Ozone(O3):ElementalAnalysis
GCU:AnalyticalChemistry
MikeRaj
IntroductionwithHistory
Ozone(O3)isanallotropeofoxygen.Oxygenisanelement,withO2asitssymbol.Itis foundindiatomicforminnature.Allotropereferstothemanycombinationsorvariantsofthe mainelement,whichcanalsoberadioactive.Ozoneisnotradioactive,butisveryunstabledue toitsbendshape,with3oxygenatoms.Ozoneisformedthroughnaturalandman-mademeans (Basuk,1975).Naturalthroughtheformationofozoneintheatmospherebytheconstantsteady raysoftheSun.Man-madebythecombustionoffossilfuel.Theincompletecombustion producesNO,O3andothertraceamountsofharmfulsubstances.Ozoneinthestratosphereis called“good”ozone,whilepresentinthetroposphereitiscalled“bad”ozone.Theelementwas discoveredbyChristianFriedrichSchonbeinin1840(Ozone,n.d.).Ozoneismeasuredinthe Dobsonunit,whichisverticalconcentrationintheair.Concentrationsareinpartsperbillion (ppb)orug/m^3(Ozone,n.d.).
ChemicalProperty,Analysis,andtoolsused
Linkangelandshape
Electrical(oxidizing)potential
Dobsonmeter,Chemicalanalysis
116degrees,bendlikeO2
2.07volt
UVwavelengthof254nm,boricacid iodination
Causeforconcern,troposphericvsstratosphericozone
Ozoneinthetroposphericregionistoxic,andisacommonpollutant(Rowland,2006). ThisO3iscausedbyincompletecombustionoffossilfuels.Theresultantpollutioncauseslung damage,haze,andotherhealthconcerns,likeeyeissues.Onthestratosphericregion,ozoneacts likeaninsulator,andathermalconductor.Thechargedraysofthesunpenetratetheatmosphere, astheO2intheregionisheatedandcharged,itquicklyturnstoO3(Rowland,2006).Atthe intenserays,theO3beingunstableretainssomesemblance,butrequiresanintermediate moleculeasacatalyticfactorforformation.WhentheO3bondisbroken,heatenergyisrelease. Aswhenbondsarebrokenenergyisrelease,andwhenbondsareformedenergyisrequired.This side-steporcircumventingheatreleaseissaidtocontributetoa5%increaseintemperature differenceintheupperregionsoftheatmosphere(stratosphere)(Rowland,2006).Althougha pollutant,O3hasapurifyingeffectontheenvironment.Caneasilyoxidizecomplexorganic molecules.Especiallytrueforcyanide(CN),whichisturnedtocyanate(OCN)andthentoCO2 inthepresenceofsufficientO3(Ozone,n.d.).O3isnottheonlyabsorbentofUV,itincludesO2, N2,andwatervapor WatervaporandO2beingthemostsignificant.
Production
Productionofozoneismainlybythreemethods.Thesearecoronadischargemethod, ultravioletlight,andcoldplasma(Ozone,n.d.).Forthecoronadischargemethodalsocalledhot
sparkmethod,itisdonebycausingahugeinfluxofelectricitydischargedattwoequal-distanced nodes.Asthechargedarciscreated,thesurroundingairgetselectrifiedandO2getstransformed intoO3.ForUVthelightenergyistransferredtotheexposedair,namelyO2.Thismethodtakes timeforO2moleculestogetexcitedtotransform(breakandformradicalOatom)toO3.Not idealforthoserequiringlargespace,andwhenairisfastmoving.Coldplasmaisthemost efficientandthemostexpensiveformofO3creation(Ozone,n.d.).Thisisdoneinaclosed spacewhereelectromagneticenergyisdischarged.ThespaceonlycontainspureO2,andthusO3 formationisthehighestforthismethod,averagingabout5%.
