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Preserving the Soul of Kensington

abstract

Gentrification denotes the restructuring of urban spaces and neighborhoods to conform to middle or upper-class standards of economic prosperity. Despite its association with displacement, gentrification continues to be viewed as an effective model for stimulating economic development and expansion. In order for gentrification strategies to maintain political acceptability, policy discussions often conceal the exclusionary outcomes of neighborhood reinvestment. These discussions imply that improvements within neighborhoods are evenly distributed, thereby dampening critical perceptions of gentrification.

“How can gentrification be effectively limited in the Kensington neighborhood of Toronto, considering its unique socio-economic and cultural landscape”?

This paper contributes to contemporary research exploring the correlation between discourse and gentrification. It examines the degree to which public discussions surrounding neighborhood transformation comprehensively address issues of inequality, affordability, gentrification, and displacement, particularly in terms of acknowledging displacement as a consequence of neighborhood change using the Kensington neighborhood in Toronto as a case study. This paper aims to examine, “How can gentrification be effectively limited in the Kensington neighborhood of Toronto, considering its unique socio-economic and cultural landscape”?

introduction

Gentrification has become a contentious issue globally. Gentrification as a term was first coined by Ruth Glass in the 1960’s. As an urban geographer, she had used this term to describe the process of upperclass households purchasing properties in deprived areas such as East End London (Atkinson, 2004).

This phenomenon, where affluent residents and investment move into previously neglected neighbourhoods, has sparked intense debates among experts, policymakers, and community advocates. While some see gentrification as a muchneeded boost for urban renewal and economic growth, others decry it as a force that displaces long-time residents, deepens inequality, and erases cultural identities.

Those in favor argue that gentrification brings positive changes, breathing new life into rundown areas and fostering economic development. They point to the physical revitalization of infrastructure, the arrival of new businesses and cultural amenities, and the overall improvement in residents’

quality of life. Additionally, gentrification is often viewed as a way to attract investment and generate revenue for cities through increased property values and tax dollars.

However, critics argue that gentrification exacerbates social inequalities and marginalizes vulnerable communities.

As wealthier newcomers move in, housing prices skyrocket, making it increasingly unaffordable for long-time residents, particularly those with low incomes and people of color, to stay in their homes. This displacement not only disrupts social networks and community bonds but also erodes the cultural fabric that makes neighbourhoods unique. Moreover, the process of gentrification raises broader questions of social justice and equitable development. Critics contend that gentrification perpetuates systems of privilege and exclusion, favoring the interests of wealthy investors and newcomers over the needs and rights of existing residents. This exacerbates housing insecurity and perpetuates cycles

of poverty and segregation, particularly in communities already marginalized by systemic inequalities. In light of these complexities, addressing gentrification requires a balanced approach that weighs the economic benefits against the social costs. Strategies aimed at mitigating displacement,

preserving affordable housing, and fostering community empowerment are essential for promoting more equitable forms of urban development. By engaging in open dialogue and collaboration among all stakeholders, cities can work towards achieving sustainable and inclusive growth that benefits all residents.

https://www.appetitesabroad.com/kensington-market-toronto/

Pedestrian Sundays at Kensington

case study: kensington

Kensington Market is a quintessential component of Canadian history situated within downtown Toronto, Ontario. Located to the west of Spadina Avenue, Kensington Market occupies a pivotal position within the residential, institutional, and commercial district of downtown Toronto. This paper explores the unique characteristics of Kensington Market, which shares commonalities with other urban ethnocultural neighborhoods. The area is renowned for its vibrant array of shops offering spices, clothing, and various goods, set amidst a backdrop of residential and commercial properties. Notably, the neighborhood is characterized by the presence of quaint rows of cottages nestled behind and beside storefronts, occupying narrow lots along the back alleyways. The architectural landscape of Kensington’s buildings, dating predominantly from the late 19th to mid-20th centuries, reflects the eclectic tastes of its owners. Extensive modifications to facades, including remodeling and redesigning, have imbued Kensington Market with a distinctive aesthetic that reflects the evolving preferences of its inhabitants (Zhang, 2022).

In Kensington Market, gentrification is a grave

issue, provoking widespread concern due to its impact on the area’s cultural integrity. The unique character of Kensington Market, characterized by its dense immigrant population and celebration of multiculturalism, is at risk as developers and investors pursue economic opportunities, often leading to the displacement of longstanding residents and the erasure of cultural landmarks.

The encroaching forces of rising rents, displacement of long-time residents, and the influx of higher-income residents and businesses threaten to erode the very essence of this unique urban enclave.

