P ITCHFORK
Marietta High School

Marietta, Georgia
Marietta High School
Marietta, Georgia
The Addams Family, originally created as a television series in 1964, was based on cartoon characters made by Charles Addams, an American cartoonist. The show only aired for two years, but it has left a lasting impression on the entertainment and fine arts industries.
The Addams characters are odd and mysterious, intentionally being juxtaposed from the traditional American family. They have unexplained abilities that differentiate them from others and cause them to come off as bizarre. The story focuses on them and how they develop while living their lives as the strange characters that they are.
The Marietta theater program performed it in late March in the Marietta Performing Arts Center. The show focused on main character, Wednesday, planning to marry a commoner named Lucas and attempting to introduce him to her odd family.
“The show appeals to our actors and has commercial appeal to our community given that the Netflix series Wednesday is very popular. Additionally, the show has the perfect blend of sincerity and hilarity,” Holly Smith, the MHS theater teacher, said. It required creative work and preparation from the tech theater classes. The building of the extensive sets, the collection of specific props and the creation of unique costumes was a challenge.
Owen Dennis (10) as Uncle Fester performs in the “Let’s Not Talk About Anything Else But Love (Reprise.)” Uncle Fester was on a mission to help Wednesday and Lucas in their journey to finding love and merging their families.
“We would just have to make do with what we had and having people with different backgrounds in the class definitely helps with coming up with some creative solutions,” Grace Pudvin (12), the stage manager, said.
Since certain characters were so specific, each one required a different set of skills to bring to the stage. Characters
ranged from the mysterious members of the Addams family to people that appeared as normal and common, adding an element of surprise to the production.
“Our favorite aspect of the performance is the characterization each actor brings to their roles. From our kooky grandma to Charlie Chaplin. They all bring exciting characters to the stage,” Smith said.
The actors and actresses enjoyed the many ensemble numbers in the show that allowed everyone to have a part to prepare for regardless of if it was a main character in the show or not.
Continue to website for Addams Family
On April 6, The She Believes Women’s Soccer Cup arrived in Atlanta and four teams compete for the trophy. 50,644 people attended to Mercedes Benz making a US Women’s National team record as the largest crowd for a home friendly. The USWNT beat Japan 2-1 in the first round.
“I was happy that we won the She Believes Cup and that they played in Atlanta because after the World Cup as almost a reality check, it was good to get back on track,” Lily Williamson (10) said.
This just gives Atlanta a vision of how many people are going to show up for the 2026 FIFA World Cup. Soccer specifically has been making a huge impact in Atlanta with not only their junior teams but influential Atlanta locals showing how hard
work pays off.
Marietta local Emily Sonnett has been making her impact on the field as she just recently won her 7th She Believes Cup, something only 1 other player on the USWNT has completed. Another Atlanta celebrity, Mallory Swanson, who is married to MHS Alumni Dansby Swanson, made her USWNT comeback after tearing her patellar tendon last April. Jane Campbell, who grew up in Kennesaw, is a goalkeeper for the team. As the metro-Atlanta area starts to hold more soccer events, the public might start to see a rise in interest in soccer, not only watching but playing. Marietta has started to adjust to this rise in popularity as they start to accommodate students in the Atlanta United Academy.
Continue to pg. 8 for soccer
Growing up, I always heard that technology would become the future. However, I never imagined that it would take over my generation. Artificial intelligence is steadily on the rise and it’s leaving long-lasting effects on reality. At first, software such as ChatGPT served as a digital companion and a fun way to generate ideas. In a short time frame, it has become a resource that students rely on to pass their classes. I have witnessed my peers’ transition from creatively brainstorming their essays to entering a prompt into their chatbots. Even personal pieces such as letters, biographies and conversation starters are being carelessly formulated by computer programs.
Although these advancements make it more convenient for people to create realistic work, the human mimicry that chatbots are capable of could put the future of this generation at risk. Artificial intelligence isn’t any longer limited to the classroom, but it is filling the role of a person’s daily activities. Even though these robots are devoid of emotion, they are made to carry out almost any human task. On Snapchat, users can conversate and exchange streaks with “MyAI”, a digital companion. It can even remember things about people, such as their interests or other facts. On other social media platforms,
fake content is being created and presented as real. Artificially generated songs, places and people are becoming so realistic that it is hard to recognize it as a product of AI. As if that is not alarming enough, AI is also being seen in the workforce.
“No machine can do the work of one extraordinary man.” -Elbert Hubbard
Not only can news articles be generated in a matter of seconds, but human labor is also being replicated by programmed robots. Engineers are slowly but surely creating machine-powered cosmetologists, factory workers and food service employees. These advancements leave me wondering what the future may hold for
the younger generation. At one point, we were told to stay away from these untrustworthy platforms. Now, so many people are becoming dependent on AI that it is inescapable in our daily lives.
Using artificial intelligence for assignments is now acceptable in school, so long as it is cited. Social media apps have released ‘AI generated’ stickers that promote artificially generated content. Every day, new platforms and filters are created that allow people to further upgrade their AI creations. How are we supposed to survive when technology is pushing humans to extinction? AI is expected to replace a staggering number of 85 million jobs by next year. That number will only grow as the years go by.
Even if these machines can get jobs done more efficiently, this rise of technology will eventually cause the erasure of human innovation. The art, color and emotion of the world will be overshadowed by bits and pieces of robotic equipment. As a generation, we should be taking steps away from AI. We have spent so many years fueling our brains in order to prepare for our roles in the real world. Technology will always be important to human development, but it should never replace it. Artificial intelligence is not the future, people are.
How do you think AI is going to affect the future of education and career fields?
Nyima Jarboh (9)
“I
Enoch Phillips (10)
“I think AI is going to ruin all the schools because of students using it.”
Phoebe Rowe (11)
“I think that AI is going to make it easier to summarize a lot of articles and will act as an assistant and maybe we will not need in person school as much because we will be able to access and help us solve problems.”
Kalyan Piovesan Toussaint (12)
“AI is an excellent tool to empower inspiration and communication but it is not the replacement for creativity. It can empower and help aid students in learing.”
Pitchfork is published by journalism students at Marietta High. It is free to the student body, staff and community. The views and opinions expressed in the Pitchfork are not necessarily those of the administration and faculty. Letters to the editor should be brought to room J208 or emailed to the staff: pitchfork@marietta-city.k12.ga.us
Mission Statement: Pitchfork is a student written and produced newspaper aimed at educating, enlightening, and entertaining Marietta High’s students. All content is determined by the staff in an attempt to be relevant and give voice to the student body.