Uses,industrialandother
ApplicationofO3canbedividedinto3segments.Ozonetherapyformedicalconditions, industrialapplications,andconsumerapplications(Ozone,n.d.).Forconsumerapplicationitcan bespaandpoolcleaning,airsanitizeanddeodorize,andozonationofwaterforpurification.Due tolimitedapplicabilityandmarket,itisveryfocused.Regardingindustrialapplication,thereisa widevarietyofusesandisnotlimitedbylaw.Followingare:chemicalsynthesis,sanitation, removingparasites,biologicalcontaminantsandmanyothers(Ozone,n.d.).Especially,Iam fondoftheuseofO3tokillmicrobesinwaterforimprovingaquaculture(fishfarm).Regarding ozonetherapy,itisquitecontroversial,asitisnotrecognizedbyFDAasaidingthesick.Ozone accordingtotheFDAisdangerousandishurtful,andshouldnotbeusedtotreatsickness (Ozone,n.d.).Givenalltheusefulnessofthissuper-oxidativemolecule,O3,wefindithasmany uses.
MedicalO3Therapy(O3T)
MedicaluseofO3Tisnowbeingacceptedslowlyintothemain-streammedical community.Thoughwon’tbeusedasastand-aloneremedyfordisease,ithaspotentialasa complementarytherapy(Clavo,et.all,2018).Twomainformsofadministration arerectal infusion,andgasexchange.ThepaperdiscussestheusefulnatureofO3Tasacomplimentary remedialaction.DuetothenatureofO3Tadministration,themoleculedidnothaveanydirect effectontumorcells(Clavo,et.all,2018).Foraremedialmediumtohaveasignificanteffect. Themedicinemustbeadministeredinthebestpossibleroute.ThebestpossiblerouteforO3Tis intravenous.Also,useofgasexchangeisdangerous,asitcaninduceoxidativestressonthe lungs.Ifthereishighoxidativestress,thenthelungswillexudemoresecretiontoprotectthe lungs.Ifthesecretionisexcessduetoprolongedoxidativestress,thenthepatientwillessentially bedrownedintheirownspit.Won’tbeabletobreatheproperly,unlesstheexcesssecretionis removedthroughsuction.
Theresearchshowsaremarkableincreaseinimprovementsforthepatients.TheO3T doesn’thavecontactwithtumor/cancercells,butinducesresponsethroughsecondarymolecules likeH2O2and4-hydroxynonenal(Clavo,etal.,2018).O3Texhibitsastrongcytotoxicityunder increasedconcentrations.Andasshowntoimprovetheeffectivenessofcisplatin,and 5-fluorouracil.Thereisalsoapotentialtoinduceadditionalunwarrantedstressonthebody, throughproducingreactiveoxygenspecies(ROS).ButthisreleaseofROScanbemitigatedif O3Tisdistributedevenlyalongthecancerouscelllining,andifO3Tisreleasedinmoderation. O3Talsohelpsstimulatetheproductionandreleaseofcytokines.Thishelpsthebodyfight infection,inflammation,andthelikeinjuries.O3Talsohelpsoxygentobecirculatedmore effectively,ashemoglobinisverysensitivetopHandothermessengers(reactiveoxygen species)(Clavo,etal.,2018).
Cautionmightbewarranted,asexcessO3Tpresencemayincreasestimulation,andmight intheworst-casepossiblecreateacytokinestorm.Baddeal!ThoughitisdoubtfulO3caninduce suchasituation,asO3isquicklymetabolizedbythecells.ConcerningCOVID-19thecytokine stormisveryreal,andmostunpleasanttothepatients.O3Tadministrationwasmonitoredby SPECT-ED,monitorsblood-flow(Clavo,etall.,2018).Outof28patients,thereweremarked improvementsfor22patients.ThisshowsthatwhenO3TiscoupledwithRadiotherapy(RT), andChemotherapy(CT)theoutcomeisimprovedsignificantly.TheO3Tdosagewasinthe 50-20ug/ml(Clavo,etall.,2018).Ozonatedoilisbetterduetoitsnatureoflowreactivity,and prolongedshelflife,comparedtowater-basedozonefluids.
