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Name of the Student: Neha Sunil Pol Roll No: 1731
Date:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This Thesis has been a result of several inputs, critical insights and unquestioned support from all around . I would like to take this oppourtunity to extend my gratitude to everyone who helped me along this journey.
First and foremost I would like to thank my mentor , Prof. Ar Tanvee Joshi for guiding me and assisting me with her immense efforts and encouraging me to pursue my research topic. Without the assistance and support of Prof. Ar Mitali Hindlekar, this research topic would not have been possible. I would also like to express my gratitude to the Experts and professionals with whom I had an oppourtunity to communicate. Without the first hand insights provided by Mr Issac Kehimkar , Indian Naturalist and Author of ‘Introduction to Coastal and marine biodiversity of Maharashtra’, Mr Naturam Kokare , Range Forest Officer and Senior authority at Coastal and marine biodiversity center, Airoli , Mr Devendra Bawdane , one of the architect’s appointed for upcoming ‘Giants of sea museum’ at airoli , it would have been impossible to complete the research.
My most heartfelt gratitute towards my parents , Sunil Pol and Jayashri Pol , as well as my Brother Mayuresh Pol for suppourting & believing in me throughtout the Architectural Journey. I’d also like to thank Vinit Chavan for always encouraging me and never letting me give up , Mrunmayee pawar , for her unending support and for being a source of motivation to me . Viraj Deshmukh and Shrinivas Tele for having patience and showing up whenever I needed help , Yash more, who helped me out in every way possible and for making my site visits fun.
Lastly, I would like to thank my fellow batchmates, my friends and seniors who have directly or indirectly helped me in the completion of this research.
A
PARITRANAM
Coastal and marine biodiversity awareness center
‘‘ The greatest danger to our planet is the belief that someone else will save it.’’ - Robert Swan
India has a long coastline of 7500 km which includes a wide range of ecosystems from shores to the deep sea, Seas cover majority of our planet’s surface, very few know about the marine biodiversity than the ecosystem on land. Biodiversity plays an important role in maintaining the ecological balance, helps in the survival of humankind and other species present in the ecosystem. The biodiversity of marine ecosystem is under threat around the world due to impacts of human activities on them. The main risks to coastal biodiversity are instability in development, environmental changes, habitat degradation, and over-exploitation of nature and natural resources. The importance of marine biodiversity to the survival of the human populations cannot be underestimated.
Environmental issues have been rising in Mumbai.From the year 2014, rare sights were seen of endangered marine mammals stranded at shores of the sea. Every year marine mammals such as Whales, dolphins, Porpoises are found dead in different parts of the shores. With growing population, the city has started facing increase of pollution and negligence towards the environment protection.Effects of floods are worsened due to the depleting mangrove belt along the coast, as mangroves helps to sustain the ecosystem and acts as flood barriers. From the decades now decrease in mangrove forests have been observed in Mumbai. Migratory birds such as Flamingos are flying to Mumbai since 1980’s are also threatened due to the Increasing development in the city and the lack of knowledge. As a concern towards negligence of the coastal and marine protection was the main Inspiration of this Thesis project Paritranam.
Coastal and marine biodiversity awareness center is a place of learning, which provides knowledge and creates awareness about the Rising issues of the coastal are marine biodiversity. A space that allows to develop Public interaction between the masses and the Marine life of Mumbai.
Mumbai has only one coastal and marine biodiversity interpretation center, which is limited to the small scale marine species and mangroves, which lacks in preserving the carcasses of the mammals. Thesis Site is the same as the Site of Existing center, which will provide new Design interventions with the extension of existing activities.
The thesis aims at creating at architectural intervention which is for public to interact with the marine life of the city of Mumbai and to spread the awareness of coastal and marine biodiversity. Center provides a space to exhibit 3 major zones of Migratory birds, Study of mangrove and exhibition of carcasses of endangered mammals under one roof.
Keywords from the abstract – Biodiversity, Marine species, Stranding, Awareness, Rising Issues, Marine ecosystem, preservation.
Abstract
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1Research Question
1.2 Aim
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Scope & Limitations
1.5 Methodology
1.6 Rationale
INTRODUCTION
“No water, no life. No blue, no green.”
~ Sylvia Earle
India has a long coastline of more than 7500 km, it is also one of the 17 Mega diverse countries which represent 4 hotspots among the 32 biodiversity hotspots in the world, having abundance of waterbodies, in the form of lakes, reservoirs, seas, oceans and rivers. India is rich in marine life and has countless marine species. Marine life is one of the most important resource of the country as it provides protein food and livelihood to the people, their use is of major importance to the local communities and indigenous people. Human kind majorly depends on marine and coastal ecosystem for survival.
According to the Indo-German biodiversity programme, Maharashtra has a diverse plant and animal life, depending on the geography and climate, both plant and animal life vary accordingly.
Major aspects of ecosystem which includes mangroves, coral reefs, seaweeds etc. are commercially exploited. Habitats such as beaches, salt marshes and mudflats play and important role in the life cycle of fishes, turtles and migratory birds.
Mumbai formed by seven islands is the capital city of the state of Maharashtra and the financial capital of India. It has population of about 12.5 million, making it seventh most populous city in the world. With the increasing population, Marine life in Mumbai is threatened due to waste pollution, oil spills and development, due to which city since 2014 started witnessing rear sights of dead endangered species at the shores of the sea. Mangroves acts as a flood barrier, Effects of the flood worsened because of the depleting mangrove belt along the coast of Mumbai.
1.1 Research Question:
How an architectural intervention can support towards the preservation of the coastal and marine biodiversity, carcasses of giant mammals and other marine species, which can create awareness amongst the masses about the coastal and marine life?
How coastal and marine biodiversity can be preserved with the help of architectural intervention ?
1.2 Aim:
The dissertation aims at creating an architectural intervention, to spread awareness among the masses about the birds and other marine life, which promotes public interaction with the Coastal and marine life of the city of Mumbai. A space that allows people to see various carcasses of giant mammals found on the sea-shores in Mumbai.
1.3 Objectives:
• To study and understand the importance of the coastal and marine biodiversty.
• To study marine and endangered species found in Mumbai.
• To study and understand the significance of preserving the endangered species.
• To provide vast research possibilities for researchers and research institutes.
• To study and understand the causes of coastal and marine biodiversity loss.
• To analyze the existing research centers in India.
• To study and understand the need of a marine and coastal biodiversity research center in Mumbai.
1.4 Scope & Limitations:
Scope:
• To study the research possibilities for researchers and research institutes.
• To create a platform which will exhibit three main types of biodiversity and will create awareness under one roof.
• Preserving the marine life of Mumbai by improving and promoting the site as interactive space.
Limitations:
• The design is majorly limited to endangered marine species, migratory birds and mangroves found in western coast of Mumbai
• For veterinarian’s services, no giant mammals could be brought alive in case of any accidents.
Figure 03 : Research Clipart
Figure 04 : Education Clipart
Figure 05 : Photography Clipart
1.5 Methodology:
The research contributing to the study of the dissertation of awareness center has been carried out by understanding the existing Coastal and Biodiversity centers. The process also involves Referring to books, taking interviews, and the Internet for a deeper understanding followed by Live and online case studies. Site study and analysis were important aspects in order to study the existing use of land.
A Few parameters of primary and secondary research are broadened in the following chapters. The first chapter starts with the introduction, background study, and the literature review, of the topic. Followed by understanding the coastal and marine biodiversity and its significance, Causes, critical issues and the current scenario of marine Biodiversity. The Second chapter is the data collection, in which Expert Interviews and survey forms were circulated to different age groups in order to understand the perspective of the masses towards coastal and marine biodiversity, three of descriptive interview surveys are added to this chapter. Which helped me gather future inferences. National, International and live Case studies were done for understanding the functionality of the awareness centers. The design program is thus a result of the research carried out in an extensive manner.