Stanecia Nelson (MHS Staff)
“I think it is beneficial but I also think that people think that AI is supposed to do their job for them, which can become an employee issue. I think that as long as we are using it to benefit us, we’ll be good.”
Reagan Kelley (Newspaper Staff)
“Its definitely going to change school work because students can use it to write their essays and help with their work, which we already see happening.”
Managing Editor
Sydney Martinez
Editors-in-Chief
Zaria Byers
Wes Harrison
Section Editors
Sydney Hernandez
Addison Moreland
Design Editors
Libby Barnes
Quinn Mulkey
Aidan Allegro
Polleen Coates
Colette DePasquale
Reagan Kelley
Business Managers
Amber Ryan
Amelia Jenkins
Social Media Managers
Kaia Kirkpatrick
Lily Konigsmark
Marketing Managers
Trinity Seals
Mae Bullington
Advisor
Andrea Lyons
Staff
Alexandria Kelly
Ady Grace Miller
Harrison Pacin
I believe protesting is effective if the protest relates directly to the topic being argued. For example, a few teenagers threw spoiled food onto famous paintings worldwide a few months ago. They did this to fight global emissions. This was ineffective because it was unrelated to the topic and didn’t prove their point. On the other hand, the writer’s strike was effective because it didn’t only affect the entertainment industry.
Protests play a crucial role in democratic societies by triggering change, bringing underrepresented voices to the fore, and holding institutions responsible. They may encounter opposition or suspicion, but their historical significance and ongoing influence are undeniable. Protests continue to be a potent instrument for advancing social justice, equality, and human rights as we negotiate the complexity of the contemporary world. Protesting is a dynamic force that has the power to bring about revolutionary change in societies all around the world, not merely a show of unhappiness.
Protesting has significant and far-reaching benefits, disregarding the opinions of those who doubt its effectiveness or find it disturbing. Protests frequently act as a spark for more significant social movements, igniting campaigns of lobbying and continuous activity. They encourage people to get more involved in politics and mobilize them to strive for long-term structural change. Even while the intensity of individual protests varies, their momentum can support long-lasting movements for equality, social justice, and human rights.
In conclusion, the relevance of a protest to the topic determines its effectiveness. Protests such as the writer’s strike demonstrate that concerted efforts may bring about change, even though certain acts may appear pointless. Democracies depend on protests to bring about change, magnify voices, and hold institutions responsible. They have had an indisputable historical impact despite objections. Protests are active forces for change that advance justice, equality, and human rights worldwide, in addition to demonstrations of unhappiness. They spark movements, promote political participation, and bring about long-lasting transformation.
I hate streaming services. When I was little I would overhear my mom describe Netflix, a popular streaming service as “group economics.” Families with lower incomes used seven-dollar streaming services to cover entertainment rather than the $250 alternative: cable services. Each household within an extended family would pay for one service and trade the password with other households in the family. There were no ads, and a person could watch anything they wanted anytime they wanted.
Some years have passed and everything has changed. Streaming services are blocking password sharing in an attempt to maximize their margin of profit. In order to offer the same prices as before they remove the ability to watch without ads, and password sharing is blocked. Capitalistic greed has completely clouded creative marketing judgment, and large streaming corporations continue to raise prices with no issue because their customers refuse to go without television entertainment.
It is also impossible to just pay for one service to decrease the cost. Due to streaming services gatekeeping certain series and movies and the rising amount of original series and movies being created under separate services, decision makers in the streaming service industry make it impossible to choose. The industry was once limited to a few services but is now a high competition market much like television stations once were.
The only way to counter the corporate greed that affects household budgeting is unfortunately to stop buying. However, that entails withdrawing support from the filmmakers and actors who are showcased through these services. Entertainment was meant to be easy; something that occupies people without any action or thought required. Now mindless entertainment is becoming a privilege.
I believe that there is a reflection that is needed and because entertainment is easy people believe that fighting against the price change will be as well. The consumer is currently walking a tightrope between their favorite shows and movies and the money in their pockets. Which side will they fall on?
Pitchfork and Blue Devil News both recieved a GSPA Superior rating and won best All-Georgia Large School Newspaper and Broadcast. The new Persephone literary magazine recieved a superior rating and the Pitchfork website received an excellent rating.
Achievement Awards
Wes Harrison, GSPA Journalist of the Year Runner Up
Andrea Lyons, GSPA Advisor of the Year
Amber Ryan, third in the state for First Ammendment Essay Contest
Zaria Byers, Enterprising Award
Wes Harrison for website and Sydney Martinez for literary magazine Start Up Award
All-Georgia Awards
Wes Harrison, Social Media Promotion in the Website
Kevin Resendiz, Production
Superior Rating Awards
Wes Harrison
Photo Essay Social Media Breaking News News Package
Sydney Hernandez, News Photo
Sydney Martinez News Photo
Ad Design for Literary Magazine Column Writing
Gregory Papp, In-depth News Package
Amber Ryan and Ady Grace Miller, Sports Column
Olivia Thomas and Rose Hicks, Feature Package
Sarah Barbour, has served as the Director of the Marietta Student Life Center since November 2021. She has filed a lawsuit against the Marietta City Schools district and Dr. DeMarcos Holland, the MCS Chief Human Resources Officer and former Marietta High School interim principal for discrimination and retaliation.
If an employee believes they have been discriminated against based on their race, gender, age, religion, disability, or other protected characteristic, they may choose to sue their employer without fear of retaliation.
The MSLC provides students with a safe space to receive counseling, mentoring, academic tutoring, and post-secondary planning. Dr. Rona Roberts previously served as the director of the MSLC for four years before Barbour took over. However, upon taking over Dr. Robert’s responsibilities, Barbour asserted that one of the programs run by the MSLC was mismanaged and she reported the situation to district leadership, which resulted in an audit of practices that the lawsuit claims were in place under Dr. Roberts’ leadership.
This is not to say that Dr. Holland, Dr. Roberts, and Barbour had not met to attempt to resolve these issues. However, the system and Barbour failed to come to terms with one another and the lawsuit claims she accused Dr. Holland of providing an abundance of support to Dr. Roberts, but he failed to support Barbour when she took over.
