHWLK PROLWDYD NRMH VH QHSUHVWDQR GLรงX L] RYH GROLQH 69. =DWR YDV EUDรพR ]DNOLQMHP %RรงMLP PLORVUฤ HP XVS 5LP

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L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

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445

446

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L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

447

0DUOMLYR WUDรงLR รฅWR MH XYLMHN YROLR PU]L 6LOX RNUHQX QD VH ]QDMXรพL NDNR VH VLORP 3URELMD NUDOMHYVWYR QHEHVNR XVS 0W RGOXฤ QR SURWLY 6HEH NUHQH RGEDFL รพXG รฅWR GXJR MH ELOD 8 QMHPX GRN UREX VPDWUDรฅH RELฤ QLP VPHรพHP %OL]X JUDGD ELOD MH MHGQD SUDVWDUD VSLOMD 2GDYQR QDSXรฅWHQD ยฒ X ,WDOLML LK LPD 8 QMX VH )UDQMR QDYDGL ฤ HVWR SRWDMQR LรพL 0ROHรพL %RJD รงDUฤ H XVUGQLMH XVS /N QHJROL SULMH 'D JD *RVSRGLQ REUDWL XVS 7Xรง L GD QMHJRYRM GXรฅL .RMD VH QHERP EDYL QH GRSXVWL SDVWL QD ]HPOMX 0ROED MH SULPOMHQD X QHER SUVWRP GHVQLFH %RรงMH ,VSLVDQD 3Q] L SRWYUฤ HQD SHฤ DWRP VYHWRJ รฆLYRWYRUQRJD .ULรงD NDNR EL PRJDR KUDEUR 6YODGDWL GXรฅPDQLQD L SUH]UHWL VYH รฅWR MH VPUWQR

KNJIGA DRUGA Priฤ a se nastavlja: tko mu je pomogao, u kakvu Ratu, koje je duลกmane svladao, oruลพjem kakvim; Kako se svega imanja odrekao za Krista, Kako ga nenadani protivnik napade tada.

$NR URVRP VYRMRP 'XK 6YHWL L SRรฅNURSL VHEL 2GDQH JUXGL LSDN SRQHNDG NRUHQMH VUFD .DR PHWOD PHWH NXรพX XVS 0W /N ]D YLVRNRJD JRVWD รฟXGQR PX ELOR รฅWR UD]ERMQLฤ ND MH SHรพLQD VDGD 3RVWDOD *RVSRGQML GRP XVS -U 0W D QMHJRYD EODJRVW MH VOXJX 'RVWRMQLP Xฤ LQLOD VYRJD GRODVND WH PX 6YH รฅWR QLMH VYHWR UHVHรพL RGDMH VUFD %DFLOD YDQ L WDNR RG VYLQMFD Xฤ LQLOD ROWDU ,SDN MRรฅ QLMH XNORQMHQ RQDM NDPHQฤ Lรพ รฅWR ]RYH 1HVWDOQH SXWHQH รงHOMH GD L]D]LYDMX GXรฅX 'D VH QH EL YUDWLOH UHPHWHรพL GXKRYQRVW 3UYD JD NUHSRVW VWUDK *RVSRGQML XVS ,]U ,]

RKUDEUL VDYMHWRP VYRMLP 0LORรฅรพX VYRMRP RWYRUL PX ]QDQMH D UD]XPRP VYRMLP 8ฤ LQL PXGULP 'XK JD 6YHWL RUXรงDรฅH GDNOH 6HGPHURVWUXNLP รฅWLWRP GRN VHGDP ]ORGXKD VWDGH 1DVXSURW QMHPX RNUXรงHQL RJQMHQRP YRMVNRP

448

I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

2KRORVW EXMD X]D VYDNX NUHSRVW QLNRJ QH รงHOL 3UL]QDWL VHEL UDYQLP SUH]LUH GDURYH V QHED 3UDWH MH 8]QRVLWRVW L *DGOMLYRVW SUHYHOLN 3RQRV %DKDWRVW NRMD VYLPD SRND]XMH RQR รฅWR LPD , 5D]PHWOMLYRVW รฅWR SRQLรงDYD VODYHรพL VHEH , 6ODYD VYLMHWD XVS 0W รฅWR ]D QHEHVNH VWYDUL QH PDUL =DWLP 'YROLฤ QRVW NUDVQD SUHG VYLMHWRP รฅWR WUฤ L ]D KYDORP /MXGVNRP RGYUDWQD %RJX MHU JOXPL GD SRVWL GRN JXWD 6ODQLQX ยฒ NDNR MH JQXVQD WD QMHQD OXNDYD NUHSRVW .DGD SDN LVWLQVND NUHSRVW SULWLVQH NUDOMHYVWYR QMHQR 7DGD GXK =DYLVWL VWLรงH GXรฅX SDOHรพL YDWURP =ORรพH EH] PLORVWL SUHPD SULMDWHOMLPD VUHWDQ .DGD EOLรงQML SDWH SDWHรพL NDGD VX VUHWQL 7X MH L QMHJRYD SUDWQMD ]XEDWD .OHYHWD SUYR .ULYL VXGRYL รคLUHQMH ODรงL 5XJDQMH NRMH %RUD QRVQLFH -DO NRML SOMXMH SR RQRP รฅWR YDOMD .XGL SRKYDOQR KYDOL RQR รฅWR NXGLWL WUHED $NR OL =DYLVW QH SRVWLJQH XVSMHK GROD]L 6UGรงED =YLMHU รฅWR QH SR]QDMH PMHUX L QH RSUDรฅWD QLNRP รฟDN QL VHEL D L]D QMHQH ]DVWDYH LGX 1DJORVW 'LYOMDรฅWYR L 0UรงQMD XYLMHN SRKOHSQR VSUHPQD รฟLQLWL รฅWHWX ]DWLP 3URSDVW ]ORฤ LQD VWUDรฅQRJ 0DMND รฅWR QLNDGD QHรพH VOXรฅDWL QLNDNYH รงDOEH %LMHV รฅWR SRWLฤ H 6UGรงEX 5D]MDUHQRรฅรพX JRQMHQ 3RWRP EXGDODVWD 6PMHORVW รฅWR YXฤ H X SRJXEQH ]DPNH 7MHUD XP X RSDVQRVW QDRUXรงDYD UXNH รคDOMXรพL LK X ERM D MH]LN JUGQMDPD Xฤ L 3UHPGD MH 6UGรงED ]OR ]ERJ NRMHJ VH NDMHPR VYL L .RML JRG GD VX X]URFL 6UGรงEH RQD QD NUDMX 8YLMHN SULMHฤ H X GXKRYQX 7URPRVW NRMRM MH GRVWD 6YHJD L NRMD QH PRรงH ฤ LQLWL NUHSRVQD GMHOD 1MHQD VX SUDWQMD %UEOMDYRVW NRMD VUDPD QH SR]QD 0OLWDYD 2EDPUORVW %HVWLGQR SULฤ DQMH ]DWLP 6DQMLYRVW NRMD SUHWYDUD GDQ X QRรพ SRWRP 2ELMHVW .RMD VH VPLMH JXEOMHQMX YUHPHQD QDGDOMH 6QRYL .RML VOXWH EXGXรพL VXG L SRND]XMX VOLNX ,VWLQVNRJ 6WUDKD RG VPUWL ]DWLP QHVUHWQL 2ฤ DM .RML MH VSUHPDQ EH] VWUDKD VHEL RNRQฤ DWL รงLYRW /LMHN ]D WH PXNH 7URPRVW QDMSULMH WUDรงL NRG VHVWUH 3RKOHSH NRMD QMH]LQRM EROL SRGDUXMH รฅWHWQX 8WMHKX SUXรงDMXรพL RVMHWLOLPD VYH RQR

L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

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449

450

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6DYH] SURPLMHQLYรฅL L]UD] OLFD SODฤ XรพL WMHUD *Dฤ HQMH QMHQD LVNUHQRVW ยฒ ELOD ODรงQD LOยท SUDYD ยฒ %XGL QDNORQRVW L] GXELQH GRN QDVWRML UHYQR 6WYRULWL VWDOQX PDVNX QDฤ LQ GD XYLMHN VH VYLGL 3UHPGD WR QLMH VYRMVWYR NRMH MH SULURGD GDOD /MXGLPD 6YH WR SRฤ HWDN L X]URN MH /MXEDYQH รงXGQMH 2GDWOH LVNDฤ X L SREMHรฅQMHOD OXGD WMHVNRED =DJUOMDML L SROMXSFL PHNRSXWQRVWL PDPFL 1DGUDรงDML MDYQD NXรพD รฅWR JRUL NยทR RJDQM 3UHOMXE NRML NUรฅL ]DNRQH EUDND L ,QFHVW .RML XQLรฅWDYH SULURGQH VDYH]H D QDSRVOMHWNX 6SROQD L]RSDฤ HQRVW MRรฅ RGYUDWQLMD RG QMLK

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L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

451

6 WDNYRP MH RSUHPRP RWDGD VYDNR QMHJRYR GMHOR %LOR RNUXQMHQR VLJXUQRP YRMQLฤ NRP VODYRP 7H MH VYDNX SUHSUHNX SUHOD]LR MRรฅ MDฤ L 'XKRYQL YLWH] GRELYรฅL VYHWL GDU QDGDKQXรพHP 6YHWLP NDNR JD ]ERJ YUOLQD RKRORVW QH EL 8]GLJOD LOL PX QHWNR ]QDMXรพL QMHJRYX WDMQX 3UHWMHUDQLP KYDODPD VDWUR GRELYHQX VQDJX 2GOXฤ L VDNULWL LVWLQX SULYLGQR GYROLฤ DQ ELWL =DJUQH VUFH KWMHGH X WDMQRVWL รงLYMHWL VYHWR .DNR QH EL RNUHQXR RFD L PDMNX QD VHEH 3URPLVOH OL PX R QDXPX VSUHPL VH NDR GD รงHOL 1DVWDYLWL ]DUDฤ LYDWL VWDYL QD KUSX 5REX ]D SURGDMX SD VH XSXWL SUHPD )ROLJQX 2QGMH QH SURGD VDPR UREX ]D SURGDMX YHรพ L .ROD L NRQMD MHGYD SMHรฅNH SRQHVH QRYDF 5LMHรฅLYรฅL VH WDNR LVSUD]QLK SRVORYQLK EULJD 6WDQH QD SRYUDWNX PLVOLWL NDNR VH WROLNL QRYDF 0RรงH LVNRULVWLWL NDPR GD RQ NRML รงHOL 8VDฤ HQ ELWL X .ULVWD RGORรงL EH]YULMHGQL WHUHW 7H VX JD PLVOL SUDWLOH NDGOL XJOHGD FUNYX 6YHWRJ 'DPMDQD MHGYD QDOLN QHNDGDรฅQMRM FUNYL 0RJOD VH WDGD XUXรฅLWL VYDNRJD WUHQD 7DNR WDM QRYL JRVW X VWDUR VYHWLรฅWH Xฤ H %DFL VH SUHG VYHรพHQLND SD SRQXGL GD รพH 'DWL VUHGVWYD ]D REQRYX JRWRYR VUXรฅHQRJ ]GDQMD 2YDM SRPLVOL GD VH PODGLรพ V QMLP รฅDOL WD MRรฅ MH 1HGDYQR WUJRYDR รงDUNR รงHOHรพL QRYDF 'RQLMHWL NXรพL QDGDOMH PXNRP VWHฤ HQR EODJR 1LWNR QH GLMHOL RGMHGQRP รฅDNRP L NDSRP )UDQMR QH SRYXฤ H SRQXGX RVWDGH QHSRNROHEOMLY 8] REHรพDQMH GD รพH RVWDWL GRKYDWL WHUHW %DFL JD QD SUR]RU D QRYDF ]YHNQH R NDPHQ

2GUHNDYรฅL VH WDNR ERJDWVWYD X VNURPQRP MH GRPX รฆLYLR NDR GD VH URGLR XSUDYR RQGMH 5DGRVWDQ รฅWR PRรงH VNURPQR SURYRGLWL รงLYRW 9Hรพ VH SR $VL]X SURรฅLUH JODVLQH UD]QH 3UDYL VH GUXJRYL UDVWXรงH ODรงQL VH UXJDWL VWDQX 6YD WD JRYRUNDQMD QLVX PRJOD QMHJRYD RFD 1DWMHUDWL GD YMHUXMH RQR รฅWR V SRGVPLMHKRP OMXGL 3ULฤ DMX รฅLUHรพL ฤ XGQH JODVH R QMHJRYRP )UDQML

452

I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

/MXGVNLK OL MH]LND RรฅWULK RG ELMHVD L ]DYLVWL XYLMHN 6SUHPQLK QD SRJUGH )UDQMR MH NUHSRรฅรพX SRฤ DVW L VODYX 6WHNDR DOL MH VUDP EH] RNOLMHYDQMD SRQLR WHUHW 3Rฤ DVWL GRN MH VUDPRWD X]HOD XORJX VODYH *ULMHK MH ]DPLMHQLR NUHSRVW QLWNR QH JRYRUL GD VH 5DGL R JUHรฅNDPD YHรพ PX SULSLVXMX OXGLOR 6YDNL 3ULMDWHOM NRULVWL SULOLNX GD PX VH QDUXJD VYDWNR รคLUL SULฤ X R OXGLOX PDรฅWD QDJDฤ D X]URN 1HNL PLVOH GD MH SRSLR /HWLQRJ PDND 'UXJL GD MH NXรฅDR PR]DN PDฤ ND D WUHรพL 'D MH SRSLR VRN RG NXNXWH QDUDYQR PLVOH .DNR VH ฤ RYMHN X PUHรงX VODYH VYLMHWD XVS 0W XSOHWHQ 6DPR RWURYDQ PRรงH YROMQR RGUHรพL VODYH 1HNL SDN PLVOH GD QLNDGD QH EL ]DYROLR VNURPQRVW 9LรฅH RG EODJD VWURJRVW YLรฅH RG ]DEDYH รฅWHWX 9LรฅH RG ]DUDGH GD JD QLVX SDNOHQH 6ล GH 1DSDOH L GD QLMH VDVYLP L]JXELR UD]XP 1HNL RSHW PLVOH GD RQD JUR]QLFD QLMH 9DOMDQR L]OLMHฤ HQD L GD MH X NOLMHWNL VWUDรงQMRM 1DVWDOR EMHVQLOR NDG MH VUFH OXSDQMHP VQDรงQLP 3RWMHUDOR WHNXรพLQH JRUH GR VDPRJD PR]JD

2WDF NDG GRฤ X JGMH PX VH SRVYXGD UXJDMX VLQX ,]JXEL YODVW QDG รงHVWRNLP VUGรงERP GUXJRYH WUDรงL 5Rฤ DNH GD PX VH SULGUXรงH X WRM GLYOMRM EMHVQRรพL 'UVNR QDVWRMHรพL X]EXQLWL VPLUHQH OMXGH .RML รงLYH VSRNRMDQ รงLYRW XVS ,] GRN YDWUD GXERNR 8 QMHPX JRUL L รงDUL NDR 3LWRQ NDG VWULMHOD $SRORQD JD SUREL LOL $WHQD NDG ELMHVQD 5D]GLUDOD MH GMHOR YMHรฅWLMH WNDOMH $UDKQH รฟLP MH VD]QDR GD PX RWDF GROD]L VLQ VH 6DNULMH X VNURYLรฅWH VSUHPOMHQR EDรฅ UDGL WRJD ,] QMHJD QLMH L]OD]LR WULGHVHW GDQD 0ROHรพL UDGR L SULVLOQR SRVWHรพL FLMHOR WR YULMHPH รฟDN VH L ORรฅHP RFX SRND]XMH QHNDNYD VPMHUQRVW 1LMH GREUR ]D VLQD GD VH VXSURWVWDYOMD RFX $OL QH YDOMD QL GD VH SUHSXรฅWD ELMHVQRP X UXNH ,SDN NDG VH VMHWL RUXรงMD SULPOMHQRJ V QHED 8SODรฅL VH GD JD NXNDYLFH GRVWRMQH QLVX , ]ERJ WRJD VWDQH VNXSOMDWL UDVXWX KUDEURVW 6WLG JD MH รฅWR VH VSUHPD QD YHOLND GMHOD D WDNR 'XJR VH VNULYD X WRM UXSL %RรงMD MH OMXEDY

L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

453

3URJQDOD OMXGVNX ERMD]DQ LVSXQMHQ OMXEDYOMX %RรงMRP ,]Dฤ H L] UXSH L VWDQH SUHG RFD L PDMNX .DG JD SULMDWHOML L URGELQD YLGMHรฅH WDNR 7XUREQD OLFD SRJQXWH JODYH R]ELOMQD ฤ HOD 0UรฅDYD WLMHOD SUREOLMHGMHOH NRรงH ฤ XSDYH NRVH 1HXUHGQH RGMHรพH ยฒ VDVYLP GUXNฤ LML ฤ RYMHN ยฒ 1H SUHSR]QDKX JD SD SLWDKX ยช7NR OL MH RYDM"ยฉ XVS 6LU

-HGYD XRฤ LรฅH QHNH WUDJRYH L]JOHGD VWDURJ 3D VH รงDORVQL ฤ Xฤ DKX ฤ XGX ]JRGQRP ]D SULฤ X $OL RGYLรฅH QHRELฤ QRP ยฒ )UDQMR MH VDVYLP 2VWDYLR L]JOHG NRMLP VH GLฤ LR SULMH /DNUGLMDรฅL L JOXSDQL VPLMX VH PXรงX รฅWR PXGUR 3RVWXSD ]RYX JD JOXSLP SD SUHPGD QHPLUD SXQL /LFH LP MH PLUQR GRN XOLFRP EDFDMX EODWR

KNJIGA TREฤ A Tu se pripovijeda da je, u zatvoru lancima sputan, Bio na porugu puku i kako ga nikako nisu Naveli da se predomisli, pa mu otac bez pravde Oduzme nasljedstvo, a on gol ode iz grada.

3RVWDGH VWUDQDF RQGMH JGMH MH JUDฤ DQLQ ELR 3RVWRODUL PHVDUL MRรฅ MXฤ HU SDGDKX SUHG QMLP 6DG JD XGDUDKX XVS ,] .RU .RPH WD QHSUDYGD QH EL 'RGLMDOD D QLMH MRM X]URN QLNDNYD NULYQMD" $OL รฅWR JRG RQL ฤ LQLOL )UDQMR EMHรฅH X PLUX 3RVWRMDQ QLNDNYLP PXฤ HQMHP QLNDNYLP ELMHVRP QLMH VH 'DR SRNROHEDWL QLNDNYD QH PRรงH PXND %LWL MDฤ D RG VWUSOMLYRVWL GREURJD PXรงD (YR JD WUฤ L L RWDF SVXMH JD XGDUD ELฤ HP 9H]XMH NDR ORSRYD LOL OXฤ DND X NXรพX =DWYDUD ]DLVWD QHSULMDWHOMD EL SULPLR EROMH 2Q JD GRGXรฅH QH รงHOL R]OLMHGLWL YHรพ PX MH รงHOMD .D]QRP JD SRSUDYLWL ยฒ QR WR PX MH QDMYHรพD JUHรฅND -HU MH NยทR VOLMHSDF รฅWR ]GUDYRJ YRGL X MDPX XVS 0W

$ ]OD VX 1DMYHรพD GXรฅPDQVND ]DPND L SULMDWHOMHYD JUHรฅND )UDQMX GRN WMHUD WDรฅWLQX RPHWDMX YHOLNH JUHรฅNH 3ULMDWHOMk MHU PX QDNRQ QHYROMD PQRJLK 1H GDMX XรพL X GRPRYLQX L VSDVHQMD OXNX

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I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

9LรฅH RG RVWDOLK RWDF GRN )UDQMR YLVRNR OHWL 6WXSD QD SXWRYH *RVSRGQMH XVS 'M NRML YRGH GR ]YLMH]GD +WMHGH ULMHฤ LPD XGDUFLPD GR]YDWL VLQD 1XGHรพL PX ND]QX ]D NUHSRVW D SODรพX ]D JULMHKH $OL X]DOXG ULMHฤ L X]DOXG XGDUFL QMHPX )UDQMR VYH Rฤ HYH SULMHGORJH RGELMH ULMHฤ LPD RYLP

ยช2ฤ H รฅWR รงHOLรฅ" 9DUDรฅ VH =DU GD SRQRYQR LGHP .UR] +DUuEGX YHรพ VYODGDQX" =DU GD VH SUHSXVWLP VPUWL 3UHPGD MRรฅ PRJX รงLYMHWL" =DU GD Xฤ HP X VPUWQL =DWYRU SUHPGD MRรฅ PRJX XรงLYDWL UDGRVWDQ รงLYRW" 1LMH WL GROLฤ QR UDฤ DWL ]D SDNDR RQRJ .RMHJ VL URGLR ]D VYLMHW VNXSR EL NRรฅWDOR WLMHOR

.DG EL VH QMHJRYLP UDฤ DQMHP UDฤ DOR NYDUHQMH VUFD 'REUR ]QDรฅ GD VPR VYL X QHNRM YUVWL SURJRQVWYD ,] QMHJD SXWXMHPR GRPRYLQX WUDรงHรพL XVS +HE VYLMHW MH 7R SURJRQVWYR YULMHPH MH FHVWD GRPRYLQD QHER .DNR OL WHรฅNR JULMHรฅLรฅ NDG WDNR L]RNUHรพHรฅ VWYDUL 6WDYOMDรฅ SURJRQVWYR LVSUHG GRPRYLQH SXW LVSUHG FLOMD รฟHPX VH ERJDWLรฅ NDG รพHรฅ XรงLYDWL VDPR WUHQXWDN" =DรฅWR VNXSOMDรฅ WROLND ERJDWVWYD" 6WDURVW VH EOLรงL *OXSR MH VNXSOMDWL VWYDUL ]D SXW NDG SXW MH YHรพ JRWRY

6YH รฅWR MH XJRGQR LPDWL NDVQLMH GRQRVL รงDORVW .UDWND MH NRULVW RG uPDQMD D NDG L]JXELรฅ GXJR รฆDOXMHรฅ =DWR GD QH EL GRN UDGLรฅ L]JXELR VYRMH 6SDVHQMH RVWDYL SRJUHรฅQD Xฤ HQMD SRVWDQL NDR 8ฤ HQLN EMHรงDWL YDOMD RG VYMHWRYQLK UDGRVWv SULMH 1R รฅWR RQH SREMHJQX VYH GRN YUHPHQD LPDรฅ XVS *DO

=QDM GD QH PRรงHรฅ LPDWL VYLMHW L %RJD QDSXVWL 6YLMHW L RERULW รพHรฅ JD GD RQ QH RERUL XVS 3RVW 3V WHEH 1LรฅWD QHSRVWRMDQR QLMH GRVWRMQR YMHUH 6YMHWRYQH VWYDUL SDN QHPDMX QLรฅWD VWDOQR X VHEL

6WRJD VH QHPRM QLPDOR SRX]GDYDWL X QMLK 9Hรพ VH UDGLMH X]GDM X %RJD EODJRVORYOMHQ ฤ RYMHN .RML VH X]GD X 1MHJD XVS 3V -U MHU QHรพH L]JXELWL GREUD .RMD PX SULSDGDMX YHรพ รพH รงLYMHWL YMHฤ QR =DWR VDP MD RGOXฤ LR RVWDYLWL VYMHWRYQRVW 8ฤ L L] PRJD SULPMHUD .DG EL SULSDOD WHEL 6ODYD RYRJD VYLMHWD FLMHOL WH VOXรฅDR VYHPLU .DG EL QD WYRMX QDUHGEX NUHPHQ JRYRULR VYUDNH รคXWMHOH VYH WR WL QHรพH PRรพL VSDVHQMH GDWL 6WLรงH WL QDLPH SRVOMHGQML GDQ NRML รพH WL RGMHGQRP

8]HWL RGQLMHWL VYH D WL รพHรฅ VH YUDWLWL JRO XVS 3URS L

L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

3DVW รพHรฅ QLรงH QR รฅWR VL YLVRNR OHWLR QHNRรพ 0RรงGD รพHรฅ UD]PDรงHQ VPDWUDWL GD *RVSRGQML MDUDP 1LMH QMHรงDQ QL EUHPH ODNR XVS 0W 6Dฤ XYDM %RรงH 1DYLNQL VH QD .ULVWD -HGLQR WDNR รพHรฅ PRรพL 3XVWLWL QDVODGH VYMHWVNH MHU QDYLND QDYLNX WMHUD ยฉ รฟXYรฅL WH ULMHฤ L UD]EMHรฅQMHOD NUXWRVW VWURJRJD RFD 1LMH SRSXVWLOD VWLVDN YHรพ MH VWHJQXOD MDฤ H 2GELYรฅL VOXรฅDWL )UDQMLQD VYHWD XSR]RUHQMD 1HRWHVDQD VLURYRVW QDMJRUD RG VYLK MH EOXGQML 0XGURVW QLNDG QH XOD]L X SRGPXNOR XVS 0XGU VUFH 7DNR VQDJD QHSUDYGH SUHOD]L JUDQLFH VYRMH รฆHOHรพL QHSUDYGX รงHOL GD MRM SUDYHGQLN EXGH 6OLฤ DQ DOL X]DOXG ยฒ VMHPH EDFD X SLMHVDN =D WR VH SREULQXOD GREURVWLYD SULURGD NDNR 1H EL NDNYD SULVLOD PRJOD SURPLMHQLWL YROMX 7R VH QDMEROMH YLGL QD )UDQMLQX SULPMHUX ยฒ VYH VH 3URWLY QMHJD XURWLOR SRGVPLMHK VXVMHGD VUGรงED 2ฤ HYD VWURJRVW ELฤ D XรงDVL ]DWYRUD VX]H 0DMฤ LQH 6YH WH VWUDKRWH MHGQRP VH RSULMHรฅH PXรงX 6YLP JD WLP VUHGVWYLPD YH]DKX GD EL JD SRYXNOL GROMH 1D ]HPOMX WDNR GD QH EL RGOHWLR VORERGDQ JRUH $OL ฤ HWLUL NUHSRVWL Rฤ YUVQXรฅH PX GXรฅX 3URWLY VYLK QDYDOD ยฒ ]DWR MH SRVYH VLJXUQD RG QMLK 6YH VX SURWLYรฅWLQH QHPRรพQH NDR NDGD EL PUDYL 1DPMHUDYDOL SUHPMHVWLWL FLMHOX SODQLQX

455

,SDN QLWNR VH QH VPLMH SUHNR YODVWLWLK VLOD .XรฅDWL XVS .RU =DWR PDMND QD %RรงML SRWLFDM VYRMRP 0DMฤ LQVNRP OMXEDYOMX รงDOHรพL VLQRYH PXNH GRN RFD 1LMH ELOR RVORERGL )UDQMX L] RNRYD 2Q SDN ,]Dฤ H DOL QH SREMHJQH RVWDQH EOL]X L SRฤ H

5DGRVWDQ L EH]EULรงDQ X REOLรงQMX UXSX 2GDNOH JD MH VPMHUQRJ L]EDFLR VUGLWL RWDF 2WDF YUDWLYรฅL VH L YLGMHYรฅL NDNR MH รงHQD 2VORERGLOD )UDQMX QDSDGQH QMH]LQX MDVQX /MXEDY NDR VNULYHQL ]ORฤ LQ L QDSXQL VREH *ODVQLP JUGQMDPD UXรงQR SVXMXรพL ฤ HVWLWX รงHQX =DWLP QDJOR SRWUฤ L SUHNR VYHWRJD SUDJD 'RKYDWL ODQFH ]D )UDQMX L VWUDรฅQRP PX ]DSULMHWL PXNRP 2YDM EH] VWUDKD UHฤ H ยช2ฤ H NRML VL Rฤ XK =DรฅWR PL SULSUHPDรฅ ODQFH ]DรฅWR PL PXNDPD SULMHWLรฅ"

456

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7YRMH PH PXNH L ODQFL QH PRJX VORPLWL WR VX 0DOMHYL NRML X]DOXG ELMX R OHGHQR JYRรงฤ H 3URNOHWH OL OXGRVWL ELMHVQRJD RFD =DU PHQH รฆHOLรฅ YDUDWL PHQH VWUDรฅQRP ]DYHVWL SULMHWQMRP" 8]DOXGQH VX WL YDUNH ]DYRฤ HQMD L SULMHWQMH 8]D PH VWRML .ULVW NRML 3XW MH ,VWLQD รฆLYRW XVS ,Y

=GHVQD PL VWRML GD QH SRVUQHP XVS 3V =D RSURรฅWHQMH 1HรพX WH PROLWL EzUL VH RGYDรงQR L MD รพX WDNR =DU QH GXJXMHP %RJX YLรฅH QR WHEL" =DU รงHOLรฅ 'D ]ERJ WHEH ]DQHPDULP QMHJRY QDORJ" =Dฤ HรพH 7L VL PL GDR 2Q QHรฅWR YUHGQLMH ยฒ รงLYRW WD 2Q QDV 6WYRUL XVS 3V D QH VDPL VHEH RWNXSL QDV QD NULรงX 5D]DSHW YODGDMXรพL QD QHEX VSDVLWL QHรพH 6YDNRJ YHรพ VDPR RQH รฅWR GMHOLPD GRNDรงX YMHUX /MXGVND MH YMHUD GDU RG %RJD VYL VPR VWYRUHQMD 1MHJRYD WNR JRG X QM YMHUXMH QHรพH SRVWLฤ HQ ELWL XVS 5LP

,SDN MDNR MH YDรงQR NDNYD MH ฤ RYMHNX YMHUD 0RรงH VH ELWL YMHUQLN XVWLPD DOL EH] VUFD ,OL REUDWQR RERMH WUHED DOL QL WDGD .DGD VDGUรงL RERMH QH PRUD LVWLQVND ELWL รฆHOL OL QHWNR ELWL SRWSXQL YMHUQLN RQ PRUD 1RVLWL GXรฅX X UXNDPD GRND]LYDWL YMHUX 'MHOLPD รคWR PL VDYMHWXMHรฅ รฅWR WUHED GD UDGLP" .RMLP รพX GMHOLPD GRND]LYDWL GD VDP YMHUQLN" =DU GD NDR L GRVDG RNROR YMHUQLNH YDUDP PDOR NDR NXSDF PDOR NDR SURGDYDฤ .XSDF รฅWR VQLรงDYD FLMHQX SURGDYDฤ รฅWR X]GLรงH UREX" 7UJRYDรฅWYR VH VDVWRML RG ODรงL L YDUNH =DUDGX VWYDUD QD รฅWHWX GUXJRJ QL SULMDWHOMVWYR 1LMH MRM YDรงQR QL VURGVWYR =DU รพHPR VPXWOMLYFD รฅWR JD รฟDN L VXVMHG SUR]LUH VPDWUDWL YMHUQLNRP %RรงMLP" 1HPD EH] YMHUH VSDVHQMD XVS (I NDNR EL X PHQL YMHUD %LOD XVDYUรฅHQD XVS -DN L GRQLMHOD PL VSDVHQMH 1HN MH GDOHNR RG PHQH ERJDWVWYR VWHฤ HQR YDUNRP 2QGD NDGD PH GRSDGQH WDOHQW LVWLQVNH YMHUH =D PHQH WRSD] ]ODWR L VUHEUR QLNDNYX YULMHGQRVW 1HPDMX รงHOLP WDNDY WDOHQW LPDWL YLรฅH 1HJROL ]ODWR YLรฅH QHJROL WRSD] L VUHEUR XVS 3V

7L DNR KRรพHรฅ YMHUXM DNR QHรพHรฅ QH PRUDรฅ 0HQH NRML VDP RNXVLR PHG %RรงMH GREURWH 1HรพH RG OMXEDYL %RรงMH ฤ LMH MH VDYUรฅHQVWYR 'RQLR ,VXV .ULVW RGYRMLWL QLMHGDQ ฤ RYMHN 1LWL DQฤ HR QLWL LNDNYH YODVWL QL VLOH

L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

457

1LWL QDGD QL VWUDK QL YLVLQD QLWL GXELQD 1LWL VPUW QLWL รงLYRW QL VDGDรฅQMRVW QLWL EXGXรพQRVW ยฉ XVS 5LP ยฒ

7DNR UHฤ H )UDQMR ฤ YUVWR VWLVQXWLK XVWD 2WDF YLGMHYรฅL GD MH RYDM QHSRNROHEOMLY 3RNXรฅD QD GUXJL QDฤ LQ NDG VH YHรพ QH PRรงH ฤ RYMHN 1DJRYRULWL QDVWRMDW รพH PX L]YXรพL QRYDF )UDQMR X]PH QRYDF EDฤ HQ NUR] SUR]RU ]D QMHJD

0DQMH YULMHGDQ RG EODWD L SXVWL JD SRKOHSQRP RFX 2FX WR QLMH GRVWD รฅWRYLรฅH VPHWQXYรฅL V XPD 2ฤ LQVNX OMXEDY EUDQL VLQX รงHOMQRP YLVLQD 1DMQLรงH VWYDUL RQRP WNR %RJD รงHOL ]D RFD 9LรฅH QH รงHOL ]YDWL VH RFHP L ]DWR รฅWR รงHOL 6WRSLWL XP VYRM V .ULVWRP L ELWL VXEDรฅWLQLN .ULVWRY XVS 5LP

6PDWUD GD YLรฅH QH PRรงH ELWL QDVOMHGQLN QMHJRY 6WRJD JD WMHUD GD LGH X ELVNXSVNX SDODฤ X SXQX /MXGL GD PX SUHG QMLPD RGX]PH SUDYR QD QRYDF 3ROMD NXรพH L SUDYD รฅWR SUHOD]H V RFD QD VLQD

.UHSRVQL )UDQMR UDVUฤ HQ ]ERJ Rฤ HYD ELMHVD 6YHJD VH WRJD RGUHNQH DOL QH VWDGH QD WRP 9Hรพ GD VH QH EL UHNOR GD LPD Rฤ HYR LรฅWD 2SLSD RGMHรพX RGYHรงH SRMDV L VYXฤ H VD VHEH 6YH รฅWR MH QD QMHPX ELOR SD ฤ DN L SRNURY ]D VWHJQD 6WRML WDNR JRO SUHG VYLPD EDรฅ NDR $GDP 2G QMHJD VH SDN UD]OLNXMH VDPR X RYRP 2YDM WR SRGQRVL YROMQR D RQDM MH SULVLOMHQ ELR 2YDM SDWL ]ERJ ]DVOXJD D RQRP MH SDWQMD 'RรฅOD ]ERJ SULMHVWXSD LSDN MHGQDND LP MH ND]QD

$OL V UD]OLNRP RYRP $GDPRY VWLG EMHรฅH YLGOMLY )UDQMLQ VH QH YLGL -HU ]DU QD WLMHOX ฤ LMX MH GXรฅX 2EXNOD ฤ HGQRVW PRรงH ELWL LNDNYD VWLGD" .DNR VH Rฤ LWXMH WD NUHSRVW" 3UH]LUH VYLMHW L 3UH]UHQD MH RG VYLMHWD L QHPD QLPDOR YROMH %ULQXWL VH ]D Rฤ XYDQMH RQRJ รฅWR LPD L VHEH 3RGQRVL UXJDQMH ODรงL RVWDYOMD RFD XVS 0W ]HPDOMVNRJ 5DGL QHEHVNRJ =DU MH NUHSRVWL รฅWR VH WROLNR 7UXGL GRYROMQR LPDWL MHGQR MHGLQR LPH" =DGLYOMHQ QMHJRYRP WDNR RGYDรงQRP NUHSRรฅรพX ELVNXS 8VWDQH L RQDNR JRORJ JD ]DJUOL QMHรงQR 2JUQH JD SODรฅWHP REHรพD SRGXSULMHWL QDXP 1MHJRY SD X] REHรพDQMH SRQXGL YODVWLWX SRPRรพ 7DNR VH )UDQMR RGUHNDR RGMHรพH QRYFD

458

I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

5LMHรฅLYรฅL VH VYHJD ฤ LPH JD GXรฅPDQLQ YHรงH 3Rฤ QH WUDรงLWL VDPR QHEHVNR QLรฅWD ]HPDOMVNR 3UHPGD WLMHORP QD ]HPOML YLรฅH MH QHEHVNL ELR *UDฤ DQLK QHJR ]HPDOMVNL QHEHVQLN NRML QD ]HPOML *XEL YULMHPH QD ]HPOML SUHPGD YHรพ EMHรฅH QD QHEX 6UFHP YLรฅH QD QHEX QHJROL WLMHORP QD ]HPOML

%RJD YHรพ JOHGDรฅH NUR]D ]UFDOR JOHGDR EL L /LFHP X OLFH XVS .RU GD RSQD X NRMX MH VPMHรฅWHQR WLMHOR 'RSXVWL QMHJRYRM GXรฅL GD ELVWUR SRJOHGD QDSULMHG 2WLฤ H WDNR JRO SUHG RFHP ELVNXSRP L SUHG *UDฤ DQLPD $VL]D $OL EXGXรพL GD MH =UDN X YLVLQDPD YODรงDQ SD VH QH PRรงH QLฤ HP 2SULMHWL WDNR GD PLMHQMD REOLN NDG QHรฅWR JD JXUQH 1HPD VXPQMH GD L JROH REMHNWH PRรงH 0LMHQMDWL SUHPD REOLFLPD NRMLPD L VDP VH PLMHQMD 1DรฅD SDN JUDฤ D QH WUSL QMHJRYH NUHWQMH EH] VWDQNH =DWR SUHPGD X รงDUX )UDQMR PLVOHรพL R WRP 6YMHVWDQ NDNR EH] RGMHรพH QHรพH L]GUรงDWL GXJR 3ULPL KDOMLQX NRMX PX SUXรงL QHNL VLURPDK 2WLฤ H LPDMXรพL VDPR VHEH SURJRQVWYRP 8 GRPRYLQL VWMHฤ H GRPRYLQX YODVWLWRP YROMRP 1Lฤ LP SULVLOMHQ SRVWDYรฅL MDGQLN VLURPDK RG VUHWQRJ %RJDWRJ DOL XVWYDUL SRVYH VH REUDWQR ]ELOR (YR JD KRGD X NDEDQLFL SUHSXQRM UXSD 2Q รฅWR MH QRVLR QRYH L]YH]HQH KDOMH RG PHNH 9XQH L รฅWR MH YHรพ X VNODGX V JRGLรฅQMLP GRERP 0LMHQMDR SHUQDWX RGMHรพX VYLORP L VYLOHQX SHUMHP KNJIGA ฤ ETVRTA Ovdje se govori ลกto je pretrpio sve od pljaฤ kaลกรข I redovnikรข te s kakvom je revnoลกฤ u pruลพio pomoฤ Gubavcima; kako je marljivo uzeo na se Kristu blizu Asiza staru obnoviti crkvu.

$NR MH NDR ELMHGQLN L SUDรพHQ PLORรฅรพX %RรงMRP ,SDN MH EH]EURMQH QHYROMH WUSLR NRMH EL -REH 6WUSOMLYRVW WYRMX XPRULWL PRรงGD L VORPLWL PRJOH 3RVWDGH SRSXW OXWDMXรพHJ ODNUGLMDรฅD %H] VWDOQRJ GRPD VLURPDรฅDQ MDGDQ QDSXรฅWHQ VPU]QXW ,VFUSOMHQ JODGDQ GUXJLPD WHUHW EH]YULMHGDQ VHEL 6WUDQDF L L]JQDQLN X URฤ HQRP Rฤ LQVNRP NUDMX .DNR EL X EROMRM GRPRYLQL ELR GRPDรพLQ

L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

*UDฤ DQLQ L LPDR VLJXUQR PMHVWR ]D OHรงDM 9DOMD LVSULฤ DWL SRQHรฅWR RG WLK PQRJREURMQLK PXND

459

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)UDQMR MH LรฅDR NUR] รฅXPX UDGRYDR VH FLMHOLP 6UFHP NOLFDR XVS 0W /N UD]GUDJDQRVW JD ]YDรฅH QD SMHVPX 5DGRVWDQ PLVOHรพL NDNR VH ULMHรฅLR Rฤ HYH JUHรฅQH 9ODGDYLQH L QMHJRYH ]DUDGH VWHฤ HQH YDUNRP .DNR NDR URE .ULVWRY D ]D VHEH VORERGDQ XVS .RU NURฤ L .DNR PX MH XJRGQD SRJXEQD รฅXPVND KODGQRรพD 7NR MH QDLPH WDNR NUXW GD V UDGRรฅรพX QH EL 3ULPLR SUHODรงHQMH L] ORรฅLMHJ VWDQMD X EROMH" 7DNR MH YHOLNH UD]ORJH ]D YHVHOMH X VUFX 1RVLR GD QD IUDQFXVNRP SRฤ H SMHYDWL SMHVPX

รคXPD SURQHVH ]YXNH GR XรฅLMX ORSRYk GRฤ H 2QL VNRฤ H L YLGH JD VLURWD L]JXEH QDGX 3RPLVOH GD LP VH UXJD SD JD XSLWDMX ELMHVQR ยช7NR VL"ยฉ D RQ รพH ยช.ULVWRY JODVQLN D รฅWR YDV VH WLฤ H"ยฉ 1MLKRY VH ELMHV UD]EXNWD WLP ODJDQLP SRYMHWDUFHP 3D JD ]JUDEH RQ RVWDGH PLUDQ EH] LPDOR VWUDKD -DR UD]ERMQLฤ NRJ GLYOMDรฅWYD NUDM NRMHJD SXWQLN 1H PRรงH QHNDรงQMHQ SMHYDWL PDNDU MH VLURW L QHYLQ รคWRYLรฅH VNXSR MH SODWLR EDฤ HQ X MDPX VD VQLMHJRP -HU MH SMHYDR VLURW $ รฅWR GD MH SMHYDR V QRYFHP" )UDQMR OHรงL X VQLMHJX D UD]ERMQLFL VH VPLMX

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6WUHVH JUXGLFH VNUXรพHQH SRVYXGD WH VX PX EUDGD .RVD L RGMHรพD ELOH WYUGH RG VPU]QXWRJ VQLMHJD 9HVHR รฅWR MH SUHรงLYLR UD]ERMQLฤ NR GLYOMDรฅWYR

9UDWL VH QD SXW V NRMHJ MH VNUHQXR QDVWDYL SMHVPX

460

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.RMD MHฤ DรฅH KYDORP 7YRUFX NUR] YLMXJH VSLOMk &LMHORP VH SDN รฅXPRP RWDMVWYR UD]OHJOR .ULVWD 7DNR X] SMHVPX SRฤ H L VWLรงH GR UXED WH รฅXPH 8ฤ H ]DWLP X REOLรงQML VDPRVWDQ ]DPROL GD PX 'DMX PMHVWR ]D PLUDQ RGPRU D RQL JD SULPH , GRN MH QRรพQL SRฤ LQDN EODรงLR QDSRUH GQHYQH 9ODรงQLML YMHWDU GRฤ H RWYRUL SRUH L OLFH =HPOMH RJROL MXรงQMDN SRVYXGD RWRSL VQLMHJ L /HG รฅWR VX SULMH WRJD VNUXรพHQL VMHYHUQLP YMHWURP 6YXGD QDVWDQX SRWRFL VYLP VH SROMLPD SURVWUX 9RGH L] RWRSOMHQLK JRPLOD VQLMHJD L OHGD 1RรฅHQR NDPHQMH XGDUDรฅH MHGQR R GUXJR รคXPDPD SOXWDKX RWNLQXWD GHEOD L JUDQH 9RGD MH XรฅOD GXERNR X ]HPOMX ]DWYRULOD SUROD] 6YDNL SXW SRVWDGH EODWDQ QHSUyKRGQH ELOH VX FHVWH -HGQH MH PRVWRYH YRGD SUHNULOD RGQLMHOD GUXJH 7DNYL SRWRFL QHPDMX RELฤ DM QHVWDWL RGPDK 1DLPH VWDOQR QDYLUDQMH RWDSD WLMHOD .RMD VX LVSRG QMLK L NDNR LK RWDSD WDNR 6WYDUD QRYX YRGX =DWR VH SRSODYD WDNYD 1LNDG QH SRYODฤ L QDJOR YHรพ GXJR SUHNULYD ]HPOMX รคWR GD Xฤ LQL )UDQMR EH] KUDQH L RGMHรพH GRN PX 5HGRYQLFL EUDQH GD RVWDQH YULMHPH GD LGH" 6 REMH PX VWUDQH RQDNR VLURWRP QHYROMH SULMHWH 1LVX PX VNORQL QL NUXWL GRPDรพLQ QL VXURYR QHER 6WUDรฅQLML PX MH GRPDรพLQ DOL QHYULMHPH VWLรฅรพH *UR]QLMH VWRJD MH QDGVWRMQLN SULVLOMHQ NULMXรพL VYRMX =ORYROMX V PXNRP RWUSMHWL L GRSXVWLWL ELMHGQRP *RVWX GD SULฤ HND NRG QMLK GRN QH RWHNQX YRGH =DWR รฅWR WDGD ]ERJ YRGH QH PRJDรฅH QLNDPR LรพL 'RN JD MH WDNR MXรงQMDN VLOLR ELWL QD PMHVWX /RรฅH VXNQR )UDQMLQR YHรพ RG VWDURVWL WURรฅQR 6WDQH VH NLGDWL QLW VH R QLW YLรฅH GUรงDOD QLMH =DGRYROMDQ SODWQRP VMHGQH NยทR OXGD X] YDWUX 1H PRJDรฅH ]DMHGQR JULMDWL WUEXK L OHฤ D 7USHรพL YLรฅH JODG QR VWXGHQ GRELYรฅL NUXKD -HGQLP EL ]DJUL]RP SRMHR GHVHW SXWD WROLNR -XKL VH QLMH PRJDR QDGDWL ยฒ QMRPH EL XJUL] 6PHNรฅDR SRERรงQD EUDรพD UDGLMH GHEOMDKX VYLQMH 1MRPH WD NDNR รพH OMXGVNX RGMHรพX GRELWL RQDM .RMHJ QH VPDWUDMX QL VYLQMVNRJ REURND YULMHGQLP"

L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

6YLP VH PRJXรพLP JULMHVLPD RGDR SRKOHSQL PRQDK -HU NDG QHXPROMLYL LVSRYLMHGDODF YMHUH 3DGQH X GXKRYQX WXSRVW QL RG ฤ HJ QH SUH]D QD VYD MH =ORGMHOD VSUHPDQ MHGQRP NDG SUYL SRฤ LQL SULMHVWXS 3RWSXQR VDYUรฅHQR QLMH QLMHGQR VWYRUHQMH รคWRYLรฅH SDGDQMH RQLK รฅWR VX QD YLVRNRM ฤ DVWL 0QRJR MH VWUDรฅQLMH 6ODYD DQฤ HOk /XFLIHU QHNRรพ %MHรฅH D VDG VH SUHG QMLP WUHVX QHPDQL VWUDรฅQH $GDP SDN รฅWR ELR MH PHฤ X OMXGLPD SUYL .DG MH ]DYULMHGLR XPULMHWL ]DYULMHGL RGYUDWDQ ELWL 7R MRรฅ GDQDV SRND]XMH XรงDV SUHG ฤ RYMHฤ MRP VPUรพX 7DNR L PRQDK NRML ]ERJ VYRJD VYHWRJD SRVOD 9RGL XGRYH &UNYH NDG SDGQH QD GQR WROLNR *RUL EXGH RG GUXJLK NROLNR JD VPDWUDKX EROMLP .DG VH WRSOLQRP MXรงQMDND L VXQFD RWRSLR VQLMHJ L 6WDR RWMHFDWL GRN SXFDKX OHGHQH NRUH )UDQMR YLGMHYรฅL NDNR VH VSXVWLOD YRGHQD PDVD .UHQH QD SXW XVWYDUL X ELMHJ NDR UDQMHQD VUQD 7Uฤ HรพL QH SD]HรพL NXG LGH VDPR GD LGH 3DYDR EMHรงHรพL L] รงLGRYVNH VLQDJRJH ,OL 3HWDU L] +HURGRYH WDPQLFH QLVX 7DNR YHVHOL ELOL QL VSDV RG Rฤ HYH YODVWL 1LWL RG ORSRYD QLMH PX GRQLR UDGRVW WROLNX 1LMH PDQMH KWLR RG ODรงQH SREMHรพL EUDรพH 1HJR 2GLVHM RG QHJRVWROMXELYLK VWUDรฅQLK .LNORSD RG /RWRIiJD LOL RG SMHYD 6LUHQk .DG VH YHรพ QDGDR GD MH RG VDPRVWDQD GDOHNR 6WLรงH X *XEELR EH] RGMHรพH WDPR JD SULMDWHOM VWDUL 2JUQH QRYRP KDOMRP GD EL L]JOHGDR EROMH , GD EL V PDQMH PXNH WUSLR KLURYH QHED 3RGQLMHYรฅL WROLNX ELMHGX ]D .ULVWRYR LPH XVS 'M

2VWDGH FLMHOR YULMHPH VDVYLP QHSRNROHEDQ รคWR VLURPDรฅQLML WLMHORP WROLNR MDฤ L L]QXWUD 3UYR VH SURรฅLUL JODV R QMHJRYX VLOQRP VWUSOMHQMX =ERJ QMHJD PX MH SRYMHUHQD ]D JXEDYFH EULJD 1LWNR VH SULMH ]D QMLK QLMH EULQXR WDNR 5HYQR SUHPGD QHNRรพ QLMH SRGQRVLR SRJOHG รฟDN QL L]GDOHND QD QMLKRYH NXรพH D VDG LP 3URVWLUH NUHYHWH EULรฅH NUY L ฤ LUHYH WDUH 'RWLฤ H XVWD SHUH QRJH RSLSDYD WUXOH 8GRYH ยฒ WMHUDรฅH VYRMX RGERMQRVW GD QDVWDYL GMHOR

461

462

I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

'D ELVWH ]QDOL VLOLQX VYHWH YDWUH X QMHPX 5HFLPR NDNR MH MHGQRP QD XOLFL JXEDYFD VUHR 9LGMHYรฅL GD MH JXEDY SULฤ H L MDฤ L RG VHEH 3ROMXEL JD X XVQH VNRUR L]MHGHQH UDNRP $OL QLMH VH EULQXR VDPR ]D JXEDYFH QHJR , ]D VYDNRJ SURVMDND SUHSXQ PLORVUฤ D ]D QMLK ,VNUHQR KWMHGH GD QLNRP QH XVNUDWL รฅLURNRJUXGQRVW 3UHPGD LPDรฅH PDOR RG QMHJD VYL รฅWR VX JODGQL รฆHGQL LOL JROL XVS 0W ยฒ GRELYDKX SRQHรฅWR VYDNRP 6DPFX ELMHGQLNX SURJQDQRP RQ MH GDYDR GREUD 6YDNR VLURฤ H XGRYLFD ,]O L NROHEOMLYDF SRPRรพ 1MHJRYX SULPDรฅH QDLPH JODGQRP MH ELR NยทR VOXJD รฆHGQRPX NDR SRVOXรงLWHOM JRORPX NDR RJUWDฤ 2VDPOMHQLNX NDR XWMHKD ELMHGQRPX NDR 1RYDF SURJQDQRPX NDR VLJXUQR PMHVWR 6LURฤ DGL NDR RWDF XGRYLFL VYDNRM .DR VXSUXJ D QHRGOXฤ QLP OMXGLPD NDR 'REUD VUHรพD XVSLMHYDMXรพL SRPRรพL VYLPD 6DP L WR YLรฅH QHJR รฅWR PX GRSXรฅWDKX VUHGVWYD .DG MH MHGQRP QHSULOLฤ QR VHEL L]YULMHฤ DR MHGQRJ 6LURPDKD WR MH LPDOR XWMHFDM YHOLN 1DLPH SRPLVOLYรฅL ]D LPH NRMHJ MH .UDOMD 7DM VLURPDK PROLR NDNR MH SRQL]DQ ELR .DNR MH PDOR WUDรงLR ยฒ RGPDK VH NDMDWL VWDGH =DWR GD PX WH VWYDUL QH EL X QDYLNX SUHรฅOH รฟYUVWR RGOXฤ L L REYHรงH VH GD QLNDG %XGH OL LPDR LรฅWD X]D VH RGELWL QHรพH 1LNRJD WNR JD ]DPROL X .ULVWRYR LPH 1LNDG QH GRSXVWL ]DYMHWX WRP GD RGH L] VUFD 5XND VH SDN QH XVXGL SURWLYLWL YODVWL 6UFD SD RGOXNH SLVDQH XPRP ]DSHฤ DWL GMHORP 7DNR SUDYHGQRJ PXรงD VSRVREQRJ ]D GLVFLSOLQX %RรงML SR]LY QD RSUHฤ QH QDฤ LQH Xฤ LWL PRรงH 3UDYHGQLN QDLPH Xฤ L L] YODVWLWLK JUHรฅDND GUVNR 3DGD SUH]ULYR SUHOD]L JUDQLFH SRVWDMH JUHรฅQLN 1R NDG VH XVNRUR SRNDMH GUVNRVW SRVWDQH NRULVW 3DGDQMH SULMHฤ H X GL]DQMH SUH]LU SRPDรงH ]QDQMX 3ULMHVWXS MH GLR ]DVOXJH JULMHK SDN ELYD SRERรงQRVW 7DNR X )UDQML VXSURWQRVWL UDGH MHGQD ]D GUXJX 6QDJD PX NDR L $QWHMHYD GYRVWUXNR UDVWH 6YDNLP SDGRP L EROMH VH ERUL NDGD VH ฤ LQL

L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

463

'D MH VYODGDQD )UDQMR RQH รฅWR SDGRรฅH MHGQRP 9ODVWLWLP SULPMHURP Xฤ L GD RGEDFH SRVUWDM VYDNL $OL RQD FUNYLFD NRMD PX MH X SRฤ HWNX .DG MH RG VYLMHWD EMHรงDR SUXรงLOD VNORQLรฅWH VDGD 8VOLMHG JROHPRJ VLURPDรฅWYD VWDQDUD L XVOLMHG 6WDURVWL NRMD VYH VWYDUL XQLรฅWDYD NDR L XVOLMHG /LMHQRVWL JUDGLWHOMD EMHรฅH QD NUDMX VYRJ YLMHND 7HPHOML MRM UDVNOLPDQL RG NLรฅQLFH NRMD 'XJR MH FXULOD V NURYD ]LG X UDVSDGX MHU MH 9H]LYR UDVWRSOMHQR FULMHS MH YLVLR GLMHORP 6 NURYD D GLMHORP ELR QD ]HPOML VYHรพHQLN KWMHGH 2GPDK RWLรพL X VWUDKX ]D YODVWLWL รงLYRW )UDQMR QH รงHOHรพL ELWL QH]DKYDODQ ]D NRQDN .RML MH GRELR WX L GD QH EL RVWDOR SUD]QR 'DWR REHรพDQMH VMHWL VH RWHWRJ QRYFD .RML MH GDR SD SUYR L]YUรฅDYDWL NUHQH 3UYR REHรพDQMH RELรพL FUNYLFX RQX &UNYD VWDMDรฅH UXรฅHYQD VLURWD SROHJOD VWDUD $OL )UDQMR Xฤ YUVWL UXรฅHYQR REGDUL รฅWR MH 6LURWR SRGLJQH รฅWR MH SROHJOR REQRYL VWDUR 2YR PMHVWR VMDMHP ฤ DVWL RVYMHWOMXMX JRVSH 8GRYH RYGMH L GMHYH V KYDORP UDGRVQR VOXรงH %RJX XVS ,Y PHฤ X QMLPD .ODUD VODYQLMD RG VYLK NUDVRWRP รฆLYOMHQMHP QDMVODYQLMD ยฒ YHรพH MRM SRKYDOH EROMH =DVOXJH ฤ DVQLMH GUรงDQMH NDR EDNOMD RG LVNUH .DR ]YLMH]GD RG EDNOMH NDR 0MHVHF RG ]YLMH]GD ,SDN SRKYDOH RVWDOLK รงHQD SRG GUXJLP VX VYMHWORP .UDVQLPD LK ฤ LQH VODERVW QMLKRYD VSROD 6SRURVW RVMHWLOD ฤ DVQR SRGULMHWOR L GUDรงHVW OMHSRWH $OL L SRUHG VODERVWL PRJX SRVWDWL VQDรงQH 3RUHG VSRURVWL Xฤ HQH SRQL]QH SRUHG SRGULMHWOD รฟHGQH SRUHG OMHSRWH %RJ LK SR]YD L] VYLMHWD XVS ,Y

3UHNR )UDQMH NUKNRJD VSROD L KUDEURJD VUFD 3ULSURVWRVWL JROXELQMH L PXGURVWL ]PLMVNH XVS 0W

1DRNR L]RSL DOL NRULMHQ YXNX RG FHGUD XVS .U

1HNH RG QMLK OLMHSH DOL SRWSXQR ฤ HGQH 9LGMHYรฅL GD MH VUHWQR RVWYDULR QDPMHUX VYRMX 'D MH NUDVQR GMHOR L GXKRYQL KUDP รฅWR JD VD]GD 8QXWUD NDR L RQDM YDQMVNL PDWHULMDOQL 9UDWL VH GR NDSHOLFH EOL]X $]LVD NRMD

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I I . Ž I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

-HGYD GD VWDMDåH XVSUDYQR SD çHOHþL GMHOR 'RYHVWL Gz NUDMD )UDQMR REQRYL UXåHYQX FUNYX &UNYLFD EOL]X RYLK 3RUFLMXQNXOD ]YDQD 3RVYHþHQD QD ĀDVW VYHWH 0DULMH VWDURåþX YHþ MH 6DWUWD ELOD SRVYXGD ]LMHYDKX RWYRUL åWDOD 3RVWDGH VWRFL L VYLQMDF SURNLåQMDYDåH NUR] QMX 3DGDKX WXĀH D YMHWURYL åLEDKX NXGD JRG KRþH $OL )UDQMR EHVNUDMQR OMXEHþL *RVSRGQMX 0DMNX 3RāH L GR WH FUNYLFH GD MRM SRPODGL VWDURVW 'RLVWD UXçQD RURQXORVW SRSULPL RQX OMHSRWX 3UYH PODGRVWL WDNR GD MH UXçQRþD NUDVRWX 5RGLOD GRN MH SRWSXQD SURSDVW VWYRULOD GRELW

KNJIGA PETA Peta knjiga govori kako je, slijedeći Kristov Nalog, samo u tunici vezanoj pâsom s tri čvora, Iznenada nastupio kao samouki vođa, Pa u slatke novosti uveo svoje slušače.