Improvements.TheimprovementsthatIwishtoseeinanupdatedformfortheO3T researcharethefollowing.First,administrationthroughanintravenousroute.Second,extra oxygenationforthepatients(atleast3hourseachday,untilthecompletionofresearch).Thisis toincreaselungcapacity,andtoincreaseblood-flow,andincreasebodymetabolism.Third, intakeofadditionalmicroandmacronutrients.ForfoodismedicineaccordingtoHippocrates, andthusconsumingnutritiousfoodisessentialforhealthandlongevity.Fourth,exercise.Aswe domoreexercise,theblood-flowisincreased,andthebodyisenergizedtodomoreactivework. Fifth,bepositive.Thepatientswhoareexperiencingcancerorotherchronicconditionsneedat leastcounselingeveryweek.Tokeeptheirspiritsandmindsuplifted,andthusavoiddepression anddefeatism,whichcanhampertheirprogress.IthinkO3Tcanbebeneficialasa complementarytechniqueforthosewhoexperiencecancerorsomeformoftumorousgrowth.
Maynotbesuitableforthosewhohaveweakhealth,likeelderlyorveryyoung.Butwewill neverknow,untilwetryandtestthepotentialofthisveryuniqueallotropeofoxygen.
ABetterWaytoAscertainTruthinPerilousandUnfriendlyTimes
Therearecontroversiesinvolvedinmodernscience.Unlikeinthepast,sciencehas polarizedanddividedwholesocieties.Somebelieveinonething,whiletherestbelieveinthe other.Itisbetterforthewholeworld,internationalgoverningbodies,andnationalgovernments tounifyandtoclarifytheseveritythatwearefacing.Isthereozonedepletion?Themodes, methods,techniques,andtheproceduresbywhichdatagenerationisdoneisdubious,atthevery leastuntrustworthy.Itisbesttoformulateanewmodeofactionbasedonthesystemoflaw.With lawthereisorder,andwithoutlawthereisdisorder.Thiswillalsoimplythatlaw-enforcersbe empoweredtoexecutestrictenforcementofsuchlaws,ifplacedonthewholesocietiesatlarge. So,whatdoIpropose?Iproposeathoroughinvestigationstartedafresh,withnewpeople,and withruleoflawasaguidingprinciple.Ifitcan’tbejustifiedinacourtoflaw,itwillnotstand.
Firstthedatacollection.Fordatacollectionthereneedstobeachainoftrustbuiltinto ensurethatnoneedlessdata,orfudgingofdataispossible.Thepersons,all,engaginginsucha largeworld-wideendeavormustbenotarized.Thisnotarizationmustbedoneinacourt,with threerespectedwitnessesofthecommunity(scientific).Then,oncenotarized,theindividuals mustexhibittheircredentialsandmustbewillingtobeawitness,whenasked. Thelistof individualsinvolvedmustbekept,andupdatedasneeded.Theprocessofauthenticationmustbe rigorous,andfoolproof,toavoidanyunnecessarycontroversies,andmismanagement.
Second,thedata-itselfmustbeheldwithtightcontrols,followingthestepstakenby AnalyticalChemistsintheirpursuitofuntaintedsamplecollection.Thedataoncecollectedmust beheldinthreeseparatelocations,thoughwithinthenation.Thepersonwhocollectsthedata mustsignoffbeforetheinputsareaddedtotherepository.Theremustbeaworld-widecenterfor
thecompilingofdatagathered.Thisdatamustnotbealteredunderanycircumstances,andwith this,itwillbeeasytoconvincetheworldcommunityofthedangersthatlieahead.