This paper will examine the phenomenon of residential gentrification in Kensington Market, exploring its implications for local residents and analyzing community responses to this economic shift. The prevailing sentiment within the neighborhood suggests widespread opposition to gentrification, as many residents perceive it as detrimental to the fabric of their community.

Historically, Kensington Market was renowned for its vintage buildings, particularly its Victorian-era shops adorned with vibrant murals and eclectic artwork, epitomizing the area’s multicultural

Kensington market in 1970’s

essence. However, the influx of developers seeking to modernize the neighborhood has threatened its unique architectural heritage, eroding the distinctiveness of its Victorian and ‘hippie’ design fusion.

Addressing the challenges posed by gentrification in Kensington Market requires a multifaceted approach that balances economic development with the preservation of cultural identity and social cohesion. By engaging local stakeholders in decision-making processes and implementing measures to protect affordable housing and cultural landmarks, policymakers can mitigate the adverse effects of gentrification while fostering

inclusive and sustainable development within the neighborhood.

Envisioning the future appearance of cities, including neighborhoods like Kensington, is challenging, especially considering the rapid pace of change. Some individuals, adopting a pessimistic view, humorously speculate that the landscape will be dominated solely by dispensary chains and condominiums.

However, there are also those actively advocating for the preservation of the distinct cultural identity of neighborhoods amidst the pressures of gentrification and soaring property prices.

Scan to know if Toronto’s Kensington market be a solution to Gentrification

Kensington market vintage stores

history

The history of the Kensington neighborhood in Toronto is a rich tapestry woven with diverse cultural influences and dynamic transformations. Originally inhabited by Indigenous peoples, the area that would become Kensington Market saw significant changes with the arrival of European settlers in the 19th century. Initially developed as a residential suburb on the outskirts of the city, Kensington began to evolve into a vibrant commercial hub as immigrants, primarily of Jewish and Eastern European descent, settled in the area.

Throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Kensington Market flourished as a bustling marketplace, with merchants

selling fresh produce, meats, and goods from storefronts and street vendors lining its narrow streets. The neighborhood became a melting pot of cultures, with immigrant communities from various backgrounds contributing to its vibrant atmosphere and diverse culinary scene.

During the mid-20th century, Kensington experienced a period of decline as urban sprawl and changing demographics led to the relocation of many residents and businesses to the suburbs. However, in the 1960s and 1970s, Kensington underwent a revival as countercultural movements and waves of new immigrants revitalized the neighborhood (The Canadian Encyclopedia, 2014).

Kensington market in 1950’s

Today, Kensington Market remains a vibrant and eclectic enclave within downtown Toronto, renowned for its diverse array of shops, restaurants, and cultural attractions. While the neighborhood has undergone significant gentrification in recent years, with rising property values and the influx of upscale boutiques and cafes, efforts have been made to preserve its unique character and heritage.

Despite these changes, Kensington Market retains its reputation as a vibrant cultural hub, where residents and visitors alike can experience the rich tapestry of Toronto’s multicultural identity. From its humble beginnings as a suburban marketplace to its present-day status as a thriving urban neighborhood, the history of Kensington is a testament to the resilience and dynamism of Toronto’s diverse communities.

“PS Kensington” Market : Monthly community street festival Marketplace developed as Victorian homes were transformed into shops

culture

Despite ongoing gentrification pressures, Kensington Market remains a bastion of affordability and inclusivity, offering a welcoming environment for individuals from all walks of life. Kensington market encapsulates a rich and lively blend of historical elements alongside contemporary realities throughout every street and junction within the neighborhood. This suggests that the neighborhood is steeped in history, yet remains vibrant and relevant in the present day, creating a unique and dynamic

atmosphere that permeates every corner of the area (Kensington Market: Hidden Histories, 2018).

As per the Kensington Market Historical Society, early to mid-twentieth century emigrant European Jews are credited as the initial architects of the present-day market. They established a diverse neighborhood comprising both residential and commercial spaces, introducing a variety of businesses including butcher shops, produce vendors, and thrift stores. While

remnants of these original establishments persist today, the Jewish cultural influence has waned over time, giving way to a predominant presence of Latin American and Jamaican influences (Phillips, 2024).

Additionally, an array of new shops, bars, and galleries have emerged, further enriching Kensington’s ever-evolving ambiance.

“In 2006, it was designated as a National Historic Site based on its inspired past of welcoming newcomers to Canada who lived and worked there by preparing food

and selling clothes in downtown Toronto” (Rozdeba, 2022). The neighborhood boasts a multitude of cultural landmarks, including synagogues, churches, and mosques, each contributing to its rich tapestry of faiths and beliefs. From Latin American and Caribbean influences to Jewish and Eastern European traditions, Kensington Market is a mosaic of cultures, fostering an atmosphere of inclusivity and celebration.