*ODYQL PX VWDQ WR PMHVWR EMHåH YUOR MH ULMHWNR 2GOD]LR RGDWOH çLYHþL PLUQR QD PMHVWX 3RSUDYOMDMXþL FUNYX VDGHþL ELOMNH X YUWX 6NURPQR MHGXþL L QH QRVHþL RGMHþX NDNYX 1HNRþ MH QRVLR QHJR NDNYX SXVWLQMDN QRVL 'RN MH ELR RQGMH KWMHGH UD]PRWULWL EROMH (YDQāHRVNX SULĀX NRMX MH ĀLWDR QHNRþ ª3RVOD ,VXV XVS 0W XĀHQLNH«© SD SR VYUåHWNX 2EUHGD ]DPROL VYHþHQLND SRQL]QR VPMHUQR 'D PX OMXED]QR UD]MDVQL 6SDVLWHOMHYH ULMHĀL

=DSLVDQH X SURĀLWDQRP RGORPNX 3LVPD 2Q PX SDN WXPDĀHþL QDORJH HYDQāHRVNH 2EMDVQL VYH SR UHGX NDNR MH WDGD *RVSRGLQ äDOMXþL XĀHQLNH QDORçLR VNURPQRVW GD LGX 6 RELĀQLP WXQLNDPD L ERVL GD QH QRVH ]ODWR 1LWL VUHEUR QLWL SRMDV QL QRYDF QL SXWQX 7RUEX QLWL åWDS XVS 0W ² 0N ² , GRN JD MH VOXåDR SRPQR 6DY ]DRNXSOMHQ SUHPD )UDQML NUHQH 'XK 6YHWL 3D PX FLMHOH JUXGL GDURP PLORVWL VYRMH 1DSXQL XVS 'M WH PX SRNDçH VWUPX VWD]X X QHER

1LWNR GR WDGD QLMH WRP VWD]RP WUDçLR QHER 1MX MH )UDQMR QDåDR QRYLP RGXåHYOMHQMHP

L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

465

6 EODJRP รงHOMRP GD LVSXQL VYX SUDYHGQRVW XVS 0W L QH +WMHGH QLรฅWD NRPHQWLUDWL YHรพ VH รงHOL 6WURJR GUรงDWL WHNVWD L YMHUQR SUDWLWL ULMHฤ L รฟHVWR MH DOHJRULMD NRULVQD LSDN GRVORYQRVW 8YLMHN MH EROMD MHU SULVSRGRED QH ]DVWLUH PLVOL $XWRUD YHรพ ULMHฤ L YMHUQR ]ERUH R WHPL รฟXYรฅL WUDรงHQR WXPDฤ HQMH SRVWDQH RGPDK 0XGULML RG VYRJ WXPDฤ D SD GD QH RVWDQH VDPR 3XNL VOXรฅDWHOM ULMHฤ L YHรพ L L]YUรฅLWHOM XVS -DN YHOL ยช7UHED GD Xฤ LQLP RQR รฅWR .ULVW QDUHฤ XMH WR MH 0RMD รงHOMD PRM ]DYMHW PRMD QDMGXEOMD รงXGQMD ยฉ 5Hฤ H L VYXฤ H VYX RGMHรพX NRMX MH LPDR RVLP 7XQLNH YLรฅH PX QH VPLMH UXNX UHVLWL รฅWDS QL &LSHOD QRJX QL RNR WUEXKD VWDMDWL SRMDV 3ULSUHPL VL WXQLNX X REOLNX NULรงD .RML SREMHฤ XMH L XQLรฅWDYD QHSULMDWHOMH 2GOXฤ L L NRQRS QRVLWL XPMHVWR SkVD %RMHรพL VH %RJX SUHSXVWLWL ND]QX ]D JULMHKH XVS -GW

3RVWDYรฅL VDPRPH VHEL VYMHGRN RGYMHWQLN VXGDF รคWR PX QLMH EUDQLR QLNDNDY ]DNRQVNL ฤ ODQDN 3URXฤ L FLMHOX RSWXรงQLFX L RVXGL VHEH , NDR ND]QX ]D SUROD] NUR] RJDQM NXรฅQMH VODELQH 2EMHVL NDR UD]ERMQLNH R NRQRS V WUL ฤ YRUD 6PMHUQR YUรฅHรพL QDORJ NRML ,VXV MH GDR 8ฤ HQLFLPD SRVWDGH Xฤ HQLN XVS ,Y ,VXVRY D L 8ฤ LWHOM SXND รงHOMQRJD SRรพL X ERM SURWLY 6ล GD =D WDM QRYL SRKRG .ULVW รพH GRQLMHWL SODรพX 7LMHOR MH SRVWDOR ELMHGQR ยฒ RJROMHOD JD SRERรงQRVW $OL XP MH GLYDQ ยฒ RGMHQXOD JD MH PXGURVW .DNR QH EL X]DOXG VOLMHGLR ,VXVRY QDORJ 8PRP QDGRNQDฤ LYDรฅH VYH รฅWR L]JXEL WLMHORP 3UHPGD QLMH SR]QDYDR QL 3HJD]RY L]YRU 1LWL GYRJODYL 3DUQDV EU]R MH VYODGDR QDXN 1DLPH SRVODQ RG %RJD VYHWLP JD LVSXQL RJQMHP 'XK 6YHWL XVS 'M ยฒ NRML GDMH ]QDQMH RQRJD รฅWR VH *RYRUL XVS 0XGU 1L RG NRJ Xฤ HQ SRXฤ DYDรฅH PQRJH =QDQFL ฤ XGHรพL VH GD R YLรฅQMLP VWYDULPD NDR 8ฤ LWHOM JRYRUL RQDM WNR QLMH QL Xฤ HQLN ELR 3ULฤ DKX ยช1LMH VWXGLUDR GDNOH QHPD รฅWR UHรพL ยฉ 7DNR ]DNOMXฤ XMH L]UHND NRMD VOLMHGL LVNXVWYR $NR QDLPH VWYDUL LGX SULURGQLP WLMHNRP ,]UHND YULMHGL SRUHPHWL OL VH SULURGQL WLMHN WDG

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,]UHND QH YULMHGL QD SULPMHU X VOXฤ DMX ฤ XGD =DWR OMXGVNH SUHGUDVXGH ]DPDJOMXMX SUDYR 6WDQMH VWYDUL QH WUHED YDQMVNL Xฤ LWHOM GDWL 3RXNX DNR L]QXWUD 'XK SRXฤ DYD XVS 3V 7DM MH 1DXN SULPOMHQ RG 1MHJD UMHฤ LWR รฅLULR )UDQMR 0Hฤ X OMXGH MHU RQR รฅWR %RJ SRXฤ DYD EODรงH 8OD]L X VUFH L MDVQLMH LGH L] XVWD 2 RWDMVWYD %RรงMD RG VYLK VDNULYHQD OMXGL (YR VYH MH ]HPDOMVNR QDSXVWLR UDGL %RJD (YR REUDรพD JUHรฅQH D MRรฅ MH QHGDYQR VHEH *UHรฅQLND REUDWLR VDG MH Xฤ LWHOM GLYDQ ,VSUHG VYRMLK VXJUDฤ DQD L VXXฤ HQLND $ SUHG QMLPD MH ELR EXGDOD ฤ XGH VH รฅWR MH 6WHNDR LVWLQVNX PXGURVW RQDM รฅWR VPDWUDQ MH OXGLP .DG MH XOD]LR X NRMX JRG NXรพX SUL VDPRP 8ODVNX XYLMHN EL UHNDR ยช0LU NXรพL RYRMยฉ XVS /N

0LU QMHJRY ,รฅDR MH VYDNRPH 0LU MH รงHOLR VYLPD 'REULP L ORรฅLP OMXGLPD VXJUDฤ DQLPD QR L 6WUDQFLPD SUL]LYDรฅH JD QD PXรฅNR L รงHQVNR

-HGDQ XJOHGQLN L] $VL]D VKYDWLYรฅL NDNR 7RJD ฤ RYMHND YDOMD VOLMHGLWL RGOXฤ L GD รพH 3RQLMHWL WHUHW RELฤ QLK VLURPDKD WH SUH]UH 1HVWDOQD GREUD VYLMHWD SD GD JD GXรฅPDQLQ QH EL =JD]LR ]JD]L VDP VHEH L ELMHGDQ SRฤ H ]D ELMHGQLP ,VWR Xฤ LQL )UDQMLQ GRPDรพLQ %HUQDUG ERJDWDรฅ 9Lฤ HQ $VLรงDQLQ YODVQLN PQRJR QRYFD L SROMk *OHGDMXรพL )UDQMLQD VYHWD GMHOD L QMHJRY 8]YLรฅHQ รงLYRW UD]PLVOL NDNR YHOLNX รฅWHWX 6SDVHQMX VWYDUD รงLYRW รฅWR WUฤ L ]D RYR]HPDOMVNLP 1MHJRYR SMHYDQMH SVDODPD L SRERรงQD GMHOD รฟXรฅH QH MHGQRP LOL ULMHWNR YHรพ YHRPD ฤ HVWR =DSUDYR XYLMHN 1L MHORP QL VQRP รฅWR EL YDOMDOR QRรพX

2Q QH SUHNLGDรฅH KYDOLWL %RJD L QMHJRYX 0DMNX =YLMHUL MH SREMHฤ LYDR SUHSXQ NUHSRVWL %RรงMH 0XGDU NยทR ]PLMD XVS 0W EXGDQ NยทR ]PDM SRNXรฅDYDรฅH )UDQMR 7DNR PXGURรฅรพX VYODGDWL ]PLMX D EXGQRรฅรพX ]PDMD รฟXGLR PX VH GRPDรพLQ รฅWR QH VWDMH QLNDG , รฅWR UDGL VSDYDQMD QH LGH QLNDG X NUHYHW 2ELฤ QD VRED QH GRSXรฅWD XOD]DN GLPRYD SD QL

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3DUD รฅWR VH X]GLรงX WDNR GD PDOHQL SURVWRU 1H PRรงH ELWL LVSXQMHQ GMHODWQLP X]URNRP VQRYD $ NDG VH Rฤ L XQDWRฤ RWSRUX PRUDKX QDNRQ 'XJH ERUEH NRQDฤ QR VNORSLWL QDSROD VYODGDQ -H]LN NUR] รฅDSDW MH PROLR PLฤ XรพL VH L GRN VSDYD 1DGDKQXW SRJOHGRP QD QMHJRY SULPMHU L %HUQDUG 2SUHPL VUFH RNORSRP SUDYHGQRVWL L รฅWLWRP

9MHUH XVS (I ยฒ SD SRVWDYรฅL WDNR QRYL YRMQLN X YRMVFL 9HOLNRJ )UDQMH MXULรฅD QD VWDURJD QHSULMDWHOMD 1DUDYQR VOLMHGHรพL SULPMHU YRฤ H UDVSURGD VYH L 3RGDGH VLURPDVLPD XVS 0W SD HYDQฤ HRVNH KDOMH 2GMHQX L SRVWDGH VWDOQL SUDWLODF )UDQMLQ 3REMHGD WD QDG VYLMHWRP VYRMLP MH SULPMHURP PQRJH 3RWDNOD QD OMXEDY SUHPD GXKRYQRM ERUEL 7DNR MH SUL]RU NUHSRVWL PQRJH SUL]YDR N VHEL 7D MH QDLPH UHYQRVW REUDWLOD GUXJRJ L] JUDGD รฟRYMHND SUDYHGQRJD L QHSRURฤ QRJD XVS -RE NRML 'XJR VH ERULR RVLJXUDYรฅL NRQDฤ QR WULMXPI 2VWDYL RVWDOLPD SULPMHU RVWDYOMDQMD JULMHKD

3HWL MH X WRM YRMVFL SRQLR ]DVWDYH SURWLY 6rGD (JLGLMH รฅWR รฅDUHQRP HJLGRP SUVD 3RNULYD GD EL NDG JD REDVMD LVWLQVNR 6XQFH XVS ,]

6LOQR ]DEOLMHรฅWLOR ]ODWR NULรงD L YMHUH WH SDPXN รฟLVWRJ รงLYRWD WH KLMjFLQW QMHJRYLK SDWQML 1DNRQ MRรฅ MHGQRJD GUXJD LVWR MH RUXรงMH VHGPL 8]HR EUDW )LOLS L]QXWUD SURPLMHQMHQ RGPDK 2QR รฅWR QLMH ฤ XR VWDQH JRYRULWL XVS .RU L รฅWR 1H ]QD Xฤ LWL GUXJH NRPH MH VPLULR VUFH ,OL RSLR XรฅL ยฒ ฤ XGQR LP RQ WDNYH VWYDUL 1LMH Xฤ LR YHรพ VX PX MXฤ HU WUHEDOH VDPRP )UDQMR SUYL YRMQLN L YRฤ D QDODJDรฅH VYRMLP 1RYLP YRMQLFLPD ERUEX GDYDรฅH XSXWH NDNR 8VPMHULWL GMHOD L ULMHฤ L QLNRP VH QHรพH 3UL]QDWL NUHSRVW DNR YUKRYQL 6XGDF QH VWUHVH 6UFH WDNR GD RQR QDVWRML VPLULWL VWDUH 7U]DMH WDNR GD VH L] SUYLK QH UDฤ DMX GUXJL 7DNR MH PXรงHYH ]DSDOMHQH OMXEDYOMX SUHPD 7ULMXPIX QHEHVNRP Xฤ LR UDWRYH NRML 'RQRVH WULMXPI QDG GXKRYQLP QHPDQLPD X] SULPMHU 6WDULK VYHWDFD L YODVWLWH NUHSRVWL GUXรฅWYR

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%UDþH QDSUHGRYDåH V WDNYLP YRāRP ]HPDOMVNH 0XNH GUçHþL QLåWDYQLP SUHPD XVS 5LP QHEHVNRP YHVHOMX $OL WROLNR MH PDOR OMXGL SRåOR X ERUEX 3URWLY WROLNR 6ŕGD L QHPDQL 3RçHOL VYHWL 9RāD GD PX QHER NDçH WUHED OL YLåH 6OMHGEHQLND SR]YDWL SXQD SRQL]QLK ULMHĀL 0ROLWYD SURGLUDåH XVS 6LU X QHER L %RJD åWR RQGMH %RUDYL VUFH VDVYLP L]UDYQR JOHGDWL VWDGH , GRN XQXWUDåQML SRJOHG SURPDWUDåH %RJD 6YHWL 'XK X )UDQMX XOLMHYDåH VYMHWORVW X NRMRM 8JOHGD EH]EURM EXGXþH EUDþH L] FLMHORJD VYLMHWD *OHGDR LK MH VOXåDR NDR GD VWYDUQR VX WDPR 1RåDKX )UDQMLQR RUXçMH VYL JD QD]LYDKX VYRMLP 8ĀLWHOMHP L YRāRP SUL]QDYDKX RFHP JODYDURP 6UHWDQ RG SRJOHGD QD WDNR YHOLNX ĀHWX 9UDWL VH L] ]DQRVD XVS 'M N VHEL L QD]RĀQRM EUDþL ,VSULĀD VYH SR UHGX NDNR MH YLGLR SUYX %UDþX SRG VYRMLP ]DVWDYDPD DOL L RQX %XGXþX MHU WROLNR þH ĀODQRYD ELWL X VYHWRP 5HGX QMHJRYX GD SR FLMHORP þH ELWL LK VYLMHWX 6YH MH WR EODJR V QMHçQRåþX QMLPD JRYRULR RWDF -Rå PX VH XYLMHN X NXWFLPD GXåH MDYOMDKX VOLNH .RMH MH YLGLR ² SULĀLQMDKX PX VH UD]QL 2EOLFL ]XMDKX PX XåL XVS 6DP RG RQRJD WXWQMD , GD VH ]QD GD WR QLMH ELR VDQ ELR MH VYMHVWDQ 'RMPRYD SULPOMHQLK WLP GYDPD ĀXOLPD VDY VH =DQRV XVWYDUL GRJRGLR SUL VYMHVQRPH VWDQMX 5DGRVW YHþD RG RELĀQH 0DOX REX]PH EUDþX 6UHWQL ELMDKX ]ERJ VDGDåQMHJ RFD L EXGXþH EUDþH , GD QH SRPLVOH NDNR MH L]PLVOLR EXGXþQRVW 3UHWND]D LP PQRJH EXGXþH VWYDUL XVS 3RVW R QMLPD 2YLP ULMHĀLPD SRQRYQR RWNULYåL VNULYHQX VXGEX ª3UYR QDV GMHĀLFH ĀHND YHRPD VODWNR SD PDQMH 6ODWNR YRþH SD QDSRVOMHWNX SRWSXQR JRUNR 6ODWNR GRN VH QRYL UHG EXGH KYDOLR PDQMH 6ODWNR NDG EXGHPR WUSMHOL VDEOD]QL WRERçQMH EUDþH 6DVYLP JRUNR SUHPGD PLULVQR NDGD SR VYLMHWX 5DVSUåHQD EUDþD RG OMXGL SUH]UHQD EXGX ©

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469

7DGD MRรฅ MHGDQ ฤ HVWLWL ฤ RYMHN ฤ DVQRJ รงLYRWD รฆHOHรพL X .ULVWX ฤ HVWLWLML SRVWDWL ฤ DVQL รฆLYRW YRGLWL SULVWXSL L RUXรงMH ]JUDEL 2GYDรงQX SRYHGH ELWNX V )UDQMRP รฅWR RGYDรงQH YRGL %LWNH SRG SRVYHรพHQLP YRฤ RP SRVYHรพHQ YRMQLN 6DGD NDG LK VH VNXSLOR RVDP )UDQMR LK RGPDK 6D]LYD VYH SD LK RGPDK SR GYD SRรฅDOMH XVS /N X VYLMHW 'D SRXฤ DYDMX UDWQX YMHรฅWLQX NRMX VX VWHNOL 1DODรงXรพL LP GD รฅWR JRG GD LK ]DGHVL EXGX -DNL X ERMX XVS +HE VWUSOMLYL X ERUEL WH ฤ YUVWL +RGHรพL SUHPD FLOMX L GD QH WUฤ H ]D VUHรพRP 'D VH QH ERMH QHYROMD QHJR GD RSUH]QL EXGX 3UHPD VUHรพL D QHYROMH QHND SULKYDWH UDGR 'RLVWD QHPD ฤ YUVWRรพH EH] QHYROMD ERUEH SDN QHPD %H] ฤ YUVWRรพH EH] ERUEH RSHW SREMHGH QHPD $ EH] SREMHGH NRQDฤ QR NUDOMHYVWYD QHPD QHEHVNRJ XVS 0W

2EUDรพDMXรพL LP VH UHฤ H ยช%XGLWH VYMHVQL .DNDY YDP MH SRORรงDM YMHUXMWH RYDM MH รงLYRW 6DPR MHGQD YRMVND XVS -RE X ERUEL X NRMRM VX REMH

6WUDQH REMDYLOH UDW MHGQD GUXJRM L QDVXSURW VWDOH 'XรฅD VH ERUL ]D QHER WLMHOR ]D ]HPOMX L ]DWR 8QXWDU OMXGL รฅWR PMHรฅDYLQD VX GYRJD ODNRรพD 'XรฅH YXฤ H X QHER WHรงLQD WLMHOD QD ]HPOMX $OL VDPR FMHOLQD PRรงH RGOXฤ LWL NRMD 6WUDQD PRรงH VYRMLP GMHOzYDQMHP VYODGDWL GUXJX 2QD รฅWR SUHWHJQH X FMHOLQL RQD MH MDฤ D 3D รพH GUXJX ]D VRERP SRYXรพL -HU NDR รฅWR MH 8 FMHOLQL RERMH LVWR รพH ELWL L]YDQD

$NR GDNOH SRELMHGL GMHOzYDQMH GXรฅH 2EMH LGX JRUH GRN WLMHOR YXฤ H LK GROMH 2EMH VWUDQH ฤ LQH MHGQRJD ฤ RYMHND ]DWR 1HNL VH QDGDMX GD รพH VH VORรงLWL $OL NDNYX 6ORJX LPD .ULVW V %HOuMDURP" XVS .RU 2EMH VH VWUDQH =D VHEH ERUH VDPR LK SRUD] VYODGDYD ]DWR 9DOMD SRUD]LWL JRUX VWUDQX GD SRELMHGL EROMD 3ULVLOLWL WLMHOR GD VH SRGYUJQH GXKX 8PMHVWR WLMHOX GXK XVS 5LP ยฒ 1HND UD]XP YMHUQL GUXJ GXรฅH 2GELMH PDULWL ]D รงHOMH SHWRULFH VOXJX

7LMHOD L QHND XVSUDYOMD NORQXOR VUFH L QHND 1LNDGD QH WMHรฅL XJDฤ DQMHP รพXWLOD VYRMD

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1HND VH QDVXSURW WRPH WLMHOR XçHWRP VWHJQH 6LURPDåWYD XVS -RE EH] WMHOHVQH QDGXWRVWL L QHND 3URQDāH çLYRVW L VQDJX GXåH LGXþL N QMRM NUR] 7UDçHQMH QHED QH çHOHþL LPDWL QLåWD ]HPDOMVNR -HU VLURPDåWYR X VHEL VDGUçL PXGUX VORERGX .RMD ĀXYD YUOLQH ² QH PXĀH QMX SRWHåNRþH 1H SODåH MX ORSRYL QLWL KYDWD VLWQLFH ,SDN PQRJL VXPQMDMX X QMX DNR OL RQRJ .RML .ULVWRYX YRGL ELWNX SULWLVQH PXND 2VODEMHW þH PX VWUSOMLYRVW ² QHMDN MH VYDNRP VH PRçH ELMHGD ĀLQLWL WHåNRP QLWNR SRVUQXWL QHþH ,VSRG WRJ WHUHWD DNR JD RGOXĀL QRVLWL GDOMH 7NR JRG MH YROMDQ PRçH VH ]DGRYROMLWL PDOLP 7R MH LVSUYD WHåNR QR ]DGDQD VNURPQRVW PRçH QDV 5LMHåLWL QDYLND MHU SRQDYOMDQMH PLMHQMD NDUDNWHU .DGD VH VODELþL çDOH QD VLURPDåWYR 7LPH YULMHāDMX VLURPDKD D QH VLURPDåWYR 'D JD VYDWNR QH WUSL QL QHYROMQL ELMHGQLN QH EL JD 7USLR 'D MH ELMHGQLN SRGQRVL VYDND EL ELMHGD %LOD SRGQRåOMLYD RG VLURPDKk VLURPDåDQ QLWNR 1LMH WROLNR GD QH EL PRJDR WUSMHWL YLåH 6ORERGDQ QMHQ MH PLU L PLUQD MH QMHQD VORERGD 1HVWDODQ MH KLU VUHþH QH UD]YODĀL RQD VH PROL , NRQWHPSOLUD UD]PDWUD VDPR YUKRYQR GREUR 1MX ]DRNXSOMDMX VDPR PLVOL R RQRPH JRUH 1HND YDP RQD EXGH YRGLOMD XĀLWH RG QMH 3D VH YDåD OLFD QHþH SRVWLGMHWL XVS 3V %RJ MH 3UDYHGQR RGUHGLR RQL åWR VODYD LK VYLMHWD 1H YHVHOL QMLK þH YHVHOLWL VODYD QHEHVND © KNJIGA ŠESTA Šesta knjiga opisuje kako je snagom molitve braću Raspršenu po svijetu sazvao natrag u jedno, Kako je Red uz apostolov blagoslov stao Rasti, s potvrdom statutâ i imenom novim.

5HNDYåL LVSUDYQH QDORJH ]D VYODGDYDQMH ]DOD )UDQMR LP QDUHGL GD GXåX L]ORçH VXGEL =DWLP åHVWRULFD RGRåH GYD SR GYD SUHPD WULPD 6WUDQDPD VYLMHWD D )UDQMR LK EODJRVORYL SD L VDP 6 MHGQLP VDPR YRMQLNRP SRāH QD ĀHWYUWX VWUDQX 7NR EL QDYHR NDNR VX UDVSUåHQL SR VYLMHWX 3HWDPD NUHSRVWL JD]LOL åLMH RSDĀLQD NDNR

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471

6DWULMHรฅH JODYX ]PLMH XVS 3RVW NRMD MH SRVYXGD ELOD 9XNXรพL XรงDGL JULMHKD XVS 3RVW VYH OMXGH X VPUW X SURSDVW" $OL )UDQMR QH PzJDรฅH GXJR รงLYMHWL EH] QMLK -HU LK MH QMHรงQR OMXELR ]DPROL 2QRJD รฅWR MH 6D]YDR Xฤ HQLNH X MHGQR QD PDWHULQ VSURYRG 'D L RYH VDNXSL UDVSUรฅHQH SR VYLMHWX 3RVOXรฅD PROLWYH ฤ RYMHฤ MH %RJ VYL VNXSD RGMHGQRP 9UDWLรฅH VH EH] GRJRYRUD 'XK LK MH LVWL 2NXSLR V GDOHNLK VWUDQD QD MHGQRPH PMHVWX 3LWDKX VH VYH YLรฅH รฅWR LK MH QDYHVWL PRJOR 'D VH WDNR EU]R YUDWH ฤ DN VH L )UDQMR รฟXGLR RQRPH รฅWR VX SRWDNOH QMHJRYH PROEH 2QL PX VH SUL VXVUHWX UDGXMX D L RQ QMLPD 3ULฤ DMX GRJRGRYรฅWLQH V SXWD L SRYUDWND VYRJD

รฆHOHรพL SRVWLรพL SULSURVW รงLYRW L GXKRYQX UDGRVW %UDรพH QHSRPXรพHQX QHNDNYLP QHPLURP MRรฅ LP รฟHWLUL PXรงD SULVWXSH ]JUDELYรฅL RUXรงMH GD SRG ,VWLP YRMVNRYRฤ RP RGEDFH รฅNRGOMLYH ฤ DUL 6YLMHWD WH REMDYH UDW ]ORQDPMHUQLP 6ล GDPD L GD รคXWHรพL RGELMX VYH ]DKWMHYH JOXSRJD WLMHOD .DG MH EURM )UDQMLQH EUDรพH MHGQDN SRVWDR EURMX รฟODQRYD DSRVWROVNRJ YLMHรพD QDVWDQX UD]QH *ODVLQH QHNL VX UHNOL GD VWLJOR MH SRVOMHGQMH YULMHPH

XVS 7LP -G

, GD รพH QHSR]QDWL UHG REMDYLWL QMHJD )UDQMLQR EL VUFH SDN RVYLMHWOLOD XVS 3V UDGRVW NDG JRG EL 7NR SULVWXSLR รงHOHรพL UDW REMDYLWL JULMHKX 1LWNR QLMH RGELMHQ EH] RE]LUD QD ERJDWVWYR 6WDOHรง LOL JRGLQH SULPDรฅH VYDNRJ WNR GRฤ H %H] RGDELUDQMD ยฒ GREDU ORรฅ YLVRN L QL]DN 6HOMDN L YRMQLN SOHPHQLWDรฅ L QLVNRJD URGD .OHULN L ODLN SURVW L SURILQMHQ VLURW L ERJDW 6OXJD L VORERGDQ ฤ RYMHN ]GUDY L EROHVQLN ยฒ VYH )UDQMR

3ULPDรฅH PHฤ X EUDรพX YHVHOHรพL LP VH VPMHUQR 1MLK SDN SULYXNRรฅH ULMHฤ L V EHVSULJRYRUQLP รงLYRWRP .RML LP SUXรงDรฅH SULPMHU ULMHฤ LPD XVS 7LW GDYรฅL WHรงLQX .DNR PX Xฤ HQMH QH EL OXWDOR NUR] QHMDVQRรพH 7DGDรฅQMRM MH EUDรพL XWYUGLR SXWRND] NRML ,PDรฅH VYLMHWOLWL X EXGXรพQRVWL XSXWL VYDNRM 3LVDQL REOLN MH GDR RGUHฤ XMXรพL GD VYH VH

472

I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

0RUD UDYQDWL SUHPD HYDQฤ HOMX $ GD VH QH EL 3RPLVOLOR GD VH ]Dฤ HWQLN QRYRJD UHGD 1DGXW XVS -GW GLรงH YLVRNR รงHOMD PX EMHรฅH GD VYH รฅWR =DSLรฅH EXGH WUDMQR X DSRVWROVNRP UHJLVWUX 7DG MH QD ฤ HOX VYLMHWD ELR SUHVYLMHWOL RWDF ,PH PX EMHรฅH ยช1HGXรงQLยฉ V SXQRP JD ]DVOXJRP ]YDKX .RULVQLP RFHP &UNYH NRML MH JD]LR WHรฅNH 1HYROMH GL]DR VUXรฅHQR VMHQRP LPHQD VYRJD 3ODรฅLR NUDOMHYH ]HPDOMVNH XVS 3V SRGORรงLR &UNYL 6YLMHW L &H]DURY PDฤ SRNRULR 3HWURYLP PDฤ HP 'RVWRMDQ VSRPHQD )UDQMR MH PXGULP L SDPHWQLP YRGVWYRP 7DNR YHOLNRJ RFD QDVWDYLR VYRM QDXP .DNR EL QDMYLรฅD YODVW VWDWXWLPD SRWYUGX GDOD 2Q VH ]DSXWL X 5LP GD RG UHฤ HQRJ 2FD 7UDรงL GD SURYHGH LVSLWLYDQMH QRYRJ 5HGD L GD PX XGLMHOL DSRVWROVNR SUL]QDQMH

6SUHPDMXรพL VH QD SXW RGDEHUH GYRMLFX EUDรพH .DR SUDWQMX QD SXWX , NDG VX XรฅOL X *UDG 6YHWL LK ฤ RYMHN XVS .U DVLรฅNL ELVNXS LPHQRP *YLGR .RML MH ELR WDPR XSLWD NRML MH UD]ORJ 1MLKRYD SXWD X 5LP SD NDG PX UHNRรฅH WR PX %MHรฅH GUDJR ยฒ MHU ERMDR VH GD VH VHOLWL รงHOH ยฒ 3D LK SRVDYMHWXMH NDNR GD RVWYDUH QDXP 3RWRP LK VDELQVNL RWDF SUHGVWRMQLN ,YDQ RG 6YHWRJ 3DYOD NRML MH PHฤ X WROLNLP YHOLNLP GREULP 0XรงHYLPD รฅWR WDGD EMHKX X .XULML ELR 1DMYHรพL L QDMEROML EODJR RKUDEUL ฤ DVQR 3ULKYDWL OMXED]QR SRJRVWL GDGH LP UDGRVQR SRฤ DVW $OL QH รงHOHรพL GD ]ERJ OMXGVNH QDUDYL NORQX 3D GD SURSDGQH QRYL UHG L GD YMHWDU RGQHVH 5DVSUรฅL LP รงHVWLQX GDGH LP LVNUHQL VDYMHW 'D QH OXWDMX RYLP QDรฅLP ]DUD]QLP VYLMHWRP 9Hรพ GD X VNURYLWL VDPRVWDQ LOL X SXVWLQMX RGX )UDQMR PX UHฤ H ยช=DรฅWR QDV VODYQL L YHOLNL PXรงX รคDOMHรฅ QD VDPRWQD PMHVWD D ฤ HND QDV EULJD ]D FLMHOL 6YLMHW" 7D QLMH QDP GXรงQRVW QRVLWL RUXรงMH VDPR =D VHEH YHรพ L ]D EUDรพX NRMRM ]DรฅWLWD WUHED รฆHOLรฅ OL PRรงGD GD QH QRVLPR VSDVRQRVQL OLMHN ]D 6YMHWVNH NXJH SULVYDMDMXรพL VSDVHQMH VHEL" *ULMHK MH VSDรฅDYDWL VHEH D QH VSDVLWL GUXJH

L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

.ULYFH SRSUDYOMDP MD QMLPD VSDVHQMH QRVLP 7R MH PRM WUXG WR MH NULรง NRML QRVLP XVS /N ,Y

WDNR MD รงHOLP .URฤ LWL ]D .ULVWRP L SUHPD HYDQฤ HzVNLP 5LMHฤ LPD VPDWUDP GD JD WUHED VOLMHGLWL WDNR ยฉ ,YDQ SRG GRMPRP WROLNRJ รงDUD RGYHGH )UDQMX . SDSL V NRMLP MH RYDM UD]JRYDUDWL KWLR %UDรพD SDN SRฤ X V QMLP NDR SUDWQMD ,]ORรงH SDSL 3UDYHGQH X]URNH VYRMHJD GRODVND L EH] WHรฅNRรพD 'RELMX RG QMHJD GRSXรฅWHQMH VYH VX LP PROEH 3ULKYDรพHQH L QLรฅWD LP RGELMHQR QH EL 7DNR GRELYรฅL VYH RQR รฅWR VX VPDWUDOL GD LP 7UHED VSUHPH VH ]D SXW D SDSD LP GRSXVWL SRรพL , EODJRVORYL LK X] QDORJ GD QDVWDYH LรพL 3XWHP NRMLP VX NUHQXOL L GD SR FLMHORPH VYLMHWX รคLUH .ULVWRY QDXN L GD XWRSOMHQLNH .RML X JULMHVLPD WRQX VSDรฅDYDMX ODฤ RP YUOLQD

473

)UDQMR VWHNDYรฅL GRLVWD YLรฅQMX QDNORQRVW %RรงMH 0LORVWL ]Dฤ XGL VH รฅWR PX MH XVSMHOR VLOQH 'DURYH GRELWL EU]R L V WDNYLP XVSMHKRP %RJ JD =DNOHWYRP VYRMRP XPQRรงL XVS 6LU QLWNR PX QLNDGD QLMH %LR UDYDQ X ฤ XYDQMX ]DNRQD 6YHYLรฅQMHJ %RJD XVS 6LU

1L X VOXรงHQMX %RJX SUH]LUX SUHPD VYLMHWX 9ODGDQMX VRERP VOXรงHQMX EOLรงQMLPD PLMHQMDQMX JUHรฅQLK

3REROMรฅDYDQMX ฤ HVWLWLK YUรฅHQMX YDOMDQLK GMHOD 5D]JRYRU V WDNR YHOLNLP RFHP UD]YHVHOL )UDQMX 2WLรฅDYรฅL RG QMHJD SRVMHWL SUDJRYH VYHWLK 3HWUD L 3DYOD L SRYHGH NXรพL UDGRVQX EUDรพX 7DNR VX UD]JRYRURP EODรงLOL WHJREQRVW SXWD .DNR LK MH EODJR SULPLOD SDSLQD PLORVW .DNR MH SRJXEQR VYDNRPH QH ELWL YRฤ HQ RG QMHJD .DNR MH PLOR GD EUDรพD รงLYH XVS 3V SRG XSUDYRP MHGQRP 'RN WDNR YDUDKX YULMHPH L SULฤ DKX PQRJR SR SXWX 6DVYLP QHSULPMHWQR SURฤ H YHOLNL GLR 'DQD L XPRU SRUDVWH RG YUXรพLQH L KRGD

7LMHOD SXWQLNk SDN RVODEOMLYDKX SDUH L] ]HPOMH 8PRUQL SRVMHGDรฅH QD ]HPOMX YHฤ HUQML VDW L 1DSRU LVFUSLรฅH LK D MRรฅ รงHรฅรพD JODG LK SR]RYH 'D X]QDVWRMH รงLYQXWL XVS 7Xรง QR X SXVWDUL รฅWR VH 3UXรงDOD XRNUXJ QHPDKX ฤ LPH SRYUDWLWL VQDJH

474

I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

$OL ERรงDQVND EULJD QLNDG QH QDSXรฅWD VYRMH 9MHUQLNH ]DWR VH SRMDYL ฤ RYMHN RG NRMHJD VUHWQL 3ULPH NUXKD 3RWRP QH]QDQDF RWLฤ H RG QMLK 2QL VH ]Dฤ XGH SD V SRX]GDQMHP XKYDWH MHGDQ 'UXJRJD XYMHUDYDWL X EXGXรพH ฤ LQH %RรงMH GREURWH XYMHUHQL X QDMYLรฅH GREUR -HU LP RQR รฅWR EMHรฅH GDMH QDGX ]D VXWUD

6DNXSL SUHRVWDOH XORPNH NUXKD XVS ,Y L VSUHPL 6YH X SURVWUDQX VSLOMX X NRMRM VX ]DMHGQR ELOL 1HNROLNR GDQD EH] รงHOMH GD RGDWOH RGX $OL WR PMHVWR EMHรฅH RSDVQR OLMHSR D YD]GD =HOHQR ELOMH UHVLOR JD VLWQLP YH]RP RG EH]EURM รคDUHQLK FYMHWRYD ยฒ ]DWR GD PDPFL RVMHWLOk QH EL 6YODGDOL UD]XP PRUDKX QHYROMNR RWLรพL GDOMH รฆHOMQR LK SULPL OMXEOMHQL 6SROHWR JUDG X GROLQL 7X VX PQRJL ELOL ]DYHGHQL SDWDUHQVWYRP $OL )UDQMR GRYHGH RYFH X RYฤ LQMDN XVS ,Y .ULVWRY %RรงMD ULMHฤ XVS 'M VMHGLOD PX JRUGR QD XVQDPD SRSXW -DVSLVD QD ]ODWX URVH QD SROMLPD FYLMHWND 8VUHG JUPOMD LOยท RJQMD X GYRUFX GRN GDYDรฅH QDXN 1HXNLPD QHEHVNRP MH YMHURP UHVLR VUFD .DR MDVSLV YODรงLR SRSXW URVH NยทR FYLMHWDN 5DGRYDR NยทR RJDQM LP VYLMHWOLR RVMHWH QMHรงQR 0LORYDR X QDMGXEOMLP NXWFLPD OMXGVNRJD VUFD 2QL SDN NRMH MH EROMH SRGER WUDรงLWL VWDQX 'D LK RQ NRML MH V QHED SULPLR VODYQX YMHรฅWLQX 3ULPL PHฤ X EUDรพX L GRSXVWL QRVLWL GLR 6YRMHJD WHUHWD NDR L GLR VWHฤ HQH ฤ DVWL 2Q LK R]QDฤ L VYRMLP ERMQLP ]QDNRYOMHP 5HG VH 1HL]PMHUQR SURรฅLULR DOL EH]LPHQ RVWD =DWR PX QMHJRY WYRUDF SRรงHOL NRQDฤ QR LPH 'DWL SD GRQHVH RGOXNX ]YDW รพH VH 5HG PDOH EUDรพH ,]YUVQR LPH MHU WNR MH PDQML RG RQRJD NRML 6NURPR MHGH L SLMH QHPD RJUWDฤ QL WRJX .RML VH QH RKzOv ERJDWVWYRP L XUHVRP NRML 6YLPD GDMH SUHGQRVW D VHEL QLNDGD NRML &LMHQL รฅWR OMXGL SUH]LUX SUH]LUH RQR รฅWR FLMHQH .RML JXEL VHEH GD QH EL L]JXELR .ULVWD" )UDQMR MH GDNOH V SUDYRP ยชPDORPยฉ QD]YDR EUDรพX 9HรพLPD VX QDLPH SUHXVND YUDWD QHEHVND

L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

.DG MH SRG WLP LPHQRP QRYL UHG SRVWDR SR]QDW )UDQML L QMHJRYRM EUDþL VNURPQR MH VNORQLåWH GDOD .ROLED V NURYRP RG WUXOH VODPH L VWUåHþLP WDQNLP *UHGDPD åWR þH L]GUçDWL WUL LOL ĀHWLUL GDQD 7LP VH VWDQDULPD VYLGMHOD XSUDYR QMH]LQD VNURPQRVW 7DGD LK QHNL VHOMDN QD PDJDUFX QRVHþL WHUHW 5D]MHGL VYRMRP JOXSRP L]MDYRP QDLPH NDG JD 6QDçDQ SOMXVDN SULVLOL RG QMLK ]DWUDçLWL ]DNORQ 2Q VH RYLP ULMHĀLPD REUDWL PDJDUFX ª8āL 5LāDQH XQXWUD QD VLJXUQR MHGQRJD þHPR 'DQD SRPRþL RYRM NXþL© .DR GD UHĀH ª2YD EUDþD çHOH QRYH GL]DWL NXþH © )UDQMR OMXW ]ERJ WRJ REHþDQMD L QMHJRYD GUXJRJ =QDĀHQMD SUHVHOL VH QD PLUQR SLWRPR PMHVWR *GMH LP QDSDVQL SXWQLFL QHþH VPHWDWL YLNRP

475

KNJIGA SEDMA Ovdje piše kako je učio molitvi braću I o njegovu ukazanju braći na javi; Kako je uspio biti bijedan pred svijetom i kako Želeći postati mučenik pođe na nemirno more.

*RUOMLYD VX EUDþD WDGD SRQL]QR VWDOD 0ROLWL )UDQMX GD LK SRXĀL NDNR GD PROH 2Q SDN QD WH ĀDVQH PROEH PLORVWLYR UHĀH ª6YL VPR XSOHWHQL X JULMHKH XVS %U L RSDND GMHOD 6WRJD QHND VH YDåD PROLWYD XSUH R SRPRþ 9LåQMLK QHND VH QH SRNXåDYD X]GLþL VDPD . QHEX YHþ QHND 'MHYLFD 0DULMD SRVUHGQLN EXGH 3UHPD .ULVWX D .ULVW QHND SRVUHGXMH GR 2FD 'MHYLFD QHND EXGH SR]GUDYOMDQD RYDNR ·%ODçHQD PDMNR ]GUDYR 0DULMR GUDçHVWL SXQD %LR *RVSRGLQ V WRERP XVS /N EODJRVOzYOMHQD PHāX æHQDPD L EODJRVOzYOMHQ SORG MH XWUREH WYRMH· XVS /N

3RQDYOMDMWH WH ULMHĀL VYH GRN YDP RGDQRVW WUDMH 3ULVMHWLYåL VH WDNR SUYLK UDGRVWL 0DMNH .ULVWRYH V 1MLPH GRāLWH GR NRQDĀQH VUHþH 1DNRQ SR]GUDYD 0DMFL QHND PROLWYD .ULVWX ,GH RYDNR ·äWXMHPR WH .ULVWH YODGDUX 1HED L ]HPOMH EODJRVOLYOMDPR WH 5DVSHWL åWR VL .ULçHP XEODçLR QDåH PXNH NRML VL VYRMRP 6PUþX REQRYLR VPUWQL URG · 1HND RYL YRGLĀL 1RVH RYX PROLWYX UDYQR ND QDMYLåHP 2FX

476

I I . Ž I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

·2ĀH QDå QHURāHQL SUHG WRERP QLĀLFH SDGD 6MDMQL GYRU QD QHEHVLPD LPH VH WYRMHJD ERåWYD 6YHWL GRāL NUDOMHYVWYR EXGL YROMD QD ]HPOML .DNR QD QHEX GDM QDP GDQDV QDå VYDJGDåQML NUXK L ' JH QDP QDåH RSURVWL NDR åWR ĀLQLPR L PL , QH XYHGL QDV X NXåQMX YHþ QHND 'REURWD .RMRP VL VWYRULR VYHPLU RG QDV RWMHUD =ORJD·© XVS 0W ² /N ²

7H VX L GUXJH PROLWYH XĀLOD SULSURVWD EUDþD 3RERçQR PROHþL PLORVW RG YLåQMHJD 2FD D QMH VX ,PDOL WROLNR GD VX PLVOLOL NDNR 6YHþHQLFL XYLMHN JRYRUH LVWLQX SUDYX 7DNR VH MHGQRP GRJRGLOR GD MH MHGDQ RG EUDþH 'RåDR QD LVSRYLMHG N VYHþHQLNX D WDM PX 6YHþHQLN UHĀH ª3D]L GD QH EXGHå GYROLĀDQ EUDWH© 0LVOHþL GD MH WR SULMHNRU XPMHVWR XSR]RUHQMH =D EXGXþQRVW RYDM ]DMDXND X WX]L , QH SULKYDWL SULMDWHOMVNH XWMHåQH ULMHĀL 0LVOHþL GD MH VLJXUQR GYROLĀDQ SD PX MH L] WRJ 5D]ORJD RQDM VYHþHQLN XSXWLR SULMHNRU .RQDĀQR )UDQMR XVSMHGH VYRMLP UMHĀLWLP ]ERURP 2WMHUDWL WULFH L VPLULWL ERMD]QL JOXSH 'RLVWD QMHJRYH ULMHĀL EODJRåþX VYRMRP VX PRJOH 8þL X QDMWYUāH VUFH GLJQXWL SDOH WH GDWL -DGQLPD QDGX WXçQLPD XWMHKX VOLMHSLPD VYMHWOR $ GD QH EL SRVXPQMDOL NROLNL MH XJOHG ,PDR NRG %RJD SRVODQ LP MH ]QDPHQ QHEHVNL 2NR SRQRþL NDGD 6XQFH QD QHEX NUDWL 6MHQH DQWLSRGk XĀLWHOM EMHåH GDOHNR 1HND VX EUDþD GULMHPDOD GUXJD PROLOD NDGOL 6SD]H NDNR V QHED GROD]H RJQMHQD NROD XVS .U

1D QMLPD NXJOD åWR VYLMHWOL NDR 6XQFH L åDOMH 1D VYH VWUDQH EOMHåWDYX VYMHWORVW RG VLOQRJD RJQMD äWR LK ]DVOMHSOMXMH EUDþD PRUDKX VNODQMDWL SRJOHG 3UREXGH MHGQL GUXJH ]RYX QD JOHGDQMH ĀXGQRJ 3UL]RUD VWDQX VH SLWDWL åWR OL ]QDĀH WD NROD 3UYR SDGDKX UD]QL SULMHGOR]L DOL QD NUDMX 6KYDWH GD WR MH )UDQMLQD GXåD NXJOD MH QMHQR 6DYUåHQVWYR NROD VX çLYRVW D VYMHWORVW ² OMHSRWD 8SODåH VH GD PX MH GXåD QDSXVWLOD WLMHOR

L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

477

1MHPX MH SDN GDQ SURURÄ&#x20AC;NL GXK XVS .RU ²

L ]DWR PX QHER 2WNUL NRJD VYH QHSURPMHQMLYL YMHÄ&#x20AC;LWL ODQDF 6XGELQH XQDSULMHG SUHSR]QD L RGUHGL GD EL .D]QLR SRNYDUHQH SULPLR L]YUVQH UDGR 6OLÄ&#x20AC;QH VYLP VLODPD YH]XMXþL ]D VH RG RQLK äWR VX UD]OLÄ&#x20AC;LWL EMHçHþL YRGHþL VYH QMLK 1LNRJ QH PU]HþL GDMXþL VYLPD SRÄ&#x20AC;DVW L SRPRþ %UDW 5LFHULMH VKYDWLYÃ¥L NDNR VH QDPMHUH VXGEH .DR QL WDMQH VUFD QH PRJX VDNULWL QMHPX

6MHþDMXþL VH VYRMLK QHJGDÃ¥QMLK SULMHVWXSD VWUDK JD 2EX]H GD RYDM ]QD ]D QMLK L]JXEL QDGX 'D þH VWHþL QMHJRYX WDNR çHOMHQX OMXEDY 'DMXþL PX GR ]QDQMD GD PX MH SRWSXQR ]QDQD 1MHJRYD ERMD]DQ )UDQMR PX UHÄ&#x20AC;H ª5LFHULMH Ã¥WR VH %RMLÃ¥" 1H PU]LP WH NDNYD JRG ELOD WYRMD NULYLFD 2NDMDR VL VYH VYRMH JULMHKH , RSURVW 6L ]DVOXçLR 8VS /N 3RVW ]DWR ]QDM GD GUDJ VL PL YUOR © , GD EL PX GUXJRYL SULYUçHQLML ELOL

5D]OLÄ&#x20AC;LWD VX ]QDPHQMD RWNULOD LVWX YUOLQX 2SHW VX VH VNXSLOD PQRJD EUDþD QD YLMHþH ² 8Ä&#x20AC;LWHOM EMHÃ¥H RGVXWDQ ² EUDW MH $QWRQLMH GXçQRVW ,PDR EHVMHGH V WHPRP ª1D]DUHþDQLQ ,VXV æLGRYVNL NUDOM© XVS ,Y ² L SRWRP XSULMHYÃ¥L XVS 'M

VH VYLP VUFHP 8 QHER X]GLçH RÄ&#x20AC;L XVS 3V L JRUH XJOHGD )UDQMX .DNR Ã¥LUL UXNH NDR GD YLVL QD NULçX , GD QH SRPLVOH GD VH R L]PLÃ¥OMRWLQL UDGL 6 QHED VH L]OLMH QD QMLK QHND GUDçHVW L VUFD %UDþH Ã¥WR VWDMDKX RQGMH LVSXQL GLYQLP YHVHOMHP XVS 7RE

7DNR ERçDQVND EODJRVW WDGD L RSHW NUR] UD]QD =QDPHQMD SRNDçH GD MH L NDG MH RGVXWDQ VLODQ 'D QH SULSDGD ]HPOML YHþ GD NUDOMHYVWYR LPD 3URVODYOMD RQD VYRMHJD VOXJX XVS /MHW NRMHPX QLÃ¥WD 1LMH QHÄ&#x20AC;LVWLMH RG SRJOHGD QD VYLMHW L NRML 1HPD QLÃ¥WD VYRMHJ RVLP QHLPDQMD QLÄ&#x20AC;HJ $OL SUHPGD QLNDG QLMH SRSXÃ¥WDR PHVX -HGQRP JD JUR]QLFD QDWMHUD GD VH QDKUDQL PHVRP ÿLP VH RSRUDYL SRNDMH VH ]ERJ NUYDYH JR]EH 3D VH RGOXÄ&#x20AC;L ND]QLWL 6WURJR QDUHGL MHGQRP %UDWX ODLNX GD PX SRVWDYL RNR YUDWD

478

I I . Ž I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

8çH L GD JD YXĀH SR $VL]X SRSXW *ODVQLND YLĀXþL MDNLP JODVRP ª*UDāDQL HYR 3RKOHSQL SDUj]LW OLFHPMHU VPUNQXWD OLFD XVS 0W

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1DGDOMH MHGQRP MH EUDWX )UDQMR QDORçLR RYR .DG JD JRG YHOLNDåL SULPH V YHOLNRP ĀDåþX 1HND JD ² GD PX RKRORVW QH REX]PH VUFH ² 7DM EUDW XKYDWL YULMHāDWL QDMJRULP JUGQMDPD QHND ÿDVWL JD SUHG VYLPD QD]LYRP ªWUJRYDF V EUGD© .ROLNR JRG VX WL QDOR]L ELOL WHJREQL EUDW MH 9UåHþL QDUHāHQR QHXPROMLYR )UDQMX 9ULMHāDR GRN MH RYDM V XJOHGQLFLPD ELR )UDQMR YUDþDMXþL PX OMXEDYOMX QD WH JUGQMH

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1LNDNYLP PROEDPD VNORQMHQ QH KWMHGH ĀLQLWL QHåWR äWR þH RGREULWL OMXGVNL VXG XVS .RU 8 WDNYRM MH ERUEL 2VWDR åHVW JRGLQD ĀLQHþL MXQDĀND GMHOD

7HçHþL VDPR ]D QHERP KUDEURP MH VXGELQD MHGQD ² .RMH JRG PX ]JRGH SRåDOMH RQ þH EH] PXNH 8VSMHWL SUROHWMHWL SRUHG QHYROMH VYDNH .UDWNR VH YULMHPH QHEHVNRP PXçX GXJDĀNLP ĀLQL 0LVOL GD NUR] VYH WH GDQH QLMH XĀLQLR PQRJR ,JUD PX GRGXåH YHþ GXJR L]JOHGDåH WXçQR 7XJD SDN NDR LJUD SRVW NDR MHGHQMH MHOR .DR SRåþHQMH RGPRU N·R ]QRMHQMH ]QRMHQMH NDR 2GPRU LSDN QH EMHåH PX GRYROMQR MHU MH ,PDR VLOQX çHOMX ]D QRYLP ELWNDPD SURWLY 7LMHOD SURWLY YODVWLWH SXWL ]D .ULVWRYR LPH XVS 'M

6UFH PX SODPWMHåH RG ĀDVQH çHOMH ]D VPUþX

L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

479

1LMH PRJDR ฤ HNDWL .DNR EL QDรฅDR OMXWRJ .UDOMD L GLYOMHJ UHGDUD NDR L YDOMDQL UD]ORJ 1DXPL SULMHรพL PRUH L SURSRYLMHGDWL SXNX 1HYMHUQLNk GD YMHUXMH รฅWR VH YMHURYDWL PRUD XVS +HE

,OL รพH VWHรพL ]D .ULVWD XVS .RU QMLK รฅWR รงLYH ]D VYLMHW ยฒ ]ERJ รฟHJD VX PUWYL LOL รพH RQ VDP PUWDY ]D RYX =HPOMX รงLYMHWL V .ULVWRP XVS *DO )LO

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L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

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L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

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L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

485

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L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

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488

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L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

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489

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9Hรพ VH VWDQH SR ]HPOML YDOMDWL XVS 0N 2Q MRM SDN VYRMLP

490

I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

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-HGQDNR MH FLMHQLR MHGQRJD VLURPDKD .DR L WLVXรพX PRรพQLND MHGQRJ QHXNRJ NDR 7LVXรพX Xฤ HQLK QLMH PDULR ]ERUL OL LVSUHG -HGQRJ LOL PQRรฅWYD UHYQR MH ]ERULR MHGQRP .DR L PQRรฅWYX D L]UDYQR PQRรฅWYX NDR L MHGQRP ,SDN RED]ULY EMHรฅH X UMHฤ LWRVWL L QLMH =ERULR MHGQDNR VYLPD ยฒ MHGQH VX ULMHฤ L ]D ]QDOFH 'UXJH ]D QHXNH RYLPD UD]MDรฅQMDYDรฅH QHNH 2ELฤ QH VWYDUL รฅWR VQDรงH OMXGVNL ]QDฤ DM WH VWYDUL .RMH VWYDUD JULMHK L NRMH GRQRVL NUHSRVW 3ULSRYLMHGDรฅH รงLYRWH RWDFD L VYH รฅWR 'RND] MH GD VYHFL L QDNRQ VPUWL VX รงLYL .ULVWRYD ฤ XGD GMHOD L QDORJH VYHWDFD PXNH .RMLPD VWHNRรฅH NUXQX D QDPD SRWLFDM GDMX รคWR WR SUHGVWDYOMD SUDYGD X ฤ HPX VH VDVWRML NULYQMD .DNYD MH ND]QD ]D NULYFH L ฤ DVQLPD RGOLNRYDQMH 2QLPD SDN รฅWR Xฤ HQLML VX รฅWR XP LP MH MDฤ L รคWR LP MH SULURGD GDOD RรฅWULMD รพXWLOD QMLPD 5D]UDฤ LYDรฅH QHNR RG GYDGHVHW ฤ HWLUL VUHGVWYD 3RXฤ DYDรฅH รฅWR SRYH]XMH NUHSRVWL NRMLP 5HGRP VYH VH RQH WYRUH RG ฤ HWLUL SUYH .DNR MH WHรฅNR QDรพL VUHGLQX NDNR MH NOL]DN 3XW รงLYRWD XVS ,]U L NDNR MH WHรฅNR L]EMHรพL NUDMQRVW KNJIGA DESETA Deseta knjiga pripovijeda kojim je rijeฤ ima papu I mudrace oฤ arao, ลกto je o buduฤ em papi Prorokovao, kako je mnogima skinuo teret, Smilovao se ovci, spasio ubogu janjad.

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L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

491

.DR L ĀDVQRPH RFX QLMH WUDçLR VDYMHW 8ĀLWHOMk åWR WXPDĀH 3LVPR QLMH QL NQMLJH *OHGDR QLWL YODVWLWX SDPHW YHþ MH RGMHGQRP 3XVWLR ULMHNX ULMHĀL NRMH QH SRVUþX QLNDG 9HçXþL PXGUH L GXERNH PLVOL MHGQX ]D GUXJX

äWRYLåH X çHOML GD LPD JRYRUQLĀNL QDVWXS 1LMH SULĀDR VDPR MH]LNRP QHJR L WLMHORP 0LĀXþL OLFH L XGRYH NUHWQMDPD SUDWHþL PLVOL 3RNUHWL VOLMHāDKX ]DNRQH JRYRUQLĀNRJ ]QDQMD 'D PX JRYRU ]ERJ VYRMH ODNRþH QH SRVUQH SD VH 2WSXWL X OXWDQMH XEDFLYDåH PHāX 9ODVWLWH ULMHĀL L]UHNH VWDULK N·R FYLMHþH X WUDYX .DNR EL ]JRGQR VSRMLR WXāH L YODVWLWH ULMHĀL 7XPDĀLR MH WDMQRYLWD SURURåWYD PRWULR VLOQH 3RQRUH =DNRQD L 3LVPD L QHMDVQRþH

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492

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L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

493

7DNR MH SUHGDQR RGEDĀHQLPD YUDþDR SRQRV 6YLPD XNODQMDR WHUHW çDOLR QH VDPR OMXGH 9Hþ L ]YLMHUL L VYDNRJD NRJD SULWLåþH QHåWR 7DNR MH MHGQRP LåDR NUDMHP RNR $QNRQH 6 3DYORP NRML MH ELR QD ĀHOX WDPRåQMH EUDþH .URĀHþL SUHNR åXPD L ULMHND EUGk L SROMk .DGOL X VWDGX NR]D L VPUGOMLYLK MDUDFD VSD]L 2YFX SD ]RYQH 3DYOD L UHĀH ª5HFL PL 3DYOH 9LGLå OL PHāX MDUFLPD L NR]DPD RYFX" 7DNR MH VUHG IDUL]HMD L SLVPR]QDQDFD ,VXV 6WDMDR =DWR ELK KWLR GD MH NXSLPR L L] 2YRJ JDGQRJ VWDGD VSDVLPR © 3ULVWDGH EUDW QR 1LVX NRG VHEH QDåOL åWR EL SURGDWL PRJOL 2VLP EH]YULMHGQLK WXQLND DOL VOXĀDMQR QHNL 3UROD]QLN SODWL FLMHQX GD VH RWNXSL RYFD 8āRåH X JUDG %LVNXS VH ]DĀXGL NDNR MH RYRM 'YRMLFL PXGULK OMXGL PRJOR QD SDPHW SDVWL /XQMDWL NDR OXāDFL YRGHþL VD VRERP RYFX .DG VX L]DåOL L] JUDGD SULPL LK OMXED]QR NXþD =YDQD 6DQ 6HYHULQR ² SULNODGQR VMHGLåWH JRVSk äWR VX %RJX SRVYHWLOH NUHSRVQD WLMHOD L VUFD )UDQMR LP SUHGDGH RYFX GD VH ]D QMX PDUOMLYR EULQX 2QH MH UDGRVQR SULPH L GXJR MH NRG QMLK %LOD ² RG QMH]LQH YXQH QDSUDYH WXQLNX )UDQML 3D PX MH SRåDOMX 2Q MH X $VL]X ELR 1D NDSLWXOX NDGOL XāH PRPDN L UHĀH ª2ĀH HYR WL WXQLNH åWR VX MH JRVSH RG WYRMH 2YFH LVSOHOH © )UDQMR SULPL XJRGQL SRNORQ 3ULĀDMXþL EUDþL R ]JRGL UD]YHVHOL EUDþX 7R åWR MH RĀHYD SULSURVWRVW LPDOD NRULVWDQ LVKRG 1LMH VDPR WDGD XĀLQLOD )UDQMLQD OMXEDY 7DNYR åWR YHþ MH XYLMHN NDG EL çLYRWLQMX ELMHGQX 6SD]LR SRPDJDR PROLWYRP LOL QRYFHP %H]EURM MH SULPMHUD WRJD D MD þX VSRPHQXWL MHGDQ .DG MH V UHĀHQLP EUDWRP SUROD]LR NUR] 0DUFKH .UDM RNR VSRPHQXWH $QNRQH ĀRYMHND VUHWQH .DNR QRVL GYD MDQMFD REMHåHQD QDJODYFH ² 1MHçQH LP QRJH SULWLVNDOD RåWUD XçDG D XVWD 3XåWDOD QHPRþDQ PHNHW SUHSXQ ]QDNRYD EROL 7DNYLK NDNYH LP MH PDMND SULURGD GDOD *OHGDMXþL NDNR VH QHGXçQL PXĀH X VWUDKX

494

I I . Ž I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

'D QH SUHWUSH MRå L JRUH XSLWD )UDQMR 2QRJD åWR LK MH QRVLR åWR þH XĀLQLWL V QMLPD 2Q RGJRYRUL ª,GHP QD WUJ GD LK SURGDP PHVDUX 5DGL NODQMD © $ )UDQMR PX UHĀH ª1H ĀLQL WR QHJR %XGL EODJ SUHPD EODJLPD QHNULYLPD QH ĀLQL .ULYR GD SULVWDQHå QD WR NROLNR WL QXGH GD XPUX ,VWR WROLNR þX WL GDWL GD RVWDQX çLYL © 7DNR MH SRERçQD SDçQMD KWMHOD QHPRþQH MDQMFH 6SDVLWL L GD PX QH EL X YMHWDU RWLåOH ULMHĀL 6YXĀH RJUWDĀ L GDGH JD ĀRYMHNX GRJRYRU SDGQH =DNOHåH VH RERMLFD )UDQMR ]DGREL SUDYR 'D RVORERGL VYH]DQH XVS 0N MDQMFH L GD LK RGYHGH

KNJIGA JEDANAESTA Ova knjiga govori kako je prirodu cijelu Poticao na slavljenje Boga i kako je braćom Zvao sve; kakva je osoba bio; kako je Božić Slavio složivši prikaz od osobitih figura.

9HOLND NUHSRVW ² PLORVUāH ² åWR PX MH ELOD GXERNR 8 VUFX EODJRP SRPDJDåH VWYRUHQMLPD MDGQLP %UDQHþL LK RG JUXERVWL SULMHĀHþL VYDNX RNUXWQRVW 1H PRJDYåL SUHWUSMHWL SUROLMHYDQMH NUYL ,VWD PX EMHåH EH]D]OHQRVW L EODJRVW ² N·R QHNL -DQWDU PLULVQL VDVWDYOMHQ RG PLMHåDQMD GYLMX 7YDUL ² EODJD EH]D]OHQRVW L EH]D]OHQD EODJRVW 7LP VH NULOLPD X]GLJDR YLåH RG ]YLMH]GD $OL QLçH RG VHEH GUXJ EMHåH VYDNRP VWYRUHQMX 6YH LK SR]LYDåH QD WUDçHQMH SUDYRJD VSDVD 3UHPGD VX LVSRG QMHJD SUXçL LP ĀDVW SULMDWHOMVNX 8SUDYR NDR +DQDQLMD ­]DUMD L 0LåDHO 6PDWUDMXþL VYDNR VWYRUHQMH YODVWLWLP EUDWRP 6YH LK SR]LYDåH GD SURVODYH QDMYLåH 'REUR , QHEHVD L ]YLMH]GH 6XQFH L 0MHVHF L WPLQX 6YMHWOR YULMHPH L JRGLQH REODNH SUHSXQH NLåH 'XJX åWR UD]QLP VH ERMDPD L ]UDNDPD UHVL *URPRYH L PXQMH REODNH NLåH L YMHWUH =LPH VWXGHQ L YUXþLQX WH QDNXSOMHQ ]UDN åWR 6WRML VD VYLK VWUDQD RNR VUHGLåWD VYLMHWD 'LçXþL VH GR QHEHVNRJ VYRGD YODçQRåþX VYRMRP 0LMHQMDMXþL VYH VWYDUL DOL L PLMHQMDQ RG VWYDUv =DWLP NULODWD ELþD L VYH SWLFH QHEHVNH

L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

0RUH รฅWR RSWDฤ H NRSQR D 0MHVHF JD SRPLฤ H WDMQR 6WYDUDMXรพL WDNR RNR VUHGLรฅWD YUWORJ /MXVNDYH ULEH L SOXWDMXรพX JRPLOX รฅNROMNL =HPOMLQX PDVX รฅWR VD VYLK MH VWUDQD X UDYQRWHรงL .RMX QHER EULรงQR QD MHGQDNRP UD]PDNX GUรงL %UHJRYH L GROLQH SROMD L OLYDGH UXGH .DPHQMH L ]UQFD SLMHVND รฅWR QHPD LP EURMD ,]YRUH XVS 'Q G L ULMHNH FYLMHรพH WUDYX L รฅXPH 8VMHYH YUWRYH YLQRJUDGH L PRรพQLMX YUVWX 2G VYLK QDYHGHQLK LVSRG NRMH VH QDOD]L YUVWD *PL]DYDFD XVS 3RVW SD VYH ฤ HWYHURQRรงQH YUVWH 6QDรงQLMH RG QMLK ยฒ QHNH SULSLWRPOMHQH D QHNH 'LYOMH ยฒ SD OMXGVNL URG NRMHP RVWDOL URGRYL VOXรงH รฟDVQX QHEHVNX ฤ HWX NRMD X UHGRYD GHYHW %RUDYL QD QHEX L VYH รฅWR X SULURGL ELYD ยฒ 6YH LK ]YDรฅH GD KYDODPD X]GLรงX 3UYRWQL 8]URN 1LMH SRรฅWRYDR VDPR SULURGX QHJR L OMXGVND GMHOD VLOQR MH ฤ DVWLR SRVYXG QDฤ HQH VSLVH 2GEDฤ HQH GL]DรฅH VSUHPDรฅH V YHOLNRP SDรงQMRP รคWRYLรฅH NDG EL VH VOXฤ DMQR GRGDOR VXYLรฅQR VORYR 2Q MH RQDNR EH]D]OHQ WDNR FLMHQLR SLVPR 'D VH QLMH VPMHOR EULVDWL VXYLรฅQR VORYR 'RVDGDรฅQML WH VWLKRYL PRJX XSR]QDWL V )UDQMRP $OL GD QH EL QHMDVQD ELOD QMHJRYD VOLND 3ULPL RYDM WMHOHVQL RSLV GD JD VH VMHรพDรฅ )UDQMR EMHรฅH VUHGQMHJD UDVWD RQLรงL PDOR $OL VUFHP RGDMXรพL SRMDYX GLYD .RVD PX QMHรงQD L FUQD RNUXJOD XVSUDYQD JODYD 8รฅL PDOH L GLJQXWH VOMHSRRฤ QLFH PDOR 8GXEOMHQH L X]YLQXWH ฤ HOR PX NUDWNR *ODWNR REUYH QLVNH L X SUDYLOQRP OXNX 7DPQH L RSUH]QH PX EMHKX ]MHQLFH RND 3RSXW PLUQLK L EODJLK EDNOML OLFH PX EMHรฅH 8JRGQR L VSRNRMQR QRV PX SUDYLODQ UDYDQ 2EUD]L XSLMHQL PUรฅDYL XVQLFH WDQNH 0DOH VQMHรงQL VH ]XEL SRUHGDOL JXVWR L UDYQR %UDGD FUQD L ULMHWND YUDW WDQDN V NRรงRP รฅWR YLVL 3RYLรฅHQD UDPHQD SRGXSLUDOD PX รฅLMX 5XNH NUDWNH รฅDNH WDQNH PUรฅDYH QRJH 6LWQD VWRSDOD GXJDฤ NL SUVWL UXNX L QRJX ,PDรฅH QDMJUXEOMX RGMHรพX รฅWR MH NURWLOD WLMHOR

495

496

I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

6DG NDG VL YLGLR WLMHOR HYR WL QHรฅWR R รพXGL 6UFH PX ELOR SRQL]QR SULSURVWR WLMHOR PX ฤ HGQR , EH] รงHQH RERMH VMDMQR L ฤ LVWR QD QHEX %RJDW L X]YLรฅHQ QD ]HPOML VLURW L VNUXรฅHQ 'DQMX JODGDQ L รงHGDQ QRรพX MH PROLR EGLR =QRMLR VH L VPU]DYDR WLMHNRP UDWRYD VYRMLK 2VMHรพDMH MH SRND]LYDR LVNUHQR QMHรงQR 6UFH GREUR L EODJR UHYQR L VSUHPQR QD SRPRรพ 2VMHWL RรฅWUL L รงLYDKQL MH]LN UMHฤ LW L KLWDU 8P PX EMHรฅH NUHSDN SURQLFOMLY VD VYLPD MH ELR 1MHรงDQ RED]ULY D SUHPD VHEL RNUXWDQ VXURY 0XGDU L SURPLรฅOMHQ X JRYRUX UD]XPDQ WUH]YHQ 8 SRVWXSDQMX RSUH]DQ L R]ELOMDQ NDG MH 7UHEDOR RGOXฤ LYDWL EU] L VSUHPDQ QD RSURVW 6SRU L KODGDQ ]D OMXWQMX UD]ERULW SDรงOMLY X VYHPX 0RรงGD รพHรฅ PLVOLWL GD MH VXYLรฅQR VOLNDWL WDNR 6YHฤ HY L]JOHG L รพXG QR WUHED L MHGQR L GUXJR 2SLVLYDWL ]DWR รฅWR SRVWRML UD]ORJ L NRULVW 7DNDY QDLPH SRWSXQ RSLV X RGMHOMNX NUDWNRP 3UHGVWDYOMD )UDQMX RQDNR NDNR JD ]DPLรฅOMDP NDNDY 0L MH SUHG Rฤ LPD SD X VUFX RVWDYOMD VOLNX .RMD MH GLMHORP VOLฤ QD SUHPGD QH SRWSXQR LVWD 1HPDQL L VYMHWVNH QDVODGH VYODGDYรฅL GDYQR )UDQMLQD RGYDรงQD NUHSRVW NUR] ERUEX MH LรฅOD GR ]YLMH]GD 1LMH WUDรงLOD QLรฅWD VPUWQR 0LVWHULM .ULVWRY %MHรฅH MRM GRVWD ]D UD]PDWUDQMH XWMHORYOMHQMH 5LMHฤ L QL SRWLFDMQD PXND X]DรฅORJ PXรงD 1LVX MRM GDOH GD LK ]DERUDYL ยฒ VUFH L GXรฅD 3ODPWMHOL VX PX RG OMXEDYL SUHPD QHEX 3RรงHOL VYH WR SUHGVWDYLWL ILJXUDPD ]JRGQLP 6YRMH XรงLYDQMH UDGRVQR GLMHOLWL V GUXJLPD UDG MH 7DNR MH MHGQRP URฤ HQMH .ULVWRYR VODYLWL KWLR 3D MH QDORรงLR GD VH QDฤ LQH MDVOLFH YRO L 0DJDUDF VLMHQR ยฒ VYRMX KUDQX ยฒ GRYXNX L VYH VH 1DEDYL รฅWR MH QXรงQR GD VH 'MHYLฤ LQ SRURG 'RVWRMQR SUHGVWDYL 1DURG VH VNXSL X FUNYL GD VODYL 6YHWX VOXรงEX ]DVYLMHWOH VYLMHรพH ]DPLULรฅH WDPMDQ 1DNRQ MXWDUQMH PROLWYH SRฤ QH VH VODYLWL PLVD 7RJD EODJGDQD )UDQMR VQDรงQR PHGHQLP JODVRP 3URฤ LWD HYDQฤ HOMH ]DWLP MH QDURGX รฅWR MH 6MHR SURSRYLMHGDR WH MH VWYUGQXWD VUFD XVS ,Y

L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

497

0HNåDR D L] WYUGRJD NDPHQMD WHNOH VX ULMHNH 2VMHþDM NULYQMH PLMHåDR VH V UDGRåþX VX]H VX SOMHVNRP %LYDOH VXåHQH UXNH åWR SOMHåþX YODçQH RG SODĀD %ODJGDQVND SMHVPD VH SURGXçL NUR] FLMHOX WX QRþ L 6OMHGHþL GDQ ² VYL VODYOMDKX 'LMHWH åWR URGL JD 'MHYD

3ULPDMXþL RWDMVWYD åWR ]D QM VX VODYOMHQD .ULVW MH 1DJUDGRP X]YUDWLR EODJR åWR JD MH EROHVW 1DGXOD R]GUDYL MHGXþL SUHRVWDOR VLMHQR 'RWLĀXþL WR VLMHQR WUXGQLFH åWR VX VH GXJR 0XĀLOH ODNR VX VH UMHåDYDOH EROL D GMHFD VX %H] WHåNRþD L]OD]LOD NUR] UDåLUHQ RWYRU 0MHVWR WLK MDVOL MH VDGD QD UDGRVW FLMHORJD SXND 0DOD NDSHOD SRVYHþHQD VYHWRPH )UDQML KNJIGA DVANAESTA Ova knjiga otkriva vrijeme njegove smrti; Raspeti mu se kerub ukaza; Kristova muka, Što mu je ganula srce, izbila mu je na tijelu; Bolnih očiju Franjo nije liječnika zvao.