The lawsuit claims that funding for the MSLC was cut by the Marietta Board of Education because they didn't like Barbour's outspoken advocacy of the LGBTQ+ community. It also claims withholding opportunities that could have benefitted the Marietta Student Life Center and its students. It claims the program’s funding was cut, including 90 percent of the therapeutic programming and 75 percent of the non-therapeutic programming, which consequently left the MSLC unable to meet the needs of the students.
Another claim in the lawsuit is Dr. Holland used inflammatory and unfounded racial allegations against Barbour. It claims she received a lower score on her year-end evaluation on a particular category based on a race-related complaint from another Black employee. The claim further explains the Marietta Board of Education didn’t invite Barbour to participate in an end-of-year review of the Marietta Student Life Center, which Barbour argued that all other directors had been invited to in the past.
Furthermore, it claims that the School Board gradually began eliminating her duties as the director of the MSLC and planned on eliminating her position by the end of the school year and Dr. Holland encouraged Barbour to begin seeking employment outside of the MCS district.
"Comes
now, Plaintiff Sarah Barbour and herein submits the following Complaint for Damages and Equitable Relief against Defendant Marietta City School District and DeMarco (Defendant) Holland."
Marietta High is a governmental entity and thus has certain protections for employess while filing legal claims. Therefore, there are a variety of legal requirements and procedures that need to be followed to ensure that the employee who is suing is able to keep their job. Barbour continues to hold her directorial position at the Marietta Student Life Center, despite her filing the lawsuit.
The school and district have not been transparent about the issue.
"The district does not comment on pending litigation," Chris Fiore, the Chief Communications Officer for the District, said.
Only this 'no comment' was given as a response to formal inquiry.
“The school has kept quiet about the lawsuit, but a lot of students speculated that it was in response to the library’s book ban,” Anna Kinscherf (10) said.
Earlier this school year, Marietta City Schools deemed nearly two dozen books “sexually explicit” and removed them from the shelves of the Marietta High School library. The moves were approved by a 6-1 vote, with one board member opposed to both.
According to the Marietta Daily Journal, Superintendent Dr. Grant Rivera said, "I do not believe in any way any decisions made regarding the Student Life Center have anything to do with a child's sexual orientation."
Several people affiliated with the district, including Barbour, argued that the list of books banned from the library focused on themes and characters related to race and LGBTQ+ issues.
"Any suggestion ... that the board or the district is not funding the Student Life Center, regarding the funds that had been provided and approved by the board to go to the Student Life Center, is simply not accurate," Rivera said in the MDJ.
Since the district has not provided comment about the lawsuit, there in uncertainty about how the lawsuit will affect the following year concerning the MSLC and the students who rely on its services.
Services are being offered during the school day and after school. The Friday before spring break, the Student Life Center continued with their annual “Come and Get It” event, which prepares bags filled with snacks and other necessities that students may not have access to outside of the school day during the break.
“I think that it could’ve been possible to resolve the dispute without resulting in a lawsuit and it definitely wouldn’t have drawn as much attention to the school,” Kinscherf (10) said.
Clubs help all students at MHS get involved and meet new people. They allow students to express themselves and help out around the community. There are a wide variety of clubs that students can get involved in and help out in different ways. Some clubs are skill, career, and interest based while others are focused on the community and helping out around the school. Continue to the Pitchfork's website to read more about the amazing clubs offered at Marietta.
HOSA stands for Healthcare Occupations Students of America and has been a longstanding club at Marietta. The club is open to students who are involved in the healthcare pathway and gives them a place to explore the field of healthcare and all the opportunities that come with it. The chapter works to create a community of students passionate about healthcare and impact the community.
In February or March Georgia HOSA puts on a competitive event called State Leadership Conference (SLC) for HOSA chapters.
“My first year there were 9 of us who attended SLC and this year there were 16,” Alyssa Ramierez (12), the current president of HOSA, said.
HOSA is an application entry club that meets on the first Wednesday of every month. HOSA hosts many events to benefit the community, like their yearly blood drive, and they aim to expose and help students develop skills in the healthcare field.
Cards with Compassion is a new club at Marietta created by Abi Ogbomo(10) and Genevieve Smith(10). Ogbomo and Smith wanted to create a club that was new and helped to promote a positive environment throughout the school and held their first meeting in January.
“Cards with Compassion is a club that aims to bring positivity through our school through the form of written word,” Ogbomo said.
The club meets every Thursday morning and is sponsored by Mr. Phillips. This past semester students met to complete the Sticky Note Project, Take a Note Leave a Note, and are currently working on their Teacher Appreciation Project.
They meet to carry out different projects to increase positivity throughout the halls of Marietta and use the art of affirmations and random acts of kindness that can help the high school become a more optimistic and positive place.
"We are very excited to positivity throughout the Marietta community and grow our club." Smith said.
Lax Ladies was created by Ali Patrick (11) and Libby Holle (11) for the lacrosse season of 2023. Patrick and Holle saw that lacrosse parents were having to work at the games instead of being able to see their children play. Patrick and Holle created the club as a way to take the burden away from the parents and help with tasks necessary on game days.
“The club does a number of game day tasks such as, working the concession stand, running the clock and scoreboard, working the field table, photography, and social media.” Holle said.
The club aims to help with the lacrosse program so the games run smoothly. They also help fundraising and promote spirit for the teams. The club uses a signup genius for members to sign up to work different games and every member is required to work at least two games a season.
On February 22nd, The Augusta University student Laken Riley was attacked unexpectedly. In response, the administration has announced intentions to strengthen campus safety measures by installing blue light safety pole systems throughout the university grounds. Riley was killed on Thursday while she was running near Lake Herrick on the campus of the University of Georgia. Authorities detained Jose Ibarra, a 26-year-old who is suspected of killing her. Riley and Ibarra, according to the police, were strangers. The incident has shaken the UGA community, and instructors and students alike are calling for quick changes to safety procedures.
“It's disheartening to see my community hurting. It was definitely shocking to see something of that degree hap pen in our community of people." UGA junior Savannah Hernandez said. "As a young woman and runner myself, I've done a lot of reflection on how I can be safer on cam pus and outside of UGA.”
Students wonder if the implementation of these new policies and processes can successfully reduce any dangers and change the trajectory of any sad future incidents as they wait in anticipation. The university community is anxiously awaiting the installation of these safety measures, and there's a tangible sense of hope coupled with dread. Conversations on these adjustments lead to a group contemplation of how crucial preventative actions are for preparing for unanticipated events. Students increasingly feel that the university is making significant progress in improving campus safety and well-being by adopting a proactive stance.