1.6 Rationale:
Mumbai is a city where water is both a source of life for humans and a habitat for a variety of marine animals. With the increasing pollution in Mumbai, Marine life is threatened due to the human contribution to the water pollution, oil spills from the factories, ships etc. As Marine is an important resource which provides food and livelihood to the man-kind. Consequences of this pollution faced by the Marine species which will eventually affect the humans too.
Every year Giant marine mammals are found dead or injured on the different beaches, death caused due to the respiratory issues or injury caused by hitting the ships. Mumbai doesn’t have a standard operating procedure for the rescue or response of washed-up Giant mammals. Due lack of resource, non-availability of funds and a Comprehensive plan. Rescue teams are arranged to handle such incidents by decomposing the animals and by collecting the carcasses.
Mumbai generates 365 million tons of sewage annually. Phenomenon of climate change connected with the human activities, Oil spills, natural disasters are threating the ocean creatures and very few are aware or understand the significance of preserving.
There was 40% loss of wetlands and mangroves between 1900s and 2005. Effects of flood worsened because of the decreasing mangrove belt along the coast of the Mumbai city. Mumbai’s increasing urban growth makes it challenging when it comes to preserving the sensitive eco-zones.
In Mumbai there is only one coastal and marine biodiversity center at Airoli and it’s the country’s third marine interpretation center. The other marine interpretation centers in India are Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park at Port Blair in Andaman and Gulf of Mannar Marine Interpretation Centre near Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu.
Lack of facility for appropriate scientific research and for citizens to experience and understand the importance of saving the Coastal and marine biodiversity. There are no large scale research centers yet developed in India for marine mammals and for Migratory birds.
Mumbai doesn’t have a standard operating procedure for the rescue or response of washed-up Giant mammals Due lack of resource, non-availability of funds and a Comprehensive plan. Upcoming Marine mammal museum project on the site of existing coastal and marine biodiversity center at Airoli. Thesis paritranam will help to contribute to a better environment and make people aware of the consequences of loss of biodiversity.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Selection Parameters
2.3 Literature review
2.4 Inference and Conclusion
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction:
The Literature review is carried out by studying various Research papers, newspapers, Online information, articles, webinars, and books. This research offered a wide view of the subjects to be discussed and what can be applied to the current situations, as the research for the dissertation needed various aspects, the literature review has been followed considering different parameters based on the research question.
2.2 Selection Parameters
Selection Parameters for Literature Review:
Conservation of coastal and marine biodiversity
Understanding Coastal and Marine biodiversity of India and issues affecting it.
Species study
Selection Parameters for Literature Review
Marine Life of India: Current and future possibilities.
Article: ‘Coastal and marine biodiversity of India’
By: Indian journal of marine science Vol.34(1)
Author: Krishnamoorthy Venkataranam
Date: March 2005
Purpose:
• To understand the coastal and marine biodiversity of Indian seas and their various ecosystems.
• To study about the various types of marine species found in India.
• Understanding the threats and Human impacts to the coastal and marine biodiversity.
Analysis:
This paper summarizes of coastal and marine biodiversity of Indian seas and their various ecosystem present in India. Major loss of coastal species is due to the environmental change, over exploitation and importantly the quality of water is altering the species diversity. 40 Marine mammals from Indian ocean have been reported across the world, however majority of these are seen stranded on the sea shores. Marine resources being the important source of food for the country has been exploited, Major threat to the coastal and marine biodiversity is due to increasing pollution, Natural threats such as cyclones, waves etc. and Human impacts. Whatever that is on land today will end up in the ocean tomorrow.
Inference:
India being one among 12 mega biodiversity countries, it is impossible to record and cover all the flora fauna of the country.
Natural threats such as cyclones and storms which causes high winds kills the flora and fauna by lowering salinity.
Human activities are causing more than the natural disturbances, waste from the sewage, Oil pollution, Waste from Industries and ports is lowering the water quality and causing threat to the biodiversity.
Fishing activity with latest technologies, materials of fishing net and random capture is destroying the immature fishes and other non-targeted marine species.
• To study the current scenario of the marine life in life.
• Understanding the causes and increasing threats to the marine species.
• To study the future prospects and major challenges of coastal and marine biodiversity of India.
Analysis:
Major causes of habitat depletion is because , the sea is used as an ultimate dumping ground. For survival of humanity, conservation of fish is important as it plays vital role of resource. There are causes of fish depletion such as overfishing, habitat alteration, oil pollution, public sewage, and climate change. Marine Conservation focuses on issues to save marine from economic disasters. Educational program should be held in order to conserve the marine resource.
Inference:
The marine fish fauna of India is facing various threats such as overfishing, habitat degradation, sea pollution, climate change etc. In India Preservation of the ecosystem is the way towards sustainability of wealth.
Source: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60228
Book: ‘Marine Ecology in a changing world’
Chapter : ‘Coastal and marine biodiversity: Challenges and threats’
Author: Jernimo Pan, Maria Alejandra Marcoval
Date: 2013
Purpose:
• To study the various types of Biodiversity.
• To understand various threats to the Coastal and marine ecosystem; Such as Global change, Effects of rising temperature, Increasing atmospheric CO2 Levels, Habitat loss etc.
• To study the forces of global change on Coastal environments Literature
Analysis :
Human advantages such as food availability, clean water supplies, recreational places, and activities associated with human health are all supported by biodiversity.
Biodiversity also plays a critical role in ecological processes such as nutrient cycling and secondary production.
Marine biodiversity is under increasing pressure as evidenced by slowing growth in fish populations and habitat loss as a result of overexploitation of fish protein at the top of the food chain; poorly managed aquaculture methods; and direct habitat destruction as a result of coastal development and pollution. Due to climate change, animals are being forced to relocate their ranges and natural communities are being disrupted.
Manual: ‘Dealing with Marine Mammals Stranding in India’
Author:
Date: July, 2014
Purpose:
• Understanding what is a stranded animal.
• To study the reasons for stranding of marine mammals
• To study the methods which can be followed after the animal stranding
• To study why does mass stranding occur
• To study various methods of carcass disposal, Moving the carcass to different site and the burial process.
2.4 Inference and Conclusion
The Literature review is divided into Three sub topics, to understand various facets of coastal and marine biodiversity such as the threats, Human impact on the biodiversity and to study the need of Conservation. The specific articles, research papers and books referred highlights the importance, challenges and Future prospects of these factors which is interrelated to Coastal and Marine Biodiversity of India.
3 CORE RESEARCH
3.1 Understanding Coastal and marine biodiversity
3.2 Study of Ecosystem
3.3 About BBG
3.3.1 Significance of marine biodiversity
3.3.2 Critical issues
3.4 Need of Awareness center
3.1 Understanding Coastal and marine biodiversity
The Term ‘biodiversity’ refers to the variety of life of animals plants and microorganism found on Earth. Biodiversity supports everything in nature that we need to survive for example food, clean water, medicine, and shelter. It also Increases the stability of an ecosystem and contributes to the health of the biosphere. There are three Types of biodiversity:
TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity helps in maintain the ecological balance, High productivity and human health. Healthy biodiversity increases the strength of the soil to environmental challenges which helps in balancing of soil and further encouraging good agriculture. Humans Plants and other biodiversity are interdepended on each other, Plants produce oxygen through the process of photosynthesis which helps Human body breathe oxygen and give away carbon dioxide, which is observed by the trees. This is a form of cycle which shows how all the species are connected to each other. Biodiversity plays an important role in controlling pollution and improving air quality, As the Pollutants such as nitrogen oxide, Ozone etc. is absorbed by the trees and the vegetation. It also reduces risk factor of Natural disaster, by avoiding deforestation and controlling soil erosion.
