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Advancement of the doctoral dissertation titled:
Decomposer firm as a value system: Nejayote Case Author: Manuel Vazquez Affiliation: EGADE Monterrey Chair: Wealth Creation through innovation and new business models Derechos reservados: Manuel Vázquez
Value of the study • Product life cycle (PLC) from the primary extractive sector 10% extracted from earth becomes product and 90% is waste (Hawken, Lovins & Lovins, 2010)
• Need to replace the PLC reductionist with a systemic view • Industrial ecology a new approach that uses nature as a premise for mimicking in order to use the remaining 90% of waste • The IE use nature as guidance because this type of system has been able to generate RESILIENCE Derechos reservados: Manuel Vázquez
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• Nature has four organisms (producers, consumers, scavangers and decomposers) but unfortunately the IE has only been able to represent with firms three of the organisms (Noronha, 1999). • The IE has stated the need to generate new firms that are able to exchange residues to transform them into nutrients (Jensen, Basson & Leach, 2011; Wright, 2007). • The decomposer is a firm that through the formation of a network is capable to exchange residues to transform them into nutrients and also generate resilience (Noronha, 1999; Graedel, 1996) Derechos reservados: Manuel Vázquez
Decomposer firm model?
Derechos reservados: Manuel Vázquez
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Decomposer in biological ecology Initial residue from consumer or producer
Nutrient 1
Metabolism 1 Initial residue refined
Nutrient 2
Metabolism 2 Initial residue refined
Metabolism 3 Initial residue refined
Nutrient 3
Metabolism 4
Nutrient 4
DECOMPOSERS Derechos reservados: Manuel Vรกzquez
Example of plant litter
Level
N4
4
Zero waste
M4 N3 BR3
3
M3 N2
BR2
M2
2
IRR3= PL-Sugar-Phenolic- Hydrocarbons
IRR2= PL-Sugar-Phenolic
N1 BR1
1
Initial Residue
M1
Derechos reservados: Manuel Vรกzquez
IRR1= PL-Sugar
Time 1
2
3 (M) Metabolism (N) Nutrient
4 (BR) Biomass residue (IRR) Initial residue refined
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Diagram of the iterative process of decomposers
Derechos reservados: Manuel Vázquez
Level
PROPOSITION OF CONCEPTUAL MODEL Container that accumulates the PARs
Nk
Zero waste
Mk
k PNi PARi ….
i
Mi
PRi
PN3 PAR3
M3
3 PN2
1
PAR2
M2
2
PR3 ….
PR2
PN1 PAR1
Initial Residue
M1
1 Represents the transfer function of the PR
Derechos reservados: Manuel Vázquez
PR1
2
3 (PR) Product Refined (PAR) Product as Residue
i
k
Time
(M) Metabolism (PN) Product as Nutrient
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Diagram of the iterative process of decomposers firms
Derechos reservados: Manuel Vázquez
Derechos reservados: Manuel Vázquez
Tortilla Data • CONEVAL (2010) estimated that the tortilla consumption of the country in 2010 is of about 6.9 million tons • The Secretary of Economy stated that in the year of 2010 there was a production of 3,802,581.5 tons of tortillas that used the corn flour produced from the industrial process • Velasco-Martinez and colleagues (1997) stated that in the corn flour production there is a generation of a high pollutant effluent called nejayote. Specifically, this effluent is formed during the nixtamalization which is the process of cooking and steeping maize in a solution of lime (Rooney et al. 1995). • Asaff (2010) stated that in 2010 the tortilla industry poured 16-22 million m3/year of wastewater known as nejayote.
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Nejayote • According to Salmeron-Alcocer and colleagues (2003) , a 600 ton maize/day capacity plant commonly generates between 1,500 to 2,000 m3 of nejayote. • Almeida-Dominguez and colleagues (1997) stated that that nixtamalization losses had ranged from 0.5% to 14.5% of the original corn dry matter . • The example here would be considering a 600 ton maize/day capacity plant that generates 1800 m3 with a 10% loss of original corn dry matter which represents 60 tonns of maiz Derechos reservados: Manuel Vázquez
BROILER FOOD FIRM Daily Nejayote 1800 m3 of liquid 60 tons of solid
Centrifugation Process Time (PT) = 1 Hour
Derechos reservados: Manuel Vázquez
7.2 tons of broiler food with 1.2% of liquid 52.8 tons of solid with 98.8% of liquid
PT = 24 Hours
Sedimentation Tank 1 Sludge 1 with 5.88 tons of solid and 0.023% of entering liquid
46.92 tons of solid with 98.57% of initial liquid
METHANE FIRM PT = 24 Hours
3152.64 m3 of Methane
Anaerobic Reactor
Biomass 3.27 tons with 0.0295% of entering liquid
788.2 m3 of carbon dioxide
98.5409 % of initial liquid with 14.84 tons of solid PT = 2 Hours
FISH FOOD FIRM
Aerobic Reactor Biomass 6.87 tons PT = 24 Hours
Accumulation container PT = 1 Hour
Extrusion
98.5409 % of initial liquid with 2.56 tons of solid PT = 12 Hours
Sludge 2 with 1.66 tons of solid and 0.000023% of entering liquid
Sedimentation tank 2
98.53 % of initial liquid with 0.89 tons of solid ready for irrigation
8.96018 m3 of liquid residue 17.68 tons of fish food with 0.405 m3 of liquid
WATER FIRM PT = 16 Hours
Coagulation Tank
PT = 4 Hours
Sand Filtration
PT = 4 Hours
UV Treatment Sludge 3 with 0.868 tons of solid and 1% of entering liquid
97.54 % of initial liquid with 0.022 tons of solid ready for industrial purposes