“The attack was terrible and very saddening, but I have no concerns about the safety of UGA when I'll be there,” Jackson Bourgeois (12) said.
The purpose of the blue light safety pole systems, which are common on many college campuses around the country, is to give campus police a direct line of com munication in an emergency. These safety poles, which have loudspeakers, strobe lights, and emergency call buttons installed, act as guiding lights for kids and pro vide them with an easy way to get aid in an emergency.
Additionally, UGA authorities developed the "UGASafe" software, which has safety features like a blue light on a smartphone.
"The media has done a great job rewarding schools for enforcing greater safety measures by publicly ackmowledging those efforts. News stories about school safety initiatives might bring renewed relief to communities hat have questioned the strength of security resources before. There has also been a wave of news media that is questioning whether schools, communities and police
The blue light safety pole project is a component of a UGA endeavor to improve campus safety, which involves more campus police patrols, more illumination in dimly lit places, and instructional initiatives to raise students' awareness of personal safety.
Although the installation of the blue light safety pole systems is considered a step in the right direction for campus safety, some students are demanding that more be done. Some ideas for possible improvements to UGA's safety procedures include more security camera coverage and self-defense courses.
Students all over the country look forward to spring break every year. Students rush down to the beach to get a glimpse into summer vacation. Many students travel to destinations such as Cancun, the Jamaica, and The Bahamas. However, more popular spring break destinations include Panama City Beach and Miami Beach. During break, beaches are swarmed with people including thousands of students. Although this surge in tourism is great for the economies in these cities, the consequences far outway the benefits.
“In years passed, just because of the nature of where that area is, there seems to be a large influx of unruly teenagers,” Panama City Beach Captain John Deegins said. The beaches are not necessarily shutting down; however, the government is implementing new rules to ensure that students are not as reckless over break. During a PCB council meeting, it was decided that certain beaches would be closed during spring break. Sandy Gulf Beach will be closed from access points 25 to 36 throughout March 15 to April 30. The beach will also be closed to the public after 10 p.m.
“By enacting this beach, closure enables our officers to be other places, to help other people, and to keep our community safe."
“In years passed, just because of the nature of where that area is, there seems to be a large influx of unruly teenagers.”
The 2023 spring break season was one of the most chaotic breaks yet. Following the spring break of 2023, PCB was classified as the world’s deadliest beach in America. A total of six vacationers died and 237 rescues occurred. According to Panama City law enforcement, failing to follow these new laws will result in a minimum $500 fine or
a misdemeanor arrest. The beach will also be required to renew this temporary law every year.
These rules are not necessarily new considering the beach first started enforcing spring break rules in 2021. Since the project was first started, reported incidents have decreased by 91 percent.
At the beginning of spring break season, the city council of Panama City made the executive decision to close one strip of the beach, called Sandy Beach, from 10 p.m. to 4 a.m. everyday until April 30.
On the other hand, Miami beach recently released a commercial advising students not to travel to the beach for the sake of residents. The beach has enforced a strict midnight curfew, DUI checkpoints, and bag checks throughout the city.
In Miami, rentals including AirBnB and VRBO will not be available for stays less than six months and one day. This means that rentals will only be permitted for prolonged stays or for residents. All other vacationing individuals will be required to stay in hotels or...The consequence of not following this newly created laws are fines ranging from $1,000 to $5,000 per day. People that
“I believe that reintroducing blue lights to campus is definitely productive for the university and its students. I don't know if I necessarily had to use them beforehand, but with that being said, my friends and I always made sure to travel in large groups at night due to this fact. I think creating more can certainly not hurt and will be beneficial in the long run,” UGA student Bella Peck said.
The installation of the blue light safety pole systems serves as a concrete reminder of the university's commitment to putting students' safety and security first, even as the UGA community continues to struggle in the wake of the Laken Riley attack.
These poles will be positioned thoughtfully throughout the campus to provide optimal coverage and ease of access. Every pole will have emergency buttons so that help may be called for quickly when needed. UGA is dedicated to creating a safe environment that supports education and individual development. The university's commitment to neighborhood safety and student welfare is demonstrated by this program.
Marietta student runners and members of the community began to worry of the safety of their community and if we need to implement certain aspects into our town to help with these concerns. Brooklyn McVicker is a senior cross country runner at Marietta High School. Following the attack on Riley, McVicker highlights the concerns she has as she travels through forests for her sport.
"I think regarding the recent event at UGA, I believe it's definitely best for us runners to run with a buddy or even a male runner and carry some sort of device so that you're able to contact someone in the event it feels something is off. I think those things would help to avoid some possible things that could happen," McVicker (12) said.
are arrested will also be required to spend at least one day in jail.
These laws created to keep the city and citizens safe were more targeted to college students. Most college spring break weeks fall within the same time frame. However, most highschools have different spring break weeks throughout March and April. This has caused the beaches to extend the longevity of these laws to last through the entire two months. Considering the new implementations, many students decided to vacation in different spots. This year during high school spring break, many students turned to locations such as 30A, a vast strip of beaches in the panhandle of Florida.
“It’s just getting crazier and crazier. I will say that there are a lot of kids that are not respectful to the commu-
nity,
and I do think it’s dangerous.”
Throughout the frenzy of college spring break during the first weeks of March, beaches such as 30A were preparing. Before break began, the beach was preparing by reminding tourists of their zero tolerance policy for underage drinking and large unruly crowds.
“We have a plan in order to deal with Dogwood Beach access that includes shutting it down if we need to,” Walton sheriff Audie Roswell said.
Over the past week, The Walton County Sheriff's Department suspended beach access starting at 7 p.m. The suspension began because of the increasing amount of unsupervised minors on the beach. During the week April 1-5, thousands of teens flocked to 30A in order to escape the regulations and curfews on other beaches. However, mayhem ensued as many teens were arrested for fights, underage drinking, and general rowdiness. During that week it was confirmed that one teen was tased and three tenants were removed from their vacation homes.
Protesting is a concept that’s been around since the dawn of modern civilization. The main idea of protesting is to try to convince a government or organization to answer to your requests, with a group of people. Some protests are peaceful and involve chants, marches, petitions, etc. Other protests can try to convince leaders by force, whether that be raids, looting and harm to others and/or yourself. This is what we would call “extreme protesting”. Protesting is an integral part of society and has been an essential part of starting change, but the question of whether it’s worth it or not has also been around just as long.