Figure 07 : Diagram of biodiversity
Understanding Coastal and Marine Biodiversity
Biodiversity or biological diversity is called as ‘life on Earth’ and it includes Marine biodiversity ‘Life in the seas and oceans.’ Marine Biodiversity has a wide range of ecosystem from Coastal areas to deep sea. India is one of the 17 Mega diverse countries which represent 4 hotspots among the 32 biodiversity hotspots in the world. The richest source of biodiversity on earth are found in Tropical rainforests and ocean. Important reason for the enormous diversity in India is because of the geographical location of India which lies between Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. In India there are four major areas which has extensive marine biodiversity such as the Gulf of Munnar and the Gulf of Kutch, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep.
The oceans cover 70% of the planet’s floor area, and marine and coastal environments comprise various habitats that guide an abundance of marine life. Life in our seas produces a Third of the oxygen that we breathe, gives a treasured supply of protein and moderates worldwide climatic change. Some examples of marine and coastal habitats include mangrove forests; coral reefs; seagrass beds; estuaries in coastal areas and smooth sediments on the sea ground some kilometers underneath the floor.
Figure 08 : Diagram of marine ecosystem
Why Is It Important?
Last sources of food on the planet are Marine species and invertebrates, imparting over 2.6 billion humans with at the least 20% in their common in keeping with capita protein intake. Marine biodiversity plays an important role by maintaining the ecological balance, providing goods and services to the society including climate regulation, food and medication provision and employment for a large number of people. Our coasts provide living space and generate revenue both directly and indirectly, including millions of jobs in industries like fishing, aquaculture and tourism.
3.2 Study of Ecosystem
An ecosystem is defined as the interaction between the living beings and the non- living environment for producing an exchange of material. Ecosystems are self-contained, so that there is an exchange of nutrients within the system which is much greater than exchange with any other system. An Ecosystem is made up of two inseparable components,
Abiotic Factors or Non Living Components includes light, water, soil, temperature etc.
Biotic Factors or Living Components includes set of Living organisms such as plants, animals etc.
Abiotic and biotic components are interdependent, either directly or indirectly. For example, changes in ecosystem temperature affect plant growth, which is then consumed by animals. Ecosystems are always evolving. This is because of the situation that many human actions have a direct impact on the environment and ecology. Some of reasons are deforestation, transfer of native species, depletion of natural habitat etc. Migration of species to a specific area, climatic changes, numerous disasters, or fatal diseases that impact only one species are examples of these shift changes.
Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors
Biotic factors have to rely on abiotic factors for the survival
Figure 09 : Diagram of Ecosystem
Types of Ecosystem:
Climates, habitats, and life forms, all influence different types of ecosystems that exist. Ecosystems may often be separated into hundreds of thousands of smaller systems. All of these varieties, however, generally divide into one of two categories:
10 : Types of Ecosystem
What is Marine Ecosystem?
The interaction within the marine culture between the living that is plants and animals and nonliving things is known as marine ecosystem. There is presence of salt content and is known as largest type of ecosystem on the planet earth. The Earth is also known as blue planet, Because of the water bodies that exist on the planet’s Surface, with marine water bodies like seas and ocean accounting for nearly 90% of the surface.
Biodiversity is majorly supported by the marine ecosystem as compared to any other ecosystems. Ecosystem communities contribute for the stability to our world by providing nutrients and energy. Any kind of human disturbance, whether through diverting the water, disturbing the food chain by toxic pollution, or deforestation can upset the balance of nature.
Figure
What is BBG?
BBG is a term which focuses on major three components of Earth, the Land which refers to the Mangrove vegetation, Water which refers to the marine mammals and The sky referring to the migratory birds.
Increasing Urban growth is threating the Marine biodiversity by various human activities, All the three aspects are however interdependent on each other by contributing for a healthy environment.
• Blue focuses on the carcass of the marine mammals such as whale, porpoises, turtles. dolphins etc. Found on the city shores.
• Bird focuses on the migratory birds such as flamingo’s.
• Green focuses on the Various types of mangrove Vegetation.
Blue Marine species Bird Migratory Birds Green Vegetation
Figure 12 : BBG
Source - Author
WHY BBG?
All the three factors of Earth are interdependent on each other. Climate change due to human activity has a direct impact on the marine species. Migration of Certain species and Death of marine mammals in the ocean can increase the Ocean temperature caused by increasing absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide, due to which Extreme climatic factors deplete natural environment such as erosion and flooding, further disturbing the coastal ecosystem such as Mangroves and seagrass beds, which are vital breeding grounds, leading to the atmospheric disturbance and affect the bird diversity such as Flamingoes. This is a Life cycle which shows how all the species are connected to each other. The Lack of marine biodiversity is weakening the ocean ecosystem and its capacity to resist disturbances, to adapt to climate change and to play its role as a global ecological and climate regulator. Life in the ocean is an important component of climate regulation.
Figure 13 : Interdependency of Ecosystem
Blue - Marine species
Figure 15 : Whale stranding at Juhu
Figure 14 : Map showing types of Whales found stranding in India
Humans have long been intrigued by the marine animals of the Indian Ocean, and their stranding and sightings have always been greeted with awe. Their importance in the ecology has likewise received just a cursory examination. Their population, on the other hand, has suffered a number of threats, ranging from unintentional tangles in fishing gear to loss of balance and mortality as a consequence of underwater noise pollution. Marine animals are being impacted by climate change.
Increased industrialization and a fast expanding population in coastal regions place tremendous pressure on these ecosystems, to the point that their conditions have become critical in many parts of India, and long-term preservation has become a tough job. The consequences may be observed in the biomass of several key fish and shellfish. Whales, dolphins, porpoises, and sea turtles have all been damaged in similar ways.
Stranding of Marine mammals:
It was found that 25 species consisting of 5 baleen whales, 4 toothed whales, 14 dolphins and one each of finless porpoise and sea cow have been reported during the 216-year period from 1800 to 2016. From 2015 to 2020, Number of standing of mammals went from 12 to 34 every year.
During the period 1800 to 1889, the number of stranding records was just 21nos (0.2 per year or one stranding every 5 years), but it climbed to 243 (2.4 no’s per year) in the following century, and 115 (7.2 per year) stranding’s have been reported in the 16 years since 2000. This disturbingly high rate is cause for concern and must be avoided or minimized as soon as possible.
Figure 17 : Number of stranding and rate of stranding of marine mammals along Indian coast during 1800 to 2016
According to reports of Indo-German Biodiversity Programme . Though fisheries are one of India’s most important industries, the impact of these activities on marine mammals has been a major source of concern.
India was the first country to commercialize mechanical fishing in the mid-1960s. Since then, the fishing industry has expanded dramatically. The increasing number and efficiency of mechanical boats has increased the likelihood of a clash between fishing equipment and marine mammals. In the end, the accidents kill marine mammals.
Marine animals in India have not been monitored on a regular basis. Interactions with fishermen, residents, and forest officials revealed a lack of knowledge about marine mammals.
Reasons of Stranding:
• Unstable undersea activity, such as an earthquake or a volcano, may cause whales to fear and move to the shore.
• Whales have a proclivity towards swimming against the current. Whales may be trapped in a position where there is no water available to swim in when the water recedes from the coastlines into the ocean during ebbing, resulting in their being beached on the shore.
• Attacks by larger marine animals, such as sharks, may drive the pilot whale to swim to a supposedly safer shore, despite the risks.
• Man-made events, such as a ship causing whale damage or catastrophe, or oil spills, have been identified as a cause.
• Increasing noise pollution in the water is another potential cause of distressed movement, and the abundance of plastic in the sea may suffocate marine animals.
Disease
Injuries Due to Ships Harmful Algae Blooms
Figure 18 : IThreats to Whale
Bird - Migratory Birds
Since the 1980’s, Flamingos have started migrating to Mumbai from Rann of Kutch, Gujarat. Each year, between 30,000 and 40,000 of the huge pink birds are sighted in Mumbai. In October, after the rains have passed through the Rann of Kutch, flamingos begin their annual migration from their breeding grounds in the Rann to their feeding grounds, such as the Mumbai wetlands.