(WR X ERUEL XSRUQRM GRN SULWLVNDåH JRUGH 2KROH åLMH VYODGDYDåH åWHWX NURWLåH VWUDåQH 1DND]H SURāH SHWQDHVW L WUL GRGDWQD OMHWD 'RN MH MHGQRP X )ROLJQX QRþLR ĀDāX *ULMHKD ĀLVWHþL L VYLMHWOHþL *RVSRGQMH ULMHĀL 0XQMRP EUDWX VH ,OLML XNDçH VYHþHQLN ĀDVQL 6OMHSRRĀQLFD REUDVOLK VMHGLQDPD D EUDW VH =DĀXGL WRPH 2QDM SDN SUR]ERUL ª)UDQML RGQHVL 9LMHVW GD EXGH VSUHPDQ NDGD GRāH PX XUD 6XāHQLFD MH SUHG YUDWLPD NXFDW þH QD QMLK 1DNRQ JRGLQH GYLMH WROLNR YUHPHQD LPD 1LåWD YLåH © ,OLMD MDYL SRUXNX )UDQML

2Q SDN VKYDWLYåL GD PX V EOLçL ]DGQML WUHQXWDN 2WLāH QD VNURYLWR L RVDPOMHQLMH PMHVWR 'D EL VWUHVDR SUDåLQX NRMD PX VH QD QRJH 8KYDWLOD XVS /N L GD PX 0DUWD VOXçHQMHP VYRMLP 1H EL RPHWDOD VUFH YHþ GD JD REX]PH FLMHORJ .RQWHPSODFLMD GD VH GR VPUWL SRVYHWL 9LåQMHP 'RN MH WX ERUDYLR XVS 0W X UD]PDWUDQMX L X 0ROLWYL QL V ĀLP RVLP .ULVWD QD XVQDPD L X

498

I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

6UFX %RJ JD REX]PH VLOQRP รงHOMRP GD VD]QD รคWR PX MH VXGELQD QDPLMHQLOD NRMRP รพH VWD]RP ,รพL VD =HPOMH N ]YLMH]GDPD ยฒ WR VH SLWDWL รงHOMQR 6WDQH %XGXรพL GD VH QH PRรงH OMXGVNRP YMHรฅWLQRP 7R LVWUDรงLWL NUHQX WUDรงLWL REMDYX %RรงMX =DWLP MH QD ROWDU VWDYLR GHEHOL VYH]DN 6 NQMLJDPD HYDQฤ HOMk SD QD NROMHQD SDGQH =DPROL %RJD GD PX SRรฅDOMH REMDYX SUHNR 2QRJD รฅWR VH RWYRUL รฅLURP UDVWYRUL NQMLJX .RMD VH RWYRUL QD PXFL *RVSRGLQD .ULVWD ,VXVD L GD QH EL L]JOHGDOR NDR VOXฤ DM 3RQRYQR RWYRUHQ VYH]DN SRQRYQR SRNDรงH LVWR , QD QMHJRYR ฤ XGR VWRSXW VH SRQRYL LVWR 3UHPGD QH LVWLP ULMHฤ LPD ยฒ XYLMHN MH VDGUรงDM ELR LVWL %LR MH ฤ RYMHN XPDQ XVS ,]U SD MH ]DNOMXฤ LR L] WRJ 'D รพH JD SULMH VPUWL WHรฅNL ELฤ HYL VQDรพL

.DNR EL WR รฅWR MH SRPLVOLR LVSUDYQLMH ELOR 7DNR GD VUFH PX QH EXGH X WDPL QH]QDQMD 1DNRQ WRJ YLฤ HQMD XVOLMHGL GUXJR X NRMHP MH )UDQMR 8JOHGDR รฅHVWRNULORJ VHUDID VSRMHQLK QRJX

5XNH MH VYRMH UDVNULOLR X REOLNX NULรงD 'YD PX NULOD QDG JODYRP ]D RGOD]DN X YLVLQH 'YD GD ]DNULMH WLMHOR GYD GD OHWMHWL XVS ,] (] G PRรงH 7D VX GYD ]DGQMD NULOD ELOD SROHWMHWL VSUHPQD 3RJOHG PX RVWDQH SULNRYDQ VXJUDฤ DQLQD VNRURJ 5DGRVQLP Xฤ LQL GROD]DN XJOHGQRJ รงLWHOMD QHED ,SDN QH EMHรฅH PX MDVQR ยฒ ]EXQMHQ MH รงHOLR ]QDWL รคWR PX KRรพH UHรพL WD ฤ XGQRYDWD VOLND =DรฅWR WDM SULND] EH] PXNH รงHOL SUHGVWDYOMDWL PXNX 7D VX JD SLWDQMD VLOQR REX]LPDOD GRN QLMH

1D VHEL QDรฅDR RQR รฅWR WUDรงLR MH QD QMHPX 1DLPH .ULVWRYD PXND WROLNR PX MH GXERNR %LOD X VUFX WROLNR XVDฤ HQD X GXรฅX 'D VH YLรฅH QLMH PRJOD VDNULWL SD VH ,]OLOD YDQ L X PHVR XWLVQXOD VYRM SUHVOLN 7DNR GD VX PX XGRYL NDR SUR]LUQL ELOL 3HW VH 2WNXSLWHOMHYLK UDQD VYDND QD VYRPH 0MHVWX SRNDรงH QD QMHPX ERN PX EDรฅ NDR GD JD .RSOMH SURERGH L]QDG รฅDND L VWRSDOD NDR 'D VX ฤ DYOL รฅWR VWRMH SRYLรฅH WLMHOD WH VYRMH

2WLVNH VWDYOMDMX QD PMHVWD รฅWR VX LVSRG QMLK

L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

499

7LMHOR QDLPH VUDVOR VD VPUรพX XVS 5LP *RVSRGQMRP VDVYLP 3RGORรงQR YODVWL GXรฅH WUSHรพL รงYDNDOR QLMH 1HJR YUรฅLOR YH]DQLK XVWD XVS .RU 3Q]

NRVWULMHW JD VWHJOD 5DQLOD VNUรฅLOL QDSRUL VLWQL L]MHGDOL FUYL 6WXGHQ JD VPU]QXOD YDWUD LVWRSLOD LVSLOD JODG , .RQDฤ QR QDNRQ WROLNR ERUEL WROLNR WHJRED รคWR VX JD VYODGDOH RVMHWL NDNR EROHVWL UD]QH 1DVUรพX ยฒ RQR SDN VODER QH PRJDรฅH SUXรงLWL RWSRU 2EODFL ]DVWUOL PDJOD PX SUHNULOD NUDVQH GUDJXOMH รฟHOD SUR]RUH GXรฅH QHSRGQRรฅOMLYH EROL =DKYDWH PX Rฤ QL รงLYDF RG ]DUD]QH YRGH =MHQLFD PX VH ]DFUYHQL YMHฤ H SUHNULMX SRJOHG -HU VX QDWHNOH QDGUDรงHQRVW ]DVWUH PX YLGLN 6DPL ERORYL ]YDKX UXNH D SUVWL NDG KWMHGQX 'RQLMHWL RODNรฅDQMH RGQHVX JD GRGLUL WL VX 2WURYQL ยฒ SUHPGD SRPDรงX ]DSUDYR ฤ LQH MRรฅ JRUH 2G WRJD RVODEL VSRVREQRVW YLGD WR SRฤ QH %LWL VYH ฤ HรฅรพH D XQXWUDรฅQMRVW VH NDSDND VWDQH *XOLWL XSDOL VH X VHGDP RYRMk YRGD 7USHรพL YLรฅH QR รฅWR EL PRJDR SRMPLWL LWNR 1H SUHWUSMHYรฅL LVWR VPLUHQR L VD VWUSOMHQMHP 7MHOHVQX ERO MH WUSLR GD VH QH SRPLVOL NDNR 2GELMD ELฤ HYH %RรงMH QH KWMHGH OLMHฤ QLNH ]YDWL $OL EUDW VH ,OLMD VLOQR VDรงDOL QD QM L 0QRJLP JD QDJRYRULPD VWDQH QDYRGLWL GD VYRP 7LMHOX GRSXVWL OLMHฤ HQMH ]DNOMXฤ LYรฅL V NUDOMHP 6DORPRQRP GD 9LรฅQML VWYRUL XVS 6LU ]D OMXGH XPLMHรพH 7R VSDVRQRVQR NDR L OMHNRYLWH WUDYH 'D EL QD =HPOML ELOR RODNรฅDQMD ]D EROL 3RVOXรฅDYรฅL GREURKRWQR QDJRYDUDQMH EUDWD ,OLMH GRSXVWL GD VH SR]RYX OLMHฤ QLFL DOL 2QL QH SRPRJRรฅH REOR]L V NRULMHQMHP GREULP 1H VDPR GD QH PRJDKX VYODGDWL EROHVW YHรพ VYDNL 3RNXรฅDM GRGDWQR QDGUDรงL Rฤ L L VXSURWQL LVKRG ,]D]RYH SRSXW VNULYHQRJ RJQMD X รงLYRP 9DSQX ยฒ NDG RVMHWL YRGX รงHรฅรพH VH ]DรงDUL EXNQH 3RWRP RGMHGQRP LVSXVWL GLP NRMLP ]DPXWL SRJOHG

500

I I . Ž I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

9LGMHYåL GD PX WL REOR]L QH SRPDçX QLåWD 9Hþ PX VH VWDQMH VDPR MRå YLåH SRJRUåDYD SRāH 8 5LHWL WMHUDQ RG EUDþH ² QDYRGQR RQGMH æLYOMDåH L]YUVWDQ OLMHĀQLN NRMHP MH SR L]OMHĀHQMH 'RåDR EROHVQLN åWR VDP MH L]OLMHĀLR PQRJH

KNJIGA TRINAESTA Trinaesta knjiga piše kako mu liječenje nije Nimalo pomoglo; kako, odvezen u grad Asiz, Nije strahovao od smrtnoga časa i kako Pjevaše kao labud svoju pogrebnu pjesmu.

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L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

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501

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502

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L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

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503

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504

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L e genda o sv. Franji u sti hu

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505

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2. 1DNRQ รฅWR VH QDYUรฅLOR JRGLQD RG XWMHORYOMHQMD *RV SRGQMHJ X PMHVHFX WUDYQMX GDQD XRฤ L VYLEDQMVNLK NDOHQGD WM WUDYQMD %RJ YLGMHYรฅL GD MH QMHJRY QDURG NRML MH ELR RWNXSLR GUDJRFMHQRP NUYOMX -HGLQRURฤ HQRJD 6LQD VYRJD ]DERUDYLR QMHJRYH ]DSRYLMHGL L GD MH QH]DKYDODQ ]D GREURฤ LQVWYD L NRMHP VH LDNR MH ]DVOXรงLR VPUW GXJR YUHPHQD ELR VPLORYDR MRรฅ XYLMHN LSDN QH รงHOHรพL VPUWL JUHรฅQLND QHJR GD VH REUDWL L GD รงLYL XVS (] JDQXW VYR MLP SUHGREURVWLYLP PLORVUฤ HP KWLR MH UDGQLNH SRVODWL X รงHWYX VYRMX XVS 0W

3. , SURVYLMHWOLR MH ฤ RYMHND NRML ELMDรฅH X JUDGX $VL]X LPHQRP )UDQMR L SR ]DQLPDQMX WUJRYDF YUOR WDรฅWRJ XSUDYLWHOMD VYMHWRYQRJ ERJDWVWYD 4. .DG MH RYDM MHGQRJD GDQD X VSUHPLรฅWX X NRMHP MH RELฤ QR SURGDYDR VXNQR ]DEULQXW UD]PLรฅOMDR R WDNYLP SRVORYLPD SRMDYLR VH QHNL VLURPDK WUDรงHรพL RG QMHJD GD PX ]D OMXEDY %RรงMX GDGQH PL ORVWLQMX 1MHJD MH VSRPHQXWL )UDQMR ]DVOLMHSOMHQ UD]PLรฅOMDQMHP R 513

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ERJDWVWYX L EULJRP ]D SULMH QDYHGHQH VWYDUL RWSXVWLR XVNUDWLYรฅL PX PLORVWLQMX .DG MH RQDM RWLรฅDR SURYLฤ HQ ERรงDQVNRP PLORรฅรพX SRฤ HR MH VDP VHEH RSWXรงLYDWL ]D YHOLNX JUXERVW JRYRUHรพL ยช'D MH ]D QHNRJ YHOLNRJD JURID LOL EDUXQD QMHJRY VLURPDK WUDรงLR WL EL PX ELR SUXรงLR RQR รฅWR PROL .ROLNR VL YLรฅH WR PRUDR Xฤ LQLWL ]D .UDOMD NUDOMHYD L ]D *RVSRGDUD XVS 2WN VYLMX"ยฉ =ERJ WRJD MH WDGD X VYRP VUFX RGOXฤ LR GD XEXGXรพH QHรพH QLNR PH RGELWL RQR รฅWR EXGH PROLR ]D WROLNRJD *RVSRGDUD , SR]YDYรฅL N VHEL VSRPHQXWRJ VLURPDKD XGLMHOLR PX MH PLORVWLQMX 2 VUFD OL NDรงHP SXQRJ VYDNH PLORVWL SORGQRJ L SURVYLMHWOMH QRJ 2 ฤ YUVWH OL L VYHWH RGOXNH NRMX MH VOLMHGLOR GLYQR L QHRฤ HNL YDQR RVRELWR SURVYMHWOMHQMH R EXGXรพQRVWL , GRLVWD QLMH ฤ XGQR MHU MH ULMHฤ MX REOLNRYDQRP 'XKRP 6YHWLP ,]DLMD YLNDR 'DGHรฅ OL NUXKD JODGQRPH QDVLWLรฅ OL SRWODฤ HQRJ WYRMD รพH VYMHWORVW ]DVMDWL X WPLQL L WDPD รพH WYRMD NDR SRGQH SRVWDWL ,] , .DG SRGLMHOLรฅ NUXK VYRM V JODGQLPDยซ WDG รพH VLQXWยท SRSXW ]RUH WYRMD VYMHWORVWยซ L SUHG WRERP รพH LรพL WYRMD SUDYGD XVS ,] ยฒ

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2Q VH RGPDK SR ERรงDQVNRM PLORVWL NDNR VH QMHPX VDPRP ฤ LQL OR SURPLMHQLR X GUXJRJ ฤ RYMHND XVS 6DP

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9. +RGDMXรพL ERVRQRJ ELMDรฅH REXฤ HQ X SUH]ULY KDELW RSDVLYDR VH WDNRฤ HU QDMVNURPQLMLP SRMDVRP , JGMH JRG MH QMHJRY RWDF QD QMHJD QDLOD]LR SURNOLQMDR JD MH LVSX QMHQ รงHVWRNRP EROL $OL EODรงHQL MH ฤ RYMHN X]LPDR VD VRERP QHNRJ VWDURJ VLURPDKD LPHQRP $OEHUWD WUDรงHรพL RG QMHJD EODJRVORY 0QRJL GUXJL WDNRฤ HU VX JD LVPLMDYDOL L JRYRULOL PX XYUHGOMLYH ULMHฤ L L VNRUR VX JD VYL VPDWUDOL OXGLP 2Q VH SDN QLMH QLรฅWD EULQXR QLWL LP MH RGJRYDUDR QHJR MH VYRP EULJRP QDVWRMDR GMHORP L]YUรฅLWL RQR QD รฅWR PX MH %RJ XND]LYDR , QLMH KRGLR X QDXฤ HQLP ULMHฤ L PD ฤ RYMHฤ MH PXGURVWL QHJR X SRND]LYDQMX L VQD]L 'XKD XVS .RU

GLAVA II. O prvoj dvojici braฤ e koja su poลกla za blaลพenim Franjom

10. $ NDG VX GYRMLFD PXรงHYD L] RQRJD JUDGD WR YLGMHOL L ฤ XOL QDGDKQXWL SRKRGRP ERรงDQVNH PLORVWL SRQL]QR PX SULVWXSLรฅH -H GDQ RG QMLK ELMDรฅH EUDW %HUQDUG D GUXJL EUDW 3HWDU , UHNRรฅH PX MHGQRVWDYQR ยชรฆHOLPR XEXGXรพH ELWL V WRERP L ฤ LQLWL RQR รฅWR WL ฤ LQLรฅ 5HFL QDP GDNOH รฅWR WUHEDPR Xฤ LQLWL VD VYRMLP LPHWNRPยฉ 2Q LP MH NOLฤ XรพL RG UDGRVWL ]ERJ QMLKRYD GRODVND L รงHOMH OMXED]QR RGJRYRULR ยช3Rฤ LPR L RG *RVSRGLQD ]DWUDรงLPR VDYMHWยฉ 2WLฤ RรฅH GDNOH X MHGQX FUNYX RQRJD JUDGD L XรฅDYรฅL X QMX SUL JQXรฅH NROMHQD L SRQL]QR X PROLWYL UHNRรฅH ยช*RVSRGLQH %RรงH 2ฤ H VODYH PROLPR WH GD QDP SR VYRPH PLORVUฤ X SRNDรงHรฅ รฅWR WUHEDPR ฤ LQLWLยฉ .DG VX ]DYUรฅLOL PROLWYX UHNRรฅH VYHรพHQLNX WH FUNYH NRML RQ GMH ELMDรฅH QD]Rฤ DQ ยช*RVSRGLQH SRNDรงL QDP HYDQฤ HOMH *RVSRGLQD QDรฅHJD ,VXVD .ULVWDยฉ 11. $ NDG MH VYHรพHQLN RWYRULR NQMLJX MHU RQL MRรฅ QLVX ]QDOL GREUR ฤ LWDWL RGPDK QDฤ RรฅH PMHVWR JGMH ELMDรฅH QDSLVDQR +RรพHรฅ OL ELWL VDYU รฅHQ LGL SURGDM รฅWR LPDรฅ L SRGDM VLURPDVLPD SD รพHรฅ LPDWL EODJR QD QHEX 0W , SRQRYQR RWYDUDMXรพL NQMLJX QDฤ RรฅH +RรพH OL WNR ]D PQRP 0W LWG , RSHW RWYDUDMXรพL SRQRYQR QDฤ RรฅH 1LรฅWD QH X]LPDMWH QD SXW /N LWG $ ฤ XYรฅL WR REUDGRYDรฅH VH UDGRรฅรพX YHRPD YHOLNRP XVS 0W L UHNRรฅH ยช(YR RQRJD รฅWR VPR รงHOMHOL HYR รฅWR VPR WUDรงLOLยฉ , UHฤ H EODรงHQL )UDQMR ยช2YR รพH ELWL QDรฅH SUDYLORยฉ =DWLP ND]D RQRM GYRMLFL ยช,GLWH L NDNR VWH ฤ XOL L]YUรฅLWH *RVSRGL QRY VDYMHWยฉ 2GH GDNOH EUDW %HUQDUG L EXGXรพL GD ELMDรฅH ERJDW SURGDYรฅL VYD VYRMD LPDQMD RGDWOH MH GRELR PQRJR QRYDFD $ EUDW 3HWDU ELMDรฅH VLURPDรฅDQ X YUHPHQLWLP GREULPD DOL VH YHรพ ELR RERJDWLR X GXKRY QLPD 8ฤ LQL GDNOH L RQ NDNR PX *RVSRGLQ ELMDรฅH VDYMHWRYDR

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, VNXSLYรฅL JUDGVNH VLURPDKH GDYDOL VX LP QRYDF NRML VX ELOL VWHNOL SURGDMRP VYRJ LPHWND 12. 'RN VX WR ฤ LQLOL X QD]Rฤ QRVWL EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH GRฤ H QHNL VYHรพHQLN LPHQRP 6LOYHVWDU RG NRMHJ MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR ELR NXSLR NDPHQMH ]D SRSUDYDN FUNYH VYHWRJ 'DPMDQD L NRG NRMHJ MH WDNRฤ HU ERUDYLR SULMH QHJR รฅWR MH ]D GUXJRYH LPDR EUDรพX .DG MH GDNOH VSRPHQXWL VYHรพHQLN YLGLR GD RQL WDNR GLMHOH QRYDF ]DGLKDQ RG รงHVWLQH SRKOHSH รงXGLR MH GD PX VH GDGH RG WRJD QRYFD L SRฤ HR MH PUPOMDWL JRYRUHรพL ยช)UDQMR QLVL PL GREUR SODWLR ]D NDPHQMH NRMH VL NXSLR RG PHQHยฉ $ NDG MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR NRML MH RG VHEH ELR RWMHUDR VYDNX SRKOHSX ฤ XR NDNR WDM QHSUDYHGQR PUP OMD SULVWXSLR MH EUDWX %HUQDUGX L JXUQXYรฅL UXNX X QMHJRY SODรฅW JGMH ELMDรฅH QRYDF L]YXNDR MH รฅDNX SXQX GHQDUD L GDR VYHรพHQLNX , SRQRYQR SUXรงLYรฅL UXNX X SODรฅW L]YXNDR MH GHQDUH NDR รฅWR MH MHGQRP YHรพ ELR Xฤ LQLR L SRQRYQR MH GDR VSRPHQXWRP VYHรพHQLNX JRYRUHรพL PX ยช,PDรฅ OL VDGD SRWSXQX VYRWX"ยฉ ยช,PDPยฉ UHฤ H .DG MH WR ELOR Xฤ LQMHQR VYHรพHQLN VH YHVHR YUDWL VYRMRM NXรพL 13. 1DNRQ QHNROLNR GDQD LVWL VYHรพHQLN QDGDKQXW RG *RVSRGL QD SRฤ H UD]PLรฅOMDWL R RQRPH รฅWR MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR ELR Xฤ LQLR JRYR UHรพL ยช1LVDP OL ELMHGDQ MD NRML LDNR VDP VWDUDF รงHOLP L WUDรงLP RYD YUHPHQLWD GREUD D RYDM LK PODGLรพ ]D OMXEDY %RรงMX SUH]LUH L RG QMLK VH ]JUDรงD"ยฉ , WDNR VOMHGHรพH QRรพL XVQH VDQ QHL]PMHUQR YHOLN NULรง ฤ LML MH YUK GRSLUDR GR QHEHVD D SRGQRรงMH PX MH VWDMDOR XVS 3RVW X XVWL PD EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH 3UHฤ QLFH SDN NULรงD SURWH]DOH VX VH V MHGQRJD NUDMD VYLMHWD VYH GR GUXJRJ .DG VH GDNOH RQDM VYHรพHQLN SUREXGLR SRYMHURYDR MH GD MH EODรงH QL )UDQMR XLVWLQX SULMDWHOM %RรงML L GD VH 5HG NRML MH ELR RVQRYDR LPD SURรฅLULWL SR FLMHORPH VYLMHWX , WDNR VH RGRQGD SRฤ HR ERMDWL %RJD L ฤ LQLWL SRNRUX X VYRMRM NXรพL $ QDNRQ รฅWR MH SURรฅOR PDOR YUHPHQD XรฅDR MH X 5HG EUDรพH GREUR MH รงLYLR L VODYQR SUHPLQXR

GLAVA III. O prvome mjestu gdje su boravili i kako su ih progonili njihovi roditelji

14. 1DNRQ รฅWR VX VSRPHQXWL EUDW %HUQDUG L EUDW 3HWDU SURGDOL VYRM LPHWDN L RQR รฅWR VX ]D QMHJD GRELOL NDNR VPR UHNOL GDOL VLURPD VLPD XVS /N REXNRรฅH VH RQDNR NDNR ELMDรฅH REXฤ HQ ฤ RYMHN %RรงML EODรงHQL )UDQMR L SULGUXรงLรฅH PX VH

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%XGXรพL GD QLVX LPDOL SUHQRรพLรฅWD JGMH EL ERUDYLOL RWLรฅOL VX L QDรฅOL

MHGQX PDOX VLURPDรฅQX JRWRYR ]DSXรฅWHQX FUNYX NRMD VH QD]LYDOD 6YHWRP 0DULMRP RG 3RUFLMXQNXOH , QDSUDYLOL VX RQGMH MHGQX NXรพL FX JGMH VX ]DMHGQR ERUDYLOL 3RVOLMH RVDP GDQD SRQRYQR GRฤ H N QMLPD MHGDQ GUXJL PXรง LPH QRP (JLGLMH L] LVWRJD JUDGD ฤ RYMHN YUOR SRERรงDQ L YMHUDQ NRPH MH *RVSRGLQ GDR PQRJR PLORVWL , V YHOLNRP SRERรงQRรฅรพX L SRรฅWRYD QMHP NOHNQH L ]DPROL XVS 0N EODรงHQRJD )UDQMX GD VH XGR VWRML SULPLWL JD X VYRMX GUXรงEX .DG MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR WR ฤ XR L YLGLR UD]YHVHOLR VH L YHVHOR JD MH L UDGR SULPLR , WDNR VX WD ฤ HWYRULFD LPD OD QHL]PMHUQR YHVHOMH L YHRPD YHOLNX GXKRYQX UDGRVW XVS 0W

15. =DWLP MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR X]HR EUDWD (JLGLMD L VD VRERP JD SRYHR X $QNRQVNX PDUNX GRN VX GUXJD GYRMLFD RVWDOD 3XWXMXรพL VX SDN X *RVSRGLQX VLOQR NOLFDOL RG UDGRVWL $ ฤ RYMHN %RรงML )UDQMR NOLFDR MH YUOR MDVQLP JODVRP SMHYDMXรพL QD IUDQFXVNRP KYDOHรพL L EOD JRVOLYOMDMXรพL XVS /N *RVSRGLQD , X QMLPD MH ELOR X L]RELOMX YHOLNRJD YHVHOMD NDR GD VX VWHNOL QDMYHรพH ERJDWVWYR 0QRJR VX VH QDLPH PRJOL UDGRYDWL MHU VX PQR JR WRJD ELOL RVWDYLOL L VPDWUDOL EODWRP รฅWR OMXGH RELฤ QR UDรงDORรฅรพXMH SURPDWUDMXรพL XSUDYR JRUฤ LQH NRMH OMXELWHOML VYLMHWD WUSH X XรงLYDQMX VYMHWRYQLK VWYDUL X NRMHP VH QDOD]L PQRJR ELMHGH L รงDORVWL 5Hฤ H SDN EODรงHQL )UDQMR VYRPH SUDWLRFX EUDWX (JLGLMX ยช1Dรฅ รพH 5HG ELWL VOLฤ DQ ฤ RYMHNX ULEDUX NRML EDFD VYRMH PUHรงH X YRGX KYD WDMXรพL YHOLNR PQRรฅWYR ULED $ YLGMHYรฅL PQRรฅWYR ULED VNXSL YHOLNH X VYRMLP SRVXGDPD XVS 0W ยฒ RVWDYOMDMXรพL PDOH X YRGLยฉ 6SRPHQXWL VH GDNOH (JLGLMH VLOQR ]Dฤ XGLR SURURรฅWYX NRMH MH VYHWDF L]XVWLR EXGXรพL GD MH ]QDR NDNR MH PDOHQ EURM EUDรพH รฟRYMHN %RรงML MRรฅ QLMH SURSRYLMHGDR QDURGX ,SDN GRN MH SUR OD]LR JUDGRYLPD L VHOLPD XVS 0W /N SRWLFDR MH PXรงHYH L รงHQH GD VH ERMH L GD OMXEH 6WYRULWHOMD QHED L ]HPOMH WH GD ฤ LQH SRNRUX ]D VYRMH JULMHKH $ EUDW (JLGLMH RGJRYDUDR MH JRYRUHรพL ยช-DNR GR EUR JRYRUL YMHUXMWH PXยฉ 16. 2QL NRML VX LK VOXรฅDOL JRYRULOL VX PHฤ X VRERP ยช7NR VX RYL L NDNYH WR ULMHฤ L JRYRUH"ยฉ 1HNL VX RG QMLK JRYRULOL GD VH ฤ LQL NDNR VX OXGL LOL SLMDQL 'UX JL RSHW JRYRUDKX ยช1LVX WR ULMHฤ L OXฤ DNk รฅWR LK RQL L]JRYDUDMXยฉ 2GJRYDUDMXรพL MHGDQ RG QMLK UHฤ H ยช,OL VX ]ERJ QDMYHรพH VDYUรฅHQRVWL SULRQXOL X] *RVSRGLQD LOL VX SROXGMHOL MHU VH QMLKRY WMHOHVQL รงLYRW ฤ LQL Rฤ DMQLP +RGDMX ERVRQRJL REXNOL VX VNURPQX RGMHรพX RVNXGQR VH KUDQHยฉ ,SDN LK MRรฅ XYLMHN QLVX VOLMHGLOL $ GMHYRMNH YLGMHYรฅL LK L]GDOHND EMHรงDOH VX ERMHรพL VH GD QH EL VOXฤ DMQR ELOH ]DKYDรพHQH OXGLORP , LDNR VX LK YUOR PDOR VOLMHGLOL LSDN VX RVWDMDOL ERJRERMD]QL

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YLGMHYรฅL REOLN VYHWRJ SULMDWHOMHYDQMD SR NRMHP VH ฤ LQLOR GD VX RELOMH รงHQL ]D *RVSRGLQD $ NDG VX RELรฅOL RQX SRNUDMLQX YUDWLOL VX VH QD VSRPHQXWR PMH VWR 6YHWH 0DULMH RG 3RUFLMXQNXOH 17. .DG MH SURรฅOR QHNROLNR GDQD WUL GUXJD ฤ RYMHND L] JUDGD $VL ]D GRฤ RรฅH N QMLPD EUDW 6DEDWLQ EUDW ,YDQ L EUDW 0RULN 0DOL SRQL] QR PROHรพL EODรงHQRJD )UDQMX GD LK SULPL X VYRMX GUXรงEX 2Q LK MH OMXED]QR L YHVHOR SULPLR .DG VX SDN LรฅOL SR JUDGX SURVLWL PLORVWLQMX MHGYD EL LP WNR KWLR GDWL *RYRULOL VX LP ยช2GUHNOL VWH VH VYRJ LPHWND L รงHOLWH VSLVNDWL WXฤ Lยฉ , WDNR VX WUSMHOL YUOR YHOLNX RVNXGLFX 3URJRQLOL VX LK WD NRฤ HU QMLKRYL URGLWHOML L URฤ DFL L GUXJL L] RQRJD JUDGD PDOL L YHOLNL PXรงHYL L รงHQH SUH]LUDOL VX LK L LVPLMDYDOL NDR EH]XPQH L OXGH RVLP JUDGVNRJ ELVNXSD NRMHP MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR ฤ HVWR LรฅDR WUDรงLWL VDYMHW =ERJ WRJD VX LK SDN SURJRQLOL QMLKRYL URGLWHOML L URฤ DFL D GUXJL LVPLMDYDOL MHU X RQR YULMHPH QLMH ELOR QLNRJD WNR EL VYH VYRMH RVWDYLR L LรฅDR RG YUDWD GR YUDWD SURVLWL PLORVWLQMX -HGQRJ RSHW GDQD NDG MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR GRรฅDR N VSRPHQXWRP ELVNXSX ELVNXS PX UHฤ H ยช9Dรฅ PL VH รงLYRW ฤ LQL YUOR PXฤ QLP L WHรฅ NLP QLรฅWD QH SRVMHGRYDWL QD RYRP VYLMHWX L QLรฅWD QHPDWLยฉ 1MHPX MH VYHWDF %RรงML RYDNR RGJRYRULR ยช*RVSRGLQH NDG ELVPR LPDOL QHNH SRVMHGH ELOR EL QDP SRWUHEQR RUXรงMH GD LK EUDQLPR MHU RGDQOH QD VWDMX SUHPQRJH UDVSUDYH L VYDฤ H L RELฤ QR VH WLPH VSUHฤ DYD OMXEDY SUHPD %RJX L EOLรงQMHPX 6WRJD QH รงHOLPR QD RYRP VYLMHWX SRVMHGR YDWL QLรฅWD YUHPHQLWRยฉ , VYLGMH VH ELVNXSX WDM RGJRYRU GLAVA IV. Kako je opomenuo braฤ u i poslao ih po svijetu

18. $ VYHWL )UDQMR EXGXรพL GD MH YHรพ ELR SXQ PLORVWL 'XKD 6YH WRJD XVS 'M SURUHNDR MH VYRMRM EUDรพL รฅWR รพH VH GRJRGLWL , VD]YDYรฅL N VHEL WX รฅHVWRULFX VYRMH EUDรพH NRMX MH LPDR X รฅXPL NRMD ELMDรฅH X] FUNYX 6YHWH 0DULMH RG 3RUFLMXQNXOH X NRMX VX RQL ฤ HVWR GROD]LOL QD PROLWYX UHฤ H LP ยช5D]PRWULPR SUHGUDJD EUDรพR VYRM SR]LY MHU QDV MH %RJ PLORVUGQR SR]YDR QH VDPR QD QDรฅX YHรพ L QD NRULVW PQRJLK D WDNRฤ HU L QD VSDVHQMH 3Rฤ LPR GDNOH SR VYLMHWX KUDEUHรพL L SRXฤ DYDMXรพL PXรฅNDUFH L รงHQH ULMHฤ MX L SULPMHURP GD ฤ LQH SRNRUX ]D VYRMH JULMHKH L GD VH VMHWH ]DSRYLMHGL *RVSRGQMLK NRMH VX WDNR GXJR SUHGDYDOL ]DERUDYXยฉ , RSHW LP UHฤ H ยช1H ERM VH VWDGR PDOR /N QHJR LPDMWH SRX]GDQMD X *RVSRGLQD , QH JRYRULWH PHฤ X VRERP ยทQHXNL VPR L

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QHSLVPHQL NDNR þHPR SURSRYLMHGDWL"· 1HJR VSRPLQMLWH VH ULMHĀL *RVSRGLQRYLK NRMH MH UHNDR VYRMLP XĀHQLFLPD JRYRUHþL ·7D QH JR YRULWH WR YL QHJR 'XK 2FD YDåHJD JRYRUL X YDPD· 0W 6DP þH YDP *RVSRGLQ GDWL GXK L PXGURVW XVS /N GD KUDEULWH L SURSRYLMHGDWH PXçHYLPD L çHQDPD SXW L GMHOD QMHJRYLK ]DSRYLMHGL 1DLþL þHWH SDN QD OMXGH YMHUQH EODJH SRQL]QH L OMXED]QH NRML þH YDV L YDåH ULMHĀL SULPLWL V UDGRåþX L OMXEDYOMX 1DLþL þHWH QD GUX JH QHYMHUQH RKROLFH L KXOLWHOMH XVS 7LP NRML þH VH RSLUDWL L SUHGEDFLYDWL YDPD L YDåLP ULMHĀLPD 3RKUDQLWH GDNOH X VYRMD VUFD VWUSOMLYR L SRQL]QR SRGQRåHQMH VYHJD WRJD© , NDG VX EUDþD ĀXOD WH ULMHĀL SUHVWUDåLOD VX VH $ EODçHQL )UD QMR YLGMHYåL GD VH ERMH UHĀH LP ª1H SODåLWH VH 0N =QDMWH QDLPH GD þH ]D NUDWNR YULMHPH N QDPD GRþL PQRJR PXGULK UD]ER ULWLK L SOHPHQLWLK XVS .RU L ELW þH V QDPD 3URSRYLMHGDW þH SXFLPD L QDURGLPD NUDOMHYLPD L SUYDFLPD L PQRJL þH VH REUDWLWL *RVSRGLQX , *RVSRGLQ þH XĀLQLWL GD VH SR FLMHORPH VYLMHWX QMHJR YD RELWHOM PQRçL L UDVWH© , NDG MH L]UHNDR VYH RYH ULMHĀL EODJRVORYLR LK MH D RQL RWLāRåH GLAVA V. O progonima koje su braća idući svijetom pretrpjela

19. 'RN VX SDN RQL KRGLOL SXWHP QDMSRERçQLMHJ VOXJH *RVSRG QMHJ NDG EL VH QDMSRERçQLMH QDNORQLOL QD PROLWYX JRYRUHþL .ODQMD PR WL VH .ULVWH L EODJRVOLYOMDPR WH L X VYLP WYRMLP FUNYDPD NRMH VX SR FLMHORPH VYLMHWX MHU VL SR VYRPH VYHWRP NULçX RWNXSLR VYLMHW , RQGMH VX YMHURYDOL L RVMHþDOL GD VX QDLåOL QD PMHVWR *RVSRGQMH $ NRML JRG VX LK JOHGDOL ĀXGLOL VX VH JRYRUHþL ª1LNDGD QLVPR YLGMHOL WDNYH UHGRYQLNH L WDNR REXĀHQH© .DNR VX ELOL UD]OLĀLWL RG VYLK GUXJLK SR RGMHþL L çLYRWX ĀLQLOR VH GD VX åXPVNL OMXGL .DG EL XOD]LOL X QHNL JUDG VHOR LOL NXþX QDYLMHåWDOL EL PLU XVS /N

*GMH JRG EL SDN QDLOD]LOL QD PXåNDUFH LOL çHQH QD SXWRYLPD LOL XOL FDPD KUDEULOL EL LK GD VH ERMH L GD OMXEH 6WYRULWHOMD QHED L ]HPOMH L GD VMHþDMXþL VH QMHJRYLK ]DSRYLMHGL NRMH VX ELOL SUHGDOL ]DERUDYX WH ]DSRYLMHGL QDVWRMH RWDGD L GMHORP L]YUåDYDWL , QHNL RG QMLK UDGR VX LK L V UDGRåþX VOXåDOL D GUXJL VX LK QDSUR WLY LVPLMDYDOL 0QRJL VX LK QDYHOLNR LVSLWLYDOL D QMLPD MH ELOR YUOR WHåNR RGJRYDUDWL QD WROLND SLWDQMD MHU VH ]D QRYH VWYDUL ĀHåþH MDYOMDMX QRYD SLWDQMD 1HNL LK QDLPH SLWDKX ª2GDNOH VWH"©$ GUXJL JR YRUDKX ª,] NRMHJD VWH UHGD"© 2QL SDN MHGQRVWDYQR RGJRYDUDKX ª3RNRUQLFL VPR L URGLOL VPR VH X JUDGX $VL]X© 7DGD VH QDLPH GUXçED EUDþH MRå QLMH QD]LYDOD UHGRP

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SRV WDOR รงD ORVQR SRMDYL VH NUDOM L UHฤ H MRM ยทรคWR WL MH MHU YLGLP GD UD] PLรฅ OMDรฅ L GD VL WXรงQD"ยท $ RQD PX L]UHฤ H VYD UD]PLรฅOMDQMD VYRMH GXรฅH 2GJRYRUL MRM NUDOM ULMHฤ LPD ยท1H ERM VH XVS /N ]ERJ VYR JD SUHYHOLNRJ VLURPDรฅWYD QLWL ]ERJ VLQRYD NRML VX WL VH URGLOL L ]ERJ PQRJLK NRML รพH VH URGLWL MHU GRN PQRJL QDMDPQLFL X PRMRM NXรพL LPDMX NUXKD QDSUHWHN MD QH รงHOLP GD PRML VLQRYL XPLUX RG JODGL XVS /N

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GLAVA IX. Kada su braฤ a bila poslana po svim provincijama svijeta

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Po ฤ e t ak i l i osnut ak Reda

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.DG VH ]DMXWULOR EU]R MH NUHQXR SUHPD $VL]X JUDG 6SROHWR RG $VL]D MH XGDOMHQ QHรฅWR YLรฅH RG NP 6LOQR YHVHR L UDGRVWDQ Lรฅฤ H NLYDR MH Rฤ LWRYDQMH YROMH *RVSRGLQRYH NRML PX MH WR UHNDR L WLPH JD XSXWLR GD UD]PLรฅOMD R YODVWLWRP VSDVHQMX 6DG PX VH VUFH YHรพ L]PLMH QLOR 2GEDFLR MH RGOXNX GD SRฤ H X $SXOLMX 6DPR VH X VYHPX รงHOLR SRVYH XVNODGLWL V YROMRP %RรงMRP III. POGLAVLJE Kako mu je Gospodin prvi put pohodio srce ฤ udesnom nasladom i kako je pomoฤ u nje poฤ eo napredovati u preziranju samoga sebe i sviju ispraznosti, kao i u molitvi, milostinji i ljubavi prema siromaลกtvu

7. .DG VH )UDQMR YUDWLR X $VL] QDNRQ QHNROLNR VX JD GDQD MHGQH YHฤ HUL QMHJRYL GUXJRYL L]DEUDOL VYRMLP YRฤ RP GD NDNR PX VH VYLGL SULUHฤ XMH NXรพQD VLMHOD 7DNR MH L WRP ]JRGRP GDR SULUHGLWL VMDMQX JR]EX NDR รฅWR MH WR PQRJR SXWD SULMH Xฤ LQLR .DG VX QDNRQ YHฤ HUH QDSXVWLOL NXรพX GUXJRYL VX LVSUHG QMHJD LรฅOL ]DMHGQLฤ NL L NUR] JUDG SMHYDOL 2Q MH QRVHรพL X UXFL SDOLFX NRMD MH ELOD XNUDรฅHQD D SRSXW NUDOMHYVNRJD รงH]OD ELOD VLPERORP WRERรงQMH )UDQMLQH YODVWL รฅWR MX MH LPDR QDG ยชNODSRPยฉ MRJXQDVWLK DVLรฅNLK POD GLรพD SRSXW QMLKRYD JRVSRGDUD LรฅDR MH PDOR L]D QMLK DOL QLMH SMHYDR QHJR MH VDEUDQR UD]PLรฅOMDR , JOH QDMHGQRP JD MH SRKRGLR *RVSR GLQ 6UFH PX MH ELOR LVSXQMHQR WROLNRP XJRGQRรฅรพX GD QLMH PRJDR QL JRYRULWL QL NUHWDWL VH L QLรฅWD GUXJR QLMH PRJDR RVMHรพDWL QL ฤ XWL RVLP RQH XJRGQRVWL NRMD JD MH WDNR XGDOMLOD RG WMHOHVQRJ RVMHรพDQMD GD VH WDGD NDNR MH QDNQDGQR L]MDYLR QH EL PRJDR QL PDNQXWL V PMHVWD SD PDNDU VDY ELR VDVMHฤ HQ QD NRPDGLรพH .DG VH QMHJRYL GUXJRYL RED]UHรฅH L YLGMHรฅH GD MH RG QMLK WROLNR XGDOMHQ YUDWLรฅH VH N QMHPX รฟXGRP VX VH ฤ XGLOL JOHGDMXรพL JD NDR GD VH SURPLMHQLR L SRVWDR GUXJL ฤ RYMHN XVS 6DP =DSLWDOL VX JD ยช2 รฟHPX VL UD]PLรฅOMDR WH QLVL LรฅDR ]D QDPD" 0RรงGD VL QD XPLR รงHQLWL VH"ยฉ 2Q LP MH รงLYDKQR RGJRYRULR ยช3UDYR VWH ND]DOL QDPLVOLR VDP X]HWL ]DUXฤ QLFX SOHPHQLWLMX ERJDWLMX L OMHSรฅX QHJR รฅWR VWH LNDGD YLGMHOL ยฉ $ RQL PX VH SRGVPMHKLYDKX XVS 0W /N 2Q PHฤ XWLP WR QLMH UHNDR VDP SR VHEL QHJR JD MH QDGDKQXR %RJ 7D ]DUXฤ QLFD MH QDLPH ELOD SUDYL UHGRYQLฤ NL รงLYRW รฅWR JD MH SULKYDWLR 7DM MH รงLYRW SR VLURPDรฅWYX ELR SOHPHQLWLML ERJDWLML L OMHSรฅL 8. 7DNR MH RG WRJD ฤ DVD VDPRJD VHEH SRGFMHQMLYDR L SUH]LUDR VYH รฅWR MH SULMH YROLR ,SDN WR VYH QH ELMDรฅH SRWSXQR MHU WDGD MRรฅ QLMH ELR SRVYH VORERGDQ RG VYMHWRYQH WDรฅWLQH 0DOR VH SRYXNDR RG VYMHWRYQH

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YUHYH QDVWRMHรพL WDNR X VYRP VUFX VDฤ XYDWL ,VXVD .ULVWD 2G SRJOHGD RQLK NRML VX JD LVPMHKLYDOL VDNULYDR MH ELVHU NRML MH NDG VYH UDVSURGD XVS 0W รงHOLR NXSLWL รฟHVWR MH WDNRUHรพL GDQRPLFH RGOD]LR GD X VDPRรพL PROL 1D WR JD MH QD VYRM QDฤ LQ SRWLFDOD VSRPHQXWD QDVODGD NRMD JD MH ฤ HรฅรพH REX]LPDOD V XOLFH L GUXJLK MDYQLK PMHVWD XSUDYR JD MH WMHUDOD QD PROLWYX 3UHPGD MH YHรพ SULMH ELR GREURฤ LQLWHOM VLURPDKD LSDN MH WDGD X VYRP VUFX XVS 3V 'M RGOXฤ LR GD XEXGXรพH QHรพH QLMHGQRP VLURPDKX NRML JD ]DPROL X %RรงMH LPH XVNUDWLWL PLORVWLQMX RWDGD MH MRรฅ RELOQLMH L GDUHรงOMLYLMH GLMHOLR PLORVWLQMX QHJROL RELฤ QR 8YLMHN EL GDNOH NDG JRG EL NRML VLURPDK L]YDQ NXรพH RG QMHJD ]DWUDรงLR PLORVWL QMX DNR PX MH ELOR PRJXรพH GDR QRYDFD $ NDG QH EL LPDR QRYDFD GDR EL PX VYRMX NDSX LOL SRMDV GD QH EL VLURPDKD RWSXVWLR SUD]QLK UXNX XVS 6LU $ DNR QL WRJD QH EL LPDR SRYXNDR EL VH QD NRMH VNURYLWR PMHVWR VYXNDR EL NRรฅXOMX L SRWDMQR EL MH SRVODR VLURPDKX GD MH X]PH SRUDGL %RJD .XSRYDR MH WDNRฤ HU NXรพQH SRWUHSรฅWLQH L SUHGPHWH SRWUHEQH ]D XNUDV FUNYH WH EL WR NULรฅRP VODR VLURPDรฅQLP VYHรพHQLFLPD 9. .DG EL ]D Rฤ HYD L]ELYDQMD RVWDR NRG NXรพH LDNR EL NRG NXรพH VDP MHR V PDMNRP VWRO EL X WROLNRM PMHUL RSVNUELR NUXKRP NDR GD JD SURVWLUH ]D FLMHOX RELWHOM =DWR NDG EL JD PDMND SLWDOD ฤ HPX QD VWRO VWDYOMD WROLNR NUXKD RGJRYRULR EL GD WR ฤ LQL ]DWR GD EL VLURPDVLPD GDR PLORVWLQMX XVS /N MHU MH REHรพDR GD รพH VYDNRP WNR JD ]DPROL XVS /N X LPH %RรงMH XGLMHOLWL PLORVWLQMX $ PDMND JD MHU JD MH YHรพPD YROMHOD QHJR GUXJH VLQRYH X WRPH QLMH VPHWDOD 3UR PDWUDOD MH รฅWR UDGL L ]ERJ WRJD VH PQRJR GLYLOD X VYRP VUFX .DR รฅWR MH QHNRรพ RELฤ DYDR SULVWDWL GD SRฤ H V GUXJRYLPD NDG EL JD SR]YDOL MHU JD MH QMLKRYR GUXรฅWYR WROLNR SULYODฤ LOR GD MH PQRJR SXWD XVWDR RG VWROD SD PDNDU MH WHN VDPR QHรฅWR PDOR SRMHR URGLWHOMH EL ]ERJ WDNR QHXUHGQD RGODVND RVWDYOMDR RรงDORรฅรพHQH WDNR PX MH VDGD FLMHOR VUFH ELOR XVPMHUHQR SUHPD VLURPDVLPD L]LรฅDR EL GD LK YLGL LOL GD VDVOXรฅD RQH NRMLPD MH SRWUHEQD PLORVWLQMD 10. 0LORVW JD MH %RรงMD WDNR L]PLMHQLOD LDNR MH MRรฅ QRVLR VYMHWRY QR RGLMHOR GD MH รงHOLR ERUDYLWL X NRMHP JUDGX JGMH EL NDR QHSR]QDW VYXNDR VYRMH RGLMHOR WH EL JD ]DPLMHQLR RGLMHORP NRMHJ VLURPDKD GD SRNXรฅD ]D OMXEDY %RรงMX SURVLWL PLORVWLQMX 'RJRGLOR VH GD MH X WR YULMHPH NDR KRGRฤ DVQLN GRรฅDR X 5LP 8รฅDYรฅL X FUNYX VY 3HWUD SUR PDWUDR MH GDURYH QD]Rฤ QLK NRML ELMDKX YUOR PDOHQL WH MH X VHEL UH NDR ยช%XGXรพL GD DSRVWROVNRJ SUYDND WUHED YHOLNRGXรฅQR ฤ DVWLWL ]DรฅWR RQGD RYL OMXGL GDMX WDNR PDOHQH GDURYH FUNYL JGMH SRฤ LYD QMHJRYR WLMHOR"ยฉ =DWR MH RGPDK V YHOLNLP ]DQRVRP SRVHJDR ]D QRYฤ DUNRP SXQRP QRYFD 8]HR MX MH L EDFLR NUR] ROWDUQX RJUDGX 7R MH SUR

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X]URฤ LOR WROLNX ]YHNX GD VX VH VYL QD]Rฤ QL VLOQR ]DGLYLOL ]ERJ WDNR YHOLNRJ GDUD ,]LรฅDYรฅL SUHG FUNYHQD YUDWD JGMH MH ELOR PQRJR VLURPDKD GD EL SURVLOL PLORVWLQMX QHRSD]LFH MH SRVXGLR RGMHรพX QHNRJ VLURPDรฅND VYRMX MH VYXNDR D QMHJRYX REXNDR 6WRMHรพL QD FUNYHQRP VWXELรฅWX V RVWDOLP MH VLURPDVLPD SURVLR PLORVWLQMX QD IUDQFXVNRP MH]LNX MHU MH UDGR JRYRULR IUDQFXVNL LDNR QMLPH QLMH XPLR SUDYLOQR JRYRULWL 1DNRQ WRJD MH VYXNDR SURVMDNRYX RGMHรพX L SRQRYQR REXNDR VYR MX 9UDWLR VH X $VL] L SRฤ HR PROLWL %RJD GD EL XSUDYDOMDR QMHJRYLP SXWRP XVS 3RVW 1LNRPH WDGD QLMH RWNULYDR VYRMH WDMQH QLWL VH X WRM VWYDUL VOXรงLR Lฤ LMLP VDYMHWRP QHJR VDPR %RรงMLP %RJ PX MH YHรพ SRฤ HR SRND]LYDWL SXW *GMHNDGD EL VH SRVDYMHWRYDR V DVLรฅNLP ELVNXSRP MHU VH X WR YULMHPH QL NRG NRJD QLMH PRJOR QDรพL SUDYR VLURPDรฅWYR ]D NRMLP MH )UDQMR ฤ H]QXR YHรพPD QHJR ]D Lฤ LP GUXJLP QD RYRPH VYLMHWX +WLR MH X QMHPX รงLYMHWL L XPULMHWL IV. POGLAVLJE Kako je meฤ u gubavcima poฤ eo pobjeฤ ivati samoga sebe i osjeฤ ati nasladu u onome ลกto mu prije bijaลกe odvratno

11. .DG VH MHGQRJD GDQD XVUGQR PROLR *RVSRGLQX SULPLR MH RYDM RGJRYRU ยช)UDQMR VYH รฅWR VL QD WMHOHVQL QDฤ LQ YROLR L รงHOLR LPDWL PRUDรฅ SUH]UHWL L ]DPU]LWL DNR รงHOLรฅ VSR]QDWL PRMX YROMX $ NDG WDNR SRฤ QHรฅ UDGLWL RQR รฅWR WL MH SULMH ELOR VODWNR L XJRGQR SRVWDW รพH WL QHSRGQRรฅOMLYR L JRUNR D X RQRPH RG ฤ HJD VL SULMH ]D]LUDR QDOD]LW รพHรฅ YHOLNX QDVODGX L QHL]UHFLYX XJRGQRVW ยฉ 2EUDGRYDQ VYLP RYLP L RKUDEUHQ X *RVSRGLQX NDG MH MDKDR QHGDOHNR RG $VL]D VUHR MH MHGQRJD JXEDYFD $ MHU MH RG JXEDYDFD PQRJR ]D]LUDR SULVLOLR MH VDPRJD VHEH VMDKDR V NRQMD GDR PX GH QDU L SROMXELR UXNX 3ULPLYรฅL RG JXEDYFD SROMXEDF PLUD SRQRYQR MH X]MDKDR NRQMD L QDVWDYLR SXW 2WDGD MH SRฤ HR VYH YLรฅH SUH]LUDWL VDPRJD VHEH GRN QLMH X] SRPRรพ %RรงMH PLORVWL SULVSLR GR SRWSXQH SREMHGH QDG VDPLP VRERP 1DNRQ QHNROLNR GDQD X]HR MH PQRJR QRYDFD L RWLรฅDR X VNORQLรฅWH JXEDYDFD 6YH LK MH ]DMHGQR VDEUDR L VYDNRP MH SRMHGLQRP XGLMHOLR PLORVWLQMX L SROMXELR UXNX 2GOD]HรพL RGDQGH RVMHWLR MH NDNR VH RQR รฅWR PX SULMH ELMDรฅH RGYUDWQR WM YLGMHWL JXEDYFH L GRWDNQXWL LK SUH REUDWLOR X QDVODGX 3RJOHG QD JXEDYFH NDR รฅWR MH UHNDR WROLNR PX ELMDรฅH RGYUDWDQ GD QLMH KWLR QH VDPR YLGMHWL LK QHJR VH QLMH KWLR QL SULEOLรงLWL QMLKRYLP ERUDYLรฅWLPD $NR EL VH NDGD VOXฤ DMQR GHVLOR GD MH SUROD]LR SRNUDM QMLKRYLK NXรพD LOL EL LK VDPR YLGLR VYDNL SXW EL RG YUDรพDR OLFH L UXNDPD EL ]DWLVNLYDR QRV 3RWDNQXW PLORรฅรพX PLORVWLQMX EL LP GDYDR SR NRMHP SRVUHGQLNX 1R VQDJRP %RรงMH PLORVWL SRVWDR

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MH JXEDYFLPD EOL]DN L SULMDWHOM WH MH NDR รฅWR VDP VYMHGRฤ L X VYRMRM RSRUXFL PHฤ X QMLPD ERUDYLR L SRQL]QR LK SRVOXรงLYDR 12. %XGXรพL GD VH QDNRQ SRVMHWD JXEDYFLPD L]PLMHQLR VD VR ERP MH YRGLR MHGQRJD RG VYRMLK GUXJRYD NRJD MH PQRJR YROLR QD VDPRWQD PMHVWD 5HNDR PX MH GD MH SURQDรฅDR QHNR YHOLNR L GUDJRFMHQR EODJR 7DM VH PODGLรพ YUOR REUDGRYDR L UDGR MH SROD]LR V QMLP NDG JRG EL ELR SR]YDQ )UDQMR JD MH ฤ HVWR YRGLR GR QHNH VSLOMH SRNUDM $VL]D 8 VSLOMX MH XOD]LR VDP D GUXJD MH ]DEULQXWD ]D EODJR NRMHJD รพH VH GRPRรพL RVWDYOMDR YDQL SUHG VSLOMRP ,VSX QMHQ QRYLP L SRVHEQLP GXKRP X VNURYLWRVWL VH PROLR 2FX XVS 0W

รงHOLR MH GD QLWNR QH ]QD ฤ LPH VH XQXWUD EDYL RVLP MHGLQRJD %RJD V NRMLP VH QHSUHVWDQR VDYMHWRYDR R WRPH NDNR EL VH GRPR JDR QHEHVNRJD EODJD .DG MH WR RSD]LR QHSULMDWHOM OMXGVNRJD URGD QDVWRMDR MH RGYUDWLWL JD RG ]DSRฤ HWD GREUD XOLMHYDMXรพL X QM VWUDK L JURรงQMX 8 $VL]X EL MDรฅH QHND VWUDรฅQR JUEDYD รงHQD NRMX MH ฤ DYDR XND]XMXรพL VH ฤ RYMHNX %RรงMHP GR]LYDR X SDPHW L SULMHWLR PX VH NDNR รพH JXUDYRVW WH รงHQH SUHEDFLWL QD QMHJD DNR QH RGXVWDQH RG VWYRUHQH RGOXNH 1R KUDEUL MH .ULVWRY YRMQLN XVS 7LP RGOXฤ QR SUH]UHR ฤ DYORYH SULMHWQMH 8 VSLOML MH SRERรงQR PROLR GD EL %RJ UDYQDR QMHJRYLP SXWRP XVS 3RVW

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V. POGLAVLJE Kako mu je Raspeti prvi put progovorio i kako je otada u srcu nosio muku Kristovu sve do svoje smrti

13. .DG MH )UDQMR MHGQRJD GDQD MRรฅ XVUGQLMH PROLR *RVSRGLQRYR PLORVUฤ H *RVSRGLQ PX MH SRND]DR NDNR รพH PX GRVNRUD ELWL UHฤ HQR รฅWR LPD ฤ LQLWL 2WDGD MH WROLNRP UDGRรฅรพX ELR LVSXQMHQ XVS 3V

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WLK EL MHOD VDPR PDOR NXรฅDR WH EL VH ]DWLP QD ]JRGDQ QDฤ LQ LVSULฤ DR GD QH EL L]JOHGDOR NDNR LK QH X]LPD ]ERJ SRVWD .DG MH EODJRYDR V EUDรพRP X KUDQX EL NRMX MH MHR ฤ HVWR SULPLMHรฅDR SHSHOD GD EL WDNR SULNULR VYRM SRVW EUDรพL EL UHNDR GD MH EUDW SHSHR ฤ LVW .DG MH MHGQRP ]JRGRP VMHR N VWROX GD EODJXMH MHGDQ PX MH RG EUDรพH VSRPHQXR NDNR MH EODรงHQD 'MHYLFD X YULMHPH EODJRYDQMD ELOD WROLNR VLURPDรฅQD GD QLMH LPDOD QLรฅWD รฅWR EL SUXรงLOD VYRP 6LQX GD MHGH .DG MH ฤ RYMHN %RรงML WR ฤ XR V YHOLNLP MH ERORP X]GDKQXR XVWDR RG VWROD L MHR VDPR NUXK QD JRORM ]HPOML 0QRJR VH SXWD GRJRGLOR NDG EL VMHGLR ]D VWRORP GD MH PDOR QDNRQ SRฤ HWND EODJRYDQMD SUHVWDR WH QH EL YLรฅH QL MHR QL SLR ]DQLR EL VH L UD]PDWUDR R QHEHVNLP VWYDULPD 1LMH KWLR GD WDGD EXGH VPHWDQ ELOR NDNYLP UD]JRYRURP ,] GQD EL VUFD X]GLVDR D EUDรพL MH UHNDR GD XYLMHN NDG ฤ XMX GD WDNR X]GLรฅH KYDOH %RJD L GD ]D QM SRERรงQR PROH 2YR VPR VDPR QDWXNQXOL R QMHJRYX SODฤ X L SRVWX GD ELVPR SRND ]DOL NDNR MH )UDQMR QDNRQ YHรพ VSRPHQXWRJ YLฤ HQMD L ULMHฤ L OLND 5DV SHWRJD QHSUHVWDQR GR VPUWL ELR VXREOLฤ HQ V .ULVWRYRP PXNRP VI. POGLAVLJE Kako je u prvi mah pobjegao pred oฤ evim i rodbinskim proganjanjem, stanujuฤ i kod sveฤ enika crkve sv. Damjana, u ฤ iju je prozorsku udubinu bacio novac