One of the earliest recorded protests was in Egypt during the 12th century BCE, where a group of workers went on strike due to poor wages and working conditions. The workers also went to the temple of Ramses III and sent a written list of complaints. Another early protest was known as the Nika riots, or Nika revolt. In A.D. 532, over 30,000 people in Constantinople died from the riots, along with a sizable portion of the city being burnt to the ground. The protests started because of the people’s discontent over the current emperor of the Byzantine empire, Justinian I. After the week long riot, however, nothing much changed. In fact, Justinan I executed any government official who was in support of the riot. This, or course, begs the question of whether or not extreme protesting like this is even effective.
While lots of things have changed throughout human history, protesting really hasn’t. The idea of using it to send a message to corporations or governments has remained the same, and the methods of protesting have also been similar. However, with the new age of technology, a new style of protesting has emerged. People can hack websites, send viruses to specific people, or just simply state their views online with no consequence. This, of course, has positives and negatives, but online protesting is also still relatively new and is still being explored.
Outside of the digital world, an example of modern-day protesting would be the famous Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests that mainly took place in 2020 and 2021. These series of protests all around the country sprung from the killing of George Floyd by a police officer using excessive force, which quickly sparked outrage across the country, and even the world. Protests started as soon as May 26th in Minneapolis, only a day after the incident, and within the next few days, the protests would spread to almost all major cities in the U.S. While lots of protests were simply marches, there were a number of protests that included looting local stores or even violence. This created a divide in the country between people who thought that extreme protesting was necessary, and people who thought that it did more harm than good. The BLM protests are also a good example of a series of protests that also branched out online, with it being a hot topic at the time. People posted a black screen in support of the BLM movement, and people, especially celebrities, came out and shared their opinions on the events that took place.
Another series of protests that has started relatively recently are the ones in support of Palestine. Israel and Palestine are currently at war, however the Israeli government’s treatment of the Palestinian people not only now but for the last 75 years has gotten to a breaking point. The Israeli government has repeatedly oppressed the Palestinian people by not allowing sufficient amounts of food, water, aid, and even shutting down the internet. Most of these issues started before the war too, so the reasoning that the Israeli government is just defending themselves falls flat. Many people all over the world have shown their support for the people of Palestine and against the genocide imposed by the Israeli government.
Extreme protesting is something a lot of people would consider a gray area in their moral compass. Obviously the cause is good, but are the repercussions worth it?
Detractors of extreme protesting often highlight concerns about its poten tial to alienate allies and undermine the movement’s objectives. While the intent may be to draw attention to a cause, instances of violence or destruction can overshadow the message and lead to negative perceptions in the pub lic eye. For example, during some BLM protests, incidents of looting and property damage diverted attention from the core issues of racial injustice and police brutality, leading to stereotypes that caused division within com munities. Moreover, extreme tactics may also provoke a harsh response from authorities, escalating tensions and potentially endangering protesters. A key example would be the protests in support of Ukraine, violent clashes with po lice resulted in casualties and a crackdown on dissent, dampening the initial momentum of the movement and complicating efforts toward reform.
Furthermore, the effectiveness of extreme protesting can vary depending on the socio-political context. In some cases, governments may use extreme tactics as an excuse to justify repression or ignore legitimate grievances, thereby undermining the movement’s goals. The Palestinian protests, for in stance, have faced challenges in garnering meaningful international support and achieving tangible progress towards a resolution due to geopolitical com plexities and entrenched interests.
Detractors of extreme protesting often highlight concerns about its potential to alienate allies and undermine the movement’s objectives. While the intent may be to draw attention to a cause, instances of violence or destruction can overshadow the message and lead to negative perceptions in the public eye. For example, during some BLM protests, incidents of looting and property damage diverted attention from the core issues of racial injustice and police brutality, leading to stereotypes that caused division within communities. Moreover, extreme tactics may also provoke a harsh response from authorities, escalating tensions and potentially endangering protesters. A key example would be the protests in support of Ukraine, violent clashes with police resulted in casualties and a crackdown on dissent, dampening the initial momentum of the movement and complicating efforts toward reform.
Furthermore, the effectiveness of extreme protesting can vary depend ing on the socio-political context. In some cases, governments may use extreme tactics as an excuse to justify repression or ignore legitimate grievances, thereby undermining the movement’s goals. The Palestinian protests, for instance, have faced challenges in garnering meaningful in ternational support and achieving tangible progress towards a resolution due to geopolitical complexities and entrenched interests.
Aaron Bushnell is the most recent example of extreme protesting, in this case self-inflicted. Bushnell was a 25 year old man in the Air Force, and had been fed up with the recent situation in Gaza. On Feb. 25 of this year, Bushnell stood outside the Israeli embassy in Washington D.C., and poured gasoline himself. “I will no longer be complicit in genocide,” he stated. He yelled, “Free Palestine!” as he lit himself on fire. The secret service had a gun pointed him as he was on fire, although some officers were getting fire extinguishers and trying to put him out. By 10:06 p.m the next day, Bushnell had been pronounced dead. This protest sparked quite the controversy, with some people saying it was completely justified, some people saying it was pointless, and some people saying that he’s wrong in doing so.
STUDENT SURVEY: IS EXTREME PROTESTING EFFECTIVE?
DEPENDS NO YES
In the chaotic high school environment, students frequently encounter the daunting challenge of balancing their athletic and academic responsibilities. Balancing the responsibilities of both athletics and education is the ultimate goal. Marietta has three student athletes, Oliver Wagner (12), Kyle Jansen (12), and Junior Enamorado (10), who share time between the Atlanta UTD professional development teams and Marietta, growing both their soccer skills and completing high school.
These student-athletes have to navigate a challenging environment where each moment matters, and each responsibility competes for their focus. Specifically, they practice during school hours due to more time-consuming activities.
Wagner is a center-back with jersey number 59. To balance academics and soccer, he tries to be consistent with having time for athletics and school work. Jansen is a goalkeeper with jersey number 52. He balances academics and soccer by keeping his priorities straight and focusing on the most critical moment. Enamorado is a left-wing with jersey number 33.
With practices in the early hours of the day, study sessions that may extend into the night, and competition-filled weekends long hours become the standard rather than the exception.