Kensington market street shops

challenges

Kensington serves as a model for the development of livable neighborhoods across urban landscapes. It boasts pedestrian-friendly thoroughfares, a plethora of locally owned small businesses and food retailers, accessible housing options, and a dynamic cultural milieu. However, in recent years, Kensington Market has experienced a gradual erosion of its distinctive charm. The escalating rental rates have precipitated the closure of numerous cherished local establishments, only to be supplanted by upscale bars, eateries and cannabis dispensaries capable of bearing the burgeoning expenses. Moreover, attempts by corporate giants such as Walmart and Starbucks to infiltrate the neighborhood have been observed,

with Loblaws successfully establishing a presence in 2016 (Molls, n.d).

Despite its vibrant atmosphere and cultural richness, Kensington Market faces several challenges, including gentrification, affordability, and urban development pressures. Rising property prices and rents threaten the viability of small businesses and affordable housing options while increasing commercialization risks eroding the neighborhood’s unique character and identity (Ley, 1996). However, these challenges also present opportunities for community-led initiatives, advocacy efforts, and collaborative partnerships aimed at preserving Kensington Market’s socio-economic and cultural landscape for future generations (Zukin, 2010).

strategies adopted to limit gentrification

The vibrant and diverse neighborhood of Kensington, faces the dual challenge of rapid gentrification and preserving its unique cultural identity. As property values rise and affluent residents move in, longtime residents and small businesses are being displaced, leading to concerns about the neighborhood’s socio-economic fabric and character. In further section, we explore strategies to mitigate gentrification in Kensington while maintaining its socioeconomic diversity and cultural vibrancy.

Community Land Trusts :

One effective strategy to limit gentrification is the establishment of community land trusts (CLTs). A community land trust is a model where the trust owns the land and buildings, while individuals or organizations can purchase or rent the housing units on that land at affordable rates. This separates

the cost of the housing from the cost of the land, which helps keep the housing more affordable over the long term. CLTs are nonprofit organizations that acquire and hold land in trust for the benefit of the community. By owning land collectively, CLTs can ensure long-term affordability and prevent speculation-driven price increases.

The focus on collective land ownership in perpetuity is a notable aspect that distinguishesCLTsasapromisinginstrument for challenging the traditional housing market. Their commitment to preserving land holds particular significance in areas where non-local investors acquiring property may disregard the importance of maintaining affordability. By taking these buildings out of the speculative real estate market, the KMCLT is able to provide longterm security and stability for the existing tenants, both residential and commercial

(D’Cunha, 2023). Furthermore, the direct involvement of CLT residents in decisionmaking offers a valuable opportunity for individuals with lower incomes to actively manage housing quality and security, ensuring not only the well-being of their families but also that of future generations of CLT residents (Zonta, 2016).

In Kensington, establishing a CLT could provide affordable housing options and protect small businesses from displacement. The Kensington Market Community Land Trust (KMCLT) is addressing gentrification in Kensington Market by introducing Kensington Community Bonds, a venture aimed at generating up to $2 million through community bonds to acquire a second property within the neighbourhood. The primary objective of this financial endeavor is to uphold affordability in housing and curb the displacement of longstanding

businesses by removing additional properties from the profit-driven real estate market.

In a press statement, the KMCLT urged supporters to participate in the community bond offering to maintain Kensington Market’s community ownership. They emphasized that with investments starting as low as $500 and offering interest rates of up to 4.5%, Kensington Market community bonds are tailored to attract a diverse array of investors, including local residents, businesses, organizations, and foundations throughout Canada. In 2021, the KMCLT acquired 54-56 Kensington Avenue also known as ‘Mona Lisa building’ following a grassroots resistance led by residents against the previous landlord’s unlawful eviction procedures. The organization secured approximately $3 million from the city, in the form of a 99-year loan, with the condition that the land trust maintains

affordability on the premises; otherwise, immediate repayment is required.

The newly acquired three-storey building comprises 12 residential units and five commercial spaces. This acquisition marked the inaugural purchase for the land trust, established in 2017, and they have since honored their commitment to maintaining affordable rents and offering long-term lease stability. The current residential rental rates at their property significantly undercut 80% of the average market rent (Lorde, 2024).

The Community Land Trusts actively engage with tenants and the broader community to understand their needs and concerns. This collaborative approach allows the trust to adapt its strategies and services to better support the community, whether through offering financial assistance to struggling tenants or organizing workshops on tenant rights and affordable housing.

