Blackpool Urban Analysis by Nadia Pinto

URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS:

BLACKPOOL Contributors: Hani Namirra Abdul Nasir, Kimberley Androliakos, Farah Arar, Alice Weng Sam Iu, Nadia Pinto

Manchester School of Architecture - MArch 2 - LULU Studio 1 Submission - 2019/2020

URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION

003

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

004

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED

3.1 Blackpool & Brighton comparison 3.2. Sesonality and Tourism

010 028

BLACKPOOL’S ATTEMPT TO REGENERATION

047

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL

a) Regional/ City scale: Built form, Green & Blue Infrastructure b) Regional/ City scale: Connectivity & Infrastructure Ward/ district scale Street scale

053 064 076 097

5.1 5.1 5.2. 5.3.

VOICES OF BLACKPOOL

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URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS CONCLUSION

106

8. APPENDIX

CONTENTS

109

WORKSHOP ICONS Urban Design Study Workshop Budapest Budapest Budapest

Density layout & typology Workshop Density, Density Density

Sustainability Sustainability

SustainabilityWorkshop Sustainability Hulme/Oslo

Budapest Landscape Charrette Hulme/Oslo Hulme/Oslo Masterplan

Masterplan Masterplan Analysis Skills Workshop Masterplan Note: used throughout this portfolio to reference lessons learnt from workshops. For more details, refer to appendix. 002

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BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

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INTRODUCTION

1.0.0

INTRODUCTION

Blackpool is a well known Lancashire coastal town situated on the Irish Sea coast of England. It is by far the smallest Lancashire authority covering just 35 km², has 21 wards, and the number of people per km² is more than ten times of England and Wales. The current population in Blackpool is around 139,000 residents. During the 1950s was its hey day as a resort destination for most working class in Lancashire but suffered when the visitor numbers reduced drastically because of air travel becomes cheaper in the 1970s. It’s known for its attractions like the Blackpool Pleasure Beach, the Blackpool Tower and the Blackpool Illuminations. In terms of regeneration

effort, several major projects are underway to improve the town centre, business and housing areas funded by the public and private sector. However, the coastal town is also one of the most deprived towns. Our analysis is to point out the existing issues from the regional to the street scale and highlight the potential opportunities for future masterplan development. Brighton will be studied in comparison as another well known seaside town to provide insight and valuable references for the analysis. Bearing in mind its success owes a lot to its proximity to London.

COM

PARED TO

Blackpool

Brighton & Hove

Lancashire Town Council. (2019) Blackpool unitary ( 28 November 2019) [Online] [10th October 2019] https://www.lancashire.gov.uk/lancashire-insight/ area-profiles/local-authority-profiles/blackpool-unitary/ The Blackpool Council. (2018) Blackpool’s Green and Blue Infrastructure Strategy Draft for Consultation. [Online] [Accessed on 13th January 2020] http:/ democracy.blackpool.gov.uk/documents/s40656/Appendix%20Green%20and%20Blue%20Infrastructure%20Strategy.pdf

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1. Concise Townscape Theory 2.1 Concise Townscape Theory: Framing views - Blackpool Tower 2.2. Lynchian Theory 2.3. Lynchian Theory: Blackpool Attractions 2.4. Conclusion

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005 006 007 008 009

2.1.0

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

CONCISE TOWNSCAPE THEORY By Gordon Cullen

Blackpool’s journey from the centre streets to the coast can be supported by Gordon Cullen’s Serial Vision. He brings the plan to life by taking reference points and showing corresponding views. Through this exercise, he takes the readers on a journey in that space, helping them grasp the feel of the plan easily, without having to visit that location in person. We’ve also created a video for Blackpool from which we extract images and lay them below to deliver the feel of this journey (from Blackpool North train station to the coast)

Serial Vision done to Blackpool in conjunction with Cullen’s Concise Townscape.

CONCLUSIONS: • • • • • •

Main roads in the city centre are well populated. Due to building’s commercial use, the area is well connected. Roads which lead to sea view seem to attract walkers. Users are careful around multi-transport areas Nodes and landmarks are frequent in this area, creating memorable space The piers and tower give the viewers a sense of place in relation to Blackpool.

Cullen, G. (1961) The Concise Townscape. New ed. London, Architectural Press

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1 2 6

5 9

3 8

Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGsM6GL2VCY&feature=youtu.be

2.1.0

CONCISE TOWNSCAPE THEORY Framing Views - Blackpool Tower

Using Blackpool tower as a reference point, we’ve taken photos framing views in and out, showing the landmark from a distance and slowly making our way up the tower to record views out.

Photo journey up the tower.

006

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.2.0

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

LYNCHIAN THEORY by Kevin Lynch

Lynch Map of the city centre We found Kevin Lynch’s theory to be useful in reading Blackpool’s city center, with the five main elements: nodes, landmarks, edges, paths and districts that make up the image of the city. These are distributed below, creating a memorable space and in turn, contributing to Blackpool’s urban identity.

Mostly Residential

North Pier

Mixed Use

Mostly Residential

North Pier

Mixed Use

Mostly Commercial

Mostly Commercial Central Pier

CONCLUSIONS: •

•

007

The central district has a strong identity with a good mix of nodes, landmarks and street heirarchy. Since a large part of the centre is pedestrianised, users are able to find their way around, remembering refernence points easily.

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BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

Mixed use

Natural Edge

Mostly Residential

Landmarks

Mostly Commercial

Residential mixed with B&Bs and hotels

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Nodes

Central Pier

LYNCHIAN THEORY N

2.3.0

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Blackpool Attractions

Grand Theatre The Grand was designed by Victorian theatre architect Frank Matcham and was opened in 1894 after a construction period of seven months, between December 1893 and July 1894. The site was been used for several years to stage a circus.

008

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Blackpool Tower Opened in 1894, when completed was the tallest structure in the British Empire. It is one of the most visited attraction in Blackpool, also known for its unique dance floor, The Blackpool Tower Ballroom.

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

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North Pier Opened in 1863 being the oldest Pier in the Blackpool promenade.

Central Pier

Blackpool Zoo

Opened 30 May 1868 Winter Gardens Built in 1878, the building houses several venues for shows and festivals, including bars and resturants.

Pleasure Beach Amusement park, opened in 1896 within a area of 42 acres.

Opened July 1972, the 32 acre park provides home for over 1350 animals.

2.4.0

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

CONCLUSION

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK CONCISE TOWNSCAPE • • • • • •

LYNCH THEORY • •

009

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WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED

010

3.1

BLACKPOOL & BRIGHTON COMPARISON

3.1.1. 3.1.2. 3.1.3. 3.1.4. 3.1.5. 3.1.6. 3.1.7. 3.1.8. 3.1.9.

The Historic Situation: Historical Analysis & Urban Expansion The Historic Situation: The Rise & Fall of UK Seaside Towns The Historic Situation: Conclusion The Current Situation: Industrial Profile The Current Situation: Demographics The Current Situation: Population Turnover The Current Situation: Employment Statistics The Current Situation: Socio-economic Factors Contributing to Blackpoolâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Decline The Current Situation: Conclusion

011 019 021 022 023 024 025 026 027

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED •

3.1.1

THE HISTORIC SITUATION Historical Analysis & Urban Expansion 1788 GEORGE COOKE OPENS FIRST LENDING LIBRARY AND POST OFFICE

The timeline shows the rise and fall of both seaside towns from the 1700s to 2000. Blackpool and Brighton underwent its rapid transformation from a fishing village to a fashionable resort in the 19th century attracting the high and middle class visitors. Blackpool and Brighton were largely unaffected by the World War I and II and the holiday season continued relatively normal attracting British troops and refugees. Both towns continued its success until the 1960s but fell into decline in the 1970s, due to air travel becomes affordable making European holidays more popular.

A FISHING VILLAGE

TREELESS SHORELINE

BLACKPOOL BRIGHTON

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

1750s A FASHIONABLE PLACE FOR SEA BATHING

60s 1750s

1700s

•

1783 FIRST RECORD OF STAGE COACHES FROM MANCHESTER TO BLACKPOOL

NO COMMERCE

NO PORT

011

BLACKPOOL & BRIGHTON COMPARISON

1750 THE CURE OF SEA WATER

Dr. Richard Russell claiming the healing benefits of the seawater cure. There was an influx of visitors especially the high society

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1770s BUILDS TO ACCOMMODATE VISITORS

70s

1781 PRIVATE ROAD TO BLACKPOOL

80s

90s

1783 PRINCE OF WALES’ VISIT & 1987 ROYAL PAVILLION

The populations of Brighton is about 4,000. Prince of Wales’ residence, Royal Pavillion in Brighton was designed by Henry Holland. His presence had attracted people to come to Brighton.

3.1.1

1868 CENTRAL PIER IS BUILT

THE HISTORIC SITUATION

1828 THE GRAND PROMENADE BUILDING BUILT.

Historical Analysis & Urban Expansion

Known as “The People’s Pier”. Due to the increasing popularity of the North Pier with the working class, it was built to accommodate dancing and other activities that was frowned upon.

The first building to be erected in Blackpool as an entertainment theatre.

1983

1846 NATIONAL RAIL LINE ESTABLISHED TO BLACKPOOL

1817 THE FIRST SCHOOL BUILT ON CHURCH STREET

1856-1857 DEALING WITH SEWAGE

1878 WINTER GARDENS OPENS

1888 LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT ALLOWS FOR THE FORMATION OF COUNTY

It was blackpools first large, almost industrial scale entertainment facility and in the following half century a series of large venues were incorporated

1867 IMPERIAL HOTEL BUILT

1873 BLACKPOOL CEMETERY OPENS

Fylde Waterworks Company (1860) supply piped water to Blackpool. Within three years, 2/3 of the town’s houses were being provided for. 1975

1983

1863 NORTH PIER IS BUILT

Blackpool’s first pier. Pierhead was enlarged to house the Indian Pavillion and its width was doubled.

1896 BLACKPOOL PLEASURE BEACH FOUNDED

1872 RAIKES HALL GARDENS OPENS

1972

1905 NORTH 1983 AND SOUTH PIER SHELTERS BUILT

The switch over to electricity was accompanied by the doubling of the tracks which lead to the widening of the promenade and the creation of new sea defenses.

Raikes Hall built by William Boucher (1760). It provided accommodation for visitors. In 1872 its large garden became a pleasure garden providing entertainment, later the site was redeveloped for housing, only the bowling green remains.

1893 SOUTH PIER OPENS

Known as Victoria Pier until 1930, the South Pier was designed by TP Worthington.

1973

1821 SAINT JOHNS CHURCH CONCECRATED

1800s

10s *

20s

1816 REGENCY SQUARE IS BUILT

The square was a prestigious, highclass development, attracting the social elite conceived by Joshua Hanson. Lost its prestige status after the WWI. The square’s central private garden has been council-owned since 1884 and is publicly accessible.

30s

40s

Board of health formed and granted power over visitors and residents.

1850s

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1891 CONSTRUCTION BEGINS ON BLACKPOOL TOWER

Extended to Blackpool Central in 1863 and become a derelict by 1998.

Winter Gardens

60s

70s

80s 1883 THE OPENING OF VOLK’S RAILWAY

The railway connecting London and Brighton made the journey cheap and easy for day-trippers.

1866 THE OPENING OF THE WEST PIER It burned down in 2002. Attracting more than 600,000 people in 1875.

014

1905 1972 BLACKPOOL TOWN HALL BUILT

1904 SIR NA HIRAM MAXIM’S CAPTIVE FLYING MACHINE, PLEASURE BEACH

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED •

1938 BLACKPOOL TECHNICAL COLLEGE

1994

BLACKPOOL & BRIGHTON COMPARISON

1938 ODEON CINEMA BUILT

see Stanley Park Case Study for further information.

1914 WORLD WAR I

1935 WORLD WAR II BEGINS

Town was used as a training ground.

1986 SANDCASTLE WATERPARK OPENS

1923 THE FIRST BLACKPOOL CARNIVAL IS HELD 1912 BLACKPOOL ILLUMINATIONS ARE FIRST SWITCHED ON

1923 WAR MEMORIAL

1980 HOUNDSHILL SHOPPING CENTRE OPENS

1949 WORLD WAR II ENDS 1972 BLACKPOOL ZOO OPENS

1990 BLACKPOOL SEA LIFE CENTRE OPENS

Blackpool Tower

1841 LONDON TO BRIGHTON RAILWAY OPENS

West Pier 013

1897 FIRST BLACKPOOL TOWER FIRE 1894 BLACKPOOL TOWER IS COMPLETED

1862 BLACKPOOL AND LYTHAN RAILWAYS OPENS

1851 ADOPTION OF THE HEALTH IMPROVEMENT ACT

1926 STANLEY PARK OPENS

1894 THE GRAND THEATRE OPENS

the second fire in 1956 took 18 months to repair.

Saint Johns Church

1929 MADAME TOUSSARDS OPENS

1983

1852 BLACKPOOL GAINS GAS LIGHT

1909 THE NA CENTRAL LIBRARY AND ART GALLERY BUILT

1887 BLACKPOOL POLICE

1885 ELECTRIC TRAMWAY OPENS IN BLACKPOOL

1864 BLACKPOOL GAINS A PIPED WATER SUPPLY

1844 ST JOHNS MARKET

1889 THE FIRST OPERA HOUSE IS BUILT

1876 BLACKPOOL IS GIVEN A MAYOR AND CORPORATION

the black pool of sewage from which Blackpool’s name was developed.

The arrival of the railway in 1846 was the essential development that would eventually transport millions of visitors each year.

now the national school, St Johns Church of England Primary School.

1857 CHURCH OF THE SACRED HEART BUILT

1973

1879 START OF ELECTRIC LIGHTING

Volk’s Railway

90s

10s 1900 1900 LOSING ITS APPEAL AS A SEASIDE TOWN

* 1971

1899 THE PALACE PIER TO REPLACE THE OLD CHAIN PIER.

Now known as Brighton Pier. Attracted 2,000,000 a year with addition to a theatre in 1901, a bandstand and winter garden.

Daily Mail claimed the town was an “unenterprising, unnattractive and outdated holiday resort”.

20s

30s

1920 - 1930s ROYAL ALBION 1971 HOTEL The town’s leading hotel for the famous and wealthy people.

1938 REPUTATION SUFFERED

describing the town with London gangs and violence. 015

40s 1940 - 1942 NO LONGER A SAFE AREA Coast declared a ‘defence zone’ and no visitors were allowed.

1943 BAN OF VISITORS IS LIFTED

50s

60s

70s

1950 - 1960s PROMETTES

Six women selected for the job to promote the town all over the globe.

1967 BRIGHTON FESTIVAL

The largest event of its kind in England.

1977 THE BRIGHTON CENTRE

First conference centres on the south coast to attract large party political conferences.

80s

90s

1980s BECOME A FAIRLY RUNDOWN LEISURE DESTINATION

While Hove retained its identity as a wealthy town attracting a quieter kind of holiday makers.

2000 THE QUEEN

GRANTED BRIGHTON & HOVE CITY STATUS To mark the Millenium.

3.1.1

1868 CENTRAL PIER IS BUILT

THE HISTORIC SITUATION

1828 THE GRAND PROMENADE BUILDING BUILT.

Historical Analysis & Urban Expansion

Known as “The People’s Pier”. Due to the increasing popularity of the North Pier with the working class, it was built to accommodate dancing and other activities that was frowned upon.

The first building to be erected in Blackpool as an entertainment theatre.

1983

Consisted of a few small cottages off the shore

BLACKPOOL’S HISTORICAL MAP

Lytham Road

1817 THE FIRST SCHOOL BUILT ON CHURCH STREET

1846 NATIONAL RAIL LINE ESTABLISHED TO BLACKPOOL

1856-1857 DEALING WITH SEWAGE

the black pool of sewage from which Blackpool’s name was developed.

The arrival of the railway in 1846 was the essential development that would eventually transport millions of visitors each year.

now the national school, St Johns Church of England Primary School.

1857 CHURCH OF THE SACRED HEART BUILT

1821 SAINT JOHNS CHURCH CONCECRATED

BRIGHTON & HOVE’S NUMBER OF VISITORS

77,693 1863 NORTH PIER IS BUILT 1975

Saint Johns Church

BLACKPOOL’S POPULATION

473

1800s

10s *

20s

1816 REGENCY SQUARE IS BUILT

The square was a prestigious, highclass development, attracting the social elite conceived by Joshua Hanson. Lost its prestige status after Historic England (2014) Blackpool’s Seaside Heritage [Online] [Accessed on 14th October 2019] https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/ blackpools-seaside-heritage/blackpools-seaside-heritage/ the WWI. The square’s central private Blackpool. (2019) Blackpool - Live here or visit we love it! [Online] [Accessed 2 October https://www.liveblackpool.info/ garden has been2019] council-owned since British History (2019) The borough of Brighton: British history online. [Online] [Accessed 8 October 2019] https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/sussex/ 1884 and is publicly accessible. vol7/pp244-263

1968 943

30s

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5000

40s 1841 LONDON TO BRIGHTON RAILWAY OPENS The railway connecting London and Brighton made the journey cheap and easy for day-trippers.

Board of health formed and granted power over visitors and residents.

1850s BRIGHTON & HOVE’S HISTORICAL MAP

1893 SOUTH PIER OPENS

Known as Victoria Pier until 1930, the South Pier was designed by TP Worthington.

47,000

1973

1897 FIRST BLACKPOOL TOWER FIRE the second fire in 1956 took 18 months to repair.

1894 BLACKPOOL TOWER IS COMPLETED 1891 CONSTRUCTION BEGINS ON BLACKPOOL TOWER

Winter Gardens

12,400,000

1905 NORTH AND SOUTH PIER SHELTERS BUILT

see Stanley Park Case Study for further information.

147,184 1914 WORLD WAR I

1905 1972 BLACKPOOL TOWN HALL BUILT

1904 SIR NA HIRAM MAXIM’S CAPTIVE FLYING MACHINE, PLEASURE BEACH

1923 THE 100,000 FIRST BLACKPOOL CARNIVAL IS HELD 58,371 Population NA 1923 WAR increased but due 1912 MEMORIAL to an influx of civil BLACKPOOL servants and military ILLUMINATIONS personnel. ARE FIRST SWITCHED ON

1986 SANDCASTLE WATERPARK OPENS

73,800

1980 HOUNDSHILL SHOPPING CENTRE OPENS

1949 WORLD WAR II ENDS 1972 BLACKPOOL ZOO OPENS

Blackpool Tower

70s

80s Network of railway has been 1883 THE OPENING OF expanded. VOLK’S RAILWAY

Volk’s Railway

150,000

1935 WORLD WAR II BEGINS

Town was used as 123,478 a training ground.

Extended to Blackpool Central in 1863 and become a derelict by 1998.

It burned down in 2002. Attracting more than 600,000 people in 1875.

017 017

The switch over to electricity was accompanied by the doubling of the tracks which lead to the widening of the promenade and the creation of new sea defenses.

1983

BLACKPOOL & BRIGHTON COMPARISON

16,000,000

1938 1994 ODEON 1926 STANLEY CINEMA BUILT PARK OPENS

1894 THE GRAND THEATRE OPENS

2,000,000

1872 RAIKES HALL GARDENS OPENS

Brighton has already developed with the opening of the railway connecting to London in 1841 attracting visitors. 1866 THE OPENING OF THE WEST PIER

West Pier

1972

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED •

1929 1938 MADAME BLACKPOOL TOUSSARDS TECHNICAL 7,000,000 OPENS COLLEGE

22,000

60s

1909 THE NA CENTRAL LIBRARY AND 4,000,000 ART GALLERY BUILT

1887 BLACKPOOL POLICE

1862 BLACKPOOL AND LYTHAN RAILWAYS OPENS

1851 ADOPTION OF THE HEALTH IMPROVEMENT ACT

Visit Brighton (2019) History of Brighton [Online] [Accessed 20 November 2019] http://ch.visitbrighton.com/xsdbimgs/The%20History%20of%20 Brighton’s%20Tourism.pdf

016

Blackpool’s first pier. Pierhead was enlarged to house the Indian Pavillion and its width was doubled.

25,000

BLACKPOOL’S NUMBER OF VISITORS

1852 BLACKPOOL GAINS GAS LIGHT 2564

1888 LOCAL GOVERNMENT 2,000,000 ACT ALLOWS FOR THE FORMATION OF COUNTY

1873 BLACKPOOL CEMETERY OPENS 1983

40,000

20,000

1878 WINTER GARDENS Town OPENS expanded to It was blackpools first large, almost accommodate industrial scale entertainment facility and in the following half century the influx of visitors a series of large venues were following the incorporated construction of the national rail. 1876 BLACKPOOL IS GIVEN A MAYOR AND CORPORATION

1896 BLACKPOOL PLEASURE BEACH FOUNDED

1885 ELECTRIC TRAMWAY OPENS IN BLACKPOOL

Fylde Waterworks Company (1860) supply piped water to Blackpool. Within three years, 2/3 of the town’s houses were being provided for.

65,569

1983

1889 THE FIRST OPERA HOUSE IS BUILT

1867 IMPERIAL HOTEL BUILT

1864 BLACKPOOL GAINS A 850,000 250,000PIPED WATER SUPPLY

1844 ST JOHNS MARKET

BRIGHTON & HOVE’S POPULATION

1973

1879 START OF ELECTRIC LIGHTING

1990 BLACKPOOL SEA LIFE CENTRE OPENS

CONCLUSION

90s

10s 1900 1900 LOSING ITS APPEAL AS A SEASIDE TOWN

* 1971

1899 THE PALACE PIER TO REPLACE THE OLD CHAIN PIER.

Daily Mail claimed the town was an “unenterprising, unnattractive and outdated holiday resort”.

Now known as Brighton Pier. Attracted 2,000,000 a year with addition to a theatre in 1901, a bandstand and winter garden.

20s *

30s

1920 - 1930s ROYAL ALBION

1971 HOTEL The town’s leading hotel for the famous and wealthy people.

1938 REPUTATION SUFFERED

describing the town with London gangs and violence. 018

40s 1940 - 1942 NO LONGER A SAFE AREA Coast declared a ‘defence zone’ and no visitors were allowed.

1943 BAN OF VISITORS IS LIFTED

50s

60s •

70s

80s

90s

Blackpool and Brighton emerged as one of the most popular seaside towns in the United Kingdom since sea was claimed to have healthy benefits in the 1750s and railway was introduced in the 1840s, attracting a mass of visitors. • Blackpool had already built cultural centres, public amenities, amusement parks and resorts to accommodate the locals and tourists which led to the increase in 1950 - 1960s PROMETTES population. 1980s BECOME A FAIRLY Six women selected for•the Even job to promote during the war, both towns still managed to attractLEISURE visitors but mainly civil RUNDOWN the town all over the globe. servants and military1977 personnel. THE DESTINATION Hove retainedBrighton its identitycreated as a • Both towns suffered after BRIGHTON the war until the While 1980s. Although wealthy town attracting a quieter kind of Brighton Festival andCENTRE Conference Centre to attract international tourists but 1967 holiday makers. First conference still considered as a rundown leisure town. Blackpool during the 1950s until the BRIGHTON centres on 1990s managed to open up a the zoo, a shopping centre, a water park and Sea Life FESTIVAL south coast to 2000 THE QUEEN centre. The largest event attract large GRANTED BRIGHTON • ofThe number of tourists increased declined gradually its kind in party political until the World War II& and HOVE CITY STATUS after the war and at the same time, the population hadToalready decreased. England. conferences. mark thebeen Millenium.

3.1.2

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/SUCCEED •

THE HISTORIC SITUATION

The Rise and Fall of British Seaside Towns

Package holidays become accessible

1950’s

1914-1918 WW I 1939-1945 WW II

1900’s

British public holidays introduced

1870’s

Transporation by train makes costal towns more accessible

1840’s

By 1939 Thomas Cook was advertising holidays by air with a week in Cannes, in the south of France, costing £15/5s (about £930 in today’s money) – well beyond the financial reach of most people.

Popularity of British sea side towns continued to increase despite the World Wars. During this period Blackpool experienced an influx of military personal.

1970’s

Air travel becomes affordable making european holidays more popular

visitor numbers reduced drastically as more flexible holiday entitlements, cheap air travel and package holidays allowed people to find sun, sea and sand on the Mediterranean. Many coastal towns that were dependent on single industries such as tourism, fishing, the military or merchant ports have declined as those sectors became less profitable, closed or moved and nothing has emerged to replace them. Services such as Ryan Air, Easy Jet and Air BnB enable their customers to book flights online, package holiday companies such as Thomas Cook (which recently collapsed following 178 years in the industry) suffered as a result of this. The popularity of city breaks has succeeded sea side holidays. However, economical (price of holidays abroad), political (brexit) and environmental concerns (a shift in global conscious regarding carbon footprint of the individual) has lead to the resurgence of the Bristish Sea Side Resort.

PRESENT

Factors influencing the popularity of European seaside holidays lead to the resurgence of British Sea Side Towns as holiday destination

Towns like Brighton & hove benefiting from good rail links and diverse economies improved

introduction of holidays meant that working class people could spend longer.

introduction of the national rail makes travelling to seaside towns easier, cheaper and faster, making it more accessible to working class day trippers

Sea bathing becomes popular

1720’s

sea bathing becomes popular for it’s percieved healing properties.

Fig. Diagram showing key points in the history of the development of sea side towns. (Author, 2019) References The Academy of Urbanism (2018) The rebirth of British seaside resorts and coastal towns. [online][Date Accessed 20th December 2019] https://www.academyofurbanism.org.uk/the-rebirth-of-british-seaside-resorts-and-coastal-towns/ Walton, J. (2005) [online][Date Accessed 20th December 2019] https://archives.history.ac.uk/history-in-focus/Sea/articles/walton.html no author (no date) History Of The Seaside | Chronology [online][Date Accessed 20th December 2019] https://www.workshops-for-schools.co.uk/blog/2010/10/21/seaside-holidays-in-the-past/history-of-the-seaside-chronology/ National Coastal Tourism Academy (2016) 2016 Coastal Torism: Summary report of challenges and opportunities for growth [online][Date Accessed 20th December 2019] https://britishdestinations.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/2016coastal-tourism-report.pdf

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BLACKPOOL & BRIGHTON COMPARISON

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

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Further interventions are required in order to increase prosperity in sea side locations so they do not continue along this route of decline. Sea side towns that refuse to diversify from single industry such as tourism continue to decline.

CONCLUSION British towns that refused to diversify (such as Blackpool) began to decline following the rise in popularity of travelling abroad to have a holiday. Whereas towns such as Brighton which diversified with new industries emerging to replace the dwindling tourism sector have faired far better. According to Coastal Tourism Report (2016) although still lower than other trip types there has been an increase in popularity of the sea side break, especially among families. However seasonality still remains a critical issue.

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/SUCCEED •

3.1.2

THE HISTORIC SITUATION

BLACKPOOL & BRIGHTON COMPARISON

Location and accessibility can affect the resilience of these seaside towns, with places such as Skegness becoming run down and surrounded by semi permanent caravan and mobile home sites and resorts like Margate struggling much harder than Brighton and Hove. Places such as Cornwall, North Norfolk and Suffolk survived due to an influx of wealthy middle class second home-owners. However, in contrast to the prosperity of these towns are examples of former resorts; heavily reliant on seasonal employment and agriculture, they tend to become host to cheap bed and breakfast accommodation that houses people living on benefits, migrants and the urban homeless. Most of whom are unable to contribute much to the local economy. (The Academy of Urbanism, 2018)

The Rise and Fall of British Seaside Towns

Towns that benefited from close proximity to London and excellent rail links became suburbs for the wealthy (such Brighton and Hove) or retirement settlements for the elderly and dependant population (Eastbourne and Bournemouth).

Whitby

Blackpool

most fish and chips shops

Skegness Cromer most beaches

Tenby Lytham St Annes

Southwold cheapest ice-cream

Woolacombe

Lytham St Annes, Lancashire

Bude

Morcambe

Margate

St Ives

Morcambe, Lancashire South-on-sea least rainy days

Torquay

Brighton

Salcombe

most checked in on instagram | most attractions

Principle Sea side Towns Small Sea Side Towns

Bournemouth

best seaside tows for families

Weymouth

Length of stay by type of break

Visitor Profile

a short break (1-3 nights)

Scarborough

Scarborough, North Yorkshire

Pre nesters (16-34 yrs without children)

a mid lenght stay (4-7 nights) a longer holiday (8+nights)

11% Skegness

Family (16-54 yrs with children)

33%

Empty Nesters (55+ yrs no children)

Time of year of visits (% of total) 2

St Ives

St Ives, Cornwall 020

•

Refernces (see preivious page BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

Jan LULU

seaside

small towns

Skegness, Lincolnshire

Independant (35-54yr without children)

country side

cities/large towns

41%

16 9

9 3

4 Margate

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Data from National Coastal Tourism Academy (Report 2016)

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Margate, Kent

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED •

3.1.3

CONCLUSION

THE HISTORIC SITUATION HISTORICAL ANALYSIS & URBAN EXPANSION •

• • •

021

Blackpool and Brighton emerged as one of the most popular seaside towns from the 1750s until the 1930s, attracting a mass of visitors and tourists. During this period, population had already increased with the evidence of built cultural centres, museums, public amenities, amusement parks and resorts to accommodate the locals and tourists. Both towns suffered post-war but managed to open new entertainment hubs to attract visitors. The population and visitors for both towns, especially Blackpool, have been decreasing from 1970s to the 1990s. British towns that refused to diversify especially Blackpool began to decline following the rise in popularity of traveling abroad to have a holiday. Seasonality remains an issue in Blackpool.

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

BLACKPOOL & BRIGHTON COMPARISON

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED •

3.1.4

BLACKPOOL & BRIGHTON COMPARISON

THE CURRENT SITUATION Industrial Profile

A comparison between two well-known seaside resort towns to provide insight and valuable references for the analysis and what makes Brighton more successful than Blackpool. Although bear in mind that Brighton’s unique location which is well connected to London resulted in its success.

London

Brighton & Hove

Manchester Blackpool

BLACKPOOL

BRIGHTON & HOVE

LOCATION

POPULATION TURNOVER

Attracting North West visitors from Preston (28 km) and Manchester (65 km).

There is a significant outflow of professional workers and attract low income people.

UNIQUE GEOGRAPHY

POPULATION TURNOVER

Brighton is well connected to London, the South East and its airport.

Due to the net inflow of international migrants to the city.

HEALTHCARE

HIGHER EDUCATION

35,000 students SINGULAR ECONOMY: TOURISM Focuses on day trippers and weekend breaks. Attracting about 8.35 million visitors in 2017

DEPRIVATION

8 10

of England’s most deprived neighbourhoods.

Ranking in the Index 6th Multiple Deprivation (IMD) in 2019

REDEVELOPMENT

Major investments on hotels, trams and attractions to attract visitors.

•

The sole focus on tourism development have hindered regeneration efforts to attract more people to Blackpool. Brighton is successful due to its diversification in the economy which not only focuses on tourism but investing in the IT industry, top-ranked universities with research facilities and arts programme.

Brighton and Hove City Council. (2017) Key sectors [Online] [Accessed on 5th November 2019] https://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/sites/brighton-hove.gov. uk/files/key%20sectors.pdf Brighton and Hove City Council. (2017) Key sectors [Online] [Accessed on 5th November 2019] https://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/sites/brighton-hove.gov.

022

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

DIVERSIFICATION OF LOCAL ECONOMY

Research facilities based in two universities that focuses on treatment and academic course

Schools are improving in quality.

TOURISM & HOSPITALITY

CONCLUSION •

50% of the working-age adults have a degree

13%

BOOMING DIGITAL INDUSTRY

20 %

of the workforce employed

Conferencing attracts 10,000,000 visitors a year

6th fastest growing

Strong art events programme and community

receive government funding for a testbed facility to help start up digital businesses.

84%

number of digital jobs in the UK

Focused on weekend breaks

CREATIVE INDUSTRIES & CULTURE-LED REGENERATION

growth in creative businesses

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED •

3.1.5

BLACKPOOL & BRIGHTON COMPARISON

THE CURRENT SITUATION Demographics

Blackpool

England & Wales

Brighton & Hove

CONCLUSION

Land Area (km2)

34.85

82.96 130,395

Population = 10,000

139,300

In 2040, population in Blackpool is expected to decline gradually to 136,500 while population in Brighton rises.

53,980,000

290,400

Density (inhabitant/ km2) = 100

Blackpool is densely populated than Brighton & Hove considering Blackpool is smaller land area in comparison to Brighton & Hove. 4,000

Average Age

430

3,480

44.0

42.1

40.0 18.8 %

Age Composition Data shows age composition in 2019

26.5%

28.4%

50.7%

50.9%

22.9%

21.1%

Blackpool which has a lower percentage of the younger age population (15-30 years old) compared to Brighton.

Ethnic Composition = White

= Other ethnicities`

96.7%

89.1%

85.4%

3.2%

9.5%

13.6%

JSNA Blackpool (2019) Blackpool profile [Online] [Accessed on 2 October 2019] http://www.blackpooljsna.org.uk/Blackpool-Profile/Blackpool-profile.aspx Office for National Statistics (2019) Labour market profile [Online] [Accessed on 2 October 2019] https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/1946157280/report. aspx?c1=1946157070&c2=2092957698

023

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

28.4 %

Blackpool has a predominantly larger white population compared to Brighton.

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED •

3.1.6

THE CURRENT SITUATION Population Turnover

Life Expectancy

Blackpool

Brighton & Hove

The graph shows the average age of life expectancy at birth

England & Wales

CONCLUSION

90 80 70

79.6

83.0

82.9

74.2

79.1

79.2

Blackpool has the lowest life expectancies for both women and men of all upper tier local authorities.

13-15

The charts show life expectancy gap. The life expectancy gap is the difference between the top and bottom of the inequality slope. Inequality slope for males Inequality slope for females

14-16

15-17

13-15

Life Expectancy Gap (%)

14-16

15-17

Life expectancy gap between the most and least deprived areas in Blackpool is higher than Brighton due to:

Life Expectancy Gap

90 80

9.6 years

6.7 years

13.6 years

9.6 years

Deaths in younger people

28%

Most

Least

Deprivation (14-16)

Most

Least

Deprivation (11-15)

The graphs show the general fertility rate for both cities. It is the number of live births per 1,000 females aged 15-44 years.

80 70

70.6% 68.4 %

67.8 %

62.2 %

62.5 %

61.2 %

Circulatory disease contributes 20% in males and 22% in females.

60 44.7 %

44.8%

It will continue to decline

43.7 %

2015

2016

2017

2013

2014

2015

2016

Mortality The number shows the comparison of the agestandardised mortality rate per 100,000 persons for both towns in 2017.