Third,thedataanalysisisdoneinanopentransparentmanner,akintodemocratic processes.Letthedatabedividedupandgiventoeachagencywhowishestoinvolveitselfin research.Oncethedataistransferred,leteachagencyworkitsownmagic,andthenthefinal inputwillbecompiledagain.Ofcoursethewholedatasetwillbekeptsafe,andanalyzedbythe government,whowillfundthismassiveundertaking.Oncethecalculationsarecomplete,then thesummarycanbesharedwitheachother.Thesummarymustincludethefollowingdataraw, procedurestoderiveconclusion,conclusion,advisorysuggestions,equations,chemistryand othersciencecontent,predictions/models,graphs,tables,andotherrelevantinformationthatmay behelpfulfortheworldcommunitytounderstandwhattheworldisfacing.
Fourth,finalreport,presentationofthesummaryinacondensed,conciselyworded document.Thedocumentshouldcontainallthenecessarycontentsasmentionedabove,similar tothesummaryfordata.Inaddition,thefinalreportshouldincludea30-page(nogreater) reasoningfortheconclusionreached,andthestepsbywhichabettermentofmankindcanbe realized.Fifth,isthemostimportant.Debate!Letthescientificcommunitydebaterigorously whatthedatameans,andletthemtaketheirownstance.Letnodatabeallowedtobe misrepresentedbyvestedinterestsandgovernments.Letexperiments,counter-experiments, arguments,andcounterargumentsbemade.Underajuryof30judges,asinthecaseofcommon law,highcourt,bedone.Allowthejudgestogoovertheproofs,arguments,andthelike.Once thejudgeshavegoneoversuchalong,lengthycase,thenthejuryofjudgescanmakeafinal verdict.Averdictonthetruthfulnessoftheissuepresented.Afterwhichtheworld,governments,
nations,andpeoplescandecideforthemselveswhatmustbedone.Thisishowworldissues needtobesolved.ThejudgesmustbepickedfromdifferentAnglo-Saxonnations,whoknow common-law.Common-lawisBiblicallaw,andnotcanon-law/talmudlaw/roman law/babylonianlaw
Unreasonablenessorundoubting![AgeofScientificSkepticism]
ItisverymuchuncertainastohowtheO3holeisfound,orisitknown?Ibelievethe following,ortheveryleast,holdforthedialogicaldebate:).1.Earthisround.2.Polesarethe northernandsouthernregionsoftheplanet.3.Itiscoldduetothelackofraysfromthesun.4.It willremaincoldduetothegeographicalandgeospatialarrangementofthepoles.5.Poleswill havelessby-productsformedbytheraysofthesun.Withthesefactualevidences,wecandrawa clearpresentlogicalconclusion.TheO3layerwillbethinonandaroundthepolesduetothe lackofSun-light.ThelackofSunrayswillshow,thus,inlessconcentrationofO3.Thatis logical!ChlorineandCFCsdon’tstandachance.CoalpowerplantsreleasealargeamountofF andCl,andthuscouldverywellbethereasonsforhigherCFCconcentration.Isthereasonfor O3propagationbeingminisculeintheatmosphereduetopooling-effect.Whatisthe pooling-effect?PoolingeffectmeansashighconcentrationofO3isformedbyintenselight,the concentrationofOradicalswillbehighaswell.Thuscreatinganend-reactionforO3formation. ThisisbecausetheconcentrationofO3andOradicalsisfoundinthoseregionswhereintensity ofthesunishighest.AndthusreductionofO3whenthepresenceofsunlightisnothighenough, thatexplainswhyO3compriseslessthan1%oftotalatmosphere,whileO2comprisesaround ~22%.Also,O3isfoundlikeamosaicpattern,highconcentrationintheupperatmosphere,thus confirmingthepoolingeffect.