Kensington Market Community Land Trust

Kensington Avenue

affordable housing policies

Kensington is taking proactive steps to address the pressing issue of affordable housing. As gentrification and rising property values threaten the socioeconomic diversity of the neighborhood, community leaders and local organizations are implementing innovative policies and initiatives to ensure that housing remains accessible to residents of all income levels. Implementing affordable housing policies is essential to maintaining socio-economic diversity in Kensington. This can include inclusionary zoning, which mandates a percentage of new developments to be affordable housing units. Additionally, rent control measures and tenant protection laws can help stabilize rents and prevent unjust evictions. The development of affordable housing units is a critical aspect of Kensington’s affordable housing policies. By investing in the construction of affordable housing, Kensington increases

the supply of housing options available to low and moderate-income residents.

This not only addresses the affordability crisis but also provides opportunities for residents to remain in the neighborhood despite gentrification pressures. Affordable housing developments in Kensington are designed to meet the needs of the community, offering a mix of unit sizes and amenities to accommodate diverse households.

“It’s been a regular trend of landlords and developers buying up these properties that have traditionally been affordable housing and turning them into ghost hotels…apartments that are rented out on Airbnb,” said Kevin Barrett, co-chair of the land trust (Pasieka, 2023).

In Kensington, an initial grant from the Centre facilitated the inaugural acquisition and conservation of affordable housing through the Kensington Market Community

Land Trust. The organization commenced its efforts by procuring and safeguarding a 13-unit affordable rental housing complex that might have otherwise been converted into short-term rentals (Centre, 2023). By prioritizing affordability, Kensington can remain accessible to residents of all income

levels. Development is possible while preserving the fabric of the neighborhood without displacing its residents. However, it necessitates prioritizing the protection of existing tenants, small businesses, and their lease agreements.

The Kensington Market Community Land Trust has made a $4-million dollar offer to safeguard six affordable residential units and two stores at these two properties, 27 and 29 Kensington Ave

community bonds and fundraising commercial rent stabilization

To finance the purchase of the two properties, the KMCLT is launching a community bond campaign to raise up to $2 million from community members and supporters. This allows residents and other stakeholders to directly invest in preserving the affordability and character of Kensington Market (Kensington Community Bond — Kensington Market Community Land Trust, n.d.).

One of the primary ways KMCLT has worked to achieve this goal is by raising funds to acquire properties within the neighborhood and holding them in a community land trust model. This capital is used to purchase properties in the neighborhood. When KMCLT acquires a

property, it can implement measures to ensure the housing units remain affordable for low- and moderate-income residents. This may include setting maximum resale prices, income limits for new buyers or renters, and long-term renewable leases.

The KMCLT is governed by a board that includes community members, giving local residents a direct voice in the decision-making process for the acquired properties and ensuring they align with the neighborhood’s needs and values. Through strategic fundraising initiatives, the KMCLT has successfully acquired properties within Kensington Market, safeguarding them from skyrocketing real estate prices and the subsequent threat of gentrification.

Small businesses are the lifeblood of Kensington’s cultural vitality. To protect them from rising rents and displacement, the city could implement commercial rent stabilization measures.

This could include establishing commercial rent control or providing subsidies to offset rent increases for locally-owned businesses. By ensuring stable rents, Kensington can preserve its eclectic mix of shops and eateries.

Commercial rent control policies try to strike a balance between protecting tenants from exploitation and providing landlords with reasonable incentives to maintain and invest in their properties (Tolj, 2023).

Development, Community, and Citizen Activism in Toronto’s Kensington Market: 1960s and 2013

community engagement and empowerment preservation of cultural heritage

Empowering local residents and businesses to participate in decisionmaking processes is crucial for combating gentrification. Community-led initiatives, such as neighborhood associations can advocate for policies that prioritize affordability and cultural preservation. Engaging residents in urban planning

processes ensures that development projects align with community values and priorities. Moreover, fostering transparency and accountability in decision-making processes builds trust between residents, businesses, and governing bodies, laying the foundation for long-term cooperation and equitable development.

Kensington Market’s unique socioeconomic and cultural landscape has been a key factor in enabling this community-driven anti-gentrification strategy. The neighborhood’s long history of activism and resident-led initiatives has fostered a strong sense of collective ownership and resistance to displacement.

Preserving Kensington’s cultural heritage is essential for maintaining its unique character amidst gentrification pressures. Historical preservation initiatives, public art installations, and cultural festivals can celebrate the neighborhood’s diverse history and traditions.

conclusion

bibliography

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University of Illinois, Chicago (UIC)

Spring 2024

UPP 544 : Urban Revitailization

Professor : John J. Betancur

Team Members : Bhumika Dahiya

Neha Pol