1,290.7

1,004.7

JSNA Blackpool (2019) Blackpool profile [Online] [Accessed on 2 October 2019] http://www.blackpooljsna.org.uk/Blackpool-Profile/Blackpool-profile.aspx Office for National Statistics. (2017) Mortality Statistics: Deaths Registered by Area of Usual Residence 2017 Registrations. United Kingdom: ONS. Office for National Statistics. (2018) Birth and Death Summary Tables England and Wales 2018. United Kingdom: ONS. Boseley, S. (2018) Early death rate in deprived Blackpool ‘twice that of the most affluent areas’. [Online] [Accessed on 10 November 2019] https://www. theguardian.com/society/2018/oct/25/early-death-rate-in-deprived-blackpool-twice-that-of-the-most-affluent-areas •

of male deaths from external causes (suicide and injuries) 22% account for females with respiratory diseases.

Birth Rate

024

BLACKPOOL & BRIGHTON COMPARISON

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

957.2

2017

Birth rate in England will continue to decline.

Blackpool has the highest mortality rate in England and increased since 2016 recorded 1,287.8 deaths per 100,000 people.

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED •

3.1.7

BLACKPOOL & BRIGHTON COMPARISON

THE CURRENT SITUATION Employment Statistics

Blackpool

Brighton & Hove

6.1 %

Employment Chart

4.6 %

This pie chart shows the labour supply. The data is based on the NOMIS Official Labour Market Statistics (2018).

4.1 %

22.8 %

In employment Economically Unemployed active Economically inactive

CONCLUSION

20.6 %

71.6 %

Economically Inactive

England & Wales

21.1 %

74.9 %

Blackpool has the highest unemployment rate compared to Brighton & Hove.

78.9 %

Long-term Sickness 51.0 %

Data shows the type of people who are economically inactive (neither employed nor unemployed).

18.7 %

23.0 %

20.7 %

23.6 %

12.7 %

Students 8.5 %

26.9%

44.3 %

20.7 %

Retired 6.4 %

12.9%

7.7 %

Long-term sickness and people looking after the family make up the most percentage for people who are economically inactive in Blackpool while students are the highest percentage in Brighton & Hove.

Other 9.8 %

Out-Of-Work Benefits

11.2%

15.2 %

21.1 %

10.1 %

11.0 %

The number shows the total claimants (2016)

Job Sectors

44.3 %

51.0 %

People Looking After Family/Home

(%)

25 High focus

Blackpool’s Highest Job Sectors

Low focus

22.2%

Average Salary 025

•

15.9%

12.7%

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

£ 28,800

LULU

£ 33,500

£ 36,600

Se Fin cu an rity cia Ac l an tiv itie d s

al Ac Esta tiv te itie s

Inf o Co rma mm tio un n an ica d tio n

Pr of Te ch Scie essi nic nt on if a al Ac ic an l, tiv itie d s Co ns tru cti on

or t ati on Sto and rag e Tra ns p

ts, E an nter t d R ain ec me rea nt tio n Ar

r in g Ma nu fac tu

mi Su nistr pp ativ or t e Se and rvi ce

Ed uc ati

H an uma dS n oc Hea ia lt Ac l Wo h tiv rk itie s Wh ole Re sale tai l Tr and ad e

Blackpool Brighton & Hove

A an ccom dF oo mod d S ati o Ac ervic n tiv e itie s Ad mi nis tra Pu tio bli De n An c fen d ce

The figure shows the comparison of job sectors between the two resort towns.

Brighton out-performs Blackpool in

Blackpool has the lowest average salary compared to Brighton

JSNA Blackpool (2019) Blackpool profile [Online] [Accessed on 2 October 2019] http://www.blackpooljsna.org.uk/Blackpool-Profile/Blackpool-profile.aspx Office for National Statistics (2019) Labour market profile [Online] [Accessed on 2 October 2019] https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/1946157280/ report.aspx?c1=1946157070&c2=2092957698

3.1.8

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/SUCCEED •

BLACKPOOL AND BRIGHTON COMPARISON

THE CURRENT SITUATION

Socio- economic factors contributing to Blackpool’s decline

Net Inflow Net Outflow Professional Jobs Routine Jobs Unemployed People with no illness affecting daily life People with illnesses affecting daily life

Funding spent on the elderly and children ‘Much of the Council’s budget is going to childrens’ social care and to help the disabled and elderly in the community, leaving very little for the council to deliver its core objectives’ (BlackpoolGazette, 2019) “The consequences of almost a decade of savage cuts to local government are now impossible to ignore, not just for Blackpool, but also for almost every area of our country’’ Blackpool Council Report.

•

Council is in process of prioritizing funding for Blackpool. Currently, most of it goes to support the communities’ elderly and the children. The job market has only recently picked up on the professional jobs provision via new masterplans in Blackpool.

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

600

There is a significant outflow of professional jobs due to low opportunities in Blackpool’s market. Many are also relying on state benefits, choosing to settle instead of making money. On the other hand, more routine jobs are entering Blackpool. There is a pressing need to provide youth with opportunities and create a market that welcomes a wider range of professions. However recent projects such as Blackpool Central are starting to improve the professional job market.

Statistics taken from Ft.com. (2018). Left behind: can anyone save the towns the UK economy forgot? | Financial Times. [online] Available at: https://www.ft.com/blackpool

026

400

Gap found in the professional job market

CONCLUSION: •

200 people

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED •

3.1.9

CONCLUSION

THE CURRENT SITUATION • • • •

027

Currently, Blackpool’s sole focus on tourism have slowed down regeneration efforts to attract more visitors and locals, at the same time facing challenges in high unemployment linked to poor public health. There are few professional job opportunities for those who live or work in Blackpool. Brighton has been more successful due to its diversification in the economy by not only investing in the tourism sector but the digital industry and arts and events programme. Recently, there has been an increase in popularity of the sea side holidays, especially among young families.

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

BLACKPOOL & BRIGHTON COMPARISON

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED 3.2 SEASONALITY & TOURISM 3.2.1. 3.2.2. 3.2.3. 3.2.4. 3.2.5. 3.2.6. 3.2.7. 3.2.8. 3.2.9. 3.2.10 3.2.11.

028

Cannes: Calendar of Events Cannes: Events Activated Area Brighton: Calendar of Events Brighton: Events Activated Area Blackpool: Entertainment & Nightlife Blackpool: Calendar of Events Blackpool: Events Activated Area Blackpool: Illuminations (1912 – 2010s) Blackpool: Illuminations – Heritage Trams Blackpool: Tourism Statistics Conclusion

029 030 031 032 033 034 035 036 042 044 046

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED

CANNES’ CALENDAR OF EVENTS 3.2.1 CANNES’CANNES CALENDAR OF EVENTS CANNES’ CALENDAR OF EVENTS EVENTS CANNES’ CALENDAR OF Calendar of Events 1 International Luxury Travel [4 days] Early December

ey ae a y y a y

Mid September 5 Mid September 5 Mid September 5

Cannes Cannes Cannes

Cannes

st st st st gu uguugu ugu A A A

Calendar of events/ festivals with no. matching with venue photos on the following Calendar of events/ festivals withpage no. matching with

[1 day]

March Early March 2Mid Early March 2 Early 1Mid MarchMarch

[4 (property trade show) [1 days] day] [1 day] MIPIM Cannes Half Marathon Cannes Half Marathon

Cannes Half Marathon

June

July

June

July July

June June

r m be Dece r m be Dece

r m be Dece ber m Dece

11oC 9 hrs

[4 days]

Mid April AprilApril 1Early Early April 1End Early April 1Mid April

[6 Pan-African Film Festival [4 days] days] (TV trade [4 days]MIPTV MIPTV (TV market) trade market) [3 days] Cannes International Triathlon [4 days] MIPTVFilm (TVFestival trade market) [6 days] Pan-African

Mid April

0.12 million 0.12 million

18mm

0.25

25oCmillion 25oC0.25

million o 28 C

gu Au

st st gu gu Au Au

28oC 28oC

18mm 18mm 0.26 million 0.26 27oC million July 27oC

0.26 Ju million 0.26 ly million

Mid May

Mid May 1 Mid May 1 Mid May

Early 22 June June - 26 June 22 - 26

18mm

25oC

r r erber m be m be mbm SepteSepte SepSte epte

25oC

Janu ar y Janu ar y

9 ohrs 11 C 11oC

24oC 15.5 hrso 24 C 15.5 hrs June

24oC

June24oC

15.5 hrs

MIPTV (TV trade market)

[6 days]

1EndMid AprilApril 3 End April 3 End April

hrch rca MaM

MIPIM (property trade show)

Early April

April April

11oC

21 C 85mm 85mm 21oC 21oC

Janu a

1 1 1

[4 days]

1 1 3 1

h h Marc Marc

11oC

9 hrs 9 11 hrsoC

21oC 85mm

million 0.12 11oC million 9 hrs

ay My a M

[1 day] Half Marathon [4 days] (property trade show) [4 days]MIPIMCannes MIPIM (property trade show)

[3 days] [3 days]

Pan-African Film Festival

Cannes International Triathlon Cannes International Triathlon

[12 days]

Cannes International Film Festival [12 days] Cannes International Film [12 days] Cannes International Film Festival

[12 days]

Cannes Festival International Film Festival

[4 days] [5 days] [4 days] [5 days] [4 days]

MIDEM (trade show for music) Cannes Lions International Festival MIDEM (trade show for music) of Creativity Cannes Lions(trade International Festival MIDEM show for music) [4 days] days] of Creativity MIDEM show for music) [5 Cannes (trade Lions International Festival

[5 days]

Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity of Creativity

20oC 0.21 20oC million 0.21 million

20oC ay 20oC M 0.21 million 0.21 million

Note: Line graph shows number of foreign tourist in town excluding domesNote: Line graph shows number of tic visitors. foreign tourist in town excluding domesNote: Line graph shows number of tic visitors. TheNote: comfortable temperature is between Line graph number of foreign tourist in townshows excluding domeso 18-24 C and only temperature within this foreign tourist in town excluding domesvisitors. temperature is between Thetic comfortable range and the lowest average temperaticoC visitors. 18-24 and only temperature within this ture of the year is marked out range and the lowest temperature average temperaThe comfortable is between o year is marked comfortable iswithin between tureThe of the out 18-24 C and onlytemperature temperature this o Number foreign tourists within this 18-24 C and of only temperature

range and the lowest average temperarange and the lowest average Number of foreign tourists Rainfall (mm) ture of the year is marked out temperature of the year is marked out Rainfall (mm)(oC) Temperature

ay My a M

Number of foreign tourists

o foreign tourists Number (of C) Temperature Hours of daylight Rainfall (mm)

Rainfall (mm)

Hours of daylight

27 C Temperature ( C) Cannes-destination.com.(2019). (2019). Flagship events | Cannes Destination. [online] Available at: https://www.cannes-destination.com/flagship-envents-in-cannes 16 Oct. 2019]. 15.5 hrs Cannes-destination.com. Flagship events | Cannes Destination. [online] Available at: https://www.cannes-destination.com/flagship-envents-in-cannes [Accessed[Accessed 16 Oct. 2019]. C Oct. 2019]. 27o16 Temperature (oC) En.wikipedia.org. (2019). Cannes. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wikiCannes [Accessed En.wikipedia.org. (2019). Cannes. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wikiCannes [AccessedJ16 uly Oct. 2019]. June Seecannes.com. (2019).Best Best Things Do in Cannes |Cannes SeeCannes.com. [online] Available at: https://www.seecannes.com/activities/ [Accessed 16 [Accessed Oct. 2019]16 Oct. 2019]. Chart showing climate &Things tourist statistics Cannes-destination.com. (2019). Flagship events | Cannes Destination. [online] Available at:at: https://www.cannes-destination.com/flagship-envents-in-cannes July Seecannes.com. (2019). ToTo Do in Cannes |of SeeCannes.com. [online] Available https://www.seecannes.com/activities/ [Accessed 16 Oct. 2019] Hours of daylight June Chart showing climate &Average tourist statistics Cannes En.wikipedia.org. (2019). Cannes. [online] Available at: of https://en.wikipedia.org/wikiCannes [Accessed 16 Oct. Available 2019]. Weatherspark.com. (2020). Weather in Cannes, France, Round - Weather Spark. [online] at: https://weatherspark.com/y/55258/Average-Weather-in-Cannes-France-Year-Round 6 Jan. 2020]. Weatherspark.com. (2020). Average Weather in Cannes, France, YearYear Round - Weather Spark. [online] Available at: https://weatherspark.com/y/55258/Average-Weather-in-Cannes-France-Year-Round 6[Accessed Jan. 2020].. Hours [Accessed of daylight o

Seecannes.com. (2019). Best Things To Do in Cannes | SeeCannes.com. [online] Available at: https://www.seecannes.com/activities/ [Accessed 16 Oct. 2019]

URBANWeather DESIGNinANALYSIS • LULURound - Weather Spark. [online] Available at: https://weatherspark.com/y/55258/Average-Weather-in-Cannes-France-Year-Round [Accessed 6 Jan. 2020].. 029 • BLACKPOOL Weatherspark.com. (2020). Average Year Cannes-destination.com. (2019). Flagship events |Cannes, CannesFrance, Destination. [online] Available at: https://www.cannes-destination.com/flagship-envents-in-cannes [Accessed 16 Oct. 2019]. Cannes-destination.com. events | Cannes Destination. [online] Available at:[Accessed https://www.cannes-destination.com/flagship-envents-in-cannes [Accessed 16 Oct. 2019]. En.wikipedia.org. (2019). (2019). Cannes.Flagship [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wikiCannes 16 Oct. 2019].

SEASONALITY & TOURISM

Cannes is half the size of Blackpool but is very sucCannes is halfcity. theIts size of Blackpool but is very successful as an event events and are Cannes is half thehalf size of size Blackpool butfestivals is very sucCannes is the of Blackpool but is very successful asthroughout an city. event city. events and Janfestivals are very spreadout the Its year, with only cessful as an event Its events and festivals are cessful as an event city. Its events and festivals are very spreadout throughout the year, with only January Augustthroughout being vacant. biggest festival is very and spreadout the Its year, with only Janvery spreadout throughout the year, with only January andInternational August being vacant. Its biggest festival is the Film in May, uary Cannes and August being vacant. Its Festival biggest festival is uary and August being vacant. Its Festival biggest festival is the Cannes International Film where celebrities from all of the world attend. the Cannes International Film Festival in May,in May, the Cannes International Film Festival May, Moreover, Cannes pays host various up-market celebrities from all of the world inattend. wherewhere celebrities from all ofto the world attend. where celebrities from all of the world attend. conferences and Cannes specialist trade shows, attracting Moreover, pays to various up-market Moreover, Cannes pays host to host various up-market Moreover, Cannes pays host to various up-market a wider rangeand of visitors, including specialists and conferences and specialist trade shows, attracting conferences specialist trade shows, attracting conferences and specialist trade shows, attracting professionals as well as the average tourists looka wider of visitors, including specialists and a wider range range of visitors, including specialists and wider as range of visitors, including specialists and ing fora leisure & entertainment. professionals wellas aswell the as average tourists look- lookprofessionals the average tourists as well as the average tourists looking forprofessionals leisure & entertainment. ing forisleisure & entertainment. Note: “Event” defined here as annual festivals/ events that

ing for leisure & entertainment.

are of regional, national or international scale, which have Note: “Event” is defined here as here annual events that Note: “Event” defined asfestivals/ annual festivals/ events that been occuring for at is least 5 years. Not including any local are of Note: regional, “Event” national is defined or international here as annual scale, festivals/ which have eventshave that are of regional, national or international scale, which events such as weekly markets/ fairs. been occuring for at least 5 years. Not including any local are of regional, national or international scale, which have been occuring for at least 5 years. Not including any local events been such as weekly markets/ fairs. occuring at least 5 years. events such as for weekly markets/ fairs.Not including any local

events such as weekly markets/ fairs.

[3 days] [6 days]Cannes International Triathlon Pan-African Film Festival

ry ry ua ua

9 hrs

Mid March Mid March

1 Early June 1 June 22 - 26 1 Early June 1 1 June 22 -June 26 Early

Janu a

0.12 million 0.12 9 hrs million 11oC 0.12 9 hrs

r r ryeb eb ry ua ua F F br ebr F

OctO cteobeOcto Octo ob r r ber ber

July

85mm

0.25 o 28 C million 0.25 million

Chart showing climate & tourist statistics of Cannes

Early March

1 2

[3 days]International International [3 days] GamesGames FestivalFestival [3 days] International Games Festival

N N ov ov Nov Nov em em em em be be be be r r r r

(Fireworks competition)

Chart showing climate & tourist statistics of Cannes

[6 days] Mid July - End August weekends 4 Le Festival d’Art Pyrotechniques (Fireworks competition) [6 days] Mid July - End August weekends 4 Le Festival d’Art Pyrotechniques Calendar of events/ festivals with no. matching with (Fireworks competition) [6 days] Mid July - End August weekends 4 Le Festival d’Art Pyrotechniques [6 days] Mid July - End August weekends 4 venue photos on the following page Le Festival d’Art Pyrotechniques (Fireworks competition)

Calendar of events/ with no. matching with venue photos on thefestivals following page venue photos on the following page

International Games Festival

AprAilpril

11 1 1

April April

Mid September

111

[3 days]

AprAilpril

Cannes Yachting Festival [6 days] Cannes Yachting Festival [6 days] Cannes Yachting Festival [6 days]

Early October MidOctober October Mid Mid October

hrch rca MaM

[6 days]

Mid October EarlyOctober October Early

Feb 21 - 23

1FebFeb 21 - 21 23 - 23 1 Feb 21 - 23

ar y

r bebrerber mmtem mbpetete eepSep SepteSS

Cannes Yachting Festival

Early October

11 1

h h Marc Marc

industry trade market)

Early EarlyNovember November Early November

Janunuary ar y Jan u

r r ru ru

[5 days]

(Television [4 days] Tax World Exhibition[5 days] [5 days] Tax MIPCOM FreeFree World Exhibition industry tradeExhibition market) Tax Free World [5 days] MIPCOM (Television [4 days] MIPCOM (Television [4 days] industry trade market) MIPCOM (Television [4 days] industry trade market)

Janu a

r b br u F Fru br b F

Tax Free World Exhibition

[4[4 days] days] [4 days]

Early November

r m be Dece er b em ber r Decm e Dece cemb

NRJNRJ Music Awards Music Awards NRJ Music Awards

[4 days]

1 11

N N NNo ov ovv ov emeemm em be bebe be r r rr

NRJ Music Awards

Early December EarlyDecember December Early

OctO O ccteto ob orbbO eerrctober

Market Luxury Travel [4 days] International International Luxury Travel[4[4 days] International Luxury Travel days] Market Market Market

•

Film

TV TV

Film

Fireworks

Sports

Fireworks

Sports

Fireworks Fireworks

Music

Film Film

Sports Sports

Music

Music CLIMATE Music Cannes, CLIMATEbeing at the south of France, has mild temperatures round, temperature Cannes, beingallat year the south of with France, has mild CLIMATE o CLIMATE C for 6 months of the year and daylighthas mild above 20 temperatures all year round, with temperature Cannes, being at the south of France, o Cannes, being at the south of France, has mild hours of no less than 9 hours even during winter. abovetemperatures 20 C for 6 months of theround, year and daylight all year with temperature Tourist come throughout the year but reaches its temperatures all year round, with temperature hoursabove of no less even during 20ooCthan for 9 6 hours months of the yearwinter. and daylight peak in July and August, when it is the driestand and above 20 C for 6 months of the year Touristhours comeofthroughout the 9year but even reaches its daylight no less than hours during winter. hotest and despite the fact that these are the of no less than 9 hours even during winter. peak hours in July and August, when it is the driest and Tourist come throughout the year but reaches its months with despite the leastthroughout events. come the year but reaches its hotestTourist and the fact that these are the peak in July and August, when it is the driest and months withinthe least events. peak July and August, whenthat it is these the driest hotest and despite the fact are and the

hotest fact that these are the months and with despite the leastthe events. CONCLUSION months with the least events. It seems that there is a stronger correlation CONCLUSION CONCLUSION between climate & comfort with the number It seems thatthat there isisaalevels stronger correlation It seems there stronger correlation CONCLUSION of visitors than the number of events/ festivals. Itbetween between climate & comfort levels with the number CONCLUSION climate & comfort levels with the number of visitors It that seems that thereofhas isevents/ afestivals stronger correlation seems although Cannes almost of visitors than the number festivals. It It seems that there is a stronger correlation than the number ofcomfort events/ festivals. It the seems that between climate & levels number all year round, the filmCannes festivals, thewith biggest seems that although hasbeing festivals almost between climate & comfort levels with the number although Cannes has festivals almost all year round, of visitors number of instead events/ festivals. It does notround, bring the inthan the most tourists, they all year filmthe festivals, being the biggest of visitors than the number of events/ festivals. It the film festivals, being the biggest does bring draw in andmost professionals thatfestivals arethey notnotalmost that Cannes does seems notspecialists bring in although the tourists, has instead seems that although Cannes has festivals almost in most tourists, instead they draw inthe specialists the crowd, however they do help sustain all year round, theprofessionals film festivals, being biggest drawbiggest in the specialists and that are not all year round, the film festivals, being the biggest and professionals that are not the biggest crowd, tourism in the wetter months of Cannes. Events does not bring in the they most instead they the biggest crowd, however dotourists, help sustain does not bring in the most tourists, instead however they do help sustain tourism in the wetter are workable solution in attracting tourists but is draw in specialists and of professionals that arethey not tourism in the wetter months Cannes. Events draw inweather specialists and professionals that are not secondary to conditions. months of Cannes. Events are are workable solution in attracting tourists is solution the biggest crowd, however theyworkable dobut help sustain the biggest crowd, however they do help sustain in attracting tourists but is secondary to weather secondary to weather conditions. tourism in the wetter months of Cannes. Events tourism in the wetter months of Cannes. conditions. are workable solution in attracting touristsEvents but is are workable solution in attracting tourists but is secondary to weather conditions. secondary to weather conditions.

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED

3.2.2

CANNES Events Activated Areas

3 1

Winter - (Jan - Mar)

Cannes is a very small city located in the French Riviera at the South of France. With its area and population being half of that in Blackpool, it is remarkable that it has such a reown reputation at being an event city by the seaside. The diagrams here shows that there is predominantly one indoor venue for all its events and festivals, which is the Palais des festivals et des Congrès. It is a giant complex that can host international trade shows as well as award presentations like the International Film Festival. Vast extent of the inner area of Cannes is activated by the Triathlon in April, as participants have to run along the coast, mountain bike up the mountains, as well as swimming in the Bay. This natural outdoor landscape coverage makes up for the lack of indoor venues available.

The coastline, the beach and the port is perhaps its second most important attraction and venue, together with its warm weather throughout the year draws many recreational tourists looking for leisure and luxury. The fact that its coastline is lined with trees invites pedestrians and gives it a very attractive and inhabitable waterfront.

Spring - (Apr - Jun)

4 5 8

5 8

Summer- (Jul - Sep) 030

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

Autumn (Oct- Dec) LULU

1. Palais des festivals et des Congrès 2. Boulevard de la Croisette 3. Cannes International Triathlon (route starts at the beach, goes up mountains towards Montauroux & St. Cezaire-surSiagne, back to swim in Bay of cannes, and ends in Port of Cannes) 4. Bay of Cannes 5. Port Canto

•

SEASONALITY & TOURISM

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED

BRIGHTON’S CALENDAR OF EVENTS BRIGHTON’S CALENDAR OF EVENTS BRIGHTON 3.2.3 14 Burning the Clocks (winter [1 day] December BRIGHTON’S CALENDAR OF2121EVENTS EVENTS BRIGHTON’S CALENDAR OF 14 Burning the Clocks (winter [1 day] December Calendar of Events solstice celebration)

N N N No ov o ov v emve emem m be b bebe e r r r r

r m be December e c e D

Janu ary ar y

r m be Decceember

Janu a

Janu

Janury a

tobe torbeOcto ber r r

Brighton

OctO obce

Brighton

[5 days]

End August

End August [6 days]

April

April April y

9 Mid July

us t

8 [6 days] Mid July Trans Pride Brighton 7 [1 day] Mid July March of The Mermaids [6 days] Mid July Trans Pride Brighton 78 [1 day] Mid July March of The Mermaids 7 [1 day] Mid July March of The Mermaids Calendar of events/ festivals with no. matching with8 [6 days] Mid July Trans Pride Brighton Calendar events/ with[1page no. with 7 venue photos on festivals the following day]matching Mid July March of Theof Mermaids

June

5 6 5 7 6

June

7 r m be Dece r

Janu a

N No N o v ve o v em em m em be be be be r r r r

m be Dece ber m e Dec mb Dece

ry Janu a

Janu a

8 hrs

7oC

Marc

Octo be

7oC

65mm 65mm

7oC

Marc

8 hrs

7oC

7 oC

h h Marc Marc

65mm

7oC

N ov

8 hrs

ua ua rybr ary br ua e u Fe br F ebr F

Oct erctob r OctoobbeO er r

July

65mm

18oC 32mm

18ooCC 18

32mm 32mm

18oC

20oC

r r mbe mbbeer r m be m Septe Seeppte S te Septe

st st t gugus AuAu

20oC 20oC

20oC

Chart showing climate of Brighton

June

Calendar events/ festivals page with no. matching with venue photosofon the following venue photos on the following page Calendar of events/ festivals with no. matching with venue photos on the following page

July

April

[5 days]

Au g guust s A t

32mm 19oC 16 hrs 19oC o J16 ulyhrs 19 C

16 hrs

18oC 16.5 hrs

18oCo 18nC e 16.5Juhrs

16.5 hrs

M M

ay ay

Note: Tourist statistics were unavailable for Brighton. Note: Tourist statistics unavailable Note: Tourist statistics werewere unavailable for Brighton. for TheBrighton. comfortable temperature is between

18-24oC and only temperature within this Tourist statistics were unavailable TheNote: comfortable temperature is temperabetween The comfortable temperature is between range and the lowest average for o Brighton. o 18-24 and only temperature this this 18-24 Cyear and temperature ture of Cthe isonly marked out withinwithin range andand the the lowest average temperarange lowest average temperaThe comfortable tureture of the year is marked out out is between of the year istemperature marked

18-24oC and only temperature within this range and the lowest average temperaRainfall (mm) ture of the year is marked out Temperature (oC) Rainfall (mm)(mm) Rainfall

Temperature (oC) o Hours of daylight Temperature ( C)

ne Rainfall (mm) Hours of daylight Chart showing climate of Brighton Visitbrighton.com. (2019). Festivals in Brighton | Brighton Festival VisitBrighton.com. [online] Available at: https://www.visitbrighton.com/whats-on/festivals [Accessed 16 Oct. 2019]. Hours of daylight Visitbrighton.com. (2019). Festivals in Brighton | Brighton Festival - VisitBrighton.com. [online] Available [Accessed 16 Oct. 2019]. 16at: hrshttps://www.visitbrighton.com/whats-on/festivals 16.5 hrs (oC) Visitbrighton.com.(2019). (2019).Uniquely Uniquely Brighton & Hove - VisitBrighton.com. [online] Available at: https://www.visitbrighton.com/whats-on/uniquely-brighton-and-hove 16 Oct.Temperature 2019]. Visitbrighton.com. Brighton & Hove - VisitBrighton.com. [online] Available at: https://www.visitbrighton.com/whats-on/uniquely-brighton-and-hove [Accessed[Accessed 16 Oct. 2019].

July

M 2019]. Ju Artists Open Houses. (2019).of Brochure | Artists Open Houses. [online] Available at: https://aoh.org.uk/may2019/brochure/ 16 Oct. July Chart showing Brighton ne[Accessed Artists Open Houses.climate (2019). Brochure | Artists Open Houses. [online] Available at: https://aoh.org.uk/may2019/brochure/ [Accessed 16 Oct. 2019]. 19oC 18JouC

ArtsMusic Music

Arts

[23 days]

Brighton Festival (performing arts) [23 days] Brighton Festival (performing arts) a M a [31 days] Brighton Fringe (multi-arts) M [31 days] Brighton Fringe (multi-arts) [23 days] Brighton Festival (performing arts) [8 days] Artist Open Houses a M [8 days] [31 days] Artist Open Houses Brighton Fringe (multi-arts) [23 days] Brighton Festival (performing arts) [4 days] The Great Escape (music festival) a [8 days] ArtistThe Open Houses [4 Great Escape (music festival) M [31days] days] Brighton Fringe (multi-arts) 4 May 13 - 16 [4 days] The Great Escape (music festival) [8 Naked days] BikeArtist Early June 3b May[1weekends day] World RideOpen Houses 5 Early June [1 day] World Naked Bike Ride June 1 day] 4 May[113 - 16 [4 days]Carnival Kemptown The(vintage) Great Escape (music festival) June [1 day] World Naked Bike Ride (vintage) 6 Early June 1 [1 day] Kemptown Carnival June 6 - 7 [2 days] Paddle Round The Pier (beach & 1 6-7 [1 day] (vintage) June [2 days] Kemptown 7 June PaddleCarnival Round The Pier (beach & watersports) 5 Early June [1 day] World Naked Bike Ride June 6 - 7 [2 days] watersports) Paddle Round The Pier (beach & 6 June 1 [1 day] watersports) Kemptown Carnival (vintage) June 6 - 7 [2 days] 7 Paddle Round The Pier (beach & watersports)

[5 days]

End August

May 2 May 3a May May 2 3aMay 3b May weekends May weekends 3a 3b May 2 May 4 May 13 - 16 3b 3a weekends 4MayMay 13 - 16 May

April

Trans Pride Brighton

[5 days]

Arts

April April

Mod weekender (music)

Whale Fest [2 days] Whale Fest

events such as weekly markets/ fairs.

Mod weekender (music)

[2 days]

1 Mid March

Note: “Event” is defined here as annual festivals/ events that city centre. of regional, or international scale, which have are of are regional, nationalnational or international scale, which have Note: “Event” isfor defined as annual festivals/ thatany local been occuring forhere at5 least 5 Not years. Not events including been occuring at least years. including any local “Event” defined here as fairs. annual events that are of Note: regional, national or international scale, festivals/ which have events asis weekly markets/ events such assuch weekly markets/ fairs. are of regional, national or international which have been occuring for at least 5 years. Not including scale, any local at least 5 years. Not including any local eventsbeen such occuring as weeklyfor markets/ fairs.

April

Mod weekender (music)

1 Mid March

Brighton’s events andthe festivals arebiggest more spreadout throughout year. Its festival month out throughout the year. Its biggest festival month Brighton’s andfestival festivals more beingevents the events arts inare May thatspreadlast a whole festivals are beingBrighton’s the arts festival inand May that last a more wholespreadout throughout the year. Its biggest festival month month. These festivals in May involves a high outThese throughout the in year. biggest festival month. festivals MayItsinvolves a high month beingnumber the arts festival in May that last a whole of arts venues scattered across the city, such being the festival in May number of venues scattered across thethat city,last sucha whole month. These festivals in May involves a high as Artist Open Houses month. These festivals inand MayBrighton involves a high as Artist Open Houses and Brighton Festival,Festival, number of venues scattered across the city, such activiting multiple areas of Brighton besides the number of venues thethe city, such activiting multiple areas scattered of Brightonacross besides as Artist Open Houses and Brighton Festival, city centre.Open Houses and Brighton Festival, as Artist city centre. activiting multiple areas of Brighton besides the activiting multiple areas of Brighton besides the city centre. Note: “Event” is defined here as annual festivals/ events that

Mod weekender (music)

[2 days]Whale Whale [2 days] Fest Fest

h Marc

[17 days] End October - Mid Nov 10 [17 days] End October - Mid Nov 10

1 Mid March 1 Mid March

h Marc

Brighton Brighton

End October - Early 11 End October - EarlyNov Nov 11 Mid October 12 12 Mid October End October Early Nov 101011 End October - Mid Nov End October -- Mid Nov End October - Early Nov 11

h h Marc Marc

[8 days] [8 days] [14 days] [14[8days] days] [17[17 days] days] [8 days]

rr ber mbbepete m er Seeppte Se eptemb tem

Hands-On HalfHalf Term Hands-On Term Brighton Digital Festival (science festival) (science festival) Brighton Digital Festival Hands-On HalfMusic Term Brighton EarlyEarly Music Brighton (science festival) Hands-On Half Term Festival Festival (science festival) Brighton Early Music Festival Brighton Early Music Festival

SEASONALITY & TOURISM

Brighton’s events and festivals are more spread-

ry ry ua ua br ry ebarry a u Fe bru bFr Fe Fe

solstice celebration) 14 Burning Clocks (winter[1 [1 day] December21 21 14 Burning the the Clocks (winter day] December solstice celebration) solstice celebration) [1 day] Early November 14 Veteran Car Run [1 day] Early November 14 Veteran Car Run [1 day] Early November 13 Japanese Culture [1 day] Early November 13 Japanese Culture [1 day] Early November 14 Festival Veteran Car Run Festival [1 day] Early November 14 Veteran Car Run [1 day] Early November 13 Japanese Culture [1 day] Early November 13 Japanese Culture Festival Festival Brighton Digital Festival days] October Brighton Digital Festival [14[14 days] Mid Mid October 1212

•

Music

Arts

Music

Sports Sports Science Sports Science Science

Science

Sports

CLIMATE CLIMATE Brighton’s climate patterns are similar to Blackpool CLIMATE Brighton’s patterns similar to Blackpool though it tends toclimate be warmer due toare it being located Brighton’s climate patterns are similar toto Blackpool though it tends to be warmer due it being in theCLIMATE south. It has has long cold and windy winters located though it tends to be warmer due to it being located in the south. It has has longHowever, coldsimilar and in windy winters and is partly cloudy allpatterns year. climate are tothe Blackpool in theBrighton’s south. It has has long cold and windy winters and is partly cloudy all year. However, in the summer between June and September has a located though be warmer due to itit in being and is partlyit tends cloudytoall year. However, the o summer June andcold September temperature of between over 18 C. In long May and June whenit has a in the south. ItJune has has and summer between and September it windy has a winters o its biggest art partly festival iso tend one of the drier temperature of cloudy over 18to C.beInand May and June when and is However, temperature of over 18 C. In all Mayyear. June when in the months which is ideal for the art parade with temits biggest art festival is tend to be one of the drier summer between Juneto and September it has a its biggest art festival is tend be one of the drier o perature of about 15 C, cool with long daylight o months which is ideal for the art parade with temC. In May and June when temperature of over 18 months which is ideal for the art parade with temo hoursperature upbiggest to 16 hours. o ofartabout cool with long daylight its festival isC,tend tolong be one of the drier perature of about 15 C, 15 cool with daylight hours up to 16 hours. hoursmonths up to 16which hours.is ideal for the art parade with tem-

perature of about 15oC, cool with long daylight hours up to 16 hours.

