It Is Time to Insist on High-Quality Teacher Training

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ItIsTimetoInsistonHigh-Quality TeacherTraining

Despitesignificantadvancementsinourunderstandingof effectiveteaching and howchildrenlearn,historically,veryfewinstructorshavehadaccesstothe knowledgetheyneedtoteacheffectively.Thissituationresultedfromaprevious beliefthatteachersonlyneededtoknowhowtofollowthebookandthatschools couldberunthroughtop-downmanagement.Insteadofbeingviewedas professionalswiththeknowledgeandexperiencetomakewisedecisionsabout teachingandlearning,teacherswereregardedlikesemiskilledworkers,given extremelyorganizedjobs,andviewedastechnicianswhocouldbegivenvery littlepreparation.Wediscoveredthatpersistentbeliefsthatdivertattention fromtheeffortrequiredtoenhanceteacherpreparationfrequentlythwart attemptstoaddresstheseissues.Themisconceptionsthat"anyonecanteach" and"teachereducationmakesnodifference"aretwoofthemostdamaging.

Theseingrainedbeliefshaveledtothecontinuedlackofareliable,effective systemforhiring,training,andadvancingAmericaneducators.Sincenotall teacherpreparationprogramsmustbeaccredited,thereisawiderangein quality,withbothgoodandout-of-dateprogramsfunctioningalongsideeach other.Inasimilarvein,thenumberof"alternativeteacherpreparation" programsisexpandingquickly.Thefederaldatashowthatenrolmentin alternativeteacherpreparationprogramsintheU.S.increasedby111%from 2012-13to2019-20from84,100to177,800people (source: https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/tls). Meanwhile,completionof alternativeprogramsalsorose,thoughmoremodestly.Theseprogramscan rangefromhigh-qualityprogramstoonesthatjustofferafewweeksof orientationinhastyfixesthatsimplycausedissatisfactionandfatigueformostof itsapplicants.

Thebeliefthatteacherlicensureismerelyabureaucraticobstacletorecruiting enoughteacherstostaffourcountry'sschoolsunderminesitinmanyinstances. Acrossthecountry,thousandsofineligiblepeoplearewaitinginfrontofschools. Eventhecurrent,laxlicensurerequirementsarenotmetbythem,muchlessthe strictonesthatarerequired.Inordertosatisfythedemandsofschoolsthatare unabletoretainteacherswiththenecessarycredentials,thesepeopleareputin classroomsinviolationofdistrictandstaterules.Althoughitisclaimedthatthese schoolsareexperiencing"shortages"thatcallforexceptions,wefeelthat uncertifiedteacherscanneverbeplacedinschoolsduetoteacher"shortages," basedontheinformationprovided.Theideathatlicensure,accreditation,or excellentteacherpreparationareobstaclestoprovidingenoughhighlyprepared teacherstothecountry'sschoolsisunsupportedbyanyevidence.Cuttingcorners onthesequalitycontrolproceduresjustmakestheissuesthatarekeeping talentedteachersfromworkinginschoolsthatneedthemworse.

Establishingstandardsissimilartoconstructingapyramidinthateachlevelis dependentupontheothers.Ifteachersarenotpreparedtomeethighstandards, studentswillnotbeabletomeetthem.Itiscriticaltorecognizethatapluralistic societyandaknowledge-basedeconomybringwiththemnewdemandson education.Inordertohelpeverychildprepareforsuccessfulemploymentand

productivecitizenshipinthetwenty-firstcentury,allteachersmusthavea thoroughunderstandingoftheirsubjectareas,understandhowchildrenlearn,be abletousethatknowledgetoteachwell,usemodernlearningtechnologies effectively,andcollaboratecloselywiththeircolleaguestocreaterichlearning environments.Thisisevenmoretruetodaythanitwastenyearsago.

Weareawarethatthefoundationofgoodschoolsishigh-qualityinstruction.It takesthreestepstomeetthisrequirement:licensingmustbecomeawidely acceptedassurancethatteachersenteringtheclassroomarequalifiedtobe there;accreditationandotherqualityassuranceinitiativesmustmakesurethat teacherpreparationprogramsaremeetingtheseexpectations;andteacher preparationprogramsmustprepareteacherswhocanmeethighstandards.