India is home to two species of flamingos, larger and lesser flamingos, with lesser flamingos outnumbering greater flamingos in Mumbai, where tens of thousands of birds congregate in clusters. They feed on benthic species such as blue green algae that exist at the bottom of oceans, lakes, and rivers. Researchers believe they may have arrived in smaller numbers prior to 1994, when the first significant crowd (about 8,000 birds) was seen in 1994.
Flamingoes spots in Mumbai :
• Thane – Airoli Creek
• Bhandup Pumping station
• Sewri
• Mahul Creek
• DPS Lake, Navi Mmbai
• NRI complex, Navi Mumbai
Figure 19 : Flamingoes spotted in Mumbai
Figure 20 : Lesser Flamingo
WHY DO FLAMINGOS FLY TO MUMBAI?
To feed their babies
Why Mumbai?
Increasing Pollution
The sewage and the industrial discharge in the creek promotes biological growth of blue-green algae, which is food for the flamingo.
‘One species waste is food for the others’
Threats to the migratory birds:
The majority of migratory birds “require a location to roost during high tide because they can’t float on water and must seek refuge in surrounding wetlands. As a result, water sources near feeding grounds are equally as crucial to the birds as the feeding areas themselves. Coastal megacities like Mumbai, on the other hand, impose constant pressure on these habitats through development activities.
Pollution is the most serious threat. A lot of industrial waste and sewage is discharged into the seas. Many of these hazardous compounds are ingested by animals, and those who consume them, such as flamingos, end up with significant levels of the substances in their bodies. This heavy metal bioaccumulation can also be deadly as each creature has a “threshold” at which it can survive. Locals hunt flamingos in some regions for the flesh and to earn money.
Figure 21 : Illustration of Water Pollution Figure 22 : Illustration of Development
Figure 23 : Illustration of Hunting
Green - Vegetation
A mangrove is a plant or small tree that thrives in saline or brackish water along the coast. Mangroves are trees or shrubs that are found at the interface between land and sea. They are evolved around 114 million years ago. In India there are 35 species of mangroves out of which 20 species are found in Maharashtra and 15 species of them are found in Mumbai. The clearing of mangroves in many areas of the city, particularly along the 18-km-long Mithi river was one of the reason of flood in 2005 in Mumbai .
History of Mangroves in Mumbai:
In 1670, there were seven islands around Mumbai. The British rulers recognized the islands commercial value. They cleared the mangroves and reclaimed the islands, naming it ‘Greater Bombay’. Since then, urbanization and population pressure have accelerated, resulting in the loss of mangroves land, while a few patches remain in the city Centre. There was a rich mangrove forest before the current megacity.
Mangroves can be found in Mumbai today along Vasai, Thane, Manori, Malad, Versova, Sewree, Mumbra-Diva.
Mumbai has likely lost 40% of its mangroves over the last decade WHY ?
Figure 24 : Structure of mangrove forest
Significance of Mangroves:
Threats to Mangroves:
• Cutting of Mangroves for activities like firewood and timber collection.
• Mangroves are under threat due to garbage dumping and Release of industrial waste and untreated sewage.
• Rapid developments like housing, industrialization, pollution and increasing population of Mumbai has resulted into degradation of mangroves.
• Hazards to mangrove ecosystems include climate change, plastic due to global Warming
25 : Threats to Mangroves
Figure
3.3.1 Significance of marine biodiversity:
India’s marine and coastal habitats supply necessary services through a diverse range of habitats. Estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, lagoons, seaweeds, and seagrasses all serve as nurseries for inshore and offshore fish and other animals, many of which are commercially exploited.
Because of its natural riches, coastal marine habitats play an important role in India’s economy.
3.3.2 Critical issues
• Worlds giant mammal were found dead on the beaches in different parts of the Mumbai city shores. 40 ft long brydes whale washed at shore in 2016, More than 6 whales found dead over past 5 years.
• The 94 reported marine animal deaths between 2015 and 2018 include 40 Indian Ocean humpback dolphins, 28 turtles, 17 Indo-Pacific finless porpoises, four flamingos, and five whales (one blue whale, three Bryde’s whales, and one dwarf sperm whale).
• Shrinking of Mangroves – 40% loss of wetlands and mangroves between 1900s and 2005. There is an alarming realization that the effects of flood worsened because of the depleting mangrove belt along the coast of the Mumbai city. The mangrove act as a flood barriers and help to sustain the ecosystem at the coastlines.
• Migrating flamingos – Mumbai’s explosive urban growth poses tough challenges when it comes to preserving the sensitive eco-zones.
• Industrial water pollution – Mumbai generates 365 million tons of sewage annually. However, a lesser known fact is that our oceans’ creatures are facing an extreme threat with the ever-present phenomenon of climate change coupled with human recreational water activities, oil spills, and natural disasters.
Figure 26 : Pie chart of Number of Deaths of Marine mammals from 2015-2018
3.4 Need of an Awareness center:
The Awareness Center aims to educate visitors including school and university students as well as citizens and tourists about coastal and marine biodiversity in general and how every individual can contribute towards a better environment . It is composed of exhibition spaces displaying information in various ways about the types of species including an audio-visual room for a better understanding of different types of species allowing the visitors to experience coastal and marine biodiversity found in mumbai.
Mumbai , where pollution is increasing , Marine life in Mumbai is threatened due to waste pollution, oil spills and development, due to which city since 2014 started witnessing rear sights of dead endangered species at the shores of the sea.
For a city like mumbai , which is the 7th most populus city, it is necessary to have an awareness center which will help in spread awareness amongst the citizens . Awareness center will exhibit three zones of vegetation,birds and display of real carcass of marine mammal found stranding on the sea shore with display of information , for people to educate about how marine mammals are threatned and how to deal in such kind of incidents .
The aim of the Center will be to evoke the love for nature through a physical path , giving the possibilities to the visitors to live experience as well as gaining knowledge by the informative displays . The design and the material of the awareness center will not harm the environment , It is also important to maintain the interrelationship between the open spaces and the enclosed spaces .
4 DATA COLLECTION
4.1 Survey
4.1.1 Survey Observation
4.2 Interviews
4.2.1 Interview Inference
Data Collection: 4.1
Survey
The Interview Survey that was carried out for data collection helped the research to get a clear insight over particular facets of the topic. Three Expert Interviews were taken, from Mr. Nathuram Kokare (Range Forest Officer and Senior Authority of Coastal and marine biodiversity center), Mr. Isaac David Kehimkar (Indian Naturalist, Author and Photographer) and Mr Devendra Bawdane (Architect of Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Center, Airoli). A survey for understanding the Perspectives of Different age groups of People towards the Coastal and marine biodiversity was followed.
4.1.1
Survey Observation:
Survey form was answered by Different age groups from 19 to 52 years old. Total 75 responses were collected. It was observed that More than half of the people had come across the term called coastal and marine biodiversity and they knew about the factors that fall under Coastal and marine biodiversity.
Only few (23%) people knew that there is a Coastal and marine biodiversity center at Airoli, and only 1.6 % of them have actually visited the center.
It was observed that majority of them have heard about the incidents of Brydes whale stranding in Mumbai via newspapers and television, and only 2.8% have seen it on site. Everyone had different opinions about the procedure which is followed after the mammal stranding, where 60% of them had no idea.
Options were given asking for the preferences between two types of awareness centers, nature trails compared to display museums, Flamingo safari boat rides compared to flamingo museum and Carcass Live museum compared to Exhibition space. It was observed that majority 90% of people wanted Nature involvement with live experiences and Interactive Spaces.
Around 98% knew what mangroves are but only 45% of them were aware of the significance and the major issues occurred due to depletion of mangroves. Very few of them had initiated with the Ngo’s and awareness programs for the environment conservation such as Godrej mangrove vikhroli and Save mangroves by Yari road residents Versova.