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION Brighton’s major major festivalfestival tend to Brighton’s tendconcentrate to concentrate CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

between May to August which which coincides with thewith the between May to August coincides Brighton’s major festival tend to concentrate Brighton’s major festival tend to concentrate time of its best weather where there are long hours time of itsto best weather there are long hours between May August whichwhere coincides with thewith between May to August which coincides the CONCLUSION of daylight and warm comfortable temperatures. It of daylight and warm comfortable temperatures. time of its best weather where there are long hours time of its best weather where there long hours Brighton’s major festival tend toareconcentrate also It has indoor events and festivals during the also has indoor events and festivals during the of daylight and warm comfortable temperatures. It ofmonths daylightto and comfortable temperatures. It between May towarm August which coincides with the winterwinter continue drawing visitors in and months to events continue drawing visitors also also has indoor events and festivals during the in and has indoor and festivals during the timefrom of itsitsbest weather are the long hours benefits proximity to where Londonthere greatly, winterbenefits months to continue drawing in greatly, and in and from its proximity tovisitors London the winter months to continue drawing visitors of daylight and warm comfortable temperatures. It ideal location for a weekend getaway from the capbenefits from its proximity to London greatly, the ideal location for a weekend getaway from the benefits from its proximity to London greatly, the ital. also has indoor events and festivals during the ideal capital. location for a weekend getaway from the capideal location weekenddrawing getawayvisitors from the winter monthsfor toacontinue in capand ital.

Artists Open Houses. (2019). Brochure | Artists Open Houses. [online] Available at: https://aoh.org.uk/may2019/brochure/ [Accessed 16 Oct. 2019]. Weatherspark.com. (2020). Average Weather in Brighton, United Kingdom, Year Round - Weather Spark. [online] Available at: https://weatherspark.com/y/44804/Average-Weather-in-Brighton-United-Kingdom-Year-Round Artists Open Houses. (2019). Brochure Artists Open Houses. [online] Available https://aoh.org.uk/may2019/brochure/ [Accessed 16 Oct. 2019]. Weatherspark.com. (2020). Average in| Brighton, United Kingdom, Yearat: Round - Weather Spark. Available at: uhttps://weatherspark.com/y/44804/Average-Weather-in-Brighton-United-Kingdom-Year-Round [Accessed 6 [Accessed Jan. 2020]. 6 Julyat:[online] Visitbrighton.com. (2019). Festivals in|Weather Brighton Brighton Festival - VisitBrighton.com. [online] Available https://www.visitbrighton.com/whats-on/festivals [Accessed 16 Oct. 2019]. J ne Jan.showing 2020]. (2019). Chart climate of Brighton Visitbrighton.com. Festivals in Brighton | Brighton Festival - VisitBrighton.com. [online] Available at: https://www.visitbrighton.com/whats-on/festivals [Accessed 1616 Oct. 2019]. Visitbrighton.com. (2019). Uniquely Brighton & Hove - VisitBrighton.com. [online] Available at: https://www.visitbrighton.com/whats-on/uniquely-brighton-and-hove [Accessed Oct. 2019]. Hours of daylight Visitbrighton.com. (2019). Uniquely Brighton & Hove - VisitBrighton.com. at: https://www.visitbrighton.com/whats-on/uniquely-brighton-and-hove [Accessed 16 Oct. 2019]. Weatherspark.com. (2020). Average Weather inANALYSIS Brighton, United Kingdom, Year Available Round - Weather Spark. [online] Available at: https://weatherspark.com/y/44804/Average-Weather-in-Brighton-United-Kingdom-Year-Round [Accessed 6 Jan. 2020]. URBAN DESIGN • LULU [online] 031 • BLACKPOOL

Weatherspark.com. (2020). Average Weather Brighton, United Kingdom, Year at: Round - Weather Spark. [online] Available[Accessed at: https://weatherspark.com/y/44804/Average-Weather-in-Brighton-United-Kingdom-Year-Round [Accessed 6 Jan. 2020]. Artists Open Houses. (2019). Brochure | ArtistsinOpen Houses. [online] Available https://aoh.org.uk/may2019/brochure/ 16 Oct. 2019].

ital. benefits from its proximity to London greatly, the ideal location for a weekend getaway from the capital.

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED

3.2.4

BRIGHTON Events Activated Areas

5 1

1 1

7 3

4 5 7

Winter - (Jan - Mar)

5 2

3 6 3

5 7

4 2

6 6

These diagrams show that an extensive area of Brighton is activated by Brighton’s festivals throughout the year, particularly in Spring when the Art festivals are (activating over 360 venues) and in Autumn by the Digital Festival (activating over 37 venues across town, not only in the town centre). Brighton also has many outdoor public spaces such as the Hove Lawns, the beach and some colourful and culturally rich streetscapes such as Kemptown, where the carnivals and art parades take place, thus making it a very vibrant city. This abundancy of various public open space together with its mild comfortable weather in the second half of the year compliment each other greatly, with its advantage of being so close to London all contribute to the success of the city.

Spring - (Apr - Jun)

1 8

7 8

13 10 13 10 7 11 10 7 11 10 14 10 14 10 9 10 9 13 13 10 7 11 10 7 11 10 12 14 10 12 14 10 9 9

7 8 9

7 8

7 8 9

Summer- (Jul - Sep) 032

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

Autumn (Oct- Dec) LULU

1. Hilton Brighton Metropole 2. Brighton Dome 3a. Brighton Fringe (160 venues) 3b. Artist Open Houses (200 venues) 4. Brighton beach & city centre 5. Preston Park 6. Kemptown 7. Hove Lawns 8. Brunswick Square 9. Brighton Pier 10. Churches (St. George’s/ St. Paul’s) 11. Middle Street Primary School 12. 37 venues incl. Attenborough Centre for the Creative Arts 13. Brighthelm Centre 14. Madeira Drive

•

SEASONALITY & TOURISM

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED

3.2.5

•

SEASONALITY & TOURISM

BLACKPOOL Entertainment & Nightlife Popular Entertainment Venues Blackpool’s history was heavily reliant on tourism and events, which include shows and activities in famous entertainments venues distributed near the water edge. Most of them have been refurbuished over the years whilst still preserving their original style and sharm. Famous examples include Pleasure Beach, the Tower Ballroom and the Winter Gardens.

1 8

Nightlife Hubs Blackpool still upholds a reputation for being a popular nightlife town in the North, offering a range of venues for relatively cheap prices. Many of the overnight visitors enjoy going out and drinking in Blackpool. Below are the most well-known venues.

7 9

10 4

1 6 3 5

4 2

CONCLUSIONS: • • •

ArrivalGuides.com. (2019). Blackpool - Bars & Nightlife. [online] [Accessed 21 Nov. 2019].

033

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

Blackpool has a variety of entertainment hubs for a wide age range and for many activities. Blackpool has a popular nightlife scene, inviting visitors to enjoy bars and clubs for relatively cheap prices. The nightlife hub lies between the North and Central Pier and stretches inwards towards Blackpool North station, many bars and comedy clubs lies within the framed area on the map.

EntErtainmEnt VEnuEs 1. Empress Ballroom in Winter Gardens 2. Pleasure Beach amusement park 3. Blackpool Zoo 4. Sandcastle Waterpark 5. Central Pier 6. Blackpool Tower Ballroom 7. Blackpool Stadium NightlifE hubs 8. Funny Girls Bar 9. Central Pier Showbar 10. Ma Kelly’s (North) Bar

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED

BLACKPOOL’S CALENDAR OF EVENTS BLACKPOOL’S OFEVENTS EVENTS BLACKPOOL’S OF CalendarCALENDAR ofCALENDAR Events

BLACKPOOL BLACKPOOL’S CALENDAR OF EVENTS 3.2.6

N N ov N ov N emov em ov e bem b em r be e r be r r

Octo Octo r beOrcto Obceto ber ber

[2 August 10 - 11 2a 2a [4 days] Early Early August [4 days] August 6

End Aug - Early November

[1 [66day] days] Blackpool Ride The Lights Illuminations [66 days] Blackpool Illuminations [4 days] Rebellion Festival [2 days] Blackpool Air Show [2 days] Blackpool Air Show [66 days] Blackpool Illuminations [1 day] Ride The(music) Lights Blackpool [1 day] Blackpool Ride Festival The Lights [2 days] Blackpool Air Show

5 August - Early November 55 EndEnd AugAug - Early November 2a Early August August August 10 10 - 11- 11 6 6 End Aug - Early November 5 End August Early 4 [3 days] 5 5July End August August 10 - 11 6 5 [1 day] End August Blackpool Ride The Lights Calendar of(music) events/ matching with [3no. days] Early July 4 4 Blackpool Festival (music)festivals with [3 days] Early July Blackpool Festival

July

venue photos on the following page

2b2b End May End May

2a June 24 - 31 2b

June

3 3 June 2424 - 31 June - 31

[7 days] [7 days]

June 24 - 31

[7 days]

r m be Dece

Janu a

r m be Dece er

Janu a

Janu ry ar y

m b

Blackpool Armed Forces Week

N ovN N ov ov m em bem b be r r e r r

a ua ryu b uab bFr e Fe

Marc

N ov

May Blackpool Dance Festival (since 1920) Blackpool Armed Forces WeekWeek Blackpool Armed Forces

4C o

42mm

h h Marc Marc h

Marc

4oC

2.56 million

[9 days]

7.5 hrs

[9 days] Blackpool Dance Festival [9 days] MayMay Blackpool Dance Festival [3 days] Manford Comedy Festival (since 1920) Blackpool Armed Forces Week (since 1920)

Janu a

86mm 4oC 0.97million 86mm 7.5 hrs

End May

Manford Comedy Festival

[9 days] May Blackpool Dance Festival (since 1920) [3 days] Manford [3 days] Manford Comedy Festival Comedy Festival

0.97million

2.56 million

[7 days]

July

7.5 hrs 0.97million 86mm

2.56 million

May 10 - 12

86mm

2.56 million

[3 days]

End May 2a2a May May 10 10 - 12- 12

Junior Dance Festival

ua br

May 10 - 12

JJuunnee

r 0.97million m be Dece

[7 days]

Octo Octo ber Ober ctobe Octobe r r

Early April

Junior Dance Festival

[7 days] Junior Junior Dance Festival [7 days] Dance Festival

JJuuly ly

mb Dece

Early April

June

[7 days]

1a1a Early April

ay ay

[3 days] Early July Blackpool Festivalof(music) Calendar events/ festivals with no. matching with 4

Calendar of events/ festivals with no. matching with venue photos on the following page venue photos on the following page Calendar of events/ festivals with no. matching with venue photos on the following page

April April

stt st guus gu Aug Au Au

Blackpool Air Show Rebellion Festival Rebellion Festival

Early April

April April

End September 1a

h h Marc Marc

Blackpool

st gu

Early August

[1 day]

[66 days]

Blackpool

September 13 - 15 2a EndEnd September September1a 1a

4 September Fridays September 13 13 - 15 1a2a2a End September September - 15

h Marc

September Fridays September - 15 4 2a 4 September 13 Fridays

Gin & Rum Festival

Blackpool Illuminations

h Marc

2b EndSeptember October Fridays

a e y r a e y ea ry a y

Blackpool

Sept Sept

[4 days]

End October

r r mbe mber r Septe Sepete mbe embe

Rebellion Festival

Mid October weekends

7 Mid October 1b 5 8 9 2b 5 8 9 Mid October October 1b Mid Mid October weekends 7 5 8 9 7 MidMid October October 1b weekends MidEnd October October 2b 2b MidMid October weekends 2b 7 October 2b Mid October End October 2b

uary

[3 days] Mid November 2b British National Dance Championships [3 days] Mid November 2b British National Dance [3 days] Mid November 2b BritishChampionships National Dance Championships Lightpool Festival [14 days] Mid October 1b 5 8 9 Lightpool Festival [14 days] Blackpool Freestyle [1 Lightpool Festival [14day] days] Oktoberfest days] Dance Championship [6 Lightpool Festival [14 days] Oktoberfest [6 days] Blackpool Freestyle [1 day] Blackpool Sequence [4 days] Oktoberfest [6 days] Blackpool Freestyle [1 day] Dance Championship Dance Festival Dance Championship Freestyle [1 days] day] Blackpool Sequence [4 Blackpool Sequence [4 days] Championship Dance Festival Dance Festival Champi[4 days] World Fireworks Blackpool Sequence [4 days] onshiops Dance Festival [4 days] WorldBritish Fireworks Champi[3 days] Country Music World Fireworks Champi- [4 days] onshiops Festival onshiops days] World Fireworks Champi- [4 BritishGin Country Music [1 & Rum Festival [3 day] days] British Country Music [3 days] onshiops Festival Festival [3 days] British Country Music [1 day] Gin &Gin Rum Festival [1 day] Festival & Rum Festival

ber

m December Dece

[6 days]

r m be Dece

Oktoberfest

Mid November

r u ru u b ub br F brF F

[3 days]

T EN NTEN ENYM YEM YM YM

POV & ERT UN SEASONA Y & EM SEJASONAL PO anua L P VER OVETY UNEPLO ry M RTY& U Janu & NUE PLO ar y M N Janu EPML e OP Jan ary F

British National Dance Championships

SEASONALITY & TOURISM

Blackpool’s events and festivals tend to concentrate Blackpool’s and half festivals concentrate predominantly in events the second of thetend year,towith at Blackpool’s events and festivals tend to concentrate predominantly in the second half of the year, with at leastBlackpool’s 3 festival perevents monthand between August and festivals tend to Octoconcentrate predominantly in the second half of the year, with at festival in per month between andwith October. least From 3December to March there no predominantly the second halfisofAugust theevents/ year, at leastber. 3 festival per month between August andisOctoFrom December to March there no events/ festivals, thus leaving Blackpool with seasonal povleast 3 festival per month between August and October. From December to March there iswith noalong events/ erty. festivals, Locations ofDecember festivals also concentrate theevents/ leaving Blackpool seasonal povber. Fromthus to March there is no festivals, thus leaving Blackpool with seasonal povcoastal area near the Blackpool Tower, with most erty. Locations of festivals also concentrate alongpovthe festivals, thus leaving Blackpool withalong seasonal erty. Locations of festivals also concentrate the most events takingarea place at thethe Winter Gardens. The city coastal near Blackpool Tower, with erty.area Locations of festivals also concentrate along the coastal near the Blackpool Tower, with most could benefittaking from place having events moreGardens. spreadout events at the Winter Themost city coastal area near Blackpool Tower, with events taking place at thethe Winter Gardens. The city throughout the city. from could benefit having events more spreadout the Winter The city couldevents benefittaking from place havingat events moreGardens. spreadout throughout thefrom city. having events more spreadout could benefit throughout city. here as annual festivals/ events that Note: “Event” the is defined

SEASONA LP SEASONA OVERT Y L r m be Dece

•

Note: Line graph shows number of footfall in town instead of visitor, residents included the breakdown Note: Line graph asshows number of of visitors not available. footfall inLine town instead of number visitor, of Note:are graph shows residents as the breakdown of footfall included in town instead of visitor, Note: graph shows number of of The comfortable temperature isbreakdown between visitors areLine not available. residents included as the o footfall in town instead of visitor, 18-24 C and only temperature within this visitors are not available. range and theincluded lowest average temperaresidents as theisbreakdown The comfortable temperature between of o the are ture of year is marked out visitors not available. 18-24 and only temperature within this TheCcomfortable temperature is between range and o the lowest average tempera18-24 C and only temperature within this The comfortable temperature between ture of the yearthe isof marked out Number footfall in towniscentre range and lowest average tempera-

the city. are ofthroughout regional, national or international scale, which have Note: “Event” is least defined here as festivals/ events that been occuring for at 5 as years. Notannual including any local Note: “Event” is defined here annual festivals/ events that are of regional, national or international scale, which have events such as weekly markets/ fairs. as annual are ofNote: regional, national or international scale, which have “Event” isfor defined here that been occuring at least 5 years. Notfestivals/ includingevents any local been are occuring for at least 5 years. Not includingscale, any local of regional, national or international which have events such as weekly markets/ fairs. events suchoccuring as weekly markets/ fairs. been for at least 5 years. Not including any local events such as weekly markets/ fairs.

Dance

Light

DanceDance Light Light

Dance

Fireworks

Light

Fireworks Fireworks

Fireworks

CLIMATE Blackpool’s temperature ranges from 2-19oC in the CLIMATE year. It is windy all year round and has long cold and CLIMATE Blackpool’s temperature from 2-19oC in the wet winters with rainfall ofranges up toranges 86mm in December. Blackpool’s temperature from 2-19oC in the CLIMATE year. It is windy all year round and has long cold However itIt is has up to hours of and daylight in and the year. windy all17 year round has2-19oC long cold Blackpool’s temperature ranges from in and the wet winters with rainfall of up to temperatures 86mm in December. summer especially in June and can go wet winters with rainfall of up to 86mm in December. is windy all year round and has long cold and However has up 17 hours ofwhen daylight in the up toyear. 18o,itItwhich isitsto peak season it receives However it has up to 17 hours of daylight in the wet especially winters rainfall oftemperatures uppeak to 86mm in December. summer June and can go the most visitors. with It in has a soecond in tourism in especially temperatures can go up tosummer 18o, which isits peak season when receives However itthe has upintoJune 17 and hours ofit daylight October during Illuminations and Lighpool festi- in the up tovisitors. 18o, which peak season it in receives the most It hasisits a soecond peak in when tourism summer especially June and temperatures can go val. Lowest numbers inin the winter months from the most visitors. It has a soecond peak in tourism in October during the Illuminations and Lighpool festiup to 18o, which isits peak season when it receives December to March. during Illuminations and Lighpool festival. October Lowest thea soecond winter months the mostnumbers visitors.the Itinhas peak infrom tourism in val. Lowest numbers in the winter months from December to March. October during the Illuminations and Lighpool festiCONCLUSION

December to March.

April

Sep

gu Au

April April

Sep

r r mbe ptembe Se er er temb temb

Septe

val. Lowest in the months from Blackpool seems tonumbers suffer a great dealwinter from season42mm CONCLUSION to March.geography and climate. Its ality December due to its calendar, CONCLUSION Blackpool to coldest suffer aand great dealsame fromtime season42mm CONCLUSION winters areseems wettest, at the free Blackpool seems to suffer a great deal from ality due to its calendar, geography and climate. seems to suffer great deal fromIts seasonfromBlackpool any festivals or events. The anumber of footfall in 18 C 42mm CONCLUSION seasonality due to seem its geography calendar, winters are wettest, coldest and attothe samegeography time climate. free and 3.2 town (visitors +toseems residents) directly correlate ality due its calendar, and Its Blackpool to are suffer a great deal from seasonmillion o climate. Its winters wettest, coldest and at the from any festivals or events. The number of footfall in 18-24 C and only temperature within this to the temperature well as the number events winters are coldest and at theof same time free 18 C ay ture ofRainfall the year is marked out (mm) ality due to wettest, itsas calendar, geography and climate. Its M time free from any festivals or events. The rangeNumber and theoflowest tempera3.2 townsame (visitors + residents) seem to directly correlate footfallaverage in town centre happening. It seems the opening period of the Illumifrom any festivals or events. The number of footfall in million 18 C winters are wettest, and at the same time free ture ofTemperature the year is marked out 17 hrs number of footfall incoldest town (visitors + residents) seem (oC) to the temperature as well as the number of events ay nations, together with its warm temperature draws 3.2 town (visitors + residents) seem to directly correlate Rainfall (mm) Number of footfall in town centre M from any festivals oropening The number of footfall in million 18 C to directly correlate toevents. the temperature as the July happening. It seems ofnumber theas Illumimore crowds than thethe fireworks inperiod September orwell the June y to the temperature as well as the of events Chart showing climate & tourist statistics of Blackpool a o Hours of daylight 3.2 17 hrs towntogether (visitors + residents) seem to directly Rainfall Temperature M Number (mm) of( C) footfall in town centre number of events happening. It seems the correlate opening nations, its warm temperature draws Lightpool festival inwith October. million happening. It seems the opening period of the Illumiy to the temperature as well as the number of events July e a o n more crowds than the fireworks in September or the period of the Illuminations, together with its warm Blackpool Dance Festival. (2019). Blackpool Dance Festival. [online] Available at: http://www.blackpooldancefestival.com/ [Accessed 16 Oct. 2019]. 17Juhrs Rainfall (mm) Blackpool Dance Festival. (2019). Blackpoolstatistics Dance Festival. [online] Available at: http://www.blackpooldancefestival.com/ [Accessed 16 Oct. 2019].M C) Temperature ( Chart showing climate & tourist of Blackpool Hours of daylight nations, together with itsopening warm temperature draws The Doric Hotel, Hotel,Blackpool. Blackpool.(2017). (2017). A Guide to Blackpool Events 2019 Hotel, Blackpool. [online] Available at: https://www.dorichotel.co.uk/blackpool-events-2019/ 16 Oct. 2019]. The Doric A Guide to Blackpool Events 2019 - The- The DoricDoric Hotel, Blackpool. [online] Available at: https://www.dorichotel.co.uk/blackpool-events-2019/ [Accessed [Accessed 16 Oct. 2019]. happening. It seems the period of the IllumiLightpool festival in October. temperature draws more crowds than the fireworks in July Visit Blackpool.(2019). (2019).Visit VisitBlackpool. Blackpool. [online] Available at: https://www.visitblackpool.com/ [Accessed Oct. 2019]. Visit Blackpool. [online] Available at: https://www.visitblackpool.com/ [Accessed 16 Oct.16 2019]. 17 Jhrs more crowds than with the fireworks intemperature September draws or the une Temperature (oC) Chart showing climate & tourist statistics of Blackpool nations, together its warm Hours of daylight Blackpool Dance Festival. (2019). Blackpool Dance Festival. [online] Available at: http://www.blackpooldancefestival.com/ [Accessed 16 Oct. 2019]. September or the Lightpool festival in October. Weatherspark.com. (2020).Average Average Weather in Blackpool, United Kingdom, Round - Weather [online] Available at: https://weatherspark.com/y/37953/Average-Weather-in-Blackpool-United-Kingdom-Year-Round? Weatherspark.com. (2020). Weather in Blackpool, United Kingdom, YearYear Round - Weather Spark.Spark. [online] Available at: https://weatherspark.com/y/37953/Average-Weather-in-Blackpool-United-Kingdom-Year-Round?fbclid=IwAR17aFeyi78nqH1krI240sht2kjZxW8xgLK4YuyEZbB2bFsqgu3Q7e0Haso st

Lightpool festival October. The Doric Hotel, (2017). A Guide to Blackpool Events 2019 - The Doric Hotel,[Accessed Blackpool. [online] Available at: https://www.dorichotel.co.uk/blackpool-events-2019/ [Accessed 16 Oct. 2019]. [Accessed 6 Jan.Blackpool. 2020]. fbclid=IwAR17aFeyi78nqH1krI240sht2kjZxW8xgLK4YuyEZbB2bFsqgu3Q7e0Haso 6JuJan. ly 2020]. more crowds thaninthe fireworks in September or the June Chart showing tourist [online] statistics of at: Blackpool Visit Blackpool. climate (2019). Visit&Blackpool. Available https://www.visitblackpool.com/ [Accessed 16 Oct. 2019]. Hours of daylight Blackpool Dance Festival. (2019). Blackpool Dance Festival. [online] Available at: http://www.blackpooldancefestival.com/ [Accessed 16 Oct. 2019]. URBAN Weather DESIGNinANALYSIS • LULU Lightpool festival in October. Weatherspark.com. (2020). Average Blackpool, United Kingdom, Year Round - Weather Spark. [online] Available at: https://weatherspark.com/y/37953/Average-Weather-in-Blackpool-United-Kingdom-Year-Round?fbclid=IwAR17aFeyi78nqH1krI240sht2kjZxW8xgLK4YuyEZbB2bFsqgu3Q7e0Haso 034 • BLACKPOOL The Doric Hotel, Blackpool. (2017). A Guide to Blackpool Events 2019 - The Doric Hotel, Blackpool. [online] Available at: https://www.dorichotel.co.uk/blackpool-events-2019/ [Accessed 16 Oct. 2019]. [Accessed 6 Jan. 2020].

Blackpool Dance(2019). Festival. (2019). Blackpool Dance Festival. [online] Available at: http://www.blackpooldancefestival.com/ [Accessed 16 Oct. 2019]. Visit Blackpool. Visit Blackpool. [online] Available at: https://www.visitblackpool.com/ [Accessed 16 Oct. 2019].

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED

3.2.7

BLACKPOOL Events Activated Areas

3 1

Diagrams on the right shows the different venues of town that are activated by the corresponding events in Blackpool’s calendar, divided into four quarters of the year. It is evident that in winter time between January and March, no particular events are happening hence the lack of venues indicated, however that does not mean there is no visitors to Blackpool. Big landmarks such as the Tower and the Winter Gardens will continue to have visitors throughout the year. From Jul to the end of the Illuminations is the peak season, with the seafront being th most activated, though venues are very concentrated in the old town centre.

Winter - (Jan - Mar)

Spring - (Apr - Jun) 2a

4 2 1

2 9 1 10

8 6

6 7

4 2 1

2 9 1 10

Summer- (Jul - Sep) 035

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

Autumn (Oct- Dec) LULU

1a. Blackpool Tower 1b. Blackpool Tower Ballroom 2a. Winter Gardens 2b. Winter Gardens Empress Ballroom 3. Town Hall 4. Tower festival headlands 5. Promenade. 6. St. Anne’s beach 7. North Pier 8. Central Library 9. Comedy Carpet

•

SEASONALITY & TOURISM

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED

3.2.8

BLACKPOOL

North Pier

Illuminations - 1912

Blackpool illuminations originates on 19th September 1879 when 8 dynamo-electric machine powered 8 arc lamps on the Promenade spaced 320 yards apart on 60ft poles along the seafront. It was one year before Thomas Edison patented the electric light bulb and attracted around 100,000 visitors nationally and was possibly the first electric street lights in the world. However, the illuminations did not become an annual event until

Blackpool North Sta.

Blackpool the first royal visit in 1912. Princess Louise Sta.visited in May 1912 to openCentral up a new Piersection of the promenade known as the Princess Parade and 10,000 bulbs in festoons were lit along the entire promenade for such a welcome. This was such a success that the switchon was repeated in September in hope of extending the holiday season of Blackpool to autumn, thus the birth of the annual Blackpool Illuminations. Victoria Attraction/ spectacle Pier Theatre/ circus Music/ Dance

Gaming/ recreational Sports/ health

FACTS & STATISTICS Date: Days switched on: (approx. 30 days)

Cocker St. Sq.

North Pier

Promenade - 1.7 miles

Princess Parade

Central Pier

Blackpool North Sta.

Extent:

Blackpool Sta.

September

Entire Promenade & Princess Parad (from Shaw Road to Cocker st. square)

No. of attractions available or activated:

Shaw Road Illumination level

Attraction/ spectacle Theatre/ circus

Victoria Pier

No. of bulbs: Cost: Equipment value: Crowds:

10,000 Unknown Unknown Unknown

Music/ Dance

Gaming/ recreational Sports/ health

CONCLUSION Lights were of one colour only in a festoon fashion between lamp posts. Higher illumination level at the piers and Princess Parade. Few attractions in Blackpool except for the Tower, the piers and Winter Garden. Recreation was mostly musical performances and dance.

Illumination level & extent of Illuminations on the Promenade 036

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

Map of events/ attractions during illumination period

•

SEASONALITY & TOURISM

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED

3.2.8

BLACKPOOL

Blackpool North Sta.

North Pier

Illuminations - 1932

During World War I, the illuminations stopped for 11 years between 1914 - 1924, resumed only in 1925 in a more ambitious scale, however, it was not until 1932 when the extent of the illuminations extended to the scale that it is now, 6 miles out of the 7 mile long beach, running from Starr Gate in the South all the way up to Bispham in the North. Animated tableaux and colourful lights were added. Themed display of nursery rhymes and fairy tales were introduced. “Bigger, better & brighter” was the slogan. Illumination level

Blackpool Festoons & arches in proper colour schemeSta. throughout, weaving patterns.Central Tall illuminated pylons surround Pier every tramway, trams were transformed into illuminated gonolas & lifeboats. For the first time all 3 piers were fully lit and the Tower had a searchlight at 520ft above sea level. New sunken garden was built at the south shore. Floodlights & coloured glass ornamentation were introduced. Attraction/ spectacle Theatre/ circus

Victoria Pier

Music/ Dance

Gaming/ recreational

Red Bank Road

Sports/ health

Promenade - 6 miles

FACTS & STATISTICS Date: Days switched on: (31 days) Layton Sta.

North Shore

North Pier Central Pier town centre

Central Pier

Blackpool North Sta.

Extent:

Blackpool Sta.

Waterloo Road Sta.

South Shore

Starr Gate - tram depot

Illumination level & extent of Illuminations on the Promenade 037

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

From Starr Gate to Red Bank Road of Bispham (6 miles)

No. of attractions available or activated: (23)

No. of bulbs: Cost: Equipment value: Crowds: Victoria Pier

24th Sep- 24th Oct

Map of events/ attractions during illumination period

300,000 Unknown Unknown 0.75 million

CONCLUSION Illuminations expanded vastly after WWI, activating multiple areas of Blackpool including many arts/ cultural venues as well as sports grounds, such as golf courses, sea water baths and bowling venues. New train station added. Town is marketed as a destination that has it all: entertainment and health resort with hospitality options catered to every budget accompanied by the most spectacular free light show on earth.

•

SEASONALITY & TOURISM

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED

3.2.8

BLACKPOOL

Blackpool North Sta.

North Pier

Illuminations - 1950s

Illuminations grew as the town expanded. Due to WWII, the illuminations was suspended in 1939 and resumed in 1949 after restrictions on the use of fuel and decorative lighting were lifted. More money was invested and the event was advertised nationally as well as mentioned in America. Blackpool was known as the “Coney Island in Europe”. Souvenir booklets were published to give advice on how to see the illuminations as well as other forms of entertainment available during the autumn season in Blackpool. Illumination level

Blackpool It was reported that Walt Disney called the Lancashire Sta. council asking for collaboration on using Disney Central Pier characters in the illuminations, followed by a subsequent visit to Pleasure Beach, which inspired his idea of creating an amusement park using his cartoon characters. 1949 also marked the first time Blackpool Tower was lit on all four sides. Celebrities are invited to do the Switch-On. Attraction/ spectacle Theatre/ circus

Victoria Pier

Music/ Dance

Gaming/ recreational

Red Bank Road

Sports/ health

Promenade - 6 miles

FACTS & STATISTICS (1949) Date: 16th Sep -24th Oct Days switched on: (39 days)

Layton Sta.

North Shore

North Pier

Central Pier town centre

Central Pier

Blackpool North Sta.

Extent: No. of attractions available or activated: (30)

Blackpool Sta.

No. of bulbs: Cost: Equipment value: Crowds: Victoria Pier

Blackpool South Sta.

South Shore

Starr Gate - tram depot

Illumination level & extent of Illuminations on the Promenade 038

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

From Starr Gate to Red Bank Road of Bispham (6 miles)

Map of events/ attractions during illumination period

300,000 £ 54,000 £ 350,000 1.5 million

CONCLUSION Emphasis put on the Central and North Piers and the north shore cliff tableaux. Wider variety of themes including Disney stories, scenes from English history and famous novels. Columns and architecture are outlined in lights. Attractions and activities expanded alongside to include a vast array of entertainment, including dog racing, sporting events, gaming facilities and theatrical arts and music shows to name a few.

•

SEASONALITY & TOURISM

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED

3.2.8

BLACKPOOL Illuminations - 1960s & 1970s

This is the period the illumination boom, each year attracting millions of visitors. 1961 was the first time when the illuminations are divided into themed road sections. Not only were there brightly lit gateways that marked the start and end of the illumination strip but ‘panoramic spectacles’ were also introduced. Tableaux became three-dimensional and there were more coloured lights and movement in the illuminations. Number of tableaux increased to over 100 and floodlights and searchlights increased to beyond 1500. All features are taken down for maintence each year, some of the favourite features will be reused and re-displayed. Illumination level

Blackpool North Sta.

North Pier

As a result, the whole town was activated by Blackpool the number of Sta. scattered incoming visitors, with entertainment and activities Central Pier houses and apartments across town and hotels, boarding extending from the seafront all the way to Stanley Park area. This soar in tourism has caused the illuminations to extend beyond a month’s time, spanning almost 2 months. Railway station nearby the Central Pier was removed in the meantime.

Attraction/ spectacle Theatre/ circus

Victoria Pier

Music/ Dance

FACTS & STATISTICS (1961) Date: 8th Sep - 29th Oct Days switched on: (52 days)

Gaming/ recreational

Ending gateway Red Bank Road

Sports/ health

Cliff Tableaux- fantasy

Extent:

Disneyrama

Layton Sta.

Pot Pourri Lantern Lane Toytown

Promenade - 6 miles

Birds & Bees

North Pier

Blackpool North Sta.

Vanity Fayre (commercial ad.) Oriental Av.

Victoria Pier

Fairy Glen

Blackpool South Sta.

Starlight way & Planetorium

Romantica - welcome Starr Gate - tram depot

Illumination level on the Promenade, extent & themed road sections denoted BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

No. of bulbs: Cost: Equipment value: Crowds:

350,000 £ 110,000 £ 400,000 Over 3 million

CONCLUSION

Land of Nod

•

No. of attractions available or activated: (27)

Central Pier

Jazz Parade

039

From Starr Gate to Red Bank Road of Bispham (6 miles)

LULU

Map of events/ attractions during illumination period

The illuminations period extended to 2 months. Emphasis of lighting features are at the piers. Proximity between Central and North pier caused that stretch of the Promenade to become the brightest, Pleasure Beach area seconds it with the Starlight and space age theme being the highlight of illuminations due to moon landings at the time. Entertainment and attractions in Blackpool continue to expand.

•

SEASONALITY & TOURISM

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED

3.2.8

BLACKPOOL Illuminations - 1990s

The 1990s saw a decline of Blackpool’s tourism due to cheap air travel to European destinations, still over a million pounds was invested in the illuminations, more than any former years. Nostalgic Brits including visitors from Scotland would still return year after year to see the lights, however, ideas for new themes for the lights start to run dry and old time favourites were brought out annually on display. The themes transitioned to celebrating Hollywood stars.

As Blackpool’s density increased, so did the demolition of old entertainment venues, such as the Palace complex, greyhound racetrack, boating pools and the once popular indoor baths, although Pleasure Beach continued to develop with new rides.