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Causal Diagram of Dynamic Modeling Nejayote
% of broiler food sold
% decided to + process broiler food
+
Corn
Nixtamalization
+ Sales of broiler food
+ Broiler Food
+ Centrifugation
% decided to methane
Methane
Water
Sales of methane
+
+ Sales of water
+
+
Sedimentation tank 1
% of Water sold B
+
+ +
CO2
% of methane sold
Anaerobic reactor +
Aerobic reactor
Water Recovery
+ +
+ Biomass anaerobic
Sludge 1
+ Sedimentation tank 2
Clean water + Biomass aerobic
+
+ +
+ + Accumulation + tank
Sludge 2
UV treatmen +
R
+ +
Non valued biomass
retrearment fish liquid
+
Liquid need treatment
Extrusion
+ Irrigation water
+ Fish food
+
% of fish food sold
Sales of fish food Sand filtration + + Coagulation tank
Derechos reservados: Manuel Vázquez
Corporate of decomposer firms • The network of decomposer firms form a corporate because there might be firms with positive and negative economic impact • There are decisions that are taken at the corporate level depending on the objectives for the network • There are decisions that are taken at the level of each firm in order to improve the performance Derechos reservados: Manuel Vázquez
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Entering the system M3 of water nejayote
Tons of solid nejayote
Methane Firm
Broiler Food Firm Environmental Economic Impact Impact
Food Produced
Social Impact
Waste water leaving PR
Environmental Economic Impact Impact
% of initial Nejayote
Food Produced
Delivery Distance
Water Produced
Waste water leaving PR
Fish Food Firm
Water Firm Environmental Economic Impact Impact
Social Impact
Environmental Economic Impact Impact
Social Impact
Food Produced
Delivery Distance
Social Impact
Waste water leaving PR
Corporate Consolidation Environmental Impact
Economic Impact
Social Impact
Broiler Food Firm
Derechos reservados: Manuel Vรกzquez
Methane Food Firm
% of financial loan % of financial loan Years to pay loan Interest rate
Years to pay loan
% Food Sold
% Methane sold
Food Price
Interest rate Methane Price
Fish Food Firm Water Firm % of financial loan
% of financial loan Years to pay loan
Interest rate Years to pay loan
% Water Sold
Interest rate
Water Price % Food Sold
Food Price
Derechos reservados: Manuel Vรกzquez
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Values given for variables Entering solid nejayote
60 Annual interest rate of methane
Entering liquid nejayote
1800 Years to pay for loan for methane
Percentage of broiler division Percentage of broiler food sold Price of broiler food Gallon price of gasoline Distance for broiler delivery in one day Broiler Loan percentage Annual interest rate of broiler
1 Percentage of fish food sold 1 Price of fish food
0.12 5 1 350
500 Loan percentage of fish food
0.5
3.785 Annual interest rate of fish food
0.12
40 Years to pay for loan for fish food 0.5 Percentage of water sold 0.12 Price of Water m3
5 1 1.05
Years to pay for broiler loan
5 Distance for water delivery for 30 m3
50
Percentage of methane sold
1 Loan percentage of water
0.5
Price of methane
190 Annual interest rate of water
0.12
Loan percentage of methane
0.5 Years to pay for loan for water
5
Derechos reservados: Manuel Vรกzquez
Derechos reservados: Manuel Vรกzquez
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First run impacts Broiler economic impact Solid Resilent from broiler Broiler job generation
Water economic impact
-1,584.73 7.2 2.88
-378.64
Methane economic impact Solid Resilent from methane Methane job generation
Fish economic impact
359,248.10 37.96 158
-98,481.26
Solid with no value from water
0.87
Solid Resilent from fish
8.55
Water job generation
3.54
Fish job generation
158
Corporate economic impact Corporate resilience Corporate social impact
259,182.11 53.7 322.42
Derechos reservados: Manuel Vázquez
Conclusions • It takes 67 hours to achieve the zero waste • The most important decision is to determine every week the amount of nejayote that wants to be bought by the corporate decomposer having in mind the 80 miles rule • The most sensible decisions are at the corporate level. • The corporate consolidation economic impact must be positive in order for the decomposer firms to stay in operation. Derechos reservados: Manuel Vázquez
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References • •
• •
•
Almeida-Dominguez, H.D., Suhendro, E.L. & Rooney, L.W. (1997). Corn alkaline cooking properties related to grain characteristics and viscosity. Journal of Food Science, 62 (3), 516–523 Asaff, A. (2010). Transformando riesgos en oportunidades: del nejayote a la vainillina. Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para el Desarrollo de México, 60. Retrieved from: http://pcti.mx/articulos/item/transformando-riesgosen-oportunidades-del-nejayote-a-la-vainillina CONEVAL (2010). Contenido y valor de las líneas de bienestar: base de datos en línea. Salmeron-Alcocer A, Rodriguez-Mendoza N, Pineda-Santiago S,CristianiUrbina E, Juarez-Ramirez C, Ruiz-Ordaz N, Galindez-Mayer J (2003) Aerobic treatment of maize processing wastewater(nejayote) in a single stream multi stage reactor. J Environ Eng Sci2(5):401–406 Velasco-Martinez, M., Angulo, O., Vazquez-Couturier, D.L., Arroyo-Lara, A. & Monroy-Rivera, J.A. (1997). “Effect of dried solids of nejayote on broiler growth”, Poultry Science, 76, 1531-1534
Derechos reservados: Manuel Vázquez
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