16. 1DNRQ VSRPHQXWRJ YLฤ HQMD L ULMHฤ L 5DVSHWRJD UDGRVQR MH XVWDR SUHNULรงLR VH X]MDKDR NRQMD X]HR UD]QRERMQLK WNDQLQD RGMD KDR X JUDG NRML VH ]RYH )ROLJQR L RQGMH SURGDR NRQMD L VYH รฅWR MH LPDR WH VH RGPDK YUDWLR FUNYL VY 'DPMDQD 1DรฅDYรฅL RQGMH VLURPDรฅQRJD VYHรพHQLND V YHOLNRP PX MH YMHURP SROMXELR UXNX L SUHGDR QRYDF รฅWR JD MH GRQLR VYH PX MH UHGRP LVSULSRYLMHGDR รฅWR MH QDXPLR 6YHรพHQLN VH ]EXQLR L ]Dฤ XGLR QMHJRYX QHRฤ HNLYDQX REUDรพHQMX 2NOLMHYDR MH GD VYH WR SRYMHUXMH 0LVOHรพL GDNOH GD VH )UDQMR QMLPH รงHOL SRLJUDWL QLMH KWLR NRG VHEH ]DGUรงDWL QMHJRYD QRYFD )UDQMR MH XSRUQR QDYDOMLYDR L QDVWRMDR JD XYMHULWL VYRMLP ULMHฤ LPD XVUGQR MH PROLR VYHรพHQLND QH EL OL PX GRSXVWLR ERUDYLWL V QMLPH 6YHรพHQLN MH QDSRNRQ SULVWDR GD V QMLP ERUDYL DOL L] VWUDKD SUHG QMHJRYLP URGLWHOMLPD QLMH X]HR QRYDF =DWR JD MH LVWLQLWL SUH]LUDWHOM QRYFD EDFLR X MHGQX SUR]RUVNX XGXELQX SUH]UHYรฅL JD NDR SUDรฅLQX 'RN MH )UDQMR ERUDYLR XVS 0W QD VSRPHQXWRPH PMHVWX QMHJRY MH RWDF NDR SRPQMLY WUDJDฤ RELOD]LR LVSLWXMXรพL XVS 3W

รฅWR VH WR GRJRGLOR V QMHJRYLP VLQRP .DG MH GR]QDR GD VH )UDQMR WDNR SURPLMHQLR L GD ERUDYL X YHรพ VSRPHQXWRPH PMHVWX REX]HW

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XQXWUDรฅQMLP ERORP VUFD XVS 3RVW L VPXรพHQ QHQDGDQLP UD]YR MHP VWYDUL VD]YDR MH SULMDWHOMH L VXVMHGH XVS /N WH MH SRKLWLR N QMHPX )UDQMR MH PHฤ XWLP MHU ELMDรฅH QRYL YRMQLN .ULVWRY XVS 7LP

NDG MH VD]QDR ]D SULMHWQMH VYRMLK SURJRQLWHOMD L GR]QDR ]D QMLKRY GR OD]DN GDR PMHVWD JQMHYX XVS 7LP Rฤ HYX L VDNULR VH X QHNX VNURYLWX XGXELQX รฅWR MX MH VDP VHEL QDฤ LQLR NDG MH GRรฅDR RQDPR WX MH SURERUDYLR FLMHOL PMHVHF 7R MH VNORQLรฅWH ELOR SR]QDWR VDPR MHG QRP RG Rฤ HYLK XNXรพDQD 7X MH NULRPLFH MHR NUXK NRML PX MH WX L WDPR ELR GRQHVHQ 1HSUHVWDQR MH VX]QLK Rฤ LMX PROLR GD EL JD *RVSRGLQ RVORERGLR RG RNUXWQD SURJRQMHQMD L GD EL PX GREURVWLYR LVSXQLR SRERรงQH รงHOMH 17. 'RN MH WDNR XVUGQR L QHSUHVWDQR SRVWLR L SODNDR XVS -O

QLMH VH SRX]GDYDR X VYRMX VQDJX L QDVWRMDQMH 6YH MH VYRMH SRX]GDQMH SRVYH VWDYLR X *RVSRGLQD XVS 3V NRML JD MH PDNDU MH ERUDYLR X WPLQL REDVLSDR QHL]UHFLYRP UDGRรฅรพX L REDVMDYDR ฤ XGH VQRP VYMHWORรฅรพX 1MRPH SRVYHPD UDVSDOMHQ QDSXVWLR MH VYRMH VSRPHQXWR VNURYL รฅWH L NUHQXR SXW $VL]D RGOXฤ QR รงXVWUR L UDGRVQR 2KUDEUHQ SRX]GD QMHP X .ULVWD L UDVSDOMHQ ERรงDQVNLP รงDURP VDPRJD MH VHEH SUHNR UDYDR ]ERJ OLMHQRVWL L NXNDYLฤ OXND RWYRUHQR VH SUHSXVWLR UXNDPD L XGDUFLPD VYRMLK SURJRQLWHOMD .DG JD XJOHGDรฅH RQL NRML VX JD SULMH SR]QDYDOL JUXER VX JD L]UX JLYDOL YLNDOL VX ]D QMLP GD MH SROXGLR L NUHQXR SDPHรพX 1DEDFLYD OL VX VH QD QM XOLฤ QLP EODWRP L NDPHQMHP XVS 3V ,Y

*OHGDMXรพL JD NDNR MH SURPLMHQLR SULMDรฅQMH SRQDรฅDQMH L NDNR MH RG WUDSQMH WLMHOD L]QHPRJDR VYH VX รฅWR JRG MH UDGLR SULSLVLYDOL WMHOHVQRM LVFUSOMHQRVWL L OXGRVWL 1R .ULVWRY MH YRMQLN XVS 7LP ]D VYH WR ELR JOXK QLMH JD VORPLOD QL SURPLMHQLOD QLNDNYD QHSUDYGD QHJR MH VDPR ]DKYDOMLYDR %RJX .DG VH WDM JODV R QMHPX SURQLR JUDGVNLP XOLFDPD L WUJRYLPD XVS 3M QDSRNRQ MH GRVSLR L GR XรฅLMX QMHJRYD RFD รฟXYรฅL RWDF รฅWR JUD ฤ DQL VYH ฤ LQH QD QMHJRY UDฤ XQ RGPDK MH XVWDR L SRฤ HR JD WUDรงLWL DOL QH ]DWR GD JD RVORERGL QHJR GD JD VDWUH 1LMH VH GUรงDR QLNDNYH PMH UH QHJR MH QD QM MXUQXR SRSXW YXND NRML QDVUรพH QD RYFX 8JOHGDYรฅL )UDQMX PUNLP JD MH SRJOHGRP RGPMHULR D OLFH PX VH L]REOLฤ LOR NDG JD MH ]JUDELR RNUXWQLP UXNDPD 2GYXNDR JD MH NXรพL L QHNROLNR GDQD GUรงDR ]DWYRUHQD X QHNRPH PUDฤ QRP SURVWRUX 3RNXรฅDYDR MH L ULMHฤ L PD L EDWLQDPD VORPLWL PX VUFH L YUDWLWL JD QDWUDJ LVSUD]QRVWL VYLMHWD 18. 1LVX JD RVYRMLOH ULMHฤ L QLWL VX JD VYODGDOL RNRYL L EDWLQH 6YH MH SRGQRVLR VWUSOMLYR GD EL WDNR SRVWDR VSUHPQLML L VQDรงQLML ]D RVWYDUH QMH VYRMH VYHWH RGOXNH

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.DG PX MH RWDF ]ERJ YDรงQD UD]ORJD RWLรฅDR RG NXรพH QMHJRYD PX MH PDMND NRMD QLMH RGREUDYDOD SRVWXSDN VYRJD PXรงD XSUDYLOD QH NROLNR QMHรงQLK ULMHฤ L $ NDG MRM QLMH XVSMHOR RGYUDWLWL JD RG QMHJRYH VYHWH RGOXNH QDG QMLP MRM VH JDQXOR VUFH XVS .U WH MH VOR PLOD รงHOMH] QH RNRYH L SXVWLOD JD GD VORERGQR RGH =DKYDOMXMXรพL VYH PRJXรพHP %RJX YUDWLR VH RQDPR JGMH MH L SULMH ERUDYLR 6DGD MH ELR VORERGQLML MHU MH ELR SURNXรฅDQ ฤ DYORYLP QDSDVWLPD 3RXฤ HQ LVNX VWYRP รฅWR JD MH VWHNDR X ERUEL V QDSDVWLPD X QHSUDYGDPD MH ELR VUฤ DQLML WH MH VWXSDR VORERGQLMH L KUDEULMH 2WDF VH PHฤ XWLP YUDWLR .DG NRG NXรพH QLMH QDรฅDR VLQD SRฤ HR MH QDSDGDWL รงHQX JRPLODMXรพL JULMHKH QD JULMHKH 19. 1DNRQ WRJD MH RWDF RWLรฅDR X SDODฤ X JUDGVNH XSUDYH WH MH SUHG JUDGVNLP NRQ]XOLPD RSWXรงLR VLQD =DKWLMHYDR MH GD PX VH YUDWL QRYDF รฅWR JD MH VLQ RSOMDฤ NDYรฅL NXรพX RGQLR .DG VX NRQ]X OL YLGMHOL WROLNR UD]MDUHQD RFD SR WHNOLรพX VX SR]YDOL )UDQMX GD VH SUHGVWDYL SUHG QMLPD )UDQMR MH WHNOLรพX RGJRYRULR GD MH SR %RรงMRM PLORVWL SRVWDR VORERGDQ L GD YHรพ YLรฅH QLMH SRG YODรฅรพX NRQ]XOD ]DWR รฅWR MH VOXJD VDPR VYHYLรฅQMHJD %RJD .RQ]XOL QLVX KWMHOL SULPLMHQLWL VLOX QHJR UHNRรฅH RFX ยช2WNDNR MH VWXSLR X VOXรงEX %RรงMX SUHVWDR MH ELWL SRG QDรฅRP YODรฅรพX ยฉ .DG MH GDNOH RWDF YLGLR GD NRG NRQ]XOD QH PRรงH QLรฅWD SRVWLรพL VYRMX MH WXรงEX SRGQLR JUDGVNRP ELVNXSX %LVNXS ฤ RYMHN UD]ERULW L PXGDU QD RGUHฤ HQL MH QDฤ LQ SR]YDR )UD QMX GD EL VH QDรฅDR SUHG QMLP L RGJRYRULR QD Rฤ HYX WXรงEX )UDQMR MH RGJRYRULR WHNOLรพX ยช'RรพL รพX SUHG JRVSRGLQD ELVNXSD MHU MH RQ RWDF L JRVSRGDU GXรฅD ยฉ 7DNR MH GRรฅDR N ELVNXSX NRML JD MH SULPLR V YHOLNRP UDGRรฅรพX %L VNXS PX UHฤ H ยช7YRM MH RWDF ]ERJ WHEH X]QHPLUHQ L YUOR R]ORMHฤ HQ =DWR DNR รงHOLรฅ VOXรงLWL %RJX YUDWL PX QRYDF รฅWR JD LPDรฅ 0RรงGD MH VWHฤ HQ QHSUDYHGQR SD %RJ QHรพH GD JD XSRWULMHELรฅ X NRULVW &UNYH SRUDGL JULMHKD WYRJ RFD 1MHJRY รพH VH ELMHV XWDรงLWL NDG GRELMH VYRM QRYDF 3RX]GDM VH GDNOH VLQNR X *RVSRGLQD L EXGL RGOXฤ DQ QHPRM VH ERMDWL MHU รพH %RJ ELWL WYRM SRPRรพQLN XVS 3Q] L ]D SRWUHEH VYRMH &UNYH RELOQR รพH WL QDPDNQXWL รฅWR EXGH SRWUHEQR ยฉ 20. รฟRYMHN MH %RรงML REUDGRYDQ L RKUDEUHQ ELVNXSRYLP ULMHฤ LPD XVWDR RWLรฅDR L GRQLR QRYDF UHNDYรฅL ยช*RVSRGLQH QHรพX PX UDGR VQD VUFD YUDWLWL VDPR QRYDF NRML PX SULSDGD QHJR รพX PX YUDWLWL ฤ DN L RGLMHOR ยฉ 8รฅDYรฅL X ELVNXSRYX VREX VYXNDR MH VYRMX RGMHรพX L QD QMX VWDYLR QRYDF SUHG ELVNXSRP SUHG VYRMLP RFHP L SUHG RVWDOLP QD]Rฤ QLPD ,] ELVNXSRYH MH VREH L]LรฅDR JRO L UHNDR ยชรฟXMWH VYL L UD]X PLMWH XVS ,] 'R VDGD VDP 3HWUD %HUQDUGRQHD ]YDR VYRMLP RFHP DOL MHU VDP RGOXฤ LR VOXรงLWL %RJX YUDรพDP PX QRYDF ]ERJ NRMHJ VH X]QHPLULR L VYX RGMHรพX รฅWR VDP MH LPDR RG QMHJRYLK VWYDUL MHU RG

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VDGD รงHOLP ND]DWL 2ฤ H QDรฅ NRML MHVL QD QHEHVLPD XVS 0W D QH Rฤ H 3HWUH %HUQDUGRQH ยฉ 7DGD MH XVWDQRYOMHQR GD ฤ RYMHN %RรงML LVSRG NLรพHQD RGLMHOD QD WLMHOX LPD SRNRUQLฤ NL SRMDV 1MHJRY MH RWDF REX]HW VLOQLP ERORP L UDVSDOMHQ ELMHVRP XVWDR WH X]HR QRYDF L VYX RGMHรพX 'RN MH WR QRVLR NXรพL QD]Rฤ QL VYMHGRFL RYRJD SUL]RUD ELMDKX RJRUฤ HQL MHU QLรฅWD RG RGMHรพH QLMH RVWDYLR VLQX *DQXWL VXRVMHรพDQMHP SRฤ HOL VX QDG )UDQMRP VLOQR SODNDWL %LVNXS MH RรฅWURXPQR XRฤ LR QDNDQX ฤ RYMHND %RรงMHJD 0QRJR VH GLYLR QMHJRYRM JRUOMLYRVWL L RGOXฤ QRVWL =DJUOLR JD MH L SUHNULR VYRMLP RJUWDฤ HP 6KYDWLR MH GD VX )UDQMLQD GMHOD Xฤ LQMHQD SR %RรงMRM YROML L SUL]QDR GD RQR รฅWR MH YLGLR VDGUรงL X VHEL YHOLN PLVWHULM 7DNR PX MH RWDGD ELR QD SRPRรพ XVS 3V %RGULR JD MH SRGXSLUDR XSXรพL YDR L JUOLR JD VUFHP SXQLP OMXEDYL VII. POGLAVLJE O njegovu velikom naporu i ลพrtvama za popravak crkve sv. Damjana; kako je poฤ eo pobjeฤ ivati samoga sebe iduฤ i prositi milostinju

21. 6OXJD MH %RรงML )UDQMR OLรฅHQ VYHJD รฅWR SULSDGD VYLMHWX XVS .RU QDVWRMDR SURPLFDWL %RรงMX SUDYHGQRVW L SUH]LUDWL YODVWLWL รงL YRW 1D VYH VH PRJXรพH QDฤ LQH NROLNR MH VDPR PRJDR SUHGDR VOXรงEL %RรงMRM 9UDWLYรฅL VH UDGRVWDQ L JRUOMLY N FUNYL VY 'DPMDQD QDฤ LQLR MH VHEL QHNH YUVWL SXVWLQMDฤ NL KDELW L KUDEULR VYHรพHQLND RQH FUNYH LVWLP RQLP ULMHฤ LPD NRMLPD MH ELVNXS KUDEULR QMHJD 0DOR L]D WRJD MH XVWDR XรฅDR X JUDG WH MH SR XOLFDPD L WUJRYLPD XVS 3M NDR GD MH SLMDQ GXKRP SRฤ HR YHOLฤ DWL *RVSRGLQD $ NDG MH GRYUรฅLR WR VYRMH YHOLฤ DQMH *RVSRGLQD GD EL GRELR NDPHQMD ]D SR SUDYDN VSRPHQXWH FUNYH RNUHQXR VH L SRYLNDR ยช7NR PL GDGH MHGDQ NDPHQ SULPLW รพH MHGQX QDJUDGX $ WNR PL GDGH GYD SULPLW รพH GYLMH QDJUDGH $ WNR PL GDGH WUL SULPLW รพH LVWR WROLNR QDJUDGD ยฉ 7DNR MH JRUOMLYLP VUFHP JRYRULR L PQRJH GUXJH VOLฤ QH ULMHฤ L MHU ELMDรฅH QHXN L SULSURVW RG %RJD L]DEUDQ QH SR QDXฤ HQLP ULMHฤ LPD ฤ R YMHฤ MH PXGURVWL XVS .RU QHJR VH X VYHPX SRQDรฅDR MHGQR VWDYQR 0QRJL VX JD LVPMHKLYDOL PLVOHรพL GD MH SROXGLR D GUXJL VX SRWDNQXWL OMXEDYOMX ELOL JDQXWL GR VX]D SURPDWUDMXรพL JD NDNR MH RG WROLNH UDVNDODรฅHQRVWL L VYMHWRYQH WDรฅWLQH WDNR EU]R SULVSLR GR WROLNH RSRMHQRVWL ERรงDQVNRP OMXEDYOMX 2Q MH PHฤ XWLP SUH]UHR LVPMHKLYD QMH L JRUOMLYLP VUFHP ]DKYDOMLYDR *RVSRGLQX %LOR EL RGYLรฅH GXJR L WHรฅNR LVSULSRYLMHGDWL NROLNR VH PXฤ LR X VSR PHQXWRP SRVOX 2Q NRML MH X Rฤ LQVNRP GRPX ELR WROLNR UD]PDรงHQ QD YODVWLWLP MH UDPHQLPD QRVLR NDPHQMH L QD UD]OLฤ LWH VH QDฤ LQH WUR รฅLR X VOXรงEL %RรงMRM

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22. 6SRPHQXWL VYHรพHQLN SURPDWUDMXรพL QMHJRYH QDSRUH รฅWR VH QD LPH WDNR JRUOMLYR SUHNR VYRMLK VLOD SUHGDYDR ERรงDQVNRM VOXรงEL LDNR MH L VDP ELR VLURPDรฅDQ JOHGDR MH GD VH ]D QM QDฤ H QHรฅWR SRVHEQR ]D KUDQX =QDR MH GD MH )UDQMR X VYLMHWX รงLYLR UDVNRรฅQR .DR รฅWR MH ฤ RYMHN %RรงML NDVQLMH SUL]QDR ฤ HVWR MH MHR ELUDQD MHOD L SRVODVWLFH D RG QHSRรพXGQLK VH MHOD VX]GUรงDYDR .DG MH MHGQRJD GDQD RSD]LR รฅWR MH VYHรพHQLN ]D QMHJD Xฤ LQLR VD PRP MH VHEL UHNDR ยช+RรพHรฅ OL NDPR JRG SRฤ Hรฅ QDรพL RYRJD VYHรพH QLND NRML รพH WL LVND]LYDWL WROLNX SDรงQMX" 2YR QLMH รงLYRW VLURPDรฅQD ฤ RYMHND NDNDY VL รงHOLR RGDEUDWL .DR รฅWR VLURPDK LGXรพL RG YUDWD GR YUDWD QRVL X UXFL ]GMHOX L SULVLOMHQ SULMHNRP SRWUHERP X QMX VWDYOMD UD]OLฤ LWD MHOD WDNR WUHED GD L WL GUDJRYROMQR รงLYLรฅ L] OMXEDYL SUHPD RQRPH NRML MH URฤ HQ VLURPDรฅDQ QD VYLMHWX YUOR VLURPDรฅQR รงLYLR L QD SRNRQ RVWDR JRO L VLURPDรฅDQ QD PXฤ LOX NULรงD WH MH NRQDฤ QR VDKUDQMHQ X WXฤ HP JUREX ยฉ 7DNR MH MHGQRJD GDQD XVWDR X]HR ]GMHOX XรฅDR X JUDG L SRฤ HR SURVLWL PLORVWLQMX LGXรพL RG YUDWD GR YUDWD .DG VX PX UD]OLฤ LWD MHOD VWDYOMDQD X LVWX ]GMHOX PQRJL VX VH NRML VX ]QDOL NDNR MH QHNRรพ รงLYLR UDVNRรฅQR ฤ XGLOL JOHGDMXรพL JD NDNR VH QD ฤ XGHVDQ QDฤ LQ SURPLMHQLR GR WROLNRJD SRQLรงHQMD .DG EL KWLR MHVWL RQD UD]OLฤ LWD ]DMHGQR SRPL MHรฅDQD MHOD QDMSULMH EL VH QDPUรฅWLR MHU QHรฅWR WDNYR QLMH RELฤ DYDR QH VDPR MHVWL QHJR QL SRJOHGDWL 1DSRNRQ MH QDGYODGDYรฅL VDPRJD VHEH SRฤ HR MHVWL L ฤ LQLOR PX VH GD QLNDGD QLMH WDNR XรงLYDR NDG MH MHR NDNYR ELUDQR MHOR =DWR MH QMHJRYR VUFH WROLNR NOLFDOR *RVSRGLQX รฅWR PX MH WLMHOR LDNR VODEDรฅQR L LVFUSOMHQR WROLNR RMDฤ DOR GD MH PRJDR รฅWRรฅWD SR VHEL WHรฅNR L JRUNR UDGRVQR SRGQLMHWL ]D *RVSRGLQD 2VLP WRJD MH %RJX ]DKYDOMLYDR รฅWR PX MH JRUฤ LQX SURPLMHQLR X QDVODGX L YLรฅHVWUXNR JD RKUDEULR =DWR MH RQRP VYHรพHQLNX UHNDR GD XEXGXรพH ]D QM QH SULUH ฤ XMH SRVHEQD MHOD L QHND QH QDVWRML RNR WRJD GD VH SULEDYH 23. .DG MH QMHJRY RWDF YLGLR X NROLNRM VH QDOD]L ELMHGL VUFH PX VH QDSXQLOR YHOLNRP EROL MHU JD MH PQRJR YROLR =DVWLGLR VH L PQRJR MH ]D QMLP รงDOLR JOHGDMXรพL JD NDNR PX MH WLMHOR L]JOHGDOR NDR PUWYR ]ERJ SUHYHOLNH WUDSQMH L VWXGHQL ]DWR EL JD SURNOLQMDR JGMH JRG EL JD VXVUHR .DG MH ฤ RYMHN %RรงML GRฤ XR ]D Rฤ HYD SURNOLQMDQMD SR]YDR MH QH NRJ VLURPDรฅND GD PX EXGH RFHP WH PX MH UHNDR ยช3Rฤ L VD PQRP 'DW รพX WL GLR PLORVWLQMH รฅWR MH GRELMHP D NDG ฤ XMHP NDNR PH PRM RWDF SURNOLQMH ND]DW รพX WL %ODJRVORYL PH Rฤ H XVS 3RVW $ WL รพHรฅ PH RELOMHรงLWL ]QDNRP NULรงD L XPMHVWR QMHJD รพHรฅ PH EODJRVORYLWL ยฉ ยฒ .DG JD MH RQDM VLURPDรฅDQ EODJRVOLYOMDR ฤ RYMHN EL %RรงML UHNDR RFX ยช1H YMHUXMHรฅ OL GD PL %RJ PRรงH GDWL RFD NRML รพH PH EODJRVOLYOMDWL XVSUNRV WYRP SURNOLQMDQMX"ยฉ

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QMLPD L PHฤ X QMLPD YODGDOR LVWLQVNR VLURPDรฅWYR LSDN VX SUHPD VYL PD ELOL GDUHรงOMLYL L รฅLURNRJUXGQL X VYHPX รฅWR LP MH GDURYDQR SRUDGL %RJD ,] OMXEDYL SUHPD %RJX UDGR VX GDYDOL VYLPD NRML VX LK PROLOL D QDSRVH VX VLURPDVLPD XVWXSDOL GRELYHQX PLORVWLQMX 44. .DG EL VH SXWXMXรพL QDPMHULOL QD VLURPDKH NRML VX RG QMLK QHรฅWR PROLOL ]D OMXEDY %RรงMX DNR QH EL LPDOL QLรฅWD GUXJR รฅWR EL LP PRJOL SUXรงLWL GDOL EL LP NRML GLR VYRMH RGMHรพH LDNR MH ELOD VLURPDรฅQD *GMH NDGD EL GDOL NDSXFX RGYRMLYรฅL MH RG KDELWD JGMHNDGD UXNDY D NRML SXW EL LP RG VYRJ KDELWD RGYRMLOL QHNL GUXJL NRPDG GD EL VH WDNR LVSXQLOD RQD HYDQฤ HRVND ULMHฤ ยช6YDNRPX WNR RG WHEH LรฅWH GDMยฉ XVS /N -HGQRJD MH GDQD X FUNYLFX 0DULMH $Qฤ HRVNH GRรฅDR QHNL VLURPDK =DSURVLR MH PLORVWLQMX 2QGMH VH QDรฅDR VDPR QHNL RJUWDฤ รฅWR JD MH MHGDQ EUDW LPDR NDR VYMHWRYQMDN .DG MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR UH NDR GD JD GDGH RQRPH VLURPDKX WDM PX JD MH GUDJH YROMH L VSUHPQR XVWXSLR 3RUDGL SRรฅWRYDQMD L SRERรงQRVWL รฅWR MX MH SRND]DR RQDM EUDW NRML MH RQRPH VLURPDKX XVWXSLR RJUWDฤ GDQR PX MH GD YLGL NDNR MH WD PLORVWLQMD X]DรฅOD QD QHER L RVMHWLR MH NDNR JD MH SURรงHOD QRYD UDGRVW 45. .DG EL VH N QMLPD VYUDWLOL ERJDWDรฅL RYRJD VYLMHWD SULPDOL VX LK VSUHPQR L OMXED]QR 1DVWRMDOL VX LK RGYUDWLWL RG ]OD L SRWDNQXWL QD SRNRUX 2]ELOMQR VX PROLOL GD LK VH QH EL VODOR X NUDMHYH RGDNOH VX ELOL URGRP GD EL WDNR L]EMHJOL SRYMHUOMLYX NRPXQLNDFLMX VD VYRMLP URฤ DFLPD 1DVWRMDOL VX RSVOXรงLYDWL RQX SURURNRYX ULMHฤ ยช7Xฤ LQDF SRVWDGRK EUDรพL L VWUDQDF GMHFL PDMNH VYRMHยฉ XVS 3V

8 VLURPDรฅWYX VX QDOD]LOL YHOLNX UDGRVW MHU QLVX WHรงLOL ]D ERJDW VWYRP 6YH VX รฅWR MH SUROD]QR SUH]LUDOL รฅWR JRG OMXGL OMXELWHOML RYRJD VYLMHWD PRJX รงHOMHWL 1DSRVH VX QRYDF JD]LOL QRJDPD NDR SUDรฅLQX L NDR รฅWR LK MH QDXฤ LR VYHWDF MHGQDNR VX JD FLMHQLOL NDR L PDJDUHรพX L] PHWLQX 1HSUHVWDQR VX VH UDGRYDOL X *RVSRGLQX MHU QLVX LPDOL QLรฅWD L]PHฤ X VHEH รฅWR EL LK QD QHNL QDฤ LQ PRJOR UDรงDORVWLWL .ROLNR VX RG VYLMHWD ELOL RGYRMHQL WROLNR VX YLรฅH ELOL VMHGLQMHQL V %RJRP ,GXรพL SX WHP NULรงD L VWD]DPD SUDYHGQRVWL 3V V WLMHVQD VX SXWD SRNRUH L HYDQฤ HRVNRJ RSVOXรงLYDQMD XNODQMDOL ]DSUHNH GD EL WDNR EXGXรพLP SRNROMHQMLPD SULSUDYLOL UDYDQ L VLJXUDQ SXW XII. POGLAVLJE Kako je blaลพeni Franjo s jedanaestoricom uฤ enika iลกao k papi da mu priopฤ i svoju nakanu i da mu papa potvrdi Pravilo ลกto ga je napisao

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ฤ HOMX L X VYHPX RSVOXรงLYDWL HYDQฤ HRVNR VDYUรฅHQVWYR 8YMHUHQ VDP GD *RVSRGLQ รงHOL SR QMHPX REQRYLWL VY &UNYX QD FLMHORPH VYLMHWX ยฉ .DG MH JRVSRGLQ SDSD WR ฤ XR VLOQR VH ]DGLYLR L LVWRP NDUGLQDOX QDOR รงLR GD PX GRYHGH EODรงHQRJD )UDQMX 49. 6OMHGHรพHJ MH GDQD VSRPHQXWL NDUGLQDO ฤ RYMHND %RรงMHJ SUHG VWDYLR YUKRYQRP VYHรพHQLNX D )UDQMR PX MH SULND]DR VYRM FMHORNXSQL VYHWL QDXP 6DP SDSD NDNR ELMDรฅH REGDUHQ YHOLNRP UD]ERULWRรฅรพX QD SULNODGDQ MH QDฤ LQ SULKYDWLR VYHฤ HYH รงHOMH )UDQMX MH L EUDรพX XSR ]RULR QD PQRJH VWYDUL WH LK MH QDSRNRQ EODJRVORYLR ULMHฤ LPD ยช3Rฤ L WH EUDรพR V *RVSRGLQRP L NDNR YDP VH XGRVWRML QDGDKQXWL VYLPD SURSRYLMHGDMWH SRNRUX $ NDG YDV 6YHPRJXรพL XPQRรงL EURMHP L PL ORรฅรพX REDYLMHVWLWH QDV SD รพHPR YDP RGREULWL L YLรฅH RG WRJD D MRรฅ VLJXUQLMH รพHPR YDP SRYMHUDYDWL L YHรพH VWYDUL ยฉ +WLMXรพL PHฤ XWLP ]QDWL MH OL RQR รฅWR MH YHรพ RGREUHQR L รฅWR MH MRรฅ WUHEDOR RGREULWL SR %RรงMRM YROML SULMH QHJR รฅWR MH VYHWDF RG QMHJD RWLรฅDR JRVSRGLQ SDSD QMHPX L GUXJRYLPD UHฤ H ยช6LQFL QDรฅL YDรฅ QDP VH รงLYRW ฤ LQL RGYLรฅH NUXWLP L RSRULP 3UHPGD VPR XYMHUHQL GD VWH LVSXQMHQL WROLNLP รงDURP GD R YDPD QH WUHED VXPQMDWL LSDN PRUDPR PLVOLWL L QD RQH NRML รพH VOLMHGLWL L]D YDV GD LP VH WDM SXW QH EL ฤ LQLR RGYLรฅH RSRULP ยฉ .DG MH SDSD YLGLR SRVWRMDQRVW QMLKRYH YMHUH L VLGUR QDMฤ YUรฅรพHJD XIDQMD XVLGUHQR X .ULVWX WDNR GD RG VYRMH UHYQRVWL QH EL KWMHOL RGXVWDWL ND]DR MH EODรงHQRPH )UDQML ยช6LQNR LGL L PROL VH %RJX GD WL REMDYL SRWMHฤ H OL WR รฅWR รงHOLWH RG QMHJRYH YROMH GD ELVPR ]QDMXรพL YROMX *RVSRGLQRYX ODNรฅH RGREULOL WYRMH รงHOMH ยฉ 50. 'RN MH VYHWDF %RรงML PROLR NDR รฅWR PX MH JRVSRGLQ SDSD SUH SRUXฤ LR *RVSRGLQ PX MH X GXKX SURJRYRULR X SULVSRGREL UHNDYรฅL ยช1HND VH VLURPDรฅQD OLMHSD รงHQD QDOD]LOD X MHGQRM SXVWLQML D QMHQD MH OMHSRWD ]DGLYLOD MHGQRJD YHOLNRJ NUDOMD NRML MH SRรงHOLR QMRPH VH RรงH QLWL MHU MH PLVOLR GD รพH V QMRP URGLWL OLMHSH VLQRYH 3RรฅWR MH รงHQLGED VNORSOMHQD L L]YUรฅHQD URฤ HQR MH L RGUDVOR PQRJR VLQRYD 0DMND LP MH NDG RGUDVWRรฅH RYDNR SURJRYRULOD ยช1HPRMWH ELWL VUD PHรงOMLYL MHU VWH NUDOMHYL VLQRYL 2WLฤ LWH X QMHJRY GYRU L RQ รพH YDP SUX รงLWL VYH SRWUHEQR ยฉ .DG VWLJRรฅH GR NUDOMD RQ VH ]DGLYLR QMLKR YRM OMH SRWL 3UHSR]QDYDMXรพL X QMLPD VYRMH REOLฤ MH XSLWDR LK MH ยชรฟLML VWH VL QRYL"ยฉ $ NDG VX PX UHNOL GD VX VLQRYL VLURPDรฅQH รงHQH NRMD ERUDYL X SX VWLQML NUDOM LK MH VYH V YHOLNRP UDGRรฅรพX L]JUOLR L UHNDR ยช1H ERMWH VH XVS /N 0W MHU YL VWH PRML VLQRYL $NR VH V PRJD VWROD KUDQH WROLNL VWUDQFL PQRJR YHรพH SUDYR QD WR LPDWH YL NRML VWH PRML ]DNRQLWL VLQRYL ยฉ =DWLP MH NUDOM QDUHGLR VSRPHQXWRM รงHQL GD VYH VL QRYH รฅWR LK MH V QMLP URGLOD SRรฅDOMH X QMHJRY GYRU GD LK RWKUDQLยฉ

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.DG MH WR EODรงHQRPH )UDQML GRN MH PROLR SRND]DQR X YLฤ HQMX VYHWL MH ฤ RYMHN VKYDWLR GD RQD VLURPDรฅQD รงHQD SUHGVWDYOMD QMHJD 51. .DG MH )UDQMR GRYUรฅLR VYRMX PROLWYX SUHGVWDYLR VH YUKRY QRP VYHรพHQLNX L VYH PX UHGRP LVSULSRYLMHGDR รฅWR PX MH *RVSRGLQ SRND]DR X YLฤ HQMX =DWLP MH UHNDR SDSL ยช*RVSRGLQH MD VDP RQD VLURPDรฅQD รงHQD NRMX *RVSRGLQ OMXEL 1MHJRYX VH PLORVUฤ X VYLGMHOR GD PX RQD URGL ]DNRQLWH VLQRYH .UDOM NUDOMHYD UHNDR PL MH GD รพH VYH VLQRYH NRMH รพH SR PHQL URGLWL RWKUDQLWL MHU DNR OMXEL WXฤ LQFH WR YLรฅH PRUD OMXELWL L KUDQLWL VYRMH ]DNRQLWH VLQRYH $NR %RJ GDMH YUHPHQLWD GREUD JUHรฅQLFLPD GD RWKUDQH VYRMH VLQRYH WR YLรฅH รพH GDWL HYDQฤ HR VNLP OMXGLPD NRMLPD WR SULSDGD SR REHรพDQMX ยฉ .DG MH JRVSRGLQ SDSD WR ฤ XR YHRPD VH ]DGLYLR D QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR MH SULMH GRODVND EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH YLGLR X VQX NDNR MH FUNYL VY ,YDQD /DWHUDQVNRJD SULMHWLOD RSDVQRVW GD รพH VH VUXรฅLWL 0Hฤ XWLP MH QHNL UHGRYQLN VODEDรฅDQ L QHXJOHGDQ XVS ,] FUNYX SR GUรงDYDR WDNR รฅWR MH SRGPHWQXR VYRMD OHฤ D .DG VH SDSD SUREXGLR ELR MH ]EXQMHQ L SUHVWUDรฅHQ .DR UD]ERULW L PXGDU ฤ RYMHN UD]PLรฅOMDR MH รฅWR EL WR YLฤ HQMH LPDOR ]QDฤ LWL .DG MH N QMHPX QDNRQ QHNROLNR GDQD GRรฅDR EODรงHQL )UDQMR L RWNULR PX VYRM QDXP NDR รฅWR MH YHรพ UHฤ HQR L NDG MH RG SDSH ]DWUDรงLR GD PX SRWYUGL 3UDYLOR รฅWR JD MH QDSLVDR MHGQRVWDYQLP ULMHฤ LPD SRVOXรงLR VH ULMHฤ LPD VY HYDQฤ HOMD ]D ฤ LMLP MH VDYUรฅHQVWYRP ฤ H]QXR FLMHOLP ELรพHP *RVSRGLQ SDSD JD MH SURPDWUDR WDNR JRUOMLYD X VOXรงEL %RรงMRM WH MH VYRMH YLฤ HQMH XVSRUHGLR V YLฤ HQMHP รฅWR JD MH LPDR ฤ RYMHN %RรงML 3DSD MH SRฤ HR X VHEL JRYR ULWL ยช2YR MH GRLVWD RQDM VYHWL L SRERรงQL ฤ RYMHN NRML รพH SRGXSULMHWL L SRGUรงDYDWL &UNYX %RรงMX ยฉ =DJUOLR JD MH L RGREULR 3UDYLOR รฅWR JD MH QDSLVDR 7DNRฤ HU PX MH GDR L GRSXรฅWHQMH GD VYXGD SURSRYLMHGD SRNRUX 7R LVWR MH GRSXVWLR L QMHJRYRM EUDรพL DOL LSDN WDNR GD RQL NRML รพH SURSRYLMHGDWL GRELMX GRSXรฅWHQMH L RG EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH 7R LVWR MH NDVQLMH RGREULR L X NRQ ]LVWRULMX 52. .DG PX MH VYH WR RGREUHQR EODรงHQL MH )UDQMR ]DKYDOLR %RJX XVS 'M L NOHฤ HรพL QD NROMHQLPD SRQL]QR MH L SRERรงQR JRV SRGLQX SDSL REHรพDR SRVOXรฅQRVW L SRรฅWRYDQMH 2VWDOD VX EUDรพD SUHPD RGUHGEL JRVSRGLQD SDSH QD VOLฤ DQ QDฤ LQ REHรพDOD SRVOXรฅQRVW EODรงH QRPH )UDQML .DG VX RG YUKRYQRJ VYHรพHQLND SULPLOL EODJRVORY L QD NRQ WRJD SRKRGLOL DSRVWROVNH JURERYH EODรงHQRP MH )UDQML L RVWDORM MHGDQDHVWRULFL SRGLMHOMHQD WRQ]XUD NDR รฅWR MH WR SUHGYLGLR VSRPH QXWL NDUGLQDO NRML MH KWLR GD VYD GYDQDHVWRULFD EXGX NOHULFL 53. 1DSXVWLYรฅL JUDG ฤ RYMHN MH %RรงML VD VYRMRP EUDรพRP NUHQXR X VYLMHW %LR MH YHRPD ]DGLYOMHQ รฅWR PX MH PROED WDNR EU]R XVOLรฅDQD

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'DQRPLFH MH UDVWDR X QDGL L SRX]GDQMX SUHPD 6SDVLWHOMX NRML MH VYR MLP XND]LYDQMLPD SRND]DR QDMSULMH QMHPX รฅWR VH LPD GRJRGLWL 3ULMH QHJR รฅWR MH RG SDSH GRELR VSRPHQXWD RGREUHQMD MHGQH QRรพL NDG VH SUHSXVWLR VQX X VQRYLฤ HQMX PX MH GDQR GD YLGL NDNR LGH QHNLP SXWHP SRNUDM NRMHJD VH QDOD]LOR VWDEOR YHRPD YLVRNR OLMHSR VQDรงQR XVS 'Q L GHEHOR .DG PX VH SULEOLรงLR L SRGD QM VWDR GLYLR VH QMHJRYRM YLVLQL L OMHSRWL XVS -GW =Dฤ DV MH L VDP VYHWDF QDUD VWDR GR WROLNH YLVLQH GD MH GRWLFDR YUรฅLNX GUYHWD NRMX MH V QDMYHรพRP ODNRรพRP VDYLR GR ]HPOMH , ]DLVWD VH QHรฅWR WDNYR GRJRGLOR RQGD NDG VH JRVSRGLQ ,QRFHQW GUYR X VYLMHWX WDNR YLVRNR OLMHSR L VQDรงQR )UD QMLQRM PROEL L รงHOML WDNR GREURVWLYR SULJQXR XIII. POGLAVLJE O djelotvornosti Franjina propovijedanja i o prvom prebivaliลกtu ลกto ga je imao te kako su braฤ a ondje boravila i kako su odanle otiลกla

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'RN VX EUDรพD ERUDYLOD QD WRPH PMHVWX GRJRGLOR VH GD MH MHGQRJD GDQD QHNL VHOMDN RQDPR GRรฅDR VD VYRMLP PDJDUFHP GD V QMLP X NROLEL SUHQRรพL D GD JD EUDรพD QH EL RWMHUDOD ERGULR MH VYRJD PDJDUFD ULMH ฤ LPD ยช8ฤ L VDPR Xฤ L MHU รพHPR ELWL NRULVQL RYRPH PMHVWX ยฉ .DG MH VYHWL RWDF WR ฤ XR RGPDK MH VKYDWLR L VHOMDNRYH ULMHฤ L L QDNDQX ]ERJ WRJD MH QHJRGRYDR D QDURฤ LWR ]DWR รฅWR MH VD VYRMLP PDJDUFHP QDฤ LQLR YHOLNX ]EUNX WH MH WDNR X]QHPLULR VYX EUDรพX NRMD VX WDGD SURYRGLOD YULMHPH X รฅXWQML L PROLWYL 1D WR MH ฤ RYMHN %RรงML UHNDR EUDรพL ยช=QDP EUDรพR GD QDV %RJ QLMH SR]YDR GD PDJDUFX SULSUDYOMDPR SUHQRรพLรฅWH D QL ]DWR GD QDV SRKDฤ DMX OMXGL QHJR GD OMXGLPD WX L WDPR SURSRYL MHGDPR R SXWX VSDVHQMD L GD LP SUXรงDPR VSDVRQRVQH VDYMHWH 0L VH X SUYRP UHGX PRUDPR EDYLWL PROLWYRP L ]DKYDOMLYDQMHP ยฉ 1DSXVWLรฅH VSRPHQXWX NROLEX GD VH QMRPH VOXรงH VLURPDรฅQL JXEDYFL D VDPL VH SUHVHOLรฅH L VPMHVWLรฅH NRG 6YHWH 0DULMH X 3RUFLMXQNXOL 3RNUDM FUNYLFH VX QHNR YULMHPH ERUDYLOL X NXรพLFL SULMH QHJR รฅWR VX GRELOL FUNYLFX 56. 3RWRP MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR SR SUHWKRGQRM YROML L %RรงMHP QDGDK QXรพX WX FUNYLFX GRELR RG RSDWD VY %HQHGLNWD RG JRUH 6XEDVLD EOL]X $VL]D 6YHWDF MX MH QD SRVHEDQ QDฤ LQ L V SRVHEQRP OMXEDYOMX VWDYLR QD VUFH JHQHUDOQRPH PLQLVWUX L VYRM EUDรพL NDR PMHVWR NRMH MH VODYQD 'MHYLFD YROMHOD YHรพPD QHJROL RVWDOD PMHVWD L FUNYH QDรฅHJD YUHPHQD $ GD MH WR PMHVWR VWHNOR WROLNX SUHSRUXNX L OMXEDY WRPH MH PQRJR SULGRQLMHOR L MHGQR YLฤ HQMH รฅWR JD MH LPDR QHNL EUDW GRN MRรฅ ELMDรฅH VYMHWRYQMDN %ODรงHQL JD MH )UDQMR OMXELR SRVHEQRP OMXEDYOMX GRNOH JRG MH ELR V QMLP L LVND]LYDR PX SRVHEQR SRYMHUHQMH 'RWLฤ QL MH รงHOHรพL VOXรงLWL %RJX NDR รฅWR MH SRVOLMH X 5HGX GRLVWD VOXรงLR X VYRP YLฤ HQMX YLGLR NDNR VX VYL OMXGL RYRJD VYLMHWD VOLMHSL L NDNR QDRNROR FUNYLFH VYHWH 0DULMH X 3RUFLMXQNXOL NOHฤ H QD NROMHQLPD 5XNH VX LP ELOH VNORSOMHQH D OLFD XVPMHUHQD SUHPD QHEX 6QDรงQLP VX JODVRP SODฤ XรพL PROLOL *RVSRGLQD GD EL VH PLORVWLYR XGRVWRMDR VYLPD YUDWLWL YLG 'RN VX WDNR PROLOL YLฤ HQ MH YHOLN VMDM NDNR VLOD]L V QHED NDNR VH QD QMLK VSXรฅWD L NDNR VYLPD VSDVRQRVQLP VYMHWORP YUDรพD YLG .DG MH WDM GRรฅDR N VHEL RGOXฤ LR MH GD รพH %RJX VOXรงLWL XVWUDMQLMH 0DOR L]D WRJD MH SRVYHPD QDSXVWLR RSDNL VYLMHW VD VYLP QMHJRYLP ฤ DULPD 6WXSLR MH X 5HG X QMHPX MH XVWUDMDR L %RJX VOXรงLR SRQL]QR L SRERรงQR XIV. POGLAVLJE O kapitulu koji se drลพao dvaput godiลกnje kod Svete Marije u Porcijunkuli

57. .DG MH UHฤ HQR PMHVWR NRG VYHWH 0DULMH GRELYHQR RG VSRPH QXWRJ RSDWD EODรงHQL MH )UDQMR RGUHGLR GD VH RQGMH GYDSXW JRGLรฅQMH RGUรงL NDSLWXO L WR R 'XKRYLPD L R EODJGDQX VY 0LKDHOD 2 'XKR YLPD VX VH VDVWDMDOD VYD EUDรพD NRG VYHWH 0DULMH L UDVSUDYOMDOD R WRPH

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NDNR EL PRJOL 3UDYLOR รฅWR EROMH RSVOXรงLYDWL 2VLP WRJD VX UDVSRUHฤ L YDQD EUDรพD NRMD รพH X UD]OLฤ LWLP SURYLQFLMDPD SURSRYLMHGDWL QDURGX D RVWDOX EL EUDรพX UD]PMHรฅWDOL SR QMLKRYLP SURYLQFLMDPD 6YHWL MH )UDQMR RSRPLQMDR NRULR L L]GDYDR ]DSRYLMHGL NDNR PX VH SR %RรงMHP QD GDKQXรพX ฤ LQLOR SRWUHEQLP 6YH รฅWR LP MH JRYRULR ULMHฤ LPD QMHรงQR MH L EULรงOMLYR SRND]LYDR GMHOLPD รคWRYDR MH SRJODYDUH L VYHรพHQLNH VYHWH &UNYH LVND]LYDR MH SRรฅWRYDQMH SOHPHQLWLP VWDUFLPD D SRรฅWRYDR MH L ERJDWDรฅH VLURPDKH MH QMHรงQR OMXELR L V QMLPD VUGDฤ QR VXRVMHรพDR VYL PD VH SRND]LYDR SRGORรงQLP , NROLNR JRG MH RG VYHNROLNH EUDรพH ELR ฤ DVQLML LSDN MH MHGQRJ RG EUDรพH NRML MH V QMLP ERUDYLR SRVWDYLR VHEL ]D JYDUGLMDQD L JRVSRGDUD 1MHPX VH GD EL RG VHEH RWMHUDR VYDNX SULJRGX ]D RKRORVW SRQL]QR L SRERรงQR SRNRUDYDR 0Hฤ X OMXGLPD EL VYRMX JODYX GXERNR VDJLEDR GR ]HPOMH NDNR EL PHฤ X %RรงMLP VYHFLPD L L]DEUDQLFLPD ]DVOXรงLR GD SUHG %RรงMLP OLFHP MHGQRรพ EXGH X]YLรฅHQ XVS /N

%ULรงQR MH RSRPLQMDR EUDรพX GD EL VY HYDQฤ HOMH L 3UDYLOR NDR รฅWR VX ฤ YUVWR REHรพDOL YMHUQR RSVOXรงLYDOL D QDSRVH GD V RE]LURP QD ER รงDQVNX VOXรงEX L FUNYHQH XUHGEH EXGX SXQL SRรฅWRYDQMD L SRERรงQR VWL 3UHSRUXฤ LYDR MH GD SRERรงQR VOXรฅDMX PLVX L GD VH *RVSRGLQRYX 7LMHOX รฅWR SRERรงQLMH NODQMDMX +WLR MH GD QMHJRYD EUDรพD QD SRVHEDQ QDฤ LQ รฅWXMX VYHรพHQLNH NRML VH EULQX ]D ฤ DVQH L QDGD VYH X]YLรฅHQH VD NUDPHQWH *GMH JRG EL LK VUHOL PRUDOL VX SUHG QMLPD SULJQXWL JODYX L SROMXELWL LP UXNH $ NDG EL LK VUHOL NDNR MDรฅX QD NRQMX KWLR MH GD LP WDGD QH SROMXEH VDPR UXNH QHJR L NRSLWD NRQMD QD NRMLPD VX MDKDOL GD EL WDNR RGDOL SRฤ DVW QMLKRYRM X]YLรฅHQRM YODVWL 58. 7DNRฤ HU MH RSRPLQMDR EUDรพX QHND QLNRJD RG OMXGL QH RVXฤ X MX QLWL QH SUH]LUX RQH NRML รงLYH UDVNRรฅQR NRML VH REODฤ H RVHEXMQR L SUHWMHUDQR %RJ MH QDLPH L QDรฅ L QMLKRY *RVSRGDU X VWDQMX N VHEL LK SR]YDWL L SR]YDQH RSUDYGDWL XVS 5LP 7DNRฤ HU MH LVWLFDR NDNR รงHOL GD EUDรพD WDNYH SRรฅWXMX NDR VYRMX EUDรพX L JRVSRGDUH , RQL VX QDรฅD EUDรพD MHU LK MH VWYRULR MHGDQ WH LVWL 6WYRULWHOM D JRVSRGDUL VX QDP XNROLNR SRPDรงX GREUH L SUXรงDMX รฅWR LP MH SRWUHEQR ]D WLMHOR GD EL PRJOL ฤ LQLWL SRNRUX 5HNDYรฅL WR GRGDR MH ยช7DNYR EL WUHEDOR ELWL SRQDรฅDQMH EUDรพH PHฤ X OMXGLPD GD VYDWNR WNR LK ฤ XMH LOL YLGL VODYL 2FD QHEHVNRJ XVS 0W L GD JD SRERรงQR KYDOL ยฉ 8YHOLNH MH รงHOLR GD NDNR VDP WDNR L EUDรพD RELOXMX WDNYLP GMHOLPD NRMD รพH ELWL QD VODYX *RVSRGLQX =DWR LP MH UHNDR ยช.DR รฅWR PLU QDYLMHรฅWDWH XVWLPD WDNR JD MRรฅ YLรฅH LPDMWH X VYRMLP VUFLPD 1LNRJD QH L]D]LYDMWH QD VUGรงEX L QLNRPH QH EXGLWH QD VDEOD]DQ QHJR QHND YDรฅD EODJRVW VYDNRJD SRWLฤ H QD PLU GREURVWLYRVW L VORJX 7D ]DWR VPR SR]YDQL GD OLMHฤ LPR UDQMHQH SRYH]XMHPR VORPOMHQH XVS (]

SR]LYDPR QD SRYUDWDN ]DOXWDOH =D PQRJH QDP VH ฤ LQL GD VX XGRYL ฤ DYORYL D RQL รพH MRรฅ SRVWDWL Xฤ HQLFL .ULVWRYL ยฉ

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59. 'REUL MH RWDF RVLP WRJD SUHNRUDYDR EUDþX NRMD VX VDPD SUHPD VHEL ELOD SUHVWURJD 0QRJR VX VH WUDSLOL EGLMHQMLPD SRVWR YLPD XVS .RU L WMHOHVQLP PUWYOMHQMHP 3RQHNL VX VH RG QMLK ]DWR WDNR WHåNR WUDSLOL GD EL X VHEL XJXåLOL QHXUHGQH WMHOHVQH SRULYH WH VH ĀLQLOR GD VYDNL PU]L VDPRJD VHEH ÿRYMHN %RçML MH RYDNYH X WRP SRJOHGX ]DXVWDYOMDR RED]ULYR LK RSRPLQMDR UD] ERULWR NRULR L WDNR LP SRYH]LYDR UDQH SRYRMLPD VSDVRQRVQLK ]D SRYLMHGL 0HāX EUDþRP NRMD VX GROD]LOD QD NDSLWXO QLWNR VH QLMH XVXāLYDR JRYRULWL R VYMHWRYQLP VWYDULPD QHJR VX VDPR UD]JRYDUDOL R çLYRWLPD VYHWLK RWDFD L R WRPH NDNR EL åWR EROMH L åWR VDYUåHQLMH PRJOL QDþL PLORVW *RVSRGLQD ,VXVD .ULVWD $NR MH NRML RG EUDþH NRMD VX GRåOD QD NDSLWXO LPDR NDNYX QDSDVW LOL WHåNRþX GRN EL VOXåDOL EODçHQRJD )UDQMX NDNR JRYRUL XPLOMDWR L YDWUHQR L GRN VX SURPDWUDOL QMHJRYX SRNRUX ELYDOL VX RVORERāHQL RG QDSDVWL L QD ĀXGHVDQ EL VH QDĀLQ SUL GL]DOL L] VYRMLK QHYROMD *RYRULR MH NDR RQDM NRML V QMLPD VXRVMHþD D QH NDR VXGDF JRYRULR LP MH NDR PLORVUGQL RWDF VLQRYLPD L NDR GREDU OLMHĀQLN EROHVQLFLPD 6 EROHVQLPD MH XPLR ELWL EROHVWDQ ]QDMXþL VD VODELPD ELWL VODE XVS .RU D V RMDāHQLPD ELWL RMDāHQ ,SDN MH VYH SUHNUåLWHOMH NDçQMDYDR NDNR WUHED D WYUGRJODYFH EL L EXQWRYQL NH REX]GDYDR SULNODGQLP ND]QDPD .DG EL NDSLWXO ELR GRYUåHQ VYX EL EUDþX EODJRVORYLR D SRMHGLQ FH MH UDVSRUHāLYDR X SRMHGLQH SURYLQFLMH .RML VX L]PHāX QMLK LPDOL GXKD %RçMHJD L SRWUHEQX UMHĀLWRVW ]D SURSRYLMHGDQMH ELOR GD VH UD GLOR R NOHULNX LOL R ODLNX SRGMHOMLYDR LP MH RGREUHQMH GD PRJX SUR SRYLMHGDWL $ EUDþD VX SULPLYåL QMHJRY EODJRVORY V YHOLNRP UDGRåþX GXKD NDR SULGRåOMLFH L SXWQLFL XVS 3W KRGLOL SR VYLMHWX VD VRERP QLVX QLåWD QRVLOL RVLP NQMLJD L] NRMLK VX PROLOL ĀDVRVORY *GMH JRG EL QDåOL VYHþHQLND ERJDWD LOL VLURPDåQD GREUD LOL RSDND SRQL] QR EL PX VH SRNORQLOL L RGDOL SRåWRYDQMH $ NDG EL GRåOR YULMHPH GD VH SREULQX ]D SUHQRþLåWH UDGLMH VX LåOL N VYHþHQLFLPD QHJROL N VYMHWRYQMDFLPD 60. .DG LP QLMH ELOR PRJXþH SUHQRþLWL NRG VYHþHQLND WUDçLOL VX GXKRYQLMH L ERJRERMD]QLMH YMHUQLNH NRG NRMLK VX PRJOL SULVWRMQR SUH QRþLWL GRN *RVSRGLQ SR JUDGRYLPD L VHOLPD X NRMD VX EUDþD çHOMHOD GRþL QLMH QDGDKQXR QHNH ERJRERMD]QLNH GD LP SULSUDYH SUHQRþLåWH L GRN ]D QMLK QLVX X JUDGRYLPD L VHOLPD L]JUDāHQD VWDOQD ERUDYLåWD *RVSRGLQ LP MH X SUDYL ĀDV GDYDR ULMHĀ L GXK GD JRYRUH YUOR RåWUH ULMHĀL NRMH VX XOD]LOH L X VUFD PODGLþD L X VUFD VWDUDFD NRML VX VX RVWDY OMDMXþL RFD L PDMNX XVS 0W L VYH åWR VX LPDOL VOLMHGLOL EUDþX L REODĀLOL QMLKRY UHGRYQLĀNL KDELW %LR MH WDGD GRLVWD QD ]HPOMX SRVODQ PDĀ NRML UDVWDYOMD XVS 0W NDG VX X 5HG XOD]LOL PODGLþL NRML VX RVWDYOMDOL VYRMH URGLWHOMH X WDORJX JULMHKD 2QH SDN NRMH VX SULPDOL

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X 5HG EUDรพD VX GRYRGLOD EODรงHQRPH )UDQML GD RG QMHJD SRQL]QR L SRERรงQR SULPH UHGRYQLฤ NL KDELW 1R QLVX VH VDPR PXรฅNDUFL RGXรฅHYOMDYDOL ]D UHGRYQLฤ NL รงLYRW QHJR VX VH WDNRฤ HU PQRJH XGDWH รงHQH GMHYLFH L XGRYLFH JDQXWH QMLKRYLP SURSRYLMHGLPD SR QMLKRYX VDYMHWX X JUDGRYLPD L VHOLPD ]DWYDUDOH X ]D QMLK SRGLJQXWH VDPRVWDQH GD EL ฤ LQLOH SRNRUX -HGDQ LP MH EUDW ELR SRVWDYOMHQ NDR SRKRGLWHOM L SRSUDYLWHOM 1D VOLฤ DQ VX VH QDฤ LQ L RรงHQMHQL OMXGL L XGDWH รงHQH QH PRJDYรฅL VH SUHPD รงHQLGEHQRP SUDYX UDVWDWL SR VSDVRQRVQX VDYMHWX EUDรพH X YODVWLWLP NXรพDPD SUHGDYDOL VWURรงRM SRNRUL , WDNR VH SR EODรงHQRPH )UDQML NRML ELMDรฅH VDYUรฅHQ SRNORQLN 3UHVYHWRJD 7URMVWYD &UNYD %RรงMD REQDYOMD SRPRรพX WULMX UHGRYD NDR รฅWR MH WR SUHGR]QDฤ LR SRSUDYDN WULMX FUNDYD 6YDNL MH RG WLK UHGRYD X VYRMH YULMHPH SRWYUGLR YUKRYQL VYHรพHQLN XV. POGLAVLJE O smrti gospodina Ivana, prvoga zaลกtitnika i izboru gospodina Hugolina, biskupa ostijskog za oca i zaลกtitnika Reda

61. รฟDVQL MH RWDF JRVSRGLQ ,YDQ RG 6Y 3DYOD YHรพ VSRPHQXWL NDUGLQDO NRML MH VYHWRP )UDQML ฤ HVWR ELR VDYMHWQLNRP L ]DรฅWLWQLNRP VYLP RVWDOLP NDUGLQDOLPD SUHSRUXฤ LYDR รงLYRW L GMHORYDQMH NDNR VD PRJD VYHFD WDNR L VYHNROLNH QMHJRYH EUDรพH 1MLKRYD VX VUFD ELOD UDV SRORรงHQD GD OMXEH ฤ RYMHND %RรงMHJ L QMHJRYX EUDรพX QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR MH VYDNL RG QMLK รงHOLR GD X VYRMRM NXULML LPD NRMHJD RG EUDรพH DOL QH ]DWR GD LP REDYOMDMX NDNYH SRVORYH QHJR SRUDGL QMLKRYH VYHWRVWL L SRERรงQRVWL NRMRP VX SODPWMHOL SUHPD QMLPD .DG MH JRVSRGLQ ,YDQ RG 6Y 3DYOD XPUR MHGQRJD RG NDUGLQD OD LPHQRP +XJROLQD NRML WDGD ELMDรฅH RVWLMVNL ELVNXS QDGDKQXR MH *RVSRGLQ GD EL )UDQMX L QMHJRYX EUDรพX LVWR WDNR LVNUHQR OMXELR ]DรฅWLรพLYDR L ]D QMLK VH EULQXR 2Q VH GRLVWD SUHPD QMLPD RGQRVLR QDMVUGDฤ QLMH NDR GD MH VYLPD ELR RWDF รคWRYLรฅH OMXELR LK MH YLรฅH QHJR รฅWR VH QDUDYQD OMXEDY WMHOHVQRJ RFD SR VDPRM QDUDYL Rฤ LWXMH SUHPD WMHOHVQLP VLQRYLPD 1MHJRYD VH OMXEDY GXKRYQR UDVSODPVDOD SUHPD ฤ RYMHNX %RรงMHP L SUHPD QMHJRYRM EUDรพL GD EL LK X *RVSRGLQX OMXELR L ]D QMLK VH EULQXR .DG MH ฤ RYMHN %RรงML ฤ XR ]D QMHJRY YHOLNL XJOHG MHU MH PHฤ X RVWDOLP NDUGLQDOLPD XรงLYDR SRVHEDQ XJOHG )UDQMR MH VD VYR MRP EUDรพRP RWLรฅDR GR QMHJD .DUGLQDO LK MH UDGRVQR SULPLR L UHNDR ยช3UHGDMHP YDP VHEH GD YDP EXGHP SRPRรพQLNRP L VDYMHWQLNRP VSUHPDQ VDP YDP SUXรงLWL ]DรฅWLWX SUHPD YDรฅHP QDKRฤ HQMX L รงHOLP GD PH SRUDGL %RJD SUHSRUXฤ XMHWH X VYRMLP PROLWYDPD ยฉ 7DGD MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR ]DKYDOMXMXรพL %RJX UHNDR NDUGLQDOX ยช5DGR JRVSRGLQH SULKYDรพDP GD EXGHWH RFHP L ]DรฅWLWQLNRP QDรฅH UHGRYQLฤ NH ]DMHGQLFH L รงHOLP GD YDV VYD EUDรพD ]DXYLMHN VPDWUDMX

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XNOMXฤ HQLP X VYRMH PROLWYH ยฉ 3RVOLMH JD MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR ]DPROLR GD VH XGRVWRML VXGMHORYDWL X NDSLWXOX EUDรพH R 'XKRYLPD 2Q MH QD WR RGPDK SULVWDR L RWDGD MH VYDNH JRGLQH SULVXVWYRYDR QMLKRYX ND SLWXOX .DG MH GROD]LR QD NDSLWXO VYD VX PX EUDรพD QD NDSLWXOX VDEUDQD X SRYRUFL L]OD]LOD X VXVUHW .DG EL EUDรพD VWLJOD NDUGLQDO EL VMDKDR V NRQMD L V QMLPD LรฅDR SMHรฅLFH GR FUNYLFH VYHWH 0DULMH 1DNRQ WRJD EL LP RGUรงDR JRYRU L SULND]DR PLVX X NRMRM MH ฤ RYMHN %RรงML SMHYDR HYDQฤ HOMH XVI. POGLAVLJE O izboru prvih ministara i kako su bili razaslani po svijetu