Illumination level

Red Bank Road

Promenade - 6 miles

FACTS & STATISTICS (1992) Date: 4th Sep - 8th Nov Days switched on: (65 days)

Layton Sta.

Extent: to

North Shore

North Pier

Central Pier town centre

Red Bank Road of Bispham (6 miles)

Blackpool North Sta.

No. of attractions available or activated: (18)

Central Pier

Victoria Pier

From Starr Gate

Blackpool South Sta.

No. of bulbs: Cost: Equipment value: Crowds:

500,000 £ 1.64 million Unknown Approx. 4 million

South Shore

CONCLUSION

Starr Gate - tram depot

The illuminations period extended further to 65 days. With the new developments and densification of town, many popular entertainment venues have since been removed, particularly the baths and sporting venues. Attractions have resumed the ways of the 1910s where only those lining the seafront remains in operation. Stanley Park remains one of the biggest venue for sports.

Illumination level & extent of Illuminations on the Promenade 040

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

Map of events/ attractions during illumination period

•

SEASONALITY & TOURISM

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED

3.2.8

BLACKPOOL Illuminations - 2010s

Blackpool North Sta.

North Pier

The early 21st century saw Blackpool’s attempt to boost its tourism industry by building new entertainment venues to suit the modern needs, particularly indoor arcades such as Coral Island and the Golden Mile. Even the piers have transformed from their former theatres and dancing venues to serve purposes such as amusement parks, funfairs and arcade facilities. The Illuminations period were extended for a week to 73 days in 2013 & 2014. In 2007, turbines were installed on the Promenade to help Illumination level

power the Illumination. Recent conversion to using Blackpool LEDs and processor control have reduced Sta. electric consumption by half. Since 2015, the festival ‘LightPool’ Central Pier has been introduced to run alongside the illuminations, adding shows, exhibitions and various entertainment to, activating multiple areas of town. Switch-On ceremonies are also followed by concerts from celebrities annually together with World Fireworks Championships in September. Attraction/ spectacle Theatre/ circus

Victoria Pier

Music/ Dance

Gaming/ recreational

Red Bank Road

Promenade - 6 miles

Sports/ health

Extent: Layton Sta.

North Shore

North Pier

Central Pier town centre

Central Pier

Victoria Pier

Blackpool North Sta.

Blackpool South Sta.

Starr Gate - tram depot

Illumination level & extent of Illuminations on the Promenade •

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

Map of events/ attractions during illumination period

From Starr Gate to Red Bank Road of Bispham (6 miles)

No. of attractions available or activated: (22)

No. of bulbs: Cost: Equipment value: Crowds:

South Shore

041

FACTS & STATISTICS (2019) Date: 30th Aug -3rd Nov Days switched on: (66 days)

over 400,000 £ 2 million £ 10 million approx. 4 million

CONCLUSION The 2019 illuminations level is the highest yet in history. Festoon lighting is no longer one string of lights between lampposts but in multiple tiers. Despite Blackpool’s attempt to creating bigger events to run alongside the Illuminations, the new entertainment venues tend to concentrate on the seafront only and predominantly focused on gaming and arcades, causing a narrower range of tourists compared to the past and less areas of the town being activated.

•

SEASONALITY & TOURISM

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED

3.2.9

•

SEASONALITY & TOURISM

BLACKPOOL Illuminations - Heritage Trams

ILLUMINATED TRAMS Illuminated heritage trams has a long history dating back to over 100 years in Blackpool. Since the 1913 after the illuminations has become an annual event, Blackpool has had 9 illuminated trams created as part of the event. Early illuminated trams were a one-off event to celebrate royal occasions or the completion of promenade works. Not all heritage trams are illuminated. Few original trams (over 80 years old) still take passengers, including double decker ones and are only operating during weekends and summer months or during special winter events. The illuminated trams run only during the illuminations period at night from switch-on time to 9 or 10pm daily. It spans across the 5 miles of the illuminations, almost covering the entire stretch. Illumination tram tour: Route:

1h 15 mins, every 20 mins Pleasure beach to Little Bispham and back, board at Pleasure beach only & get off at any stop on return

BLACKPOOL TRAMWAY Plays a very important role in the town’s history as its first electric tramway was also one of the first electric tramways in the world, built in 1885. This tramway is one of the three surviving nonheritage tramways to still use double decker trams, besides Hong Kong Tramway and Alexandria Tram in Egypt. It is also one of the last surviving first-generation tramways in the UK, spanning a length of 11 miles. Heritage trams were the daily service fleet until 2011. Tram routes in late 1800s- early 1900s was more extensive than now. Recent years has seen big upgrades to the tram as it has always been one of the most popular mode of transport in town. Tramway upgrade details: Scope of works: Tracks replaced, new tram stops, new tram depot at Squire Gate + 16 new trams Completion year: 2012 Cost: £101 million Tram car design: Level-boarding, accessible for disabled

Blackpool extent

Fleetwood Ferry Victoria Street

Non- illuminated heritage tram stop

Fisherman's Walk

Illuminated heritage tram stop

Lindel Road

London Road

Stanley Road Heathfield Road

Illuminated heritage tramway

Broadwater

Remaining Blackpool tramway

Rossall Square Rossall School

Rossall Beach Thornton Gate West Drive Cleveleys Anchorsholme Lane Little Bispham Norbreck Sandhurst Avenue Bispham Cavendish Road Lowther Avenue Cabin Gynn Square

Cliffs Hotel

Wilton Parade Pleasant Street North Pier Tower Central Pier Manchester Square St Chad's Road Waterloo Road Pleasure Beach

South Pier

Burlington Road West Harrow Place

Photos/ illustrations of heritage trams during the Illuminations 042

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

Heritage trams still operating today on Blackpool Tramway

Starr Gate

Route of the Blackpool Tramway & illuminated heritage trams

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED

3.2.9

1900 Illuminations 1910 1900 1910

- Heritage1920 Trams

1930 1930

1920

1940 1940

1950 1950

1960 1960

1970 1970

1980 1980

Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria 5 tram cars lit w/ patriotic slogan Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria 5 tram cars lit w/ patriotic slogan

1902 1902

x 25 x 25

x3 x3

1912 1912 1913 1913

2000 2000

2010 2010

2020 2020

5 of the 14 illuminated heritage trams survived but only 3 are still running in the illuminations today. It is encouraging to see Blackpool making the efforts to keep the heritage trams running in everyday use as well as the special ones during the illuminations. Illuminated trams play a vital role in Blackpool’s history and culture and should be preserved and encouraged.

Coronation of King George V & Queen Mary 3 trams w/ flags & lights Coronation of King George V & Queen Mary 3 trams w/ flags & lights Opening of Princess Parade by Princess Louise double tram w/ 3000 lamps & welcome Openingdecker of Princess Parade by Princess Louisemsg double decker tram w/ 3000 lamps & welcome msg Royal visit double decker Royal visit - tram w/ 3000 lamps & msg of “Long Live Ourtram Kingw/ & 3000 Queen in Happiness” double decker lamps & msg of “Long Live Our King & Queen in Happiness”

1962 1962

1925 1925

1961 1961

1926 1926 1937 1937

1958 1958 1959 1959

GONDOLA first elaborately illuminated tram, carried crew & GONDOLA small orchestra, does not serve the public first elaborately illuminated tram, carried crew & small orchestra, does not serve the public

LIFEBOAT celebrated anniversary of Blackpool as a borough, LIFEBOAT 50th converted to fare-paying passenger tram in celebrated 50th anniversary of Blackpool as1939 a borough, converted to fare-paying passenger tram in 1939

PROGRESS mobile advertising hoarding, used for fundraising post WWII, PROGRESS played music alonghoarding, the Promenade carried passengers mobile advertising used forand fundraising post WWII, played music along the Promenade and carried passengers BLACKPOOL BELLE resemble a Mississippi BLACKPOOL BELLE - paddle steamer. Carried adverts since 1967, played music alongsteamer. the Promenade resemble a Mississippi paddle Carried adverts 1978 since 1967, played music along the Promenade

1978

1999 1999

1961 1961 1963 1963

FISHERMAN’S FRIEND TRAWLER carries passenger and TRAWLER still running FISHERMAN’S FRIEND during carries illuminations passenger and still running during illuminations WESTERN TRAIN carries passenger, between WESTERN TRAIN restored 2000 - 2007, still runs today between carries passenger, restored 2000 - 2007, still runs today

Illuminated heritage tram history and timeline BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

1990 1990

CONCLUSION

Coronation of King Edward VII 25 lit trams in red, white Coronation of patriotic King Edward VII - & blue lamps 25 lit trams in patriotic red, white & blue lamps

1911 1911

•

SEASONALITY & TOURISM

BLACKPOOL

1879 1879

043

•

LULU

1965 1965

ROCKET carried passengers & adverts, restored and ROCKET stored inpassengers Blackpool’s&Rigby Road Depotand carried adverts, restored stored in Blackpool’s Rigby Road Depot

2001 2001 2001 2001

HOVERTRAM carried passengers, restored and HOVERTRAM stored in passengers, Blackpool’s Depot carried restored and stored in Blackpool’s Depot HMS BLACKPOOL (FRIGATE) carries passenger, (FRIGATE) restored between HMS BLACKPOOL 2002 2003, still runs today between carries passenger, restored now 20022004 - 2003, still runs today

now

2004

now now

2001 2001 1962 1962

1999 1999

2008 2008

now now

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED

3.2.10

•

SEASONALITY & TOURISM

BLACKPOOL Tourism Statistics

Increase in tourism (in millions)

SCOTLAND 7.81M

8.35M

2016

2017

Who visits Blackpool?

34%

NORTH WEST

47%

28%

Couples

Families

15%

11%

Single adults

Adult group

10%

YORKSHIRE & HUMBER

10%

MIDLANDS

What do visitors like the most?

13%

SOUTH

20%

16%

Attractions

Seaside

Statistics taken from the Report to Tourism, Economy and Resources Scrutiny Committee, June 2018

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14%

12%

Promenade

Atmosphere

Percentage of Visitors from the UK

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED

3.2.10 3.2.5

•

SEASONALITY & TOURISM

BLACKPOOL Tourism Statistics

Most visited attraction

Length of visit (millions in 2017)

3.14M

4.98M

Overnight

Day trip

Blackpool Tower Why visit?

How can Blackpool improve?

74%

10% say

64%

Holiday or leisure

refurbuishments

Familiar location

Time of Visit (millions in 2017)

Accommodation type

66%

19%

Hotel stays

B&B and guesthouses

2.22M Autumn

3.21M Summer

2.92M Spring

Where do tourists visit? CONCLUSION:

81% Promenade

Statistics taken from the Report to Tourism, Economy and Resources Scrutiny Committee, June 2018

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BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

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38% Shopping center

• • • • • • •

The central district seems the most attractive area for tourists. Tourists are aware of the need for refurbishments. Many of them come to visit family members. Most visitors are from the UK. Blackpool tourism has improved slightly. Tourists mainly consist of couples and families. Most visits for a daytrip provided good weather.

WHY SEASIDE TOWNS FAIL/ SUCCEED

3.2.11

CONCLUSION

SEASONALITY & TOURISM CALENDAR OF EVENTS & ENTERTAINMENT SCENE • • •

Through comparing with other successful event cities also by the coasts, it seems events/ festivals are an important factor in attracting tourists, but only secondary to weather conditions. Blackpool suffers the most from seasonality out of the three towns due to the colder & wetter conditions owing to its geographic location, but also its rather uneven distribution of events throughout the year. Blackpool has a popular nightlife scene and many entertainment hubs with relatively cheap prices, accumulated mostly in the old town centre district.

BLACKPOOL ILLUMINATIONS & HERITAGE TRAMS •

• •

•

History of the illuminations demonstrated how the scale, time span and intensity of the lights have increased as the town expanded. The style and choice of graphics and illuminations display have contributed to Blackpool’s kitsch and retro identity due to its repeated use of tableaux and features from yesteryear. The forms of entertainment that accompanied the town’s development has transformed from the more classical arts (music & dance) & health related activities to more gaming & amusement oriented. Demolition of historic attractions such as indoor baths & sporting venues may have had an impact on the decline of Blackpool’s tourism in the past few decades. The reduced entertainment variety has led to a narrower range of incoming tourist. Heritage trams & the Blackpool Tramway play a significant role in Blackpool’s identity, history and culture. This should be encouraged and preserved.

TOURISM STATISTICS • • •

046

The majority of visitors are from the UK and the central district remains the most attractive and visited area. There is a significant amount of returning visitors mainly to visit family members, the rest tend to be couples or young families on daytrips. Staycation numbers have slightly improved recently and visitors are aware that Blackpool is in need of refurbishment.

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

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•

SEASONALITY & TOURISM

BLACKPOOL’S ATTEMPT TO REGENERATION 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5.

047

Blackpool’s Planning Guides Recent Developments in Blackpool Council’s View & Future Strategies Renewable Energy Conclusion

048 049 050 051 052

4.1.0

BLACKPOOL’S ATTEMPT TO REGENERATION

BLACKPOOL’S PLANNING GUIDES Council’s Strategies

Blackpool has been facing a decline in gueshouse and hotel use. The government is keen on facilitation holiday accommodation transformation into residential homes. However, some areas are protected to safeguard the strongest holiday clusters. These are mainly distributed along the promenade

Parking

The council uses a matirx of data to detemine the number and type of parking spaces required. Blackpool falls under Level 2 parking, which encourages the reduction of parking space in city centre by removing unpopular car parks and the promotion of ‘no car’ parking in new developments.

This document is used to inform shop owners of improvements that require planning permission. It emphasises the importance of good aesthetic and of welcoming shop fronts, acknowledging that a well-designed streetscape is a challenge throughout Blackpool’s gradual process of renewal, thus needing proper and mindful regulation.

Shopfronts

New Homes from Old Places

The council is also encouraging the transformation of old buildings into single dwellings, using London Housing Guide standards and up to date building regulations, in addition to the removal of extensions and the provision of good outdoor amenity space, aiming to create high-quality spaces.

Home extensions

Home extension guidance is used to ensure quality design both in terms of aesthetic and function, with fairness to the privacy and space of the neighbors whilst providing good street frontage. The document discusses in detail the allowance spaces and advised shapes of extensions.

Holiday Accommodation

CONCLUSIONS: • • •

• Blackpool.gov.uk. (2019). Blackpool Council planning policy | Supplementary documents. [online] [Accessed 21 Nov. 2019].

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Blackpool is in need of reallocation of buildings from holiday to residential homes. The council is encouraging refurbuishments and transformations of buildings into single dwellings. The council is keen on reducing car parking space in the town center and to limit parking in new developments. Shopfronts in Blackpool are in dire need for redesign and for cleaning.

4.2.0

BLACKPOOL’S ATTEMPT TO REGENERATION

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN BLACKPOOL 2 6 4

7 9

1. Coast Project - Before and After

2. Tramway Extension Project.

3. Airport Business Zone + Energy College

4. Festival House

7. Comedy Carpet

Why Not Associates

5. Luminating the town center

6. Part of the Central Business District

8. Climbing walls at Blackpool’s entrance

9. Stanley Park added to Heritage BLACKPOOL

CONCLUSION: • •

The council’s main focus is on developing the central district. The derelict housing areas that surround it are somewhat neglected.

Blackpoolcivictrust.org.uk. (2019). Listed Buildings in Blackpool. [online] Available at: http://www.blackpoolcivictrust.org.uk/buildings.html [Accessed 6 Nov. 2019].

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Development Main conservation areas and listed buildings

4.3.0

BLACKPOOL’S ATTEMPT TO REGENERATION

COUNCIL’S VIEW & FUTURE STRATEGIES

Blackpool Central site Council’s Objectives Quality Hotels

Museum

1- Maximise GROWTH + OPPORTUNITY across Blackpool. 2- Create stronger COMMUNITIES and increase resilience. (Neil Jack, Blackpool Council Strategy 2019-2024)

Blackpool Central

Amusement Center

Conference Center

Seasider’s way leading onto the M55

From an economic perspective, the new council plan shows how major projects such as the newly-announced £300m Blackpool Central development and the planned opening of the Conference Centre, museum and several “next generation” hotels will set a new quality benchmark for the resort’s tourism offer. All of which will provide much-needed jobs for local people.

West Link - Preston Additionally, with many Blackpool residents commuting to Preston for work, a new road line called West Link is under construction as shown on the map. The link aims to connect the M55 to the A583. The M55 leads directly into Blackpool’s city center and ends at the Blackpool Central project. Thus, the two projects come hand in hand to both create accessible jobs and attract more visitors to blackpool.

Blackpool Central Site

BLACKPOOL CENTRAL PRESTON

M 55 A 583

Render of Blackpool Central development.

WEST LINK

West link Proposal by Cottam and Lea.

CONCLUSION: •

The council’s is focusing on developing the tourism industry further, in hopes of attracting new jobs and improving the economy. The site is placed in a strategic position where the new West Link project creates better accessibility to Blackpool Central, attracting more visitors from the region.

West Link - Preston

Blackpool. (2019). £300m Leisure Development for Blackpool Central - Live Blackpool. [online] Available at: https://www.liveblackpool.info/about/town-centre/blackpool-central/ [Accessed 6 Nov. 2019]. Council, L. (2020). Preston Western Distributor and East-West Link Road. [online] Lancashire.gov.uk. Available at: https://www.lancashire.gov.uk/council/strategies-policies-plans/roads-parking-and-travel/major-transport-schemes/preston-western-distributor/ [Accessed 17 Jan. 2020].

050

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4.4.0

BLACKPOOL’S ATTEMPT TO REGENERATION

RENEWABLE ENERGY Sustainability workshop provided us with an insight on looking at harvesting renewable energy for local use.

Walney Offshore Windfarm

There are 102 turbines in the Walney Offshore Windfarm, approx 15km west of Barrow-in-Furness. The first one was installed on 12 July 2010. The Walney Offshore Windfarm was built in two phases Walney 1 and Walney 2 by the Danish Company Orsted Energy.

IRISH SEA

There are 51 turbines in each phase, each one is capable of generating 3.6 MW of electricity and a total of 367.2MW enough to power 320,000 homes. The power supply for the Walney 2 windfarm comes to shore at Rossall Beach, right at Cleveleys in Blackpool. The phase 2 windfarm has the capacity to suppy 183,6 MW of energy 130,036 homes powered annually.

Walney Offshore Windfarm Barrow in Furness

The 659MW project is the world’s largest offshore wind farm, covering an area of 145km2 in the Irish Sea.

Phase 2

Morecambe Bay

Phase 1

Heysham Onshore substation

Stanah 150 meters high

from sea level to blade 24 meters shorter than the Blackpool Tower.

320,000 homes Total

130,036 homes Phase 2

367 MW Capacity of total energy suppy. 183,6 MW Phase 2

Walney Phase 1 Walney Phase 2 West of Duddon Sands & Barrow OWF ( Offshore Windfarm) Undersea Cable Route Onshore substations

Cable Route

CONCLUSION

Blackpool

West of Duddon Sands

Walney windfarm is committed to the sustainable development of the global energy production being the leading provider of advanced high-voltage cable solutions connecting offshore wind parks to power grid. Blackpool Council is working with local authorities in Lancashire to help households access funding for energy improvements to their home..

Liverpool Bay

Liverpool Source:/infrastructure.planninginspectorate.gov.uk

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BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

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4.5.0

BLACKPOOL ‘S ATTEMPYT TO REGENERATION

CONCLUSION

BLACKPOOLS ATTEMPT TO REGENERATION PLANNING GUIDES • • • •

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS • •

The council’s main focus is on developing the central district. The derelict housing areas that surround it are somewhat neglected.

COUNCIL’S VIEW AND STRATEGIES •

RENEWABLE ENERGY • •

052

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URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL 5.1a) REGIONAL/ CITY SCALE: BUILT FORM, GREEN & BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE 5.1.1. 5.1.2. 5.1.3. 5.1.4. 5.1.5. 5.1.6. 5.1.7. 5.1.8. 5.1.9. 5.1.10.

053

Figure Ground Study Land Use Study Green Infrastructure Stanley Park Case Study Open Space Assessment Blue Infrastructure: Irish Sea Conservation Zone & Blackpool Blue Infrastructure: Coastline Conservation in Blackpool Blue Infrastructure: Flood Zones Blue Infrastructure: Promenade & Sea Defences Conclusion

054 055 056 057 058 059 060 061 062 063

t h Stree Churc

ee rch Str t Chu

FIGURE GROUND STUDY

Chu

ee rch Str t

Blackpool Development

Promenade

5.1.1

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL •

t h Stree Churc

REGIONAL/ CITY SCALE • BUILT FORM, GREEN & BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE

Churc

h Street

Promenade

Blackpool is intensely urban and compact in form. ALMOST 75% OF LAND IS DEVELOPED. At its heart is the Town Centre and the adjoining Resort Core. Elsewhere in the Inner Area, there is very little open space apart from the promenade and beach. t h Stree

rc Chu Raikes Hall (& Pleasure gardens 1872 -1901)

t h Stree Churc

eet

rch Chu

Churc

Street

t h Stree

Promenade

1950 OS MAP

1890 OS MAP

1846 OS MAP

ee rch Str t Chu

1846 OS MAP h Street

t h Stree

Promenade

rc Chu

reet rch St Chu1890 OS

1950 OS MAP

MAP

Blackpool South Station

Promenade

Ce nt ra

riv e

present OS MAP

1950 OS MAP

Promenade

CONCLUSION

Ce nt ra

The post war development of Blackpool increased its density to Caccommodate the growing demand en tra for housing and lrecreational activites D riv e

Promenade

The Inner town area and town centre are very dense and built up, whilst urban sprawl has blurred the boundary of the city.

en tra present OS MAP l

Dr ive

Ce nt ra

riv e

1890 OS MAP

1846 OS MAP

Promenade

Winter Gardens (1878) Churc

Ce nt ra

riv e

present OS MAP

open space lD

riv e

The master planning workshop showed us the importance of the figure ground as a tool for analysis. By studying the footprints of the Ce we can begin to notice elements buildings nt ra of the urban l D such as street framework and riv hierarchy, and e patterns within the urban grain even with demarcations removed.

building footprint car park roads Blackpool boundary inner city boundary site boundary

054 054

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URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL •

5.1.2

REGIONAL/ CITY SCALE • BUILT FORM, GREEN & BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE

LAND USE STUDY

CONCLUSION Most of Blackpool’s landmarks are located within the Town Centre among commercial buildings. ‘Arteries’ of commercial buildings can be seen dotted around the outskirts of the inner town area, these are locations of district and local centers. Resorts are spread along the beach. With majority trailing southward down the coast line, this forms the resort core. Majority of the remaining land use is residential, with industrial development on the outskirts.

key landmarks

Limited amount of open space in the inner town area other than along the promenade. Eastwards beyond the boundary is arable land.

commercial

Town boundary has become ill defined due to urban sprawl.

institutional

resort core residential

industrial contaminated land town centre and resort core coast and foreshore inner town boundary

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URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL • REGIONAL/ CITY SCALE • BUILT FORM, GREEN & BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE

5.1.3

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE Landscape and Conservation

Kincraig Nature Reserve

is an important ecological and wildlife reserve is located in Bispham, Blackpool (northern side of the town). It is currently owned by the Blackpool Council. The “Friends of Kincraig Lake” group was set up by local residents to help restore the wetland back to its former glory, following years of vandalism and neglect. Other facilities in the reserve are the pond trail and a children’s play area.

Stanley Park (see 5.1.4)

Marton Mere

Marton Mere Local Nature Reserve (LNR)- designated in 1991 - is located on the eastern edge of the town, covers an area of 39 hectares. The reserve was once the councils rubbish tip, but is now a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) -designated in 1987- due to its bird populations. Marton Mere is the hub of nature conservation activity and volunteering in the town with it’s own warden manned visitor centre.

CONCLUSION

Green belt/Countryside areas

Undeveloped open land in the east of the town is made up of protected public open space, sites of nature conservation value, Green Belt and Countryside Areas. Blackpool’s intensely built-up urban area means this open land has important landscape, nature conservation and environmental value. Blackpool Council (2018) Marton Mere local nature reserve [online][ accessed 22nd December 2019] https://www.blackpool.gov.uk/Residents/Parks-and-community-facilities/Parks,-playgrounds-andcommunity-facilities/Marton-Mere-Local-Nature-Reserve.aspx#ad-image-1 Inspirock (2020) Marton Mere Local Nature Reserve, Blackpool [online][ accessed 22nd December 2019] https://www.inspirock.com/united-kingdom/blackpool/marton-mere-local-naturereserve-a3163906617 Blackpool Council (2012) Blackpool Nature Conservation Statement [online][ accessed 22nd December 2019] https://www.blackpool.gov.uk/Residents/Planning-environment-and-community/Documents/ Blackpool-Nature-Conservation-Statement-FINAL.pdf Blackpool Council (2018) Blackpool’s Green and Blue Infrastructure Strategy Draft for Consultation [online][ accessed 22nd December 2019] http://democracy.blackpool.gov.uk/documents/s40656/ Appendix%20Green%20and%20Blue%20Infrastructure%20Strategy.pdf

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BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

Coast and Foreshore

LULU

Sites of ecological interest sites of ecological interest Listed areas Marton Mere Biological Heritage Site (BHS)

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL • REGIONAL/ CITY SCALE • BUILT FORM, GREEN & BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE

5.1.4

STANLEY PARK CASE STUDY An Exemplar of Early Site Planning Stanley Park has had Grade II status since 1995 The architects believed that residents should be able to access the park with ease and therefor the Park’s access points and gates were all chosen carefully to correspond with existing or planned pedestrian and vehicular routes

1. Gate Lodges – Mawson Drive 2. Italian garden 3.The Bandstand 4. Boat House 5. Tennis Courts 6. Cocker Clock Tower 7. Blackpool Cricket Club 8. Blackpool Cricket Club

1 7 2 3 6

Soft landscaping is made up of sports greens and flower beds carefully maintained demonstrating pride of place.

The Park was officially opened by Lord Stanley, Earl of Derby, in 1926, and remains one of the largest public parks in the country being approximately 256 acres. Stanley Park Historic OS Map (1937-39)

History of Stanley Park

Stanley Park Present Day OS Map

CONCLUSION

Between 1870 - 1900’s Blackpool’s population grew rapidly from 5000 to 48000 people. After the war there was an increasing demand for new housing and recreational activities NOT aimed at tourists. Through the purchase and gifting of several parcels of land the council was able to accumulate 288 acres of land. In 1922 architects TH Mawson & Sons were hired by the council to develop plans for the park and supporting housing. At the time Thomas Mawson was the president of the Town Planning Institute and heavily active in the town planning movement. The Mawson practice was well established for landscape architecture, but they were also practising town planners. (They advised the government of Greece on the re-planning of Athens). The park and surrounding housing were planned to complement each other. Funds raised from the sale of the plots were used to offset the considerable expenditure undertaken by the Council in laying out the Park and urban environment.

Today Stanley Park remains largely unchnaged. A quarter of the town’s open space is provided in and around Stanley Park, which is one of the largest parks of its kind in the country. In 2017, it was named as the best park in the UK by Fields in Trust ( TEP & The Environment Partnership, 2018) Blackpool’s Councils planned to use this status as a selling point when advertising both locally and within the region.

Blacpool Council (2017) Stanley Park Conservation Area. [online] [Date Accessed 20th December 2019] https://www.blackpool.gov.uk/Your-Council/Documents/Stanley-Park-conservation-area-consultation.pdf Blackpool Live (2018) Stanley Park - Best in the UK [online] [Date Accessed 20th December 2019] https://www.liveblackpool.info/about/parks/stanley-park/ Casey (no date) Stanley Park Restoration [online] [Date Accessed 20th December 2019] https://www.casey.co.uk/casestudies/21-case-studies/landscaping/176-stanley-park-restoration

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Percentage of type of ground cover 1%

11%

18%

sports fields

54% body of water

hard landscaping

natural environment

building footprint

soft landscaping

roads and footpaths

flowe beds

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL • REGIONAL/ CITY SCALE • BUILT FORM, GREEN & BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE

5.1.5

OPEN SPACE ASSESSMENT

Public car parks protected public open space recreational/community open space

The following NINE WARDS FALL SERIOUSLY SHORT of the standard of 4 hectares of open space per 1,000 population, as proposed in the emerging Open Space Assessment: CLAREMONT, TALBOT, BRUNSWICK, TYLDESLEY, VICTORIA, HAWES SIDE, WATERLOO, HIGHFIELD AND SQUIRES GATE.

Private

Elsewhere, Blackpool is predominantly residential in character and largely built up to its boundaries, apart from small pockets of Green Belt which extend into Fylde and Wyre districts. In Blackpool the designation of Countryside Areas in conjunction with the Green Belt defines the limit of urban development and provides much needed amenity and open space.

playing fields and sports grounds allotments

BLACKPOOLS TREE COVERAGE

Blackpool and Fleetwood have only about 4% of the towns supporting trees, the lowest tree canopy cover in the UK

agricultural land

This is a consequence of:

caravan parks

North Shore Golf Club

Countryside area/greenbelt

Exposure to coastal weather The dense Victorian urban fabric The extent of privatelyrented property

UK national average 16.9% tree coverage

Carleton Cemetary

Layton Cemetary Claremont

The demand for car parking.

Over the past few years, the Council’s Parks team have planted 3,000 trees in suburban road verges and some parks, but it will require the planting of tens of thousands of trees to bring the town’s cover up to even half the national average. (TEP & The Environment Partnership, 2018)

Brunswick

Blackpool Tower Stanley Park

The absence of trees is noticeable. Coastal areas have unique climates, salt in the wind (which are usually more powerful) tend to dry out the trees. Blackpool needs more trees, that can survive and thrive in coastal conditions.

Tyldesley

Blackpool Football Club Blackpool Zoo

CONCLUSION

Talbot

Victoria

Hawes Side

Blackpool Pleasure Beach

Waterloo

Highfield References

Blackpool Council (2012) Blackpool Nature Conservation Statement [online][ accessed 22nd December 2019] https://www.blackpool.gov.uk/Residents/Planning-environment-and-community/Documents/ Blackpool-Nature-Conservation-Statement-FINAL.pdf Blackpool Council (2018) Blackpool’s Green and Blue Infrastructure Strategy Draft for Consultation [online][ accessed 22nd December 2019] http://democracy.blackpool.gov.uk/documents/s40656/ Appendix%20Green%20and%20Blue%20Infrastructure%20Strategy.pdf

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Squires Gate

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL • REGIONAL/ CITY SCALE • BUILT FORM, GREEN & BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE

5.1.6

BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE Blackpool and Irish Sea Marine Conservation Zones

Blue infrastructure describes a network of bodies of water such as: rivers, canals, ponds, wetlands, floodplains, water treatment facilities, etc. and in the case of Blackpool this includes it’s coastline

RIVER WYRE

The diagram below shows the inshore and offshore existing and newly (2019) designated Marine Conservation Zones (MCZ) within the vicinity of Blackpool. It is vital that we protect these areas that host an array of habitats and threatened species to enable their recovery after decades of exploitation. In order for this to happen governments need to invest in the proper maintenance of these area and keep them free of activities that could damage the sea bed.

KINGCRAIG NATURE RESERVE

Newly designated MCZs Recommended MCZs (Wales) Existing Designated MCZs

Lancaster The two estuaries in this area create salt-marshes, full of grasses and plants that are highly tolerant of salt and can thrive even when they are often submerged by the tide.

WEST OF WALNEY

BLACKPOOL IRISH SEA

Marton Mere is a raised reservoir (18 hectares ) and forms part of a safeguarded SSSI (1979), with other open lands within this catchment safeguarded from development.

The sand habitats here are home to millions of small creatures, from tiny snails and worms to shellfish and crabs, which are essential for the survival of overwintering birds.

FYLDE Designated to protect sub tidal sand habitats, this area is rich in wildlife, with species such as sand eels and bivalve molluscs providing food for other important species.

Liverpool

The Wildlife Trusts (2020) MARINE CONSERVATION ZONES:Irish Sea [online][ accessed 22nd December 2019] https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/marineprotected-areas/england/irish-sea#ribbleestuary Visit Fylde Coast (2020) Marine Conservation Zones [online][ accessed 22nd December 2019] https://www.visitfyldecoast.info/environment/beach-care/ marine-conservation-zones/ BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

MARTON MERE (SSSI)

RIBBLE

Text

•

STANLEY PARK LAKE

Preston

CONCLUSION

059

IRISH SEA

WYRE-LUNE

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Blackpool Blue Infrastructure Fig. Diagram showing the network of waterbodies in and around Blackpool.

BLACKPOOL WAKE PARK

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL • REGIONAL/ CITY SCALE • BUILT FORM, GREEN & BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE

5.1.7

BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE Coastline Conservation in Blackpool BLACKPOOL BLUE FLAG BEACHES LOVEmyBEACH campaign Blackpool North, Central, South and Bispham beaches all won Seaside Award Flags in 2019, these are national standards for the best beaches across the UK. This is thanks to the work of United Utilities, The Environmental Agency and local councils; as well as local business and residents who got involved in the LOVEmyBEACH campaign (created in 2013 by Keeping Britain Tidy , in order to improve local beaches and bathing waters). Recently Blackpool South lost it’s Blue Flag Beach Status which it had held for three years prior, due to a 1.89% drop in water quality (as measured by the environmental agency).A Blue Flag Award is a voluntary eco-label is awarded to beaches, marinas and sustainable boating tourism operators that meet and maintain a series of stringent environmental, educational, safety, and accessibility criteria.

COASTLINE CONSERVATION Fylde Sand Dunes Project The main aims for management of the Fylde sand dunes are to: • Enhance the nature conservation interest of the coastal habitats • Improve the efficiency of the dunes and saltmarsh as soft sea-defence • Enhance public appreciation and enjoyment of the dunes

80%

of the sand dunes have been lost over 150 years

The dunes provide: a wind-break, absorbing the energy of the sea during storms a natural barrier to the sea at high tide, releasing sand during storms to ease wave action and reduce the risk of flooding a valuable wildlife habitat for often rare species of plants and animals.

a fantastic place to walk. +350 people attended over 45 guided walks since 2017

90% of Lancashire's sand dunes are in Fylde

5Ha

The Project Carriers out regular conservation efforts including: • • • • • • • • •

of increased dune habitat since 2008

Controlling invasive non-native species. Repairing the dunes by thatching and filling blow-outs to reduce sand loss from the system. Developing pathways to create recognisable access points and reduce dune erosion. Creating dune slacks to encourage a greater diversity of wildlife. Planting dune grasses and using chestnut paling and other natural materials to trap wind-blown sand and create new dunes on the foreshore.