“After school, you can just work on and focus on school work, and I have to worry about other distractions," Wagner (12) said.
Although some would view athletics as a diversion from academics, these students are devoted to sports and won’t give it up.
“I think it’s important to know how to put your attention on specific things; when it’s time to focus on one thing, you do that, then there is going to be time to do both," Jansen (12) said.
But this commitment has its own set of difficulties. Focusing on what is most valuable about being on a team is always essential.
“The most important part of a team is my teammates; whenever I’m going through a rough patch, they are the people I would look towards to help motivate and give me energy,” Wagner (12) said.
“The team and the friends I make along the way motivate me,” Enamorado (10) said.
The student-athletes gain valuable lessons about self-control, perseverance, and teamwork beyond the classroom or the field. They show that anything is achievable with dedication, drive, and an unshakable commitment to one’s objectives by their commitment and hard work.
“I think just learning how to deal with adversity when things don’t go your way and how to bounce back. To continue to do your best every day no matter what,” Jansen 12 said.
Marietta High School's varsity soccer teams have kicked the season off. Boys head-coach Robert Holman is leading the boys in a 6-9 season, while girls head-coach Thomas Buresi has the girls team in a 3-11 season. Tuesday Mar. 12, Marietta celebrated its seniors at the annual senior night game. Teammates and parents
player
What is your favorite memory from Marietta soccer?
"I would say my favorite memory would be our trip to Houston County. We left early and spent the day there visiting a museum and stopping at bucees before our game that afternoon."
What is one lesson being on varsity soccer has taught you?
"MHS soccer has helped teach me to be resilient through tough losses and also in my everyday life."
What is your favorite game-day tradition?
"My favorite game-day tradition is definitely doing temporary tattoos as a team before every game. It's a fun way to get in the spirit and has become a tradition over the past few years for our team."
Enamorado explains how soccer has impacted his life both on and off the field.
Student-athletes like Wagner, Jansen and Enamorado have the responsibility of managing both academics and sports in the chaotic environment of high school. They demonstrate persistence, dedication, and determination despite their demanding schedules, demonstrating priceless lessons in time management, priorities, and cooperation. They exhibit the transforming potential of athletics. Their experiences illustrate the lasting value of dedication, motivation, and teamwork in achieving success in sports and academics.
honored and cheered on their seniors with overflowing amounts of love as the season began to wrap up. Both varsity teams faced a tough opponent, North Cobb High School. After a hard fight both teams lost, but there was no lack of spirit from the senior Blue Devils. While it was a loss, there were still exciting moments throughout the
There are still just a few games left so make sure to show up and show-out to support
What is your favorite memory from Marietta soccer?
"My favorite memory from mhs is when we made playoffs and being captain my freshman year for varsity."
What is one lesson being on varsity soccer has taught you?
"I've learned a lot from mhs soccer but I learned to enjoy every moment, because those friends leave for the next phase in life and you may never see them again."
What is your favorite game-day tradition?
"My favorite game-day tradition is sleeping, I have to sleep before a game for at least 30 minutes to be recharged. Since school is stressful sometimes."
Varsity boys player Kevin Rivera (11)Marietta High School houses 22 sports and over 50 teams. These teams practice nearly six days a week, requiring large amounts of attention from their players and program. Water, meals and organization must be provided efficiently to flow smoothly. With so many sports programs, the possibilities for volunteer opportunities are plentiful. Clubs such as Sports Medicine and Diamond Dolls allow students to spend time at school doing things they enjoy and contributing to the success of sports teams off of the field. Students learn communication, leadership, time management and confidence, which will benefit them in their future endeavors.
Marietta’s Diamond Dolls program has been running since 2018 and has been benefiting the Marietta Boys baseball team since its foundation. Lynne Underwood formed the club during her son, William Underwood, years as a MHS baseball player. Currently run by Laurie Gazaway, a total of 28 members, consisting of sophomores, juniors and senior girls, assist the team from behind-the-scenes. Ella Gardenhire (12), a three year member of the club, said that it is an opportunity for students to be involved in their community.
"The Diamond Dolls work the concession stands at baseball games, set up fundraisers, and help out at the annual Pancake Breakfast, Gardenhire said.
The Pancake Breakfast is one of many fundraisers that assist the team for their upcoming season. Community members buy tickets for the breakfast, in order to have the baseball team cook pancakes for them.
“The Diamond Dolls have helped us out this year by providing us with food after the double headers and after the games. They are also great in the community as they help us with baseball events and fundraisers,” Luke Fennelly (11) said.
At the end of the season, senior members are recognized in thanks of their hard work throughout the baseball season.
The sports medicine program is run by a total of four athletic trainers from many different backgrounds: Jeff Hopp, Erika Davis, Emily Rivera and Alli Bird. A part of this team is also a group of orthopedic specialist from the Wellstar Pediatric Orthopedic Care Center. Sports medicine provides quality healthcare to all Marietta athletes, regardless if they attend MHS or not. With a total of 24 members, consisting of sophmores and juniors. The team partakes in sports practices and games, providing water, snacks and the highest quality of care to its athletes. The program also offers health insurance to all of its athletes, allowing for any student to participate in athletic activities. Freshman Malia Moore, a first year member of sports medicine, said the program has benefitted her very much, and when asked what sports medicine is, she shares that it is much more than just the program.
"Sports medicine helps Marietta's athletes when they come in for rehab or any injuries.We treat them and acess the damage, and help them get back to doing the sport that they love," Moore said. "I joined sports medicine because my friend has a great experience as a member. Honestly the community within sports medicine has been great and I have learned a lot from all the athletic trainers," Moore said.
In 2007, the iPhone was introduced to the technological market and changed how society views technology today. It changed how the world communicated and aided in developing more efficient international technologies. Throughout history, many societal changes occurred due to the introduction of technology. In the 2020s, the world was faced with a new technology, Artificial intelligence. Although this technology isn’t understood, its newfound accessibility to people who have access to the internet hascaused people worldwide to be more aware of its presence.
Artificial Intelligence mediums have made their way into the music industry causing issues with artists and their abilities. Artists have used AI and generative technology to help them compose their music however the integrity of their songwriting is being compromised with the advancement of new AI mediums.
Marietta High School student Peter Brown, who writes and produces his own music, views AI as a helpful tool especially for those who do it all.