Thefoundationofeffectiveteacherpreparationprogramsisourunderstandingof effectiveinstruction.Asstated,wehaveidentifiedasetofcriteriathatwe believedefineahighlyqualifiedteacher.

Regardingwhatahighlyqualifiedteachershouldknowandbeabletodotoassist childrenlearn,theteachingprofessionhascometoanagreement.Becauseitis essentialthatprogramsinvolvedinteacherdevelopmentandlicensurebe foundedonagenerallyrecognizedconsensusofwhatitmeanstobeahighly qualifiedstartingteacher,wereiteratethisdefinitioninthesepages.

Theseattributesarenotinnate.Gettingtothe classroom callsforthosewhoare self-assuredandhavedonetheirhomework.Wecannottrustpeoplewhoare unfamiliarwithrigorwithourchildren'sminds.

Theeffectivenessofanyteacherpreparationprograminimpartingthese fundamentalsofexcellentteachingshouldbeevaluated,regardlessofwhetherit isconsidered"traditional"or"alternative."Theseessentialelementsofhighqualityinstructionshouldbereflectedinandreinforcedbyaccreditationand licensure.

Inthepartsthatfollow,wegooversiximportantaspectsofteacherpreparation andofferwaysinwhichtheycomplementthequalitiesofagreatteacherthatwe listedatthestartofthissection.

1.CAREFULSELECTIONOFAPPLICANT TEACHERS

Teacherpreparationprogramscanfindteachingcandidateswhoarequalifiedto buildthequalitiesofstartingteachersbycarefullyselectingandrecruitingthem. Carefullychoosingapplicantsraisesthepossibilitythataprogramforpreparing teacherswillproducepeoplewho:

-Havein-depthunderstandingofthesubjectstheyinstruct;

-Worktogetherwithothereducators,parents,communitymembers,and coworkers;

-Evaluatetheirmethodstoenhanceinstructionandstudentlearning;

-Striveforprofessionaldevelopmentinpedagogyandcontent;and

-Encouragestudentstohavealoveoflearning.

2.ADEQUATEACADEMICREADYINGFORTEACHING

-Programsforpreparingteachersprioritizedgraduatestudentswithgood intellectualbackgroundswho:

-Havein-depthunderstandingofthesubjectstheyinstruct;

-Showthatyouhaveasolidgraspofhowstudentslearn;and

-Exhibittheteachingabilitiesrequiredtoassisteverystudentinmeetinghigh standards.

3.POWERFULAPPLICATIONSTOIMPROVETEACHINGSKILLS

-Ahighlyqualifiedteacherisdevelopedthroughclinicalpracticeinavarietyof contextsundertheguidanceoffacultyandexperiencededucators.Itiscrucialfor trainingneweducatorswho:

-Showthatyouhaveasolidgraspofhowstudentslearn;

-Exhibittheinstructionalabilitiesrequiredtoassisteverystudentinmeeting highstandards;

-Establishaconstructivelearningatmosphere;

-Diagnoseandaddresseachstudent'suniquelearningneedsusingarangeof assessmenttechniques;

-Incorporatecontemporarytechnologyintocoursestoenhancestudents' learning;and

-Worktogetherwithothereducators,parents,communitymembers,and coworkers.

4.MENTOREDTEACHINGSUPPORTATTHEENTRYLEVEL

Beginningteachersreceivevitalsupport (source: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/21582440211015680) asthey establishthefoundationforbeingsuccessfuleducatorsthrougharobust residencyandguidedinductionprogram.Noviceteachersgainadeeper understandingofallfacetsofhighlyqualifiedteachingthroughtheseexperiences, andspecificallythey:

-Showthatyouhaveasolidgraspofhowstudentslearn;

-Exhibittheinstructionalabilitiesrequiredtoassisteverystudentinmeeting highstandards;

-Establishaconstructivelearningatmosphere;

-Diagnoseandaddresseachstudent'suniquelearningneedsusingarangeof assessmenttechniques;

-Toenhancestudentlearning,incorporatecontemporarytechnologyinto curricula;

-Worktogetherwithothereducators,parents,communitymembers,and coworkers;

-Evaluatetheirmethodstoenhanceinstructionandstudentdevelopment;and -Striveforprofessionaldevelopmentinpedagogyandcontent.