62. .DG VH QDYUรฅLOR MHGDQDHVW JRGLQD RG SRฤ HWND 5HGD SRรฅWR VX VH EUDรพD XPQRรงLOD EURMHP L ]DVOXJDPD ELMDKX L]DEUDQL PLQLVWUL L V QHNROLFLQRP EUDรพH UD]DVODQL QD VYH VWUDQH VYLMHWD JGMH ELMDรฅH SR ]QDWD NDWROLฤ ND YMHUD L JGMH VH SR QMRM รงLYL 8 QHNLP VX NUDMHYLPD SULPOMHQL DOL LP QLMH ELOR GRSXรฅWHQR JUDGLWL ERUDYLรฅWH L] QHNLK VX ฤ DN SURWMHUDQL ]ERJ VWUDKD GD EUDรพD PRรงGD QLVX QHNL NULYRYMHUFL 3UHPGD MH VSRPHQXWL JRVSRGLQ ,QRFHQW ,,, RGREULR QMLKRY 5HG L 3UDYLOR DOL WR QLMH Xฤ LQLR SLVDQRP LVSUDYRP ]DWR VX EUDรพD SUHWU SMHOD PQRJR QHSULOLND L RG NOHULND L RG VYMHWRYQMDND =ERJ WRJD VX EUDรพD ELOD SULPRUDQD L] QHNLK SRNUDMLQD SREMHรพL 7DNR SULWLMHรฅQMHQL L VPXรพHQL RG UD]ERMQLND SOMDฤ NDQL L ELMHQL V YHOLNRP VX VH RJRUฤ HQR รฅรพX YUDWLOL N EODรงHQRPH )UDQML 7DNR VX PRUDOL WUSMHWL JRWRYR X VYLP W]Y XOWUDPRQWDQVNLP NUDMHYLPD NDR รฅWR VX 1MHPDฤ ND 8JDUVND L YLรฅH GUXJLK ]HPDOMD .DG MH WR SULRSรพHQR UHฤ HQRP JRVSRGLQX NDUGLQDOX SR]YDR MH N VHEL EODรงHQRJD )UDQMX GD JD RGYHGH JRVSRGLQX SDSL +RQRULMX MHU MH JRVSRGLQ ,QRFHQW YHรพ ELR PUWDY .DUGLQDO MH SDSL GDR GUXJR 3UDYLOR รฅWR JD MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR VDVWDYLR SR .ULVWRYRM XSXWL GD JD LVWL JRV SRGLQ +RQRULMH VYHฤ DQR SRWYUGL EXORP 8 WRP MH 3UDYLOX SURGXรงHQ YUHPHQVNL UD]PDN L]PHฤ X NDSLWXOD GD EL VH L]EMHJDR QDSRU EUDรพH NRMD ERUDYH X XGDOMHQLP ]HPOMDPD 63. %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR SUHGORรงLR GD VH RG VSRPHQXWRJD JRVSRG QD SDSH +RQRULMD ]DWUDรงL MHGDQ RG NDUGLQDOD 5LPVNH FUNYH GD EXGH QHNH YUVWL SDSD QMHJRYD 5HGD QDLPH VSRPHQXWRJD JRVSRGLQD ELVNX SD RVWLMVNRJD NRMHP EL VH EUDรพD PRJOD REUDรพDWL X VYRMLP VWYDULPD %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR GRLVWD LPDR YLฤ HQMH NRMH JD MH PRรงGD QDYHOR QD WR GD ]DWUDรงL NDUGLQDOD L ]DWR GD EL 5HG SUHSRUXฤ LR 5LPVNRM FUNYL 9LGLR MH QDLPH PDOX FUQX NYRฤ NX NRMD MH LPDOD QRJH SRNULYHQH SHU MHP SRSXW GRPDรพHJD JROXED D LPDOD MH WROLNR SLOLรพD GD LK QLMH PRJOD

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[8] -HGQRJD MH GDQD EODรงHQL )UDQMR N VHEL SR]YDR VYRMH GUXJRYH L UHNDR LP ยช3R]QDWR YDP MH NDNR MH JRVSRฤ D -DNRED L] 6HWWHVROLMD ELOD D L VDGD MH SULYUรงHQD L RGDQD L PHQL L QDรฅHPX UHGX 6WRJD DNR MH REDYLMHVWLWH R PRPH VDGDรฅQMHP VWDQMX XYMHUHQ VDP GD รพH WR VPDWUDWL YHOLNRP PLORรฅรพX L XWMHKRP 1DSRVH MRM MDYLWH GD YDP SRรฅDOMH UHGRYQLฤ NRJD VXNQD ]D MHGQX WXQLNX SHSHOMDVWH ERMH SRSXW RQRJD VXNQD NRMLP VH VOXรงH FLVWHUFLWL VMHYHUQR RG $OSD XOWUDPRQWD QL 1HND PL WDNRฤ HU SRรฅDOMH RQLK NRODฤ D NDNYH PL MH YLรฅH SXWD ]QDOD QDฤ LQLWL NDG VDP ERUDYLR X 5LPX ยฉ ยฒ 5LPOMDQL WH NRODฤ H ]RYX ยชPRU WDULROXPยฉ D SUDYH VH RG EDGHPD รฅHรพHUD LOL PHGD L GUXJLK GRGDWDND %LMDรฅH WR SRERรงQD รงHQD %RJX SRVYHรพHQD XGRYLFD MHGQD RG SOH PHQLWLMLK L ERJDWLMLK X FLMHORPH 5LPX 2G %RJD MH SULPLOD WROLNX PLORVW SR ]DVOXJDPD L SURSRYLMHGDQMX EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH WH VH ฤ LQLOR NDR GD MH GUXJD 0DJGDOHQD MHU MH L] OMXEDYL SUHPD %RJX XYLMHN ELOD ]DSODNDQD L V %RJRP VMHGLQMHQD .DG MH SLVPR QDSLVDQR NDR รฅWR MH UHNDR VYHWL RWDF MHGDQ MH L] PHฤ X EUDรพH QDVWRMDR SURQDรพL EUDWD NRML EL RGQLR SLVPR 8 WDM ฤ DV MH QHWNR SRNXFDR QD YUDWLPD .DG MH MHGDQ RG EUDรพH RWYRULR YUDWD XJOHGDR MH JRVSRฤ X -DNREX NRMD MH รงXUQR XVS /N VWLJOD L] 5LPD GD YLGL EODรงHQRJD )UDQMX -HGDQ MH EUDW VLOQR REUDGRYDQ RG PDK RWLรฅDR N EODรงHQRPH )UDQML L REDYLMHVWLR JD GD MH JRVSRฤ D -DNRED VWLJOD VD VYRMLP VLQRP L V PQRJLP GUXJLPD GD JD SRVMHWL =DWLP JD MH XSLWDR ยช2ฤ H รฅWR GD Xฤ LQLPR" +RรพHPR OL MH SXVWLWL GD XQLฤ H L GRฤ H N WHEL"ยฉ 3UHPD RGUHGEL EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH ELOR MH YHรพ X RQR GRED L] SRรฅWRYDQMD SUHPD RQRPH PMHVWX L SRUDGL QMHJRYH VYHWRVWL ]DEUDQMHQR GD รงHQVNH RVREH XOD]H X RQDM ]DWYRUHQL SURVWRU %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR RGJRYRULR ยช7X RGUHGEX QH WUHED REGUรงDYDWL NDG VH UDGL R WRM JRVSRฤ L NRMX MH YHOLND YMHUD L SRERรงQRVW SRWDNOD GD GRฤ H RYDPR L] WROLNH XGDOMHQRVWL ยฉ ยฒ 7DNR MH JRVSRฤ D XรฅOD N EODรงHQRPH )UDQML L SUHG QMLP SRฤ HOD SUROLMHYDWL RELOQH VX]H , ]Dฤ XGR VD VRERP MH GRQLMHOD PUWYDฤ NX WNDQLQX SHSHOMDVWH ERMH ]D WXQLNX D GRQLMHOD MH L VYH RVWDOR รฅWR MH QD]QDฤ HQR X SLVPX =DWR VX VH EUDรพD YUOR ฤ XGLOD SURPDWUDMXรพL VYHWRVW GREURJD )UDQMH รคWR YLรฅH VSRPHQXWD JRVSRฤ D -DNRED UHNOD MH EUDรพL ยช%UDรพR GRN VDP PROLOD X GXKX PL MH UHฤ HQR ยท3Rฤ L L SRVMHWL VYRJD RFD EODรงHQRJD )UDQMX 3RรงXUL L QHPRM RNOLMHYDWL MHU EXGHรฅ OL PQRJR RNOLMHYDOD QH รพHรฅ JD YLรฅH QDรพL รงLYD 2VLP WRJD รพHรฅ SRQLMHWL WDNYX L WDNYX WNDQLQX L RVWDOR รฅWR MH SRWUHEQR GD PX QDฤ LQLรฅ RQH NRODฤ H ,VWR WDNR SRQHVL ]D UDVYMHWX YHOLNX NROLฤ LQX YRVND L GRVWD WDPMDQD ยทยฉ %ODรงHQL )UDQMR QLMH X SLVPX VSRPHQXR WDPMDQD 1R *RVSRGLQ MH JRVSRฤ L L WR QDGDK QXR GD EL WR ELOD NDR QHND QDJUDGD L XWMHKD QMH]LQRM GXรฅL D L ]DWR GD ELVPR EROMH VSR]QDOL NROLNX MH VYHWRVW SRVMHGRYDR WDM VYHWDF NRJD

Asi ลกki z b orn i k i l i Peruฤ i n ska le genda

591

MH QHEHVNL 2WDF WDNR VLURPDรฅQD QD GDQ QMHJRYH VPUWL KWLR WROLNR SRฤ DVWLWL ,VWL RQDM NRML MH QDGDKQXR ยชNUDOMHYHยฉ GD SRฤ X V GDURYLPD L GD SRฤ DVWH VLURPDรฅQR URฤ HQMH QMHJRYD OMXEOMHQRJD 6LQD MHGQDNR MH WDNR QDGDKQXR WX SOHPHQLWX JRVSRฤ X X GDOHNRPH NUDMX GD SRฤ H V GDUR YLPD L LVNDรงH รฅWRYDQMH L ฤ DVW VODYQRPH L VYHWRP WLMHOX QMHJRYD VYHWRJ VOXJH NRML MH V WROLNRP OMXEDYOMX L รงDURP L ]D รงLYRWD L QD VDPUWL OMXELR L QDVOMHGRYDR VLURPDรฅWYR QMHJRYD OMXEOMHQRJD 6LQD 7D MH JRVSRฤ D MHGQRJ GDQD VYHFX SULSUDYLOD RQH VODWNLรฅH รฅWR LK MH ]DรงHOLR MHVWL 1R PDOR MH RG WRJD SRMHR MHU PX MH WLMHOR GDQRPLFH ]ERJ YUOR WHรฅNH EROHVWL VYH YLรฅH L]QHPDJDOR L EOLรงLOR VH VPUWL 'DOD MH QDฤ LQLWL PQRJR VYLMHรพD GD EL QDNRQ QMHJRYD SUHPLQXรพD JRUMHOH X] QMHJRYR VYHWR WLMHOR 2G WNDQLQH รฅWR MX MH JRVSRฤ D GRQLMHOD EUDรพD VX QDฤ LQLOD WXQLNX X NRMRM MH SRNRSDQ %UDรพL MH QDORรงLR GD PX PRUDMX VDรฅLWL NRVWULMHW L REXรพL SUHNR WXQLNH NDR ]QDN QDMVYHWLMH SRQL]QRVWL L VLURPDรฅWYD , VYH VH GRJRGLOR NDNR VH VYLGMHOR %RJX %ODรงHQL VH )UD QMR RQRJD WMHGQD NDG MH VWLJOD JRVSRฤ D -DNRED SUHVHOLR X YMHฤ QRVW

[9] %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR RG SRฤ HWND VYRJD REUDรพHQMD X] %RรงMX SRPRรพ NDR PXGDU ฤ RYMHN L VDPRJD VHEH L VYRMX NXรพX ยฒ VYRM QDLPH UHG ยฒ XWHPHOMLR QD ฤ YUVWRM VWLMHQL XVS 0W WM QD QDMYHรพRM SRQL]QRVWL L VLURPDรฅWYX 6LQD %RรงMHJD D VYRM UHG MH QD]YDR 5HG PDQMH EUDรพH 8WHPHOMLR JD MH QD QDMGXEOMRM SRQL]QRVWL =DWR MH X SRฤ HWNX 5HGD NDG VX VH EUDรพD SRฤ HOD PQRรงLWL KWLR GD ERUDYH X VNORQLรฅWLPD JXEDYDFD L GD LK SRVOXรงXMX =DWR MH X RQR YULMHPH NDG VX X 5HG XOD]LOL L SOHPLรพL L SXฤ DQL L]PHฤ X RVWDORJD EUDรพL JRYRULR GD PRUDMX SRVOXรงLYDWL JXEDYFH L ERUDYLWL X QMLKRYLP NXรพDPD 8WHPHOMLR JD MH QD QDMYHรพHP VLURPDรฅWYX NDR รฅWR MH UHฤ HQR X 3UD YLOX รฆHOLR MH GD EUDรพD X NXรพDPD ERUDYH NDR SULGRรฅOLFH L VWUDQFL XVS 3W QHND QLรฅWD QHPDMX SRG QHERP RVLP VYHWRJD VLURPDรฅWYD 3R QMHPX LK *RVSRGLQ QD RYRPH VYLMHWX X]GUรงDYD KUDQRP L NUHSR VWLPD D QD GUXJRP รพH SULPLWL QHEHVNX EDรฅWLQX , VDPRJD VHEH MH XWHPHOMLR QD QDMYHรพHP VLURPDรฅWYX L SRQL]QRVWL MHU NDR รฅWR ELMDรฅH YUOR XJOHGDQ X &UNYL %RรงMRM WDNR MH KWLR L WR MH L]DEUDR GD EXGH SUH]UHQ QH VDPR X &UNYL QHJR L PHฤ X VYRMRP EUDรพRP [10] .DG MH MHGQRP ]JRGRP SURSRYLMHGDR X JUDGX 7HUQLX QD WUJX SUHG ELVNXSVNLP GYRURP ELVNXS MH WRJD JUDGD ฤ RYMHN XPDQ L GX KRYDQ ELR QD]Rฤ DQ .DG MH )UDQMR GRYUรฅLR SURSRYLMHG ELVNXS MH XVWDR WH MH PHฤ X RVWDOLP UHNDR QDURGX ยช*RVSRGLQ MH VYRMX &UNYX

592

I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

RG SRฤ HWND RWNDNR MX MH XWHPHOMLR L VDJUDGLR XVS 0W XYLMHN SURVYMHWOMLYDR SR VYHWLP OMXGLPD NRML VX MH SULGL]DOL VYRMRP ULMHฤ MX L รงLYRWRP 6DGD MX MH PHฤ XWLP X RYR SRVOMHGQMH YULMHPH XVS ,Y

SURVYLMHWOLR RYLP VLURPDรฅQLP L QHXNLP ฤ RYMHNRP ยฒ SULWRP MH VYHPX QDURGX SUVWRP SRND]DR EODรงHQRJD )UDQMX ยฒ ]DWR PRUDWH *RVSRGLQD OMXELWL L รฅWRYDWL L PRUDWH VH ฤ XYDWL JULMHKD MHU QHรฅWR WDNYR QLMH Xฤ LQLR QLMHGQRPH QDURGXยฉ XVS 3V

.DG MH )UDQMR QDNRQ SURSRYLMHGL VLรฅDR V PMHVWD QD NRMHP MH SUR SRYLMHGDR >JRVSRGLQ@ ELVNXS L EODรงHQL )UDQMR Xฤ RรฅH X ELVNXSVNX FUNYX 7DGD VH EODรงHQL )UDQMR SUHG ELVNXSRP QDNORQLR L EDFLR SUHG QMHJRYH QRJH XVS 0N UHNDYรฅL ยช8LVWLQX YDP NDรงHP JRVSR GLQH ELVNXSH GR VDGD PL QLMHGDQ ฤ RYMHN QLMH LVND]DR WROLNX ฤ DVW QD RYRPH VYLMHWX NDR รฅWR VWH PL MH GDQDV LVND]DOL YL MHU OMXGL JRYRUH ยท7R MH VYHW ฤ RYMHN ยท ,VND]XMX VODYX L SULGDMX VYHWRVW VWYRUHQMX D QH 6WYRULWHOMX 9L VWH NDR UD]ERULW ฤ RYMHN RGYRMLOL RQR GUDJRFMHQR RG EH] YULMHGQRJDยฉ XVS -U

.DG EL EODรงHQRPH )UDQML LVND]LYDOL SRฤ DVWL L JRYRULOL GD MH VYHW ฤ RYMHN RQ EL QD WR RGJRYDUDR RYLP ULMHฤ LPD ยช-Rรฅ QLVDP VLJXUDQ GD QH ELK WUHEDR LPDWL VLQRYH L NรพHUL ยฉ , GRGDR EL ยช.DG EL *RVSRGLQ ELOR NRMHJD ฤ DVD KWLR RGX]HWL VYRMH EODJR รฅWR JD MH SRVXGLR PHQL รฅWR EL PL GUXJR SUHRVWDOR QHJR VDPR GXรฅD L WLMHOR D WR LPDMX L QHYMHUQLFL รคWRYLรฅH PRUDP ELWL XYMHUHQ GD MH *RVSRGLQ NRMHP UD]ERMQLNX LOL QHYMHUQLNX XGLMHOLR WROLND GREUD NROLND MH XGLMHOLR PHQL RQL EL ELOL *RVSRGLQX YMHUQLML ยฉ , QDGRGDR MH ยช.DR รฅWR VH VOLNRP *RVSRGLQD L EODรงHQH 'MHYLFH 0DULMH QDVOLNDQRP QD GUYHWX ฤ DVWL %RJ L EODรงHQD 'MHYLFD L X SDPHW VH GR]LYD %RJ L EODรงHQD 'MHYLFD D WR GUYR LOL VOLND VHEL LSDN QLรฅWD QH SULSLVXMH MHU NDR รฅWR VX GUYR LOL VOLND WDNR MH L VOXJD %RรงML QHNH YUVWL VOLND QDLPH VWYRUHQMH %RรงMH NRMRP VH ฤ DVWL %RJ ]ERJ GREURฤ LQVWDYD D VOXJD %RรงML VDPRPH VHEL QH VPLMH QLรฅWD SULSLVDWL NDR รฅWR GUYR LOL VOLND QH SULSLVXMX VHEL 2Q PRUD MHGLQRPH %RJX LVND]LYDWL ฤ DVW L VODYX XVS 7LP D VHEL PRUD SULSLVLYDWL VUDP L ELMHGX GRN MH รงLY MHU VH WLMHOR XYLMHN GRN MH รงLYR VXSURWVWDYOMD %RรงMLP GREURฤ LQVWYLPD ยฉ

[11] )UDQMR MH PHฤ X VYRMRP EUDรพRP KWLR ELWL SRQL]DQ 'D EL VDฤ XYDR รฅWR YHรพX SRQL]QRVW QHNROLNR JRGLQD QDNRQ VYRJD REUDรพHQMD QD MHG QRP VH NDSLWXOX NRG 6YHWH 0DULMH X 3RUFLMXQNXOL SUHG VYRP EUDรพRP RGUHNDR SRJODYDUVNH YODVWL UHNDYรฅL ยช2G VDGD VDP ]D YDV PUWDY (YR QDP EUDWD 3HWUD .DWDQVNRJD NRPH รพHPR VH L MD L YL SRNRUDYDWL ยฉ 1D WR VX VYD EUDรพD SRฤ HOD QD VDY JODV SODNDWL L QDULFDWL %ODรงHQL VH )UDQMR QDNORQLR SUHG EUDWRP 3HWURP L REHรพDR PX SRVOXรฅQRVW L SRรฅWRYDQMH , RWDGD MH VYH GR VYRMH VPUWL XVS )LO RVWDR SRGORรงQLNRP NDR

Asi ลกki z b orn i k i l i Peruฤ i n ska le genda

593

MHGDQ RG RVWDOH EUDรพH รคWRYLรฅH QLMH KWLR ELWL SRGORรงDQ VDPR JHQH UDOQLP L SURYLQFLMDOQLP PLQLVWULPD MHU VH X NRMRM JRG EL SURYLQFLML ERUDYLR LOL EL LรฅDR VDPR SURSRYLMHGDWL SRNRUDYDR PLQLVWUX RQH SUR YLQFLMH 7DNRฤ HU MH SRUDGL YHรพHJD VDYUรฅHQVWYD L SRQL]QRVWL PQRJR YUHPHQD SULMH VYRMH VPUWL MHGQRP ]JRGRP UHNDR JHQHUDOQRPH PLQL VWUX ยช+RรพX GD VYRMX YODVW V RE]LURP QD PHQH XYLMHN SRYMHULรฅ MHGQR PH RG PRMLK GUXJRYD 1MHPX รพX VH SRNRUDYDWL XPMHVWR WHEL 3RUDGL YHรพH NRULVWL L NUHSRVWL SRVOXรฅQRVWL QDLPH KRรพX GD XYLMHN ]D รงLYRWD L QD VDPUWL EXGHรฅ VD PQRP ยฉ , RWDGD MH XYLMHN VYH GR VPUWL XVS )LO LPDR MHGQRJD RG VYRMLK GUXJRYD NDR VYRJD JYDUGLMDQD NRMHPX VH SRNRUDYDR XPMHVWR JHQHUDOQRPH PLQLVWUX -HGQRP MH รฅWRYLรฅH UHNDR VYRMLP GUXJRYL PD ยช6DP 6YHYLรฅQML PL MH XGLMHOLR WX PLORVW GD ELK VH WDNR YMHUQR SRNRUDYDR L QRYDNX NRML MH GDQDV XรฅDR X 5HG DNR EL PL ELR JYDU GLMDQRP NDR L RQRPH NRML MH SUYL L QDMVWDULML SR JRGLQDPD รงLYRWD L X 5HGX 3RGORรงQLN QH VPLMH VYRJD SRJODYDUD SURPDWUDWL NDR ฤ RYMH ND QHJR X QMHPX WUHED JOHGDWL %RJD NRMHPX VH ]D OMXEDY SRGODรงH VYRPH SRJODYDUX ยฉ -HGQRP MH ]JRGRP UHNDR QHรฅWR VOLฤ QR WRPH ยช1D FLMHORPH VYLMHWX QHPD QLMHGQRJD SRJODYDUD NRMHJ EL VH QMHJRYL SRGORรงQLFL L EUDรพD WROLNR ERMDOL NROLNR EL *RVSRGLQ ELR VSUHPDQ GDWL GD VH PRMD EUDรพD ERMH PHQH NDG ELK WR KWLR 7X PLORVW PL MH XGLMHOLR VDP 6YHYLรฅQML GD รงHOLP ELWL ]DGRYROMDQ VYLPH NDR RQDM NRML MH X 5HGX PDQML ยฉ 0QRJR VPR SXWD VYRMLP Rฤ LPD YLGMHOL XVS ,Y WR LVWR L PL NRML VPR ERUDYLOL V XVS 3W QMLP NDR รฅWR L VDP VYMHGRฤ L .DG PX NRML EUDW X QMHJRYLP SRWUHEDPD QH EL Xฤ LQLR XVOXJX LOL EL UHNDR NDNYX ULMHฤ NRMD ฤ RYMHND PRรงH X]EXGLWL RGPDK EL RWLรฅDR QD PROL WYX D NDG EL VH YUDWLR QLMH VH WRJD YLรฅH KWLR VMHรพDWL QLWL EL UHNDR ยช7DM PL EUDW QLMH Xฤ LQLR XVOXJXยฉ LOL ยช*UXER PL MH RGJRYRULR ยฉ รคWR VH YLรฅH SULEOLรงDYDR VPUWL WR VH YLรฅH EULQXR ]D WR NDNR EL X VYH PX ELR VDYUรฅHQ GD EL PRJDR รงLYMHWL L XPULMHWL X QDMYHรพRM SRQL]QRVWL L VLURPDรฅWYX

[12] 2QRJD GDQD NDG MH JRVSRฤ D -DNRED EODรงHQRPH )UDQML QDฤ LQLOD RQH VODWNLรฅH RWDF VH VMHWLR EUDWD %HUQDUGD WH MH UHNDR VYRMLP GUXJR YLPD ยช2YR MH MHOR NRULVQR ]D EUDWD %HUQDUGD ยฉ ยฒ 3R]YDR MH MHGQRJD RG VYRMLK GUXJRYD L UHNDR PX ยช,GL L NDรงL EUDWX %HUQDUGX GD RGPDK GRฤ H N PHQL ยฉ 7DM MH EUDW RGPDK RWLรฅDR L EUDWD GRYHR EODรงHQRPH )UDQML 6MHGHรพL SRNUDM NUHYHWD QD NRMHP MH OHรงDR EODรงHQL )UDQMR EUDW %HUQDUG PX MH UHNDR ยช2ฤ H PROLP WH GD PH EODJRVORYLรฅ L GD PL LVNDรงHรฅ OMXEDY MHU DNR PL Rฤ LQVNRP QMHรงQRรฅรพX LVNDรงHรฅ OMXEDY YMHUX MHP GD รพH PH L VDP %RJ L RVWDOD EUDรพD YHรพPD OMXELWL ยฉ

594

I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

%ODรงHQL JD )UDQMR QLMH PRJDR YLGMHWL MHU MH SULMH PQRJR GDQD L] JXELR Rฤ LQML YLG 1R LVSUXรงLR MH UXNX L VWDYLR MH QD JODYX XVS 3RVW

EUDWD (JLGLMD NRML ELMDรฅH WUHรพL EUDW SR UHGX D WDGD MH VMHGLR SRNUDM EUDWD %HUQDUGD 9MHUXMXรพL GD MH UXNX VWDYLR QD JODYX EUDWD %HUQDUGD D GRWLFDR MH JODYX EUDWD (JLGLMD NDR VOLMHS ฤ RYMHN RGPDK MH WR VSR]QDR SR 'XKX 6YHWRP L UHNDR ยช2YR QLMH JODYD PRJD EUDWD %HUQDUGD ยฉ %UDW %HUQDUG PX VH RGPDK YLรฅH SULEOLรงLR .DG MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR VWDYLR UXNX QD QMHJRYX JODYX XVS 3RVW EODJRVORYLR JD MH 2VLP WRJD MH UHNDR MHGQRPH RG VYRMLK GUXJRYD ยช3LรฅL NDNR รพX WL ND]DWL 3UYL EUDW NRJD PL MH %RJ GDR ELR MH EUDW %HUQDUG 2Q MH SUYL ]DSRฤ HR L QDMVDYUรฅHQLMH RVWYDULR HYDQฤ HRVNR VDYUรฅHQVWYR VYR MD MH GREUD UD]GLMHOLR VLURPDVLPD =ERJ WRJD L ]ERJ PQRJLK GUXJLK RGOLND GXรงDQ VDP JD YHรพPD OMXELWL QHJR ELOR NRMHJD EUDWD X FLMHORPH 5HGX =DWR KRรพX L QDUHฤ XMHP NDNR PRJX GD JD VYDNL JHQHUDOQL PLQLVWDU NRML JRG ELR OMXEL L รฅWXMH NDR PHQH VDPRJD D WDNRฤ HU QHND JD L RVWDOL SURYLQFLMDOQL PLQLVWUL L EUDรพD FLMHORJD 5HGD VPDWUDMX PRMLP ]DPMHQLNRP ยฉ %UDW %HUQDUG VH ]ERJ WRJD PQRJR XWMHรฅLR D XWMHรฅLOD VX VH L GUXJD EUDรพD NRMD VX WR SURPDWUDOD %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR MHGQRP ]JRGRP SURPDWUDMXรพL YHOLNR VDYUรฅHQ VWYR EUDWD %HUQDUGD SUHG QHNROLFLQRP EUDรพH R QMHPX SURUHNDR ยช.DรงHP YDP GD VX EUDWX %HUQDUGX GRGLMHOMHQL QHNL L]PHฤ X YHOLNLK L QDMOXNDYLMLK ]ORGXKD NRML รพH PX QDQLMHWL PQRJH QHYROMH WH XQXWUDรฅ QMH L YDQMVNH NXรฅQMH DOL รพH JD PLORVUGQL *RVSRGLQ SRWNUDM รงLYRWD RVORERGLWL RG VYDNH QHYROMH L VYDNH XQXWDUQMH L YDQMVNH NXรฅQMH WH X QMHJRY GXK L WLMHOR XOLWL WROLNL PLU VSRNRM L XWMHKX GD รพH VH VYD EUDรพD NRMD WR EXGX YLGMHOD L ฤ XOD ]ERJ WRJD VLOQR GLYLWL L VPDWUDW รพH WR YHOL NLP ฤ XGRP 8 WRP PLUX VSRNRMX L XWMHKL GXรฅH L WLMHOD SUHVHOLW รพH VH V RYRJD VYLMHWD *RVSRGLQX ยฉ %UDรพD NRMD VX WR RG EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH ฤ XOD PQRJR VX VH WRPH GLYLOD MHU VH GRVORYQR RG ULMHฤ L GR ULMHฤ L RELVWLQLOR VYH รฅWR MH R QMHPX SUHWND]DR SR 'XKX 6YHWRPH %UDW %HUQDUG MH X VPUWQRM EROHVWL SR VMHGRYDR WROLNL PLU L VSRNRM GD QLMH KWLR QL OHรงDWL $NR MH SDN OHรงDR ELOR MH WR X VMHGHรพHP SRORรงDMX GD PX QH EL QL QDMPDQMD NROLฤ LQD WMHOHVQLK VRNRYD GRVSMHOD X JODYX L SURX]URฤ LOD PDรฅWDQMD WODSQMX L VDQMDUHQMH RGDNOH QHรฅWR GUXJR รฅWR MH UD]OLฤ LWR RG RQRJD รฅWR MH UD] PLรฅOMDR R %RJX $ DNR EL VH WR LSDN NRML SXW GRJRGLOR RGPDK EL XVWDR L SLWDR VH ยชรคWR MH WR ELOR" =DรฅWR VDP WDNR PLVOLR"ยฉ ,QDฤ H MH UDGR X QRV VWDYOMDR UXรงLQX YRGLFX SRUDGL ODNรฅHJD GLVDQMD D NDG VH SULEOLรงLR VPUWL QLMH YLรฅH KWLR WR X]LPDWL GD EL PRJDR QHSUHVWDQR UD]PDWUDWL R %RJX =DWR MH RQRPH NRML PX MH WR SRQXGLR UHNDR ยช1HPRM PL VPHWDWL ยฉ 'D EL PRJDR รฅWR VORERGQLMH L รฅWR VPLUHQLMH XPULMHWL SRYMHULR MH EULJX ]D VYRMH WLMHOR MHGQRPH EUDWX NRML ELMDรฅH OLMHฤ QLN L NRML JD MH OL

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595

MHฤ LR 5HNDR PX MH ยช1LรฅWD VH QHรพX EULQXWL ]D MHOR L SLOR QHJR WR SUH SXรฅWDP WHEL 'DGQHรฅ OL PL รฅWR SULPLW รพX D DNR QH GDGQHรฅ QHรพX ยฉ 2WNDNR MH SRฤ HR SREROLMHYDWL รงHOLR MH GD XYLMHN X]D VH LPD EUDWD VYHรพHQLND VYH GR ฤ DVD VPUWL .DG EL PX SDOR QD SDPHW QHรฅWR ]ERJ ฤ HJD EL PX VH X]QHPLULOD VDYMHVW RGPDK EL VH LVSRYMHGLR L SUL]QDR VYRM JULMHK 1DNRQ VPUWL PX MH WLMHOR SRELMHOMHOR %LOR MH JLSNR L L]JOHGDR MH NDR GD VH VPLMHรฅL =DWR VH ฤ LQLOR GD MH QDNRQ VPUWL ELR OMHSรฅL QHJR SULMH .RML VX JD SURPDWUDOL PUWYD YHรพPD VX VH UDGRYDOL SURPDWUD MXรพL JD QHJR GRN ELMDรฅH รงLY MHU MH L]JOHGDR NDR VYHWDF NRML VH VPLMHรฅL

[13] 2QRJD WMHGQD X NRMHP MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR SUHPLQXR JRVSRฤ D .OD UD SUYD ELOMฤ LFD 5HGD VHVWDUD RSDWLFD VDPRVWDQD VLURPDรฅQLK VHVWDUD 6YHWRJD 'DPMDQD L] $VL]D NRMD VH V )UDQMRP QDWMHFDOD X QHSUHVWD QRP RSVOXรงLYDQMX VLURPDรฅWYD 6LQD %RรงMHJD ELMDรฅH WDGD YUOR EROHVQD L ERMDOD VH GD รพH XPULMHWL SULMH EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH *RUNR XVS 6DP

MH SODNDOD L QLMH VH PRJOD XWMHรฅLWL MHU SULMH VPUWL QLMH PRJOD YLGMHWL VYRJD MHGLQRJ RFD QDNRQ %RJD WM EODรงHQRJD )UDQMX WMHรฅLWHOMD GXรฅH L WLMHOD NRML MX MH SUYL Xฤ YUVWLR X %RรงMRM PLORVWL =DWR MH R WRPH SR QHNRP EUDWX REDYLMHVWLOD EODรงHQRJD )UDQMX .DG MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR WR ฤ XR MHU MH L QMX L QMH]LQH VHVWUH OMXELR Rฤ LQ VNRP QMHรงQRรฅรพX ]ERJ QMLKRYD VYHWD รงLYRWD ELR MH JDQXW QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR VH QDNRQ QHNROLNR JRGLQD RWNDNR VX PX SRฤ HOD SULVWL]DWL EUDรพD X] SRPRรพ *RVSRGLQRYH PLORVWL QMHJRYLP SRWLFDMRP L RQD REUDWLOD *RVSRGLQX 1MH]LQR MH REUDรพHQMH PQRJR NRULVWLOR QH VDPR L]JUDGQML 5HGD EUDรพH QHJR L FLMHORM &UNYL %RรงMRM 3RรฅWR MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR RGYDJQXR .ODULQX รงHOMX NRMD VH WDGD QLMH PRJOD RVWYDULWL MHU VX RERMH ELOL WHรฅNR EROHVQL GD MH XWMHรฅL X VYRP MRM MH SLVPX QDSLVDR EODJRVORY L RGULMHรฅLR MH RG VYDNRJD QHGRVWDWND DNR MH QHรฅWR WDNYR LPDOD V RE]LURP QD QMHJRYH RGUHGEH L YROMX NDR L V RE]LURP QD ]DSRYLMHGL 6LQD %RรงMHJD 2VLP WRJD MRM MH VYMHWRYDR GD SRWLVQH VYDNX รงDORVW L GD VH WMHรฅL X *RVSRGLQX 1LMH RQ QHJR MH 'XK %RรงML SR QMHPX LVWRP EUDWX NRJD PX MH SRVODOD ND]DR RYH ULMH ฤ L ยช,GL L RYR SLVPR RGQHVL JRVSRฤ L .ODUL WH MRM UHFL GD RGEDFL VYDNX ERO L รงDORVW รฅWR PH VDGD QH PRรงH YLGMHWL 1R QHND ]QD GD รพH PH LSDN SULMH VYRMH VPUWL YLGMHWL NDNR RQD WDNR L QMH]LQH VHVWUH L XYHOLNH รพH VH XWMHรฅLWL ยฉ 'RJRGLOR VH NDG MH PDOR QDNRQ WRJD EODรงHQL )UDQMR QRรพX XPUR L NDG MH VYDQXOR VYL VX VWDQRYQLFL XVS 0W JUDGD $VL]D PXรฅ NDUFL L รงHQH VD VYLP NOHURP QRVHรพL VYHWR WLMHOR L] PMHVWD JGMH MH )UD QMR SUHPLQXR V KLPQLPD L KYDORVSMHYLPD QRVHรพL X UXNDPD JUDQฤ LFH GUYHรพD SR %RรงMRM YROML RGQLMHOL JD N 6YHWRP 'DPMDQX 7DNR VH LV

596

I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

SXQLOD ULMHฤ รฅWR MX MH *RVSRGLQ L]UHNDR QD VYHฤ HYD XVWD D QD XWMHKX VYRMLP NรพHULPD L VOXรงEHQLFDPD 6 SUR]RUD MH PDNQXWD รงHOMH]QD UHรฅHWND NUR] NRMX VH .ULVWRYH VOXรงEHQLFH RELฤ DYDMX SULฤ HรฅรพLYDWL L NUR] NRMX SULJRGLFH VOXรฅDMX ULMHฤ %RรงMX %UDรพD VX VYHWR WLMHOR GLJOD V QRVLOD L UXNDPD VX JD GREDU VDW YUHPHQD GUรงDOD SRNUDM SUR]RUD GRN VH JRVSRฤ D .ODUD L QMH]LQH VH VWUH QLVX GRLVWD XWMHรฅLOH %LOH VX REOLYHQH RELOQLP VX]DPD L VDWUYHQH RG EROD MHU LP MH RQ QD RYRPH VYLMHWX QDNRQ %RJD ELR MHGLQD XWMHKD

[14] 8 VXERWX XYHฤ HU QDNRQ YHฤ HUQMH NDG VH EODรงHQL )UDQMR SUHVHOLR *RVSRGLQX SULMH QHJR รฅWR VH VSXVWLOD QRรพ PQRรฅWYR MH รฅHYD GROHWMHOR L]QDG NURYD NXรพH X NRMRM MH OHรงDR EODรงHQL )UDQMR DOL QLVX YLVRNR OH WMHOH QHJR VX QDRNROR OLMHWDOH L SMHYDOH 0L NRML VPR ELOL V XVS 3W EODรงHQLP )UDQMRP L NRML VPR RYR R QMHPX QDSLVDOL VYMHGRฤ LPR XVS ,Y ,Y GD VPR YLรฅH SXWD ฤ XOL NDNR JRYRUL ยช%XGHP OL UD]JRYDUDR V FDUHP PROLW รพX JD GD L] OMXEDYL SUHPD %RJX L QD PRMX PROEX L]GD SLVDQX QDUHGEX 1HND QLMHGDQ ฤ RYMHN QH XELMD VHVWUH รฅHYH L QHND LP QH ฤ LQL QLNDNYR ]OR ,VWR WDNR QHND EL RGUHGLR GD VYL XSUDYOMDฤ L JUDGRYD L JRVSRGD UL WYUฤ DYD L VHOD LPDMX VYDNH JRGLQH QD %RรงLรพ QDUHGLWL OMXGLPD GD SR SXWRYLPD L]YDQ JUDGRYD L WYUฤ DYD QDEDFDMX SรฅHQLFH L GUXJRJD ]UQMD GD EL QDSRVH VHVWUH รฅHYH L GUXJH SWLFH LPDOH KUDQH QD GDQ WROLNH VYHWNRYLQH , QHND L] SRรฅWRYDQMD SUHPD 6LQX %RรงMHPX NRJD MH EODรงHQD 'MHYLFD QMHJRYD 0DMND SRORรงLOD X MDVOH XVS /N

L]PHฤ X YROD L PDJDUFD WH QRรพL VYDNL ฤ RYMHN VWDYL RELOQR NUPH EUDรพL YRORYLPD L PDJDUFLPD ,VWR WDNR QHND ERJDWDรฅL QD %RรงLรพ QDKUDQH VYH VLURPDKH ยฉ %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR VYHฤ DQLMH VODYLR 5Rฤ HQMH *RVSRGLQRYR QHJROL RVWDOH *RVSRGLQRYH EODJGDQH MHU LDNR MH *RVSRGLQ L SR RWDMVWYLPD RVWDOLK VYHWNRYLQD L]YHR GMHOR QDรฅHJD VSDVHQMD LSDN NDG QDP ELMDรฅH URฤ HQ XVS ,] NDR รฅWR MH JRYRULR EODรงHQL )UDQMR RQ QDV MH VSD VLR =DWR MH KWLR GD VYDNL NUรฅรพDQLQ WRJD GDQD UDGRVQR NOLฤ H X *RVSR GLQX L GD VYDNL ฤ RYMHN ]D OMXEDY QMHPX NRML QDP MH GDR VDPRJD VHEH XVS 7LW EXGH UDGRVQR GDUHรงOMLY QH VDPR SUHPD VLURPDVLPD QHJR WDNRฤ HU L SUHPD GRPDรพLP รงLYRWLQMDPD L SUHPD SWLFDPD %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR R รฅHYL JRYRULR ยช6HVWUD รฅHYD LPD NDSXFX SR SXW UHGRYQLND RQD MH SRQL]QD SWLFD UDGR VNDNXรพH SXWHP QH EL OL VHEL QDรฅOD SรฅHQLฤ QRJD ]UQMD 3URQDฤ H OL JD ฤ DN L PHฤ X รงLYRWLQMVNLP L]PHWLQDPD L]YODฤ L JD L MHGH /HWHรพL KYDOL *RVSRGLQD SRSXW GREULK UHGRYQLND NRML SUH]LUXรพL ]HPDOMVND GREUD QHSUHVWDQR ERUDYH X QH EHVLPD XVS )LO 2VLP WRJD L QMH]LQD MH RGMHรพD VOLฤ QD ERML ]H POMH 1MH]LQR SHUMH SUXรงD SULPMHU UHGRYQLFLPD GD QH QRVH XSDGQX

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597

L PHNXåQX RGMHþX QHJR QHND RQD EXGH NDR XJDVOD NDR åWR MH ERMD ]HPOMH © %XGXþL GD MH EODçHQL )UDQMR VYH WR RSDçDR QD VHVWUDPD åH YDPD ]DWR LK MH YUOR YROLR L UDGR SURPDWUDR

[15] ÿHVWR MH EODçHQL )UDQMR EUDþL SRQDYOMDR RYH ULMHĀL ª1LNDGD QL VDP ELR NUDGOMLYDF 2G PLORVWLQMH NRMD MH EDåWLQD VLURPDKD XYLMHN VDP X]LPDR PDQMH QHJR åWR PL MH WUHEDOR GD QH EL RVWDOL VLURPDVL ELOL SULNUDþHQL X VYRPH GLMHOX MHU EL RQR åWR MH WRPH SURWLYQR ELOD NUDāD ©

[16] .DG VX PX EUDþD PLQLVWUL SUHGODJDOL QHND EL GRSXVWLR GD PRJX QHåWR LPDWL EDUHP NDR ]DMHGQLĀNR GD EL VH WROLNR PQRåWYR EUDþH PRJOR QD QHåWR RVORQLWL VYHWL MH )UDQMR ]D YULMHPH PROLWYH ]D]YDR .ULVWD L R WRPH JD MH XSLWDR ]D VDYMHW 2Q PX MH RGPDK UHNDR GD RGEDFL VYH L SRMHGLQDĀQR L ]DMHGQLĀNR 5HNDR MH GD MH 5HG QMHJRYD RELWHOM ]D NRMX MH RQ VDP XYLMHN VSUHPDQ EULQXWL VH SD PD NROLNR VH RQD SRYHþDOD XYLMHN þH MH ]DåWLþLYDWL GRNOH JRG VH EXGH X QMHJD SRX]GDYDOD

[17] .DG MH EODçHQL )UDQMR ERUDYLR QD QHNRM JRUL V EUDWRP /HRQRP L] $VL]D L V EUDWRP %RQLFLMHP L] %RORJQH GD EL VDVWDYLR 3UDYLOR MHU VH SULMDåQMH L]JXELOR GDR JD MH QDSLVDWL SR .ULVWRYRM XSXWL .RG EUDWD ,OLMH NRML ELMDåH ]DPMHQLN EODçHQRJD )UDQMH VDNXSLOR VH YLåH PLQLVWD UD NRML PX UHNRåH ªÿXOL VPR GD WDM EUDW )UDQMR VDVWDYOMD QHNR QRYR 3UDYLOR %RMLPR VH GD þH ELWL RGYLåH VWURJR L GD JD QHþHPR PRþL RSVOXçLYDWL æHOLPR GD RGHå N QMHPX L GD PX UHNQHå GD VH PL QD WR 3UDYLOR QHþHPR REYH]LYDWL QHND JD VDVWDYOMD ]D VHEH D QH ]D QDV © %UDW ,OLMD LP MH UHNDR GD QHþH LþL MHU VH ERMDR )UDQMLQD XNRUD $ NDG VX RQL L GDOMH QDYDOMLYDOL GD EL LSDN LåDR UHNDR MH GD EH] QMLK QHþH LþL , WDGD SRāRåH VYL ]DMHGQR .DG VH EUDW ,OLMD VD VSRPHQXWLP PLQL VWULPD QDåDR EOL]X PMHVWD JGMH MH )UDQMR ERUDYLR SR]YDR JD MH .DG VH EODçHQL )UDQMR RGD]YDR L XJOHGDR VSRPHQXWH PLQLVWUH UHNDR LP MH ªäWR KRþH WD EUDþD"© %UDW ,OLMD PX MH RGJRYRULR ª7R VX PLQLVWUL NRML VH NDG VX ĀXOL GD VDVWDYOMDå QRYR 3UDYLOR SRERMDåH GD þHå JD YUOR SRRåWULWL RQL L]MDYOMXMX L NDçX GD VH QD QM QH çHOH YH]DWL 1DĀLQL JD ]D VHEH D QH ]D QMLK © 7DGD MH EODçHQL )UDQMR VYRMH OLFH XSUDYLR SUHPD QHEX L .ULVWX UHNDR ª*RVSRGLQH QLVDP OL WL GREUR UHNDR GD WL QHþH YMHURYDWL"©

598

I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

1D WR VH L] YLVLQH ฤ XR .ULVWRY JODV NRML MH UHNDR ยช)UDQMR X 3UD YLOX QLรฅWD QLMH WYRMH QHJR MH VYH PRMH รฅWR JRG VH X QMHPX QDOD]L +RรพX GD VH 3UDYLOR RSVOXรงXMH GRVORYQR GRVORYQR GRVORYQR EH] REMDรฅQMDYDQMD EH] REMDรฅQMDYDQMD EH] REMDรฅQMDYDQMD ยฉ , QDGRGDR MH ยช=QDP NROLNR PRรงH OMXGVND VODERVW L NROLNR VDP LP VSUHPDQ SRPDJDWL .RML JD QHรพH REGUรงDYDWL QHND L] 5HGD L]Lฤ X ยฉ 7DGD VH EODรงHQL )UDQMR RNUHQXR EUDรพL L UHNDR LP ยช-HVWH OL ฤ XOL" -HVWH OL ฤ XOL" +RรพHWH OL GD SRQRYQR NDรงH"ยฉ 7DGD PLQLVWUL ]EXQMHQL SUL]QDรฅH VYRMX NULYQMX L RWLฤ RรฅH

[18] 'RN MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR ERUDYLR QD JHQHUDOQRP NDSLWXOX NRG 6YHWH 0DULMH X 3RUFLMXQNXOL NRML MH SUR]YDQ NDSLWXORP QD URJRรงLQDPD D ELOR MH RQGMH SHW WLVXรพD EUDรพH PQRJL VX RG QMLK ELOL SR]QDWL SR VYRMRM PXGURVWL L Xฤ HQRVWL 2QL UHNRรฅH JRVSRGLQX NDUGLQDOX NRML MH SRVOLMH SRVWDR SDSD *UJXU D QD NDSLWXOX MH ELR QD]Rฤ DQ QHND EL QDJRYRULR EODรงHQRJD )UDQMX GD SRVOXรฅD VDYMHWH VSRPHQXWH Xฤ HQH EUDรพH SD GD JGMHNDGD GRSXVWL GD JD RQL YRGH 1DYRGLOL VX SUDYLOD EODรงHQRJD %H QHGLNWD EODรงHQRJ $XJXVWLQD L EODรงHQRJD %HUQDUGD NRMD XSXรพXMX GD VH WDNR L WDNR รงLYL 7DGD MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR VDVOXรฅDYรฅL R WRM VWYDUL NDUGLQDORYR XSR ]RUHQMH XKYDWLR JD ]D UXNX L RGYHR N EUDรพL VDNXSOMHQRM QD NDSLWXOX WH LP MH SURJRYRULR RYDNR ยช%UDรพR PRMD EUDรพR PRMD %RJ PH MH SR]YDR GD LGHP SXWHP MHGQRVWDYQRVWL 1HรพX GD PL VSRPLQMHWH ELOR NRMH SUDYLOR QL SUDYLOR VYHWRJ $XJXVWLQD QL VYHWRJ %HUQDUGD QL VYHWRJ %HQHGLNWD *RVSRGLQ PL MH UHNDR RQR รฅWR MH KWLR D WR MH GD EXGHP QRYD OXGD QD VYLMHWX *RVSRGLQ QDV QLMH KWLR YRGLWL GUXJLP SXWHP QHJR RYLP %RJ รพH YDV X YDรฅRM PXGURVWL L Xฤ HQR VWL SRPXWLWL 3RX]GDMHP VH X *RVSRGLQRYH UHGDUVWYHQLNH SRPRรพX NRMLK รพH YDV ND]QLWL L WDNR รพHWH VH KWMHOL ยฒ QH KWMHOL SRYUDWLWL QD VYRMX VUDPRWX ยฉ .DUGLQDO MH RVWDR ]DGLYOMHQ L QD WR QLMH QLรฅWD UHNDR D VYD VX EUDรพD PXNRP XPXNQXOD

[19] 3UHPGD MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR KWLR GD PX VLQRYL VD VYLP OMXGLPD รงLYH X PLUX XVS 5LP L GD VH SUHPD VYLPD RGQRVH NDR PDOHQL LSDN LK MH Xฤ LR ULMHฤ MX GD VH SUHPD NOHULFLPD RGQRVH SRQL]QR D WR LP MH SRND]LYDR L VYRMLP SULPMHURP 5HNDR LP MH ยช8 SRPRรพ XVS 3V 'DQ VPR SRVODQL VYHรพHQLFLPD ]D VSDVHQMH GXรฅD XVS 3W GD RQR รฅWR QMLPD QHGRVWDMH PL QDGRSXQLPR 6YDWNR รพH SULPLWL VYRMX QDJUDGX DOL QH SR YODVWL QHJR SR UDGX XVS .RU

Asi ลกki z b orn i k i l i Peruฤ i n ska le genda

599

=QDMWH EUDรพR UHNDR MH GD MH %RJX QDMGUDรงD NRULVW GXรฅD XVS 0XGU D WR VH PRรงH EROMH SRVWLรพL VORJRP QHJROL QHVORJRP NOHUD $NR OL RQL VDPL VSUHฤ DYDMX VSDVHQMH QDURGD RVYHWD MH %RรงMD L %RJ รพH LP X VYRMH YULMHPH QDSODWLWL XVS 3Q] =DWR EXGLWH SRGORรงQL XVS 3W FUNYHQLP VWDUMHรฅLQDPD GD VH QH EL NR OLNR MH GR YDV XVS 5LP SRURGLOD NDNYD ]DYLVW %XGHWH OL VLQRYL PLUD XVS /N ]D %RJD รพHWH VWHรพL L NOHU L QDURG D WR MH *RVSRGLQX GUDรงH QHJR GD PX VWHNQHWH VDPR QDURG X] VDEOD]DQ NOHUD 3RNULYDMWH ยฒ UHNDR MH ยฒ QMLKRYH SDGRYH QDGRNQDฤ XMWH QMLKR YH PQRJH QHGRVWDWNH D NDG WR Xฤ LQLWH XVS /N EXGLWH MRรฅ SRQL]QLML ยฉ

[20] 1HND VX VH EUDรพD SRQRYQR WXรงLOD EODรงHQRPH )UDQML ยช2ฤ H ]DU QH YLGLรฅ GD QDP ELVNXSL JGMHNDGD QH GRSXรฅWDMX SURSRYLMHGDWL L WDNR QDV SXรฅWDMX GD X MHGQRP NUDMX EXGHPR EHVSRVOHQL SULMH QHJR รฅWR PR JQHPR QDURGX SURSRYLMHGDWL" %LOR EL EROMH GD RG JRVSRGLQD SDSH LVKRGLรฅ SRYODVWLFX ]D SURSRYLMHGDQMH L WR EL ELOR NRULVQR ]D VSDVHQMH GXรฅDยฉ XVS 3W

2]ELOMQR LK MH XNRULR L UHNDR LP ยช9L PDQMD EUDรพR QH SR]QDWH YROMX %RรงMX L QH GRSXรฅWDWH PL GD REUDWLP FLMHOL VYLMHW NDR รฅWR WR %RJ KRรพH +RรพX QDLPH QDMSULMH SRQL]QRรฅรพX L SRรฅWRYDQMHP REUDWLWL SUH ODWH D NDG RQL YLGH QDรฅ VYHWL รงLYRW L SRรฅWRYDQMH SUHPD QMLPD PROLW รพH YDV GD SURSRYLMHGDWH L REUDรพDWH QDURG 3ULYXรพL รพH YDP JD EROMH QHJR SRYODVWLFH NRMH รงHOLWH L NRMH รพH YDV GRYHVWL GR RKRORVWL %XGHWH OL VORERGQL RG VYDNH SRKOHSH XVS /N L EXGHWH OL SRWLFDOL QD URG GD &UNYL SUL]QD QMH]LQD SUDYD PROLW รพH YDV GD LP LVSRYLMHGDWH QDURG =DWR VH QH PRUDWH EULQXWL MHU DNR VH REUDWH ODNR รพH QDรพL LVSRYMHGQLND 2G *RVSRGLQD รงHOLP VHEL RYX SRYODVWLFX GD QDLPH QHPDP QLNDNYH SRYODVWLFH RVLP GD VYLPD LVND]XMHP SRรฅWRYDQMH L GD SR SRVOXรฅQRVWL VYRP VYHWRP 3UDYLOX VYH REUDWLP YLรฅH VYRMLP SULPMH URP QHJROL ULMHฤ MX ยฉ

[21] *RVSRGLQ ,VXV .ULVW MHGQRP MH ]JRGRP UHNDR EUDWX /HRQX GUXJX EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH ยชรฆDORVWLP VH ]ERJ EUDรพH ยฉ %UDW /HRQ JD MH X SLWDR ยช=ERJ ฤ HJD *RVSRGLQH"ยฉ *RVSRGLQ PX MH RGJRYRULR ยช=ERJ WUL VWYDUL รฅWR QH SUL]QDMX PRMLK GREURฤ LQVWDYD NRMD LP NDNR WL MH SR]QDWR GDQRPLFH SUXรงDP D RQL QLWL VLMX QLWL รงDQMX XVS /N

รฅWR FLMHOL GDQ PUPOMDMX L SURYRGH X EHVSRVOLFL XVS 0W L รฅWR ฤ HVWR MHGQL GUXJH L]D]LYDMX QD VUGรงEX D QH L]PLUXMX VH L QH RSUD รฅWDMX QDQHVHQX LP QHSUDYGX ยฉ

600

I I . Ž I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

[22] %ODçHQL MH )UDQMR MHGQH QRþL WROLNR ELR SULWLMHåQMHQ EROLPD RG VYRMLK EROHVWL GD WH QRþL QLMH PRJDR QL SRĀLYDWL D NDPROL VSDYDWL 8MXWUR NDG MH ERO GRQHNOH MHQMDOD GDR MH VD]YDWL VYX EUDþX NRMD VX VH QDOD]LOD X WRPH PMHVWX 'RN VX RQL SUHG QMLP VMHGLOL SURPDWUDR LK MH L JOHGDR NDR SUHGVWDYQLNH VYHNROLNH VYRMH EUDþH 3RĀHYåL RG MHGQRJD EUDWD EODJRVOLYOMDR LK MH VWDYOMDMXþL VYRMX GH VQLFX QD JODYH XVS 3RVW SRMHGLQDFD L EODJRVORYLR MH VYH NRML VX WDGD ELOL X 5HGX L NRML þH X QM VWXSLWL GR VYUåHWND VYLMHWD XVS ,Y 'Q $ YLGMHOR VH L GD WUSL åWR SULMH VYRMH VPUWL QLMH PRJDR YLGMHWL VYH VYRMH VLQRYH L EUDþX 1DNRQ WRJD MH QDUHGLR GD VH SUHGD QM GRQHVX KOMHERYL SD LK MH EODJRVORYLR XVS 0W D MHU LK ]ERJ EROHVWL QLMH PRJDR ORPLWL GDR MH GD LK MHGDQ RG EUDþH L]ORPL D WDGD MH X]LPDMXþL SR NRPDGLþ VYDNRP EUDWX SUXçLR L QD UHGLR GD JD SRMHGH XVS 0N .RU .DR åWR MH QDLPH *RVSRGLQ QD 9HOLNL ĀHWYUWDN SULMH VYRMH VPUWL KWLR EODJRYDWL V DSR VWROLPD WDNR VH QD QHNL QDĀLQ RQRM EUDþL ĀLQLOR GD MH EODçHQL )UDQMR SULMH VYRMH VPUWL KWLR EODJRVORYLWL QMLK L X QMLPD RVWDOX EUDþX D MHU VX MHOL RQDM EODJRVORYOMHQL NUXK ĀLQLOR VH NDR GD EODJXMX L VD VYRMRP RVWDORP EUDþRP , RYR PRçHPR SULSRPHQXWL %XGXþL GD MH WR ELR QHNL GUXJL GDQ D QLMH ELR ĀHWYUWDN UHNDR MH EUDþL NDNR MH XYMHUHQ GD MH ĀH WYUWDN -HGDQ MH RG RQH EUDþH VDĀXYDR NRPDGLþ RQRJD NUXKD , QDNRQ VPUWL EODçHQRJD )UDQMH QHNL VX NRML VX RG WRJD MHOL RGPDK ELOL L]OLMH ĀHQL RG VYRMLK EROHVWL

[23] 6YRMRM MH EUDþL SUHSRUXĀLYDR GD JUDGH VLURPDåQD ERUDYLåWD NXþL FH GD EXGX RG GUYD D QH RG NDPHQD 1LMH KWLR GD VH EUDþD QDVWDQH QD QHNRPH PMHVWX DNR QLMH ELOR MDVQR WNR PX MH YODVQLN L JRVSRGDU 2G VYRMLK MH VLQRYD XYLMHN ]DKWLMHYDR GD VH SRQDåDMX NDR VWUDQFL XVS ,]O

[24] )UDQML QLMH ELOD PUVND VDPR RWPMHQRVW NXþD QHJR MH WDNRāHU PQR JR ]D]LUDR RG EURMQLK L ELUDQLK NXþQLK SRWUHSåWLQD 1D VWRORYLPD QLMH YROLR YLGMHWL QLåWD RG SRVXāD åWR EL JD SRGVMHþDOR QD VYLMHW GD EL WDNR VYH XSUDYR SMHYDOR R SXWRYDQMX L L]JQDQVWYX

Asi ลกki z b orn i k i l i Peruฤ i n ska le genda

601

[25] 3UHSRUXฤ LYDR MH GD VH X NQMLJDPD WUDรงL VYMHGRฤ DQVWYR *RVSRGQMH XVS 3V D QH QDJUDGD SRXฤ QRVW D QH OMHSRWD +WLR MH GD LPD MX PDOR NQMLJD NRMH รพH ELWL QD UDVSRODJDQMX VLURPDรฅQRM EUDรพL

[26] 8 SRVWHOMDPD L OHรงDMLPD WDNRฤ HU MH YODGDOR YHOLNR VLURPDรฅWYR D WNR MH SRYUK VODPH LPDR NDNYX WURรฅQX SODKWX VPDWUDR MH WR RWPMH QLP NUHYHWRP

[27] 2YDM MH %RรงML SULMDWHOM SUH]LUDR VYH รฅWR SULSDGD VYLMHWX XVS .RU

D LSDN MH L]QDG VYHJD RVWDORJD PU]LR QRYDF =DWR JD MH YHรพ WDPR RG VYRJD REUDรพHQMD RGEDFLYDR D VYRMH VOMHGEHQLNH XSR]RUD YDR MH QD WR GD JD VH NORQH NDR VDPRJD ฤ DYOD 6YRMLPD MH SUHSRUXฤ L YDR QHND L]PHWLQH L QRYDF MHGQDNR FLMHQH 'HVLOR VH MHGQRJD GDQD XVS 3RVW GD MH X FUNYLFX VYHWH 0D ULMH X 3RUFLMXQNXOL XรฅDR QHNL VYMHWRYQMDN GD VH SRPROL .DR VYRM GDU SRNUDM NULรงD MH RVWDYLR QRYDF .DG MH RWLรฅDR MHGDQ RG EUDรพH QRYDF MH MHGQRVWDYQR X]HR L VWDYLR X SUR]RU 7R รฅWR MH EUDW Xฤ LQLR GRVSMHOR MH L GR VYHฤ HYLK XรฅLMX .DG MH GRWLฤ QL YLGLR GD MH WD VWYDU RWNULYHQD SRรงXULR MH ]DPROLWL RSURรฅWHQMH 3URVWUR VH QLฤ LFH SR ]HPOML VSUHPDQ GD EXGH ELฤ HYDQ 6YHWDF JD MH L ]ERJ WRJD รฅWR MH QRYDF VDPR GRWDNQXR XNRULR L RรฅWUR L]UXรงLR 1DORรงLR PX MH GD XVWLPD V SUR]RUD GLJQH QRYDF L GD JD L]YDQ RJUDGH LVSOMXMH QD PDJDUHรพX L]PHWLQX .DG MH WDM EUDW QDORJ SRKYDOQR L]YUรฅLR RVWDOLPD MH NDG VX WR ฤ XOL VUFD LVSXQLR VWUDK 6YL VX RWDGD MRรฅ YLรฅH SUH]LUDOL QRYDF NRML MH XVSRUHฤ LYDQ V L]PHWLQRP L X SUH]LUDQMX WRJD GDQRPLFH VX LK SRWLFDOL QRYL SULPMHUL

[28] 2EXฤ HQ VQDJRP RGR]JRUD XVS /N YHรพPD VH L]QXWUD JULMDR ERรงDQVNRP YDWURP QHJR รฅWR JD MH L]YDQD JULMDOD WMHOHVQD RGMHรพD

[29] 2GYUDWQL VX PX ELOL X 5HGX RQL NRML VX ELOL WURVWUXNR REXฤ HQL L NR ML VX EH] SRWUHEH QRVLOL PHNXรฅDVWX RGMHรพX *RYRULR MH GD MH SR WUH ED NRMX QH ]DKWLMHYD UD]XP QHJR XรงLWDN ]QDN XJDรฅHQD GXKD XVS 6RO ยช$NR GXK SRVWDQH PODN L DNR PLORVW SRODNR RKODGL ยฒ UH

602

I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

NDR MH ยฒ QXรงQR รพH WLMHOR L NUY XVS *DO 0W WUDรงLWL VYRMHยฉ XVS )LO , QDGRGDR MH ยชรคWR RQGD GUXJR SUHRVWDMH DNR GXรฅD QH QDOD]L VYRJD XรงLYDQMD D WLMHOR ]DKWLMHYD VYRMH" 7DGD รงLYRWLQMVND WHรง QMD SUHNULYD SULYLGQX SRWUHEX D WMHOHVQL QDJRQ XVS .RO

REOLNXMH VDYMHVW ยฉ , QDGRGDR MH

[30] ยช,PDGQH OL PRM EUDW QHNX SUDYX SRWUHEX LOL DNR JD WLรฅWL QHLPDรฅWL QD SD VH SRรงXUL GD MRM XGRYROML L GD MH XNORQL NDNYX รพH SULPLWL QDJUD GX XVS 3RVW " 3URSDOD PX MH SULJRGD ]D VWMHFDQMH QDJUDGH DOL MH L SRND]DR GD MH QDPMHUQR QH SULKYDรพD ยฉ 2YLP MH L VOLฤ QLP ULMHฤ LPD SRJDฤ DR RQH NRML QLVX VWUSOMLYR SRG QRVLOL RVNXGLFX D WR QLMH QLรฅWD GUXJR QHJR ยฒ รงDOLWL ]D (JLSWRP 1LMH QDSRNRQ KWLR GD EUDรพD L] ELOR NRMHJ UD]ORJD LPDMX YLรฅH RG GYLMX WXQL ND D LSDN MH GRSXรฅWDR GD LK VH SRMDฤ D SRGVWDYDPD รฆHOLR MH GD EUDรพD ]D]LUX RG ELUDQLK WNDQLQD D RQH NRML VX ฤ LQLOL WRPH SURWLYQR SUHG VYLPD MH RรฅWUR NRULR $ GD EL VYRMLP SULPMHURP WDNYH ]EXQLR QD VYRMX EL WXQLNX L]YDQD SULรฅLR JUXEX NRVWULMHW XVS -RE 1D VD PUWL MH WDNRฤ HU KWLR GD PX WXQLND X NRMRM MH LPDR ELWL SRNRSDQ EXGH RPRWDQD X NRPDGH MHIWLQH NRVWULMHWL %UDรพL NRG NRMH MH WR ]DKWLMHYDOD EROHVW LOL NDNYD GUXJD SRWUHED GRSXรฅWDR MH GD LVSRG JRUQMH WXQLNH QRVH MRรฅ MHGQX PHNรฅX 7R MH WUDรงLR ]DWR GD EL VH L]YDQD QD KDELWX VDฤ XYDOD JUXERVW L MHIWLQRรพD 5HNDR MH ยช6WURJRVW รพH MRรฅ WROLNR RSDVWL L ]DYODGDW รพH PODNRVW GD VH VLQRYL VLURPDรฅQRJD RFD QHรพH XVWUXฤ DYDWL QRVLWL KDELWH RG EDUรฅXQD D L]PLMHQLW รพH VDPR ERMX ยฉ