“I use it [AI] for my instrumentals. I use it to separate the tracks into the different parts: vocals, beats, bass, etc. That way I could adjust any parts any way I want to, and that makes my music better” Brown (12).
He is able to utilize it to improve his music and give him a baseline for his songs and music. Brown also uses AI to generate basic ideas and words that relate with the theme of his songs or phrases and words that rhyme. However, he doesn’t generate entire songs from AI.
In more mainstream music, many artists are up in arms about the usage of artificial intelligence in their music creation. The Artists Rights Alliance, a non-profit organization, issued an open letter targeted towards the creators of various artificial intelligence platforms, pleading for the prohibition of AI generated music.
“We, the undersigned members of the artist and songwriting communities, call on AI developers, technology companies, platforms , and digital music services to cease the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to infringe upon and devalue the rights of human artists,” the Artists Rights Alliance said.
Over 200 artists signed this letter which include but is not limited to Billie Eilish, R.E.M, Nicki Minaj, Jon Bon Jovi and Smokey Robinson. This came to fruition from people’s ability to generate various artists singing songs that they’ve never sang before. Also, it derives from the usage of the average person having the ability to generate music of decent quality relatively easily.
An example of stems from 2023, when someone posted an AI generated song on social media, sung by the artists
The Weeknd and Drake. Drake voiced his disapproval of AI cloning his voice to create these songs via Instagram. Artists view artificial intelligence generated music as lacking human connection which is what they greatly value in their work. They further discuss how it violates artists rights as people to protect their image and unique sound that they worked for years to individualize.
The letter concludes by saying, “This assault on human creativity must be stopped. We must protect against the predatory use of AI to steal professional artists’ voices and likenesses, violate creators’ rights, and destroy the music ecosystem,” Artist Rights Alliance said.
What started as a few small broadcasts has turned into a worldwide service with more than 200 different platforms offering a variety of movies and television. Services like Netflix, Disney Plus, Paramount Plus, Hulu and Max show the extreme heights that streaming has reached. In 2023, Netflix had 260 million people worldwide who paid to watch shows on their network. Despite the grand scale streaming is now reaching, it stemmed from simple beginnings.
The first live-streamed event was a concert by an American garage rock band. Mark Weiser, who played drums for the band, also worked at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, where multicast backbone streaming technology was then being developed. To prove this technology worked, the development team broadcast Weiser and his friends playing their concert in 1993. Larger concerts, such as the Rolling Stones, were broadcast the following year, however, the expense of the equipment allowed only a certain number of computers to stream the event.
Streaming media quickly continued to gain popularity through the early 2000s. YouTube, the first popular video-streaming site, was founded in 2005, and Netflix introduced its first video-on-demand service in 2007. Through this service, customers could have movies and television shows delivered to their doorstep for immediate viewing. Once they mailed their current movie back, the next one would be delivered to them. However, for the streaming sites, issues like buffering delays began to occur and the industry had to
change protocols that affected the transfer of data. The problem was fixed by giving ordinary web servers the ability to stream high-quality media. From 2010 to 2012, more than 50 companies worked with the International Organization for Standardization and other groups to develop a new protocol that worked with any other one. The move unlocked the full potential of streaming media and allowed the industry to continue to grow.
In 2019, what is known as the “streaming wars” began. When Disney released its newest platform, Disney Plus, challenging Netflix, other companies fought to do the same. Companies sought to differentiate themselves by introducing popular television shows and films, and even releasing self-produced content. Netflix started releasing Netflix Originals, exclusive content that is not available on other platforms. The company invested billions of dollars to create its own original shows and movies, hoping to entice viewers to purchase their subscriptions instead of their competitors’.
When the COVID-19 virus hit, it accelerated streaming by forcing people to remain in their homes. Watching television was one of the few forms of entertainment and therefore increased the “streaming wars”. Each platform fought for a share of the skyrocketing subscription numbers.
After COVID-19 ended and the subscription numbers leveled out, their attention strayed from subscription amounts to how much money they could make. Even with adding advertisements, bundling and restricting password sharing, popular
companies will most likely continue to have to consolidate with other services in order to generate sufficient cash flow. For example, in 2023, it was announced that HBO Max and Discovery Plus would consolidate into one service, called Max. Additionally, services offer bundles where viewers can pay one price for multiple streaming services included in the bundle. Out of all the ways streaming services have attempted to make more money, the restriction of password sharing has been the most influential and caused the most outrage. Families who share one account are unable to watch on more than three or four screens at a time. The only solution to adding more screens is to pay more, which many are against. Both Netflix and Disney Plus allow for four screens to watch
at one time, and Paramount Plus allows three screens to simultaneously watch. While many are angered by this fact, it is crucial for these companies to continue to bring in high revenue if they are going to allow subscribers to use their services. With the movie and television industry booming, there is no doubt that these platforms will continue to bring in popular shows and films to entice people to continue watching. Disney Plus has brought the Eras Tour to its platform and Netflix has brought back movies that were not previously available, such as the Mamma Mia franchise.
The streaming industry will continue to grow over the next several years, and subscribers can expect to see more changes.
“Our Circle of loving and caring ladies have been together for many years. We delight in fellowship together, nurture each other and lend support to each other in times of need. We invite ladies of any age to join us."
-Linda Newiger, Circle LeaderThe United Methodist Women of the Marietta First United Methodist Church have formed a number of small groups that allow members to actively participate in their community. One long-standing circle of Women’s Ministry is the Nobia Frey Circle. Established in 1958, the Nobia Frey Circle hosts monthly meetings where they organize Bible-based programs for their attendees. The meetings take place on the second Wednesday of every month at 10:30 a.m. The circle was named after Mrs. Nobia Frey, who served as a leader in children’s work within the church’s conferences. Although it is mainly composed of middle-aged women, the circle serves women of all ages.
Through events, service hours and fun activities, Nobia Frey Circle’s mission is to give back to their community in the spirit of Christ while also giving women their own space in the church. Linda Newiger, who is a longtime circle leader of the organization, says that contributions are intended to better the lives of everyone involved.
“We pray that these gifts to mission help to strengthen others in body and life,” Newiger said.
Aside from providing support to the women of the church, Nobia Frey Circle frequently donates to their community. The group provides monetary and mission gifts to local missions and organizations around Marietta in order to support families in need. A few recipients of their proceeds include MUST Ministries, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Park Street Elementary School’s PTA. Their outreach also extends globally through a sponsored scholarship at New Horizon Methodist school in Paraguay. Women of he Marietta community are welcome to join to the circle at any time.