5.USECURRENTTECHNOLOGIESINLEARNING

Programsforpreparingteachersthatincludecontemporarylearningtechnology (source: https://ed.stanford.edu/ldt) intoclinicalpractice,academicpreparation, andinductioncreateeducatorswhoarecapableof:

-Usecontemporarytechnologyintheclassroomtoenhancestudents'learning;

-Exhibittheinstructionalabilitiesrequiredtoassisteverystudentinmeeting highstandards;

-Diagnoseandaddresseachstudent'suniquelearningneedsusingarangeof assessmenttechniques;

-Worktogetherwithothereducators,parents,communitymembers,and coworkers;

-Evaluatetheirmethodstoenhanceinstructionandstudentlearning;

-Striveforprofessionaldevelopmentinpedagogyandcontent;and -Encouragestudentstohavealoveoflearning.

Inordertoaddressthelearningdemandsofpupilsinthedigitalage,teachersin 21stcenturyschoolsneedtopossessadeepunderstandingandhighlevelofskill inusing,navigating,andtroubleshootingvarioustechnologicaldevices,software, andplatforms.Softwareandhardwarethatconnectclassroomstotheoutside worldandawealthofcurriculumresourcesineverysubjectarea,ateverygrade level,arebeingusedmoreandmoreinK–12settingsforteachingandlearning. Parents,students,schoolboards,andadministratorsexpectallinstructorstobe proficientintheuseofthenewtechnologythatwillpermeateclassroomsinthe future.Itisparticularlycrucialthatweprepareeducatorswhoarestartingtheir careersinruralandlow-incomecommunitiestobecomechampionsfortheuseof InformationandCommunicationTechnologies (source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology) toenhanceeducation.Withoutteacherswhoknowhowtoincludestudentsin demandinglearningactivitiesthatcanhelpthemattainhighstandards,students

inthesecommunitieswillnotbeabletofullybenefitfromthesenewlearning tools.Developingtechnology-savvyteachersintheseenvironmentsshouldbea toppriorityforteacherpreparationprogramsastheyplantheirclinicalpractice andinductionexperiences.

Itisinsufficienttocreateasmallcadreofeducationtechnologyspecialistsoradd newtechniquescoursesabouttechnologyineducation. Universitycourses across thecurriculummustbecreated,orreformed,byqualitypreparationprogramsto guaranteethatallteachercandidateslearnwithtechnologyundertheguidance offacultymemberswhouseiteffectivelyinallsubjectareas.

Candidatesforteachingpositionsinallsubjectareasandgradelevelsshouldbe equippedtousetechnologyasatooltoencouragestudentstotakeanactiverole intheireducation.Theyshouldbeabletousethepowerofthesenewlearning toolstohelpstudentsimprovetheirlanguageandartisticskills,andtheyshould beabletousemodeling,simulations,andgraphicmanipulations,amongother techniques,tohelpstudentsgainadeeperconceptualunderstandingof mathematicsandscience.Additionally,giventheforecast,allhighschool graduateswouldhavecompletedatleastoneonlinecourse,teachercandidates oughttobegiventhechancetocollaboratewithtech-savvyeducatorsinonline learningenvironments.

Newtoolsfordocumentingstudentlearning(suchaselectronicgradebooksand portfolios),identifyingproblemareas(suchasportabledevicesthatcangenerate "runningrecords"ofstudents'readingprogress),andevaluatingstudentandclass progress(suchasassessmentdatabasesandspreadsheets)areallmadepossible bymodernlearningtechnologies.

Throughouttheirtrainingandclinicalpractice,teachercandidatesshouldmaster theuseofthesepotentevaluationinstruments.Ontheoppositeendofthe technologicalspectrum,severalstatesarecreatingthoroughonlineteststhat instructorscanusetotrackstudents'developmentfromyeartoyear.Thisallows eachsucceedingteachertocreatelearningactivitiesthatareappropriateforthe nextstageofachild'seducation.Itshouldbecleartonewteachershowtouse thisinformationtoinformtheirlessonplans.

6.EVALUATINGTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTEACHERPREPARATION

Toguaranteehigh-qualityteacherpreparation,theefficacyofteacherprograms mustbeevaluated (source: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19415257.2023.2264309).