According to the survey responses, it was observed that majority people wanted such awareness centers to be near to the nature than within the city. Hand on working spaces can improve the understanding, and 70% of them think that coastal and marine awareness Centre can improve the status of Coastal and marine in an urban area like Mumbai.
Data Collection: 4.2 Expert Interview
For a city like Mumbai, where pollution is increasing day by day Conservation of costal biodiversity is very important, Mr. Kokare believes that protection of the environment is not only authorities responsibilities but Each and every Citizens has to take care of it and should be aware about the importance of mangroves and other marine life.
According to Mr. Kokare every city and coastal district should at least have one interpretation and rescue centers which can preserve the marine life and will allow the upcoming generation to learn and enjoy it.
Range Forest Officer and Senior authority at Coastal and marine biodiversity center, Airoli
Overview:
• When the mammals are found dead, they are decomposed, then the carcasses are removed and stored in the center at Airoli from 2017.
• Upcoming project of giant of the sea museum, besides the existing coastal and marine biodiversity center at airoli, center is going to display all the carcasses of the mammals found on the shores such as whale, dolphins etc.
• One architect is appointed for phase 1 and Design has already been started. For the open spaces such as boardwalks, amphitheater, food corners etc. one more architect will be appointed and the design will be started.
• Flamingoes have been constantly coming every year. Rarely in case of heavy rainfall, number of flamingo’s decrease.
• Every year around 10,000 Number of students visit this center
• Ngo’s arrange workshop for Community involvement.
• We don’t have a permanent Rescue centers to take care of injured marine mammals.
MR NATHURAM KOKARE
Figure 27 :Potrait of Mr Nathuram Kokare
Issac David Kehimkar is an Ex Deputy Director at BNHS (Bombay National History Society), Also known as India’s Butterfly man. Indian naturalist, Author, Photographer and teacher. His published work includes ‘An introduction to the coastal and marine biodiversity of Maharashtra’ and ‘The Book of Indian Butterflies’ was published by BNHS.
Overview:
• Coastal and marine biodiversity center at Airoli is one of its kind, it is unique and attracts the visitors because of the interactive spaces and it is the only place in Mumbai to have flamingo safari’s.
• Mangroves act as shield from the tsunamis, floods and other natural calamities. Mumbai can only survive because of this shields.
• Media involvement is also necessary to inform and create awareness.
• Mumbai Built on seven island in order to make greater Mumbai, space was stolen from the sea by Reclamation of land. Experts from NASA say that it is fear as sea might again take away the land and Mumbai might go under water, only hope is mangrove.
• Looking at the threats to the biodiversity, Indo German programme project financed the project of coastal and marine biodiversity center.
• Additional Interactive spaces are required, to attract more visitors.
• Marine food resources are more contaminated in Mumbai. Due to pollution and releasing chemicals in the sea.
• Respecting the CRZ and the Buffer zone.
• Flamingoes are sensitive birds Ropeway, observatory towers, bird hides can be provided.
• Children activity zones and family picnic spots also can be provided
• Activity zones to be added as during the 6 months when flamingoes don’t migrate, visitors can still come and enjoy it.
MR ISAAC DAVID KEHIMKAR Indian Naturalist, Author and Photographer
Figure 28 : Potrait of Mr Isaac Kehimkar
Devendra bawdane was an Asst. Professor at L.S Raheja School of Architecture and Principal architect at DDBA. He is the architect for coastal and marine biodiversity center at airoli, Navi Mumbai. He is also one of the architects appointed for upcoming Giants of sea museum at airoli and Mangrove projects at Gorai and dahisar .
Overview:
• Land of Forest area can be diverted for Educational and Awareness purposes which comes under FCA (Forest Conservation Act) proposal
• Upcoming proposals of Gorai mangrove park, Dahisar mangrove park and Giants of sea museum at Airoli.
• FSI is a norm made by MCGM (Maharashtra Corporation of Greater, they are not applicable for this kind of projects.
• Built up Above 0.99 Acres of Compensative land has to be given back to the forest department.
• Forest department takes the charge of such projects.
• Norms to be followed under FCA, such as materials, plinth regulations and Height restrictions.
• Justification for the project and selection of the site is necessary
• Function to be provided on the basis of CRZ Norms
• Eco Friendly Materials to be used
• Architect Hiten sethi, is appointed for second phase of the design for giants of sea museum.
MR DEVENDRA BAWDANE Architect
Figure 29 : Potrait of Mr Devendra Bawdane
4.2.1 Inference and understandings from the Interview:
The data collection expert interview helped the research in gaining first-hand insights into specific aspects of the topic. Mr. Nathuram Kokare’s scheduled interview helped the background study of the site and the performance of the current coastal and marine centre. Mr. Kokare shed light on current biodiversity concerns and the need of preserving it. He also provided an update on the upcoming projects on the existing site. The discussion also included the visitors Perspectives before and after the center was built, as well as various programs that are required for such centers.
The Second interview with Mr Issac David Kehimkar helped in understanding the importance of the Biodiversity, and how negligence towards it can have an impact on humankind. He also explained about some of the species found in Mumbai and few aspects that should considered while designing in or around sensitive zones. Mr Kehimkar also highlights on how community involvement can help in spreading the awareness.
The third interview with Ar Devendra Bawdane helped in understanding The site and the norms which are important while designing on the forest land. He also suggested some functions, materials and the factors which can be used. All these salient ideas and approaches towards Biodiversity conservation gave the research an idea about the possibilities of interventions and the potential approach towards the site.
5 CASE STUDY
5.1 Selection Parameters
5.2 Case study Activity Based case studies
5.3 Case Study Matrix
5.4 Inference
CASE STUDY
Case studies are carried out by selection of different parameters Based on Function , Species and the surrounding context which were required for the research of the dissertation. Live , National and International case studdies were carried for a better understanding of spaces .
5.1 Selection Parameters:
According to the Species
According to the function
Selection Parameters For Case Study
According to Setting and surrounding
LIVE CASE STUDY
COASTAL AND MARINE BIODIVERSITY CENTER
Figure 30 : Entrance Coastal and marine biodiversity center at Airoli
Live Case Study : Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Center
Location : Navi Mumbai, Airoli
• It is the First coastal and marine biodiversity center in Maharashtra.
• Center is the gateway to the thane creek flamingo sanctuary. It is spread over 40 acres, which comprises of 5 acres of land and 35 acres of dense Mangroves and mudflats within the Thane creek.
• The Centre is situated on the northern bank of Thane Creek, a tributary of the Maharashtra coast that connects Mumbai and Navi Mumbai.
• There are two sections in the center, one which caters to the admin, Souvenir shop, and display areas. And other one caters to the audio visual rooms.
• Centers has Flamingo jetty points with nature trails between the mangroves, Boardwalks, Treatment center, Rescue Center, Storage of carcass and fish breeding center.
Figure 31 : Images Of Coastal and marine biodiversity center
Observations:
• Maximum air and light ventilation due to parallel entry and exits.
• Central seating’s which acts as partition.
• Front yard at the entrance with seating’s and drinking facilities
• Façade treatment – Creepers to maintain coolness and to merge with the surrounding.
• Level differences
• Souvenir shop Near the display and admin area.
• Activity boards showing the size of animals which can be compared with the heights of the visitors.
• Ticket booth was placed at the internal side.
• No proper circulation for audio video rooms.
Source : Author Figure 32 : Internal Plan of Coastal and marine biodiversity center at Airoli
Figure 33 : Boardwalk
LIVE CASE STUDY
MAHARASHTRA NATURE PARK
Figure 34 : Entrance of Maharashtra Nature park
Live Case Study : Maharashtra Nature Park ( MNP)
Location : Dharavi Mumbai
• Maharashtra nature park, also known as Mahim Nature park.
• The 37-acre land was once one of Mumbai’s biggest dumping grounds located on the banks of the mithi river.