Renet'e Washington became a therapist so that she could help clients uncover the core of their mental concerns and resolved them accordingly. She founded Refined Beginnings Counseling so that she could provide a space for her community to seek guidance. Their practice clients are 95% female, which allows the office to specifically address issues that pertain to women.
The organization hosts workshops, seminars and events that discuss the importance of mental illness. In support of Women’s History Month, Refined Beginnings Counseling offers discounted services to increase access to mental health services. In addition, they also have a non-profit branch called Bridged Connections, that counsels women and teen moms in the fields of entrepreneurship and career pursuit. In the past year, Refined Beginnings has helped ten women start their own businesses. In total, they have served a combined number of 456 therapy clients. Additionally, they have been able to free events and therapy sessions to those in need as well as offer pro bono therapy to five clients. Washington invites members of her community to participate in their mission. Both Refined Beginnings and Bridged Connections are seeking volunteers of all ages to support their work. They look forward to further extending their work in the future. Donations can be made to either organization through money servicing platforms or directly at their office in Kennesaw.
“Supporting women is essential because we have made enormous strides in propelling America to greatness, and women are still contributing by being innovative, so women need the space and support to continue to grow professionally and personally."
-Renet'e Washington, Founder
Moms Before Anything
“We want to ensure mothers’ health and wellbeing are prioritized which is why MomBAE represents our motto: Moms, Before Anything Else.”
-Leesey Bengall, Executive Director
Moms Before Anything Else, or MomBAE, was founded by Leesey Bengall after her intense experience with pregnancy. Shortly after the birth of her twins, she experienced health complications that worsened with her postpartum depression. Her issues were dismissed as normal until she was in need of two blood transfusions. After her recovery, she was determined to support other mothers that were experiencing the same medical negligence during their maternal journeys.
MomBAE started off as a small support group for postpartum moms to connect, but officially became a 501(c) (3) organization in 2021. The organization is heavily centered around volunteer work and allows young people to work alongside professionals. For Women’s History Month, MomBAE partners with women’s rights organizations to host workshops at local schools and community centers. The group plans to launch their Postpartum Assistance Program in 2025, which will expand their outreach. Through this program, eligible mothers who exemplify financial need will be able to receive essential items for child care such as diapers, wipes and food. Additionally, members of the PAP team will offer at-home assistance to new mothers. MomBAE encourages people to get involved in a variety of ways. Outside of volunteering throughout the year or joining the PAP program, people can promote the organization via MOomBAE’s social media toolkit. The group also accepts donations and sponsorships throughout the year that contribute to materials for mothers.
Since its beginning, MomBAE has received plenty of gratitude from women who have benefited from the provided maternal support. The organization is always seeking younger volunteers that are looking for work experience or an opportunity to engage in community outreach.
“Supporting women is not only important, but necessary. Women are the foundation of any community, whether in the US or worldwide,” Bengall said.
Like all fashion styles, prom dress designs come and go. Every year, a new trend appears in the dress department at the local prom dress stores. There is usually a new trend every year, but there is much greater difference in the decades of prom dress styles.
High school adopted prom in the 1920s for a way to show teenagers their cultural normals and stereotypes of their gender. Fashion experienced a heavily influenced revolution, growing away from extravagant and restrictive Victorian periods. Dresses became more revealing and looser on the woman’s frame.
In the 1930s, fashion was influenced by Hollywood so dresses became elegant, silky and tight on the figure. There would often be a puffier style, whether that be the sleeves or the train of the dress. Waist accentuation made a comeback where women would wear trainers or corsets to make their figure more hourglass-like.
The 1940s, World War II was taking place so many high school boys were drafted for war. This didn’t stop the boys from having fun, as they would wear their uni-
forms to the dances and dresses were made with recycled fabrics due to production and factories, focusing on the supply of weapons and machinery for war. This also didn’t ruin the fun for high school girls that have dreamed of their prom night.
In the 1950s, the dresses became more modest as they went down enough to cover the feet, and they were more full skirted. Dresses were extravagant and featured ruffles and lace. This era introduced a more curve, hugging look on the upper area and a bigger fluff for the lower portion.
Popular 2000s fashion included minimalist and less popular colors like aqua were more favorites. Ruffles were gaining popularity during this time to give a layering effect on the lower part.
In the 2010s, prom fashions at the real dresses that most girls would take from Pinterest, it was more of a funky style with bedazzles as the main accessory. There were a lot of two piece prom dresses and more daring colors and patterns.
Garrett Hunter is pictured with a friend. She attended Marietta High School and was a part of the class of 1996. During this decade, shorter dresses were commonly worn at prom.
Kayla Dungee (right) is pictured with her date. Kayla attended Marietta, class of 2015. The design of her dress aligns with the sparkly aspect from the 2010s. Teal blue was popular betwen the years of 2014-2016.
The 2020s dresses are adapting a more casual picnic style. All the rage is for dresses that are floral and flowy. Picnic style is not a one time wear like other prom dresses so it’s more appealing to many girls. A girl is more willing to pay $400 for a dress when it won’t sit her closet after prom night. A lot of controversy has sparked because some girls feel that prom is the one time to go all out and a picnic style dress is a polywear.
“I’m all for it. At the end of the day, a prom dress should be selected based on what makes you feel and look beautiful,” Asha Jones (12).
Girls can wear these maxi dresses for sorority in the future or a picnic. All the rave is for picnic style dresses because the colors, patterns and style complement so well with the springtime that prom is always held in. Whether it’s 1990 or 2024, any girl can wear whatever dress they feel captures their beauty the most. Nobody has to be a follower in the “new trends”.
Yolanda Payton, teacher (left) with friends at Northside High School’s prom in the early 2000s. The dresses sported by the girls in this picture display the fun patterns and bright colors that were popular during this time.
Claire Leiter and Lauren Poston are pictured during Marietta’s 2023 prom. Their dress are the perfect depiction of picnic style dresses. The floral pattern and flowy materials of the dresses match the season of spring.
Date: April 27
Time: 7:30-11:30 p.m
Location: Hilton
Atlanta Marietta Hotel & Conference Center
Requirements:
- Students must have six or less absences from Jan. 9, 2024
-Students must have six or less tardies to school from Jan. 9, 2024
-Students must have no record of ISS or OSS
-Students must have paid all outstanding fines