Programsarebetterpositionedtoadvanceiftheyevaluatethesuccessofthe teacherstheytrain.Byinvolvingteacherhopefulsandnewinstructorsinthis process,theyalsohelptocreatehighlyskillededucatorswhocan:

-Diagnoseandaddresseachstudent'suniquelearningneedsusingarangeof assessmenttechniques;

-Evaluatetheirmethodstoenhanceinstructionandstudentdevelopment;and -Striveforprofessionaldevelopmentinpedagogyandcontent.

Whencombined,thesixelementsoftheteachertrainingprogramlistedabove offerprecisestepsforachievement.Beginningteacherattritionratesarenearly halfthatofbeginningteacherswhohavenotreceivedthistypeofpreparation whenteacherpreparationprogramsemphasizeacogentapproachtodeveloping rigorousknowledgeandteachingskills,incorporateextensiveclinicalpractice tailoredtotheneedsoftheschoolsandstudentstheywillserve,andofferearly teachingsupporttotheirgraduates.Graduateswhoarewell-preparedaremore likelytoremainintheclassroomandhelptheschoolstheyworkinbuildarobust professionallearningcommunity.

Similartootherprofessions,ensuringqualityinteacherpreparationis accreditation (source: https://aacte.org/resources/high-quality-educatorpreparation/). Generallyspeaking,voluntaryaccreditingorganizationsareused byAmericanprofessionstoassessthecaliberofprogramsthattrainnewhires.

Asinthefieldsofengineering,nursing,andmedical,accreditationprocessesand conceptsaretypicallylinkedtoanationallyrecognizedcurriculum.Only individualswhosuccessfullyfinishauthorizedprogramsareeligibletositfor licensingtests.Inordertostrengthenqualitystandards,achainofresponsibility connectsstatelicensingrequirements,specialtyaccreditation,andacademic standards.Thisisn'ttrueforteacherpreparationforanumberofpoliticaland

historicalreasons.Incertainstates,instructorscanobtaintheirlicenseand certificationtoteachwithoutcompletinganapprovedteacherpreparation program (source:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_teacher_certification), whichis differentfromaccreditationinotherprofessions.

Therehasbeenincreasingpressureonfederalandstateagenciestotakethelead inthechainofresponsibilityforteacherpreparation.Thereisgrowingcriticism aboutthequalityofmanyteachereducationprograms.Theapparent unwillingnessorincapacityofmanyprogramstofundamentallyalterorenhance themselvesiscausingalarmamongmanypoliticians.Theseworrieshave contributedtothegrowthofthealternativepathsmovement.

Thepassratesofapplicantsontheircoursefinalexams,the"comps" (comprehensiveexamination)neededfortheirdegreeprograms,ortheirPRAXIS andotherteacherexamscoresarenotenoughtofullyunderstandthequalityof teacherpreparation.

Allteachereducationprograms,bothconventionalandalternative,shouldstep uptheireffortstoshowthe"valueadded"theyprovidetotheirteacher candidatesinpublic.

Thecharacteristicsofahighlyqualifiedbeginningteacherthatserveasthe foundationforthissectionshouldbedocumented,togetherwiththedegreeto whichgraduateshavedevelopedandmasteredthem.

Professionallyestablishednationalcontentstandardsforstudentsinpre-K–12are nowinlinewithNCATEprogramcriteria (source: https://cdn.ncte.org/nctefiles/groups/cee/ncate/final_guideprepaing_712.pdf).

Teachersarebeingpreparedtoteachtothestandardsintheseacademicareasas longaseducationprogramsachievethesestandards.

Facultyinthearts,sciences,andeducationevaluateclinicalexperiencesand coursestoascertainhowtheyhelpteachersbuildtheirpedagogicalexpertiseand materialtomeetcriteria.

COLLEGEANDUNIVERSITYACCOUNTABILITYFORHIGH-QUALITYTEACHER TRAINING

Approximately1,400collegesanduniversitiesintheUnitedStatesofferteacher preparationprogramsaccordingtotheNationalCouncilonTeacherQuality (source: https://www.nctq.org/research-insights/our-review-of-teacherpreparation-programs-with-u-s-news-setting-the-record-straight/). These programsencompassvariouslevelsofeducation,includingcertificates,associate degrees,bachelor'sdegrees,andmaster'sdegrees.Additionally,over550ofthese programsareaccreditedbytheCouncilfortheAccreditationofEducator Preparation(CAEP).