• This park is built on a dumping ground into which hundreds of tons of garbage from across the city was dumped was closed in 1977.
• Aim of the project was to transform the area into a green lung for the city
• The parked was opened for school children in 1994
• Every year 1.5 Lakh visitors visit the park.
• Aim of the project was to educate people, Particularly children in ecology and nature conservation
• There are two sections in the park one which a thick wooded area and an education center.
• Vermiculture programmes and rainwater harvesting is the mainstay of the park
• Center also has an amphitheater, an audio visual room and a library
• Park is home to 14000 species of vegetation, 120 varieties of birds, over 75 kinds of butterflies, more than 30 species of spiders and reptiles.
• The total length of trail is nearly 1.8 km and 90% of this length is lined with bricks.
Figure 35 : Site Plan of Maharashtra Nature park
Observations :
• The park has the following broad areas:
Dense woods where a variety of reptiles can be spotted. A fresh-water lake with birds. A butterfly garden with a good variety of flowers and butterflies. Nature Trails.
• Creek side Trail offers a glimpse into scrub and light woodland area on one side and the creek on the other. A considerable length of this trail is lined with Ficus trees .
• No migratory birds are seen along the creek side , That is because of the garbage in the creek and in the surrounding areas.
• No provision of signages on the Trails.
• Creekside Trails are risky , As there are No safety barriers.
• Because of the dumping, a large number of mosquitoes have been observed.
• Mangroves have been clogged up with the plastic waste.
• No Seatings and lack of display information spaces.
• High risk of theft from the nursey section by the slumdwellers.
• The path along the lake is highly overgrown , because of that it is now used as an open air latrine by the surrounding slum dwellers.
• Lack of maintainance.
• Group activities and worshops , such as Plantation and cleaning are held.
• The nature park and the nursery have separate entrances with separate set of staff.
Figure 36 : Nakshatra van
Figure 38 : Mangrove
Figure 40 : Entrance of MNP
Figure 37 : Trail alongside Creek
Figure 39 : Admin
Figure 41 : Vermicompost Pit at MNP
CASE STUDY
MAPUNGUBWE INTERPRETATION CENTRE
Mapungubwe Interpretation centre, South Africa
Location: Limpopo south Africa
Architect: Peter rich architects
Completed: June 2009
Site Area: 2750 sqm
Built up area: 1130 sqm
Client: South African National Parks
Functions : Exibition Spaces , Restaurant , Floating walkway, Teaching and learing space , shops , Amphitheatre , Spaces to Tell local stories , Preserve the species , parks , spaces that speak of the history and setting .
The Mapungubwe National Park, which was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003, is home to the Interpretation Center. The centre also has a variety of flora and wildlife, including over 1000-year-old Baobab trees and a diverse range of animal life, including elephants, white rhinos, antelopes, and over 400 bird species.
This structure not only serves as a creative exhibition area, but it also increases awareness of the savannah’s delicate natural ecology.
The significance of this project is broad and varied, and at its heart are two sets of relationships: one between people and the environment, and another between people.
To create amazing cave-like environments, timbrel vaulting, a simple manifestation of natural forces and materials, is used. From far, the undulating rock-clad vaults blend seamlessly with the surroundings.
Figure 43 : Walkway towards the Centre
• The adminstration offices are located at the beginning . Then a first bridge leads the visitor to the interpretation center.
• A series of outdoor spaces is the first impression , while these spaces connect different vaults to create a comination patio.
• The entrance to he interpretation room is unique because of the indoor / outdoor feeling created by the second bridge towards the first hall.
• The different rooms are then organised as a series , Letting visitors circulate smoothly from one area to another and experience different degrees of the sacred environment while moving further into the center.
The Interpretation Centre consists of a museum that includes an introduction hall with context information about Mapungubwe’s general history, various rooms with exhibits of Mapungubwe artefacts, the kingdom’s history and social organisation, and a sacred site dedicated to remains discovered in the area.
Facilities were developed for the guests (coffee bar, restaurant, shop, etc.). The facility also houses the offices of SANParks. The building has to take into mind the region’s arid climate and temperature. An outdoor amphitheatre and research facilities are part of the programme.
Figure 44 : Site plan of Mapungbwe Interpretation Centre
Local unskilled labour is being used as part of a poverty reduction effort. Addresses the vulnerability of the local economy as well as the environmental effect. Interior:
200,000 tiles were made by local labourers from local pressed-soil cement tiles. Machine for manually pressing bricks Rusted steel window screens are designed to seem like natural branch patterns.
Traditional building methods made use of locally produced brick, stone from local quarries, and secondary sun-shading structures made of wood.
Light plays an important role, filtering through the glazing on the domed volumes’ sidewalls, streaming dramatically down from the central oculus into the spacious interior of the main timbrel-vaulted pavilion, and generating dappled patterns.
Figure 45 : Vaulting
Figure 46 : Play of Light
Figure 48 : Exhibition Area
Figure 49 : Exhibition Area Roof
Figure 47 : Entrance
Observations :
The natural landscape has been preserved, and the building pulls inspiration and building materials from it.
The community was given employment and learned skills that would be beneficial to them.
Sustainable structure that meets three aspects of sustainability, namely:
Economic: Because the centre was created with local materials and labour, the building resulted in a monetary gain.
The planning that incorporated natural light into the architecture aids in lowering electricity costs.
Environmentally friendly materials were employed in the building. The terrain is included into the design.
Social: During building, it offered jobs for the locals.
The centre has been transformed into a social interaction place, with an open air theatre where people may easily engage.
The overall concept of this interpretation centre is to give the user the dynamic experience through
• Building form which follows the context
• Circulation which follows the terrain
• Play of natural light through different levels of openings
• Use of water bodies
• Play of volume
• Placement of open, semi open and close spaces
• Zoning of the centre which involves noisy zone at the entry then interactive zone and finally a silent zone which is exhibition space.
• The building of contemporary technology with a cultural essence
Figure 50 : Exterior View of the centre
CASE STUDY
TURTLE SANCTUARY AT KALBA MANGROVE RESERVE
Figure
Turtle Sanctuary at Kalba Mangrove Reserve
Location: United Arab Emirates
Architect: Hopkins architects
Completed: June 2021
Functions : Aquarium , Research Center, Exhibition area , Visior amenities , Staff offices , Veterinary facilities , Class rooms , Gift shops , Restaurant and Cafe .
The Khor Kalba Turtle and Wildlife Sanctuary is a cluster of circular building shapes located on one of the Gulf’s most sensitive and biodiverse nature reserves. The complex includes educational opportunities and visitor amenities in order to improve environmental awareness and participation in conservation programmes. Additionally, it serves as a research and monitoring base for the protected Kalba reserve’s natural resources.
Visitors are encouraged to explore the reserve’s unique biodiversity of indigenous mangrove forests and mudflats, as well as the animals that live there, including as turtles, stingrays, gazelles, and the rare Arabian Collard Kingfisher, through a well planned out nature walk.
Figure 52 : Two pods which contain exhibitions about the local wildlife
The project features seven interconnected modular pods . The pods make up the visitor center, complete with a terrace and panoramic views of the neighboring mangrove forests and mountains. In addition, the facilities include an aquarium, exhibition areas, visitor amenities, staff offices, veterinary offices, classrooms, a gift shop and a cafe.
To minimise disruption to the surrounding topography, the pods were planned as prefabricated concrete structures with basic sturdy disc foundations elevated to protect them in this tidal site.
Visitors approach a spectacular semi-enclosed ribbed pod that acts as an orientation room and has glazed openings oriented toward major viewpoints. The interior is softened by a palette of mild coastal tones that is lighted by skylight ocuili.