[31] 'RJRGLOR VH X ]LPVNR GRED X &HODQX )UDQMR MH XPMHVWR RJUWDฤ D QD VHEL QRVLR NRPDG QHNH WNDQLQH รฅWR PX JD MH SRVXGLR QHNL SULMDWHOM 'RN MH ERUDYLR X GYRUX PDUVLNDQVNRJD ELVNXSD VUHOD JD MH QHND VWD ULFD NRMD MH SURVLOD PLORVWLQMX XVS 'M )UDQMR MH RGPDK V UDPHQD VNLQXR WNDQLQX LDNR MH ELOD WXฤ D SRNORQLR MX MH VLURPDรฅQRM VWDULFL UHNDYรฅL ยช,GL L QDฤ LQL VHEL KDOMLQX MHU WL MH YUOR SRWUHEQD ยฉ 6WDULFD VH ]Dฤ Xฤ HQR QDVPLMHรฅLOD DOL QH ]QDP MH OL WR ELOR RG VWUDKD LOL RG UDGRVWL ,] UXNX PX MH X]HOD WNDQLQX L EU]R RWUฤ DOD 'D L]EMHJQH RSDVQRVWL XNROLNR EL PRรงGD )UDQMR ]DWUDรงLR GD PX YUDWL WNDQLQX UD]UH]DOD MX MH รฅNDUDPD .DG MH XVWDQRYLOD GD MRM RGUH]DQL NRPDG QHGRVWDMH ]D KD OMLQX VWHNDYรฅL SUYR LVNXVWYR R )UDQMLQRM GDUHรงOMLYRVWL YUDWLOD VH VYHFX L SRND]DOD PX QHGRVWDWDN QD WNDQLQL 6YHWDF MH SRJOHGDR EUDWD NRML MH LVWR WDNR ELR ]DRJUQXW NRPDGRP WNDQLQH SD PX MH UHNDR ยช-HVL OL EUDWH ฤ XR รฅWR NDรงH RYD VWDULFD" ,] OMXEDYL SUHPD *RVSRGLQX SRGQH VLPR VWXGHQ SD L WL SRGDM VLURWL WNDQLQX GD PRJQH GRYUรฅLWL KDOMLQX ยฉ

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603

.DR åWR MH XĀLQLR )UDQMR WDNR MH XĀLQLR L VXEUDW , WDNR RERML FD RVWDGRåH QHGRYROMQR REXĀHQL GD EL VH PRJOD REXþL VLURPDåQD VWDULFD

[32] .DG VH QHNRP GUXJRP ]JRGRP YUDþDR L] 6LHQH VUHR MH QHNRJ VLURPDKD SD MH UHNDR VXEUDWX ª0RUDPR YUDWLWL RJUWDĀ VLURPDKX NRMHPX SULSDGD 3RVXGLOL VPR XVS /N JD GRN VH QH QDPMH ULPR QD QHNRJD WNR MH VLURPDåQLML RG QDV © 6XEUDW VH LPDMXþL QD SDPHWL RĀHYX SRWUHEX RGOXĀQR XVSURWLYLR UHNDYåL PX GD VH QH EULQH ]D GUXJRJD ]DQHPDUXMXþL VHEH 1D WR þH PX VYHWDF ª1H çHOLP ELWL NUDGOMLYDF XVS ,Y 8UDĀXQDOR EL QDP VH NDR NUDāD NDG QH ELVPR GDOL RQRPH NRML VH QDOD]L X YHþRM SRWUHEL © %UDW MH SRSXVWLR D )UDQMR MH SUHGDR RJUWDĀ

[33] 1HåWR VH VOLĀQR WRPH GHVLOR X PMHVWX &HOOH GL &RUWRQD %ODçHQL MH )UDQMR QD VHEL LPDR QRY RJUWDĀ åWR VX PX JD QDEDYLOD EUDþD 8WR GRāH MHGDQ VLURPDK NRML MH RSODNLYDR VPUW VYRMH çHQH L RELWHOM NRMD MH SDOD X ELMHGX XVS 3V 1MHPX þH VYHWDF ª,] OMXEDYL SUHPD 6LQX %RçMHP GDMHP WL RYDM RJUWDĀ X] XYMHW GD JD QLNRPH QH SRNOD QMDå 'DM JD RQRPH WNR þH JD GREUR SODWLWL © %UDþD RGPDK SULVNRĀL åH GD X]PX RJUWDĀ L GD VSULMHĀH WR GDULYDQMH /LFH VYHWRJ RFD XOLOR MH VLURPDKX VUĀDQRVW XVS /MHW WH MH UXNDPD L QRNWLPD EUDQLR RJUWDĀ NDR VYRMH YODVQLåWYR %UDþD VX NRQDĀQR RJUWDĀ RWNXSLOD L VLUR PDK MH X]HYåL QRYDF RWLåDR

[34] -HGQRP MH ]JRGRP VYHWL )UDQMR NRG PMHVWD &ROOHVWUDGD QHGDOH NR RG 3HUXāH VSD]LR QHNRJ VLURPDKD NRJD MH YHþ SULMH XSR]QDR GRN MRå ELMDåH X VYLMHWX 8SLWDR JD MH ª.DNR VL EUDWH"© $ RQ MH UD]MDUHQ SRĀHR JRPLODWL NOHWYH XVS %U SURWLY VYRJD JRVSRGDUD NRML PX MH RGX]HR VYH åWR MH LPDR 5HNDR MH ª.ULYQMRP VYRJD JRVSRGDUD ² SURNOHR JD VYHPRJXþL *RVSRGLQ XVS 2WN 3RVW ² XSDR VDP X YHOLNR ]OR© XVS 0W

%ODçHQRP VH )UDQML YHþPD VPLOLOD GXåD QHJROL WLMHOR GRWLĀQRJD VL URPDKD MHU MH XVWUDMDR X PUçQML =DWR PX MH UHNDR ª%UDWH L] OMXEDYL SUHPD *RVSRGLQX %RJX RSURVWL VYRP JRVSRGDUX GD RVORERGLå VYRMX GXåX XVS (VW D PRJOR EL VH GRJRGLWL GD WL RQ RWHWR YUDWL XVS ,]O $NR VL SDN L]JXELR VYRMH VWYDUL L]JXELW þHå L GXåX© XVS /N 1D WR þH VLURPDK ª1H PRJX SRVYH RSURVWLWL DNR PL RQDM

604

I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

SULMH QH YUDWL รฅWR PL MH RWHR ยฉ .DNR MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR QD OHฤ LPD LPDR RJUWDฤ UHNDR MH VLURPDKX ยช(YR GDMHP WL RYDM RJUWDฤ 0ROLP WH GD VYRP JRVSRGDUX RSURVWLรฅ L] OMXEDYL SUHPD *RVSRGLQX %RJX ยฉ 7DM VH SRWDNQXW GREURฤ LQVWYRP SULPLULR 8]HR MH GDU L RSURVWLR QHSUDYGH

[35] 'RN MH ERUDYLR X 6LHQL XSUDYR MH RQDPR GRรฅDR MHGDQ GRPLQL NDQDF ฤ RYMHN GXKRYDQ XVS +Rรฅ L GRNWRU VYHWRJD ERJRVORYOMD .DG MH WDM SRVMHWLR EODรงHQRJD )UDQMX GXJR MH ]DMHGQR VD VYHFHP XรงLYDR UDVSUDYOMDMXรพL R ULMHฤ LPD *RVSRGQMLP XVS ,Y

[36] 6SRPHQXWL JD MH Xฤ LWHOM XSLWDR รฅWR PLVOL R RYLP ULMHฤ LPD SURURND (]HNLMHOD ยช1H SUHGEDFLรฅ OL JUHรฅQLNX QMHJRYX JUHรฅQRVW L] WYRMH รพX UXNH WUDรงLWL QMHJRYX GXรฅXยฉ XVS (] 8ฤ LWHOM PX MH UHNDR ยช3R]QDMHP PQRJH GREUL Rฤ H ]D NRMH ]QDP GD VX X VWDQMX VPUWQRJD JULMHKD DOL LP QLVDP XYLMHN JRYRULR R QMLKRYRM JUHรฅQRVWL =DU รพH VH L] PRMH UXNH WUDรงLWL QMLKRYH GXรฅH"ยฉ XVS (]

.DG PX MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR UHNDR GD VH VPDWUD QH]QDOLFRP L GD EL ELOR SRWUHEQLMH GD VDP EXGH SRXฤ HQ QHJR GD L]QRVL VYRMX PLVDR R WRPH PMHVWX 6Y SLVPD WDM SRQL]QL Xฤ LWHOM GRGDR MH ยช,DNR VDP EUD WH ฤ XR NDNR VX QHNL Xฤ HQMDFL WXPDฤ LOL RYR PMHVWR LSDN ELK R WRPH UDGR KWLR ฤ XWL L WYRMX PLVDR ยฉ %ODรงHQL PX MH )UDQMR RGJRYRULR ยช$NR VH WH ULMHฤ L LPDMX RSรพHQLWR VKYDWLWL MD LK VKYDรพDP RYDNR 6OXJD %RรงML XVS 'Q PRUD รงLYRWRP L VYHWRรฅรพX X VHEL WROLNR JRUMHWL GD VYMH WORP VYRJD SULPMHUD L VYRMRP ULMHฤ MX XVS ,Y 7LP SUHNR UDYD VYH JUHรฅQLNH 7DNR รพH NDรงHP WL VMDM QMHJRYD รงLYRWD L รงDU QMHJRYD GREUD JODVD SUHNRUDYDWL VYH ]ERJ QMLKRYLK RSDฤ LQDยฉ XVS (]

7DNR MH WDM ฤ RYMHN GXKRYQR RERJDรพHQ QD RGODVNX UHNDR VXEUDรพL EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH ยช%UDรพR PRMD ERJRVORYOMH RYRJD ฤ RYMHND SRGXSU WR ฤ LVWRรพRP L NRQWHPSODFLMRP VOLฤ QR MH RUOX X OHWX XVS -RE D QDรฅH ]QDQMH WUEXKRP SXรงH SR ]HPOMLยฉ XVS 3RVW

[37] 1Hฤ LVWH MH SRJOHGH RELฤ DYDR RELOMHรงLWL RYDNYRP ]DJRQHWNRP XVS .RU ยช1HNL MH NUDOM SRERรงDQ L PRรพDQ NUDOMLFL X]DVWRSFH SRVODR VYRMD GYD JODVQLND , YUDWLR VH SUYL NRML MH VDPR VYRMLP ULMH ฤ LPD SUHQLR ULMHฤ L SRUXNH -HU VX Rฤ L PXGUDFD ELOH X JODYL XVS 3URS

QLVX NUXรงLOH XRNROR ยฒ 3RYUDWLR VH L GUXJL NRML MH V QHNROLNR VDรงHWLK ULMHฤ L NUDOMX SRGQLR L]YMHรฅWDM D ]DWLP VH QDGDOHNR L QDรฅLURNR UDVSULSRYLMHGDR R NUDOMLฤ LQRM OMHSRWL =DYUรฅLR MH RYDNR ยช*RVSRGLQH

Asi ลกki z b orn i k i l i Peruฤ i n ska le genda

605

YLGLR VDP GRLVWD YUOR OLMHSX รงHQX %ODJR RQRPH NRML X QMRM XรงLYD ยฉ 1D WR รพH PX NUDOM ยช7L RSDNL VOXJR XVS 0W QD PRMX VL ]D UXฤ QLFX EDFDR QHฤ HGQH SRJOHGH 2ฤ LWR MH GD VL QDPMHUDYDR NXSLWL VWYDU NRMX VL WDNR SRPQR RJOHGDR ยฉ ยฒ 'DR MH ]DWLP SR]YDWL RQRJD SUYRJ L UHNDR ยช.DNR WL VH VYLฤ D NUDOMLFD"ยฉ $ WDM รพH ยช9UOR GREUR OMX ED]QR MH VOXรฅDOD L PXGUR RGJRYRULOD ยฉ 1D WR JD XSLWD NUDOM ยช$ QLMH OL L OLMHSD"ยฉ *ODVQLN RGJRYRUL ยช7R MH PRM JRVSRGDUX WYRMD VWYDU GD MH SURPDWUDรฅ D PRMD MH GXรงQRVW ELOD VDPR SUHQLMHWL SRUXNX ยฉ 3UL SRYLMHGD VH NUDOMHYD SUHVXGD ยช7L NRML LPDรฅ ฤ LVWH SRJOHGH MRรฅ ฤ LรฅรพL WLMHORP RVWDQL X RGDML D RYDM QHND L]Lฤ H L] NXรพH GD PL QH EL RVNYU QXR ORรงQLFX ยฉ , VYHWDF MH ]DNOMXฤ LR ยช7D WNR VH QH EL PRUDR ERMDWL JOHGDWL ]DUXฤ QLFX .ULVWRYX"ยฉ

[38] *GMHNDGD MH ]QDR Xฤ LQLWL RYDNR SUHGLYQD PHORGLMD NRMX MH SMH YDR X VYRMRM QXWULQL L] QMHJD EL SURYDOLOD X IUDQFXVNRP QDSMHYX D UDVSRORรงHQMH ERรงDQVNRJD QDGDKQXรพD รฅWR JD MH QMHJRYR XKR SRWDMQR VOXรฅDOR XVS -RE SURYDOLOR EL X UDGRVQR NOLFDQMH QD IUDQFX VNRP MH]LNX *GMHNDGD EL NDR รฅWR VDP L YLGLR VD ]HPOMH X]HR GYD SUXWLรพD MHGDQ EL GUรงDR OLMHYRP UXNRP NDR JXVOH D GUXJL GHVQLFRP NDR JX GDOR 7RERรงQMLP EL JXGDORP SRYODฤ LR SR WRERรงQMLP JXVODPD L WR MH SUDWLR SULNODGQLP NUHWQMDPD )UDQFXVNLP MH MH]LNRP SMHYDR R %RJX รฟHVWR EL FLMHOD WD LJUD VYUรฅDYDOD VX]DPD L QDSRNRQ EL WR NOLFDQMH ]DYU รฅLOR VXRVMHรพDQMHP V .ULVWRYRP PXNRP 1DNRQ WRJD EL VYHWDF QDVWD YLR V GXJRWUDMQLP X]GLVDQMHP SRMDฤ DR EL QDULFDQMH L ]DERUDYLYรฅL QD RQR รฅWR MH GUรงDR X UXNDPD SDGDR EL X GXKRYQL ]DQRV

[39] 3RรฅWR MH SURรฅOR QHNROLNR JRGLQD QDNRQ QMHJRYD REUDรพHQMD GD EL VDฤ XYDR NUHSRVW VYHWH SRQL]QRVWL QD MHGQRP VH NDSLWXOX SUHG VYRP EUDรพRP FLMHORJD 5HGD RGUHNDR SRJODYDUVNH VOXรงEH UHNDYรฅL ยช2GVDGD VDP ]D YDV PUWDY (YR EUDWD 3HWUD .DWDQVNRJD NRMHPX รพHPR VH L MD L YL SRNRUDYDWL ยฉ 1DNORQLYรฅL VH SUHG QMLP REHรพDR PX MH SRVOXรฅQRVW L SRรฅWRYDQMH 1D WR VX EUDรพD ]DSODNDOD D ERO MH L]QXGLOD L JODVQR MH FDQMH NDG YLGMHรฅH GD รพH QD QHNL QDฤ LQ ELWL OLรฅHQL WROLNRJ RFD L SRVWDWL VLURฤ DG %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR XVWDR WH MH VNORSOMHQLP UXNDPD L Rฤ LPD X]GLJQXWLP SUHPD QHEX UHNDR ยช*RVSRGLQH SUHSRUXฤ XMHP WL REL WHOM NRMX VL PL GR VDGD SRYMHUDYDR $ MHU VH VDGD QH PRJX R QMRM YLรฅH EULQXWL XVS /N ]ERJ EROHVWL NRMH VX WL SUHVODWNL *RVSRGL QH SR]QDWH L]UXฤ XMHP MH PLQLVWULPD 'XรงQL VX QD VXGQML GDQ XVS

606

I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

0W SUHG WRERP *RVSRGLQH SRORรงLWL UDฤ XQ DNR EL NRML EUDW SURSDR LOL V QMLKRYH QHPDUQRVWL LOL ]ERJ ]OD SULPMHUD LOL WDNRฤ HU ]ERJ SUHRรฅWUD SRVWXSND ยฉ 2WDGD MH RVWDR SRGORรงQLNRP VYH GR VYRMH VPUWL 3RQDรฅDR VH SRQL ]QLMH QHJR ELOR WNR RG RVWDOLK

[40] 'UXJRP MH ]JRGRP VYRP QDVOMHGQLNX SUHGDR VYX VXEUDรพX UHNDY รฅL ยช3R RYRM SRYODVWLFL VORERGH QH รงHOLP ELWL QLNDNDY L]X]HWDN QHJR QHND PH EUDรพD SUHPMHรฅWDMX L] PMHVWD X PMHVWR NDNR LP *RVSRGLQ QDGDKQH ยฉ 7RPH MH GRGDR ยช9LGLR VDP VOLMHSFD NRMHP MH SVLรพ ELR YRGLฤ HP QD SXWX ยฉ 3RรฅWR VH RVORERGLR VYDNH SRVHEQRVWL L LVWLFDQMD XรงLYDR MH X WRPH รฅWR X QMHPX PRรงH EROMH SUHELYDWL VQDJD .ULVWRYD XVS .RU

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607

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608

I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

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609

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610

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611

1DNRQ WRJD NUDWNRJ RGJRYRUD EODรงHQL VH )UDQMR SUHG ELVNXSRP QDNORQLR L UHNDR ยช*RVSRGLQH PRMD VX EUDรพD ]DWR QD]YDQD PDQMRP EUDรพRP GD QH SRPLรฅOMDMX SRVWDWL YHรพLPD XVS 0W 1MLKRYR LK ]YDQMH XSXรพXMH QD WR GD RVWDQX QD QLVNRP SRORรงDMX L GD VOLMHGH VWRSH .ULVWRYH SRQL]QRVWL XVS 3W GD EL QDSRNRQ ELOL X]GL JQXWL YLรฅH RG GUXJLK SUHG OLFHP VYHWLK XVS 0XGU $NR YDP MH VWDOR GR WRJD ยฒ QDVWDYLR MH ยฒ GD X %RรงMRM &UNYL XVS )LO GRQRVH SORGRYH GUรงLWH LK L VDฤ XYDMWH X QMLKRYX ]YDQMX L YUDWLWH LK QD QLVNL SRORรงDM L SURWLY QMLKRYH YROMH 1LSRรฅWR QHPRMWH GRSXVWLWL GD EXGX X]GL]DQL QD SUHODWVNH SRORรงDMH ยฉ 7R VX RGJRYRUL RYH GYRMLFH EODรงHQLND 1DNRQ WLK RGJRYRUD JRV SRGLQ 2VWLMVNL GXKRYQR VH PQRJR VD]LGDR L PQRJR ]DKYDOMLYDR *RV SRGLQX XVS 'M

.DG VX RGDQGH RWLรฅOL EODรงHQL MH 'RPLQLN ]DPROLR VYHWRJD )UDQMX GD PX GD SRMDV NRMLP ELMDรฅH RSDVDQ %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR X WRPH RNOL MHYDR MHGQDNRP SRQL]QRรฅรพX NDNYRP JD MH OMXEDYOMX VYHWL 'RPLQLN ]DPROLR ,SDN MH NRQDฤ QR SUHYODGDOD VYHWD XSRUQRVW PROLWHOMHYD WH MH V YHOLNRP SRERรงQRรฅรพX VHEH RSDVDR )UDQMLQLP SRMDVRP LVSRG GRQMH WXQLNH 1DSRNRQ VX VH UXNRYDOL L X]DMDPQR VX VH MHGDQ GUXJRPH SUHSR UXฤ LOL X PROLWYH 6YHWDF MH UHNDR VYHFX ยช+WLR ELK EUDWH )UDQMR GD EL VH WYRM L PRM UHG VMHGLQLOL SD GD X &UNYL QD MHGQDN QDฤ LQ รงLYLPR ยฉ .DG VH NRQDฤ QR UD]Lฤ RรฅH EODรงHQL 'RPLQLN UHฤ H PQRJLP QD]Rฤ QLFLPD ยช=DLVWD YDP NDรงHP XVS /N RVWDOL EL UHGRYQLFL PRUDOL QDVOMHGRYDWL VYHWRJD ฤ RYMHND )UDQMX MHU MH YHOLNR VDYUรฅHQVWYR QMHJRYH VYHWRVWL ยฉ

[50] 8 SUYR YULMHPH QDNRQ REUDรพHQMD NDG MH QDLPH EODรงHQL )UDQMR YHรพ LPDR QHNROLFLQX EUDรพH ERUDYLR MH V QMLPD NRG 5LYRWRUWD 'RN VX MHGQH QRรพL VYL SRฤ LYDOL QD VYRMLP OHรงDMLPD QHNDNR R SRQRรพL MHGDQ MH RG EUDรพH ]DYLNQXR ยช8PLUHP XPLUHP ยฉ 6YD VX VH EUDรพD ]EXQMHQD L SUHVWUDรฅHQD SUREXGLOD %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR XVWDR L UHNDR ยช8VWDQLWH EUDรพR L ]DSDOLWH VYMH WLOMNX ยฉ .DG MH VYMHWLOMND ]DSDOMHQD EODรงHQL MH )UDQMR UHNDR ยช7NR MH WDM NRML MH YLNDR ยท8PLUHPยท"ยฉ 'RWLฤ QL MH EUDW UHNDR ยช-D VDP ยฉ %OD รงHQL JD MH )UDQMR ]DWLP XSLWDR ยชรคWR WL MH EUDWH" =DรฅWR XPLUHรฅ"ยฉ $ RQ RGJRYRUL ยช8PLUHP RG JODGL ยฉ %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR NDR VYHW ฤ RYMHN SXQ OMXEDYL L UD]ERULWRVWL RGPDK GDR GD VH SURVWUH VWRO L GD VYL V WLP EUDWRP ]DMHGQR EODJXMX GD VH QH EL VUDPLR MHVWL VDP 8 QRYLMH YULMHPH WDM MH NDR L QHNL GUXJL NRML VX VH *RVSRGLQX REUDWLOL SUHNR VYDNH PMHUH WUDSLR VYRMH WLMHOR 1DNRQ EODJRYDQMD EODรงHQL MH )UDQMR UHNDR RVWDORM EUDรพL ยช%UDรพR PRMD XSR]RUDYDP YDV

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GD VYDWNR YRGL UDฤ XQD R VYRMRM QDUDYL MHU LDNR VH JGMHNRML L]PHฤ X QDV PRรงH X]GUรงDYDWL PDQMRP NROLฤ LQRP KUDQH QHJROL GUXJL LSDN QHรพX GD RQDM NRMHP MH SRWUHEQD RELOQLMD KUDQD X WRP SRJOHGX QD VWRML RSRQDรฅDWL NRMHJD GUXJRJ 1HND VYDWNR LPD SUHG Rฤ LPD VYRMX QDUDY L QHND XGRYROML SRWUHEDPD VYRJD WLMHOD .DR รฅWR VH PRUDPR ฤ XYDWL SUHRELOQH KUDQH NRMD รฅNRGL L WLMHOX L GXรฅL WDNR VH PRUDPR ฤ X YDWL L SUHWMHUDQD SRVWD MHU *RVSRGLQ KRรพH PLORVUฤ H D QH รงUWYXยฉ XVS +Rรฅ 0W

, QDGRGDR MH ยช3UHGUDJD EUDรพR WR รฅWR VDP Xฤ LQLR GD VPR V PR MLP EUDWRP ]DMHGQR MHOL QD WR PH QDJQDรฅH YHOLND SRWUHED L OMXEDY 1R NDรงHP YDP GD XEXGXรพH QHรพX QHรฅWR WDNYR Xฤ LQLWL MHU WR QH EL ELOR QL UHGRYQLฤ NL QL XOMXGQR +RรพX L QDODรงHP YDP GD VYDNL SRMHGLQDF X VNODGX V QDรฅLP VLURPDรฅWYRP XGRYROMDYD SRWUHEDPD VYRJD WLMHOD NDNR EXGH SRWUHEQR ยฉ 3UYD VX VH QDLPH EUDรพD NDR L RQD NRMD VX SULGROD]LOD QDNRQ QMLK GXJR YUHPHQD SUHNR VYDNH PMHUH PUWYLOD L WUDSLOD VYRMH WLMHOR D RVLP WRJD VX VH WDNRฤ HU WUDSLOL EGLMHQMLPD KODGQRรพRP L UDGRP VYRMLK UXNX XVS .RU ,VSRG RGMHรพH VX QD VYRP WLMHOX QRVLOL รงHOMH]QH REUXฤ H L RNORSH RG RรฅWUH NRVWULMHWL NROLNR VX YLรฅH PRJOL L]GUรงDWL =DWR MH VYHWL RWDF LPDMXรพL QD SDPHWL GD EL EUDรพD ]ERJ WRJD PRJOD REROMHWL D QHNL VX ]D NUDWNR YULMHPH YHรพ REROMHOL QD MHGQRP NDSL WXOX ]DSRYMHGLR GD QLMHGDQ EUDW QH VPLMH LVSRG KDELWD RVLP WXQLNH QRVLWL QLรฅWD GUXJR 0L NRML VPR V QMLP ERUDYLOL XVS 3W VYMHGRฤ LPR XVS ,Y ,Y R QMHPX NDNR MH RG YUHPHQD NDG MH SRฤ HR SULPDWL EUDรพX NDR L FLMHORJD VYRJ รงLYRWD V EUDรพRP SRVWXSDR UD]ER ULWR ,รฅDR MH VDPR ]D WLP GD EUDรพD QH EL JGMHNDGD ]DVWUDQLOD RG REOL ND QDรฅHJD VLURPDรฅWYD L ฤ HGQRVWL NRMD MH VYRMVWYHQD QDรฅHPX 5HGX D SUYD VX EUDรพD WR SULPMHQMLYDOD ,SDN MH VDP SUHPD VYRPH WLMHOX L SULMH QHJR รฅWR MH LPDR EUDรพX RG SRฤ HWND VYRJD REUDรพHQMD L WLMHNRP FLMHORJD VYRJ รงLYRWD ELR RรฅWDU 2G VYRMH UDQH PODGRVWL SR QDUDYL MH ELR NUKDN L VODEXQMDY SD MH ]DWR GRN MH MRรฅ ERUDYLR NRG NXรพH PRUDR VHEL SRVYHรพLYDWL SRVHEQX SDรงQMX .DG MH MHGQRP ]JRGRP RSD]LR GD EUDรพD YHรพ SUHOD]H JUDQLFH VYR JD VLURPDรฅWYD L ฤ HGQRVWL X SLWDQMX SUHKUDQH L GUXJLK VWYDUL X MHGQRP MH QDJRYRUX รฅWR JD MH RGUรงDR QHNRM EUDรพL SUHG VYRP VDNXSOMHQRP EUDรพRP UHNDR ยช0LVOH OL EUDรพD GD EL PRMHP WLMHOX ELOD SRWUHEQD SR VHEQD SRUFLMD" %XGXรพL GD PRUDP VYRM VYRMRM EUDรพL ELWL X]RU L SULPMHU PRUDP VH VOXรงLWL L ELWL ]DGRYROMDQ VLURPDรฅQRP KUDQRP L VWYDULPD D QH VPLMHP ฤ H]QXWL ]D ELUDQLP MHOLPD ยฉ

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[51] .DG MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR SRฤ HR SULPDWL EUDรพX XYHOLNH VH UDGR YDR QMLKRYX REUDรพHQMX D L ]DWR รฅWR PX MH *RVSRGLQ GDR GREUX ]DMHGQLFX 7ROLNR LK MH OMXELR L รฅWRYDR GD LK QLMH VODR X SURรฅQMX PLORVWLQMH D QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR PX VH ฤ LQLOR GD LK MH VUDP LรพL รคWHGLR MH QMLKRYX VUDPHรงOMLYRVW WH MH VDP GDQRPLFH LรฅDR X SURรฅQMX PLOR VWLQMH 7R MH PHฤ XWLP YHRPD XPDUDOR QMHJRYR WLMHOR QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR MH L NDR VYMHWRYQMDN ELR ฤ RYMHN QMHรงDQ D SR QDUDYL VODEXQMDY D RVLP WRJD MH RG SUHWMHUDQD SRVWD L WUDSOMHQMD NRMH MH SURYRGLR RG RQRJD GDQD NDG MH QDSXVWLR VYLMHW SRVWDMDR VYH VODELML =DWR LP MH NDG MH YLGLR GD QH PRรงH VYODGDYDWL WROLN QDSRU L MHU VX ]D WR ELOL SR]YDQL GUXJL NRML VX VH VUDPLOL L QLVX WRJD SRWSXQR VKYDรพDOL D QLVX ELOL QL WROLNR UD]ERULWL GD EL PX UHNOL ยช0L รพHPR LรพL X SURรฅQMX PL ORVWLQMH ยฉ UHNDR ยช3UHGUDJD PRMD EUDรพR L VLQFL QHPRMWH VH VUDPLWL LรพL SR PLORVWLQMX MHU MH *RVSRGLQ SRUDGL QDV SRVWDR XVS .RU

VLURPDรฅDQ QD RYRPH VYLMHWX =DWR VPR VOLMHGHรพL SULPMHU QMHJRY L QMHJRYH SUHVYHWH 0DMNH RGDEUDOL SXW QDMLVWLQLWLMHJD VLURPDรฅWYD 7R MH QDรฅD EDรฅWLQD NRMX QDP MH SULEDYLR L RVWDYLR *RVSRGLQ ,VXV .ULVW D RVWDYLR MX MH L VYLPD NRML SR QMHJRYX SULPMHUX รงHOH รงLYMHWL X VYHWRP VLURPDรฅWYX ยฉ , GRGDR MH ยช=DLVWD YDP NDรงHP GD รพH PQRJL L]PHฤ X SOHPLรพD L Xฤ HQMDND RYRJD VYLMHWD GRรพL X QDรฅX ]DMHGQLFX L WR รพH VPDWUDWL YHOL NRP ฤ DรฅรพX รฅWR PRJX LรพL X SURรฅQMX PLORVWLQMH ,GLWH GDNOH V SRX]GD QMHP L UDGRVQD VUFD V EODJRVORYRP %RรงMLP SR PLORVWLQMX 0RUDWH LรพL VD รฅWR YHรพRP VORERGRP L UDGRVQD VUFD NDR RQL NRML รพH ]D MHGDQ QRYฤ Lรพ SULPLWL VWR GHQDUD MHU รพHWH RQLPD RG NRMLK รพHWH SURVLWL PLOR VWLQMX GDURYDWL OMXEDY %RรงMX JRYRUHรพL ,] OMXEDYL SUHPD *RVSRGLQX %RJX SUXรงLWH QDP PLORVWLQMX MHU QHER L ]HPOMD QLVX QLรฅWD NDG VH V WLPH XVSRUHGH ยฉ %XGXรพL GD LK MH GRWDGD ELOR PDOR QLMH LK PRJDR VODWL SR GYRMLFX ]DMHGQR XVS /N QHJR LK MH SR JUDGRYLPD L VHOLPD VODR SRMH GLQDฤ QR 1D SRYUDWNX MH VYDNL SRMHGLQL EODรงHQRPH )UDQML SRND]DR PLORVWLQMX รฅWR MX MH LVSURVLR D MHGDQ EL GUXJRP UHNDR ยช-D VDP GRELR YLรฅH PLORVWLQMH QHJR WL ยฉ ยฒ %ODรงHQL VH )UDQMR UDGRYDR JOHGDMXรพL LK UD GRVQH L ]DGRYROMQH 2WDGD MH VYDNL SRMHGLQL UDGLMH WUDรงLR GRSXรฅWHQMH GD PRรงH SRรพL SR PLORVWLQMX

[52] 8 WR YULMHPH GRN MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR ERUDYLR V EUDรพRP NRMX MH WDGD LPDR RG ฤ DVD NDG PX MH *RVSRGLQ REMDYLR GD L RQ L EUDรพD PRUDMX รงLYMHWL SUHPD QDฤ HOLPD VYHWRJD (YDQฤ HOMD REGUรงDYDR JD MH GRVORYQR L QDVWRMDR JD RSVOXรงLYDWL FLMHORJD VYRJ รงLYRWD

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=DWR MH EUDWX NXKDUX NRML MH NXKDR ]D EUDรพX ]DEUDQLR GD RQGD NDG MH EUDรพL KWLR ]D MHOR SULUHGLWL SRYUรพH X YHฤ HU SUHWKRGQRJD GDQD WR VWDYOMD X PODNX YRGX NDR รฅWR MH ELOR XRELฤ DMHQR GD EL EUDรพD WDNR RSVOXรงLYDOD RQH ULMHฤ L VYHWRJD HYDQฤ HOMD NRMH JODVH ยช1HPRMWH VH EUL QXWL ]D VXWUDรฅQML GDQ ยฉ XVS 0W =DWR MH WDM EUDW VWDYOMDR X YRGX SRYUรพH GD VH VPHNรฅD LVWRP RQGD NDG EL EUDรพD L]PROLOD PDWXWLQ =DWR VX WDNRฤ HU PQRJD EUDรพD X YLรฅH PMHVWD JGMH VX ERUDYLOD D QDSRVH X JUDGRYLPD WR GXรงH YUHPHQD REGUรงDYDOD WH QLVX KWMHOD VDNXSOMDWL LOL SULPDWL YLรฅH PLORVWLQMH QHJR VDPR RQROLNR NROLNR LP MH WUHEDOR ]D MHGDQ GDQ

[53] .DG VH EODรงHQL )UDQMR MHGQRP ]JRGRP QDOD]LR X MHGQRPH PMH VWX RQGMH MH ERUDYLR QHNL EUDW GXKRYDQ L VWDU ฤ RYMHN D ELR MH YUOR VODE L EROHVWDQ .DG JD MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR YLGLR EUDW PX VH VPLOLR XVS /N %XGXรพL GD VX WDGD L EROHVQD L ]GUDYD EUDรพD ELOD UDGR VQD L VWUSOMLYD VLURPDรฅWYR VX VPDWUDOL RELOMHP D X VYRMLP EROHVWLPD QLVX X]LPDOL QLNDNYLK OLMHNRYD QHJR VX UDGLMH ฤ LQLOL RQR รฅWR QLMH JR GLOR WLMHOX %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR VDPRPH VHEL UHNDR ยช.DG EL RYDM EUDW X UDQR MXWUR MHR JURรงฤ D XYMHUHQ VDP GD EL PX NRULVWLOR ยฉ =DWR MH MHGQRJD GDQD X UDQR MXWUR SRVYH WLKR XVWDR L SR]YDR WRJD EUDWD WH JD MH RGYHR X YLQRJUDG NRML VH QDOD]LR SRNUDM LVWH FUNYH ,]DEUDR MH MHGDQ WUV NRML MH LPDR GREUD L ]GUDYD JURรงฤ D ]D MHOR , V WLP EUDWRP MH VMHR SRNUDM WUVD XVS 0LK L SRฤ HR MHVWL JURรงฤ H GD VH EUDW QH EL VUDPLR MHVWL VDP .DG VX VH QDMHOL VSRPHQXWL MH EUDW ]D KYDOLR *RVSRGLQX %RJX L VODYLR QMHJRYR PLORVUฤ H รฅWR PX JD MH VYHWL RWDF LVND]DR SRUDGL %RJD 'RN MH ELR รงLY V YHOLNRP VH ]DKYDOQRรฅรพX L VX]DPD PHฤ X EUDรพRP WRJD VMHรพDR

[54] .DG MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR MHGQRP ]JRGRP ERUDYLR X RQRPH LVWRP PMHVWX ELR MH ]DX]HW PROLWYRP X รพHOLML NRMD VH QDOD]LOD L]D NXรพH 'RN VH MHGQRJD GDQD QDOD]LR X QMRM GRรฅDR MH DVLรฅNL ELVNXS GD JD SRVMHWL , GRJRGLOR VH RYR NDG MH XรฅDR X NXรพX SRNXFDR MH QD YUDWD รพHOLMH GD EL XQLรฅDR N EODรงHQRPH )UDQML .DG VX VH YUDWD RWYRULOD RGPDK MH XรฅDR X รพHOLMX X NRMRM ELMDรฅH QDฤ LQMHQD GUXJD รพHOLMD RG UR JRรงLQH D X QMRM VH QDOD]LR EODรงHQL )UDQMR ,PDMXรพL QD SDPHWL NDNR PX MH VYHWL RWDF LVND]LYDR YHOLNR SRYMHUHQMH L OMXEDY EH]RE]LUQR MH XรฅDR L RGJUQXR URJRรงLQX รพHOLMLFH GD EL JD YLGLR รฟLP MH ]DYLULR X รพHOLMLFX RGPDK MH KWLR ยฒ QH KWLR SR YROML *RVSRGLQRYRM XVS 'M 3V ELR VLORP L]EDฤ HQ WH MH LรฅDR QDWUDรฅNH MHU QH ELMDรฅH GRVWRMDQ GD JD YLGL , RGPDK MH L] รพHOLMLFH L]LรฅDR YDQ 'UKWDR MH L ELR

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NDR XNRฤ HQ WH MH ]DWLP SUHG EUDรพRP SUL]QDR VYRM JULMHK L L]MDYLR GD รงDOL รฅWR MH WRJD GDQD RQDPR GRรฅDR

[55] 1HNL MH EUDW LQDฤ H GXKRYDQ ฤ RYMHN L MHGDQ RG VWDULMLK X 5HGX VD VYHWLP )UDQMRP ELR WLMHVQR SRYH]DQ 'RJRGLOR VH GD MH X MHGQR YULMH PH PQRJR GDQD WUSLR VWUDKRYLWR WHรฅNH L รงHVWRNH ฤ DYROVNH QDSDVWL WH MH QD QHNL QDฤ LQ XSDR X SURYDOLMX ]GYRMQRVWL 'DQRPLFH MH ELR WROLNR PXฤ HQ GD VH VUDPLR ฤ HVWR LVSRYLMHGDWL =ERJ WRJD VH WUDSLR SRVWRP EGLMHQMHP SODฤ HP L ELฤ HYDQMHP 'RN MH WDNR WLMHNRP PQRJR GDQD ELR PXฤ HQ JOH SR %RรงMRM MH RGUHGEL RQDPR GRรฅDR EODรงHQL )UDQMR , NDG MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR MHGQR JD GDQD รฅHWDR QHGDOHNR RG RQRJD PMHVWD V MHGQLP EUDWRP L V RQLP NRML ELMDรฅH WROLNR PXฤ HQ EODรงHQL VH )UDQMR PDOR RGYRMLR RG RQRJD GUXJRJD EUDWD L SULEOLรงLR VH RYRPH NRML ELMDรฅH WROLNR QDSDVWRYDQ WH PX MH UHNDR ยช3UHGUDJL EUDWH KRรพX L QDUHฤ XMHP WL GD QLNRPH QH JRYRULรฅ QLรฅWD R WLP ฤ DYROVNLP QDSDVWLPD 1H ERM VH XVS 0W

MHU QLVX QDQLMHOH QLNDNYX รฅWHWX WYRMRM GXรฅL 3RX]GDM VH X PHQH D NDG WH VQDฤ X WH QDSDVWL L EXGHรฅ X]QHPLULYDQ XVS 3V VHGDP SXWD L]PROL 2ฤ HQDรฅ ยฉ 6SRPHQXWL VH EUDW REUDGRYDR ]ERJ WRJD รฅWR PX MH UHNDR EODรงHQL )UDQMR QDLPH GD RQR QH PRUD LVSRYLMHGDWL D QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR EL VH PRUDR VYDNL GDQ LVSRYLMHGDWL D WR JD MH VWDMDOR VLOQRJD QDSRUD L ELOR X]URNRP QMHJRYD VYH YHรพHJ WUSOMHQMD %UDW MH ELR ]DGLYOMHQ VYHWR รฅรพX VYHWRJ RFD MHU MH SR 'XKX 6YHWRPH XSR]QDR QMHJRYH QDSDVWL NRMH QLMH QLNRPH GUXJRP SUL]QDYDR QHJR VDPR VYHรพHQLFLPD =ERJ VUDPHรงOMLYRVWL ฤ HVWR MH PLMHQMDR LVSRYMHGQLNH ELOR PX MH QDLPH QH XJRGQR GD MHGDQ VYHรพHQLN LPD XYLG X VYH QMHJRYH VODERVWL L QDSDVWL 2G RQRJD ฤ DVD NDG MH UD]JRYDUDR V EODรงHQLP )UDQMRP ELR MH L L]QXWUD L L]YDQD RVORERฤ HQ RG RQH VYRMH QHYROMH NRMD JD MH WDNR GXJR PXฤ LOD 3R ]DVOXJDPD EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH L SR %RรงMRM PLORVWL X QMHJR YRM VX GXรฅL L WLMHOX ]DYODGDOL YHOLND VPLUHQRVW L VSRNRM

[56] .DG MH )UDQMR XYLGLR GD *RVSRGLQ รงHOL SRYHรพDWL EURM XVS 'M

QMHJRYH EUDรพH UHNDR LP MH ยช3UHGUDJD EUDรพR L PRML VLQFL YLGLP GD QDV *RVSRGLQ รงHOL XPQRรงLWL =DWR PL VH ฤ LQL GD EL ELOR GREUR L %RJX XJRGQR DNR ELVPR RG ELVNXSD LOL RG NDQRQLND VY 5XILQD LOL RG RSDWD VY %HQHGLNWD ]DPROLOL NDNYX PDOX VLURPDรฅQX FUNYX JGMH EL EUDรพD PRJOD PROLWL ERรงDQVNL ฤ DVRVORY L JGMH EL SRNUDM FUNYH PRJOL LPDWL ND NYX PDOX VLURPDรฅQX NXรพX QDฤ LQMHQX RG SOHWHUD L EODWD JGMH EL EUDรพD PRJOD SRฤ LYDWL L XGRYROMDYDWL VYRMLP RVREQLP SRWUHEDPD ยฒ 2YR

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.DG EL VH WDNR EODรงHQL )UDQMR QDOD]LR X NRMRM FUNYL LOL QD NRMHP VDPRWQRP PMHVWX GD VH PROL ,YDQ JD MH รงHOLR JOHGDWL L SURPDWUDWL WH EL RSRQDรฅDR VYH QMHJRYH NUHWQMH .DG EL EODรงHQL )UDQMR NOHNQXR LOL EL X]GLJDR UXNH SUHPD QHEX XVS 3Q] NDG EL SOMXQXR LOL EL VH QDNDรฅOMDR ,YDQ EL Xฤ LQLR WR LVWR =ERJ WH MHGQRVWDYQRVWL JD MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR SRฤ HR EODJR SUHNRUDYDWL ,YDQ PX MH QD WR RGJRYRULR ยช%UDWH REHรพDR VDP GD รพX UDGLWL VYH รฅWR WL UDGLรฅ ]DWR KRรพX UDGLWL VYH NDNR WL UDGLรฅ ยฉ *OHGDMXรพL JD WDNR ฤ LVWD L VLURPDรฅQD EODรงHQL )UDQMR VH ]ERJ WRJD GLYLR L UDGRYDR ,YDQ MH X VYLP NUHSRVWLPD L GREUX SRQDรฅDQMX SRฤ HR WROLNR QDSUHGRYDWL GD VH EODรงHQL )UDQMR V RVWDORP EUDรพRP VLOQR GL YLR QMHJRYX QDSUHWNX X VDYUรฅHQVWYX 1LMH SURรฅOR PQRJR YUHPHQD L EUDW ,YDQ MH XPUR SRรฅWR MH RVWYDULR YLVRN VWXSDQM VYHWRVWL =DWR MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR V YHOLNRP XQXWDUQMRP L YDQMVNRP UDGRรฅรพX SULSRYLMH GDR EUDรพL R QMHJRYX REUDรพHQMX 1LMH JD ]YDR EUDWRP ,YDQRP QHJR VYHWLP ,YDQRP

[62] .DG MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR MHGQRP ]JRGRP RELOD]LR SRNUDMLQRP 0DU FKH L SURSRYLMHGDR MHGQRJD MH GDQD GRN MH SURSRYLMHGDR X QHNRP VHOX GRรฅDR N QMHPX QHNL ฤ RYMHN L UHNDR ยช%UDWH QDXPLR VDP QDSX VWLWL VYLMHW L XรพL X WYRM UHG ยฉ 1D WR PX MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR ND]DR ยช$NR EUDWH รงHOLรฅ XรพL X QDรฅ UHG SULMH VYHJD PRUDรฅ SUHPD ]DKWMHYX VYHWRJD HYDQฤ HOMD VYH VYRMH UD]GLMHOLWL VLURPDVLPD D ]DWLP VH PRUDรฅ X VYH PX RGUHรพL L VYRMH YROMH ยฉ 7DM MH ฤ XYรฅL WR EU]R RWLรฅDR L YRฤ HQ WMHOHVQRP D QH GXKRYQRP OMXEDYOMX VYX VYRMX LPRYLQX UD]GLMHOLR VYRMLP URฤ DFLPD 1DNRQ WRJD VH YUDWLR EODรงHQRPH )UDQML WH PX MH ND]DR ยช%UDWH HYR RG VYHJD VDP VH L]YODVWLR ยฉ %ODรงHQL )UDQMR JD MH XSLWDR ยช.DNR VL WR Xฤ LQLR"ยฉ $ RQ รพH ยช%UDWH VYX VDP VYRMX LPRYLQX UD]GLMHOLR QHNLP VYRMLP URฤ DFLPD NRMLPD MH ELOR SRWUHEQR ยฉ 3R 'XKX 6YHWRP MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR RGPDK VSR]QDR GD WDM ELMD รฅH WMHOHVQL ฤ RYMHN 2GOXฤ QR PX MH UHNDR ยช,GL VYRMLP SXWHP EUD WH PXKR MHU VL VYRMX LPRYLQX UD]GLMHOLR PHฤ X VYRMH URฤ DNH L VDGD PHฤ X EUDรพRP รงHOLรฅ รงLYMHWL RG PLORVWLQMH ยฉ 7DM MH VPMHVWD RWLรฅDR VYR MLP SXWHP MHU VYRMX LPRYLQX QLMH KWLR UD]GLMHOLWL GUXJLP VLURPDVLPD

[63] 8 LVWR VH YULMHPH GRN MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR ERUDYLR NRG 6YHWH 0D ULMH 3RUFLMXQNXOVNH SRUDGL QMHJRYD GXKRYQRJ QDSUHWND GRJRGLOR GD PX MH GXรฅX VQDรฅOD YUOR WHรฅND XQXWUDรฅQMD QDSDVW NRMD JD MH PXฤ L OD L]QXWUD L L]YDQD VWUDKRYLWR PX MH PXฤ LOD L GXรฅX L WLMHOR รคWRYLรฅH

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I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

JGMHNDGD MH L]EMHJDYDR L VXVUHWH V EUDรพRP QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR VH SUHG QMLPD NDG EL JD VQDรฅOD WD QDSDVW QLMH PRJDR SRND]LYDWL UDGR VQLP 7UDSLR VH DOL QH VDPR XVNUDรพLYDQMHP KUDQH QHJR MH SRVWLR L ULMHฤ LPD รฟHVWR VH SRYODฤ LR X รฅXPX NRMD VH QDOD]LOD QHGDOHNR RG FUNYH GD X QMRM PROL L GD EL SUHG *RVSRGLQRP PRJDR YHรพPD Rฤ LWRYDWL VYRMX ERO L RELOQLMH SUROLMHYDWL VX]H GD EL VH *RVSRGLQ NRML MH VYHPRJXรพ X QMHJRYRM WROLNRM QHYROML XGRVWRMDR SRVODWL PX V QHED VYRM OLMHN 'RN JD MH WD QDSDVW YLรฅH RG GYLMH JRGLQH PXฤ LOD GDQMX L QRรพX MHG QRJD VH GDQD GRJRGLOR GD PX MH X YULMHPH PROLWYH X FUNYL VYHWH 0D ULMH X QMHJRYRM XQXWUDรฅQMRVWL UHฤ HQD ULMHฤ VYHWRJD HYDQฤ HOMD ยช$NR LPDGQHรฅ YMHUH NROLNR MH ]UQR JRUXรฅLฤ QR WH UHNQHรฅ RYRM JRUL GD VH SUHPMHVWL VD VYRJD PMHVWD L GD LGH QD GUXJR PMHVWR WDNR รพH VH GRJRGLWLยฉ XVS 0W 6YHWL )UDQMR MH QD WR XSLWDR ยช.RMD MH WR JRUD"ยฉ 2GJR YRUHQR PX MH ยช*RUD WR MH WYRMD QDSDVW ยฉ 1D WR MH )UDQMR L]MDYLR ยช1HND PL GDNOH *RVSRGLQH EXGH XVS /N NDNR VL UHNDR ยฉ , WRJD MH ฤ DVD RVORERฤ HQ WDNR GD PX VH ฤ LQLOR NDR GD WH QDSDVWL QLMH QLNDGD QL LPDR

[64] .DG VH QHNRP GUXJRP ]JRGRP EODรงHQL )UDQMR MHGQRJD GDQD YUDWLR N 6YHWRM 0DULML 3RUFLMXQNXOVNRM ]DWHNDR MH RQGMH SULSURVWRJD EUDWD -DNRED V JXEDYFHP NRML MH VDY ELR SRNULYHQ UDQDPD D RQDPR MH VWLJDR LVWRJD GDQD 6YHWL RWDF PX MH SUHSRUXฤ LR WRJD JXEDYFD D QDSRVH PX MH SUHSRUXฤ LR RQH JXEDYFH NRML VX ELOL JXERP MDNR ]D KYDรพHQL QDLPH X RQR YULMHPH EUDรพD VX VH ]DGUรงDYDOD X OHSUR]DULML PD 7DM EUDW -DNRE ELR MH QHNH YUVWL OLMHฤ QLN QDSRVH RQLPD NRML VX ELOL MDNR ]DUDรงHQL 6SUHPQR VH GRWLFDR QMLKRYLK UDQD PLMHQMDR LP RYRMH L OLMHฤ LR LK %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR UHNDR EUDWX -DNREX NDR GD JD SUHNRUDYD ยช7L EDรฅ QH EL PRUDR EUDรพX NUรฅรพDQH WROLNR QDRNROR SUHQRVLWL MHU MH WR QH SULOLฤ QR L WHEL L QMLPD ยฉ *XEDYFH MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR QD]LYDR ยชEUDรพRP NUรฅรพDQLPDยฉ 6YHWL MH RWDF EUDWX SULJRYRULR LDNR PX MH WR ELOR SR YROML รฅWR LK QMHJXMH L SRVOXรงXMH MHU LSDN QLMH KWLR GD L]YDQ EROQLFH SUHQRVL RQH NRML VX ELOL MDNR ]DUDรงHQL 7R MH UHNDR QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR EUDW -DNRE EMHรฅH YUOR SULSURVW L รฅWR MH ฤ HVWR RELฤ DYDR LรพL X FUNYX VYHWH 0DULMH V SRNRMLP JXEDYFHP $ SULJRYRULR PX MH WR L ]ERJ WRJD รฅWR VX OMXGL ]D ]LUDOL RG WHรฅNR ]DUDรงHQLK JXEDYDFD .DG MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR WR L]UHNDR RGPDK MH VDPRJD VHEH SUHNRULR L SUHG EUDWRP 3HWURP .DWDQVNLP NRML WDGD ELMDรฅH JHQHUDOQL PLQLVWDU SUL]QDR VYRMX NULYQMX %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR PLVOLR GD รพH WDM SULMHNRU EUDWD -DNRED SUHG JXEDYFHP SR VUDPLWL =DWR MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR UHNDR EUDWX 3HWUX ยช0ROLP WH GD PL

Asi ลกki z b orn i k i l i Peruฤ i n ska le genda

627

GDGHรฅ VYRM SULVWDQDN ]D SRNRUX NRMX ]ERJ WRJD รงHOLP L]YUรฅLWL L GD PL VH QDSRNRQ QH VXSURVWDYLรฅยฉ XVS 6LU %UDW 3HWDU PX MH QD WR RGJRYRULR ยช1HND WL EUDWH EXGH NDNR รงHOLรฅ ยฉ %UDW 3HWDU MH QDLPH WROLNR รฅWRYDR EODรงHQRJD )UDQMX L SDรงOMLYR JD VXVUHWDR D ELR PX MH L WROLNR SRVOXรฅDQ GD VH QLMH XVXGLR PLMHQMD WL QMHJRYX SRVOXรฅQRVW LDNR MH L WDGD L PQRJR SXWD L]QXWUD L L]YDQD PQRJR WUSLR %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR QDSRNRQ UHNDR ยช1HND WR EXGH PRMD SRNRUD GD V ยทEUDWRP NUรฅรพDQLQRPยท MHGHP L] LVWH ]GMHOH ยฉ รคWR MH UHNDR WR MH L Xฤ LQLR 'RN MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR ]DMHGQR V JX EDYFHP L RVWDORP EUDรพRP VMHGLR ]D VWRORP L]PHฤ X QMLK GYRMLFH VWDYOMHQD MH ]GMHOD *XEDYDF MH VDY ELR SRNULYHQ UDQDPD L ฤ LUHYLPD D SUVWL NRMLPD MH MHR ELMDKX PX XNRฤ HQL L UDVNUYDYOMHQL WDNR GD MH VYDNL SXW NDG EL LK SUXรงLR SUHPD ]GMHOL L] QMLK X ]GMHOX NDSDOD NUY .DG MH WR YLGLR EUDW 3HWDU V RVWDORP VH EUDรพRP VLOQR UDรงDORVWLR DOL VH QLMH XVXGLR QLรฅWD SULPLMHWLWL L] SRรฅWRYDQMD SUHPD VYHWRP RFX 7R MH YLGLR RQDM NRML MH RYR QDSLVDR L ]D WR VYMHGRฤ L XVS ,Y

[65] -HGQRP MH ]JRGRP EODรงHQL )UDQMR SXWRYDR 6SROHWVNRP GROLQRP D V QMLP MH LรฅDR EUDW 3DFLILN NRML MH ELR L] $QNRQVNH PDUNH 'RN EL MDรฅH X VYLMHWX SUR]YDรฅH JD ยชNUDOMHP VWLKRYDยฉ ELMDรฅH SOHPHQLWD URGD RWPMHQD SRQDรฅDQMD Xฤ LWHOM SMHYDQMD 6YUDWLรฅH VH X VNORQLรฅWH JXED YDFD X JUDGX 7UHYL %ODรงHQL )UDQMR UHฤ H EUDWX 3DFLILNX ยช3Rฤ LPR X FUNYX VY 3HWUD X %RYDUX 2QGMH รงHOLP SUHQRรพLWL ยฉ 6SRPHQXWD FUNYD QLMH ELOD GDOHNR RG VNORQLรฅWD JXEDYDFD 2QGMH QLMH QLWNR ERUDYLR QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR MH WYUฤ DYD 7UHYL X RQR GRED ELOD WROLNR UXรฅHYQD GD QL X QMRM QL X VHOX QLMH QLWNR ERUDYLR 'RN MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR RQDPR LรฅDR UHNDR MH EUDWX 3DFLILNX ยช9UD WL VH X VNORQLรฅWH JXEDYDFD MHU QRรพ รงHOLP RYGMH SURYHVWL VDP D VXWUD VH X UDQR MXWUR YUDWL ยฉ .DG MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR RQGMH RVWDR VDP WH L]PROLR SRYHฤ HUMH L GUXJH PROLWYH KWLR MH SRฤ LYDWL L VSDYDWL DOL QLMH PRJDR 8 VYRMRM VH XQXWUDรฅQMRVWL SRฤ HR SODรฅLWL MHU MH RVMHรพDR ฤ DYROVNH QDSDVWL 2G PDK MH XVWDR L]LรฅDR L] NXรพH SUHNULรงLR VH L UHNDR ยช2G VWUDQH %RJD VYHPRJXรพHJD YDP ]ORGXVL QDUHฤ XMHP GD QD PHQL L]YUรฅLWH RQR รฅWR YDP MH GRSXVWLR QDรฅ *RVSRGLQ ,VXV .ULVW GD ELVWH QDรฅNRGLOL PRMHP WLMHOX 6SUHPDQ VDP VYH SRGQLMHWL MHU QHPDP YHรพHJD QHSULMDWHOMD QHJR รฅWR MH PRMH WLMHOR 7DNR รพHWH VH RVYHWLWL PRP SURWLYQLNX XVS /N L QHSULMDWHOMX ยฉ 7LK MH QDSDVWL RGPDK QHVWDOR )UDQMR VH ]D WLP YUDWLR QD PMHVWR JGMH MH SULMH OHรงDR WH MH X PLUX SRฤ LYDR L VSDYDR XVS 6DP

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.DG MH VYDQXOR XVS ,Y N QMHPX VH YUDWLR EUDW 3DFLILN %OD รงHQL VH )UDQMR SUHG ROWDURP X NRUX PROLR %UDW 3DFLILN VWDMDR MH L ฤ HNDR JD L]YDQ NRUD WH VH LVWRYUHPHQR PROLR *RVSRGLQX SUHG UDV SHORP .DG MH EUDW 3DFLILN ]DSRฤ HR PROLWYX SDR MH X ]DQRV ยชGD OL X WLMHOX GD OL L]YDQ WLMHOD %RJ ]QDยฉ XVS .RU 8 QHEX MH YLGLR PQRJR VMHGDOD XVS 2WN D PHฤ X QMLPD MH ]DSD]LR MHGQR NRMH ELMDรฅH VMDMQLMH RG RVWDOLK %LOR MH X]YLรฅHQR L VMDMQR WH XUHรฅHQR QDMUD]OL ฤ LWLMLP GUDJLP NDPHQMHP XVS 2WN =DGLYOMHQ OMHSRWRP WRJD VMHGDOD SRฤ HR MH X VHEL UD]PLรฅOMDWL XVS 'Q R WRPH NDNYR EL WR PRJOR ELWL VMHGDOR L NRPH SULSDGD 8 WDM ฤ DV MH ฤ XR JODV NRML PX MH UH NDR XVS 2WN ยช7R MH VMHGDOR SULSDGDOR /XFLIHUX D PMHVWR QMHJD รพH QD QMHPX VMHGLWL EODรงHQL )UDQMR ยฉ .DG MH GRรฅDR N VHEL RGPDK PX MH SULVWXSLR EODรงHQL )UDQMR %UDW 3DFLILN VH RGPDK EODรงHQRP )UDQML EDFLR GR QRJX XVS 2WN X REOLNX NULรงD =ERJ YLฤ HQMD รฅWR JD MH R QMHPX LPDR L]JOHGDR MH NDR GD MH YHรพ ELR X QHEX 5HNDR PX MH ยช2ฤ H RSURVWL PL PRMH JULMHKH L PROL *RVSRGLQD GD PL LK RWSXVWL L GD PL VH VPLOXMH ยฉ %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR SUXรงLR UXNX XVS 0W WH JD MH SRGLJDR 6SR]QDR MH GD MH EUDW 3DFLILN ]D YULMHPH PROLWYH QHรฅWR YLGLR XVS /N

รฟLQLOR VH NDR GD VH L]PLMHQLR D EODรงHQRP MH )UDQML JRYRULR DOL QH NDR รงLYRP QHJR NDR GD YHรพ X QHEX NUDOMXMH 1DNRQ WRJD VH GUรงDR NDR GD MH RGVXWDQ MHU QLMH EODรงHQRP )UDQML KWLR QLรฅWD JRYRULWL R YL ฤ HQMX %UDW 3DFLILN MH XSLWDR EODรงHQRJD )UDQMX ยชรคWR EUDWH PLVOLรฅ R VDPRPH VHEL"ยฉ %ODรงHQL )UDQMR PX MH RGJRYRULR ยช8YMHUHQ VDP GD VDP YHรพL JUHรฅQLN RG ELOR NRMHJD ฤ RYMHND QD VYLMHWX ยฉ %UDWX 3DFLILNX RGPDK MH ELOR X VUFX UHฤ HQR ยช3R WRPH PRรงHรฅ VSR]QDWL GD MH YLฤ HQMH รฅWR VL JD LPDR LVWLQLWR XVS 'Q .DR รฅWR MH /XFLIHU ]ERJ VYRMH RKRORVWL ]EDฤ HQ V RQRJD VMHGLรฅWD WDNR รพH EODรงHQL )UDQMR SR VYRMRM SRQL]QRVWL ]DYULMHGLWL GD EXGH X]YLรฅHQ L GD QD QM VMHGQH ยฉ

[66] .DG MH MHGQRP ]JRGRP EODรงHQL )UDQMR ]ERJ EROHVWL Rฤ LMX ERUDYLR X 5LHWLX L QHNROLNR GDQD VWDQRYDR NRG 7HEDOGD 6DUDFHQD MHGQRPH MH RG VYRMLK GUXJRYD NRML X VYLMHWX ELMDรฅH FLWUDรฅ UHNDR ยช%UDWH VLQRYL RYRJD VYLMHWD XVS /N QH VKYDรพDMX RQR ERรงDQVNR MHU JOD]EDOD NDR รฅWR VX FLWUH SVDOWHULML V GHVHW รงLFD L GUXJD NRMLPD VX VH VYHWL OMXGL X VWDULP YUHPHQLPD VOXรงLOL ]D VODYX %RรงMX L ]D XWMHKX GXรฅD VYMHWRYQL OMXGL XSRWUHEOMDYDMX ]D LVSUD]QRVW L JULMHK NRML MH X VXSURWQRVWL V YR OMRP %RรงMRP =DWR ELK KWLR GD QD ]JRGDQ QDฤ LQ RG NRMHJD ฤ HVWLWRJ ฤ RYMHND SULEDYLรฅ FLWUX L GD PL X] QMX RWSMHYDรฅ NDNYX GROLฤ QX SMHVPX 8] QMX รพHPR SMHYDWL ULMHฤ L L SRKYDOH *RVSRGQMH QDURฤ LWR ]DWR รฅWR PL

Asi ลกki z b orn i k i l i Peruฤ i n ska le genda

629

WLMHOR PXฤ L WHรฅND EROHVW SD WUSLP YHOLNH EROL =DWR ELK WRP SULOLNRP KWLR WMHOHVQH EROL SUHRNUHQXWL X UDGRVW L XWMHKX ยฉ %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR QDLPH X VYRMRM EROHVWL VDVWDYLR QHNH SRKYD OH *RVSRGLQX 3RYUHPHQR EL SRWLFDR VYRMH GUXJRYH GD LK SMHYDMX %RJX QD VODYX L QD GXKRYQX SREXGX EOLรงQMLK %UDW PX MH RGJRYRULR ยช6UDPLP VH WUDรงLWL MH QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR OMXGL RYRJD JUDGD ]QDMX GD VDP NDR VYMHWRYQMDN XPLR FLWUDWL %RMLP VH GD EL PRJOL SRVXPQMDWL NDNR PL MH FLWUDQMH SRVWDOR QDSDรฅรพX ยฉ 1D WR PX MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR RGJRYRULR ยช%UDWH RQGD WR RVWDYLPR ยฉ 1DUHGQH MH QRรพL )UDQMR EGLR 9Hรพ ELMDรฅH VNRUR SRQRรพ , JOH RNR NXรพH X NRMRM MH OHรงDR ]Dฤ XR MH FLWUX NRMD MH RG]YDQMDOD OMHSรฅLP L YH VHOLMLP WRQRYLPD QHJR รฅWR MH LNDGD X VYRP รงLYRWX ฤ XR , FLWUDรฅ VH RG NXรพH XGDOMLYDR WROLNR GDOHNR NROLNR VH FLWUD PRJOD ฤ XWL D ]DWLP VH SRQRYQR YUDรพDR XGDUDMXรพL X FLWUX , WDNR MH WR ฤ LQLR GREDU VDW YUH PHQD .DG MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR VSR]QDR GD VH UDGL R GMHOX %RรงMHP D QH R OMXGVNRP VLOQR VH REUDGRYDR L VYLP ]DQRVRP VYRJD VUFD VODYLR *RV SRGLQD NRML VH XGRVWRMDR XWMHรฅLWL JD WROLNRP XWMHKRP .DG MH VXWUDGDQ XVWDR UHNDR MH VYRPH SUDWLRFX ยช0ROLR VDP WH EUDWH L QLVL PL รงHOMX LVSXQLR 1R *RVSRGLQ VH NRML VYRMH SULMDWHOMH WMHรฅL X QHYROML XGRVWRMDR GD PH QRรพDV XWMHรฅLยฉ XVS .RU 7DGD PX MH LVSULSRYLMHGDR VYH รฅWR VH GRJRGLOR %UDรพD VX VH GLYLOD L WR VPDWUDOD YHOLNLP ฤ XGRP 6SR]QDOL VX GD MH WR ELOR %RรงMH GMHOR QD XWMHKX EODรงHQRPH )UDQML รฟXGLOL VX VH QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR WR QLMH ELOR VDPR R SRQRรพL QHJR L QDNRQ WUHรพHJD JODVD ]YRQD รฅWR JD MH RGUHGLOD JUDGVND XSUDYD NDG VH QLWNR QLMH XVXฤ LYDR RELOD ]LWL JUDGRP 'LYLOL VX VH NDNR MH UHNDR EODรงHQL )UDQMR L ]DWR รฅWR VH VYH WR ]ELYDOR X รฅXWQML EH] LNDNYD ]YXND L EH] JODVD L] XVWD NDR ฤ XGR %RรงMH SUROD]LOR MH L YUDรพDOR VH GREDU VDW YUHPHQD GD EL JD XWMHรฅLOR