Since1,400collegesanduniversitiesnationwidepreparethegreatmajorityofthe nation'steachers,institutionalresponsibilityforsuccessmustbeaddressedinany seriousdebateofaccountabilityforhigh-qualityteacherpreparation.

Deansoftheartsandsciences,collegepresidents,universitychancellors,and educationcollegesmustalltakeresponsibilityforthecaliberofteacherstrained attheirschools.Thisentailsprioritizinghigh-qualityteacherpreparationin institutionaldesign.Don'tmakeamistake.Theseinstitutions'boardsoftrustees andpresidentshaveamoralobligationtothechildrenofAmerica.Theyshouldn't beinvolvedinteacherpreparationiftheycan'tfulfillthiscommitment.

Therealityisthatfartoomanyteachereducationprogramslackthefunding necessarytocarryouttheirmandates.ToomanyAmericanuniversitiestreat theirschoolsofeducationas'cashcows,'whoseexcessrevenuesarespentonthe trainingofdoctors,lawyers,accountants,andalmostanyotherstudentsthanthe prospectiveteachersthemselves.

Facultymembersfrequentlyreceivelowersalariesthantheircounterpartsin otherprofessions,andinvestmentsineducationaltechnologyfrequentlyfallwell shortofthosemadeinotheruniversityprograms.

Effectiveteachertrainingrequiressignificantresources.Shortchangingteacher educationleadstoweakprogramsthatlacktheextensivesupervisedassistance necessaryforsuccessfulteacherpreparation,aswellaspoortraining.

Theprioritiesofthecompensationsystemsatmanyresearchuniversitieswith teacherpreparationprogramsdivertfacultymembersfromtakingamajorrolein teacherpreparation.Thesesystemicdisincentivesstandinthewayofsuccessful andefficientteacherpreparation.

Whenimportantuniversitypoliciesaremodifiedtopromoteandreward cooperationbetweentheK–12facultyandthecollegesofeducation,arts,and sciences,progressismade.Thiscanincludeproceduresthatacknowledgethe importanceofK–12collaborationinfacultypromotionandtenureregulations,as wellaspoliciesthatrewardallacademics—notjustthoseineducation—for theirteachingandserviceefforts.

Sometimes,inordertobreakdownthebarriersbetweenK–12educational systems,schoolsofeducationprograms,andtheartsandsciences,structural adjustmentsareneeded.

Themainchallengeinensuringqualityinhighereducationinstitutionsisto restoreteacherpreparationtoitsformerstatusin Americanhighereducation asacoremissionthatinvolvesallcampussegmentsandhastheactivesupportof topuniversityleaders.Wepresentthisproblemtothepresidentsofcollegesand universitiesasthemostsignificantpublicpolicyissuetheywillfaceinthecoming years.

Changesinpolicy,structure,andpracticethatleadtoacampus-wide,communitybasedfocusonhigh-qualityteachertrainingmustbedevelopedandmaintained bycampuschiefexecutives,provosts,andeventrustees.

ToguaranteethatAmerica'schildrenaretaughtbyhighlycompetenteducators, westillmaintainthatlicensureiscrucial.InorderforAmerica'sfamiliesand childrentofeelsecure,licensuremustguaranteethatschooladministratorsare assigningqualifiedpersonstotheirclasses.

Significantcorrelationsbetweenteachercertificationmetricsandstudent achievementattheindividualinstructorlevelhavebeendiscoveredbystudies employingbothnationalandstatedatasets.Thestrengthofconclusions

regardingthesignificanceofcertificationthatmaybemadefromanyonestudyis strengthenedbytheconvergenceofdataacrossmanyunitsandlevelsofanalysis.