Christmas trees play a vital role. Old Trees are donated and “planted” along the dunes. The branches and pines from the trees stick out of the beach and trap sand particles as they drift ashore, helping sand to accumulate and eventually build new dunes.

new dune slacks created to increase biodiversity

40%

decrease in nonnative scrub

2022

exclusively funded by The Environment Agency until 2022

Blackpool Council (2019) Coastal Defence. [Online] [Date Accessed 13th October 2019] https://www.blackpool.gov.uk/Your-Council/Creating-a-better-Blackpool/Regeneration/Coastal-and-water-improvements/Coastal-defence.aspx Singleton, A. (2019) 250 turn out to plant trees and save the dunes. The Lancashire Wildlife Trust [Online] [Date Accessed 13th October 2019] https://www.lancswt.org.uk/blog/alice-singleton/250-volunteers-plant-trees-save-dunes The Lancashire Wildlife Trust (2019) Fylde Sand Dunes Project [Online] [Date Accessed 13th October 2019]https://www.lancswt.org.uk/our-work/projects/fylde-sand-dunes The Lancashire Wildlife Trust (2019) MARINE CONSERVATION PROJECTS: Fylde Sand Dunes Project [Online] [Date Accessed 13th October 2019] https://www.livingseasnw.org.uk/what-we-do/marine-conservation-projects/community-engagement/fylde-sand-dunesproject

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5.1.8

BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE Flood Zones Anchorshlome

Flood Risks within Blackpool’s Urban Areas Blackpool’s urban areas have a very high proportion of hard or ‘sealed’ surfaces which can cause flash flooding after heavy rain resulting in nuisance, economic damage or pollution. Outside the main urban area, lands within the Marton Mere catchment are shown on the EA flood risk map. Drainage is controlled and is reliant on a council owned surface water pumping station which also serves to control water levels in Marton Mere itself, and discharges through an outfall structure to Main Dyke out of the Borough. There is no longer any potential for fluvial influence on this catchment. None of this land is under any consideration for future strategic development.

Flood Zone Categorisation Flood Zone 1 - land assessed as having a less than 1 in 1,000 annual probability of river or sea flooding (<0.1%) Flood Zone 2 - land assessed as having between a 1 in 100 and 1 in 1,000 annual probability of river flooding (1% – 0.1%), or between a 1 in 200 and 1 in 1,000 annual probability of sea flooding (0.5% – 0.1%) in any year Flood Zone 3 - land assessed as having a 1 in 100 or greater annual probability of river flooding (>1%), or a 1 in 200 or greater annual probability of flooding from the sea (>0.5%) in any year (Environmental Agency, 2015).

CONCLUSION

Sealed surface Sealed Surface Coverage (%) coverage (%)

Most of Blackpool’s land is within Flood Zone 1 (low probability).

81-100

Recently extensive renewal of sea defences along the coast and improvements to the public sewage network have reduced the risk of flooding.

41-60

Although there are no significant areas of land in Blackpool with flood zone 3 (highest probability), there is some land located within flood zones 2 and 3 in the north of the Borough (Anchorsholme). This reflects the low height of this land, and specifically of the coastline itself north of the cliffs which extend along much of the rest of the north shore of Blackpool. There are no areas within Blackpool in Zone 3b (functional floodplain).

Marton Mere

61-80

Key

21-40 0-20

Blackpool Council (2014) Level 1 Strategic Flood Risk Assessment. . [Online] [Date Accessed 13th October 2019] https://www.blackpool. gov.uk/Residents/Planning-environment-and-community/Documents/ EB027-SFRA.pdf

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Gov.uk (2019) Likelihood of flooding in this area [online] [accessed 7th January 2020] https://flood-map-for-planning.service.gov.uk/confirm-location?eas ting=330873&northing=436578&placeOrPostcode=Blackpool&fbclid=IwAR1g6ciSVhONjEeEB05Cx97QoRGuUMDe4WENd76C3PfH4gdxkxCv1FdqOZE

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL • REGIONAL/ CITY SCALE • BUILT FORM, GREEN & BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE

5.1.9

BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE Blackpool Promenade & Sea Defences

Festival House| tower of love

Client: Blackpool, Fylde & Wyre Economic Development Company Location: Lancashire, UK Landscape Architects: LDA Design Partners: dRMM, Arup, Speirs & Major, Freestate, Gardiner & Theobald, Blackpool Council, Gordon Young Area: 1 ha Schedule: 2008 - 2016 Awards: Civic Trust Award (2013)

In an effort to attract more visitors ReBlackpool (an urban regeneration company funded by North West Development Agency) hosted an international design competition (2007) to redesign the promenade. Won by Landscape Architects LDA Design the concept for the ‘Peoples Playground’ envisaged a ‘playful and surrel [dune] scape, inspired by Blackpool’s tradition of fantasy and escape’ (LDA, 2018). The design incorporates recently enhanced sea defenses that include 5 large headlands meant to echo the convex form of the coastline.

the ‘Comedy Carpet’, designed by Gordon Young and Why Not Associates in collaboration with LDA Design, is a celebration of comedy on an extraordinary scale.

windbreakers .

pebble and dune seats

The Hollywood Stair Case

Location: 11.25km of Blackpool Coast (including a new 3.2 kilometre seawall

has been built along the same stretch

Civil Engineer: Birse Coastal Consultants: Halcrow Group Complete: 2009

Blackpool Borough Council spent £62 million on a four year project, to improve the promenade and sea defences. This included 23,000 m³ of pre-cast concrete units containing 50 per cent Regen for sea defence on Blackpool beach. As well as the environmental and durability benefits of using Regen, the council wanted the concrete units to be buff in colour to match the sand and the lighter colour of Regen enhanced the pigment colour. ensure the stability of the sea wall and protect them from coastal erosion. The stepped profile dissipates wave energy protecting properties from flood damage. Designed to prevent flooding in a 1 in 200 year storm event 5 large headlands provide areas for public entertainment sports and performances References

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part of the shared space scheme, designed to give pedestrians greater ownership of the promenade. BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

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Festival House| tower of love Architect: dRMM Year: Awards: 2012 Winner RiBA Award 2012 Regional Finalist Civic Trust Awards

Designed by Atelier One and Freestate in collaboration with LDA Design these 35 meter high kinetic scultptures based on ‘mirram grass’ sway in the wind

Giant pre-cast ‘pebble seats’ and ‘dune lounger seats’ read as pieces washed up on the Town’s second beach and provide informal seating for large numbers of people.

On the seaward side of the space are a series of ‘windbreak masts’. Designed by LDA Design these allow a fabric windbreak system to be quickly put up to provide shelter for major events.

The Comedy Carpet Referring to the works the carpet gives visual form comedy. Granite letters embedded into concrete, push the boundaries of public art and typography to their limits. A remarkable homage to those who have made the nation laugh.

Blackpool Council (2019) Coastal Defence. [Online] [Date Accessed 13th October 2019] https://www.blackpool.gov.uk/Your-Council/Creating-a-better-Blackpool/Regeneration/Coastal-and-water-improvements/Coastal-defence.aspx https://worldlandscapearchitect.com/tower-festival-headland-blackpool-uk-lda-design/#.XdMWRlf7RPY Singleton, A. (2019) 250 turn out to plant trees and save the dunes. The Lancashire Wildlife Trust [Online] [Date Accessed 13th October 2019] https://www.lancswt.org.uk/blog/alice-singleton/250-volunteers-plant-trees-save-dunes The Lancashire Wildlife Trust (2019) Fylde Sand Dunes Project [Online] [Date Accessed 13th October 2019]https://www.lancswt.org.uk/our-work/projects/fylde-sand-dunes The Lancashire Wildlife Trust (2019) MARINE CONSERVATION PROJECTS: Fylde Sand Dunes Project [Online] [Date Accessed 13th October 2019] https://www.livingseasnw.org.uk/what-we-do/marine-conservation-projects/community-engagement/ fylde-sand-dunes-project

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL • REGIONAL/ CITY SCALE • BUILT FORM, GREEN & BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE

5.1.10

CONCLUSION

BUILT FORM, GREEN & BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE REGIONAL/CITY SCALE • • • • • •

• • •

063

Blackpool’s town centre and inner area is very dense. Almost 75% of the land is developed and there is very little public green and open space, other than along the promenade. Majority of public open space is hard landscaping. A very high proportion of Blackpool’s surfaces are hard or ‘sealed’ leaving it vulnerable to flash flooding after heavy rains. There is a lack of soft landscaping within the town centre and green spaces around Blackpool are disconnected. Blackpool has lower tree coverage than the national average, this is due to the coastal climate. Stanley park makes up one quarter of Blackpool’s public green space. Undeveloped land to the east of Blackpool is made up of protected public open spaces. Blackpool has 14 biological heritage sites which need to be preserved and maintained in order to protect the species which inhabit it. These sites are used for educational purposes such as the blackpool pond trail which incorporates Kincraig Nature Reserve. Beyond these lie level and fertile agricultural land, which link to Wyre and Fylde. Blackpool’s boundary has become fragmented due to urbanisation. The Irish Sea is a major source of GBI for Blackpool. Recently a large amount of money and time has been invested by the council and residents on improving Blackpool’s beaches and coastal defense. Blackpool values its GBI for the many benefits associated with it. This is demonstrated by investments of the council and willingness of residents to participate in volunteerrun initiates to improve, develop and maintain these resources

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URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL 5.1b) REGIONAL/ CITY SCALE: CONNECTIVITY & INFRSTRUCTURE 5.1.11 5.1.12 5.1.13 5.1.14 5.1.15 5.1.16 5.1.17 5.1.18 5.1.19 5.1.20

064

Former International Transport Links Water Transportation Links Regional and National Transport Links Public Transport: Local Rail Network Public Transport: Local Bus Network Road Hierarchy: Road Netowrks and Connections Cycling & Walking in the City Connectivity Analysis: Space Syntax diagram Street Sections Conclusion

065 066 067 068 069 070 071 072 073 075

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL • REGIONAL/ CITY SCALE • CONNECTIVITY & INFRASTRUCTURE

INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT LINKSTRANSPORT ... no longer LINKS FORMER INTERNATIONAL 5.1.11 Before airport used usedtotohave have commercial flight Before2014, 2014, Blackpool Blackpool airport commercial flight routes to the illustrated 15 destinations in Europe, with the majority routes to the illustrated 15 destinations in Europe, with the ofmajority them being in Spain Spain as is UK’s popular destination of them being as in Spain Spainmost is UK’s most popular according to Transport GreatStatistics: Britain 2018 issued by the destination accordingStatistics: to Transport Great Britain Department Transport. The airlines that operated in Blackpool 2018 issuedofby the Department of Transport. The airlines that operated in Blackpool Airport include:Ryanair Aer Lingus, Citywings, Airport include: Aer Lingus, Citywings, and Jet2.com. Ryanair and Jet2.com. However due to the decline in its operation, Blackpool Airport However closed due to the decline in its operation, Blackpool Airport eventually down in October 2014, with its last scheduled eventually closed in October flights to Dublin anddown the Isle of Man.2014, with its last scheduled flights to Dublin and the Isle of Man. In 2016, the International terminal was demolished and became In site 2016, the new International terminalof was demolished the for the Energy College the Blackpool andand Fylde became the site for the new Energy College of the Blackpool College, as well as being developed into an enterprise zone with and Fylde College, as well as being developed into an enteradjacent land. prise zone with adjacent land.

Blackpool North

Blackpool South

Blackpool Airport

FINLAND

ICELAND

Today, it is an airport for general aviation (private transport/ Today, it is flying), an airport for general aviation& (private recreational corporate business private transcharters port/ recreational flying), corporate business & private and occasional military movement. The general public can no charters and occasional military movement. The general longer fly from Blackpool but from Liverpool or Manchester instead. public can no longer fly from Blackpool but from Liverpool or It is also the air base for a few Flying schools (particularly Manchester instead. It is also the air base for a few Flying helicopters and small jets) and the North West Air Ambulance. schools (particularly helicopters and small jets) and the North West Air Ambulance.

NORWAY SWEDEN

NORTH SEA

ESTONIA

BALTIC SEA

LATVIA DENMARK

BELFAST

DUBLIN

IRELAND

ISLE OF MAN

LITHUANIA

BLACKPOOL

UNITED KINGDOM

T NE

BELARUS

S ND

POLAND

GERMANY

BELG

IUM

CZECH REPUBLIC

UKRAINE

SLOVAKIA A OV LD

FRANCE

HUNGARY SLOVENIA

ROMANIA

CROATIA

ITALY

VENICE

CONCLUSION

AUSTRIA SWITZERLAND

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

SERBIA BULGARIA ROME

PORTU GAL

GIRONA

SORRENTO

SPAIN IBIZA MURCIA ALICANTE

FARO

MALLORCA

MACEDONIA ALBANIA

GREECE

SARDINIA

MALAGA MALTA

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

CONCLUSION

BLACK SEA

Despite the airport no longer operating for commercial flights, the fact that Blackpool actoperating as a base Flying schools Despite the airportAirport no longer forfor commercial flights,and AirtheAmbulance service Airport can beact seen an for opportunity to focus fact that Blackpool as aas base Flying schools Air Ambulance service canitsbeeducational seen as ansector opportunity to onand aviation training, expanding to including focus on training, expanding its educational sectoralready to aviation as aviation a subject. This seems adequate as Blackpool including aviation a subject. seemsofadequate as Blackhas an annual Air as Show in its This calendar events every August pool draws alreadyahas an annual crowd. Air Show in could its calendar of events which considerable This help the council to every August which draws a considerable crowd. This could diversify Blackpool’s identity. help the council to diversify Blackpool’s identity. Irony: Blackpool’s former flight routes take passengers to other Irony: Blackpool’s former flightsuch routes passengers otherand competitor resort destinations, astake seaside towns intoSpain competitor resort destinations, such as seaside towns in Spain islands in the Mediterranean Sea. and islands in the Mediterranean Sea.

Directline-flights.co.uk. (2019). Blackpool Airlines - Find out which airlines fly from Blackpool Airport.. [online] Available at: https://www.directline-flights.co.uk/Blackpool-Airport-Information [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019]. En.wikipedia.org. (2019).(2019). Blackpool Airport. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_Airport#Airlines_and_destinations [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019]. Directline-flights.co.uk. Blackpool Airlines - Find out which airlines fly from Blackpool Airport.. [online] Available at: https://www.directline-flights.co.uk/Blackpool-Airport-Information [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019]. Riches, C. (2019). Blackpool Airport reopens 13 YEARS after at: being sold off for £13 million. [online] Express.co.uk. Available at: https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/854231/blackpool-airport-reopens-13-years-after-being-sold-off [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019}. En.wikipedia.org. (2019). Blackpool Airport. [online] Available https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_Airport#Airlines_and_destinations [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019]. Riches, C. (2019). Blackpool Airport reopens 13 YEARS after being sold off for £13 million. [online] Express.co.uk. Available at: https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/854231/blackpool-airport-reopens-13-years-after-being-sold-off [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019}. • BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS • LULU

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URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL •

REGIONAL/ CITY SCALE • CONNECTIVITY & INFRASTRUCTURE

WATER TRANSPORTATION LINKS Key (+xxx) Journey time in minutes Ferry

Northern Ireland ISLE OF MAN

IRELAND

Cairnryan

Northern Ireland

Larne Belfast

Ireland

(+2

50)

15)

Blackpool does not have any ports or marinas. The closest being Fleetwood or Preston.

(+223)

(+533) (+176)

No ferries go directly to Blackpool, however, it is within easy reach of a number of ferry ports covering crossings from Ireland, Isle of Man and the Netherlands, the closest being Liverpool and Heysham. From that point the journey to Blackpool can be continued via public transportation such as coach or train. Visit Blackpool (2020) By Sea. [online][ accessed 22nd December 2019] https://www.visitblackpool. com/plan-your-trip/getting-here/by-sea/ LULU

Knotts End Fleetwood Fleetwood Marina

BLACKPOOL Liverpool

BLACKPOOL

Preston Marina

England

CONCLUSION

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

Holyhead

Ireland

•

Heysham +(

IRELAND

066

Ports

Netherlands

MARINAS, PORTS AND PIERS

(+6

ISLE OF MAN

Dublin

United Kingdom

(+ 25 0)

(+12

Liverpool

REGIONAL & NATIONAL TRANSPORT LINKS REGIONAL & & NATIONAL NATIONAL TRANSPORT TRANSPORT LINKS LINKS REGIONAL REGIONAL & NATIONAL LINKS REGIONAL ANDTRANSPORT NATIONAL TRANSPORT LINKS NATIONAL CONNECTIONS (key 5.1.13 NATIONAL CONNECTIONS (key destinations) destinations) NATIONAL CONNECTIONS (key destinations) NATIONAL CONNECTIONS (key destinations)

Glasgow (+176)

Glasgow Glasgow (+176) Glasgow (+176) (+176)

Edinburgh (+183)

REGIONAL REGIONAL CONNECTIONS CONNECTIONS (Time-Space (Time-Space Geography) Geography) REGIONAL CONNECTIONS (Time-Space Geography) REGIONAL CONNECTIONS (Time-Space Geography) San San

Diagram (left) shows national connections to key cities of Great Britian by train, with journey time in brackets. This diagram is by no means comprehensive to include all destinations at Edinburghroutes connected to Blackpool. Edinburgh

(+183) Edinburgh (+183) (+183)

York (+183) Preston York (+183) Preston Blackpool York (+183) (+24) Blackpool Preston Leeds (+160) (+24) Blackpool Leeds (+160) (+24)York Leeds(+81) (+160) (+183) Manchester Preston Manchester (+81) Blackpool Manchester (+81) (+24) Leeds (+160) Liverpool Sheffield Manchester (+81) Sheffield Liverpool (+76) (+157) Liverpool Sheffield (+76) (+157) (+76) (+157) Liverpool Sheffield (+76) (+157) BirmingBirmingham (+180) Birmingham (+180) ham (+180) Birmingham (+180) London London (+149) London (+149) Bristol Bristol (+149) (+256)London Bristol (+256) (+256)(+149) Bristol (+256) Brighton Brighton (+281) Brighton (+281) (+281) Brighton (+281) shows national connections to key cities of Great

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL • REGIONAL/ CITY SCALE • CONNECTIVITY & INFRASTRUCTURE

Du Du Du

Chathill Aln Wes M Chathill Ackli Sh M Aln Wes Nort Widdr Chathill Sh Pal BAckli M L Aln Peg

Whi Cull Whi Tyn Cull Whi No New CaBKiFWRe F Widdr Nort Tyn Me Wes Pal Pe Cull BFAckli Sou Sh H Mo L Peg No Ha San New CaBKiFWRe Ilfo Sou Me W Nort We Ch Tyn Pe W Cram T YN EJes &B Widdr Ty Sou HBSi Sou (+210) Pal Mo Chill Ca Ha B Ha Ilfo Ki W Carlisle (+100) L W E A R P T E Newcastle No Peg W Chathill New F We Ch M JPe Du Me W PH NWhi ESt. & Ma Cram Ty Jes MTFY Re Ga Fel Aln WesB BChill Ha FSi B Carlisle (+100) W E ASou R PMTMa E Mo Newcastle (+210) HaHH Ilfo Br Loc Wi Sou J Ga W He Dun Wet Bra Halt Bard Hayd Cor Ridi Met Blay Stoc Wyl Pru Cull We E Ch Ackli Sh St. W Cram T Y N EJes & An Ty Ga Fel P BFSi Se Asp BChill Ha Carlisle Tyn WEAR PTE Newcastle (+210) Ga He H Dun Wet (+100) Bra Halt Bard Hayd Hexham CorStocRidiCa Met Blay Pru Wyl Widdr EStad J Br St. Ma Asp Wi PalNort Armath St.M Ma Chester Ga Fel P Pa No New BKiFWRe L BF Peg FBrSe Stad Me Fli Gre St. Ma Bishop Pe Ga Armath Sunderland He U Wet Bra Halt Bard Hayd Cor Ridi Dun Met Blay Stoc Wyl Pru E Sou Hexham Mo WHaH Ilfo SouChester SoMPa Fli Ma Asp Wi P Se Stad Bishop W Sea Cram Sunderland U T Y N We EJes & St. Workington Auckland SiTyCh Chester Lazonby & BChill Durham Hexham Carlisle (+100) Armath W E A R Ha PTE Newcastle (+210) SoM P Hartl Harri JB Sea Pa Fli St.M MaAuckland H Bishop Workington Sunderland U Seat Lazonby & Ga Fel PShil Durham F M Br Harri P Ga HeNewtE So P Sea Wet Bra Halt Bard Hayd CorStocRidi Pru Wyl Blay Met Dun Auckland Hartl Da Wi Workington Billin Se Asp P Lazonby & ShilHei Seat Langwathby Durham Hartl Stad Stoc Bri Re Harri St. Ma Middlesbrough Armath Billin Nor Whitehaven Hexham Ma Chester Newt Langwathby Stoc Shil PaHei Seat Fli Bishop P Middlesbrough Sunderland Nor Corki Whitehaven SoBriRedReLoMa Saltburn Newt Dins Tee Eagl Tho Darlington Billin MU Jam So Langwathby Hei Appleby P Stoc Eagl Mart Tee Sea Corki Penrit Bri Alle Tho So Red Workington Middlesbrough LoMa Saltburn Darlington Auckland Nor Dins Lazonby & ReCa St Whitehaven Gy Jam Durham Appleby Ya Harri Nu Mart Sl Ki Lo Le E Saltburn Penrit Alle Eagl Tho Hartl Corki Grea St Gy Eaglescliffe So Red Darlington Com DaLe Shil GlaEGrSlRusWhitby Ca Neth Seat Dins Tee Ya Jam Nu P Ki Appleby Bat Kirkby Stephen MartGrea Newt Billin Alle Eaglescliffe Brayst St Com Gy Gla Gr RusWhitby Neth Langwathby Penrit Hei Stoc CaDaLe Bri Re Ya Kirkby Stephen Nu Bat Sl Middlesbrough E Ki Nor Whitehaven Neth Brayst Ma Grea Sellafiel EaglescliffeSaltburn Whitby Scarborough (+221) Corki BatComDaGla Gr Rus Sea Kirkby Stephen So Red Lo Garsdale Darlington Dins Tee Eagl ThoJam Sellafiel Windermere Brayst Scarborough (+221) Appleby Mart D PenritWindermere Alle Sea Garsdale St Gy Sta Sellafiel Ca Le E Sl Ravengla Ya Nu Scarborough (+221) D Ki Grea ComDaGla Gr RusWhitby Sea B Eaglescliffe Garsdale StaBur Dent Neth Ravengla Windermere Bat Kirkby Stephen Ke D BSilec Dent Brayst M StaBur Ravengla Silec Ke Green Sellafiel B M Fox Bur Oxenholme Dent Ribblehead Scarborough (+221) Green Sea Silec Ke Oxenholme Ribblehead KirkbyBarrow-in-FurnessGarsdale Fox M Windermere Lake District As D KirkbyGreen Oxenholme Barrow-in-Furness Sta Ravengla Ca Gra Lake District Ribblehead Fox As BurDal Horton-inSilv B Ro Dal KirkbyWenDistrict Barrow-in-Furness UlvCa Ke Gra Ar Silv DentLake Horton-inSilec As Ro KeUlv Ke Wen Ben Bridlington M Ca Carnforth Gra Ar SilvCar Dal Oxenholme Horton-inGreen Settle Cla Ben Bridlington Ro Ulv Ke CarRibblehead Settle Wen Fox Ar Giggl Settle Cla KirkbyCarnforth Barrow-in-Furness Ben Settle Bridlington Car Lake District As GigglSettle Cla Carnforth Dal Ca Gra Silv Morecambe Horton-inGiggl Settle Ro Ulv Ke Morecambe Wen Ilkley Ar Ben Lancaster (+55) CarMorecambe Ilkley York (+167) Bridlington Settle Cla Carnforth Harrogate Skipton Lancaster (+55) Settle York (+167) Ilkley Heysham Giggl Harrogate Skipton San

An An An

Loc Loc Gre Loc Gre Gre Da Da Da

Lancaster (+55) York (+167) Clitheroe Heysham Port Harrogate Morecambe Heysham Clitheroe Skipton Port Ilkley Colne Shipley Clitheroe Horsforth Leeds Colne Lancaster (+55) Port York (+167) Blackpool North Kirkham & Horsforth Leeds Harrogate Leeds Skipton Colne Shipley 10 min Blackpool Wesham& Preston (+24) Kirkham Heysham North Horsforth Leeds Shipley Leeds 10 min Bradford (+113) Wesham Preston (+24) B R A D Clitheroe (+134) Blackpool Kirkham & North Port Selby Leeds Bradford (+113) BRAD (+134) 10 min Wesham Preston (+24) Chu Colne Ba Ea Selby Hull Bradford (+113) BRAD Chu Ea Sou Le Ba (+134) Horsforth Shipley Hull He So Leeds CastleSaltm Selby WEST Halifax Burnley Blackpool North Kirkham & Blackburn Le Ba Sou O RK S HI RE Chu Ea So CastleSaltm WPET SE T Halifax YYLeeds Burnley HeMythHebd ford 10 minHull Wesham Preston Blackburn Cro (+24) Le O RK S HI RE (+42) So HeMyth Castleen ford Sou Hebd Bradford (+113) Saltm Barton-on-Humber Wakefield WPETSET BRAD Halifax Y(+134) Burnley Cro Blackburn Blackpool South Ba Cro O R K S H Westgate I RE (+42) New Selby Barton-on-Humber en Myth Wakefield B ford Hebd PEa T E Chu Blackpool South HullB New Westgate Goole Barton-on-Humber (+42) Pont Euxt en W Wakefield Wakefield LeRuf Sou Southport South Goxh CastleBlackpool Goole Saltm WEST Pont EuxtBlackburn Burnley He So Westgate HalifaxRochdale W HuddersB New Kirkgate Wakefield Ruf Southport Goxh Meo YO RK S HI RE G R E A T E R Myth BoltonM (+60) Rochdale fordfield Hebd Goole P T E Hudders- Wakefield Thornton Kirkgate Birk Meo Pont Euxt ANC H EST ER W CroBesc Ne Bur Ruf Southport Goxh G R PE TA ET E R (+42) Hill Bolton (+60) Barton-on-Humber Cleethorpes Besc Wigan en Thornton Wakefield Birk Rochdale M ANC H EST ER Manchester HuddersNe Bur Ho field Kirkgate Ains Thorn Meo Blackpool South New Hill Ul Cleethorpes P T E Bur Wigan GREAT E R Westgate B Par Bolton (+60) Fres Besc Manchester Thornton NW Birk (+262) Ains M A N C H E S T E R Sou Ho Thorn Victoria (+81) Ne field For Ul Bur Stalybridge Bur Goole Gri Scunthorpe Hill Par Fres Gre Cleethorpes P T E Pont Euxt Wigan W Sou Ba Tho Stalli Aught Cr Alt Hight NW (+262) Wakefield Ruf Southport Manchester Victoria (+81) Goxh Ains For Hind Ormskirk Hag Ho Stalybridge Town Thorn Hall Scunthorpe UlStalliHe Gre Gri Ne Bur Rochdale Ha Ba Tho Aught Cr Alt HuddersPar Fres Hight Kirkgate Ma Inc Dais Meo Blundel NWHind(+60) (+262) Salf Victoria (+81) Sou Ormskirk Hag Town GR EAT E R Or Doncaster For Hall Old Stalybridge HeGre Gri Ne Bry Bolton Besc Hadfield SOUTH Water Scunthorpe Thornton Birk Ma Guide field Manchester NC H E S T E R Salf Salford Crescent IncM ADais BaHuHaStalliGrimsby Tho UphOr P Aught Aint Cr Alt NeNe Hight Blundel Bur Y O R K S H I R E Doncaster Seafort Old Hill Hind Ormskirk Hag Rai Cleethorpes P T E Town Orr Wigan GarsBry Salford Hadfield Hall W SO TH Water HuHa He Ne Guide Flo Manchester PU T E P Manchester Aint Bridge Bootl Ains Ma Faz RaiUph Piccadilly Grimsby Inc Ho Dais Crescent Y O R K S H Thorn I RE St. Seafort NeBlundel Salf Ul Bur Gars Orr Barnsley Town Bri Or Kirkby Doncaster Bootl Old Par Fres Bry Hadfield WallWater S OP UT TE H Bridge Bootl Hu RiceFaz NW (+262) Piccadilly Guide Manchester Sou Salford Crescent Uph ThattSt. P Aint Victoria (+81) Manches Gu Flo Bank W For Bi Grimsby Stalybridge Barnsley YO RK S HI RE Kirk Town Kirkby Bootl Seafort Ne Gars Orr Manches Ryde Bridge Do Liverpool Ba Wall StalliBriGre Gri Aught Wall CrScunthorpe Alt Manches Eccl Hight RiceRR SS YE SYRai P T E Tho Sand I SDI ED EPHind TThatt E Hag Gu Flo Bank W PiccadillyRyde Ormskirk Newton Town Wall Bootl KirkMM EEFaz St. Hall Bi P T EKirkby Ne Birken Ha Barnsley Manches Do Town BriMarket Ne Liverpool Bootl Eccl Kirto He M EE RRWav EPPr Ma Glossop Moo Sand Wall Lime Street Dais M SS YE SY(+76) I SDI ED Inc T E Manches Rice Blundel Birken -leBirke Salf St. Newton Ed Ha Thatt Gu Bank Or Doncaster P T E R OldConw Ne Ra Crescent Rotherham Central Bry KirkStreet Pr Wall Moo Hadfield SOUTH Bi Water Aint U Hu Kirto Manches Glossop Market Do Guide Manchester Ryde Wav Liverpool Salford Uph StockP Lime (+76) Eccl Altrincham -leBirke M E R S E Y S I D E Grimsby St. Ed LeNewton Bro M Gars ERSY S I D EHu P TW ERa YO RK S HI RE EarlNe NeSeafort Orr RaiJa Sand Rotherham Central RomileyGlossop Conw Ha P TMoss E R U Birken P T E Stock- Barnsley Bridge Flo Bootl WBirken Kirto Altrincham Gree Market Moo Piccadilly JaLime SOUTH West LeSt.Earl Gainsbor (+76) Bro HuPrW Ho port Birken St. Birke Worksop Ed Wav Faz Romiley Sa Manches Town BruStreet Kirkby He RH HalRa Rotherham Central Bri RockHa Gainsbor Conw Wi-leCreMoss WallBootl U Gainsborough Gatle Rice Gree SOUT H West Thatt StockGainsbor port Gu Altrincham Bebi JaLiverpool Worksop Le un Bro Hu W Ho H Sa Kirk Bru Earl Birken Wall Bank Cheadle Ai St. Bi He Rock Gainsbor Romiley Hal Manches Wi Do New Mills Cre Saxi Ha Ryde Liverpool Moss Gainsborough Port Gatle M EGree E RR SS EP Eccl Sand He M YE SY I SDI EDLiverpool T E Shir Rose Hill Bebi Live S O U T H West Newton ts Gainsbor un port Warrington Spi Cheadle Ai Cre P T E Worksop Ne H HalRunc NeStreet Birken Ho Wi Sa New Mills AsHa Pr BruSt.Parkway Saxi South Port Rock MarketGainsbor Wav Retford Bromb HeGatle LimeHe (+76) Gainsborough Sheffield (+142) Shir Whit Kirto -le- Liveun Rose Hill Birke HaMoo Runc Central St. Cr ts Warrington Mob Spi RBro NeEd Bebi Liverpool Ra Central Hazel Glossop AsHa StockSouth Cheadle Ai St.Parkway U Conw Whit Retford Hat New Mills Rotherham Saxi Bromb Sheffield (+142) AltrinchamManchester In ts Ja os Cr Runc Le Earl Live He Bro Hu W Litt ShirCr Birken Frods Runc Warrington Rose Hill Hy Central Hawar Port Hazel Romiley Bro Mob Knut SpiEasth Moss Ne Hat Grove Ho As South Parkway Cr Manchester Whit Langwit Runc Gree In s S O U T H os Easth Litt West Retford Swin BrombH Cap Sheffield (+142)Gainsbor Ov Sa Sta CrHel Frods Runc Central Plum Airport port HyLincoln (+237) HawarEllesmere Worksop Ho Wi Knut Bru He Rock Hazel Gainsbor Hal Grove HoPort Mob Cre Bro Gainsborough Gatle Lincoln (+237) Langwit Hat Coll s Hel Cr Swin Manchester Ov Sta B Shire Airport Bebi Liverpool Acto In os Ellesmere Port Easth Litt Lostoc un Gre Plum Cap Frods Hy St. Ai Sh Hawar New Mills KnutCheadle Saxi Ha Port Coll Grove Ho Wilmslow He B Shire Shir ChesterfieldMansfiel Langwit Rose Hill ActoAsGre Nor Lostoc Livets Cap sHel Del Cud New SwinLincoln Sta Mo Warrington Spi Sh Parkway Ellesmere PortOv Runc Meth(+237) Ne Plum Airport Whit Runc Newark Wilmslow Retford BrombSouthHaw Sheffield (+142) Chesterfield Coll Mansfiel Nor New Del Mo Cud Cr B Shire Mans Acto Chester (+152) Central Meth Lostoc Hazel Bro ShHaw MobGre Har Hat Alderley CrChesterfield Manchester Easth Litt Buc In os Roll Newark Mans Frods Buxton Mansfiel Hy New Chester Nor Wilmslow Edge Del Cud Hawar Mo (+152) Sutto Knut Har Meth Macclesfield Buc Grove Ho Haw Alderley Pen sHel (+237) Langwit Newark SwinLincoln Sta Airport Buxton EllesmereCap PortOv Sutto PlumHar Mans Coll KirkbyChester (+152) FiskRoll Macclesfield Edge Pen Buc Rus Win Alderley Skeg B Shire Acto Gre Ho Roll Lostoc KirkbyBuxton ChesterfieldMansfiel Sh Sutto News Macclesfield Ble Fisk Rus Win Edge Skeg Have PenHo Nor Wilmslow New Mat MoCae Del Cud Meth News Haw Wai KirkbyFisk Huc Ble Newark B Have Ph Rus Alfr Win Mat Thor Skeg Thu M Mans Ho Chester (+152) B Wai C Cae Har Matlo Bos Buc News Bu Alderley Cefn BHuc Ble Alfr PhD Hi Thor Roll Thu Have M Buxton Mat Hubb Sutto B CB Lo MatloCro Bos Wai Macclesfield Bu Edge CaeCefn Swin Pen Hi SleafHecki G BHuc Ph Wi Shi Alfr Hys D HubbThor Ra M Be Kirkby- La Lo Thu Fisk B C T Wha SwinBos Wi MatloCro Rus Win Bu Burto SleafHecki CefnG Shi Ho Ra Hi H RaucSkeg Be D Hubb Nott Crewe News Amb La Hys Wha Lo B Ble Burto Cro T An Swin Diagram above Britian by train, with jourHave Wi Ol Mat G H Bel Rauc Shi Nott Crewe Wrexh Be Ca Wai SleafHecki La U Hys Rad Bin Asl Elto Bott NetBurto HucAmb Du QRaSTL AnThor Diagram above shows national connections to key cities of Great Britian by train, with jour- CaeCefn BWha Ol Ca Stoke-on-Trent (+113) Alfr Ph Nottingham L H Wrexh Wrexh BM Amb Bel Du Thu CDerby Asl Elto Bott Net Rad Bin (+206) Matlo BosRauc Crewe Bu U Q SNott Wrexh Hi An Diagram above showsThis national connections to key cities of Great Britian by train, with jourStoke-on-Trent (+113) (+206) Ol Nottingham Derby D ney time in brackets. diagram is by no means comprehensive to include all destinaHubb Ca Bel Lo L B Wrexh Cro Du U Q S Net Rad Bin Asl Elto BottSleaf Swin Wi G Shi Wrexh ney time in brackets. This diagram is by no means comprehensive to include all destinaRa Hecki Be Stoke-on-Trent (+113) Nottingham (+206) La Hys Derby Wha Burto T H Rauc ney time in brackets. This diagram iskey by cities no means comprehensive to include all destinaNott Crewe tions at routes connected to Blackpool. Amb An above shows national connections to of Great Britian by train, with jourOl Ca Bel tions at routes connected to Blackpool. Wrexh Du U Q S L Net Rad Bin Asl Elto Bott Wrexh Stoke-on-Trent (+113) Nottingham (+206) Derby tions at routes connected to Blackpool.