Conclusion
InConclusion,theuseofO3isnumerousandveryextensive.Thestrongoxidative propertiesofO3caninevitablybeusedtoreplacetoxicchemicalsinbleaching,H2O2peroxides likewiseisuseful,butnoteffectiveastheformer.ThequestionofO3depletionissilly,andnot logical,asstatedabove(Rowland,2006).Climatechangelikewiseisdubiousatbest,andat worstcriminallydriven.NoamountofsafetyandwealthcanreplaceGod-givenfreedom. Freedomofchoiceisessential,aslongasitdoesnotviolatetheLawofGod.Thisdebateof climatechangeandozonedepletionmustaddressthefollowing.Ispollutioncausingtemperature difference,canitbesolved,whatpracticalstepscanbetaken,howwillitbedone,andthrough whatmechanismcanitbebestachieved(Rowland,2006)?Withoutaddressingtheseessentially fundamentalquestions,thereisnodebate,butbelief-drivendecisionandpolicymaking.Thisis unChristianandverymuchAnt-Christlike.ChristiannationsmustfollowJesusChrist,andnot theAdversary.Amen!IsuggesttheyuseOccam’srazor.Simpleexplanationfirst,followedby complexreasoning.Amen!
Section 2 (Dialogue-Driven Decision-Making Scientific Method)
PollutionvsTemperature
PollutiondoesnotequatetoariseinTemperature.Thereisnovalidproofprovidedby theso-called“authorities.”Thesedoprovidedataandreasoning,butthedataisfudgedand reasoningunsound.Evenwiththemostunlikelypredictions,therateofclimatewarmingissaid tobejust1degreeincreaseintemperature.Maybesomeoneshouldtellthemtemperature fluctuationsarenoteasilyaccomplishedonearth.Theupperatmosphereisfrigidcold,reaching -50to-70C,thelowerpartsofthesolidearthreachingtemperaturesof5000C,upwards.This
justshowshowinsignificantweare.Theextremesdomodulateandcontainthemoderation requiredforlife.Thesun,themostimportantaspectofanyclimaticdebate,ismissing.Why? Whyisthesunnotincludedinthediscussion?Whyisthesun-cycle,windpatterns,andthe subsequentregionalcyclesnotdiscussed?
ThepollutionbyreleaseofCO2gasisnotfatal,butgenuinelygood.Wheredoplantsget theirCarboncontentfromthesoil?Itisfromtheair.Itistheairwhichprovidestheplantswith thesteadysourceofcarbon,anddefinitelynotthesoil.Thiswasoneofthesimplestandearliest experimentsdoneduringtheEnlightenmentperiod.RightafterthedissolutionoftheRoman papalpower,anditsfeudalisticmodeofcontrol.ThepointIamtryingtoclarifyisthatcarbon dioxideisgood,andnotevil.WeneedmoreCO2andnotless.IftherewillbelessCO2,there willbemajoragriculturallosses,asplantswillbecompetingtogetmoreofthisgaseousform. Andontopofthat,CO2distribution(lackthereof)cancausemajorweakeningofecological ecosystems.TheonlyotherwayofCO2reductionisthereductionofhumanandanimallifeon earth.ThereisnowaytochangetheratioofCO2andO2unlessmajorreductioninanimal, plant,andmankindhappens.Andthattoo,verysoon.TheCO2reductionhappensindecadelong intervals,ifCO2isaproblemthenlifecertainlyisaverybigproblem.
ItisevidenttheissueofclimatechangeCO2andozonehasturnedfrombeingscientific toareligiousone.Somebelieve,butothersdon’t.Thisisridiculous.Wecan’tbebotheredwith thisstupidity.Pollutionmustbestopped,oratleastlessened,butthatdoesnotmeananentirely unsoundandforeignentityhastoruleoverus.Thisentitywillsetwhatmustbedone,what stupidity!Andnottomentionevil.Freedomistakenawayinthehopesofsecuringone’sown lifeandnation.Andonwhatbasisisthisalldone?Istherehopeintheirscience?Definitelynot!