[67] 1HNDNR MH X LVWR YULMHPH EODรงHQL )UDQMR ]ERJ EROHVWL Rฤ LMX ERUD YLR QHGDOHNR FUNYH VY )DELMDQD NRMD VH QDOD]LOD EOL]X JUDGD X NRMHP MH รงLYLR QHNL VLURPDรฅQL VYMHWRYQL VYHรพHQLN *RVSRGLQ SDSD +RQRUL MH ERUDYLR MH X WR YULMHPH V NDUGLQDOLPD X LVWRP JUDGX 7DNR VX JD PQRJL RG NDUGLQDOD L GUXJLK SUHGVWDYQLND YLVRNRJD NOHUD L] SRรฅWR YDQMD L OMXEDYL รฅWR VX MH JDMLOL SUHPD VYHWRPH RFX VNRUR GDQRPLFH SRVMHรพLYDOL 7D MH FUNYD SRVMHGRYDOD PDOHQ YLQRJUDG NRML VH QDOD]LR SRNUDM NXรพH X NRMRM MH ERUDYLR EODรงHQL )UDQMR 7D MH NXรพD LPDOD YUDWD NUR] NRMD VX JRWRYR VYL NRML VX JD SRVMHรพLYDOL XOD]LOL X WDM YLQRJUDGLรพ QDSR VH ]DWR รฅWR MH X RQR YULMHPH JURรงฤ H YHรพ ELOR ]UHOR D RVLP WRJD MH WR ELR L XJRGDQ NXWDN ]D RGPRU

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'RJRGLOR VH QDSRNRQ WR GD MH YLQRJUDGLรพ ]ERJ VSRPHQXWH RNRO QRVWL ELR JRWRYR VDVYLP XSURSDรฅWHQ -HGQL VX QDLPH JURรงฤ H EUDOL L RQGMH JD SRMHOL GUXJL VX EUDOL L RGQRVLOL D WUHรพL VX JD L]JD]LOL 7DM VYHรพHQLN VH SRฤ HR X]UXMDYDWL L SUHGEDFLYDWL JRYRUHรพL ยช2YH PL MH JRGLQH YLQRJUDG SURSDR 3UHPGD MH PDOHQ LSDN VDP L] QMHJD GRELYDR WROLNR YLQD GD MH GRVWDMDOR PRMLP SRWUHEDPD ยฉ .DG MH EOD รงHQL )UDQMR WR ฤ XR GDR MH VYHรพHQLND SR]YDWL N VHEL WH PX MH UHNDR ยช1HPRM VH YLรฅH X]UXMDYDWL QL VUGLWL MHU GUXJDฤ LMH QH PRรงHPR Xฤ LQLWL 3RX]GDM VH X *RVSRGLQD XVS 3V MHU WL RQ PRรงH XPMHVWR PHQH VYRJD VLURPDรฅND GDWL QDNQDGX 'DM PL UHFL NROLNR VL RELฤ QR LPDR NDEORYD YLQD L] WRJD YLQRJUDGD NDG ELMDรฅH EROMD JRGLQD"ยฉ 6YHรพHQLN MH RGJRYRULR ยช2ฤ H LPDR VDP WULQDHVW NDEORYD ยฉ 1D WR รพH QMHPX EODรงHQL )UDQMR ยช2GVDGD VH QHPRM YLรฅH รงDORVWLWL L QHPRM QLNRPH GR EDFLYDWL QLNDNYH SRJUGQH ULMHฤ L QHPRM VH QL QD NRJD รงDOLWL QHJR VH SRX]GDM X *RVSRGLQD L X PRMH ULMHฤ L %XGHรฅ OL LPDR YLQD PDQMH RG GYDGHVHW NDEORYD Xฤ LQLW รพX GD WL VH QDGRNQDGL ยฉ 2WDGD VH VYHรพHQLN SULPLULR L ]DรฅXWLR , SR %RรงMRM VH GDUHรงOMLYRVWL GRJRGLOR GD MH LPDR GYDGHVHW NDEORYD JURรงฤ D L QLรฅWD PDQMH NDR รฅWR MH UHNDR EODรงHQL )UDQMR =ERJ WRJD VH WDM VYHรพHQLN VLOQR ]DGLYLR NDR L VYL NRML VX WR ฤ XOL 8YLGLR MH GD VH GRJRGLOR YHOLNR ฤ XGR SR ]DVOXJDPD EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR YLQRJUDG QLMH VDPR ELR RSXVWRรฅHQ QHJR L ]ERJ WRJD รฅWR VH L] QMHJD DNR EL QDMRELOQLMH XURGLR NDNR VH WRP VYHรพHQLNX D L GUXJLPD ฤ LQLOR QH EL PRJOR GRELWL GYD GHVHW NDEORYD YLQD 6WRJD PL NRML VPR V QMLPH ELOL XVS 3W ]D QMHJD VYMHGRฤ L PR XVS ,Y ,Y GD VH XYLMHN NDG MH UHNDR ยช7DNR MHยฉ LOL ยช7DNR รพH ELWLยฉ WDNR L GRJDฤ DOR 9Hรพ VPR ]D QMHJRYD รงLYRWD YLGMHOL NDNR VH PQRJR WRJD LVSXQLOR D QDNRQ QMHJRYH VPUWL ELOR MH VOLฤ QR

[68] 8 LVWR RQR YULMHPH EODรงHQL MH )UDQMR ]ERJ EROHVWL Rฤ LMX ERUDYLR X VDPRWLรฅWX )RQWH &RORPER QHGDOHNR RG 5LHWLD .DG JD MH MHGQRJD GDQD L] WRJD JUDGD SRVMHWLR OLMHฤ QLN ]D EROHVWL Rฤ LMX L V QMLP VH ]DGU รงDR QHNROLNR VDWL NDR รฅWR MH WR ฤ HรฅรพH RELฤ DYDR NDG MH QDNDQLR RWLรพL EODรงHQL MH )UDQMR MHGQRPH RG VYRMH VXEUDรพH UHNDR ยช,GLWH L OLMHฤ QLND GREUR SRJRVWLWH ยฉ 6XEUDW MH QD WR SULPLMHWLR ยช2ฤ H VUDP PH MH SUL ]QDWL GD VPR RYDM ฤ DV WROLNR VLURPDรฅQL WH VH QH XVXฤ XMHPR SR]YDWL JD GD PX QHรฅWR SRQXGLPR ยฉ 1D WR MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR UHNDR EUDWX ยช0DORYMHUQL XVS 0W QHPRMWH GRSXVWLWL GD SRQDYOMDP ยฉ /LMHฤ QLN MH ]DWLP UHNDR EODรงHQRPH )UDQML L QMHJRYRM VXEUDรพL ยช%UDWH XSUDYR ]DWR รฅWR VX EUDรพD WDNR VLURPDรฅQD UDGLMH V QMLPD รงHOLP MHVWL ยฉ 7DM OLMHฤ QLN ELMDรฅH YUOR ERJDW .DG VX JD EODรงHQL )UDQMR L QMHJR YD VXEUDรพD ฤ HรฅรพH SR]LYDOL QLMH RQGMH KWLR MHVWL

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%UDรพD RWLฤ RรฅH L SULSUDYLรฅH VWRO 6UDPHรงOMLYR QD QM VWDYLรฅH QHรฅWR PDOR NUXKD L YLQD รฅWR VX XSUDYR LPDOL WH SRYUรพH รฅWR VX JD SULSUDYLOL ]D VHEH 'RN VX RQL WDNR VMHGLOL NRG VWROD L LVWRP QHรฅWR SRMHOL JOH QD YUDWLPD VDPRWLรฅWD ]Dฤ XOR VH NXFDQMH -HGDQ MH L]PHฤ X EUDรพH XVWDR L RWYRULR YUDWD 3RMDYLOD VH QHND รงHQD NRMD MH GRQLMHOD SXQX NRรฅDUX OLMHSD NUXKD L ULEH SXQX SRVXGX UDNRYD PHGD L VYMHรงD JURรงฤ D รฅWR JD MH EODรงHQRPH )UDQML SRVODOD QHND JRVSRฤ D L] REOLรงQMHJD JUDGLรพD NRML MH RG VDPRWLรฅWD ELR XGDOMHQ NDNYLK VHGDP PLOMD .DG VX WR EUDรพD L OLMHฤ QLN YLGMHOL YUOR VX VH ]DGLYLOL SURPDWUDMXรพL VYHWRVW EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH =DWR MH WDM OLMHฤ QLN UHNDR EUDรพL ยช%UDรพR PRMD QL YL D QL PL QH SR]QDMHPR GRVWDWQR VYHWRVW RYRJD VYHFD ยฉ

[69] .DG MH MHGQRP ]JRGRP EODรงHQL )UDQMR LรฅDR SUHPD PMHVWX &HO OH GL &RUWRQD SXWHP MH SUROD]LR LVSRG XWYUGH NRMD VH ]RYH /LPLVLDQXP 1HGDOHNR RG SUHELYDOLรฅWD EUDรพH X 3UHJJLX GRJRGLOR VH GD MH QHND SOHPHQLWD JRVSRฤ D L] WRJD PMHVWD YUOR รงXUQR GRรฅOD GD EL UD]JRYDUDOD V EODรงHQLP )UDQMRP .DG MH MHGDQ RG VXEUDรพH EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH RSD ]LR NDNR WD JRVSRฤ D YUOR XPRUQD RG SXWD GROD]L V YHOLNRP รงXUERP RWUฤ DR MH L UHNDR PX ยช2ฤ H ]D OMXEDY %RรงMX SRฤ HNDMPR RQX JRVSR ฤ X NRMD VWLรงH ]D QDPD 9UOR MH XPRUQD D รงHOL V QDPD UD]JRYDUDWL ยฉ %ODรงHQL )UDQMR ฤ RYMHN SXQ OMXEDYL L VXRVMHรพDQMD SULฤ HNDR MH JRV SR ฤ X .DG MX MH YLGLR NDNR GROD]L V YHOLNRP JRUOMLYRรฅรพX L SRERรงQRรฅรพX VUFD UHNDR MRM MH ยชรคWR รงHOLรฅ JRVSRฤ R"ยฉ รฆHQD PX MH RGJRYRULOD ยช0R OLP WH Rฤ H GD PH EODJRVORYLรฅยฉ XVS 3RVW $ QMRM รพH EODรงHQL )UDQMR ยชรฆLYLรฅ OL X EUDNX LOL VL VORERGQD"ยฉ 2QD PX RGJRYRUL ยช2ฤ H WRPH MH YHรพ GXJR RWNDNR PL MH *RVSRGLQ QDGDKQXR GREUX QDNDQX GD ELK PX VOXรงLOD ,PDOD VDP D L VDGD LPDP YHOLNX รงHOMX GD VSDVLP GXรฅX DOL LPDP YUOR RNUXWQD PXรงD NRML VH SURWLYL WRPH GD ELK VOXรงLOD .ULVWX D QL RQ PX QH VOXรงL 7DNR PL VYH GR VPUWL RรงDORรฅรพXMH GXรฅX YHOLND ERO L WMHVNRED ยฉ 'RN MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR SURPDWUDR QMH]LQR JRUOMLYR VUFH L QMH]LQ MRรฅ SRVYH GMHYRMDฤ NL L]JOHG JDQXW VXRVMHรพDQMHP EODJRVORYLR MX MH L UHNDR ยช,GL L QDรพL รพHรฅ VYRJD PXรงD NRG NXรพH 3UHQHVL PX PRMX SR UXNX L NDรงL GD L WHEH L QMHJD PROLP ]D OMXEDY RQRJD *RVSRGLQD NRML MH ]D QDรฅH VSDVHQMH SRGQLR PXNX NULรงD GD VSDVLWH GXรฅH XVS 3RVW

VYRMH X VYRMRM NXรพL ยฉ .DG VH YUDWLOD NXรพL L X QMX XรฅOD QDรฅOD MH VYRJD PXรงD NRG NXรพH NDR รฅWR MRM MH UHNDR EODรงHQL )UDQMR 0Xรง MX MH ]DSLWDR ยช2GDNOH GROD]Lรฅ"ยฉ $ RQD รพH PX ยช'ROD]LP RG EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH NRML PH MH EODJRVORYLR 1MHJRYH VX PH ULMHฤ L XWMHรฅLOH L REUDGRYDOH PRMX GXรฅX X *RVSRGLQX 2VLP WRJD UHNDR PL MH L WR GD WL V QMHJRYH VWUDQH UHNQHP L GD WH ]DPROLP GD ELVPR X VYRMRM NXรพL VSDVLOL VYRMH GXรฅHยฉ XVS 3RVW

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.DG MH รงHQD WR PXรงX VDRSรพLOD SR ]DVOXJDPD EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH X QMHJD MH RGPDK VLรฅOD %RรงMD PLORVW %XGXรพL GD JD MH *RVSRGLQ WDNR EU]R L]PLMHQLR V YHOLNRP MH GREURVWLYRรฅรพX L EODJRรฅรพX รงHQL RG JR YRULR ยชรฆHQR RGVDG รพHPR NDNR WL VH VYLGL VOXรงLWL .ULVWX L VSDVLWL VYRMH GX รฅH XVS 3RVW NDR รฅWR MH UHNDR EODรงHQL )UD QMR ยฉ รฆHQD PX MH QD WR X]YUDWLOD ยช*RVSRGDUX PHQL VH ฤ LQL GD รพH ELWL GREUR EXGHPR OL REGUรงDYDOL ฤ LVWRรพX MHU VH RQD *RVSRGLQX YUOR VYLฤ D *RVSRGLQ WX NUHSRVW PQRJR QDJUDฤ XMH ยฉ 0Xรง MRM MH RGJRYRULR ยชรฆHQR WR PL VH VYLฤ D MHU VH WHEL VYLฤ D 8 RYRM VWYDUL NDR L X GUXJLP GREULP GMHOLPD VYRMX YROMX VMHGLQMXMHP V WYRMRM YROMRP ยฉ 7DNR VX RWDGD PQRJR JRGLQD รงLYMHOL X ฤ LVWRรพL %UDรพL L GUXJLP VL URPDVLPD GLMHOLOL VX RELOQX PLORVWLQMX 1MLKRYRM VX VH VYHWRVWL GLYLOL QH VDPR VYMHWRYQMDFL QHJR L UHGRYQLFL D QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR MH WDM ฤ RYMHN ELR YUOR VYMHWRYQD GXKD L รฅWR MH WDNR EU]R SRVWDR GXKRYDQ 8 VYHPX WRPH NDR L X PQRJLP GUXJLP GREULP GMHOLPD XVWUDMDOL VX VYH GR VPUWL XVS 0W D X URNX RG QHNROLNR GDQD RERMH VX SUHPLQXOL 8YHOLNH ELMDKX RSODNLYDQL ]ERJ QMLKRYD ฤ HVWLWD L NUHSRVQD รงLYRWD รฅWR VX JD SURYRGLOL VYH GR VYRMH VPUWL 6ODYLOL VX L EODJRVOLYOMDOL XVS /N

*RVSRGLQD NRML LP MH GDR PLORVWL ฤ LVWRรพX GXรฅH WH VORJX X QMLKRYX รงLYRWX L X VOXรงEL %RรงMRM 1L VPUW LK QLMH UD]GYRMLOD XVS 6DP

MHU XPULMHรฅH MHGQR ]D GUXJLP .RML VX LK SR]QDYDOL GR GDQDV VH VMHรพDMX QMLKRYH VYHWRVWL

[70] 8 RQR GRED NDG QLWNR QLMH PRJDR ELWL SULPOMHQ X 5HG EH] RGREUHQMD EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH PHฤ X GUXJLPD NRML VX KWMHOL XรพL X 5HG GRรฅDR MH L MHGDQ PODGLรพ L] /XFFH VLQ QHNRJ SOHPLรพD EODรงHQR PH )UDQML NRML MH WDGD ERUDYLR L ERORYDR X GYRUX DVLรฅNRJD ELVNXSD .DG VX JD EUDรพD SUHGVWDYLOD EODรงHQRPH )UDQML SOHPLรพHY VH VLQ SUHG QMLP SULJQXR L SRฤ HR VLOQR SODNDWL ]DPROLR MH )UDQMX GD JD SULPL %ODรงHQL JD MH )UDQMR SRJOHGDR L UHNDR PX ยช2 XVS 'M

ELMHGQL L WMHOHVQL ฤ RYMHฤ H ]DรฅWR ODรงHรฅ 'XKX 6YHWRPH XVS 'M L PHQL" 7YRMH VX VX]H WMHOHVQH D QH GXKRYQH ยฉ .DG MH )UDQMR WH ULMHฤ L L]UHNDR LVWRJD ฤ DVD VWLJRรฅH QMHJRYL URฤ DFL QD NRQMLPD L ]DXVWDYLรฅH VH LVSUHG GYRUD 1DNDQLOL VX JD XJUDELWL L YUDWLWL QMHJRYRM NXรพL .DG MH WDM ]Dฤ XR U]DQMH NRQMD SRJOHGDR MH NUR] SUR]RU GYRUD L XJOHGDR VYRMH URฤ DNH 6PMHVWD MH XVWDR L L]LรฅDR YDQ N QMLPD XVS ,Y 6 QMLPD VH YUDWLR QDWUDJ X VYLMHW NDR รฅWR MH WR EODรงHQL )UDQMR VSR]QDR SR 'XKX 6YHWRPH =DGLYLรฅH VH EUDรพD L RVWDOL QD]Rฤ QLFL WH VX YHOLฤ DOL L VODYLOL %RJD X QMHJRYX VYHFX XVS 3V

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[71] 1HNRJD GUXJRJ GDQD GRN MH MRรฅ WHรฅNR EROHVWDQ ERUDYLR X VSR PHQXWRP GYRUX EUDรพD VX JD QDJRYDUDOD L ERGULOD GD EL MHR 5HNDR LP MH ยช1LVDP EUDรพR PRMD UDVSRORรงHQ ]D MHOR DOL NDG ELK LPDR ULEX NRMD VH ]RYH VNYDOR PRรงGD ELK LSDN MHR ยฉ รฟLP MH WR L]UHNDR JOH QHNL MH ฤ RYMHN GRQLR NRรฅDUX X NRMRM VX VH QDOD]LOD WUL YHOLND VNYDOD NRML VX YHรพ ELOL GREUR SULUHฤ HQL 2VLP WRJD VH WX QDรฅDR L WDQMXU UDNRYD NRMH MH VYHWDF UDGR MHR D SRVODR PX LK MH EUDW *HUDUG SRJODYDU X 5LHWLX %UDรพD VX VH SURPDWUDMXรพL QMHJRYX VYHWRVW VLOQR GLYLOD L VODYLOD *RVSRGLQD NRML MH L]LรฅDR X VXVUHW รงHOML VYRJD VOXJH D QMLPD MH WDGD ELOR QHPRJXรพH GD PX X WRP SRJOHGX LVSXQH รงHOMX QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR ELMDรฅH ]LPVNR GRED SD X RQRPH NUDMX QLVX PRJOL GRรพL GR WDNYLK VWYDUL

[72] -HGQRP MH ]JRGRP EODรงHQL )UDQMR SXWRYDR V MHGQLP ERJROMXEQLP EUDWRP URGRP L] $VL]D NRML MH SRWMHFDR L] YHOLNH L XJOHGQH RELWHOML %XGXรพL GD MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR ELR VODE L EROHVWDQ MDKDR MH QD PDJDUFX 2QDM GUXJL EUDW XPRUDQ RG SXWRYDQMD SRฤ H UD]PLรฅOMDWL X VHEL XVS ,Y /N JRYRUHรพL ยช1MHJRYL VH URGLWHOML QLVX PRJOL PMHULWL V PRMLPD D JOH RQ VDGD MDรฅH D MD LGHP ]D QMLPD L XPRUDQ WMHUDP รงLYRWLQMX ยฉ , GRN MH RQ WDNR UD]PLรฅOMDR XVS 0W EODรงHQL MH )UDQMR VPMH VWD VMDKDR V PDJDUFD L UHNDR PX ยช1LMH QL SUDYHGQR QL ]JRGQR GD MD MDรฅHP D WL GD LGHรฅ SMHรฅLFH MHU VL X VYLMHWX ELR SOHPHQLWLML L PRรพQLML ยฉ %UDW VH ]DEH]HNQXR L SRVWLGLR WH VH SODฤ XรพL EDFLR QD ]HPOMX GR QMHJR YLK QRJX XVS (VW 2ฤ LWRYDR PX MH VYRMX PLVDR L SUL]QDR VYRMX NULYQMX 9UOR VH ]DGLYLR )UDQMLQRM VYHWRVWL MHU MH XPDK XSR]QDR ฤ DN L รฅWR PLVOL .DG VX EUDรพD X $VL]X PROLOD SDSX *UJXUD L NDUGLQDOH GD EL )UD QMX NDQRQL]LUDOL GRWLฤ QL MH EUDW WR SRVYMHGRฤ LR SUHG JRVSRGLQRP SDSRP L NDUGLQDOLPD

[73] -HGDQ MH EUDW ฤ RYMHN ERJROMXEDQ L %RรงML SULMDWHOM ERUDYLR X SUH ELYDOLรฅWX EUDรพH NUDM 5LHWLD -HGQRJD MH GDQD XVWDR L V YHOLNRP SRERรง QRรฅรพX RWLรฅDR X VDPRWLรฅWH EUDรพH NRG *UHFFLD JGMH MH WDGD ERUDYLR EODรงHQL )UDQMR รฆHOLR JD MH YLGMHWL L SULPLWL QMHJRY EODJRVORY %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR YHรพ MHR L YUDWLR VH X รพHOLMX JGMH MH PROLR L SRฤ LYDR %XGXรพL GD MH ELOR YULMHPH NRUL]PH L] รพHOLMH MH L]OD]LR VDPR X YULMHPH EODJR YDQMD D QDNRQ WRJD EL VH RGPDK YUDWLR X QMX 2QDM VH EUDW PQRJR

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I I . ลฝ I V O T O P I S I S V. F R A N J E

UDรงDORVWLR รฅWR JD QLMH QDรฅDR 7R MH SULSLVLYDR VYRMRM JUHรฅQRVWL QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR VH LVWRJD GDQD PRUDR YUDWLWL X VYRMH ERUDYLรฅWH .DG VX JD GUXJRYL VYHWRJ )UDQMH XWMHรฅLOL L RQ VH RG RQRJD PMHVWD XGDOMLR NROLNR EL VH PRJOR GREDFLWL NDPHQRP XVS /N GD VH YUDWL X VYRMH PMHVWX, D EODรงHQL MH )UDQMR QD %RรงML SRWLFDM XVS 'M 3V L]LรฅDR L] รพHOLMH L SR]YDR MHGQRJD RG VXEUDรพH NRML MH V RQLP LรฅDR VYH GR L]YRUD MH]HUD WH PX MH UHNDR ยช.DรงL RQRPH EUDWX QHND PH SRJOHGD ยฉ .DG MH WDM RNUHQXR VYRMH OLFH SUHPD EODรงHQRPH )UDQML )UDQMR MH QDฤ LQLR ]QDN NULรงD L EODJRVORYLR JD 7DM MH EUDW UDGR รฅรพX RED ฤ RYMHND YHOLฤ DR *RVSRGLQD NRML PX MH LVSXQLR รงHOMX -Rรฅ MH YLรฅH ]ERJ WRJD ELR XWMHรฅHQ MHU MH VSR]QDR GD MH WR ELOD YROMD %RรงMD รฅWR JD MH )UDQMR EODJRVORYLR D GD JD ]D WR QLMH QL PROLR QLWL PX MH WNR R WRPH ELOR รฅWR UHNDR 'UXJRYL VX VH EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH ]DMHGQR V RVWDORP EUDรพRP WRJD PMHVWD WRPH PQRJR GLYLOL 6PDWUDOL VX WR YHOLNLP ฤ XGRP ]DWR รฅWR EODรงHQRPH )UDQML R GRODVNX WRJD EUDWD QLMH QLWNR QLรฅWD UHNDR L รฅWR VH QL GUXJRYL EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH D QL QHNL GUXJL EUDW QLVX XVXฤ LYDOL LรพL N QMHPX DNR LK QH EL SR]YDR 1R EODรงHQL )UDQMR QLMH VDPR RQGMH KWLR ELWL VDP NDG VH PROLR QHJR VYDJGMH JGMH JRG MH ERUDYLR +WLR MH ELWL WDNR RGYRMHQ GD PX QH EL QLWNR LรฅDR DNR JD QH EL SR]YDR

[74] -HGQRJD MH GDQD QHNL SURYLQFLMDOQL PLQLVWDU GRรฅDR N EODรงHQRPH )UDQML NRML MH WDGD ERUDYLR X VSRPHQXWRPH PMHVWX GD EL V QMLPH VYHWNRYDR %RรงLรพ %UDรพD VX QD VDP %RรงLรพ GD EL SRฤ DVWLOD WRJD PLQL VWUD SRNULOD VWRO OLMHSLP ELMHOLP VWROQMDNRP รฅWR VX JD GRELOD D SR VWDYLOD VX L VWDNOHQH ฤ DรฅH %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR VLรฅDR L] รพHOLMH GD EODJXMH .DG MH XJOHGDR VWRO NRML ELMDรฅH WDNR RWPMHQR SURVWUW QHRSD]LFH MH L]LรฅDR YDQ WH MH RG QHNRJD VLURPDKD NRML MH WRJD GDQD GRรฅDR RQDPR X]HR รฅHรฅLU L รฅWDS รฅWR JD MH WDM LPDR X UXNDPD 7LKLP MH JODVRP SR]YDR MHGQRJD RG GUXJRYD WH MH L]LรฅDR SUHG YUDWD VDPRWLรฅWD D GD WR EUDรพD WH NXรพH QLVX RSD]LOD %UDรพD VX PHฤ XWLP SULVWXSLOD N VWROX QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR MH WDNR ELOR XRELฤ DMHQR $NR VYHWL RWDF QLMH NRML SXW RGPDK VWLJDR X YULMHPH EOD JRYDQMD KWLR MH GD EUDรพD Xฤ X L EODJXMX 1MHJRY MH GUXJ ]DNOMXฤ DR YUDWD L XQXWUD RVWDR SRNUDM QMLK %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR SRNXFDR QD YUDWD D GUXJ PX LK MH RGPDK RWYR ULR 8รฅDR MH VD รฅHรฅLURP QD SOHรพLPD L VD รฅWDSRP X UXFL NDR KRGRฤ D VQLN .DG MH GRรฅDR SUHG YUDWD EODJRYDRQLFH SRYLรฅHQLP MH JODVRP NDR VLURPDK UHNDR EUDรพL ยช,] OMXEDYL SUHPD *RVSRGLQX %RJX XGLMH OLWH RYRP VLURPDรฅQRP L EROHVQRP KRGRฤ DVQLNX PLORVWLQMX ยฉ 2QDM SURYLQFLMDOQL PLQLVWDU L RVWDOD EUDรพD RGPDK JD SUHSR]QDรฅH 0LQLVWDU PX MH QD WR UHNDR ยช6OLฤ QL VPR WL SR VLURPDรฅWYX D MHU QDV

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SRWDMQR VX MHGQL GUXJLPD XELMDOL VWRNX D QRรพX VX SOMDฤ NDOL L NUDOL รฟLQLOL VX MRรฅ L PQRJD GUXJD ]OD .DG MH *RVSRGLQ YLGLR GD VX LP GMHOD ELOD ]OD L GD YLรฅH QLVX GUรงDOL RQR รฅWR LP MH QDYLMHVWLR QMHJRY VOXJD QD QMLK VH UDVUGLR L RG QMLK RGYUDWLR UXNX VYRJD PLORVUฤ D QD QMLK VH SRQRYQR YUDWLOR RQR ]OR รฅWR VX JD X]URNRYDOL YXNRYL L WXฤ D NDR รฅWR MH SUHWND]DR VYHWL RWDF $ QDGRฤ RรฅH MRรฅ L PQRJH GUXJH QHYROMH WHรงH RG RQLK SUYLK &LMHOD LP MH JUDGLQD VSDOMHQD ,]JXELOL VX VYH รฅWR VX LPDOL L VDPR RQL XPDNQXรฅH XVS -RE =DWR VX VH EUDรพD NDR L RVWDOL NRML VX ฤ XOL ULMHฤ L VYHWRJD RFD NDG LP MH SUHWND]DR VUHรพX L QHVUHรพX GLYLOL QMHJRYRM VYHWRVWL JOHGDMXรพL NDNR VH VYH GRVORYFH LVSXQLOR

[75] -HGQRP MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR SURSRYLMHGDR X 3HUXฤ L QD WUJX SUHG YHOLNLP PQRรฅWYRP XVS 1HK 3Q] QDURGD NRML VH RQGMH VDNXSLR 1DMHGQRP RQGMH SRฤ HรฅH JUDGVNL NRQMDQLFL MDKDWL L LJUDWL VH RUXรงMHP ,JUDMXรพL VH WDNR QD WUJX RPHWDOL VX SURSRYLMHG 3UHPGD VX LK L PXรฅNDUFL L รงHQH NRML VX SR]RUQR VOXรฅDOL SURSRYLMHG NRULOL LSDN V WLP QLVX KWMHOL SUHVWDWL =DWLP VH SUHPD QMLPD RNUHQXR EODรงHQL )UDQMR WH LP MH V YHOLNRP JRUOMLYRรฅรพX GXKD UHNDR ยชรฟXMWH L VKYDWLWH รฅWR YDP *RVSRGLQ MDYOMD SR PHQL VYRPH VOX]L L QHPRMWH UHรพL $K WR MH $VLรงDQLQ ยฉ %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR WR UHNDR ]DWR รฅWR MH L]PHฤ X $VLรงDQD L 3HUXฤ L QDFD SRVWRMDOD VWDUD PUรงQMD 5HNDR LP MH ยช*RVSRGLQ YDV MH X]GLJDR XVS 3V L X]YLVLR L]QDG VYLMX YDรฅLK VXVMHGD =DWR RG VDGD PR UDWH YHรพPD SUL]QDYDWL VYRJD 6WYRULWHOMD 0RUDWH VH YLรฅH SRQL]LWL QH VDPR SUHG VYHPRJXรพLP %RJRP QHJR L SUHG VYRMLP VXVMHGLPD 6UFH YDP VH PHฤ XWLP X]QLMHOR ]ERJ YDรฅH QDGXYHQRVWL RKRORVWL XVS (] 3Q] L KUDEURVWL 2SOMDฤ NDOL VWH VYRMH VXVMHGH D PQRJH VWH L SRXELMDOL =DWR YDP NDรงHP DNR VH EU]R QH REUDWLWH L DNR QH GDWH RGรฅWHWX RQLPD NRMH VWH RรฅWHWLOL *RVSRGLQ NRML QLรฅWD QH RVWDYOMD QHNDรงQMHQR XVS 0W -RE Xฤ LQLW รพH GD XVWDQHWH MHGDQ QD GUXJRJD GD EL YDP VH RVYHWLR YLรฅH L GD EL ELOD YHรพD L YDรฅD ND]QD L YDรฅD VUDPRWD $ NDG GRฤ H GR XVWDQND L XQXWUDรฅQMHJ UDWD SUHWUSMHW รพHWH WROLNL SRUD] NROLNL YDP YDรฅL QHSULMDWHOML QH EL PRJOL QDQLMHWL ยฉ %ODรงHQL )UDQMR QLMH X VYRMLP SURSRYLMHGLPD SUHรฅXรพLYDR JULMHKH QDURGD NRMLPD VX OMXGL MDYQR YULMHฤ DOL %RJD L EOLรงQMHJD 1R *RVSR GLQ PX MH XGLMHOLR WROLNX PLORVW GD EL JD VH VYDWNR ELR RQ SXฤ DQLQ LOL YHOLNDรฅ NDG EL JD VDPR YLGLR LOL ฤ XR ERMDR L LVND]LYDR PX WROLNR SRรฅWRYDQMH ]ERJ RELOQH PLORVWL รฅWR MX MH RG %RJD SULPLR GD EL VYDWNR WNR EL RVMHWLR QMHJRY XNRU ยฒ PDNDU VH ]ERJ WRJD L VWLGLR ยฒ X VHEL GRรงLYLR VNUXรฅHQMH รคWRYLรฅH JGMHNDGD EL JD X WDNYRM SULJRGL JGMHNRML SRMHGLQDF PROLR GD VH *RVSRGLQX ]D QM SRVHEQR SRPROL L WDM EL VH YUDWLR *RVSRGLQX

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1DNRQ QHNROLNR GDQD SR %RรงMHP GRSXรฅWHQMX GRJRGLOR VH GD MH GRรฅOR GR VXNRED L]PHฤ X YRMQLND L SXND 3XN MH YRMQLNH SURWMHUDR L] JUDGD D RQL VX X] SRPRรพ &UNYH NRMD LP MH SRPDJDOD RSXVWRรฅLOL PQRJH QMLYH YLQRJUDGH L YRรพQMDNH 3Rฤ LQLรฅH LP L PQRJD GUXJD ]OD NROLNR VX VDPR PRJOL , SXN MH QD VOLฤ DQ QDฤ LQ RSXVWRรฅLR QMLYH YLQR JUDGH L YRรพQMDNH 7DNR MH WDM QDURG NDรงQMHQ YHรพRP ND]QRP QHJR รฅWR VX ELOL NDรงQMHQL QMLKRYL VXVMHGL 1D QMLPD VH GRVORYFH LVSXQLOR RQR รฅWR LP MH SURUHNDR EODรงHQL )UDQMR

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[77] 'XJR MH YUHPHQD EODรงHQL )UDQMR VYH GR VYRMH VPUWL ERORYDR QD MHWUL VOH]HQL L รงHOXFX D RG RQRJD YUHPHQD RWNDNR MH ERUDYLR X SUH NRPRUVNLP NUDMHYLPD L SURSRYLMHGDR EDELORQVNRP L HJLSDWVNRP VXOWDQX ]ERJ YHOLND VX JD QDSRUD L ]ERJ XPRUD RG SXWRYDQMD WHรฅNR REROMHOH L Rฤ L 3XWXMXรพL RQDPR L YUDรพDMXรพL VH QDWUDJ SRGQRVLR MH YHOL NX รงHJX D QLMH YRGLR EULJX R OLMHฤ HQMX QLMHGQH RG WLK EROHVWL SUHPGD VX JD QMHJRYD EUDรพD D L PQRJL GUXJL L] OMXEDYL L VXRVMHรพDQMD SUHPD QMHPX PROLOL L QD WR SRWLFDOL 7DNR MH SRVWXSDR SUHPD VHEL ]ERJ รงDUNH OMXEDYL NRMX MH X VHEL JDMLR RG SRฤ HWND VYRJ REUDรพHQMD SUHPD .ULVWX 3RUDGL YHOLNH QDVOD

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GH L VXRVMHþDQMD åWR JD MH GDQRPLFH X VHEL GRçLYOMDYDR V RE]LURP QD SRQLçHQMH L QDVOMHGRYDQMH 6LQD %RçMHJD åWR JRG MH WLMHOX ELOR JRUNR SULPDR MH NDR QHåWR åWR MH X VHEL VODWNR äWRYLåH LPDMXþL QD SDPHWL EROL L JRUĀLQH åWR LK MH .ULVW SRGQRVLR ]D QDV GDQRPLFH JD MH WDNRāHU RSODNLYDR WUDSLR VH L]YDQD L L]QXWUD WH MH ]DQHPDULR EULQXWL VH ]D YODVWLWH EROHVWL L EROL

[78] .DG MH MHGQRP ]JRGRP D ELOR MH WR QHNROLNR JRGLQD QDNRQ QMH JRYD REUDþHQMD LåDR SXWHP QHGDOHNR RG FUNYLFH VYHWH 0DULMH 3RU FLMXQNXOVNH QD VDY MH JODV QDULFDR L ]DSRPDJDR XVS (] 'RN MH WDNR LåDR VUHR JD MH QHNL GREUL ĀRYMHN ² QDPD LQDĀH SR]QDW L RG QMHJD VPR RYR GR]QDOL ² NRML PX MH LVND]DR YHOLNX VDPLORVW L WMHåLR JD SULMH QHJR åWR MH LPDR LMHGQRJD EUDWD D L SRVOLMH VH SUHPD QMHPX QD VOLĀDQ QDĀLQ RGQRVLR *DQXW OMXEDYOMX SUHPD )UDQML XSLWDR JD MH ªäWR WL MH EUDWH"© 3RPLåOMDR MH GD PX MH PRçGD NRMD QMHJRYD EROHVW ]DGDYDOD YHOLNH EROL )UDQMR PX MH RGJRYRULR ª0RUDR ELK WDNR LþL SR FLMHORPH VYLMHWX QDULĀXþL EH] LNDNYD RE]LUD L RSODNXMXþL PXNX VYRJD *RVSRGLQD © 1D WR MH L WDM ĀRYMHN SRĀHR ]DMHGQR V QMLPH SOD NDWL L QDULFDWL

[79] 1HNRP GUXJRP SULOLNRP NDG MH ERORYDR QD RĀLPD D PXĀLOH VX JD VLOQH EROL MHGQRJD PX MH GDQD UHNDR QHNL PLQLVWDU ª%UDWH ]DåWR QH UHNQHå VYRPH VXEUDWX GD WL SURĀLWD QHåWR L] 3URURND LOL NRML GUXJL RGORPDN L] 6Y SLVPD MHU EL WYRM GXK X *RVSRGLQX NOLNWDR XVS /N

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GD รพH WDNQXWL QMLKRYD VUFD SD GD รพH VH PHฤ XVREQR L]PLULWL L REQRYLWL SULMDรฅQMH SULMDWHOMVWYR L OMXEDY ยฉ .DG VX VH VYL VDNXSLOL QD WUJX LVSUHG ELVNXSVNRJD GYRUD XVWDGRรฅH RQD GYD EUDWD L MHGDQ RG QMLK UHฤ H ยช%ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR ]D YULMHPH VYR MH EROHVWL VDVWDYLR 3RKYDOH *RVSRGQMH R QMHJRYLP VWYRURYLPD QMHPX QD VODYX D QDรฅLP EOLรงQMLPD QD SREXGX =DWR YDV RQ PROL GD LK VDVOX รฅDWH V YHOLNRP SRERรงQRรฅรพX ยฉ =DWLP VX LP SRฤ HOL SMHYDWL L JRYRULWL 1Dฤ HOQLN MH RGPDK XVWDR L VNORSOMHQLP UXNDPD VOXรฅDR NDR *RVSRGL QRYR HYDQฤ HOMH รฅWRYLรฅH VOXรฅDR MH YUOR SDรงOMLYR L VD VX]DPD X Rฤ LPD 3UHPD EODรงHQRP MH )UDQML JDMLR YHOLNR SRYMHUHQMH L SRรฅWRYDQMH .DG VX 3RKYDOH ELOH GRYUรฅHQH JUDGVNL QDฤ HOQLN MH SUHG VYLPD UHNDR ยช=DLVWD YDP NDรงHP GD VDP VSUHPDQ RSURVWLWL QH VDPR JRV SRGLQX ELVNXSX NRMHJD PRUDPR VPDWUDWL VYRMLP JRVSRGDURP QHJR DNR EL PL WNR ฤ DN XELR URฤ HQRJD EUDWD LOL VLQD L QMHPX ELK RSURVWLR ยฉ =DWLP VH QLฤ LFH EDFLR XVS 0W GR ELVNXSRYLK QRJX L UHNDR PX ยช(YR VSUHPDQ VDP X VYHPX GDWL YDP ]DGRYROMรฅWLQX NDNR YDP VH VYLGL L] OMXEDYL SUHPD QDรฅHPX *RVSRGLQX ,VXVX .ULVWX L QMHJRYRP VOX]L EODรงHQRPX )UDQML ยฉ %LVNXS MH QDฤ HOQLND SULKYDWLR VYRMLP UXNDPD SRGLJDR L UHNDR PX ยช'ROLNRYDOR EL GD X VNODGX VD VYRMRP VOXรงERP EXGHP SRQL]DQ DOL VDP SR QDUDYL VNORQ VUGรงEL 2SURVWL PL ยฉ =DWLP VX VH PHฤ XVRE QR QDMVUGDฤ QLMH L]JUOLOL L L]OMXELOL %UDรพD VX VH SURPDWUDMXรพL VYHWRVW EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH VLOQR GLYLOD MHU VH GRVORYFH LVSXQLOR VYH RQR รฅWR MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR SUHWND]DR R QMLKRYX L]PLUHQMX L VOR]L , VYL VX RVWDOL QD]Rฤ QLFL WR VPDWUDOL YHOLNLP ฤ XGRP L SULSLVLYDOL JD ]DVOXJDPD EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH รฅWR LK MH *RV SRGLQ WDNR EU]R SRKRGLR L รฅWR VX EH] LMHGQH ULMHฤ L RGEDFLOL WROLNX QHVORJX WH SRVWDOL YUOR VORรงQL =DWR PL NRML ELMDVPR ]DMHGQR V XVS 3W EODรงHQLP )UDQMRP VYMHGRฤ LPR XVS ,Y ,Y GD VH GRVORYFH LVSXQLOR NDG EL JRG SUHWND]DR ยชGD MH QHรฅWR WDNR LOL GD รพH WDNR ELWL ยฉ 6YRMLP VPR Rฤ LPD WROLNR WRJD YLGMHOL XVS ,Y รฅWR EL VH LQDฤ H PRUDOR QDGXJR RSLVLYDWL L SULSRYLMHGDWL

[85] 1D VOLฤ DQ MH QDฤ LQ QD LVWRPH PMHVWX EODรงHQL )UDQMR SRรฅWR MH VD VWDYLR 3RKYDOH *RVSRGQMH R VWYRURYLPD QDSLVDR L QHNH VYHWH ULMHฤ L V QDSMHYRP QD XWMHKX VLURPDรฅQLP JRVSRฤ DPD VDPRVWDQD 6YHWRJD 'DPMDQD QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR LK MH QMHJRYD EROHVW PQRJR UDรงDORVWLOD %XGXรพL GD LK ]ERJ VDPH EROHVWL QLMH PRJDR XWMHรฅLWL L SRKRGLWL KWLR MH GD LP QMHJRYL GUXJRYL SUHGDMX VSRPHQXWX SMHVPX 8 QMRM

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LP MH WDGD L XYLMHN KWLR Rฤ LWRYDWL VYRMX YROMX NDNR QDLPH WUHED GD X OMXEDYL EXGX MHGQRGXรฅQH L GD VH V OMXEDYOMX PHฤ XVREQR VXVUHรพX MHU VX VH SR QMHJRYX SULPMHUX L SURSRYLMHGDQMX GRN VX EUDรพD MRรฅ ELOD PDOREURMQD REUDWLOH .ULVWX 1MLKRYR REUDรพHQMH L QMLKRY QDฤ LQ รงLYRWD QLMH ELR VDPR QD X]YLรฅHQMH L L]JUDGQMX EUDWVNRJD 5HGD ฤ LMH VX RQH ELOMฤ LFH QHJR MH RQ L QD X]YLรฅHQMH L NRULVW WDNRฤ HU FLMHOH %RรงMH &UNYH %XGXรพL GD MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR ]QDR NDNR VX RG SRฤ HWND VYRJD REUDรพHQMD SURYRGLOH D MRรฅ L VDGD SURYRGH VWURJ L VLURPDรฅDQ รงLYRW L GUDJRYROMQR L L] SRWUHEH QMHJRYR MH VUFH ]D QMLK XYLMHN RVMHรพDOR EODJRQDNORQRVW =DWR LK MH WLP ULMHฤ LPD PROLR NDR รฅWR LK MH *RVSRGLQ V PQRJLK VWUDQD VDEUDR ]DMHGQR QD VYHWX OMXEDY QD VYHWR VLURPDรฅWYR L QD VYHWX SRVOXรฅQRVW WDNR GD X WRPH XYLMHN PRUDMX รงLYMHWL L XPULMHWL 1DSR VH LK MH SRWDNQXR GD SRPRรพX PLORVWLQMH NRMX LP *RVSRGLQ GDMH V YHVHOMHP L ]DKYDOQRรฅรพX UD]ERULWR SURYLฤ DMX SRWUHEDPD VYRJD WLMHOD 3RVHEQR MH QDJODVLR GD ]GUDYH X QDSRULPD รฅWR LK SRGQRVH ]D VYRMH EROHVQH VHVWUH D EROHVQH X VYRMLP EROHVWLPD L SRWUHEDPD รฅWR VX LK WUSMHOH EXGX VWUSOMLYH

[86] .DG VH SULEOLรงLOR YULMHPH SULNODGQR ]D OLMHฤ HQMH Rฤ LMX EODรงHQL MH )UDQMR QDSXVWLR RQR PMHVWR %XGXรพL GD MH LPDR WHรฅNX Rฤ QX EROHVW QD JODYL MH LPDR QHNX YHOLNX NDSXFX รฅWR VX PX MH QDฤ LQLOD EUDรพD D VSULMHGD MH QD NDSXFL ELR SULรฅLYHQ SULYMHV RG YXQH L ODQD NRML PX MH ]DรฅWLรพLYDR Rฤ L MHU RG VLOQLK ERORYD รฅWR PX LK MH X]URNRYDOD EROHVW Rฤ LMX QLMH PRJDR SRGQRVLWL GDQMH VYMHWOR D QLMH PRJDR QL JOHGDWL 'UXJRYL JD QD NRQMX RWSUHPLรฅH X VDPRWLรฅWH )RQWH &RORPER QHGDOH NR RG JUDGD 5LHWLD GD EL VH RQGMH SRVDYMHWRYDR V MHGQLP OLMHฤ QLNRP NRML MH ELR YMHรฅW OLMHฤ HQMX Rฤ LMX .DG MH WDM OLMHฤ QLN VWLJDR UHNDR MH EODรงHQRPH )UDQML GD PX QD PMHUDYD L]YHVWL VSDOMLYDQMH W]Y NDXWHUL]DFLMX SR VOMHSRRฤ QLFL GR REUYH RQRJD RND NRMH ELMDรฅH EROHVQLMH RG GUXJRJD %ODรงHQL )UDQMR PHฤ XWLP QLMH KWLR ]DSRฤ HWL OLMHฤ HQMH GRN QH GRฤ H EUDW ,OLMD 'RN JD MH Lรฅฤ HNLYDR D RQ QLMH VWLJDR ]ERJ PQRJLK ]DSUHND )UD QMR VH VNDQMLYDR GD QD VYRMX UXNX ]DSRฤ QH V OLMHฤ HQMHP 3ULVLOMHQ SUL MHNRP SRWUHERP D QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR VX PX JRVSRGLQ ELVNXS RVWLMVNL L JHQHUDOQL PLQLVWDU QDUHGLOL RGOXฤ LR MH SRVOXรฅDWL LK LDNR PX MH ELOR GRVWD QHXJRGQR รฅWR VH R QMHPX YRGL WROLND EULJD =DWR MH KWLR GD WX VWYDU YRGL QMHJRY PLQLVWDU -HGQH QRรพL NDG ]ERJ ERORYD รฅWR VX PX LK ]DGDYDOH QMHJRYH ER OHVWL QLMH PRJDR VSDYDWL L] OMXEDYL L VXRVMHรพDQMD UHNDR MH VYRMLP GUX JRYLPD ยช3UHGUDJD EUDรพR L PRML VLQRYL QHND YDP QH EXGH PUVNR

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QL WHรฅNR รฅWR VH ]ERJ PRMH EROHVWL WROLNR QDSUHรงHWH MHU รพH YDP VH *RVSRGLQ XPMHVWR PHQH VYRJD VOXJH ]D VYH รฅWR PL ฤ LQLWH NDR L ]D GMHOD NRMD ]ERJ ]DX]HWRVWL L PRMH EROHVWL QH PRรงHWH L]YUรฅLWL RGXรงLWL L QD RYRPH L QD GUXJRPH VYLMHWX รคWRYLรฅH ]D RYR รพHWH SULPLWL YHรพX QDJUDGX QHJR รฅWR รพH MH GRELWL RQL NRML SRPDรงX FLMHORPH 5HGX L NRML X]GUรงDYDMX EUDรพX 5HFLWH PL SDฤ H L RYDNR ยท1D WHEH WURรฅLPR PQRJR L *RVSRGLQ รพH PMHVWR WHEH ELWL QDรฅLP GXรงQLNRPยท ยฉ 6YHWL LP MH RWDF WDNR JRYRULR MHU LP MH KWLR SRPRรพL L SRGLรพL LK L] PDORGXรฅQRVWL L VODERVWL GD QH EL PRรงGD NRML SXW X NXรฅQML ]ERJ WRJD QDSRUD UHNOL ยช1H PRรงHPR QL PROLWL QL VYODGDYDWL WROLN QDSRUยฉ L GD QH EL SRVWDOL PU]RYROMQL L PDORGXรฅQL SD WDNR L]JXELOL SORG VYRMLK QDSRUD -HGQRJD MH GDQD NRQDฤ QR GRรฅDR OLMHฤ QLN L VD VRERP GRQLR รงHOMH] QX VSUDYX SRPRรพX NRMH MH REDYOMDR VSDOMLYDQMH X VOXฤ DMX EROHVQLK Rฤ LMX 'DR MH QDORรงLWL YDWUX L X QMX VWDYLR รงHOMH]R GD EL VH XรงDULOR %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR GD EL RKUDEULR YODVWLWR VUFH L GD VH QH EL XSODรฅLR UHNDR YDWUL ยช6HVWUR PRMD YDWUR WDNR VL SOHPHQLWD L NRULVQD PHฤ X RVWDOLP VWYRURYLPD รฅWR LK MH VWYRULR 6YHYLรฅQML EXGL X RYRPH ฤ DVX SUHPD PHQL RE]LUQD MHU VDP WH OMXELR GR VDGD D L RGVDGD รพX WH OMXELWL OMXEDYOMX RQRJD *RVSRGLQD NRML WH MH VWYRULR 0ROLP WDNRฤ HU L QDรฅHJD 6WYRULWHOMD NRML WH MH VWYRULR GD WYRMX รงHVWLQX WDNR XEODรงL GD ELK MH PRJDR SRGQLMHWL ยฉ .DG MH PROLWYX GRYUรฅLR YDWUX MH EODJRVOR YLR ]QDNRP NULรงD 6YL PL NRML VPR RQGMH ELOL V QMLPH XVS 3W L] OMXEDYL SUHPD QMHPX L L] VDPLORVWL VPR VH UD]EMHรงDOL 6 QMLP MH RVWDR VDPR OLMHฤ QLN .DG MH VSDOMLYDQMH L]YUรฅHQR YUDWLOL VPR VH N QMHPX 2Q QDP UHฤ H ยช0DORGXรฅQL L PDORYMHUQL XVS 0W ]DรฅWR VWH VH UD]EMHรงDOL" 3R LVWLQL YDP YHOLP GD QLVDP RVMHWLR QLNDNYH EROL QL รงHVWLQH YDWUH รคWR YLรฅH DNR QLMH GREUR VSDOMHQR QHND VH L]YUรฅL SRQRYQR MRรฅ MDฤ H VSD OMLYDQMH ยฉ /LMHฤ QLN VH VLOQR GLYLR 6PDWUDR MH WR YHOLNLP ฤ XGRP MHU VH )UD QMR QLMH QL PDNQXR =DWLP MH OLMHฤ QLN UHNDR ยช.DรงHP YDP EUDรพR PRMD GD ELK VH ER MDR QH VDPR ]D QMHJD NRML MH VODEDรฅDQ L EROHVWDQ QHJR L ]D VYDNRJD GUXJRJ NRML EL ELR MDN L ]GUDYD WLMHOD GD QHรพH PRรพL L]GUรงDWL WDNR YHOL NR VSDOMLYDQMH MHU VDP WR YHรพ X QHNLP VOXฤ DMHYLPD GRรงLYLR ยฉ 6SDOMLYDQMH MH ELOR GXJDฤ NR 3Rฤ HOR MH NRG XKD SD LรฅOR VYH GR REUYH EROHVQRJ RND 3RGX]HWR MH WR ]ERJ JQRMD NRML VH YLรฅH JRGLQD GDQMX L QRรพX VSXรฅWDR QD Rฤ L =DWR MH SR PLรฅOMHQMX WRJD OLMHฤ QLND ELOR SRWUHEQR VYH รงLOH RG XKD SD GR REUYH VSDOLWL LDNR VX VH GUXJL OLMHฤ QLFL WRPH SURWLYLOL 7L GUXJL OLMHฤ QLFL LPDOL VX SUDYR MHU PX L]YUรฅHQR VSDOMLYDQMH QLMH QLรฅWD NRULVWLOR 1HรฅWR MH VOLฤ QR Xฤ LQLR L QHNL GUXJL OLMHฤ QLN NRML PX MH SUREXรฅLR REMH XรฅNH SD QL WR QLMH QLรฅWD NRULVWLOR

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1LNDNYR ฤ XGR รฅWR VX YDWUD L QHNL GUXJL VWYRURYL SUHPD )UDQML ELOL WDNR SDรงOMLYL MHU LK MH NDR รฅWR YLGMHVPR PL NRML VPR V QMLP ELOL XVS 3W OMXELR WDNR QMHรงQRP OMXEDYOMX L YROLR LK 8 QMLPD MH WROLNR XรงLYDR SUHPD QMLPD VH RGQRVLR V WROLNRP QMHรงQRรฅรพX L VXRVMHรพDQMHP GD VH รงDORVWLR DNR V QMLPD QHWNR QLMH NDNR WUHED SRVWXSDR 6 QMLPD MH LVSXQMHQ XQXWUDรฅQMRP L YDQMVNRP UDGRรฅรพX UD]JRYDUDR NDR GD RVMH รพDMX NDR GD VKYDรพDMX L JRYRUH R %RJX 0QRJR VH SXWD GHรฅDYDOR GD MH X WDNYLP ]JRGDPD SDGDR X ]DQRV .DG MH WDNR MHGQRP ]JRGRP SUROD]LR SRNUDM YDWUH RQD PX MH NRG QRJH ]DKYDWLOD RGMHรพX RG ODQD D GD RQ WRJD QLMH RSD]LR .DG MH RVMHWLR WRSOLQX YDWUH D QMHJRY SUDWLODF RSD]LR NDNR PX YDWUD VYH YLรฅH ]DKYDรพD RGMHรพX SULWUฤ DR PX MH L KWLR YDWUX XJDVLWL )UDQMR PX MH QD WR UHNDR ยช1HPRM SUHGUDJL EUDWH VHVWUL YDWUL QDQLMHWL QLNDNYD ]OD ยฉ , QLSRรฅWR QLMH GRSXVWLR GD EUDW YDWUX XJDVL 'RWLฤ QL MH EUDW RGPDK RWLรฅDR EUDWX JYDUGLMDQX L GRYHR JD N )UDQML , WDNR MH RQ SURWLY )UD QMLQH YROMH XJDVLR YDWUX ,VWR WDNR QLMH KWLR XJDVLWL VYLMHรพX LOL VYMHWLOMNX LOL YDWUX QD RJQMLรฅWX NDR รฅWR VH RELฤ DMH NDG MH SRWUHEQR MHU JD MH RG WRJD RGYUDรพDOD SR VHEQD SDรงQMD L OMXEDY SUHPD YDWUL 1LMH WDNRฤ HU KWLR QL GD EUDW UD]EDFD YDWUX LOL GD QDJRUMHOR GUYR EDFL NDR รฅWR VH WR PQRJR SXWD RELฤ DMH Xฤ LQLWL QHJR MH KWLR GD JD VH SDรงOMLYR VWDYL QD ]HPOMX L] SRรฅWRYDQMD SUHPD RQRPH ฤ LML MH VWYRU

[87] 1HNRP MH GUXJRP ]JRGRP SURYRGLR NRUL]PX QD /D 9HUQL .DG MH QMHJRY VXEUDW MHGQRJD GDQD X YULMHPH EODJRYDQMD QDORรงLR YDWUX X รพHOLML X NRMRM MH MHR RWLรฅDR MH N EODรงHQRPH )UDQML X RQX รพHOLMX X NRMRM MH RELฤ DYDR PROLWL L SRฤ LYDWL GD EL PX SURฤ LWDR VYHWR HYDQฤ HOMH NRMH VH WRJD GDQD ฤ LWDOR X PLVL %ODรงHQL )UDQMR MH QDLPH XYLMHN NDG QLMH PRJDR VOXรฅDWL PLVX KWLR ฤ XWL HYDQฤ HOMH RQRJD GDQD SULMH QHJR รฅWR EL SRฤ HR MHVWL .DG MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR GRรฅDR X รพHOLMX MHVWL D X QMRM ELOD QDORรงHQD YDWUD L SODPHQ VH X]GLJDR GR YUKD รพHOLMH WH RQD SRฤ HOD YHรพ JRUMHWL VXEUDW MH NDNR MH PRJDR SRฤ HR JDVLWL YDWUX DOL MH VDP QLMH PRJDR XJDVLWL %ODรงHQL )UDQMR PX PHฤ XWLP QLMH KWLR SRPRรพL QHJR MH X]HR QHNR NU]QR NRMLP VH QRรพX SRNULYDR L RWLรฅDR X รฅXPX .DG VX EUDรพD VD VYRJD PMHVWD SUHPGD ELMDKX RG รพHOLMH XGDOMHQD RSD]LOD NDNR รพHOLMD JRUL GRWUฤ DOD VX L XJDVLOD YDWUX %ODรงHQL VH )UD QMR LVWRP NDVQLMH YUDWLR GD MHGH 1DNRQ EODJRYDQMD UHNDR MH VYRP VXEUDWX ยช2GVDGD YLรฅH QD VHEL QHรพX QRVLWL RYR NU]QR MHU ]ERJ VYRMH SRKOHSH QLVDP KWLR GD JD VHVWUD YDWUD SRMHGH ยฉ

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[88] ,VWR WDNR NDG EL RSUDR UXNH L]DEUDR EL WDNYR PMHVWR GD VH SR YRGL XSRWULMHEOMHQRM ]D SUDQMH QH EL JD]LOR QRJDPD .DG EL PRUDR LรพL SR VWLMHQL LรฅDR EL SR QMRM VD VWUDKRSRรฅWRYDQMHP L] OMXEDYL SUHPD RQRPH NRML MH QD]YDQ VWLMHQRP =DWR NDG EL L]JRYDUDR RQDM VWLK SVDOPD X NRMHPX VH NDรงH ยช'LJ QXW รพHรฅ PH QD OLWLFX XVS 3V L SRNRM รพHรฅ PL GDWLยฉ L] YHOLND SR รฅWRYDQMD L SRERรงQRVWL UHNDR EL ยช6 SRGQRรงMD VL PH VWLMHQH X]YLVLR ยฉ 7DNRฤ HU MH L EUDWX NRML MH SULSUDYOMDR GUYD ]D YDWUX UHNDR QHND GUYR QH SRGVLMHฤ H SRVYHPD QHJR QHND WDNYR GUYHรพH SRGVLMHFD WDNR GD MHGDQ GLR GUYHWD RVWDQH D GUXJL QHND VH SRVLMHฤ H -HGQRP MH EUD WX NRML MH RQGMH ERUDYLR WR ฤ DN L ]DSRYMHGLR %UDWX NRML MH SULSUHPDR ERUDYLรฅWH UHNDR MH QHND VYH ]HPOMLรฅWH SUHGYLฤ HQR ]D YUW QH REUDฤ XMH VDPR ]D X]JDMDQMH SRYUรพD QHJR QHND MHGDQ GLR RVWDYL ]D ]HOHQLOR L JUPOMH NRMH รพH X VYRMH YULMHPH SURFYDVWL EUDรพRP FYMHWRYLPD %UDWX YUWODUX UHNDR MH GD X MHGQRP GLMHOX YUWD PRUD QDฤ LQLWL PDOL YUWLรพ ]D VDฤ HQMH L X]JDMDQMH VYDNRYUVQRJD PLUL VQRJ FYLMHรพD NRMH OLMHSR FYDWH GD EL WR FYLMHรพH EUDรพX L VYH NRML รพH JD JOHGDWL XSXรพLYDOR L SRWLFDOR QD KYDOX %RรงMX MHU VYD VWYRUHQMD JRYRUH L YLฤ X ยช%RJ PH MH ฤ RYMHฤ H VWYRULR SRUDGL WHEH ยฉ 0L NRML VPR V QMLP ELOL XVS 3W SURPDWUDOL VPR JD NDNR VH X VYRMRM XQXWUDรฅQMRVWL L L]YDQD XYLMHN YHVHOL VYLP VWYRURYLPD 'RWL FDR LK VH L UDGR LK MH SURPDWUDR WH VH ฤ LQLOR NDR GD PX VUFH QH ERUDYL QD ]HPOML QHJR QD QHEX 2ฤ LWR MH L LVWLQLWR GD MH ]ERJ PQRJLK XWMHKD รฅWR LK MH QDOD]LR L RWNULYDR X %RรงMLP VWYRURYLPD NUDWNR YULMHPH SULMH VYRMH VPUWL VDVWDYLR L QDSLVDR 3RKYDOH *RVSRGQMH R QMHJRYLP VWYR URYLPD GD EL VUFD VOXรฅDฤ D SRWDNQXR QD KYDOX %RรงMX L GD EL *RVSRGL QD KYDOLOL VYL QMHJRYL VWYRURYL

[89] 8 RQR MH YULMHPH QHND VLURPDรฅQD รงHQD L] 0DFKLORQHD GRรฅOD X 5LHWL SRUDGL OLMHฤ HQMD EROHVQLK Rฤ LMX .DG MH MHGQRJD GDQD GRรฅDR OL MHฤ QLN EODรงHQRPH )UDQML UHNDR PX MH ยช%UDWH N PHQL MH GRรฅOD MHGQD รงHQD NRMRM VX EROHVQH Rฤ L 7ROLNR MH VLURPDรฅQD GD MRM WUHED SRPRรพL L] OMXEDYL SUHPD %RJX L WUHED MRM GDWL KUDQH ยฉ .DG MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR WR ฤ XR JDQXW VDPLORรฅรพX QDG QMRP XVS /N