Diagram ney time in brackets. This diagram (key is by no means comprehensive to include all destinaNATIONAL CONNECTIONS destinations) tions at routes connected to Blackpool. CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION Within CONCLUSION Within the the North North of of England, England, average average commuting commuting time time to to Blackpool Blackpool is is approx. approx. 2.5 2.5 hours hours CONCLUSION Within the North of England, average commuting time to Blackpool is approx. 2.5 hours (150 mins), despite the fact that London is also reachable within 2.5 hours. This is due to Within the North of England, average commuting time to Blackpool is approx. 2.5 hours (150

REGIONAL CONNECTIONS (Time-Space Geography)

Train Train journey journey time time in in minutes minutes Train journey time in minutes Train Train Train journey time in minutes Train Infrequent Infrequent train train services services Train Infrequent train services Principal stations Principal stations InfrequentPrincipal train services stations Principal stations (+XXX) (+XXX) (+XXX)

(150 mins), despite the fact that London is also reachable within 2.5 hours. This is due to mins), despite the fact that London is also within hours. This is due to the fact Blackpool has few direct trains to Most cities across the Withindespite the(150 North England, average commuting time to Blackpool is approx. 2.5 hours mins), theofthat fact that London also reachable inreachable that amount of 2.5 time. The cause being (+XXX) the fact that Blackpool hasisvery very few direct trains to destinations. destinations. Most cities across the the fact that Blackpool has very few direct trains to destinations. Most cities across the country must go through Preston or Manchester in order to reach Blackpool, involving mul(150 mins), despite the fact that London is or also reachable 2.5 hours. This ismust due to through Blackpool having few direct trains to destinations. Most cities across the country go country must go through Preston Manchester inwithin order to reach Blackpool, involving mulcountry must go through Preston or Manchester in order to reach Blackpool, involving multiple changes and causing journey time to be significantly increased. One possible way the fact that Blackpool has very few direct trains to destinations. Most cities across the Preston ortiple Manchester in order to journey reach Blackpool, involving multiple changes and causing changes and causing time to be significantly increased. One possible way to to tiple changes and causing journey timeintoorder be significantly increased. One possible way to make Blackpool more easily accessible may be to increase the use of Blackpool South country must go through Preston or Manchester to reach Blackpool, involving muljourney time to be significantly make Blackpool moreincreased. easily accessible may be to increase the use of Blackpool South make Blackpool more easily accessible may be of to increase thepossible use of Blackpool South station and creating more routes to stations tiple changes and causing journey to be significantly One way to station and creating moretime routes to both both stationsincreased. of Blackpool. Blackpool. station and more routesmay to both stations of Blackpool. make Blackpool morecreating easily accessible be to increase the use of Blackpool South Nationalrail.co.uk. (2019). National Rail Enquiries - Maps of the GB National Rail Network. [online] Available at: https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations_destinations/maps.aspx#regional [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019]. Nationalrail.co.uk. (2019). National Rail Enquiries Maps of the GB National Rail Network. [online] Available at: https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations_destinations/maps.aspx#regional [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019]. station and creating more routes to both stations of Blackpool. Nationalrail.co.uk. (2019). National Rail Enquiries - Official source for UK train times and timetables. [online] Available at: https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/ [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019]. Nationalrail.co.uk. (2019). National Enquiries -- Maps the GBfor National Rail Network. [online] Available https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations_destinations/maps.aspx#regional [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019]. Nationalrail.co.uk. (2019). National Rail Rail Enquiries Officialofsource UK train times and timetables. [online] at: Available at: https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/ [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019]. Smithers, A. (2016). ARN summary map. [image] Available at: http://www.projectmapping.co.uk/Reviews/Resources/ARN%20summary%20map.pdf [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019]. Nationalrail.co.uk. (2019). National Rail Enquiries - Official source for UK train times and timetables. [online] Available at: https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/ [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019]. Smithers, A. (2016). ARN summary map. [image] Available at: http://www.projectmapping.co.uk/Reviews/Resources/ARN%20summary%20map.pdf [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019]. Nationalrail.co.uk. (2019). Rail Enquiries Maps of the Available GB National Rail Network. [online] Available at: https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations_destinations/maps.aspx#regional [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019]. Smithers, A. National (2016). ARN summary -map. [image] at: http://www.projectmapping.co.uk/Reviews/Resources/ARN%20summary%20map.pdf [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019]. Nationalrail.co.uk. National Rail RailEnquiries Enquiries- -Official Maps source of the GB National Rail Network. [online] Available at: https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations_destinations/maps.aspx#regional [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019]. Nationalrail.co.uk. (2019). (2019). National for UK train times and timetables. [online] Available at: https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/ [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019]. Nationalrail.co.uk. (2019). National map. Rail Enquiries - Officialat:source for UK train times and timetables. [online] Available at: https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/ 12 Nov. 2019]. Smithers, A. (2016). ARN summary [image] Available http://www.projectmapping.co.uk/Reviews/Resources/ARN%20summary%20map.pdf [Accessed[Accessed 12 Nov. 2019].

Smithers, A. (2016). ARN summary map. [image] Available at: http://www.projectmapping.co.uk/Reviews/Resources/ARN%20summary%20map.pdf [Accessed 12 Nov. 2019].

067

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BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL •

5.1.14

PUBLIC TRANSPORT Local Rail Network Fare

Blackpool Tramway

Blackpool Tram Stops

Adult Single Journey

The Blackpool Tram system operates along an 18 kilometre route from Starr Gate in Blackpool to Fleetwood. A substantial £100m upgrade to the system took four years to complete and led to the reopening of the system in Easter 2012.

Hop

£1.90

Medium

£2.40

Long

£2.90

3.9%

0.2%

2017/18 increase in passenger journeys on Blackpool Tramway

2017/18 decrease in passenger journeys on Light Rail in England

Any

£1.20

Frequency

Blackpool North Stations is within comfortable walking distance from the promenade and city centre. As part of a £22m project to improve Blackpools public transport Blackpools Tram has been extended to Blackpool North Station via Talbert Street which is considered a ‘gateway’ to the city. The intention is to enable shoppers and commuters to easily travel across town via the promenade. Work began in November 2018 and is scheduled to be complete in 2022 (Blackpool City Council,2018)

Fisherman’s Walk

Stanley Road Lindel Road Broadwater

Rossall Square Rossall School Rossall Beach Thornton Gate West Drive Cleveleys

Little Bispham

Layton

Norbreck North Norbreck Sandhurst Avenue Bispham Cavendish Road Lowther Avenue Cabin

Blackpool North

Cliffs Hotel

Gynn Square

The 2011 Cencus results exclude tram as a method of travel to work as it was closed for upgrades

Wilton Parade Pleasant Street North Pier(Northbound) Talbot Square (Eastbound only)

North Pier (Southbound)

North Station Blackpool (due 2020)

Tower Central Pier Manchester Square Rigby Road depot

St Chad’s Road Waterloo Road

(Blackpool South )

South Pier

0.5%

use the train as a method of travel to work

Blackpool North Station Blackpool South Station serves the south of Blackpool connection it with Laytham St Annes and Laytham is within walking distance of the tram and bus links that can transport you along the promenade and to other attractions within Blackpool.

Victoria Street London Street

Anchorsholme Lane

Between an eighth and a ninth of journeys and revenue were accounted for by concessionary pass holders. Revenue from concessionary passes fell from £1.5m to £300000 when only Blackpool residents were able to use their passes on the Tram. The figure more than doubled when Wyre residents were able to use their concessionary passes once again.

Blackpool Tram Extension to North Station

Fleetwood Ferry

Heathfield Road

Child Journey

Pleasure Beach Burlington Road West

Blackpool South

(Pleasure Beach )

Harrow Place

Star Gate Depot

Star Gate (Squire Gate)

CONCLUSION There was a substantial uptake of tram usage following the improvements to the tram lines which included a new depot and 16 new trams. This has now leveled out to 5.2 million tram journeys made in 2018/19

References Blackpool City Council (2018) A Better Blackpool. [online][ accessed 22nd December 2019] https://www.blackpool.gov.uk/Your-Council/Creating-a-better-Blackpool/Blackpools-new-tramway.aspx#adimage-2 Blackpool Transport (2018) Tram: Fleetwood to Starr Gate. [online][ accessed 22nd December 2019] https://www.blackpooltransport.com/routes/Tram Jaimes, M. (2018) Welcome to Blackpool Heritage Tram Tours .The Western Trains [online][ accessed 22nd December 2019] http://www.blackpoolheritage.com/httours/timetables/ Lancashire county Council (2019) Bus and tram passenger journeys [online][ accessed 22nd December 2019] https://www.lancashire.gov.uk/lancashire-insight/transport/transport-articles-2011-census/ method-of-travel-to-work/

068

•

REGIONAL/ CITY SCALE • CONNECTIVITY & INFRASTRUCTURE

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

Pleasure Beach

Train Tracks Tram Tracks Train station

Blackpool Transport Tram Depot

Blackpool Rail Transportation Fig. Diagram showing location of Blackpool local train stations and tram stops.

Tram Stops Blackpool Airport 500m radius (5 min walk)

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL •

5.1.15

REGIONAL/ CITY SCALE • CONNECTIVITY & INFRASTRUCTURE

PUBLIC TRANSPORT Local Bus Network

Majority of the Blackpool area is bus service is provided by Blackpool Transport (a Blackpool Council Company) which provide a high frequency bus network linking: Laytham, St Annes, Blackpool, Bispham, Fleetwood, Cleveleys and Poulton (see map adjacent). Blackpool is one of the few English local authorities to retain their municipal bus services after deregulation in 1986.

Fare Concessionary passes are available for disabled and over 60’s provided criteria has been met. These are operated by NoWcard and allow free local bus (and tram in Blackpool) travel for those eligible from 9.30am until 11.00pm Monday to Friday, and all day Saturdays, Sundays and bank holidays, across England.

Adult Single Journey

Adult passes

Hop

£1.90

1 day

£6.00

Medium

£2.40

7day

£16.60

Long

£2.90

monthly

£61.00

of people use buses as method of travel to work according to 2011 census

Frequency 2

Bus movement

Preston Bus Service

CONCLUSION To Lancaster

Due to the unique expansion pattern of seaside towns the bus route is linear with most routes traveling from north to south via the town centre. This convergence on the town centre causes congestion. Two routes pass Stanley Park which is outside of comfortable walking distance from the town centre.

Blackpool Centre To Preston Via Kirkham St Annes To Preston Via Laytham laytham

References Blackpool Transport (2020) Single Fares [online][ accessed 22nd December 2019] https://www.blackpooltransport.com/single-fares Blackpool Transport (2020) Saver Tickets [online][ accessed 22nd December 2019] https://www.blackpooltransport.com/saver-tickets Blackpool Transport (2020) About Us [online][ accessed 22nd December 2019] https://www.blackpooltransport.com/about-us https://www.blackpooltransport.com/about-us Blackpool Council (2017) Public Transport [online][ accessed 22nd December 2019] https://www.blackpool.gov.uk/Residents/Parking-roads-and-transport/Transport/Public-transport/Public-transport.aspx Blackpool Council (2015) Over 60s and disabled bus pass. [online][ accessed 22nd December 2019] https://www.blackpool.gov.uk/Residents/Parking-roads-and-transport/Transport/Public-transport/ Over-60s-and-disabled-bus-pass.aspx

069

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

Schools

Blackpool Bus Links Fig. Diagram showing bus route that service blackpool (Blackpool Tranport 2017, edited by author 2019)

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL •

5.1.16

REGIONAL/ CITY SCALE • CONNECTIVITY & INFRASTRUCTURE

ROAD HIERARCHY Road Networks and Connections

CONCLUSION M5 junction leading into Old Preston Road and Talbot Road are gateways into the town. Primary Roads converge on the town centre in causing congestion.

31.5%

LANCASTER

Used a car as a method of travel to work according to the 2011 census

A high proportion of Blackpool residents use cars as a means of travel to get to work.

4.4%

were passengers as method of travel to work according to the 2011 census

Talbot Road

Church Road

t Ro

o Talb

rc Chu

oad

Promenade

BLACKPOOL

PRESTON M55 Junction

Laytham Road

PRESTON Lytham Road

LAYTHAM ST ANNES

Primary Roads Secondary

Fig. Diagram showing road connections to neighbouring towns and cities (Digimaps,2020 edited by authors )

Tertiary

Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Road Network

References Digimaps 2020.Map. [online][ accessed 22nd December 2019]

070

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

Fig. Diagram showing road heirarchy in blackpool (Authors, 2019) LULU

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL •

5.1.17

REGIONAL/ CITY SCALE • CONNECTIVITY & INFRASTRUCTURE

WALKING AND CYCLING IN BLACKPOOL

Streets within the Town Centre have been converted to shared space in order to make the centre more walkable and pedestrian friendly.

FLEETWOOD

15 mins 10mins

t Ro

o Talb

5 mins

rch

Chu

Roa

15 mins

10mins

5 mins

15 mins 10mins 5 mins

Lytham Road

KIRKHAM Disconnected areas in

CONCLUSION

8.4%

of people in Blackpool walk to work according to the 2011 cencus

Many of Blackpool’s Attractions are within 10-15 minutes walking distance of North & South Station, apart from Stanley Park and the Zoo.

•

1.8%

of people in Blackpool cycle to work according to the 2011 census

Improvements need to be made to the cycle paths to encourage more people to cycle in order to improve health and reduce pollution and congestion caused by traffic. Cycle paths need to be more clearly demarcated and connected in areas where there are missing links.

LAYTHAM ST ANNES Disconnected areas in existing cycle paths Cycle Route on road (not all signed) Explorer cycle route Explorer cycle route traffic free path

References

071

existing cycle paths

CONCLUSION

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

Traffic free pathway Walk your bike (footpath)

Cycle Route on road (not all signed) Explorer cycle route Explorer cycle route traffic free path Traffic free pathway Walk your bike (footpath) Promenade Link to sustrans trail Cycle parking Bike Shop Cycle track

5.1.18

CONNECTIVITY ANALYSIS

3 A

1. The primary roads with the strongest connectivity include A:Waterloo Road. B:Whitegate Drive. C:Central Drive and D: Park Road.

Areas of Low Connectivity

2. Teritary roads connected to weak secondary roads such as ones in South Shore area shown above.

3. Areas with little to no development such as ones with small cul-de sac plans in and arounds the edges of Blackpool.

4. Areas with privately owned large open green space such as Herons Reach golf course.

CONCLUSIONS: - Due to Blackpool’s heavy level of housing, green/ blue roads of low connectivity are frequent. - The city does not follow a typical, semi-circle road expansion. Limited, S. (2019). Space Syntax OpenMapping. [online] Spacesyntax-openmapping.netlify.com. [Accessed 21 Nov. 2019].

072

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

Low

High

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL • REGIONAL/ CITY SCALE • CONNECTIVITY & INFRASTRUCTURE

5.1.19

STREET SECTIONS Enclosure ratio refers to the height of the buildings: width of the street which can cause people to feel exposed or oppressed. Wider streets create more diffused spaces, whereas narrow streets and tall buildings compress the space. Normal urban areas should have a ration of at least 1:1 or 2:1, and suburban 1:1.5 or 1:2

Enclosure Ratio Cambridge

1:2.5

Street

Cambridge Road

• •

Wide enclosure ratio due to on street parking Quiet atmosphere suitable for homes Presence of trees not otherwise observed in Blackpool due to salinity levels.

ch Chur

8.30

•

8.30

Typical tertiary street

Cambridge Road (tertiary) 1:250

(metres) 3.32

3.32 0.90

13.67

8.56

1.81 3.76

2.76

13.41

Road

1:1.7

•

Church Street 1 (primary) 1:250

(metres) 4.80

2.40 (Taxis parking)

7.10

5.77

7.50

10.90

•

Shared spaces known to reduce accidents as everyone operates with care. Gradual transition from pedestrian to vehicular primary street.

12.60

Primary Road (section through shared space)

12.60

Church Street

Talbot Road (secondary) ch Chur

Road

1:250

Church Street

2.82

6.90

(metres)

3.45

1:3

• •

073

Along the same street but further from the coast we documented the presence of trees Low enclosure ratio Cars are allowed on the pavement street section not following conventional standards •

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

6.85

•

9.00

Typical Primary Road

Church Street Section 2 (primary) 1:250

LULU

7.28

11.48

2.80

5.46 (Shopfront parking)

(metres)

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL • REGIONAL/ CITY SCALE • CONNECTIVITY & INFRASTRUCTURE

5.1.19

STREET SECTIONS Enclosure Ratio

1:1.25 Talbot Road 7.50

Despite upgrades to the footpaths materiality the full potential of the street has not been reached due to the inactivity in the shop frontage.

Talbot Road (secondary) 1:250

2.82

6.90

(metres)

3.45

6.85

•

9.00

ot Ro

Talb

10.90

Secondary Road

1:1.25 Victoria Street

1:250

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Tertiary Road (Section through pedestrian only street)

1:250

(metres)

11.10

Promenade

1:5

promenade

Primary Road Very active, street furniture to encourage lingering Very wide road - integrated pedestrian, tram and vehicle routes. Improvements to sea defences incorporated activity and performance spaces to give space back to the pedestrians.

4.0

7.0

3.0

11.0

• • •

(metres)

5.46 (Shopfront parking)

6.0

Very active Memorable, strong identity Street furniture to encourage lingering

2.80

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

• • •

11.48

11.0

reet

ria St

Victo

7.28

Church Street Section 2 (primary)

(beach front)

074

(stepped promenade)

•

9.97 6.80 (beach front promenade )

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

10.50 (tourist information centre )

7.28 2.80 (pedestrian way) (grass way)

7.28 (tram line)

3.36

2.52 4.05 (parking) (road)

11.06 (Shopfront | pedestrian)

Promenade (Primary)

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL • WARD/ DISTRICT SCALE

5.1.20

CONCLUSION

CONNECTIVITY & INFRASTRUCTURE WARD/ DISTRICT SCALE •

• • • •

075

Despite its geographic location Blackpool is not well connected to the rest of the United Kingdom. Blackpool is not directly accessible by sea as the coast is too shallow at low tide. The piers do not extend far enough out as its mainly designed for entertainment. When traveling by rail commuters must connect through Manchester or Preston with the average commuting time taking 2.5 hours. Rail links terminate at Blackpool North Station and Blackpool South Station (via Lytham St Anne’s). Due to the pattern of expansion of seaside towns most public transportation runs from the North of Blackpool to the South via the town centre with few services covering the width of Blackpool. Talbot Road and Old Preston Road (M55 Junction) are the main gateways into the town, these too converge on the town centre. Cars and vans are the main method of commuting to work in Blackpool. High volume of traffic in the town centre leads to congestion. Many landscape projects have been undertaken to improve the walk ability of the town including the pedestrianization of the town centre and upgrades to the Promenade. Most attractions are within comfortable walking distance of either the north or south station, except for Stanley Park and Blackpool Zoo. The missing links of the cycling network should be addressed.

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL 5.2. WARD/ DISTRICT SCALE

076

5.2.1. 5.2.2. 5.2.3. 5.2.4. 5.2.5. 5.2.6.

Population Distribution Deprivation Map (Index of Multiple Deprivation) Building Use Map in Deprived Area Education Provisions Crime Logistics Social factors: Conclusion

077 078 079 080 081 082

5.2.7. 5.2.8. 5.2.9. 5.2.10 5.2.11. 5.2.12. 5.2.13.

Built Form Typology & Average Property Price Housing Affordability Vacant Properties Shrinking Cities: Detroit Case Study Power Consumption: Statistics & Distribution Power Consumption: Electricity vs Gas Usage Property situation: Conclusion

083 084 085 086 087 088 089

5.2.14. 5.2.15. 5.2.16. 5.2.17 5.2.18.

Urban Fabric Comparison: Bloomfield Urban Fabric Comparison: Norbreck Built Form Typology Distribution Density Analysis Urban Fabric Comparison: Conclusion

090 091 092 093 096

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL•

5.2.1

WARD/DISTRICT SCALE

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

BISPHAM

NORBRECK

ANCHORSHOLME

6342

6206

6375

INGTHORPE

6761

54%

52%

51%

52%

46 %

48 %

49 %

48 %

GREENLANDS

WARBRECK

CLAREMONT

ANCHORSHOLME

NORBRECK

LAYTON INGTHORPE

6342

7478

6865

6845

54%

52%

53%

46 %

48 %

47 %

PARK

TYLDESLEY

BLOOMFIELD

7261

MARTON

6661

6852

51%

47%

51%

52%

49 %

53 %

49 %

48 %

HAWES SIDE

7138

7235

VICTORIA

6808

6693

52%

51%

49%

50 %

48 %

49 %

51 %

HIGHFIELD

6437

6457

STANLEY

6530

CLIFTON

52%

53%

52%

48 %

47 %

48 %

least populated

52%

most populated

48 %

According to Census 2011 , the most densely populated areas in Blackpool are situated by the north and central Coast. The population of Claremont was 7,478 and made up of approximately 46% females and 54% males being the most populated ward in Blackpool. The top occupations listed by people in Claremont are Elementary 20.9%.

Source: Qpzm LocalStats UK. Available at:http://localstats.co.uk/census-demographics/england/north-west/blackpool [ Accessed 10th November 2019]

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

BRUNSWICK TABOLT

MARTON

TYLDESLEY BLOOMFIELD

VICTORIA

HAWES SIDE

CLIFTON

WATERLOO

CONCLUSION

6437

077

LAYTON

CLAREMONT

6910

52%

TABOLT

PARK

WATERLOO

50%

SQUIRES GATE

GREENLANDS

WARBRECK

6927

BRUNSWICK

BISPHAN

LULU

HIGHFIELD

STANLEY

SQUIRES GATE

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL • WARD/ DISTRICT SCALE

DEPRIVATION MAP (INDEX OF MULTIPLE DEPRIVATION) DEPRIVATION DEPRIVATION DEPRIVATION MAP (Index MAP MAP (Index of(Index Multiple ofofMultiple Multiple Deprivation) Deprivation) Deprivation) 5.2.2

According to According According the BBCtoNews, tothe theBBC Blackpool BBCNews, News, is Blackpool Blackpool one of UK’s is isone one most ofofUK’s UK’smost most deprived cities, deprived deprived paying cities, cities, hostpaying to paying 8 out host host of 10 toto8of8out England’s outofof1010ofof most England’s England’smost most deprived neighbourhoods. deprived deprivedneighbourhoods. neighbourhoods. However further However However investigation further furtherinvestigation investigation of ofof Blackpool’sBlackpool’s Local Blackpool’s Authority Local Local Health Authority Authority Profile Health Health 2018Profile identifies Profile 2018 2018 that identifies identifies that that there are 9there wards thereare are within 9 9wards wards Blackpool within within which Blackpool Blackpool falls which inwhich England’s falls fallsininEngland’s England’s most deprived most most quintile. deprived deprivedquintile. quintile. These wards These These are: wards Claremont, wardsare: are:Claremont, Brunswick, Claremont,Brunswick, Talbot, Brunswick, Bloomfield, Talbot, Talbot,Bloomfield, Bloomfield, Tyldesley, Victoria, Tyldesley, Tyldesley, Hawes Victoria, Victoria, Side, Hawes Hawes Clifton Side, Side, and Clifton Waterloo. Clifton and and These Waterloo. Waterloo. These These are shown are onare the shown shown National ononthe the deprivation National Nationaldeprivation map deprivation on themap left. mapononthe theleft. left. On the rightOn is Onthe a the local right right deprivation is isa alocal localdeprivation map deprivation of Blackpool, map mapofofBlackpool, identifyBlackpool,identifyidentifying that within ing ingBlackpool, that thatwithin withinBlackpool, the Blackpool, regionsthe that theregions are regions most that that deprived are aremost mostdeprived deprived tend to be tend along tendtothe tobebe coastline along alongthe the and coastline coastline the oldand city andthe centre, theold oldcity spancitycentre, centre,spanspanning from the ning ning North from from Pier the theNorth toNorth the Pier South PiertotoPier. the theSouth These SouthPier. deprived Pier.These Thesedeprived deprived area cover area Claremont, area cover cover Claremont, Talbot, Claremont, Brunswick Talbot, Talbot, & Brunswick Brunswick the entire&Bloom& the the entire entire BloomBloomfield ward. field fieldward. ward.

From theFrom chart Fromthe below, thechart chart 50% below, below, of Blackpool’s 50% 50%ofofBlackpool’s Blackpool’s resiresiresidents falldents under dentsfall fall England’s under underEngland’s England’s most deprived most mostdeprived quindeprivedquinquintile. tile. tile.

England

England England

Blackpool

Blackpool Blackpool 0

2525100 5050 7575 100 25 500 0 75 100 Residents % Residents % % Residents

Most deprived deprived Least deprived deprived Most deprivedMost Least deprivedLeast quintile quintile quintile quintile quintile quintile

NATIONAL SCALE NATIONAL NATIONAL NATIONAL Public Health England (2018). Blackpool: Local Authority Health Profile 2018. Blackpool, p.2.

078

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

LOCAL SCALE

LOCAL LOCAL LOCAL

5.2.3

talbot

Claremont

BUILDING USE MAP

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL • WARD /DISTRICT SCALE

Brunswick

Comparing Building Use in the Most Deprived Wards of Blackpool

tyneslydale

bloomingflield Claremont

Waterloo Bloomfield

Talbot

harrowside Tyldesley

Brunswick

Claremont

Victoria clifton Brunswick

Talbot

Tyldesley

Victoria Clifton

Waterloo

Harrow Side

Clifton Harrow Side

CONCLUSION Waterloo

Most, if not all of the resort core is located within deprived areas. This is due to seasonality and private ownership (landlords only updating enough to attract visitors). Despite the nine wards being most deprived on a national level, the land use spans across all sectors. It seems that the current demographic group in Blackpool carries more weight on deprivation than the functional provision. Therefore social aspect of urban regeneration should also be carefully considered in addition to the urban fabric. 079

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

key landmarks commercial resort core residential amenities industrial institutional

Fig. Most deprived wards in Blackpool enlarged to show building usage.

5.2.4

EDUCATION PROVISIONS

Primary Sector

Secondary Sector

Special Sector

Colleges

The number of primary school students is predicted to decrease, thus needing less schools in the future. The council may shut down or reallocate them. More year 7 students are predicted to rise in the near future. Schools may need to expand or to use different buildings to accommodate the rise in numbers

Blackpool has only three special needs schools, and they are running out of space and funding to expand. The council will examine numbers in the future and will act accordingly.

The first college is Blackpool and The Fylde college which is now an associate college of Lancaster university. B&FC dates back to 1892’s and is related to the school of Fishermen. Blackpool Technical College opened in 1937 and the two combined in 1987. There are six campuses in and around Blackpool offering a 270 further education courses. It acheived number 3 in England’s 180 Further Education ranking.

Blackpool Technical College and School of Art

Blackpool and the Fylde University Center

CONCLUSIONS: • • •

School buildings need to be re-allocated to match the type and number of students. Funding is needed to support the education sector to develop further. Blackpool has developed a good college base.

Blackpool.gov.uk. (2019). Statutory Duties. [online] [Accessed 14 Nov. 2019]. En.wikipedia.org. (2019). Blackpool and The Fylde College. [online] Available at:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_and_The_Fylde_College[Accessed 14 Nov. 2019].

080

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BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

5.2.5

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL •

CRIME LOGISTICS

609

Antisocial Behaviour Crimes

354 592

Shoplifting

Violence and Sexual Offense between October 2018 and September 2019

259 131

16 125 33

32 CONCLUSION:

250

140

• •

WARD/ DISTRICT SCALE

3 > 10

> 50

> 100

Crime mostly spotted around Blackpool city centre Antisocial behvaiour, violence and abuse as the most common type.

> 200 iLiveHere - Britain’s worst places to live. (2019). Crime Statistics for Blackpool, Lancashire, September 2019. [online] Available at: https://www.ilivehere.co.uk/crime-statistics-lancashire-blackpool.html [Accessed 6 Nov. 2019].

081

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BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

Crime map in September 2019

5.2.6

SOCIAL FACTORS: CONCLUSION

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION •

The most densely populated areas in Blackpool are situated by the north and central coast. The population of Claremont was 7,478 and made up of approximately 46% females and 54% males being the most populated ward in Backpool. The top occupations listed by people in Claremont are Elementary 20.9%.

DEPRIVATION MAP •

50% of Blackpool residents fall under England’s most deprived quintile.

BUILDING USE MAP • •

EDUCATION PROVISIONS • • •

School buildings need to be re-allocated to match the type and number of students. Funding is needed to support the education sector to develop further.

•

Blackpool has developed a good college base.

CRIME LOGISTICS • •

082

Crime mostly spotted around Blackpool city centre Antisocial behaviour, violence and abuse as the most common type.

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL •

WARD/ DISTRICT SCALE

HOUSING AFFORDABILITY

Blackpool Blackpool Blackpool Blackpool Blackpool

Net Household Income BUILDING TYPOLOGY AVERAGE PROPERTY PRICE Net Household Income BUILDING TYPOLOGY & AVERAGE PROPERTY PRICE Net& Household Income BUILT FORM TYPOLOGY & AVERAGE PROPERTY Net Household Income BUILDING TYPOLOGY & AVERAGE PROPERTY PRICE Net Household Income

5.2.7

BUILDING TYPOLOGY The map (not to scale) shows BUILDING TYPOLOGY Average Property Price The Average Property Price The map map (not (not to to scale) scale) shows shows the net average household the average BUILT FORM TYPOLOGY The map (not scale) Average Property Price £ 750,000 + Perimeter blocks the net net average household The map (not to to household scale) shows shows £ 750,000 + Perimeter blocks income in 2016 by middle layer income in 2016 by middle layer £ 500,000 + the net average household income in 2016 by middle layer the net average household £ 500,000 + £ + Perimeter blocks super output area (MSOA). £ 750,000 400,000 + super output area (MSOA). Court blocks income in 2016 by middle layer £ 400,000 super output area income in 2016 by (MSOA). middle layer Court blocks +++ £ £ 500,000 200,000 £ 200,000 super area £ super£output output area (MSOA). (MSOA). Court blocks ++++ £ 400,000 150,000 40,000 ££ 40,000 £ 150,000 Point buildings £ 40,000 40,000 Point££ 200,000 buildings 75,000 ++ £ £ 150,000 75,000 ++ ££ 35,000 35,000 35,000 £ 35,000 £ 40,000 £ 75,000 £ 40,000 Pointunder buildings £ £ 75,000 ££ 30,000 30,000 Terraced £under 75,000 + 30,000 30,000 £ 35,000 Terraced £ 35,000 £ 25,000 ££ 25,000 under £ 75,000 25,000 25,000 £ 30,000 £ 30,000 Terraced under £ 25,000 under ££ Row under 25,000 under £ 25,000 25,000 £ 25,000 £ 25,000 Row HOUSING AFFORDABILITY HOUSING AFFORDABILITYRow under under £ £ 25,000 25,000 buildings HOUSING AFFORDABILITYExcluded Blackpool Excluded buildings Blackpool Excluded buildings Blackpool

Brighton & Hove Brighton Brighton & & Hove Hove Brighton & Hove Brighton & Hove

PRICE

400,000 + £ £ 200,000 200,000 + £ 150,000 200,000 + £ 150,000 +

Brighton Brighton & & Hove Hove Brighton & Hove

£105,008 £105,008 £105,008 £105,008 £105,008 £105,008 Terraced Terraced BLAC FOR E PRIC AVER Terraced KTerraced BLACKFORBLACKEFOR AVERAGE PRIC AGEPRICE AVERAGE £88,280 £88,280 £88,280 S TYPE ING HOUS POOL £88,280 Terraced KTerraced BLAC S FOR TYPE POOL HOUSING INGETYPES PRIC HOUS POOLAGE AVER £88,280 £88,280 S TYPE ING HOUS POOL Detached Detached Detached Detached £175,660 £175,660 £175,660 £175,660 Detached Detached £175,660 £175,660

Semi-detached Semi-detached Semi-detached Semi-detached £119,681 £119,681 £119,681 £119,681 Semi-detached Semi-detached £119,681 £119,681 Flats £105,008 Flats Flats £105,008 Flats £67,503 £67,503 £67,503 £67,503 Flats £105,008 Flats £67,503 £67,503 Terraced Terraced £88,280 £88,280 Terraced £88,280 BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

United United Kingdom Kingdom United Kingdom

recently developed neighbourhoods.

££ 40,000 40,000 ££ 35,000 35,000 £ 40,000 ££ 30,000 30,000 £ 35,000 ££ 25,000 25,000 £ 30,000 under ££ 25,000 25,000 £under 25,000 under £ 25,000

•

£ 75,000 150,000 + £ 75,000 + + £ 75,000 + under under £ £ 75,000 75,000 under £ 75,000

The Urban Design Study workshop has informed us of the importance of analysing built form typologies and the effects they may have in the character of a district.