Wefeelthatmoreneedstobedonetoguaranteethatlicensurereflectsthehigh standardsrequiredforhighlycompetentteaching,evenifstatesareincreasingly agreeingonraisinglicensingstandards.Thisisdueto:

1.Statesdifferinthequalityandcontentoftheirlicensingrequirements;

2.Testsforteacherlicensureareinsufficient.Widedifferencesinacceptable passingscoresreducetheirworth,andsomearepoorindicatorsofthebreadthof knowledgeandabilitiesrequiredofallteachers;

3.Licensesareafarceduetoloopholes.Thenumberofbackdoorstoclassrooms hasincreased,andstateofficialshaveoccasionallyapprovedflagrantdisregardfor theirownregulations;

4.Sometimesthepublicisunawareofthecredentialsandlicensurestatusofthe teachersintheirschools;and

5.Duetothefactthatunderqualified"teachers"arefrequentlyassignedto overburdenedschools,disadvantagedpupilssufferthemostfromthese loopholes.

Onepowerfulvoiceinthecacophonyofchangeisthatofprofessionalstandards boardsforeducators (source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Board_for_Professional_Teaching_Stan dards). Inthebestofcircumstances,theseboardshavethesamepowersas boardsforotherprofessions,includingtheabilitytoaccreditprogramsfor teachertrainingandlicenserenewal,establishstandardsforlicensure,grant licenses,anddisciplinecertifiedpractitioners.Whilesomeserveasadvisorsto stateboardsofeducation,othersareautonomousandhavetheauthorityto establishguidelinesandstandardsforpractice.

Newteacherswhogetexcellentteacherpreparationareequippedwiththe abilities,self-assurance,andcompetencetostarttheirteachingcareers.A teacher'shighlevelofqualificationshouldbeconfirmedbytheirlicense.Asweall

know,thesearetheinitialstepstoensuringthatourschoolsarefilledwith qualified,capable,andcompassionateteachers.Byimplementingthe recommendationsforteacherpreparationandqualityassurance,states,higher educationinstitutions,schools,andschooldistrictscanworkwithustomakesure thatteacherpreparationcreatesasolidfoundationandthatlicensureensures high-qualityinstruction:

TEACHER EDUCATION

-Establishandupholdstrictrequirementsforadmissiontoallprogramsthat prepareteachers;

-Mandatethatall"traditional"and"alternative"trainingprogramsoffer demandinginstructionintendedtocultivateandinculcatethequalitiesofhighly trainedteachers;

-Createprogramsforpreparingteachersbasedonthesixpillarsofeffective teachereducation;

-Establishincentivesatthefederal,state,andlocallevelstoattractandtrain educatorsinfieldswithhighneeds;and

-CreateandsupportrobustK–16collaborationswhereteachertrainingclosely reflectsschoolandstudentneeds.

ASSURANCEOFQUALITY

-Demandthatallprogramsthatprepareteachersadheretostrictaccreditation requirements;

-Assignleadershipaccountabilityforthecaliberofteachertrainingatthe programandinstitutionlevels;

-Discontinuethoseprogramsthatdon'tgenerategoodteachers;

-Whereindependentstandardsbodiesarelacking,establishthemanddevelop regulatoryprocessestocarryouttheirrulings;

-Createandimplementgenerallyrecognizedcriteriaandpassingscoresfor licensingexaminationsthatarebasedonastrictdefinitionofteachingquality;

-Createseveralmeasuresforlicensurethatincludedemandingcontent knowledgetests,performance-basedevaluationsofteachingability,and portfoliosthatrecordbothcontentknowledgeandteachingability;

-Imposepenaltiesonschoolsthatforceinstructorstoteachoutsideoftheir fieldsandondistrictsthatemployunlicensedteachers;

-Providethepublicwithinformationaboutteachingassignmentsandteacher licensurestatus;

-Toenhancethesystemforteachertrainingandlicensure,gatherandapplydata onstudentaccomplishment,teacherlicensure,andteacherretention;and

-Implementsophisticatedcertificationandlicensingprogramswithmultiple tiers,rangingfromentry-leveltoexperiencedteaching.

Itistimetoinsistonhigh-qualityteachertraining,strictaccreditationcriteria,and high-qualitylicensuretoguaranteethateducatorsareequippedtosatisfythe teachingrequirementsofourschoolsandthelearningneedsofourstudents.

MeganWilson isateacher,lifestrategist,successfulentrepreneur,inspirational keynotespeakerandfounderof https://EbookACE.com.Meganchampionsa radicalrethinkofourschoolsystems;shecallsoneducatorstoteachboth intuitionandlogictocultivatecreativityandcreateboldthinkers.

Source: https://ebookace.com/it-is-time-to-insist-on-high-quality-teachertraining/

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