Figure 54 : Boardwalks
Figure 53 : Pods In Plan
Figure 55 : Turtle Pool Case Study
Figure 56 : Kalba Sanctuary Site Plan
Figure 57 : Kalba Sanctuary Floor Plan
Figure 58 : Kalba Sanctuary Section
Figure 59 : Bird Viewing deck
Figure 61 : Aquarium
Figure 62 : Bird Viewing Area
Figure 60 : Display Area Case Study
Analysis :
• The project is dedicated to the preservation of the site and its wildlife.
• Provision of Buggy services at the entrance across the bridge to reach the center.
• Center is focusing on Three zones, Above the tide , below the tide and the outdoor viewing area.
• Below the tide : Aquarium and informative display areas
• Above the tide : Wildlife
• Outdoor Trails : Mangrove Boardwalks
• In the sanctuary’s main structure, which is composed of five circular pods of increasing diameters surrounding a covered atrium, visitors enter through the smaller circular pod. A marine life display and a wildlife exhibit are housed in two pods.
• Interactive spaces with the Species , Turtle feeding ponds and gazelle feeding area.
• Center starts with the guiding center which leads to the exhibition spaces and then towards the Outdoor spaces.
• Provision of Family picnic spots and childrens parks.
• To experience the whole center Maximum 1 hour is required.
• Mangrove boardwalks also has the informative boards about the species with the live experience and seating spaces on the boardwalk.
• Cafe is Provided with views across the park.
• Bird hides are made up of wood , So that it merges with the surrounding Vegetation.
• Minimal Intervention with maximum number of recreational spaces.
• To minimize the disruption of the existing topography , Pods were built as pre-fabricated concrete , elevated to protect in tidal sites.
• The use of Palette of light coastal tones softens the interior which is illuminated by skylight.
• Passive design principles to protect the interior spaces from the heat.
The 31.3-hectare park, located along the west bank of Shiliang Creek west of Quzhou’s new area, is a site where agriculture meets healthy living, resulting in a destination that attracts people from all walks of life. The Urban Waterfront was created to be a gathering area for people to socialise, exercise, recreate, and interact with nature while keeping sustainability and ecological in mind.The park was created to demonstrate three different design concepts:
• Minimal Intervention
• Productive Urban farming landscape
• Water Resilienc
The designers were able to retain the site’s native geologic features and plants by utilising bridges, on-grade route systems, and multiple stilted viewing pavilions to create an accessible and diversified open space.
Figure 64 : Bridges
Observation :
• A spot which attracts People and to have a connect with the nature.
• Park was designed with keeping Sustainable ecology in mind.
• Spaces were designed according to the site Topography .
• Exisiting hill on site were considered into the design , Instead of attempting to cover or change them .
• The designers were able to preserve the site’s natural geography and biodiversity while creating an accessible and interesting open area. Additionally, they used these design elements to showcase the scenery and allow visitors to enjoy the park from both above and below.
• Because of the Fertile soil conditions , Productive Spaces with Heavy plantation of the low maintenance Sunflowers in summer and Canola in the spring were created , for visitors to experience different scenes at varying times.
• Visitors are encouraged to interact with the Vegetation.
• Site Being in the floodplain, the designers were concerned about building anything that would disrupt the natural flow of water. To avoid this, they constructed floating boardwalks, bridges, and pavilions on stilts that seem to rise out of the water.
Figure 65 : Viewing Pavilion
Figure 67 : Floating Deck
Figure 66 : Viewing Deck
The Bobrowisko Nature Enclave
Location: Poland
Landscape Architect: Magdalena Caban
Completion: 2018
Total Area: 5224,13 Sqm
Usable Floor Area : 62 Sqm
Functions : Watchtower , Nature Trails
The location was created with the goal of educating, exposing visitors to the beauty of nature, and raising awareness. The footbridge design, which is placed above the beaver lodges, includes two observation structures that are accessible to residents and visitors alike, as well as walkers, persons with limited movement and abilities, and families with kids. Structure is a solution to the visible constraint of public areas in suburban areas, on the outskirts of urbanization, in order to immerse them in beautiful landscapes.
Figure 68 : Path to the Bigger Watchtower
Figure 69 : Bigger Watchtower
Figure 70 : Internal view of Watchtower
Figure 71 : Pathway towards Watchtower
Observation :
• The Footbridge allows direct contact with the nature and allows views from the different perspectives.
• There are two Watchtowers : Bigger and Smaller .
• Both the watchowers are oriented and located where The Species were observed .
• Watchroom Openings are at different heights for all Kind of user groups.
• The pathway which leads to the tower is made up of wooden planks, which also evokes the state of waiting to see the tower and then immediately seeing it.
• Irregular openings in the covering allows to hide little and large wild nature enthusiasts from the spotted species.
• Watchrooms are covered to provide shelter during adverse weather
• Raw wood , Local material used for construction to merge the structure with the environment.
• The footbridge’s intended path and shape allow for direct contact with nature.
• Observation items were kept as minimal as possible, with dynamic geometryeacting to changing daylight and providing several visual access points.
Figure 72: Birds eye view of the Watchtower
6 SITE STUDY
6.1 Site selection parameters
6.2 Site Options
6.3 Site selection matrix
6.4 Site
6.5 Site analysis
SITE STUDY
For an awareness center, Major requirement for the site was to provide Visitors with a live experience for a better understating and to have a connect with the biodiversity. As the Site for the dissertation needed various aspects, the Site Study has been followed considering different parameters.
6.1 Site selection parameters:
Biodiversity
Site Surroundings
Site Selection Parameters
Connectivity
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
6.2 Site Options
Site Options were selected on the basis of the parameters of Connectivity with the water, Biotic factors of native species of mangroves and migratory birds and abiotic factors such as water, wind, and the climate study. Type of land use, Site demographics, Local transit Connectivity of the site and Existing ecosystem present on the site.
Figure 73 : Map Of Mumbai
Site Option 3
Site Option 1 Site Option 2
Location: Nerul, Navi Mumbai
Site Area:10 Acres
SWOT Analysis:
Strength:
• Flamingo spot
• Easy access to the site
• High biodiversity site
• Both sweet water lake and saline mangrove ecology
• Near to the bus stop
Weakness:
• High floods levels during the monsoon season
• Located near high density urban area
Opportunities:
• Connectivity of the Nature and the urban area
Figure 74 : Map of Nerul site
Location: Seawoods, NRI Colony Site Area – 1,93,780 SqM /47.6
SWOT Analysis:
Strength:
• Flamingo spot
• Most important water ecology of the region
• Easy access to the site
• High biodiversity site
• Both sweet water lake and saline mangrove ecology
• Connectivity to the main road
Weakness:
• High saline water
• High floods levels during the monsoon season
• Located near high density urban area
• Highly deforested area
Opportunities:
• To create new recreational and educative spaces.
• Connectivity of the Nature and the urban area
• Opportunities to integrate the awareness Centre with the school / Students
Threats:
• High levels of waste pollution in the site
• High sound levels of noise pollution throughout the day, which could affect the natural bird biodiversity.
• Proposed ferry port adjacent to the site
Figure 75 : Map of Seawoods site
Location: Airoli, Navi Mumbai
Site Area –37,000SqM /9 acres Site Option 3 :
SWOT Analysis:
Strength:
• Flamingo spot
• Connectivity with the water and the mangroves
• Easy access to the site
• High biodiversity site
• High Density of Biotic factors
• Connectivity to the main road
• Proposed plan for Giants of sea museum
• Existing Center
Weakness:
• High floods levels during the monsoon season
• Located near high density urban area
• Near the residential area
Opportunities:
• Connectivity of the Nature and the urban area
• Opportunities to integrate the awareness Centre with the school / Students
• Only place where flamingo safari takes place
• Nature trail within the mangrove
• To rejuvenate new urban edges
• To preserve the Existing biodiversity
Threats: Very little future expansion possibility
Figure 76 : Map of Airoli site
• Most of the green cover and biodiversity is found in Navi Mumbai
• Thane including Navi Mumbai has seen the highest increase of mangrove cover 31 sq. km, According to the national survey.