Average Average property property price price in in Blackpool Blackpool are are substantially substantially lowlower than a standard UK home. Properties in 16 of Blackpool’s er than a property standard price UK home. Properties 16 of Blackpool’s Average in Blackpool arein substantially low21 wards falls the range of The cheapest 21 than wards falls within within the rangeProperties of £75k-£140k. £75k-£140k. The cheapest er a standard UK home. in 16 of Blackpool’s properties are located in Brunswick with of properties are within located inrange Brunswick with an an average average of less less 21 wards falls the of £75k-£140k. The cheapest than £75k. Properties in the southernmost wards tend to be than £75k.are Properties southernmost tendoftoless be properties located in in the Brunswick with anwards average higher in approx. due being the more higher in value, value, approx.in£150k £150k due to to the the area area being the to more than £75k. Properties the southernmost wards tend be recently neighbourhoods. recently developed neighbourhoods. higher indeveloped value, approx. £150k due to the area being the more

super area super output output area (MSOA). income in 2016 by(MSOA). middle layer super output area (MSOA).

083

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL • WARD/ DISTRICT SCALE

AVERAGE AVERAGE PROPERTY PROPERTY PRICE PRICE AVERAGE PROPERTY PRICE £ £ 750,000 750,000 + + 750,000 + £ 500,000 £ 500,000 + £ 400,000 500,000 + £ 400,000 +

Net Net Household Household Income Income Net Household Income The to shows The map map (not (not to scale) scale) shows Average House Price Average House Price the net average household Average House Price the net average The map (not to household scale) shows income in 2016 by middle Average House Pricelayer income in 2016 by middle layer the net average household

Average Average House House Price Price Average House Price

United Kingdom United United Kingdom Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom

Detached Detached

Blackpoo Blackpoo Blackpoo a fall in av a Blackpoo a fall fall in in av av prices for a fall in av prices for a fall infor av prices properties prices for properties propertie prices for propertie properties properties

£360,158 £360,158 £360,158 £360,158 £360,158 All Property Types All All Property Property Types Types All Property Types All Property Types

Brunswick Stanley Stanley ward ward Brunswick ward ward (lowest property prices in Blackpool) (highest property 2-bed house 3-bed house 4-bed house Brunswick ward 3-bed (highestward property prices prices in in Blackpool) Blackpool) (lowest property priceshouse in Blackpool) 2-bed house 4-bed house 2-bed house 3-bed house 4-bed house Stanley Average house type & size: 3 bed terAverage house type & size: 4 £409,497 £488,029 £627,887 (lowest property prices in Blackpool) Average house type & size: 4 to to 5 5 bed bed detached detached ~ ~ Average house type & size: 3 bed ter(highest property prices in Blackpool) £409,497 £488,029 £627,887 2-bed house 3-bed house 4-bed house 2-bed house 3-bed house 4-bed house £409,497 £488,029 £627,887 2 2 raced/ semi-detached ~ 90m 220m 2. 2 Average house type & size: . 3 bed ter220m house type & size: 4 to 5 bed detached raced/ semi-detached ~ 90m Average ~ £409,497 £488,029 £627,887 Blackpoo £409,497 £488,029 £627,887 Blackpoo 2 2 raced/ semi-detached ~ 90m . 220m

a Blackpoo a fall fall in in av av prices for The highest valued properties of Blackpool (Stanley a fall in av prices for The highest valued of ward) tend to haveproperties more fragmented and (Stanley irregular The highest valued properties of Blackpool Blackpool (Stanley properties prices for propertie ward) tend have more fragmented and irregular lot structures. Littleproperties terraced housing, mostly court ward) tend to to have more fragmented and irregular The highest valued of Blackpool (Stanley properties Little terraced mostly court Studio flat and 2-bed flat 3-bed andstructures. perimeter blocks thatfragmented arehousing, formed and by detached/ of its built forms being terraced housing, structures with theto more 50% lot structures. Little terraced housing, mostly court (Brunswick ward) tend have than larger lotflat lot ward) tend to have more irregular CONCLUSION CONCLUSION CONCLUSION The cheapest properties in Blackpool CONCLUSION The in £360,158 (Brunswick ward)properties tend to have larger lot The cheapest cheapest properties in Blackpool Blackpool £360,158 (Brunswick ward) tend to have larger lot structures and with theflat than 50% (Brunswick ward) tend to more have larger lot The cheapest properties in Blackpool £360,158 Studio flat 2-bed 3-bed Studio flat 2-bed flat 3-bed flat structures and with the more than 50%flat £174,211 £255,778 £370,077 All Property Types £174,211 £255,778 £370,077 of its forms being terraced housing, Studio flat 2-bed 3-bed All with Property Types £174,211 £255,778 £370,077 Studio flat and 2-bed flat 3-bed flat remaining being mostly perimeter blocks of its built built forms being terraced housing, structures theflat more than 50%flat remaining being mostly perimeter blocks £174,211 £255,778 £370,077 All Property Types £174,211 £255,778 £370,077 that Point blocks are remaining being mostly perimeter blocks of itsare builttightly forms knitted. being terraced housing, that are tightly knitted. Point blocks are often located within a ring of terraced or that are tightly blocks are remaining being knitted. mostly Point perimeter blocks often located within a ring of terraced or perimeter blocks. oftenare located within a ring of terraced or that tightly knitted. Point blocks are perimeter blocks. perimeter blocks. often located within a ring of terraced or perimeter blocks.

and perimeter blocks that are formed by detached/ scattered semi-detached housing. blocks are and perimeter Little blocks thatPoint arehousing, formed by detached/ lot structures. terraced mostly court semi-detached housing. Point blocks are scattered in open spaces and that streets tend bedetached/ wider in semi-detached housing. Point blockstoare scattered and perimeter blocks are formed by in open spaces and streets tend to be wider in general. in open spaces housing. and streets tend to be are wider in gengensemi-detached Point blocks scattered eral. eral. in open spaces and streets tend to be wider in general.

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL •

5.2.8

WARD/ DISTRICT SCALE

HOUSING AFFORDABILITY Blackpool

England & Wales

CONCLUSION

Net Average Household Income

Gross Disposable Household Income

The map shows the net average household income in 2016 by middle layer super output area (MSOA).

£19,988 £15,754

£ 40,000 £ 35,000 £ 30,000 £ 25,000 under £ 25,000

Blackpool’s most deprived areas has the lowest average household income

median income £25,800

Average Property Price Blackpool’s house prices are considered “affordable” to outsiders but unfortunately there is

The maps show the average property price £248, 837 £ 750,000 + £ 500,000 + £ 400,000 + £ 300,000 + £ 200,000 + £ 150,000 + £ 75,000 + under 75,000

£165,303

limited choice of family housing in the inner area. £105,008

All Property Types

£88,280

£219,970

Detached

£175,660

£348,278

Semi-detached

£119,681

£225,580

Flats

£67,503

£193,762

£514 pcm

JSNA Blackpool (2019) Blackpool profile [Online] [Accessed on 2 October 2019] http://www.blackpooljsna.org.uk/Blackpool-Profile/Blackpool-profile.aspx Plumplot. (2018) Income and unemployment Blackpool. [Online] [Accessed on 11 October 2019] https://www.plumplot.co.uk/Blackpool-salary-andunemployment.html •

£240,453

Terraced

Average Property Rents

084

an over supply of poor quality one-bed unit accommodation

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

Blackpool is a destination for low income and vulnerable households creates a demand for this type of accommodation, which contributes to deprivation.

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL • WARD/ DISTRICT SCALE

5.2.9

VACANT PROPERTIES

BUILDING USE

VACANT (FOR LET)

VACANT (FOR SALE)

The maps on the left show the vacant properties in Blackpool according to listings on Zoopla, the biggest property search engine online. As of 18th October 2019, there is a total of 1999 vacant properties (commercial & residential) advertised on the market, however, according to Lancashire County Council, there are at least 3920 vacant properties in Blackpool as of 2018, which constitutes to 5.5% of Blackpool’s dwelling stock. Blackpool is ranked 8th in the country of having the highest level of long-term empty homes (LTEH). LTEH is defined as properties that are unoccupied for 6 months or longer, which are not furnished, excluding any that are classified as second homes. At the national level, 2.6% of UK’s dwellings are stood vacant, whilst Lancashire’s percentage is significantly higher than 4%, the highest proportion is shared by Blackpool and Burnley. From 2010-2018, the number of vacant properties in Blackpool has risen by 8.7%. According to the Office of National Statistics, 90% of Blackpool’s properties are privately owned. Referring to the building use map, it is evident that the majority of the vacant properties tend to concentrate at the old city centre area, near the central pier. Vacant properties span across all land uses, from resort core to commercial, though predominantly residential. Having understood that sustainability also involves the need to keeping the flow of energy in a circular approach taught us the importance of addressing vacant properties and consider the possibility of their re-use.

CONCLUSION The most deprived wards of Blackpool, as highlighted above, tend to have the most vacant properties. It is also evident that there are far more properties up for sale (1501) than there are for let (498). The bigger built forms for let at the southern most ward of the city indicate the new enterprise zone near the airport as mentioned in the Recent Development pages of this report. landmarks

residential

industrial

commercial

amenities

institutional

Vacant

resort core Action on Empty Homes (2019). Empty homes in england 2019. [online] London: Action on Empty Homes. Available at: https://www.actiononemptyhomes.org/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=68fa9a2d-83f5-4ca4-936ba8d8248484c0 [Accessed 13 Nov. 2019]. Lancashire County Council (2019). Vacant dwellings. [online] Lancashire.gov.uk. Available at: https://www.lancashire.gov.uk/lancashire-insight/population-and-households/households-and-housing/vacant-dwellings/ [Accessed 13 Nov. 2019]. Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government (2019). Table 100 Dwelling stock: Number of Dwellings by Tenure and district: England; 2018. Live tables on dwelling stock (including vacants). [online] Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/814669/LT_100.xls [Accessed 13 Nov. 2019].

085

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

Possible reasons for empty homes in Blackpool: Aging population: • Original inhabitants moved to care homes. • Dwellings left by deceased persons. • Absentee landlords inherant families live far away. With the current demographic groups in Blackpool, it is difficult to prevent the rise of empty homes.

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL•

5.2.10

WARD/DISTRICT SCALE

SHRINKING CITIES Detroit Case Study

Housing

92% Detroit’s housing stock was built before 1980 and 73% of the city housing is made of single-family house, which define Detroit city housing structure.

17% Vacant 87% Occupied

Owner-occupied Renter-occupied

365.528 Housing units- vacancy rate

255.740 Occupied 109.788 Vacant/ Abandoned

Shrinking cities is an urban phenomenon that many cities in the world are

experiencing due to decline in population and economic activities. Particularly in the U.S, this matter has led to extensive vacant land. The growing number of vacant land reflects a loss of traditional urban amenities, economic opportunity, businesses and city services. It often occurs in neighborhoods with socially economically vulnerable populations.

Public Lands Plan: Vacant Land Within its 139 square mile territory, Detroit contains 24 square miles of vacant lands, not including the city’s park land nor accounting for the parcels that have been returned to productive uses. Those parcels were once occupied by housing units, businesses, or industry plans. Today, they are mostly small lots distributed within the neighborhoods; 72,173 of those vacant parcels are publicly owened.

CONCLUSION

Source: Agroecology for the Shrinking City. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/3/675.[ Accessed 20th November 2019] Report-ness Detroit. Available at: https://urbannext.net/report-ness-detroit/. [ Accessed 20th November 2019] Degrowth in Detroit. Available at: http://unevenearth.org/2015/04/degrowth-in-detroit/. [ Accessed 20th November 2019] Detroit was crumbling: Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/04/30/us/detroit-come-back-budget.html [ Accessed 20th November 2019]

086

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BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

Communities, Grassroots and local authorities in Detroit are taking this urban shift as an opportunity to convert vacant land and properties into productive systems that generates creative land-use, environmental sustainability and economic diversification. Vacant land also provides opportunities to invest in green infrastructure that can provide ecosystem services and urban sustainability.

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL•

5.2.11

WARD/DISTRICT SCALE

POWER CONSUMPTION Statistics and Distribution Electricity

CARBON EMISSION PROFILE

Blackpool Housing Company 0%

According to the Blackpool Sustainability Strategy 2018 to 2024, in 2016/17 Blackpool Council emitted approximately 17,273 tonnes of Carbon Dioxide, with Electricity consumption accounting for majority at 70%. Annual Gas consumption accounted for 29% of the annual emissions with water consumption accounting for 1% The potential for renewable and low carbon energy generation across Blackpool has both wide scope and scale of potential.

Council Buildings 37%

Blackpool Entertainment Company 7% Coastal Housing 3%

Highways lighting 30%

The Sandcastle complex 13% Other 7% Illuminations 3%

27.1 Million kilowatt hours of electricity with Council buildings accounting the majority at 37%.

Carbon Emission Water 1%

Water

Electricity 79%

Gas 29%

Blackpool Housing Company 0% Blackpool Entertainment Company 5%

Council Buildings 37% Illuminations 0%

Coastal Housing 8%

Blackpool Council emitted 17,273 tonnes of Carbon Dioxide between 2016/17 including 70% in electricity consumption, 29% in Gas and 1% in water.

Highways lighting 0% Others 27%

The Sandcastle complex 13%

135,031 Cubic metres of water with Council buildings accounting the majority at 37%.

CONCLUSION

Gas

The promenade areas along the beach are able to support development of wind energy. The urban centre has significant potential for the installation of district heating systems fed by combined heat and power, along with building integrated micro-generation alongside both and existing new developments.

Blackpool Housing Company 0.1%

Council Buildings 49%

Blackpool Entertainment Company 16% Coastal Housing 4%

Other 0% Illuminations 0%

The Sandcastle complex 31%

Highways lighting 0%

27.3 Million kilowatt Source: Blackpool Council Sustainability Strategy 2018 to 2024. Available at:file:http://democracy.blackpool.gov.uk/documents/s40378/Appendix%203a%20Blackpool%20Council%20Sustainability%20Strategy%202018%20to%202024%20update.pdf.. [ Accessed 10th November 2019]

087

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BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

hours of gas with Council buildings accounting the majority.at 49%.

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL•

5.2.12

POWER CONSUMPTION Electricity vs Gas ELECTRICITY

GAS

Anchorsholme

According to the Climate Change and Renewable Energy Study, Blackpool has a low carbon profile. This is the result of the urban nature of the area, with higher proportions of terraced and semi-detached housing, which presents lower heat loss due to adjoining walls .

Norbreck

Ingthorpe

The average Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP) rating of Blackpool homes is 49, compared to an England average of 46. Whilst dwelling stock in Blackpool is older on average than the UK average, the SAP rating is similar to the UK average

Bispham

Greenlands

CONCLUSION

Warbreck Park

Brunswick Tabolt

Bloomfield

Marton Tyldesley

Victoria Clifton

Hawes Side

Blackpool Council is working with local authorities in Lancashire to help households access funding for energy improvements to their home. Depending on the state of the property each household will have installed loft insulation and cavity wall insulation for energy efficiency improvement. This will include domestic renewable heat, biomass boilers and solar panels.

Highfield Squires Gates

Stanley

Source: Blackpool.gov.uk. Available at:https://www.blackpool.gov.uk/Residents/Planning-environment-and-community/Documents/Blackpool-Climate-Change-and-Renewable-Energy-Study.pdf.[ Accessed 10th November 2019]

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

Greenlands

Park Layton

Claremont

Brunswick Tabolt

Bloomfield

Marton Tyldesley

Victoria Clifton

Hawes Side Waterloo

Waterloo

•

Bispham

Warbreck

However, majority of the properties have low levels of insulation, there a large number of household that do not have central heating more likely to use electrical heating, which is also considered as a high carbon fuel. Also this is due to low quality of life, poor condition of properties ( low insulation), vacant properties and many other factors.

Layton

Claremont

088

WARD/DISTRICT SCALE

LULU

Average Household Electricity Consumption (KWh)

Average Household Gas Consumption (KWh)

5000-5600

24010-28000

4701- 5000

20010-24000

4501- 4700

18010-20000

4301- 4500

15010-18000

4200- 4300

11000-15000

Highfield Squires Gates

Stanley

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL • WARD/ DISTRICT SCALE

5.2.13

CONCLUSION

PROPERTY SITUATIONS WARD/ DISTRICT SCALE •

• •

•

• •

089

Average property prices in Blackpool are substantially lower than the standard UK home, with a 3 bed terrace costing approx. £88k only as opposed to the national market rate of £220k. However, there is an oversupply of 1-bed accommodation of poor quality. Cheapest houses in Blackpool tend to be the terrace houses in the town centre in a tightly knitted urban fabric. 5.5% of Blackpool’s dwelling stock is vacant as of 2018 and over 75% of those are put up for sale rather than in the rental market. The most deprived wards tend to have the most vacant homes. This is mainly due to the condition of the properties and issues arising from its aging population & current demographic groups in Blackpool. Learning from Detroit, there is vast potential in the reuse of vacant land and properties that can help with economic diversification. Palatine Road, one of the main Bed & Breakfast and hotels destination for short stays in Blackpool presents a major decline on its property condition and vast number of obsolete and vacant properties. The poor condition of properties is a consequence of low quality of life, social instability, lack of maintenance, low insulation and many other factors. - Blackpool Council is working with local authorities in Lancashire to help households access funding for energy improvements to their home as well as providing opportunities to invest in green infrastructure that can provide ecosystem services and urban sustainability. These actions will contribute to ameliorate the condition of the properties and living standards of Blackpool’s residents.

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

5.2.14

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL •

URBAN FABRIC COMPARISON

WARD/ DISTRICT SCALE

Masterplan analysis workshop taught us the need to comparing multiple aspects of urban fabric in order to understand the factors that contribute to building a robust urban environment.

Bloomfield

Hill Hounds

HULL

ROAD

TION

CORONA

STREET

ROAD VANCE

ROAD BACK

READ'S

ROAD HORNBY

L AVENUE

MONTREA

STREET

ROAD

BONNY

STANLEY

NEW

AVENUE READ'S

BENNETT AVENUE

CENT DRIVE

ROAD

PROMENADE

STREET HAVELOCK

LIVINGSTON

’s most ’s most ation of ies that gland’s

PARK

RAL

E ROAD

ROAD PALATINE

STREET

BONNY STREET STREET

RISHTON

ROAD

Central Pier

SUTTO PLACE

BLENHEIM

AVENU

RICHARDSON

RIBBLE CLINTO

Central Pier

MAN

AVENUE

WOOL ROAD

SEASIDERS WAY

KENT ROAD

KAY STREET

STREET

T AVENUE BELMON

CHAPEL

T STREE

Central Pier

RSON ANDE

BETHESDA

ROAD

T STREE

MAN ROAD

WEST

STREE

KLETO

VIEW

STREET

FREC

COOP LOUIS

STREE

JAMES

N ET

STRE

omfield, . These t.

WOOL

CRAGG STREET

ORME

PIER STREET

YORK STREET

HARRI

SINGLETON STREET

SON T

STREE

BACK SHANNON

STREET

LOUIS

BICKERSTAFFE STREET

E AVENU OSE MONTR

ROAD ON

ROAD

ASHT

ET AVENU

ESS RYDAL

PRINC

STREET

FERN

WAY STREET

ICK KESW

CHAD

LUNE

GROV

ROAD

PRINCESS

WICK

KENT

dentifyeprived e, spaneprived Bloom-

ROAD

T STREE

BAIRSTOW STREET

GROV

SEASIDERS

ST MEWS

STRE

MIDDLE

CAROLINE STREET

DALE

FOXHALL ROAD

STREET

GTON

ERDIN

DALE STREET

SHANNON

YORKSHIRE STREET

FOXHALL SQUARE

PRINCESS

STREET USE

AVENUE

PROMENADE

SALTHO

STAN MORTENSEN AVENUE

CENTRAL

PERRY PLACE

SALTHOUSE AVENUE

REVO

DRIVE

STRE

UE ET

AVEN AND MORL

LUNE

GROV

WEST

GRAS MERE

TYLDESLEY ROAD

ROAD

SIR STANL MATTH

RIGBY ROAD EWS

TAYLOR TERRACE

ROAD

SIR

STANLE

LEVE

Y MATTH EWS WAY

STREET RIGBY

GROV

BLUNDELL

WEST

EY WAY

GROV WYRE

RIA

VICTO

LUNE

QUEE

ABACUS STREET

ROAD

ROBINSON

ROAD

LYTHA

resiquin-

GROV

EAST

M JOHNSTO

ROAD

N STREET

ROAD MUDIE PLACE

ROAD

BELA

GROV

GROV LEVE

MERE

GRAS

ROAD

LUNE GROVE

SEASIDERS WAY

HOPTON

BUTLER

QUEE N

VICTO RIA

WAY

ROAD

FIELD

BELA

ROAD

GROV

SAND

KIRBY

STREET

E GROV OR COND

AVEN

HENRY

PALM

R MAYO

WAY

ROAD LONSDALE

QUEE

AVEN

VICTO

STREET

RIA ROAD

ROAD BACK

NELSON ROAD

CLARENDON

AVENUE

ROAD

BACK

MOON

AVENUE

CENTRAL

GADSBY STREET

HYDE ROAD

BOLTON STREET

PALMER

ROAD

BARTON AVENUE

commercial

DRIVE

PROMENADE

CLARENDON

LYTHA

landmarks

SEASIDERS

TRAFALGAR ROAD

BARHAM STREET

JOHN STREET

WELLINGTON ROAD

BLOOMFIELD

ROAD

BACK WOODFIELD

HYDE ROAD

MOON AVENUE

WOODFIELD AVENUE

BLOOMFIELD

DURLEY ROAD

ROAD

FALMOUTH

WOODFIELD

ROAD SHETLAND

GROVE

ROAD

ST HELIERS

SEYMOUR

ROAD

SAVILLE

AMBERBANKS

DUNELT ROAD

ORKNEY

WAY

ROAD

HUDSON ROAD

SEASIDERS

ST CHAD'S

ROAD

LOWREY TERRACE

MAUDLAND

resort core

perimeter

residential

court

amenities

terraced

industrial

point

Occupied

institutional

row

Vacant

ROAD

WEST VIEW AVENUE

CRYSTAL

ROAD

CRYSTAL

MEWS

AUSTIN GROVE

RUSKIN AVENUE

ELLAND PLACE

CLARE STREET

ARNSIDE

BARON

AVENUE

ROAD

EATON AVENUE

ROAD

DUNELT

ALEXANDRA

ROAD HARLECH

AVENUE

DUKE STREET

CENTRAL

SAVILLE

STREET

AVENUE

ROAD

SEASIDERS WAY

LUNEDALE

STREET

ST HELIERS

STANSFIELD

BALL STREET

HAIG ROAD

DRIVE

ROAD

ADRIAN

HEBDEN

WESTON

ROAD

STREET

PROMENADE

WESTBOURNE

WARD STREET

MILLER AVENUE

HILTON AVENUE

WINCHESTER

AVE

HALL AVENUE

PARKINSON WAY

GARDEN

GLADSTONE

STREET

ST ANNES

TERRACE

ROAD

MOORE STREET

BYRON STREET

HILL STREET

PARKINSON

WAY

GROVE

TRURO

FRAZER

AVENUE

BATH STREET

DEVON

STREET

EXETER

AINTREE

ROAD

STREET

WAY

STREET

YEADON

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LAWRENCE ST

BOND STREET

•

STREET

090

ROMNEY

ROAD

GORDON

Bloomfield is at the southern strip of the resort core along the coast, just north of the South Pier. This area tends to have the following characteristics: • Few community amenities. • Few publicly accessible open space. • Tight settlements of terraced housing. • Large number of vacant properties, both residential and commercial. • Rather disconnected tertiay road network. • Fragmented active frontage in both resort core & residential area.

LAND USE

ROAD

STREET

WATERLOO

CONCLUSION

WATERLOO

BACK WATERLOO ROAD

ST BEDE'S

PRICE STREET

BLOOMFIELD one of the deprived wards of Blackpool

ROAD

STREET

STREET ST BEDE'S

COMMERCIAL

AVENUE

WOLSLEY

BAGOT

BRITANNIA PLACE

LOCAL

AVENUE

PLACE

CASTLEGATE

LYTHAM

ROYLE

BOLTON STREET

SHAW ROAD

50% resort core & commercial, 50% residential with a football club in the middle. No community amenities except for the Central Pier as landmark.

BUILDING TYPOLOGY

VACANT PROPERTIES

Majority is terraced housing, bigger built forms such as retail malls are point buildings. Few perimeter blocks and even fewer detached housing.

There are 160 vacant properties in this ward as of October 2019, with 60% being resort core nature and the rest being mostly terraced housing.

Central Pier

Note: Active frontage is defined here as frontage that is well maintained and inviting looking, incl. residential areas.

carparks protected public open space recreational/ community open space

city boundary primary

priv. sports ground

secondary

built form

tertiary

active frontage

OPEN SPACE

STREET FRAMEWORK

ACTIVE FRONTAGE

Except for the promeade that is public, the rest of the open spaces here are all protected school grounds or private sports ground. None are publicly accessible for recreational use.

The area is not very permeable. Many dead ends in the tertiary roads, whether in the resort core area or terraced housing area, disconnected from primary and secondary routes.

Despite 50% of the ward serving as hospitality purposes, active frontage is very fragmented in both resort core and residential area, resulting in unfriendly & obsolete streetscape.

LULU

U R B A N FA B R I C O F B L A C K P O O L • WA R D / D I S T R I C T S C A L E

COMPARISON URBANURBAN FABRICFABRIC COMPARISON: LEAST DEPRIVED WARD - NORBRECK 5.2.15 Norbreck

’s most ’s most ation of ies that gland’s

omfield, . These t.

landmarks

perimeter

Occupied

commercial

court

Vacant

resort core

terraced

residential

point

amenities

row

industrial

dentifyeprived , spaneprived Bloom-

institutional

resiquin-

NORBRECK LOCAL one of the lesser deprived wards of Blackpool

BUILDING USE

BUILT FORM TYPOLOGY

VACANT PROPERTIES

Almost completely residential except for a castle hotel at its southern coastal tip, a primary school and the Bispham campus of the Blackpool University. Urban

Majority being perimeter blocks formed by detached or semi-detached housing, bigger built forms such as the institutions are point buildings. Cul-de-sacs of court formation exist.

There are only 10 vacant properties out of the 5200 properties in this ward as of October 2019, meaning less than 0.2% of its housing are empty. The empty homes tend to be standalone properties for sale.

compact.

CONCLUSION Norbreck consist of predominantly residential settlements of familysized houses. It tends to have the following characteristics: • •

•

• •

091

Educational institutions for different age groups exist in the vicinity of family homes. Vast amount of protected open space only accessible to the families who reside in the area. Suburban development of detached/ semi-detached housing, provides adequate privacy. Few vacant properties. Good distribution of secondary roads but cul-de-sacs result in limited permeability. •

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

protected public open space recreational/ community open space

city boundary

built form

primary

active frontage

secondary

Note: Active frontage

tertiary

priv. sports ground

frontage that is well maintained and inviting looking, incl. residential areas.

OPEN SPACE

STREET FRAMEWORK

ACTIVE FRONTAGE

Except for the promenade that is public, the rest of the open spaces here are either protected public grounds or private sports ground serving the institutions.

Many cul-de-sacs and the street framework is very irregular. The dead ends result in limited permeability.

Despite the ward being over 90% residential, there are many attractive active housing frontage, making it a successful suburban housing estate.

LULU

BUILDING TYPOLOGY DISTRIBUTION

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL • WARD/ DISTRICT SCALE

BUILDING TYPOLOGY DISTRIBUTION BUILT FORM DISTRIBUTION 5.2.16

Urban Design Study workshop informed us that studying built forms is helpful in understanding the history of a town, and their suitability to the particular townscape.

PERIMETER BLOCKS

COURT BLOCKS

POINT BUILDINGS

TERRACED

ROW

PERIMETER BLOCKS

COURT BLOCKS

POINT BUILDINGS

TERRACED

ROW

HYBRID BUILT FORM TYPOLOGY

CONCLUSION

HYBRID BUILT FORM TYPOLOGY

CONCLUSION The majority of the buildings in Blackpool are perimeter blocks. Terrace housing are concentrated closer to Thecentral majority of the Blackpool are perimethe pier andbuildings south of in town. Point buildings of ter blocks. Terrace housing arescattered concentrated closer to both large and small scale are aross Blackthe central pierparticularly and southat ofthe town. Pointofbuildings of pool, occuring corners perimeter both large and small scale scattered Blackblocks or sometimes even are within a ring ofaross perimeter/ pool, blocks. occuring particularly at the corners of perimeter court blocks or sometimes even within a ring of perimeter/ court blocks. There are also many hybrid cases, such as terraced housing in the formation of perimeter blocks and court There are alsothe many hybrid cases, such blocks. as terraced blocks forming inner ring of perimeter housing in the formation of perimeter blocks and court blocks forming the inner ring of perimeter blocks.

Part perimeter part Part perimeter with court blocks, point multiple court blocks Part perimeter part perimeter with blocks within -Part Cul-de-sacs court blocks, point multiple court blocks blocks within - Cul-de-sacs • LULU 092 • BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS

Terraced housing forming a perimeter formation, court Terraced housing forming a blocks within. perimeter formation, court blocks within.

Perimeter mixed with row housing. Perimeter mixed with row housing.

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL•

5.2.17

WARD/DISTRICT SCALE

DENSITY ANALYSIS

1 Carlin Gate

2 Rydal Avenue

1 4 N

ST STEPHEN'S AVENUE

2 3

5 UE

L DA

CARLIN GATE

31 Units per Hectare 0

90 Units per Hectare

50m

SCALE 1:1250

093

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

50 m

7 8

LULU

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL•

5.2.17

WARD/DISTRICT SCALE

DENSITY ANALYSIS

3 Longton Road

4 Marlhill Road

5 Abbostford Road

6 St Chad’s Road

ABBOTSFORD ROAD

CHIPPING

GROV

LEICESTER ROAD

LONGTON ROAD

MARLHILL

35 Units per Hectare 0

094

•

33 Units per Hectare 50 m

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

ST CHAD'S ROAD

LULU

50m

ROAD

47 Units per Hectare 0

33 Units per Hectare 50m

50m

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL•

5.2.17

WARD/DISTRICT SCALE

DENSITY ANALYSIS

7 Primerose Avenue

8 Sir Frank Whittle Way

1 4

AVR

SCE

CRE

2 3 CONCLUSION

Priimerose Avenue

The most dense area per house unit in Blackpool is located by the central zone. It seems that the older settlements of BP are denser with a finer urban grain and tighter street framework in line with the Victorian times of the town development.

6 N S

49 Units per Hectare 0

LE W

HITT

NK W

RA IR F

The least dense areas are located North blackpool and south by the enterprise zone, within proximity of Blackpool’s Airport. The vast density in Blackpool varies based on the most populated wards, which results in more compressed units per hectare.

10 Units per Hectare 50 m

50 m

7 8

095

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

This aims to maximise space and allow more people to reside in the city centre radius.

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL • WARD/ DISTRICT SCALE

5.2.18

CONCLUSION

URBAN FABRIC COMPARISON WARD/ DISTRICT SCALE • •

• • • •

096

The comparison of the two wards (Bloomfield and Norbreck) show that the level of deprivation seem to directly correlate to the number of vacant properties in the area. Like many other towns, the more deprived area tend to be the old town centre where properties are the oldest and urban grain is finer with smaller urban blocks, consisting of mainly long thin terrace housing, whilst Norbreck, the suburban housing estate has larger urban blocks and looser urban grain, consisting mainly of bungalows and semi-detached housing. There is fewer community amenities and publicly accessed open space in old resort core than there is in comparison to Norbreck, the residential neighbourhood. Town centre (between Central and North Pier) has the densest settlement compare to other neighbourhoods.This seems to relate to the historical development of town. The older the area, the denser it is. Suburban neighbourhood tend to be less permeable in its street framework, with many cul-de-sacs, resulting in heavy reliance on car ownership. Terrace housing seem to be the favourable built form in the past whilst perimeter blocks seem to last through time and is still preferred today, though in the form of semi-detached houses, bungalows or apartments.

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL 5.3. STREET SCALE 5.3.1. 5.3.2. 5.3.3 5.3.3. 5.3.4. 5.3.5.

097

Architectural Heritage: Listed Buildings Architectural Styles Streetscape Characteristic: Active Frontage & Urban Landscape Streetscape Characteristic: Materiality Streetscape Characteristic: Palatine Road Study Conclusion

098 099 100 101 102 103

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL•

5.3.1

STREET SCALE

ARCHITECTURE HERITAGE

GRADE I

Listed Buildings

Blackpool Tower The 518ft tall structure is the iconic feature of Blackpool’s famous seafront, and continues to bring as much joy to visitors as it did when it was first constructed in 1894. The Central Library and Gallery

The theatre was built for £20,000 in just seven months between December 1893 and July 1894. Listed 26.01.1972

This present parish church of South Shore was designed by RK Freeman in 1878 and extended in 1894-5. Listed 20.10.1983

Until 1821 the parish church of "Bispham" was the only place of worship in Blackpool. The church was built in 1883. Listed 20.10.1983

The Central Library and Art Gallery were Grade II Listed on the 20th October 1983. The Library is built in red brick with stone dressings (1909).

GRADE II

Bispham Parish Church

GRADE II

Church of The Holy Trinity

Grand Theatre

North Pier

Odeon Cinema

Regent Former Picture House

Winter Gardens

The oldest of Blackpool's three piers, this was built in 1862-3 by R.Laidlaw and Son of Glasgow to the designs of Eugenius Birch. Listed 19.08.1975

Designed and built in 1938-9 by Robert Bullivant of the firm Harry Weedon and Partners. Listed 11.03.1994

Opened on 7th January 1921 and was designed by Lumb and Walton who designed several other buildings on the Fylde Coast,Listed 23.02.2016

Entertainments complexincorporating elements built variously between 1875and1939.Listed 26.01.1972

Stanley Park

CONCLUSION

Source: Blackpool Civic Trust. Available at: http://www.blackpoolcivictrust.org.uk/buildings6.html [Accessed 17th November 2019] Blackpool Built Heritage Strategy 2016-2020. Available at: https://www.blackpool.gov.uk/Your-Council/The-Council/Documents/Built-Heritage-Strategy-October-2016.pdf. [ Accessed 17th November 2019]

098

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

Blackpool presents a wide range of listed buildings mostly built around 18th and 19th century during the peak of seaside tourism in Britain.The main concentration of heritage is located by the coastline with few churches dispersed around the city. Also Stanley Park is included in Grade II list.

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL •

5.3.2

ARCHITECTURAL STYLES

1800s

1840s

1860s

1930s

1960s

GEORGIAN-STYLE VICTORIAN-STYLE MIXED-STYLE: EDWARDIAN, GOTHIC & JACOBEAN

STANDARD HEIGHT FOR HOUSES AND RESORTS

MODERNE STYLE

The residential houses and resorts still retain the standard height of two to four storeys with an exception of the Blackpool Tower and the amusement park.