SR]YDR MH MHGQRJD RG VYRMLK GUXJRYD NRML PX ELMDรฅH JYDUGLMD QRP WH PX UHNDR ยช%UDWH JYDUGLMDQH GXรงQL VPR YUDWLWL WXฤ H ยฉ 7DM MH XSLWDR ยช$ รฅWR WR EUDWH"ยฉ $ )UDQMR รพH PX ยช7UHED GD YUDWLPR RJUWDฤ รฅWR VPR JD SRVXGLOL XVS /N RG RQH VLURPDรฅQH รงHQH NRMD ER OXMH QD Rฤ L ยฉ 1MHJRY PX MH JYDUGLMDQ RGJRYRULR ยช%UDWH Xฤ LQL รฅWR WL X WRP SRJOHGX VPDWUDรฅ EROMLP ยฉ %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR UDGRVQR SR]YDR

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6PDWUDOL VX WR YHOLNLP ฤ XGRP MHU VH VYH GRVORYFH LVSXQLOR NDNR LP MH )UDQMR SUHWND]DR %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR QDLPH WR L SUHG %RJRP L SUHG VYLMHWRP VPD WUDR QDMYHรพRP SOHPHQLWRรฅรพX RGOLNRYDQMHP L SRฤ DรฅรพX รฅWR L] OMXEDYL SUHPD *RVSRGLQX %RJX PRรงH SURVLWL PLORVWLQMX 6YH QDLPH รฅWR MH QHEHVNL 2WDF VWYRULR GD EXGH QD NRULVW ฤ RYMHNX ]ERJ OMXEDYL VYRJD GUDJRJD 6LQD EHVSODWQR MH GDR NDR PLORVWLQMX QDNRQ JULMHKD L RQLPD NRML VX WRJD YULMHGQL L RQLPD NRML VX QHYULMHGQL =DWR MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR UHNDR NDNR VOXJD %RรงML NDG SURVL PLOR VWLQMX L] OMXEDYL SUHPD *RVSRGLQX %RJX PRUD QDVWXSDWL VORERG QLMH L YHVHOLMH QHJROL RQDM NRML MH SRรฅDR QHรฅWR NXSLWL SD EL VH RVORQLR QD VYRMX RWPMHQRVW L GDUHรงOMLYRVW WH EL UHNDR SURGDYDฤ LPD ยช7NR PL GDGH WX VWYDU GDW รพX PX VWR VUHEUQLK PDUDND รฅWRYLรฅH GDW รพX PX ฤ DN WLVXรพX L YLรฅHยฉ MHU VOXJD %RรงML QXGL OMXEDY %RรงMX NRMX ]DYUHฤ XMH ฤ RYMHN NDG GDMH PLORVWLQMX 7DNR VYH รฅWR VH QDOD]L QD RYRPH VYLMHWX L QD QHEX NDG VH V WLP XVSRUHGL QLMH QLรฅWD XVS 0XGU

8 PQRJLP JUDGRYLPD L VHOLPD X NRMD MH )UDQMR LรฅDR SURSRYLMHGDWL X RQR YULMHPH EUDรพD MRรฅ QLVX LPDOD VYRMLK ERUDYLรฅWD 7DNR MH ELOR GRN VX EUDรพD MRรฅ ELOD PDOREURMQD D L RQGD NDG VX VH YHรพ QDPQRรงLOD .DG MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR RELOD]LR VYLMHWRP L SURSRYLMHGDR WH EL JD NDNDY SOHPHQLW L LPXรพDQ ฤ RYMHN V SRรฅWRYDQMHP ]DPROLR GD EL X QMHJRYRM NXรพL MHR L ELR QMHJRYLP JRVWRP LDNR MH ]QDR GD QMHJRY JRVWRSULPDF LPD VYHJD X L]RELOMX L GD MH VYH SULUHGLR L] OMXEDYL SUHPD *RVSRGLQX %RJX LSDN MH GD EL EUDรพL SUXรงLR GREDU SULPMHU D L ]ERJ SOHPHQLWR VWL L GRVWRMDQVWYD JRVSRฤ H 6LURPDรฅWLQH X YULMHPH EODJRYDQMD SRรฅDR X SURรฅQMX PLORVWLQMH *GMHNDGD EL RQRPH NRML JD MH SR]YDR UHNDR ยช1H ELK KWLR QDSXVWLWL VYRMH NUDOMHYVNR GRVWRMDQVWYR EDรฅWLQX L ]YD QMH L VYRM ]DYMHW NDR QL ]DYMHW PDQMH EUDรพH SD GD QH LGHP X SURรฅQMX PLORVWLQMH PDNDU QH GRELR YLรฅH RG WUL NUXรฅฤ LรพD NDR PLORVWLQMX MHU รงHOLP L]YUรฅDYDWL VYRMX VOXรงEX ยฉ , WDNR MH SURWLY QMHJRYH YROMH LรฅDR SURVLWL PLORVWLQMX V QMLP EL LรฅDR L JRVWRSULPDF WH EL SUHX]LPDR PLORVWLQMX รฅWR EL MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR GR ELYDR ,] SRรฅWRYDQMD SUHPD EODรงHQRPH )UDQML WR MH SRVHEQR ฤ XYDR NDR UHOLNYLMX 2QDM NRML MH RYR QDSLVDR YLGLR MH WR PQRJR SXWD SD VYMHGRฤ L XVS ,Y

[97] )UDQMR MH MHGQRP ]JRGRP SRVMHWLYรฅL JRVSRGLQD ELVNXSD RVWLM VNRJD ยฒ NRML MH NDVQLMH SRVWDR SDSRP ยฒ SUHG JRVSRGLQRP ELVNX SRP NUDGRPLFH RWLรฅDR SURVLWL PLORVWLQMX .DG VH YUDWLR ELVNXS MH VMHGLR ]D VWRORP L EODJRYDR QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR MH WRP ]JRGRP SR]YDR QD UXฤ DN L QHNH VYRMH URฤ DNH YLWH]RYH %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR

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QD VWRO JRVSRGLQD ELVNXSD VWDYLR PLORVWLQMX L VMHR ]D VWRO SRNUDM QMHJD MHU MH JRVSRGLQ ELVNXS XYLMHN KWLR NDG EL VH EODรงHQL )UDQMR QDรฅDR NRG QMHJD X YULMHPH UXฤ ND GD VMHGL SRNUDM QMHJD *RVSRGL QX MH ELVNXSX ]ERJ WRJD ELOR PDOR QHXJRGQR รฅWR MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR LรฅDR SURVLWL PLORVWLQMX DOL PX QDSRVH ]ERJ X]YDQLND QLMH QLรฅWD SULJRYRULR 3RรฅWR MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR QHรฅWR PDOR SRMHR X]HR MH QHรฅWR RG VYRMH LVSURรฅHQH PLORVWLQMH WH MH VYDNRPH SRMHGLQRP YLWH]X L NDSHODQLPD JRVSRGLQD ELVNXSD X LPH *RVSRGQMH GDR QHรฅWR PDOR RG LVSURรฅHQR JD 6YL VX WR SULPLOL V YHOLNLP SRรฅWRYDQMHP MHGQL VX RGPDK SRMHOL D GUXJL VX SRERรงQR VDฤ XYDOL รคWRYLรฅH L] SRรฅWRYDQMD VX SUHPD VYH WRPH )UDQML SUHX]LPDMXรพL PLORVWLQMX RWNULYDOL JODYX *RVSRGLQ VH ELVNXS UDGRYDR รฅWR VX QMHJRYL JRVWL L] SRรฅWRYDQMD SUHPD VYHWRPH )UDQML SULPLOL PLORVWLQMX DOL L ]DWR รฅWR KOMHSฤ LรพL QLVX ELOL RG SรฅHQLฤ QRJD EUDรฅQD 1DNRQ UXฤ ND JRVSRGLQ MH ELVNXS XVWDR L VD VRERP X VYRMH RGDMH XYHR EODรงHQRJD )UDQMX 5DGRVQR JD MH ]DJUOLR L XSLWDR ยช=DรฅWR VL PL SURVWRGXรฅQL EUDWH X PRMRM NXรพL ยฒ D WR MH NXรพD L WYRMH EUDรพH ยฒ QDฤ LQLR QHXJRGQRVW WH VL RWLรฅDR SURVLWL PLORVWLQMX"ยฉ %ODรงHQL PX MH )UDQMR RGJRYRULR ยช1H JRVSRGLQH QDSURWLY LVND]DR VDP YDP YHOLNX ฤ DVW MHU NDG SRGORรงQLN L]YUรฅDYD L LVSXQMD VYRMX GXรงQRVW L NDG VOXรฅD VYR JD JRVSRGDUD VYRP JRVSRGDUX L QMHJRYX SUHODWX LVND]XMH ฤ DVW ยฉ , QDVWDYLR MH ยช3RWUHEQR MH GD EXGHP X]RU XVS 6RO L SULPMHU YDรฅLP VLURPDVLPD QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR ]QDP GD X รงLYRWX L X 5HGX LPD WDNYLK L GD รพH LK ELWL NRML VX PDQMD EUDรพD L รงLYRWRP L GMHOLPD 2QL รพH VH L] OMXEDYL SUHPD *RVSRGLQX %RJX L SRPD]DQMHP 'XKD 6YHWRJD XVS ,Y NRML LK X VYHPX SRXฤ DYD L NRML รพH LK SRXฤ DYD WL SRQL]LWL GR NUDMQMHJD SRQLรงHQMD GR SRGORรงQRVWL L VOXรงHQMD EUDรพL ,PD LK L ELW รพH LK WDNRฤ HU L WDNYLK NRMH LOL VSXWDYD VUDPHรงOMLYRVW LOL VX ]ERJ ]ORUDEH SURรฅQMH QHUDVSRORรงHQL LOL QHรพH ELWL UDVSRORรงHQL GD VH SRQL]H L GD VH GDGX VNORQLWL WH SRฤ X QD SURรฅQMX PLORVWLQMH L ฤ LQH RYDNYH VOXรงEH =ERJ WRJD MH SRWUHEQR GD RQH NRML VDGD รงLYH X 5HGX L NRML รพH รงLYMHWL X EXGXรพQRVWL SRXฤ LP ฤ LQRP GD VH QL QD RYRPH QL QD GUXJRPH VYLMHWX QH EXGX PRJOL SUHG %RJRP LVSULฤ DWL XVS 5LP

.DG ERUDYLP NRG YDV NRML VWH QDรฅ JRVSRGDU L DSRVWROVNL ]D รฅWLWQLN NDR L RQGD NDG VH QDฤ HP NRG YHOLNDรฅD L ERJDWDรฅD RYRJD VYLMHWD NRML QH VDPR GD PH V YHOLNLP SRรฅWRYDQMHP L OMXEDYOMX SUHPD *RVSRGLQX %RJX SULPDMX X VYRMH NXรพH QHJR PH QD WR XSUDYR VLOH QHรพX VH VUDPLWL LรพL QD SURรฅQMX รคWRYLรฅH WR รพX ฤ LQLWL L SRUDGL %RJD VPDWUDW รพX YHOLNLP RGOLNRYDQMHP L NUDOMHYVNLP GRVWRMDQVWYRP RQR JD QDMYHรพHJ NUDOMD MHU WLPH ฤ DVWLP YUKRYQRJD .UDOMD NRML MH LDNR ELMDรฅH JRVSRGDU VYHJD XVS *DO KWLR SRVWDWL VOXJRP VYLMX ,DNR ELMDรฅH ERJDW XVS .RU L VODYDQ X VYRPH GRVWRMDQVWYX X QDรฅRM VH OMXGVNRM QDUDYL SRMDYLR NDR VLURPDK L NDR SUH]UHQ XVS .RU

Asi ลกki z b orn i k i l i Peruฤ i n ska le genda

657

=DWR GDNOH KRรพX GD VDGDรฅQMD EUDรพD L RQD NRMD รพH WR SRVWDWL ]QDMX NDNR VPDWUDP YHรพRP XJRGQRรฅรพX GXรฅH L WLMHOD NDG VMHGLP X]D VLURPDรฅDQ VWRO EUDรพH L NDG SUHG VRERP JOHGDP VLURPDรฅQX PLORVWL QMX NRMX GRELYDPR SURVHรพL RG YUDWD GR YUDWD ]D OMXEDY *RVSRGLQD %RJD QHJR NDG VMHGLP ]D YDรฅLP VWRORP L ]D VWRORP GUXJH JRVSRGH NRML MH RELOQR RSVNUEOMHQ VYDNRYUVQLP MHOLPD LDNR PL VH VYH WR QXGL V YHOLNLP SRรฅWRYDQMHP ,VSURรฅHQL NUXK MH VYHW D SRVYHรพXMH JD SR KYDOD %RJD L OMXEDY SUHPD %RJX .DG QDLPH EUDW LGH X SURรฅQMX QDMSULMH PRUD UHรพL ยท1HND MH KYDOMHQ L EODJRVORYOMHQ *RVSRGLQ %RJ ยฉ XVS 3V /N $ ]DWLP PRUD GRGDWL ยท,] OMXEDYL SUHPD *RVSRGLQX %RJX XGLMHOLWH QDP PLORVWLQMX ยทยฉ *RVSRGLQ ELVNXS ELR MH YUOR RERJDรพHQ UD]ODJDQMHP VYHWRJD RFD 1DSRNRQ PX MH UHNDR ยช6LQNR ฤ LQL RQR รฅWR VPDWUDรฅ GD MH GREUR XVS 6DP MHU MH V WRERP *RVSRGLQ XVS 6DP /N L WL VL V QMLP ยฉ %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR KWLR D WR MH L YLรฅH SXWD UHNDR GD QH VPLMH SURรพL PQRJR YUHPHQD D GD NRML EUDW QH EL LรฅDR X SURรฅQMX PLORVWLQMH NDNR VH SRVOLMH QH EL VUDPLR LรพL X SURรฅQMX 8NROLNR MH รฅWRYLรฅH NRML EUDW X VYLMHWX ELR RGOLฤ DQ L XJOHGDQ WR VH YHรพPD UDGRYDR L JRGLOR PX MH NDG MH RYDNDY LรฅDR QD SURรฅQMX L YUรฅLR RYDNYX VOXรงEX SRUDGL GREUD SULPMH UD 7DNR MH WR ELOR X VWDUR GRED ,VSUYD GRN MH 5HG MRรฅ ELR X SRYRMLPD D EUDรพD ERUDYLOD X 5LYR WRUWX PHฤ X QMLPD VH QDรฅDR MHGDQ EUDW NRML MH PDOR PROLR QLรฅWD QLMH UDGLR D QLMH KWLR LรพL QL QD SURรฅQMX MHU VH VUDPLR DOL MH ]DWR GREUR MHR %ODรงHQL JD MH )UDQMR SURPDWUDR L SR 'XKX 6YHWRPH VSR]QDR GD MH WR WMHOHVDQ ฤ RYMHN =DWR PX MH UHNDR ยช,GL VYRMLP SXWHP EUDWH PXKR MHU รงHOLรฅ XรงLYDWL QDSRUH VYRMH EUDรพH X %RรงMHP SRVOX รงHOLรฅ ELWL EHVSR VOHQ XVS .RU NDR EUDW WUXW NRML QH SULYUHฤ XMH L QH UDGL D KUDQL VH QDSRURP L SORGRP UDGLQLK Sฤ HOD ยฉ , WDNR MH WDM RWLรฅDR VYRMLP SXWHP D MHU ELMDรฅH WMHOHVDQ ฤ RYMHN QLMH PROLR ]D PLORVUฤ H

[98] -HGQRP ]JRGRP QHNL MH SRERรงQL EUDW ERUDYLR NRG FUNYLFH VYHWH 0DULMH 3RUFLMXQNXOVNH .DG VH MHGQRJD GDQD L] $VL]D YUDรพDR V PLOR VWLQMRP RQGMH VH QDOD]LR EODรงHQL )UDQMR , GRN VH SULEOLรงDYDR SXWHP L ELR QHGDOHNR RG FUNYLFH SRฤ HR MH QDJODV UDGRVQR KYDOLWL %RJD .DG JD MH ฤ XR EODรงHQL )UDQMR L]LรฅDR PX MH X VXVUHW L V YHOLNRP UDGRรฅรพX SROMXELR UDPH QD NRMHP MH QRVLR WRUEX V PLORVWLQMRP 6NL QXR MH WRUEX V QMHJRYD UDPHQD L XSUWLR QD VYRMH UDPH WH MX MH RGQLR X NXรพX EUDรพH L SUHG EUDรพRP UHNDR ยชรฆHOLP GD PRM EUDW YHVHOR RG OD]L QD SURรฅQMX PLORVWLQMH L GD VH QDNRQ WRJD YUDรพD UDGRVWDQยฉ XVS /N

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[99] .DG VH EODรงHQL )UDQMR YUDWLR L] %DJQDULH L YUOR WHรฅNR EROHVWDQ OHรงDR X ELVNXSVNRP GYRUX X $VL]X $VLรงDQL VX VH ERMDOL GD QRรพX QH XPUH SD GD EUDรพD QH EL VYHWR WLMHOR EH] QMLKRYD ]QDQMD X]HOD L SRNR SDOD JD X NRMHP GUXJRP JUDGX =DWR VX RGUHGLOL GD OMXGL VYDNH QRรพL EXGQR VWUDรงDUH RNR ]LGLQD ELVNXSVNRJD GYRUD ,DNR MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR ELR WHรฅNR EROHVWDQ LSDN MH QD XWMHKX VYR PH VUFX L GD PX ]ERJ WHรฅNLK L UD]OLฤ LWLK EROHVWL QH EL PDODNVDOR ฤ HรฅรพH SUHNR GDQD SRWLFDR VYRMH GUXJRYH GD PX SMHYDMX 3RKYDOH *RVSRG QMH รฅWR LK MH RQ VDP GDYQR SULMH VDVWDYLR X MHGQRM VYRMRM EROHVWL 6OLฤ QR MH ฤ LQLR L QRรพX GD EL WR QDSRVH ELOR QD GXKRYQR L]JUDฤ LYDQMH RQLK VWUDรงDUD NRML VX ]ERJ QMHJD RNR GYRUD EGMHOL .DG MH EUDW ,OLMD YLGLR NDNR VH EODรงHQL )UDQMR QD WDM QDฤ LQ RKUD EUXMH L NDNR VH X WROLNRM EROHVWL UDGXMH MHGQRJD PX MH GDQD UHNDR ยช3UHGUDJL EUDWH PQRJR VDP XWMHรฅHQ L GXKRYQR VD]LGDQ WYRMLP YHVH OMHP รฅWR JD L VDP L VD VYRMLP GUXJRYLPD SRND]XMHรฅ X WROLNRM QHYROML L EROHVWL 1R SUHPGD WH OMXGL RYRJD JUDGD L NDR รงLYD L QD VDPUWL รฅWXMX NDR VYHWD LSDN MHU VX ฤ YUVWR XYMHUHQL GD รพHรฅ ]ERJ VYRMH WHรฅNH L QH L]OMHฤ LYH EROHVWL GRVNRUD XPULMHWL GRN VOXรฅDMX NDNR VH RYH SRKYDOH SMHYDMX PRJOL EL SRPLVOLWL L X VHEL UHรพL ยท.DNR WR GD RYDM SRND]XMH WROLNX UDGRVW D QDOD]L VH QD VDPUWL" 7UHEDOR EL GD PLVOL QD VPUW ยทยฉ %ODรงHQL PX MH )UDQMR QD WR RGJRYRULR ยช1H VMHรพDรฅ OL VH NDNR VL X )ROLJQX LPDR RQR YLฤ HQMH L NDNR VL PL RQGD ND]DR GD WL MH UHฤ HQR GD รพX รงLYMHWL MRรฅ VDPR GYLMH JRGLQH" 3ULMH QHJR รฅWR VL LPDR WR YLฤ HQMH SR PLORVWL VDP 'XKD 6YHWRJD RG NRJD GROD]L XVS ,Y VYDNL GREUL SRWLFDM X VUFH L VWDYOMD JD X XVWD XVS ,] VYRMLK YMHUQLND ฤ HVWR L GDQMX L QRรพX UD]PDWUDR R VYRMRM VPUWL XVS 3V 1R RGRQGD RWNDNR VL LPDR RQR YLฤ HQMH ฤ HVWR VDP GDQMX L QRรพX MRรฅ YLรฅH SRPQR UD]PDWUDR R GDQX VYRMH VPUWL ยฉ , V YHOLNLP MH รงDURP QDGRGDR ยช3XVWL PH EUDWH GD VH UDGXMHP X *RVSRGLQX XVS )LO L X QMHJRYLP 3R KYDODPD L X VYRMLP VODERVWLPD MHU VDP SR GMHORYDQMX 'XKD 6YHWRJD VD VYRMLP *RVSRGLQRP WDNR VMHGLQMHQ L ]GUXรงHQ GD VH SR QMHJRYX PLORVUฤ X PRJX UDGRYDWL X VDPRPH 6YHYLรฅQMHP ยฉ

[100] 8 RQR MH YULMHPH EODรงHQRJD )UDQMX X VSRPHQXWRP GYRUX SRVMH WLR OLMHฤ QLN %RQJLRYDQQL L] $UH]]D %LR MH )UDQMLQ ]QDQDF L SULMDWHOM %ODรงHQL JD MH )UDQMR X YH]L VD VYRMRP EROHรฅรพX XSLWDR ยชรคWR WL VH EUD WH *LDQQL ฤ LQL R PRMRM YRGREROHVWL"ยฉ %ODรงHQL )UDQMR QLMH QLNRJD WNR MH X LPHQX LPDR ยชERQ ยฒ GREDUยฉ YROLR ]YDWL WLP QMHJRYLP LPHQRP L] SRรฅWRYDQMD SUHPD *RVSRGLQX NRML MH UHNDR ยช1LWNR QLMH GREDU GROL %RJ MHGLQL ยฉ XVS /N 1D VOLฤ DQ QDฤ LQ QLMH QLNRJD QL X SLVPL

Asi ลกki z b orn i k i l i Peruฤ i n ska le genda

659

PD KWLR ]YDWL QL RFHP QL Xฤ LWHOMHP L] SRรฅWRYDQMD SUHPD *RVSRGLQX NRML MH UHNDR ยช1H GDMWH VH ]YDWL ยทUDELยทยซ 1L RFHP QH ]RYLWH QLNRJD QD ]HPOML 7D MHGDQ MH 2WDF YDรฅ ยฒ RQDM QD QHEHVLPDยฉ XVS 0W

/LMHฤ QLN PX MH UHNDR ยช3R PLORVWL %RรงMRM ELW รพH WL GREURยฉ XVS 6LU

1LMH PX QDLPH KWLR ND]DWL GD รพH XEU]R XPULMHWL %ODรงHQL JD MH )UDQMR SRQRYQR ]DSLWDR ยช5HFL PL LVWLQX รคWR WL VH ฤ LQL" 1H ERM VH MHU รงLYLP V *RVSRGLQRP XVS 0N SR %RรงMRM PLORVWL QLVDP VWUDรฅOMLYDF GD ELK VH ERMDR VPUWL 3R *RVSRGLQRYX PL ORVUฤ X L SR QMHJRYRM PLORVWL WDNR VDP ]GUXรงHQ L VMHGLQMHQ VD VYRMLP *RVSRGLQRP GD PL MH VYHMHGQR KRรพX OL MRรฅ SRรงLYMHWL LOL รพX XPULMHWL ยฉ /LMHฤ QLN PX MH QD WR RWYRUHQR UHNDR ยช2ฤ H SUHPD QDรฅHP OLMHฤ QLฤ NRP ]QDQMX L PLรฅOMHQMX WYRMD MH EROHVW QHL]OMHฤ LYD SD รพHรฅ NUDMHP UXMQD LOL SRฤ HWNRP OLVWRSDGD XPULMHWL ยฉ .DNR MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR EROH VWDQ OHรงDR X NUHYHWX V QDMYHรพRP MH SRERรงQRรฅรพX L SRรฅWRYDQMHP SUH PD *RVSRGLQX LVSUXรงLR UXNH XVS (]U L XVNOLNQXR ยช0RMD VHVWUD VPUW MH GREURGRรฅOD ยฉ

[101] %UDW 5LFHULMH URGRP L] $QNRQVNH PDUNH SOHPHQLW SR VYRPH SR GULMHWOX D MRรฅ SOHPHQLWLML SR VYRMRM VYHWRVWL MHGQRJD MH GDQD X LVWRP GYRUX SRVMHWLR EODรงHQRJD )UDQMX 7DM MH EUDW PHฤ X RVWDOLP EODรงHQR JD )UDQMX ]DSLWDR V RE]LURP QD 5HG L QD RSVOXรงLYDQMH 3UDYLOD ยช.DรงL PL Rฤ H VYRMX QDNDQX รฅWR VL MH LPDR X SUYRP SRฤ HWNX NDG VX VH RNR WHEH SRฤ HOD VNXSOMDWL EUDรพD L UHFL PL VYRMX รงHOMX รฅWR MH LPDรฅ VDGD L PLVOLรฅ GD รพHรฅ MH LPDWL VYH GR VYRMH VPUWL GD ELK PRJDR SRVYMHGRฤ LWL R WYRMRM SUYRM L R SRVOMHGQMRM YROML 0L EUDรพD NOHULFL LPDPR WROLNH NQML JH D PRรงHPR OL LK LPDWL SRG L]OLNRP GD SULSDGDMX 5HGX"ยฉ %ODรงHQL PX MH )UDQMR RGJRYRULR ยช,]MDYOMXMHP WL EUDWH GD MH RYR ELOD PRMD SUYD L SRVOMHGQMD YROMD L QDNDQD DNR EL PL EUDรพD KWMHOD YMH URYDWL GD QLMHGDQ EUDW QH VPLMH LPDWL QLรฅWD GUXJR RVLP RGMHรพH NDNR QDP GRSXรฅWD 3UDYLOR V SRMDVRP L JDรพDPD ยฉ =DWR MH MHGQRP SULOLNRP UHNDR ยช5HG L รงLYRW 0DQMH EUDรพH X WRPH MH GD EXGX QHNH YUVWL PDOR VWDGR XVS /N รฅWR JD MH 6LQ %RรงML X RYR SRVOMHGQMH YULMHPH XVS ,Y ]DWUDรงLR RG VYRJD QHEH VNRJ 2FD UHNDYรฅL ยท+WLR ELK 2ฤ H GD Xฤ LQLรฅ L GD PL GDGHรฅ X RYRP SRVOMHGQMHP YUHPHQX XVS ,Y QRY L SRQL]DQ QDURG NRML รพH VH SR SRQL]QRVWL L VLURPDรฅWYX UD]OLNRYDWL RG VYLMX RVWDOLK NRML ELMDKX GR VDGD L NRML รพH VH ]DGRYROMLWL VDPR WLPH GD LPD VDPR PHQH ยท , 2WDF MH OMXEOMHQRPH 6LQX UHNDR ยท6LQH Xฤ LQMHQR MH NDNR VL ]DWUDรงLR ยทยฉ =DWR MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR SRQDYOMDR ยชGD MH *RVSRGLQ ]DWR KWLR GD VH QD]LYOMX 0DQMRP EUDรพRP MHU MH WR RQDM QDURG รฅWR JD MH RG VYRJ 2FD WUDรงLR 6LQ %RรงML R NRMHP VWRML X HYDQฤ HOMX ยท1H ERM VH PDOR VWDGR VYL GMHOR VH 2FX YDรฅHPX GDWL YDP NUDOMHYVWYRยท XVS /N $ GUXJRP MH

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]JRGRP UHNDR ยทรคWR JRG Xฤ LQLVWH MHGQRPH RG RYH PRMH QDMPDQMH EUDรพH PHQL Xฤ LQLVWHยท XVS 0W ,DNR VH LPD VKYDWLWL GD MH RYR *RVSR GLQ UHNDR R VYLPD GXKRYQR VLURPDรฅQLPD LSDN MH QD SRVHEDQ QDฤ LQ SUHWND]DR 5HG PDQMH EUDรพH NRML รพH VH SRMDYLWL X QMHJRYRM &UNYL ยฉ .DNR EODรงHQRP )UDQML ELMDรฅH REMDYOMHQR GD VH 5HG LPD QD]YDWL 5HGRP PDQMH EUDรพH WDNR MH GDR QDSLVDWL X SUYRP 3UDYLOX NDG JD MH RGQLR JRVSRGLQX SDSL ,QRFHQWX ,,, L RQ PX JD SRWYUGLR D SRVOLMH JD MH REMDYLR VYLPD QD NRQ]LVWRULMX *RVSRGLQ PX MH QD VOMHGHรพL QDฤ LQ REMDYLR L SR]GUDY NRMLP WUHED GD VH EUDรพD VOXรงH NDR รฅWR MH GDR XQLMHWL L X VYRMX RSRUXNX JGMH VWRML ยช*RVSRGLQ PL MH REMDYLR GD VH PRUDP VOXรงLWL SR]GUDYRP *RVSRGLQ WL GDR PLU ยฉ XVS %U 6RO

7DNR VH GHVLOR X SRฤ HWNX 5HGD NDG MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR QHNRP ]JR GRP LรฅDR V MHGQLP EUDWRP NRML ELMDรฅH MHGDQ RG SUYH GYDQDHVWRULFH EUDรพH GD MH GRWLฤ QL EUDW LGXรพL SXWHP SR]GUDYOMDR PXรฅNDUFH L รงHQH D L RQH NRML VX VH QDOD]LOL X SROMX SR]GUDYRP ยช*RVSRGLQ YDP GDR PLU ยฉ XVS %U 6RO

%XGXรพL GD OMXGL MRรฅ GRWDGD QLVX ฤ XOL GD EL NRML UHGRYQLFL WDNR SR]GUDYOMDOL PQRJR VX VH WRPH ฤ XGLOL 1HNL VX รฅWRYLรฅH SUHPD WRP SR]GUDYX ELOL L QHUDVSRORรงHQL WH VX SLWDOL ยชรคWR VH WLP SR]GUDYRP XVS /N KRรพH UHรพL"ยฉ =DWR VH VSRPHQXWL EUDW SRฤ HR VUDPLWL SD MH UHNDR EODรงHQRPH )UDQML ยช'RSXVWL PL EUDWH GD SR]GUDYOMDP GUXJDฤ LMH ยฉ %ODรงHQL PX MH )UDQMR QD WR UHNDR ยช3XVWL LK QHND JRYRUH รฅWR KRรพH MHU QH VKYDรพDMX RQR รฅWR MH %RรงMH XVS .RU $OL EUDWH QHPRM VH ]ERJ WRJD VUDPLWL MHU รพH NDรงHP WL RGVDGD WHEL L RVWDORM EUDรพL PQRJL SOHPLรพL L NQH]RYL ]ERJ WRJD SR]GUDYD LVND]LYDWL SRรฅWRYDQMH ยฉ =DWLP MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR MRรฅ QDGRGDR ยช=DU WR QLMH QHรฅWR YHOLNR รฅWR MH *RV SRGLQ PHฤ X VYLP RVWDOLP UHGRYQLFLPD NRML VX YHรพ ELOL SULMH QDV KWLR LPDWL PDOHQ QDURG NRML รพH ELWL ]DGRYROMDQ VDPR WLPH GD LPD QMHJD 6YHYLรฅQMHJD L 3UHVODYQRJD"ยฉ $NR EL NRML EUDW ]DSLWDR ]DรฅWR EODรงHQL )UDQMR GRN MH รงLYLR QLMH ]DKWLMHYDR GD EUDรพD RQDNR VWURJR RSVOXรงXMX VLURPDรฅWYR NDR รฅWR MH UHNDR EUDWX 5LFHULMX L ]DรฅWR QLMH QDUHGLR GD VH 3UDYLOR VWURJR RSVOX รงXMH QD WR RGJRYDUDPR PL NRML VPR V QMLP ERUDYLOL XVS 3W

NDR รฅWR VPR ฤ XOL L] QMHJRYLK XVWD MHU MH RQ VDP WR ND]DR EUDรพL NDR L PQRJH GUXJH VWYDUL , X 3UDYLOR MH GDR YLรฅH WRJD XQLMHWL รฅWR MH XVWUDM QRP PROLWYRP L UD]PDWUDQMHP WUDรงLR RG *RVSRGLQD QD NRULVW 5HGD 7YUGLR MH GD MH VYH WR YROMD *RVSRGLQRYD 1R NDG MH WR SULRSรพLR EUDรพL QMLPD MH WR L]JOHGDOR RGYLรฅH WHรฅNLP L QHVDYODGLYLP XVS 0W 7DGD MRรฅ QLVX ]QDOL รฅWR รพH VQDรพL 5HG QD NRQ QMHJRYH VPUWL , MHU VH PQRJR ERMDR GD QH EL GRรฅOR GR VDEOD]QL ]ERJ QMHJD L ]ERJ EUDรพH QLMH V QMLPD KWLR UDVSUDYOMDWL 3RSXรฅWDR LP MH LDNR QH GUDJH YROMH D SUHG *RVSRGLQRP VH RSUDYGDYDR D GD VH

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QMHJRYD ULMHฤ NRMX PX MH RQ VWDYOMDR X XVWD XVS ,]O QD NRULVW EUDรพH QH EL SUHG *RVSRGLQD YUDWLOD MDORYD XVS ,] KWLR MH GD VH LVSXQL X QMHPX GD EL ]D WR RG *RVSRGLQD SULPLR QDJUDGX , WDNR VH QD NUDMX X WRM VWYDUL QMHJRYD GXรฅD VPLULYDOD L WMHรฅLOD

[102] 7DNR MH MHGQRP ]JRGRP NDG VH YUDWLR L] SUHNRPRUVNLK NUDMHYD V QMLP UD]JRYDUDR MHGDQ PLQLVWDU R SRJODYOMX NRMH JRYRUL R VLURPDรฅ WYX 7DM MH PLQLVWDU KWLR VD]QDWL รฅWR MH X WRP SRJOHGX QMHJRYD YROMD L PLVDR QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR MH WDGD X 3UDYLOR XQHVHQR SRJODYOMH R ]DEUD QDPD VY HYDQฤ HOMD QDLPH 1LรฅWD QH X]LPDMWH QD SXW XVS /N LWG , EODรงHQL MH )UDQMR RGJRYRULR ยช+RรพX GD VH VWYDU VKYDWL RYDNR EUDรพD QH VPLMX QLรฅWD GUXJR LPDWL QHJR VDPR RGMHรพX V SRMDVRP L JDรพDPD NDNR VWRML X 3UDYLOX D NRML VX SULVLOMHQL PRJX QRVLWL REXรพX ยฉ 1D WR JD MH PLQLVWDU XSLWDR ยช$ รฅWR GD MD Xฤ LQLP MHU LPDP WROLNR NQMLJD NRMH VX WHรฅNH SUHNR OLEDUD"ยฉ 0LQLVWDU MH RYR UHNDR MHU LK MH KWLR LPDWL PLUQH VDYMHVWL SRQDMYLรฅH MHU MH RVMHรพDR NULYQMX ]ERJ WROLNLK NQMLJD EXGXรพL GD MH ]QDR NDNR EODรงHQL )UDQMR VWURJR VKYDรพD SRJODYOMH R VLURPDรฅWYX %ODรงHQL PX MH )UDQMR RGJRYRULR ยช%UDWH QLWL PRJX QLWL VPLMHP UDGLWL SURWLY VYRMH VDYMHVWL L SURWLY RSVOXรงLYDQMD VYHWRJD HYDQฤ HOMD NRMH REHรพDVPR ยฉ 0LQLVWDU VH ฤ XYรฅL WR UDรงDORVWLR .DG MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR YLGLR GD VH WDM WROLNR UDรงDORVWLR JRYRUHรพL QMHPX V XQXWUDรฅ QMLP รงDURP VUFD UHNDR MH VYHNROLNRM EUDรพL ยช9L 0DQMD EUDรพD KRรพH WH GD YDV OMXGL VPDWUDMX XVS 0W L QD]LYOMX RSVOXรงLYDWHOMLPD VYHWRJD HYDQฤ HOMD D ]DSUDYR KRรพHWH LPDWL QRYฤ DUNHยฉ XVS ,Y

3UHPGD VX PLQLVWUL ]QDOL GD VX EUDรพD SUHPD 3UDYLOX GXรงQD RSVOX รงLYDWL VYHWR HYDQฤ HOMH LSDN VX GDOL GD VH L] 3UDYLOD XNORQL RQR SR JODYOMH JGMH VH NDรงH 1LรฅWD QH X]LPDMWH QD SXW XVS /N LWG 6PD WUDOL VX GD WDNR QHรพH ELWL GXรงQL RSVOXรงLYDWL HYDQฤ HRVNR VDYUรฅHQVWYR =DWR MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR SRรฅWR MH SULPLR QDGDKQXรพH 'XKD 6YHWRJD SUHG QHNROLFLQRP EUDรพH UHNDR ยช%UDรพD PLQLVWUL PLVOH GD รพH SUHYDULWL L %RJD L PHQH ยฉ , QDVWDYLR MH ยช1HND รฅWRYLรฅH VYD EUDรพD ]QDGX L QHND EXGX VYMHVQD GD VX GXรงQD RSVOXรงLYDWL VDYUรฅHQVWYR VYHWRJD HYDQฤ HOMD KRรพX GD L QD SRฤ HWNX L QD VYUรฅHWNX 3UDYLOD EXGH QDSLVDQR GD VX EUDรพD GXรงQD RSVOXรงLYDWL VYHWR HYDQฤ HOMH *RVSRGLQD QDรฅHJD ,VXVD .ULVWD $ GD VH EUDรพD QH EL QLNDGD PRJOD LVSULฤ DYDWL XVS 5LP SUHG %R JRP VYH RQR รฅWR MH *RVSRGLQ VWDYLR X PRMD XVS ,]O ,]

XVWD SRUDGL VSDVD L NRULVWL L PRMH L QMLKRYH GXรฅH RWNDNR VDP WR REMDYLR L SRQRYQR L]MDYOMXMHP WR รงHOLP SRND]DWL VDPLP GMHOLPD L X] *RVSRGL QRYX SRPRรพ XVS 0N NDQLP RSVOXรงLYDWL GRYLMHND ยฉ =DWR MH RWNDNR VX VH RNR QMHJD SRฤ HOD VNXSOMDWL EUDรพD RG SUYRJD SRฤ HWND SD VYH GR VYRMH VPUWL VYHWR HYDQฤ HOMH RSVOXรงLYDR GRVORYFH

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[103] -HGQRP ELMDรฅH QHNL EUDW QRYDN NRML MH ]QDR ฤ LWDWL SVDOWLU DOL QH EDรฅ QDMEROMH .DNR MH UDGR ฤ LWDR RG JHQHUDOQRJ PLQLVWUD ]DWUDรงLR MH GRSXรฅWHQMH GD PRรงH LPDWL SVDOWLU , PLQLVWDU PX MH RGREULR 1LMH JD PHฤ XWLP KWLR LPDWL SULMH QHJR รฅWR ]D WR GRELMH GRSXรฅWHQMH EODรงHQR JD )UDQMH 1LMH WR QDSRVH KWLR ]DWR รฅWR MH ฤ XR NDNR EODรงHQL )UDQMR QLMH รงHOLR GD EUDรพD EXGX SRKOHSQD ]D ]QDQMHP L ]D NQMLJDPD +WLR MH D L EUDรพL MH QDJODรฅDYDR QHND QDVWRMH LPDWL L VWHรพL VYHWX SURVWRGXรฅ QRVW VYHWX PROLWYX L JRVSRฤ X 6LURPDรฅWLQX X ฤ HPX VX VH L]JUDฤ LYDOD SUYD VYHWD EUDรพD 7R MH VPDWUDR VLJXUQLMLP SXWHP VSDVHQMD 1LMH WDNR SRVWXSDR ]ERJ WRJD รฅWR EL RPDORYDรงDYDR LOL SUH]LUDR VYHWX ]QDQRVW รคWRYLรฅH XYHOLNH MH รฅWRYDR RQH NRML VX X 5HGX ELOL Xฤ H QL NDR L VYH RVWDOH Xฤ HQMDNH 7R L VDP VYMHGRฤ L X VYRMRM RSRUXFL NDG NDรงH ยช6YH ERJRVORYFH L RQH NRML SRVOXรงXMX %RรงMH ULMHฤ L PRUDPR ฤ D VWLWL L รฅWRYDWL NDR RQH NRML QDP SUXรงDMX GXK L รงLYRWยฉ XVS ,Y

2Q MH PHฤ XWLP JOHGDMXรพL X EXGXรพQRVW VSR]QDR SR 'XKX 6YH WRP D L YLรฅH MH SXWD UHNDR EUDรพL NDNR รพH PQRJD EUDรพD SRG L]OLNRP GD L]JUDฤ XMX GUXJH QDSXVWLWL VYRMH ]YDQMH QDLPH ฤ LVWX L VYHWX SUR VWRGXรฅQRVW VYHWX PROLWYX L JRVSRฤ X 6LURPDรฅWLQX , GRJRGLW รพH LP VH GD รพH NDVQLMH YMHURYDWL NDNR VX YHรพ REX]HWL SRERรงQRรฅรพX L UDVSDOMHQL OMXEDYOMX SUHPD %RJX ]ERJ UD]XPLMHYDQMD 6Y SLVPD DOL รพH VH L]QXWUD LSDN RVMHรพDWL KODGQL L SUD]QL , WDNR VH YLรฅH QHรพH PRรพL SRYUDWLWL N SUYRWQRP ]YDQMX QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR L]JXELรฅH RVMHรพDM ]D รงLYRW SUHPD VYRP SR]LYX , ERMLP VH GD รพH LP ELWL RGX]HWR L RQR รฅWR VH ฤ LQLOR GD LPDMX XVS 0W MHU QDSXVWLรฅH VYRMH ]YDQMH 5HNDR MH ยช,PD LK PQRJR NRML VYH VYRMH QDVWRMDQMH L PDU GDQMX L QRรพX XODรงX X VWMHFDQMH ]QDQMD D QDSXรฅWDMX VYRMH VYHWR ]YDQMH L PROL WYX .DG QDURGX SURSRYLMHGDMX SD RSD]H LOL VD]QDMX NDNR VX VH QHNL GXKRYQR L]JUDGLOL LOL VX VH REUDWLOL QD SRNRUX SRฤ QX VH QDGLPDWL L X]QRVLWL WXฤ LP GMHOLPD L ]DVOXJRP MHU MH *RVSRGLQ RQH ]D NRMH VX PLVOLOL GD VX LK L]JUDGLOH QMLKRYH ULMHฤ L L REUDWLOH QD SRNRUX GX KRYQR VD]LGDR L REUDWLR SR PROLWYDPD VYHWH EUDรพH LDNR MH WR QMLPD QHSR]QDWR 7DNR QDLPH %RJ KRรพH GD WR QH RSDรงDMX NDNR VH QH EL ]ERJ WRJD X]RKROLOL 7D VX PRMD EUDรพD YLWH]RYL RNUXJORJD VWROD รฆLYH VNURYLWR QD VDPRWQLP L SRYXฤ HQLP PMHVWLPD GD EL VH V YHรพLP PD URP SUHSXรฅWDOL PROLWYL L UD]PDWUDQMX RSODNXMX JULMHKH VYRMH L WXฤ H 1MLKRYD MH VYHWRVW SR]QDWD VDPR %RJX D OMXGL MH L EUDรพD JGMHNDGD QH SR]QDMX .DG DQฤ HOL SUHG *RVSRGLQD GRYHGX QMLKRYH GXรฅH WDGD รพH LP *RVSRGLQ SRND]DWL SORG QMLKRYLK QDSRUD L QDJUDGX XVS 0XGU

D WR VX GXรฅH NRMH VX VSDรฅHQH SR QMLKRYLP PROLWYDPD *RV SRGLQ รพH LP UHรพL ยท6LQRYL HYR RYH VX GXรฅH VSDรฅHQH SR YDรฅLP PROL WYDPD D MHU VWH ELOL YMHUQL X PDORPH QDG PQRJLPD รพX YDV SRVWDYLWLยทยฉ XVS 0W

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=ERJ WRJD MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR X YH]L V ULMHฤ LPD ยช1HURWNLQMD UDฤ D VHGDP SXWD PDMND EURMQH GMHFH JXEL VYMHรงLQXยฉ XVS 6DP UHNDR GD MH QHSORGDQ QHURWNLQMD GREDU UHGRYQLN NRML VYRMLP VYHWLP PROL WYDPD L NUHSRVWLPD L]JUDฤ XMH GUXJH รฟHVWR MH SUHG EUDรพRP SRQDYOMDR WH ULMHฤ L D SRQDMYLรฅH SULJRGRP NDSLWXOD NRG VYHWH 0DULMH X 3RUFLMXQNXOL SUHG PLQLVWULPD L SUHG RVWDORP EUDรพRP =DWR MH VYRMRM EUDรพL NDNR PLQLVWULPD WDNR L SUR SRYMHGQLFLPD NDG LK MH XSXรพLYDR QD UDG JRYRULR NDNR ]ERJ SRJOD YDUVNH VOXรงEH L ]ERJ SURSRYMHGQLฤ NH ]DX]HWRVWL QH VPLMX SURSXรฅWDWL VYHWX L SRERรงQX PROLWYX 7UHED WDNRฤ HU GD LGX QD SURรฅQMX PLORVWLQMH L GD UDGH VYRMLP UXNDPD XVS 6RO (I NDR L RVWDOD EUDรพD SRUDGL GREUD SULPMHUD L NRULVWL GXรฅD NDNR QMLKRYLK WDNR L RVWDOLK OMX GL 5HNDR MH ยช7R PQRJR L]JUDฤ XMH EUDรพX SRGORรงQLNH NDG YLGH NDNR VH QMLKRYL PLQLVWUL L SURSRYMHGQLFL UDGR SUHSXรฅWDMX PROLWYL NDNR NOH ฤ H L NDNR VH SRQL]XMX ยฉ =DWR MH L VDP NDR YMHUDQ UHYQLWHOM .ULVWRY GRN MH ELR WMHOHVQR ]GUDY UDGLR NDR รฅWR MH XSXรพLYDR L EUDรพX .DG MH RQDM PDOR SULMH VSRPHQXWL EUDW QRYDN ERUDYLR X MHGQRP VDPRWLรฅWX GHVLOR VH GD MH RQDPR GRรฅDR L EODรงHQL )UDQMR 6SRPHQXWL PX MH EUDW UHNDR ยช9HOLND EL PL Rฤ H ELOD XWMHKD NDG ELK LPDR SVDO WLU ,DNR PL MH JHQHUDOQL PLQLVWDU VSUHPDQ WR RGREULWL LSDN รงHOLP LPDWL L WYRMH RGREUHQMH ยฉ %ODรงHQL PX MH )UDQMR QD WR RGJRYRULR ยช&DU .DUOR 5RODQG 2OLYHU L VYL SDODGLQL NDR L VYL KUDEUL OMXGL NRML VX VH X ERMX MXQDฤ NL ERULOL V PQRJR VX QDSRUD L ]QRMD SURJRQLOL QHYMHUQLNH VYH GR VPUWL L QDSRNRQ VX LK VODYQR SRELMHGLOL WH L VDPL NDR VYHWL VYMHGR FL L]JLQXรฅH X ERUEL ]D .ULVWRYX YMHUX ,PD LK PQRJR NRML YHรพ ]D VDPR SURSRYLMHGDQMH R QMLKRYLP GMHOLPD KRรพH GD LP VH LVND]XMH ฤ DVW L SRKYDOD ยฉ =ERJ WRJD MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR X VYRMLP 2SRPHQDPD ]QDฤ HQMH WLK ULMHฤ L REMDVQLR RYDNR ยช6YHFL VX L]YUรฅLOL GMHOD D PL KRรพHPR ]D WR รฅWR R QMLPD JRYRULPR L SURSRYLMHGDPR SULPLWL ฤ DVW L VODYX ยฉ 7R ]YXฤ L NDR GD MH UHNDR ยช=QDQMH QDGLPD D OMXEDY L]JUDฤ X MHยฉ XVS .RU

[104] .DG MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR QHNRP GUXJRP ]JRGRP VMHGLR SRNUDM YD WUH GD EL VH RJULMDR WDM QRYDN MH SRQRYQR SRฤ HR JRYRULWL R SVDOWLUX 1D WR PX MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR UHNDR ยช.DG EXGHรฅ LPDR SVDOWLU ]DรงHOMHW รพHรฅ L KWMHW รพHรฅ LPDWL L EUHYLMDU D NDG EXGHรฅ LPDR EUHYLMDU VMHVW รพHรฅ QD VWROLFX NDR QHNDNDY YHOLNL SUHODW SD รพHรฅ UHรพL VYRPH EUDWX ยท'RQHVL PL EUHYLMDU ยทยฉ 5HNDYรฅL WR V YHOLNRP MH JRUOMLYRรฅรพX GXรฅH SRVHJQXR รฅDNRP ]D SHSHORP L QMLPH MH VHEL SRVXR JODYX NUXรงHรพL UXNRP SRYUK JODYH QDRNROR RQDNR NDR RQDM NRML SHUH JODYX WH MH UHNDR VDPRPH

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VHEL ยช-D EUHYLMDU -D EUHYLMDU ยฉ *RYRUHรพL WDNR YLรฅH MH SXWD UXNRP ]DRNUXรงLR SR JODYL 2QDM VH EUDW ]DEH]HNQXR L SRVUDPLR 1DNRQ WRJD PX MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR UHNDR ยช%UDWH L MD VDP LPDR VOLฤ QX QDSDVW รงHOLR VDP LPDWL NQMLJD D GD ELK R WRPH VD]QDR YROMX *RVSRGLQRYX X]HR VDP NQMLJX JGMH VX ELOD QDSLVDQD *RVSRGLQR YD HYDQฤ HOMD WH VDP VH SRPROLR *RVSRGLQX GD VH SULJRGRP SUYRJ RWYDUDQMD NQMLJH XGRVWRML Rฤ LWRYDWL PL VYRMX YROMX .DG VDP PROLWYX GRYUรฅLR L NDG VDP NQMLJX SUYL SXW RWYRULR SRJOHG PL VH ]DXVWDYLR QD VOMHGHรพLP HYDQฤ HRVNLP ULMHฤ LPD ยท9DPD MH GDQR RWDMVWYR NUDOMHYVWYD %RรงMHJD D RQLPD YDQL VYH ELYD X SULVSRGREDPDยทยฉ XVS /N XVS 0N 5HNDR MH ยช,PD LK WROLNR NRML VH UDGR XSLQMX GR ]QDQMD D EODรงHQ รพH ELWL RQDM NRML VH L] OMXEDYL SUHPD *RVSRGLQX %RJX WRJD RGUHNQH ยฉ

[105] .DG MH QDNRQ QHNROLNR PMHVHFL EODรงHQL )UDQMR SRQRYQR ERUDYLR NRG FUNYLFH VYHWH 0DULMH $Qฤ HRVNH X 3RUFLMXQNXOL X รพHOLML L]D NXรพH SRNUDM SXWD RQDM PX MH EUDW SRQRYQR JRYRULR R SVDOWLUX %ODรงHQL PX MH )UDQMR WDGD UHNDR ยช,GL L Xฤ LQL NDNR WL UHNQH WYRM PLQLVWDU ยฉ .DG MH RQDM EUDW WR ฤ XR YUDWLR VH SXWHP NRMLP MH GRรฅDR %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR RVWDR QD SXWX L SRฤ HR UD]PLรฅOMDWL R RQRPH รฅWR MH UHNDR WRPH EUDWX 2GPDK MH ]DWLP ]D QMLP YLNQXR L UHNDR ยช3Rฤ HNDM PH EUDWH SRฤ HNDM ยฉ 2WLรฅDR MH GR QMHJD L UHNDR PX ยช9UDWL VH EUDWH VD PQRP L SRNDรงL PL PMHVWR JGMH VDP WL UHNDR GD Xฤ LQLรฅ V RE]LURP QD SVDOWLU RQR รฅWR WL UHNQH WYRM PLQLVWDU ยฉ .DG VWLJRรฅH GR RQRJD PMHVWD JGMH PX MH UHNDR RQH ULMHฤ L EOD รงHQL VH )UDQMR SUHG EUDWRP QDNORQLR L NOHฤ HรพL UHNDR ยช0RM JULMHK EUDWH PRM JULMHK MHU QLMHGDQ NRML รงHOL ELWL PDQML EUDW QH VPLMH LPD WL QLรฅWD GUXJR QHJR VDPR GYLMH WXQLNH NDNR GRSXรฅWD 3UDYLOR SRMDV L JDรพH D NRML VX SULVLOMHQL Rฤ LWRP SRWUHERP LOL EROHรฅรพX PRJX QRVLWL REXรพX ยฉ =DWR NDG JRG EL PX NRML RG EUDรพH GRรฅDR GD VH V QMLP SR VDYMHWXMH VYDNRP EL GDR WDNDY RGJRYRU 8 YH]L V WLP MH UHNDR ยชรฟRYMHN SR VMHGXMH RQROLNR ]QDQMD NROLNR SRND]XMH GMHORP L UHGRYQLN MH VDPR XWROLNR GREDU JRYRUQLN NROLNR L VDP L]YUรฅDYD RQR R ฤ HPX JRYRUL ยฉ $ WR MH LVWR NDR GD MH UHNDR ยช'REUR VWDEOR SR]QDMH VH SR SORGXยฉ XVS 0W /N

[106] .DG MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR SRQRYQR ERUDYLR X VSRPHQXWRP GYRUX MHGQRJD PX MH GDQD QHNL RG QMHJRYLK GUXJRYD UHNDR ยช2SURVWL PL Rฤ H MHU VX R RYRPH รฅWR WL รงHOLP UHรพL YHรพ PQRJL UD]PLรฅOMDOL ยฉ , EUDW

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UHFL PX NDNR VL VH R QMHJD RJULMHรฅLR GD VL JD QDLPH RNOHYH WDR ,]UD]L PX รงHOMX QHND EL VH ]D WHEH PROLR GD EL WL %RJ RSURVWLR ยฉ 7DM MH EUDW RWLรฅDR L Xฤ LQLR VYH รฅWR PX MH UHNDR EODรงHQL )UDQMR .DG MH VYH VYUรฅLR XVWDR MH REXNDR WXQLNX L YUDWLR VH EODรงHQRPH )UDQML %ODรงHQL JD MH )UDQMR WDGD XSLWDR ยช+RรพHรฅ OL GD WL UHNQHP NDNR VL VH SURWLY QMHJD RJULMHรฅLR รฅWRYLรฅH NDNR VL VH RJULMHรฅLR R .ULVWD"ยฉ )UDQMR MH QDVWDYLR ยช.DG YLGLรฅ VLURPDKD X QMHPX PRUDรฅ JOHGDWL RQRJD X ฤ LMH LPH RQ GROD]L PRUDรฅ QDLPH X QMHPX JOHGDWL .ULVWD NRML MH GRรฅDR QD VYLMHW GD QD VH X]PH QDรฅH VLURPDรฅWYR L QDรฅX VODERVW 6L URPDรฅWYR L EROHVW RYRJD ฤ RYMHND QDPD VX QDLPH QHNH YUVWL RJOHGDOR X NRMHPX PRUDPR JOHGDWL L SURPDWUDWL VLURPDรฅWYR L EROL *RVSRGLQD QDรฅHJD ,VXVD .ULVWD รฅWR LK MH QD VYRPH WLMHOX SRGQLR ]D VSDVHQMH OMXG VNRJ URGD ยฉ

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675

NUXK L YLQR 3RQL]QR L YHVHOR LK SRVOXรงXMWH GRN EXGX MHOL D NDG VH QDMHGX ND]DW รพHWH LP QHNROLNR ULMHฤ L R *RVSRGLQX NDR RQR SUYR GD QLNRJD QH WXNX L GD QLNRPH RVREQR QH ฤ LQH QLNDNYD ]OD MHU EXGHWH OL RG QMLK ]DKWLMHYDOL VYH QDMHGQRP QHรพH YDV SRVOXรฅDWL =ERJ YDรฅH SRQL]QRVWL L OMXEDYL รฅWR VWH LP MH SRND]DOL RGPDK รพH YDP WR REHรพDWL 6XWUDGDQ XVWDQLWH SD ]ERJ GREUD REHรพDQMD NRMH YDP ]DGDGRรฅH NUX KX L YLQX MRรฅ SULGRPHWQLWH MDMD L VLUD SD LP MHGQDNR RQDNR RGQHVLWH L SRVOXรงXMWH LK GRN QH SRMHGX 1DNRQ EODJRYDQMD LP UHFLWH =DรฅWR WX VWRMLWH FLMHOL GDQ XVS 0W " 8PLUHWH RG JODGL SRGQRVLWH PQRJH QHYROMH L KRWLPLฤ QR ฤ LQLWH WROLND ]OD ]ERJ NRMLK รพHWH L]JXELWL VYRMH GXรฅH DNR VH QH REUDWLWH %ROMH EL ELOR GD VOXรงLWH *RVSRGLQX SD รพH YDP RQ X RYRPH รงLYRWX GDWL VYH รฅWR YDP MH SRWUHEQR ]D WLMHOR L QD SRNRQ รพHWH VSDVLWL VYRMH GXรฅH XVS -DN , *RVSRGLQ รพH LK SR VYRPH PLORVUฤ X QDGDKQXWL GD VH ]ERJ YDรฅH SRQL]QRVWL L OMXEDYL NRMX VWH LP LVND]DOL REUDWH ยฉ %UDรพD XVWDGRรฅH L Xฤ LQLรฅH VYH รฅWR LP MH UHNDR EODรงHQL )UDQMR 5D] ERMQLFL VX SR %RรงMHP PLORVUฤ X XVS 5LP L SR QMHJRYRM PLORVWL NRMD MH VLรฅOD QD QMLK RG ULMHฤ L GR ULMHฤ L XYDรงLOL VYH PROEH NRMH VX LP EUDรพD XSUDYLOD L VYH VX L]YUรฅLOL รคWRYLรฅH ]ERJ EOLVNRVWL L OMXEDYL NRMX VX LP EUDรพD LVND]DOD SRฤ HOL VX LP X VDPRWLรฅWH QD OHฤ LPD GRQRVLWL GUYD 3R %RรงMHP PLORVUฤ X XVS 5LP SRWDNQXWL QMLKRYRP OMX EDYOMX L VUGDฤ QRรฅรพX รฅWR VX LP MH EUDรพD LVND]DOD MHGQL RG QMLK Xฤ RรฅH X 5HG GUXJL SULJUOLรฅH SRNRUX L EUDรพL REHรพDรฅH GD XEXGXรพH YLรฅH QHรพH ฤ LQLWL QLNDNYD ]OD QHJR GD รพH รงLYMHWL RG UDGD VYRMLK UXNX XVS .RU (I

%UDรพD VX VH NDR L GUXJL NRML VX WR ฤ XOL L ]DWR GR]QDOL PQRJR WRPH GLYLOD *OHGDOL VX X WRPH VYHWRVW EODรงHQRJD )UDQMH MHU MH SURUHNDR GD รพH VH UD]ERMQLFL NRML VX LQDฤ H ELOL YUOR SRNYDUHQL L RSDNL REUDWLWL , RQL VX VH GRLVWD *RVSRGLQX SRWSXQR REUDWLOL

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]DGUรงL NRG QMHJD QDSRVH ]DWR รฅWR MH ELOR ]LPVNR GRED L YODGDOD MDND VWXGHQ D RVLP WRJD VX JRWRYR GDQRPLFH SXKDOL MDNL YMHWURYL L SDGDOH NLรฅH NDNR WR YHรพ X WR GRED JRGLQH ELYD .DUGLQDO PX MH UHNDR ยช%UDWH QH]JRGQR MH YULMHPH ]D SXWRYDQMH +WLR ELK DNR WL MH SR YROML GD RVWDQHรฅ NRG PHQH GRN QH QDVWXSL SRYROMQLMH YULMHPH ]D SXWRYDQMH %XGXรพL GD X VYRMRM NXรพL GQHYQR KUDQLP QHNROLNR VLURPDKD QDPMHVWR MHGQRJD VLURPDKD WL รพHรฅ GRELWL KUDQX ยฉ *RVSRGLQ NDUGLQDO UHNDR MH WR MHU MH ]QDR GD EODรงHQL )UDQMR ]ERJ VYRMH SRQL]QRVWL รงHOL XYLMHN ELWL SULPOMHQ NDR VLURPDรฅDN JGMH JRG VH QDฤ H NDR JRVW SUHPGD MH ELR WDNYH VYHWRVWL GD VX JD SDSD NDUGLQDOL L VYL YHOLNDQL RYRJD VYLMHWD NRML VX JD SR]QDYDOL รฅWRYDOL NDR VYHFD .DUGLQDO PX MH RVLP WRJD UHNDR ยช'DW รพX WL SULNODGDQ VWDQ X RVDPL JGMH รพHรฅ EXGHรฅ OL KWLR PRรพL PROLWL L MHVWL ยฉ 6 JRVSRGLQRP NDUGLQDORP ERUDYLR MH EUDW $Qฤ HR 7DQFUHGL MHGDQ RG GYDQDHVWRULFH SUYH EUDรพH 2Q MH UHNDR EODรงHQRPH )UDQML ยช2YGMH VH X VNORSX ]LGLQD QDOD]L OLMHSD NXOD NRMD MH L]QXWUD YUOR SURVWUDQD L XGREQD ,PD GHYHW QDGVYRฤ HQLK SURVWRULMD X NRMLPD รพHรฅ PRรพL RGYR MHQR ERUDYLWL NDR X NDNYX VDPRWLรฅWX ยฉ 1D WR รพH PX EODรงHQL )UDQMR ยช+DMGHPR MH SRJOHGDWL ยฉ .DG MH NX OX SUHJOHGDR VYLGMHOD PX VH 9UDWLYรฅL VH JRVSRGLQX NDUGLQDOX UH NDR PX MH ยช*RVSRGLQH PRรงGD รพX RVWDWL NRG YDV QHNROLNR GDQD ยฉ , JRVSRGLQ NDUGLQDO REUDGRYDR VH %UDW $Qฤ HOR RWLรฅDR MH L VYH XUHGLR GD EL EODรงHQL )UDQMR VD VYR MLP SUDWLRFHP RQGMH PRJDR ERUDYLWL L GDQMX L QRรพX 'RN MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR ERUDYLR NRG JRVSRGLQD NDUGLQDOD QLMH RGDQGH KWLR VLOD]LWL QL GDQMX QL QRรพX %UDW $Qฤ HOR MH EODรงHQRPH )UDQML L QMHJRYX SUDWLRFX SUHGORรงLR GD รพH LP L]YDQD GRQRVLWL KUDQX L QHรพH QL VDP QLWL QHWNR GUXJL PRUDWL N QMHPX XOD]LWL 7DNR MH EODรงHQL )UDQMR VD VYRMLP SUDWLRFHP RWLรฅDR GD RQGMH ER UDYL 1R NDG MH SUYH QRรพL RQGMH KWLR VSDYDWL GRฤ RรฅH GHPRQL NRML VX JD VWUDKRYLWR LรฅLEDOL )UDQMR MH RGPDK SR]YDR VYRJD SUDWLRFD NRML MH ERUDYLR SRGDOMH RG QMHJD WH PX MH UHNDR ยช'Rฤ L N PHQL ยฉ %UDW MH RGPDK XVWDR L SRรฅDR N QMHPX , )UDQMR PX UHฤ H ยช%UDWH GHPRQL PH VWUDKRYLWR LรฅLEDOL =DWR รงHOLP GD RVWDQHรฅ SRNUDM PHQH MHU PH MH VWUDK GD RYGMH EXGHP VDP ยฉ , SUDWLODF MH RVWDR V QMLPH FLMHOX QRรพ %ODรงHQL VH )UDQMR VDY WUHVDR NDR ฤ RYMHN NRML WUSL RG JUR]QLFH RERMLFD VX WX QRรพ SUREGMHOL ]DMHGQR %ODรงHQL MH )UDQMR PHฤ XWLP XSLWDR VYRJD SUDWLRFD ยช=DรฅWR VX PH GHPRQL รฅLEDOL L ]DรฅWR LP MH *RVSRGLQ GDR PRรพ XVS 2WN

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SRSUDYOMDMX L NDรงQMDYDMX RQH NRMH RQ OMXEL XVS ,]U +HE

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679

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