Theyarecriminalbodiestendingtomakemoney,andwantingpower.Nothingmore!Thereisno proofofglobalwarmingcausedbyCO2emission,thereisnoproofofclimaticchangecausedby humanactivity,anddefinitelythereisnoozonehole(problem).IfCO2isamajorproblem,then myquestionwillinvariablybethis:AmIaproblem?IbreatheinO2andbreatheoutCO2.AmI apollutiontomotherearth?Ispollutionasin,orisitacrime?Areweinthedaysofthepapacy? Itiswickedness.Liesneedtoend,andthedestructionofsuchliesbeginsinearnest.Now! Amen!
ProbabilityisnotReality
Likelihood/probabilityisnotreality.Itjustsaysthelikelihood,andnotactuality.We don’twant“actualities,”butreality.Truthstands,whilefalsehoodfadesaway.Modelsare models,theyarepossibilitieswithhighprobabilities,andnotreallikelihood.Wewantthereal rawdata,fromverifiedsources.Wedon’twantdataaugmentationorinterpretationfromthem. Wejustwanttheraw,uncorrupteddata,please!Scientistsareintothisbecauseglobalwarmingis suchacashcow.Ityieldsthemgreatreward.Ontopofthat, theyenjoytheblissofthemedia, andthepoweroverfellowmen.Thisisdemonicandnotveryrighteous.Therightwaytodothis is.Experimentsandcounter-experiments.Toprovewhatweareobserving,reporting,and provingisinnowayrelatedtoanyunidentifiedfactorsoranomalies.Thisisnecessaryforthe clarificationandverificationprocess.Onlyafterprolongeddatacollection,analysis,debates,can wesaywithsomewhatconfidenceifthematterofconcernisofanyimportance.
ReligionofScience
ReasonsforAlarm:fundingforscientists,powerofdecisionandguidedgovernmental policy.Thesearethethreereasonsfordogstobark.Thegate-keepersofthescientificreligion
havefailedmiserably.Now,itistimetotakethenationsbackfromtheirwicked,satanichands. Thereligionofscienceisnomore.Paganismandpaganbeliefs,likeevolution,arerebrandedand redefinedandfedtothepoorpeoplesoftheworld.Beforedarwinthestupid,therewerehindus withtheirsea-god,andbeforethemwerethephilistineswiththeirdagon,theseagod.These falsegodsgavebirthtolifefromthechurningoftheseas,theybelieve.Beforedarwinthefool, thesefolkshadthisimpression.Why?Evolution,astrology,alchemy,andoccultismaresciences ofpaganmysteryreligion.Whoaretheyfooling?Aretheyfoolingtherighteous?Noway!
Evolution,climatechange,andthelikebolognaisacleardeclarationofwaragainsttheChristian religion,andagainstChrist.Wewillnotstandidlewhilethesemindlessgoabouttheirbusiness. OurchildrenwillbetaughtfromthewordsoftheMostHigh,andnotpaganb-s.Letthem provideirrefutableevidences.Whathavetheyfound,afterwastingtax-payersmoney?Whatcan theyfind?Notax-payerfundedresearchintoevolution,climatechange,ozonedepletion, sea-levelrisingwillbeallowed.Ifyouwantthisb-s,whydon’tyougofunditoutofyour pockets.Iwon’tbepaying,norwillIallowChristiangovernments(inChristiannations)topay. Thisisfinal.Nomore!
Strangeoccurrencesandconspiraciesinvolved(juststating)
StrangeConspiraciesRelatingtoOzoneandGlobalWarming
1. DestroytheAmericanchemicalindustry.Dupontaloneproduced¼oftheworld’sCFC.
2. Unifytheworld.WorldGovernment.WorldRule
3. Destroyfoodstoragecapacity(refrigeration),andthuscauseuntoldsufferings(like malnutrition,disease,anddeath)amongunindustrializednations.
4. DestroyCivilizedNations,fromactivelyusingtheirnaturalresources,andcurbingtheir potentialforgrowthanddominance.ChristianNations.
Questions(Dialogicmodelofscientificdiscoveryandvalidity)
GeneralQuestions
1.WhoownsthejournalmagazineNature?