HOTELS

Purpose-built The difference in the interwar years was that the hotels were purpose-built and had no earlier history as houses.

This is the phase of adapting existing buildings. Large houses on the sea front were used as hotels.

Promenade (Central Pier) It is rare to see Victorian style buildings on the sea front but picture shows some buildings have polygonal bay windows

HOUSES

Lansdowne Crescent The construction of the four-storeyed height soon became common.

Enfield Lane Vast majority of the residential houses have Victorian style. Most of the hotels or houses erected on the sea front are two or three-storeyed buildings.

Fisher Lane Number of thatched roof cottages.

COMMERCIAL

South Shore In the late 1860s, there was a short lived adoption of Gothic detailing such as the pitched roof and gabled forms. The Odeon It employed a classical style with decorative faience dressings.

Historic England (2014) Blackpool’s Seaside Heritage [Online] [Accessed on 14th October 2019] https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/ publications/blackpools-seaside-heritage/blackpools-seaside-heritage/

099

Clifton Drive Private hotels and houses infuenced by Moderne examples erected along this street.

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

Foxhall Pub Resorts were renewed between Adelaide Street West beside the Tower and the Foxhall pub at the junction with Princess Street.

LULU

Promenade After the 1960, rows of houses were replaced with large entertainent complexes. Venues such as amusement arcades, aquaria, waxworks and bingo halls.

STREET SCALE

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL •

5.3.3

STREET SCALE

STREETSCAPE CHARACTERISTIC 3

Active Frontage & Urban Landscape

2 NORTH PIER

This section illustrates the level of activity within the streets in the city centre.

Urban Design Study Workshop and Budapest landscape charette taught us the basics of the urban design study as shown here.

CENTRAL PIER

LEAST VEGETATION

ACTIVE FRONTAGE

MORE ACTIVE

MOST VEGETATION LEAST ACTIVE

Victoria Street

ENCLOSED

SOFT LANDSCAPING

Birley Street

DIFFUSE

Talbot Road

Promenade (Blackpool Tower)

Church Street

CONCLUSION • • • 100

There are not many visitors as anticipated especially Birley Street and Talbot Road which have been redeveloped to attract visitors. In addition to the fact most of the shops are closed. Most of the streets are diffused (refer back to 5.1.18) The streets in the city centre have less vegetation. •

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

Promenade (Manchester Square)

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL •

5.3.4

STREETSCAPE CHARACTERISTIC Materiality Promenade Primary Street The redevelopment of the Promenade was part of an extensive masterplan in 2003. The street furnitures complement the sandy beach. The comedy carpet was added in 2011 as a tourist attraction and famous for its comedy clubs.

Talbot Road Secondary Street The Business District is linked from the North Station to the Promenade. The pavement was redesigned.

Birley Street Tertiary Street The street is pedestrianised after the redevelopment with supposedly a cafe with outdoor seating area and shops. The quirky street lamp is to complement the Blackpool Illumination. Different texture of tile pavings are used.

CONCLUSION • • 101

Most of the streets shown here are hard landscaping. Choice of materiality is almost as if its designed for an industrial town rather than a seaside town •

STREET SCALE

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

LIGHTING

STREET FURNITURE

PAVING

VEGETATION

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL• STREET SCALE

5.3.5

STREETSCAPE CHARACTERISTIC Palatine Road Study

Palatine Road (A)

Dilapidated Property

12.40 10.00

10.30

10.00

10.00 (Park Road)

4.00

176.11 (Semi-detached Housing) Semi detached and Terraced Houses

4.00

Scale: 1:250 Majority of the surviving Victorian buildings have been converted into Bed & Breakfast and boutique hotels. Palatine road houses majority of hotels in Blackpool for vacationers, hence the high proportion of high-quality boarding houses, although there are also some private residences.

D'S

REA

NUE

AVE

Posts

E Car Park

ELO

HAV

EET

STR

TCB

ONE

GST

LIVIN ROA

Lighting Tower

The two-storey hotel houses have a Victorian and Edwardian style. Roofs were originally laid with Welsh slates; on the whole this original roof covering has been retained, although a few roofs have been re-laid using concrete tiles. Rain water goods were historically provided in cast-iron.

ATI

ROA

PAL

EET

N STR

HTO

RIS

A Lighting Tower Car

STREET

Park

TCB

BLE

RIB

RICHARDSON

INT

UE EN

SU E

Lighting Tower

WO N

AD RO

DERS

SEASI WAY

KEN

4.80

2.80

69.19

CONCLUSION

10.12

5.70 2.80 (Livingstone Rd)

82.87

Scale: 1:250

Posts

E Car Park

ELO

HAV

EET

STR

TCB

ONE

GST

LIVIN ROA

Lighting Tower

ATI

ROA

PAL

EET

N STR

HTO

RIS

Lighting Tower Car Park

BLE

RIB

INT

UE EN

ON TT E

Lighting Tower

TCB

SU WO

OL N AD RO

The price of a night stay at the B&B varies from 70 to 15 pounds, reasonably affordable comparing to others seaside resort cities. Furthermore, Palatine road shows a growing number of property for sale of both residence and hotels. It is evident that there is a juxtaposition of various level of dilapidation across the same street.

NUE

AVE

DERS

SEASI

Palatine Road is the main Bed & Breakfast and hotels destination for short staying visitors. Some of the properties have been converted to hotels since the 1809. However, Palatine Road presents a major decline on its property condition and vast number of obsolete and vacant properties, which also relates to the decline of seaside tourism in Blackpool over the years.

D'S

REA

STREET

15.63

10.40

RICHARDSON

4.50

10.40

19.7

Palatine Road (B) 10.00

T AV

Posts

T ROA

KAY STREET

WAY

T ROA

KEN UE

T AV

KAY STREET

Posts

Source: Blackpool Built Heritage (2014), Town Centre Conservation Area Proposed Extension of Boundaries. [ Online]. Available at: https://www.blackpool.gov.uk/Your-Council/The-Council/Documents/Built-Heritage-Strategy-October-2016.pdf. Accessed: 08th November 2019

102

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL •

5.3.6

CONCLUSION

URBAN FABRIC OF BLACKPOOL STREET SCALE • • • • •

103

Blackpool has a mixture of architectural styles that is still visible until today from Georgian to the Moderne style. The resorts and residential houses still maintain its height of two to four storeys except for Blackpool Tower and amusement parks. There are not many visitors as anticipated especially Birley Street and Talbot Road which have been redeveloped to attract visitors. This is due to the fact that most of the shops are closed. Most of the streets are hard landscaping and lack vegetation. The choice of materiality are monotone and dull, almost as if they were designed for an industrial town rather than a seaside town.

•

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

LULU

STREET SCALE

VOICES OF BLACKPOOL

104

6.0.0

VOICES OF BLACKPOOL

VOICES OF BLACKPOOL A Local’s Perspective

Are you satisfied with your overall experience in Blackpool? LULU STUDENT ‘As a Scottish B&B business owner, Blackpool is a lovely place for us all throughout the year. When we have a relatively lower workload, for example during the winter season, it actually allows us to travel and be flexible with family activities and hobbies, while taking our business at a slower pace and waiting for the summer visitors’ ‘We are aware that the council has some big plans to renew different parts of town and we are very positive about it. More couples and young families are coming for staycation now, which we hope will gradually change the reputation of the town being more family friendly.’ ‘We are generally happy with the situation, although some aspects of the community could be improved. I believe we are on the right path, and hopefully, the council will prioritize its actions in favour of its citizens first as well as its visitors.’

WILLIN HOUSE B&B OWNER

Any recent changes in the B&B conditions in town?

‘The government has been recently pushing to get rid of some B&Bs due to their condition and large numbers. Hopefully, this will be helpful in the long run for the more decent B&Bs.’ ‘However, some b&bs have converted to student accommodation, but the student community is still relatively small.’

+ =

‘We are not competitive with the large hotels. They take up a particular group of tourists whilst we take care of the families/ couples. It’s good to have a mix of large Hotel chains and smaller B&Bs as the large hotels take up the hen-do’s and stag-do’s category, leaving us able to keep our small business clean and tidy, easier to maintain our premises in an orderly manner.’

CONCLUSION The B&B owner seemed quite satisfied with the condition. It seems that small but stable businesses are able to maintain their revenue despite seasonality changes. 105

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URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS SUMMARY & OBJECTIVES 7.1. 7.2.

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Research Summary of Blackpool Objectives of Blackpool

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7.1.0

URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS SUMMARY & OBJECTIVES

RESEARCH SUMMARY OF BLACKPOOL

SINGLE ECONOMY

IMPORTANCE OF IDENTITY

DEPRIVATION

INSUFFICIENT VEGETATION

Blackpool’s economy rose via toursim in the past century and declined in the 1970s’ due to cheap air travel to other destinations.

Blackpool has a unique identity due to its special feel of retro, fantasy and surrealism. It is an admired destination for many across the UK.

Blackpool faces a number of socioeconomic issues resulting in a high level of deprivation. However, residents have demonstrated pride of place through willingness to participate in improvements to their environment.

Vegetation has been a challenge in Blackpool due to its proximity to the sea and its salinary atmosphere. Additionally, there is a lack of green open space in the inner town centre.

The council’s focus on tourism has left it’s economy dependent on a seasonal market. However, the popularity of staycations has been recently rising.

VACANT

VACANT PROPERTIES

RENEWABLE ENERGY

DEVELOPMENT FOCUS

FUNDING ALLOCATIONS

PROFESSIONAL OPPORTUNITIES

There is a high number of vacant properties in Blackpool

Blackpool’s recent investment in windfarms is a positive step towards sustainability, allowing it to delegate part of it’s energy needs to a renewable resource.

The council’s focus is mainly on the central district, including investments in new buildings and transport infrastructure. However the surrounding regions have been neglected

Most of the council spending is directed towards services for the elderly and children. However, there are several masterplans being implemented to enhance the user experience within the town centre.

There has been a limited market for professional jobs in Blackpool, causing inhabitants to look for their future elsewhere. However, opportunites are expected to appear following the impelementation of new town centre projects.

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7.2.0

OBJECTIVES OF BLACKPOOL

ECONOMY DIVERSIFICATION

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URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS SUMMARY & OBJECTIVES

IDENTITY

COUNCIL SUPPORT

SOFT LANDSCAPE

Diversify Blackpool’s economy to include alternative industries and facilitate opportunities in the professional job market to encourage professionals to stay in Blackpool, creating a more sustainable and robust future.

To re-brand Blackpool’s image encouraging inclusiveness yet also ensuring that any new developments preserve Blackpool’s distinct identity, without isolating any existing communities.

Local government to provide measures to facilitate private sector investing in community-led/ self-help improvement projects, simultaneously promoting social cohesion.

To introduce more soft landscaping to Blackpool’s public spaces, creating a more pedestrian friendly & sustainable urban environment.

PROPERTY RE-USE

RENEWABLE ENERGY

SAFETY

INFRASTRUCTURE

To re-examine the use of vacant properties in Blackpool and access their best possible use.

To encourage more creative use of renewable energy harvested in the infrastructural system & services of the city.

To moderate the effects of Blackpool’s nightlife economy in order to create a safer daytime & nighttime environment.

To extend range & types of tourists drawn to Blackpool by providing suitable infrastructure.

BLACKPOOL URBAN DESIGN ANALYSIS •

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APPENDIX 8.1.

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Urban Design Workshops: Exercises influencing Blackpool analysis

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URBAN DESIGN WORKSHOPS Exercises Influencing Blackpool Analysis

倀漀椀渀琀㐀

URBAN DESIGN STUDY (HULME & OSLO PROJECT)

URBAN DESIGN STUDY - HULME GROUP B

https://issuu.com/blackpoollulu/docs/urban_density_study__hulme_group_b_d__oslo__edited We utilized our understanding of urban design principles through the analysis of designated sites in Hulme and Oslo. This incorporated the reading and application of three theories, Concise Townscape by Gordon Cullen, Lynchian Theory by Kevin Lynch, and the Movement Notation by Lawrence Halpirn in order to explore the sites. The first two theories are applied to the analysis of Blackpool.

倀漀椀渀琀㔀

㔀

㘀

Group 4 Hulme, Manchester

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倀漀椀渀琀㘀

URBAN DENSITY STUDY

NADIA PINTO

https://issuu.com/blackpoollulu/docs/workshop_2_ Through completion of this workshop we gained an understanding of the arrangements of different architectural movements. This contributed to a better understanding of the relationship between different elements of the urban layout such as: built form, streets, open spaces, etc. Discussing and comparing the various densities as applied to each typology enabled us to familiarize ourselves with the different characteristics in relation to high, medium and low densities. We employed this methodology during the urban design analysis to study Blackpool’s density.

19TH/20TH CENTURY- INDUSTRIAL CITY Houses built in small plots to maximise space. Modern Movement

Houses located in narrow streets and lanes with clear definition of front and back/private and public areas.

Modernists took a functional approach to urban planning creating a clear division between uses. Introduction of the automobile meant priority was place on creating wide roads through the centre of the city that could be travelled at high speeds. Pedestrians separated from traffic. Building s are optimally orientated to maximise exposure to sunlight and surrounded by large open areas of public greenspace.

The 19th was characterised by the back-to back houses separated by narrow alleyways. Consistency and repetitiveness on style of the front façade along the row of houses.

Disadvantages

Advantages • Optimal orientation increases access to sunlight and air. • Clear structure to the city with the intension of creating a better standard of living by separating uses. • Wide roads intended to make it easier to travel.

• Fails to accommodate historic preservation and conserve existing neighbourhoods • Did not consider the real needs of the citizens. • Promotion of social inequality by concentrating poor people in the least desirable areas. • Disruption created by highways running through the centre of cities. • Lack of human scale created a sterile city.

Privies were previously found at the back garden and accessed for maintenance and cleaning from the Alleyways.

Smart Cities and Green Growth: Outsourcing Democratic and Environmental Resilience to the Global Technology. 48 Units/ Hectare

Advantages

Disadvantages

• Heated houses, thermally efficient. • Accommodates more than one dwellers under one roof. • Minimised outdoor space to maximise living space; • Terraced houses rental return maximised in small scale properties due to multiple occupancy; •Houses built in small plots across the county to maximise space and accommodate the increase population;

• Terraced houses were often overcrowded with poor living condition; • Unhygienic due to the lack of sanitary facilities and non-internal running water; • Narrow alleyways; • Small scale; • Reduced personal space; • Privies were located externally and shared by the occupants • Minimised outdoor space; •Front and rear of the building on the street edge; * The compact layout does not allow enough natural light and ventilation;

SUSTAINABILITY SEMINAR

83 UNITS/ HA

https://issuu.com/blackpoollulu/docs/sustainability_seminar_combined_work £ The Rise of the ‘Future City’

The Role of the Private Sector

Low Carbon Cities

Democratisation of Technology

What is the meaning of Sustainability? Sonia Mancxia, Nadia Pinto, Farah Arar

The quality of being able to continue over a period of time. (Cambridge Dictionary, 2019)

We completed readings around the topic of sustainability and delivered presentations to the atelier which reflected different social, economic and political interpretations of the topic. The principles of the readings can be taken forward to the masterplanning stage of our individual designs.

Areeje Sherallah Hani Namirra Abdul Nasir

Gehl. (2019). South London’s changing foodscape lining-foodscape-1

BUDAPEST STUDY TRIP

Masterplan Strategy

https://issuu.com/blackpoollulu/docs/budapest_charteet_final_submission Train Station

BUDAPEST

Deli Railway Station Metro

Main Road Pedestrian route Proposed traffic route Existing Tram Stops Group Blackpool Alice Iu Farah Arar Hani Namirra Kimberley Androliakos Nadia Pinto

Existing Metro Proposed Train Station

We mapped out the urban elements of Budapest’s Deli Railway Station aiming to propose a framework that meets the environmental, economic and social regeneration of the existing infrastructure and the surrounding area. This analysis helped us to identify the opportunities and constraints of a challenge site by proposing long term sustainable solutions and comprehending the relationship between built and open space as well as the urban changes through time.

MASTERPLAN In this participatory workshop we learned to evaluate master plan design by applying the following design principles such as: street hierarchy, enclosure, frontage, density, legibility, building line, urban grain, etc. The exercise provided us the essential tools to apply in our individual Blackpool’s master plan proposal in the understanding of the site in relation to the surrounding areas.

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URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK:

BLACKPOOL Nadia Pinto- 18058071

Manchester School of Architecture- MArch 2- LULU Studi 1 Submission 2019/2020

THEORIES IN URBAN DESIGN

CONTENTS Introduction

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THEORIES IN URBAN DESIGN

001

1.1 THEORY 1: RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS- SUMMARY 1.2 -APPLYING THEORY PRINCIPLES IN BLACKPOOL- PERMEABILITY 1.3 APPLYING THEORY PRINCIPLES IN BLACKPOOL- VARIETY

002 003 004

1.4 THEORY 2: ARCHITECTURE WITHOUT ARCHITECTS

005

1.5 THEORY 3: CITIES FOR A SMALL PLANET- SUMMARY 1.6 - COMPACT CITY & SELECTED BLACKPOOL’S OBJECTIVES

006 007

2.0 THEORIES COMPARISON IN RELATION TO BLACKPOOL’S OBJECTIVES

008-009

3.0 FRAMEWORK STRATEGY 3.1- KEY MOVES & RESPONSE TO OBJECTIVES

010 011

4.0 MASTERPLAN- SITE OPTIONS 4.1- OPTION A- PALATINE ROAD 4.2- OPTION B- LOW MOOR ROAD 4.3- OPTION C- YEADON WAY

012 013 014 015

5.0 MASTERPLAN- SELECTED SITE 5.1- TYPOLOGY ANALYSIS 5.2- MASTERPLAN EVALUATION 5.3- MASTERPLAN KEY MOVES

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THEORIES IN URBAN DESIGN

1.0

THEORIES IN URBAN DESIGN Summary

Cities need to bring back community involvement through voting and education. The author states that the built environment should become a standard part of education. Community participation in the decision making and alteration of the city creates a constant flflow of new ideas, new architecture and design which consequently gives identity and voice to the community of the space being designed. He compares France and London, where London has community development organization. More community involved systems.

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URBAN DESIGN THEORY

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The literature by Bentley et al (1985) is concerned with the areas of design which went wrong and why modern architecture and urban design are criticized as inhuman and repressive. Therefore, designers failed to release that the manmade environment is a response of a political system. This also leads to ways design set constrains on what you can do and cannot do. Cities have taken the wrong term to prioritizing human every day activities. The idea is to think about cities as setting for everyday life and how the structure of space and the structure of everyday life link together or not, and how to improve this relationship.

Even before man and beast walked on earth some sort of architecture existed being modelled by primeval forces and polished by wind a water. The scope of the theory is to free ourselves from our narrow world of official and commercial architecture. The non-pedigree architecture is one shaped by communal enterprise rather than being produced by a few intellectual or specialist. In contrary communal architecture is the art generated by community experience. There is much to learn of architecture before becomes and expert of art. Unpedigreed architecture aims to fit buildings in the natural surroundings instead of trying to conquer nature.

THEORIES IN URBAN DESIGN

1.1

RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS Summary

Places that can be used for many different purpose;

This focuses in the appearance which affects the how people interpret a place;

sense of motion,smell,hearing and touch;

How legible is the scheme;

Choice of experiences;

It is relevant in the more public spaces of the scheme;

Variety of sense-experiences users can enjoy;

Greater choices of routes;

How people can understand the layout and find themselves around;

This quality offers users the choice to mold their living environment;

Number of alternative ways;

Variety of land use; PERMEABILITY

VARIETY

LEGIBILITY

ROBUSTNESS

RICHNESS

RESPONSIVE SPACES

There has been an evolution regarding of the qualities realised as important for the improvement of urban life. There was a need to have some quality of urban life when it comes to safety, how much of life and activities building contribute to the public realm. The key elements of urban sustainability are open spaces, reintegrate humans to nature and connect past and future. The book analyses these seven elements to take a more humanistic approach to urban design.

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RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS

VISUAL APPROPRIATENESS

PERMEABILITY

1.2

THEORIES IN URBAN DESIGN

APPLYING THEORY PRINCIPLES Permeability

Public and Private Permeability

Main direct routes

Perimeter blocks

TABOLT ROAD It depends on the number of alternative routes, all the routes must be visible from one end to another. The physical and visual permeability depend on how the alternative routes merge into blocks. - Small blocks create higher permeability by giving more choices of routes. It also increases visual permeability, the smaller the block the easier to see from one junction to the other; Decline of public permeability relys on: - Increasing scale of development; - Hierarchical layout; - Pedestrian and vehicle segregation;

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The routes link to majority of the routes on the site. A new sheme must be connected to a largest possible number of direct links. The designer of the scheme must decide which link is more important to extend into the site.

The easiest way to meet the demands of physical and visual permeability is by designing perimeter blocks with fronts facing onwards into public spaces ( streets, parks,squares, etc.) and backs facing inwards to centre of the block. The private areas can be used as common gardens, car parking and service zone.

THEORIES IN URBAN DESIGN

1.3

APPLYING THEORY PRINCIPLES Variety

VARIETY zones of specialised use (single use)

Interest of easy management or corporate image USERS

Concentrating pedestrian flow

Sites incorporated into larger units Positive Interaction Redevelopment FORMS

Balance of building age and condition

Higher Rents

Balance of building age and condition

low Affordability

Primary Use

PEOPLE Interaction between activities

Lack of development

Secondary Use Lack of development MEANING

Stepped frontages

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Affordable Spaces

THEORIES IN URBAN DESIGN

1.4

ARCHITECTURE WITHOUT ARCHITECTS Summary

CAVES (initial shelters)

WATER

NATURE initial source of inspiration

COMMUNAL ARCHITECTURE WIND

WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF ARCHITECTURE ?

URB

Human Shelter

UNPEDIGREED ARCHITECTURE

ANIMAL shelter

Security

VERNACULAR Borders

The philosophy and know-how of the anonymous builders presents the largest untapped source of architectural inspiration for industrial man. The wisdom to be derived goes beyong economic and esthetic considerations, with the aim of maximising and intensifying the sense of community.

Tendency to build on sites of difficult access Walls Dwellings below field

KEY NOTES

INDIGENOUS

SPONTANEOUS

• Unpedigreed Architecture; • Buildings that fit into the natural surrounding; • Architecture shaped by communal enterprise;

Nomadic Architecture Architecture by Subtraction

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Piles Dwellings Aquatic Architecture

THEORIES IN URBAN DESIGN

1.5

CITIES FOR A SMALL PLANET Summary

SUMMARY The author is seeing cities as an organism that consume lots of resources and make a drastic amount of waste.The city is currently facing a major space restriction. Cities are ignoring the middle ground between the central area and the suburbs and it sort of becomes a wasteland in certain cities. Suburbs are filled of a single mind private consumption rather than having human to human contact overall community feeling. In the book, the author emphasizes on how architecture and city planning can evolve crucial tools for safeguarding our future, creating cities that provide sustainable and civilising environments. Environmental sustainability should become the guiding principle of modern urban design. City has been identified as an arena of consumerism in which the complexity of community has been untangled and public life has been dissected into individual components. Cities are polarising society into segregated communities. In addition, Roger classified urban spaces in two categories: single-minded and open-minded. Single-minded is the open space that fulfils a single function. Open minded is the multifunctional space designed for a variety of use.

ECONOMIC

ENVIRONMENTAL

SOCIAL

NON EFFICIENT DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

HUMAN INTERACTION

GENERATE ECONOMIC DIVIDE

DEPENDENCE ON VEHICLE

This result in the middle- and upper-class residential areas out into the suburbs way apart from the central business districts ;

SEGREGATED COMMUNITIES SPACE RESTRICTION ORGANISM THAT CONSUME RESOURCES

Cities are polarising society into segregated communities;

Cities ignore the middle ground between central areas and suburbs (wasteland) ;

PROFIT

Cities produce drastic amount of waste.

SOCIAL DIVIDE

Buildings within cities are pursued only for profit;

Middle- and upper-class residential areas out into the suburbs way apart from the central business districts ;

Industrial City Single minded

Governments need to create a new strategies and opportunities to promote incentives to create a dense and multi layered city. To accomplish this, we need to create a compact city: dense, many centered, overlapping, ecological, equitable and beautiful.

REDUCE FOSSIL FUEL ENERGY Exploration of passive technology in buildings that use renewable energy harnessed from natural resources.

Production and earning from labour stays withing communities. Planning committees should include citizens in all fields of urban design.

ENVIRONMENTAL initiative

- Use development strategies correctly;

SOCIAL

ECONOMIC EDUCATE

- Community Participation and involvement;

USE OF RECYCLED OR COMPOSITE MATERIAL

to generate both cost saving and qualitative improvement buildings that invlove boh high

- Compact City; - Better use of resources;

- Network of greenspace;

Environmental Sustainability and education result into social wealth.

MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES

Sustainable City

- Reduce fossil Fuel;

CUL-

Self-Sustaining Communi-

Fairer distribution of wealth

Compact

Open minded Participation of the civil sector

- Better connectivity between neighbourhoods; URBAN DESIGN THEORY

Hierarchy of decision

LOW COST FUND

KEY NOTES

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Suburbs filled with single minded private consumption rather than human to human contact.

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THEORIES IN URBAN DESIGN

1.6

COMPACT CITY & SELECTED BLACKPOOL’S OBJECTIVES Brain Power

Creativity

BLACKPOOL’S OBJECTIVES PASSIVE TECHNOLOGY

Imagination

1 Renewable energy

PARTICIPATORY AND MULTI-DIMENSIONAL

To encourage more creative use of renewable energy harvested in the infrastructural system & services of the city.

SUN

HUMAN RESOURCE

RENEWABLE ENERGY

SUSTAINABLE CITY

WIND

Sustainability becomes the guiding principle of modern urban design;

NEW TECHNOLOGY NETWORK

2 Property Re-use

To re-examine the use of vacant properties in Blackpool and access their best possible use.

Macro CREATIVE CITIZENSHIP Planning Models

WORK

ECONOMY GLOBAL CITY

LEARNING

IDENTITY SATISFACTION

ENVIRONMENTAL

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STATUS

SOCIAL

Council Support Ensure that the council provides continual support to all communities across Blackpool, providing them with a sustainable urban environment.

Soft Landscaping Introduce more soft landscaping to Blackpool’s public spaces, creating a more pedestrian friendly and sustainable urban Environment.

Economy Diversify the economy of Blackpool.

THEORIES IN URBAN DESIGN

2.0

THEORIES COMPARISON In relation to Blackpool’s objectives

Support

Local government to provide measures to facilitate private sector investing in community-led/ self-help improvement projects, simultaneously promoting social cohesion.

BLACKPOOL

Soft Landscaping

Introduce more soft landscaping to Blackpool’s public spaces, creating a more pedestrian friendly and sustainable urban Environment.

CITIES FOR A SMALL PLANET

RESPONSIVE ENVIROMENTS

ARCHITECTURE WITHOUT ARCHITECTS

Satisfies the objective 008 •

URBAN DESIGN THEORY

Satisfy the objective to an extent •

LULU

Doesnt Satisfy the objective

Renewable Energy

Identity

To encourage more creative use of renewable energy harvested in the infrastructural system & services of the city.

To re-brand Blackpool’s image encouraging inclusiveness yet also ensuring that any new developments preserve Blackpool’s distinct identity, without isolating any existing communities

THEORIES IN URBAN DESIGN

2.0

THEORIES COMPARISON In relation to Blackpool’s objectives

Infrastructure

To extend range & types of tourists drawn to Blackpool by providing suitable infrastructure.

BLACKPOOL

Property Re-use

To re-examine the use of vacant properties in Blackpool and access their best possible use.

CITIES FOR A SMALL PLANET

RESPONSIVE ENVIROMENTS

ARCHITECTURE WITHOUT ARCHITECTS

Satisfies the objective 009 •

URBAN DESIGN THEORY

Satisfy the objective to an extent •

LULU

Doesnt Satisfy the objective

Surveillance

To moderate the effects of Blackpool’s nightlife economy in order to create a safer daytime & nighttime environment.

Economy

THEORIES IN URBAN DESIGN

3.0

FRAMEWORK STRATEGY BLACKPOOL-CITIES FOR A SMALL PLANET EN BELT GRE SUBURBIA

LEISURE

WDER KE PO G

LIVING

CORE

WORK

Compact model

City’s expansion Overall aim is to allocate community’s everyday needs, including public transport within a walking distance. Blackpool’s should expand in a self-contained urban cluster connected to new public high speed transport links.

Primary Public Spaces Secondary Public Spaces Proposed Tram Line- inner Blackpool Tram Line along the shoreline Railway Network( Blackpool North Station. Blackpool South Station and Blackpool Pleasure Beach Station) Main Routes Tram Stops

Agricultural Land Resort Core

LI TR A

Suburbs/ Residential Area

Industrial Zone

500m distance = 5 min walking

Town Centre

Enterprise Zone/ Industrial Business Area A

Promenade Wards Resort Core

Enterprise Area

Limit of city Expansion 010 •

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THEORIES IN URBAN DESIGN

3.1

KEY MOVES & RESPONSE TO OBJECTIVES OPEN SPACE NETWORK SYSTEM

TRANSPORT CONNECTIVITY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Walney Offshore Windfarm Blackpool North Station

Tidal Power Existing Tram line

Blackpool South Station

- Improve the green infrastructure of Blackpool by creating a network of public spaces accessed by cycling routes and Public Transport (Tram, Bus);

Proposed Tram line

- Improvement of tram line to create better connectivity within inner districts. - Extend the tram line along a primary road that crosses most of the wards in inner Blackpool;

This move aims to deliver improvements through energy efficiency by: - Delivering fuel switches away from high-carbon sources; - Delivering on-site low carbon and renewable energy technologies; - Delivering decentralised low carbon and renewable energy through private investment; - Community investment and improvement of properties’ energy efficiency; Y SHARE ERG N E

500 m

LEISURE

LIVING

WORK

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THEORIES IN URBAN DESIGN

4.0

MASTERPLAN Site Options H

SITE A

yR ornb

oad oad

A583

R ine t a l Pa

0 39 B5

nd Co

ve Gro

SITE B

Low

B oo

r Ro ad

ury Ave Salmesb d m Roa Bispha

lw ai

SITE C

Layton Station Pr e s

o ew R ton N

M55

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OPTION A Patatine Road

OPTION A- PALATINE ROAD 35 HECTARES Primary road oad

ine R

Palat

Secondary road Tertiary road Landmark STANLEY PARK

CENTRAL PIER

- Site located within walking distance to town centre; - Palatine Road, one of the main short stay tourist destination; - University Centre of Blackpool located within the site; - Vast number of dilapidated properties; - Devonshire Road (B5124) one of the main Blackpool’s road intersects with the site; - Weak variety of use; - More dense and compact area; - Opportunity to extend Stanley Park greenery along the site; - Located within most deprived area in Blackpool 013 •

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THEORIES IN URBAN DESIGN

4.2

OPTION B Low Moor Road

OPTION B- LOW MOOR ROAD 33 HECTARES Railway Landmark Primary road Secondary road Tertiary road Greenspace

- Site within walking distance to open greenspace; - Tertiary road connections can be easily extend to site; - Railway creates a strong boundary at south; - Within main distance to B5120 (proposed tram line) - Proximity to North Shore; - Surrounded by public spaces;

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- Opportunity to extend secondary and tertiary surrounding roads into site; - Opportunity to create a connection of greenspaces; - Introduce a new train station that supports the site and surrounding neighbourhoods; - Create mix use within site and surroundings; - Varity of use in the area; - Opportunity to create employability within site sheme;

THEORIES IN URBAN DESIGN

4.3

OPTION C Yeadon Way

OPTION C- YEADON WAY 33 HECTARES Railway Landmark Primary road Secondary road Tertiary road Greenspace Industrial Zone

-Ffewer roads and isolated sites, buildings be joined together; - Less dense and compact; - Reduce variety of land use; - Proximity to Industrial zone; - Outside city’s boundary;

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could

THEORIES IN URBAN DESIGN

5.0

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MASTERPLAN SELECTED SITE Low Moor Road

URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK

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THEORIES IN URBAN DESIGN

5.1

TYPOLOGY ANALYSIS

ROW PERIMETER COURT POINT 4

SITE EDGE EXTENDED ROUTES OPEN SPACE RAILWAY (Blackpool North Station)

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5.2

MASTERPLAN EVALUATION

The site located north west of Blackpool is confined by a strong boundary of the Blackpool’s Railway Station. It is currenty an isolated greenfield within the ward of Greenlands. The east part of the site sits on the boundary of Blackpool city. The surrounding area presents variety of mix use which includes a primary school, cemetery, hospice, play centre,health and leisure centre, pet’s shops and other uses. In addition, the site is located within walking distance to Layton train station, a stop before the Blackpool North Station. From this station people living around the area can easily commute to nearby towns and villages.

URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK

Disadvantages

- Opportunity to introduce soft landscaping and incorporate ponds into the scheme;

- Site located in a flood risk zone;

- Site presents a higher chances of introducing connectivity and link routes from existing roads;

MASTERPLAN EVALUTION

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- Connectivity of new streets will break down the outer edges; - Opportunity to create a new development that differs from the existing surroundings by incorporating new typologies and enabling mix use;

- Rear of houses confine site edges; - Railway creates a strong boundary between site and a commercial area; - Ponds and water ditch; - Electricity poles within the site;

THEORIES IN URBAN DESIGN

5.3

MASTERPLAN KEY MOVES TRANSPORT lINK

CONNECTIVITY B

Tram Line A

Extend the main routes into the site. This strategy will link Salmesbury Ave (A) to Blackpool Road (B) becoming the main road within the site. Another move will be creating better routes from the site that link to the commercial areas across the railway. A final move will be mproving permeability by introducing pedestrian and cycling routes into the scheme.

Bispham Road

The sites present significant risk of flood, this will be solved by raising the ground above water limit and There are ways of addressing the concerns.

Railway LANDSCAPING

The site presents a significant risk of flood, this will be solved by raising the ground at a level that any flood water is likely to reach and including measures that will minimise potential water damage to the structure of proposed infrastructures . The existing ponds will be mantained as part of the scheme with the purpose of retaining rain water. The existing ditch which will be reconfigured to ensure that there will be no longer a risk of flooding. The scheme will improve the ecology of the area as well as minimising surface water run-off from the site.

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URBAN DESIGN FRAMEWORK

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LULU

Blackpool has implemented a lot of upgrades aimed at tourist level, which may have left local communities feeling disenfranchised and displaced like Blackpool does not belong to them anymore. In order to improve the involvement of communities in new developments, the scheme will include mix use typologies which will create social and economic opportunities in the area. The site will work as a central node of activities.