• Large stretch of mangrove belt.
• High scope of Awareness center in Navi Mumbai, which provides Live experience.
• 15% of Navi Mumbai is covered by wetland
• Connected to Largest Thane creek
• One of the sites where flamingoes are spotted
• Due to Navi Mumbai is developing on a rapid scale most of the Coastal and marine biodiversity are under threat.
Figure 77 : Map of Navi mumbai
6.4 Site :
Location – Airoli, Navi Mumbai
Coordinates - 19.1590° N, 72.9986° E
Altitude - 5 m Above the sea level
Annual rainfall 2500 to 3500 mm
Temperature - Annual temperature ranges from 25 deg C to 28 deg C
Soil - highly saline
Site comes under No development zone, it can be used only for educational and awareness purposes. This site is in the hands of the forest department therefore it falls under FCA (Forest Conservation Act).
According to the FCA, land can be diverted into Educational zone. Norms to be followed under FCA, such as materials, plinth regulations and Height restrictions.
FSI is a norm made by MCGM (Maharashtra Corporation of Greater, they are not applicable for this kind of projects.
DP Plan of the site:
Figure 79 : Dp plan of Airoli
Site Images:
• Site is well Connected with the dense Mangrove vegetation and Meets the coastal edge.
• This is the only site in Navi Mumbai which allows flamingo safari’s.
• Proposal for Giants of sea museum on the site.
• Existing nature trails and boardwalks.
• Mulund-airoli bridge is adjacent to the site.
• Accessible to the road.
Figure 82 : Site Images
Figure 84: Boardwalk
Figure 80 : Jetty Point
Figure 83: Nature Trail
Figure 81: Nature Trail
Site Connectivity:
Bus transport: DAV School Bus Stop (1 min away from the site)
Nearby Mulund Airoli link road which connects the Eastern Express highway.
Site Sections :
Figure 85 : Vegetation Plan
Figure 86 : Site Sections
Figure 87 : Site Contours
Figure 88 : Water Runoff
Figure 89 : Site Dimensions
7 SYNTHESIS
The Aim of the project was to Preserve the Marine species and to spread awareness among the masses. After Understanding various aspects from the research , it is realized that one of the main reason causing threat to the biodiversity , is because of the Lack of knowledge of the Significance and the need of protection. The rate of the marine stranding has increased in Mumbai from 2015 , the locals and the visitor are generally amazed by seeing such kind of incidents , But only few are aware of the Procedure which is followed during the marine mammal stranding .
Human Activities are the major reason for the biodiversity loss . Hence the design Aim was to collaborate with different activities under one roof , which provides knowledge and to create workshop spaces with live experience that will encourage people to contribute towards the environment.
Marine life in Mumbai is threatened due to waste pollution, oil spills and development, due to which city started witnessing rear sights of dead endangered species at the shores of the sea . As mumbai does not have any Operating procedure or Rescue centers , these mammals are decomposed or flushed back to the sea. All these problems can be fixed via an architectural intervention by creating and involving environment where everyone can be educated in a respected way and after getting the right knowledge everyone can prosper equally.
After such centers are build They can help Preserve the carcasses of the marine mammals which can be enjoyed by the Future generation . It also Provides Research possibilities for Researchers to study about the Fossils. Center will also allow visitor to have live experience with the nature .
Significance of the mangrove can be explained with the display Areas , Boardwalks within the mangroves and by organizing workshops for Mangrove cleaning etc. Flamingo safari and Observatory towers can act as interactive spaces . Reccreational spots with Education and Entertainment Zones will attract more number of young youth , School Children and Different age group of Visitors . Such centers will help Conserve the Biodiversity ,Consequently the people will be more aware about the biodiversity.
As the center is a research center which provides knowledge about the coastal and marine biodiversity, the user demographic is a wide range from the students to inhabitants of the city. The significant type of people would be students, Tourists, Researchers, and the local inhabitants.
Administration staff and volunteers are needed for running the center economically.
• Researchers/Scientist – Primary users: Age – 25 +, For understanding the coastal and marine species. Space to research about the mangroves and migratory birds.
• Students and teachers – Secondary users: Age – 6 to 25 years old. Center will allow School trips for students to learn more about the Biodiversity.
• Tourists
• Localities : Secondary users: Use of center for recreational and community involvement activities such as Flamingo festivals, Workshops on Planting trees etc.
• Office users – Primary users: Age 18 to 60 years old. Center requires Admin staff, other office workers, volunteers and maintenance staff for the easy functioning of the center.
• Maintenance staff – Primary users: Age 18 to 60 years old. It includes Repair workers, Security and Housekeeping staff for maintaining hygiene.
8 DESIGN PROGRAM
Built and Un-Built Spaces :
Thank You
TABLE OF FIGURE
Figure 01 : Paritranam Poster
Figure 02 : Whale stranding at the sea shore
Figure 03 ; Research clipart
Figure 04 : Education Clipart
Figure 05 : Photography clipart
Figure 06 : Research Methodology Chart
Figure 07 : Diagram of biodiversity
Figure 08 : Diagram of marine ecosystem
Figure 09 : Diagram of Ecosystem
Figure 10 : Types of Ecosystem
Figure 11 : BBG
Figure 12 : BBG
Figure 13 : Interdependency of Ecosystem
Figure 14 : Map showing types of Whales found stranding in India
Figure 15 : Whale Stranding at Juhu
Figure 16 : Whale stranding
Figure 17 : Number of stranding and rate of stranding of marine mammals along Indian coast during 1800 to 2016
Figure 18 : Threats to Whale
Figure 19 : Flamingoes spotted in Mumbai
Figure 20 : Lesser Flamingo
Figure 21 : Illustration of Water Pollution
Figure 22 : Illustration of Development
Figure 23 : Illustration of Hunting
Figure 24 : Structure of mangrove fores
Figure 25 : Threats to Mangroves
Figure 26 : Pie chart of Number of Deaths of Marine mammals from 2015-2018 Figure 26 : Pie chart of Number of Deaths of Marine mammals from 2015-2018
Figure 27 :Potrait of Mr Nathuram Kokare
Figure 28 : Potrait of Mr Isaac Kehimkar
Figure 29 : Potrait of Mr Devendra Bawdane
Figure 30 : Entrance Coastal and marine biodiversity center at Airoli
Figure 31 : Images Of Coastal and marine biodiversity center
Figure 32 : Internal Plan of Coastal and marine biodiversity center at Airoli
Figure 33 : Boardwalk
Figure 34 : Entrance of Maharashtra Nature park
Figure 35 : Site Plan of Maharashtra Nature park
Figure 36 : Nakshatra van
Figure 37 : Trail alongside Creek
Figure 38 : Mangrove
Figure 39 : Admin
Figure 40 : Entrance of MNP
Table of Figure
TABLE OF FIGURE
Figure 30 : Entrance Coastal and marine biodiversity center at Airoli
Figure 31 : Images Of Coastal and marine biodiversity center
Figure 32 : Internal Plan of Coastal and marine biodiversity center at Airoli
Figure 33 : Boardwalk
Figure 34 : Entrance of Maharashtra Nature park
Figure 35 : Site Plan of Maharashtra Nature park
Figure 36 : Nakshatra van
Figure 37 : Trail alongside Creek
Figure 38 : Mangrove
Figure 39 : Admin
Figure 40 : Entrance of MNP
Figure 41 : Vermicompost Pit at MNP
Figure 42 : Mapungubwe Interpretation Center
Figure 43 : Walkway towards the Centre
Figure 44 : Site plan of Mapungbwe Interpretation Centre
Figure 45 : Vaulting
Figure 46 : Play of Light
Figure 47 : Entrance
Figure 48 : Exhibition Area
Figure 49 : Exhibition Area Roof
Figure 50 : Exterior View of the centre
Figure 51 : Image of Turtle Sanctuary
Figure 52 : Two pods which contain exhibitions about the local wildlife