2.Doesitmatterthattwoofthemostinfluentialarticlesregardingozonecamefromthisarticle?
3.WhyistheNationalAcademyofSciences,anon-profit,somuchinvolvedinpolicymaking, andlessonscientifictruthseeking?[Theyhavenotservedtheirpurpose(NASgroups),disband themall,anddefundthemaswell(topreventanemergenceofthispseudo-scientific community).]
ScientificQuestions
1.Areexperimentsdoneheterogeneousorhomogeneous,assimilartonature?
2.Whatarethemainreactivespeciesinvolved?
3.Whattemperaturedotheybecomefunctional?
4.Arethey[reactivespecies]modeledafternature,oranyadditionswereadded?
5.IsOzonedepletioncyclical?
6.DoesOzonesaturationfluctuateduringdifferentcyclesofthesun,seasons,andatweather patterns?
7.WhatarethemeasurementsofO3atthetropicalregions,andaroundthedesertsoftheworld? Aretheythesameordifferent?
8.WhatistheultimateproofofO3depletion?
9.Canallthedatagatheredbesharedinasingleunifieddata-set,withtoolsandsoftwareused, withalsoinstructionsonhowtoderivethosesameresultsandpredictionsthatyouclaimto
have?10.Whatmodelingsoftwareprogramsareinuse?Whatassumptions,anddata-outliers haveyouused?
11.WhatisaDobsonunit?Howisitmeasured,andwhatstandardsarefollowed?Namea commerciallyavailableDobsonunitthatcanbebought?
12.Istheresomethingcalledanozonehole?Whereisitfound,andwhatdepth,anddistance doesitcover?
13.Whatisphotolysis?
14. Doesrain,oxidation,photolysis,atmosphericreactions,cold,orsomethingotherplayinthe formationof“sinks”forO3?
15.Ischlorinechemistrybehindtheozonehole?
16.DoesAntarcticaexperienceablizzardvortexoverthewinterperiod?Anddoesitendduring thesummermonths?
17. Doesozonecausegreenhouseeffect?
18. Whichofthemolecularspeciesfoundintheatmosphere,name5,fromtheleasttogreatest, causesthemostdestructivegreenhouseeffect?
19.Whatisthehalf-lifeofCFC?Isit52years,asmentionedbyWHO,orisitvaried?
20.WhydoesCFC11,CFC12,andCFC113havelifetimeof54,93,89,respectively?Whatis thedifferencebetweenthesemolecules?
21.Whatisthereliabilityofsatelliteobservations?Explaintheaccuracy,precision,anderror limit/rangeofeach?Whomanufacturesthem,andwhatsoftware,andmechanismof data-collection,dotheyuse?
22.Ismodelingoffuturepredictionbasedoncurrent,updateddata?Whichyears(p1-p2)?
23.Doesthepresenceofothermoleculesdegrade,destroyordistortCFC's?LikeO2,CO2,etc.?
24.Doeschangingthetransportmechanism(windpatterns),andmoleculelife-timechangethe modelsdrastically?Ifso,how?
25.IsO2involvedinprotectinglife,preventingUVfromdestroyinglife?
26.Doeswatervapor(clouds)playaroleinshieldingUVlight?
27.WhatcontributesthemajorityofHFandHCintheatmosphere?Isitnaturalorman-made?Is itfromCFC,orisitjustassumed?Canitbevolcanic,naturaldepositoryreleasefromearth, ocean,rocks,streams,etc(banks),andfromindustries,likecoalcombustion(coalpowerplants, etc)?
28.IsChlorineandFluorinegasesinatomicelementalforms?Ischloromethane(methyl chloride)anaturaloccurringmolecule?
29.Whyarepolarstratosphericclouds(PSC)soimportant?Whydon’totherregionsexhibit suchphenomena?
30.“Altitude,latitude,andseasonaldependence,”aretheserequiredtoknowtheeffectsofCFCs intheatmosphere?
31.Isozoneformedduringthepre-biologicallifeperiod?Wastheozoneformedduringthe post-lifebiologicalperiod?Isozoneasecondaryeffect,oraprimaryeffectforlifeontheplanet?
32.WhatroledidClouds/water-vaporandO2andN2playapartinpreservinglifefromSun’s harmfulUV,etc?
33.Whyisn'tozonedepletionamosaicmodel/pattern?Whydoesitinflictthepolessohard,and notthetropicalandequatorialregions?
34.Whyistheozoneformationsuchasmallfractionofthetotal,~22%oftotalO2availablein theatmosphere?
35.Atwhatwavelengthandatwhataltitudedoestheozoneform?Atwhatwavelengthandat whataltitudedoestheozonedissociate?
36.Whatisphotochemicalequilibrium(rate)?Iscreationequalsdestruction,isitwhattherate is?
37.IsClO-formedinthebreakdownofCFCs?CanClO-bejoinedtoformClOH,toforma weakacid,whichishardtodissociate?
38.IsNO-NO2orClO-Clrate-determiningstepforozoneformation,stabilityanddestruction?
39.Providethefollowingformoleculescommonlyfoundintheatmosphere:wavelengthat whichphotolysis(dissociationrate),diffusionrateandpenetration(howhighcantheyreach, howfarandfastcantheymove),(associationrate)whatnewspeciescanbeformedandatwhat temperaturepressureandenergy,andatwhatreactioncoefficientrate(howfastcantheyrespond andreact)?
40.DoesNOcausethedepletionofO3?CanO3beproduced/formedonlybyO2+O combination,orcantheybeformedbysomeotherformation?Forexample,bytheabstractionof theOmoleculefromH2O,canitbedoneifthreeH2Omoleculeshavegiven-uptheirOforthe formationofO3?
41.DoesHO(hydroxyl)oritsderivativespecieshaveanyroleinthecreation ordecompositionofO3?
42.Whatisthereactionratioofodd-numberedspeciesreactingwitheven-numberedspeciesin theatmosphere?Isitstill1to1^8?
43.Whyis220thecut-of-lineorthelowbase-lineforO3,whenthemeanO3concentrationin Dobsonis300(inAntarctica)?Thatislike73%percentile,isn’tittoohighforabase-line?[Is thereasonlackingO3propagationintheatmosphere,isthepooling-effect?Poolingeffectmeans ashighconcentrationofO3isformedbyintenselight,theconcentrationofOradicalswillbe
highaswell.Thuscreatinganend-reactionforO3formation.AndthusreductionofO3whenthe presenceofsunlightisnothighenough,thatexplainswhyO3compriseslessthan1%oftotal atmosphere,whileO2comprisesaround~22%.Also,O3isfoundasamosaicpattern,high concentrationintheupperatmosphere,thusconfirmingthepoolingeffect.]
44. Whatchemicalspeciesarepositivelyidentifiedintheatmosphere,troposphere,andspecially stratosphere?
45.WhatistheCFCsbroadspectrumabsorptionrange(sun’srays,UV,etc)?Whatistheweight ratioofCFCstoair?DoesCFCsgetwashedoutfromtheatmosphere,throughrain,storm,snow, andothernaturalphenomenons?
46.DoesthepresenceofcolderwinterintheSouthPoleperplexthemodernscientific community?Aretheyawareofthephenomenonofcoldsettlingatthebottom?Andtherising tendencyofhotair?IstheEarthround?
47.AreCl2speciesfoundinnature?Aretheyreactiveorinert?
48.CanClOspeciesformdimer?CantheyformClOHspeciesaswell?
49. WhyisRobertson-bergermeternotused,asareplacementforDobsoninstrument?
50.IsClthemostsignificantcontributortoO3depletion?
Reference
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https://www.jstor.org/stable/26216044
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https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aqua/ozone-20061214.html
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