THE RIVER WHISPERS
PROPOSITIONS STUDIO ARCH 672/UD732
Graduate Students:
Zannatun Alim
Deepa Bansal
Virginia Bassily
Jaydipkumar Bharatbhai Nakrani
Jordan Biniker
Haley Cope
Stephanie Dutan
Max Freyberger
Akshita Mandhyan
Nahj Marium
Srinjayee Saha
Yi Min Tan
Instructor:
Maria Arquero de Alarcon
Associate Professor in Architecture + Urban Planning
In partnership with Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE):
Mathivanan M.
Maria Antony P.
Dr. Thanigaivel A.
Saravanan A.
Thalavaipandi S.
Sanmadi K.R.
Teresa Scholastica Thomas
Santhanamari
Anish A.
Karthika
Sponsor:
A.Alfred Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning Travel Fund and the Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Initiative
TAUBMAN COLLEGE
Achitecture-Urban Planning
University of Michigan
OPERATIVE ATLAS
CASE STUDIES PROJECTS
INTRODUCTION
SUNGEI BULOH WETLAND RESERVE
MAPUNGUBWE INTERPRETATION CENTRE
TENEMENT MUSEUM
CONFLICTORIUM
NORTHEAST BAMBOO PAVILION ARCHAEOLOGICAL
PARK KALKRIESE
INTRODUCTION
WATER REMEMBERS
THE SACRED VILLAGE SECRETS
MISSING MOBILE
REFERENCES
ATREE BIOS
STUDENT BIOS
Akshita Mandhyan
Srinjayee Saha
Stephanie Dutan Max Freyberger
Nahj Marium
Yi Min Tan
INTRODUCTION
We started the semester working on an Operative Atlas, a comprehensive resource as a way to gain a deeper understanding of place. This effort involved an extensive exploration of various dimensions, starting from the broader national and state-level context before narrowing down to the local scale.
Our research began with an overview of India and the state of Tamil Nadu, focusing on their administrative structures, cultural dynamics, and the interplay between these systems. This helped us gain insights into the governance mechanisms, historical influences, and sociocultural nuances that shape the region. Additionally, we studied the major river systems and biodiversity networks, along with the authorities and frameworks that manage and protect these vital ecosystems.
As we delved deeper, our focus naturally transitioned to ecological aspects, with a special emphasis on the Tamirabarani watershed and its surrounding wetlands. This investigation revealed the interconnectedness of the river, wetlands, and human activity. We explored the types of crops cultivated in the area, uncovering how traditional agricultural practices are intricately tied to the landscape, soil, and climatic conditions.
Zooming in further, we studied the specific features of the village of Thirupudaimaruthur, uncovering its unique seasons, the classical concept of the five landscapes, and the vibrant ecological systems that define its environment. Our research also encompassed the Thirupudaimaruthur Bird Conservation Reserve (TBCR), where we studied the habits and nesting seasons of the birds, the native plant species that support this ecosystem, and the key challenges the reserve is facing today.
To contextualize this understanding within a temporal framework, we curated a detailed timeline of the area’s history. This timeline captured major events, shifts, and patterns over time, providing a lens through which to understand the evolution of the region. By placing the village’s current state within this broader historical arc, we gained valuable insights into its past influences and future potential. Through this layered research, our atlas became a guiding study, grounding us in the essence of the region of study.
INDIA AND TAMIL NADU AT A GLANCE
IDENTITY WATER SCAPES
BIODIVERSITY CULTURE
IDENTITY
India is a rising global power with a unique identity shaped by its diverse culture, democratic political system, and growing economic influence. As the world’s most populous democracy, India plays a crucial role in global politics, advocating for multilateralism and cooperation on issues like climate change, trade, and security. Its economy, one of the largest and fastestgrowing, is driven by sectors like information technology, agriculture, manufacturing, and services, positioning India as an emerging economic leader.
However, rapid urbanization and industrialization have led to significant environmental challenges, including air and water pollution, deforestation, and waste management issues. Regional disparities and conflicts over resources and identity also pose significant obstacles to cohesive national progress. Socially, the country grapples with deep-rooted inequalities based on caste, religion, and gender, which often fuel discrimination and unrest. Despite economic growth, millions still face poverty, unemployment, and lack of access to basic services like education and healthcare.
Politically, India operates as a federal parliamentary democracy, with a robust government structure where powers are shared between the central and state governments. Regional and national political parties frequently clash over issues like resource allocation, language, and identity politics. Thus, balancing economic growth with social justice and political stability remains a key challenge for India’s future.
and grandeur converge.”
The iconic Rashtrapati Bhavan and Central Vista, where governance
OVERVIEW
7th LARGEST Country by
Geographical Area
Officially recognized languages
MOST populous democracy Bengali Sindhi Punjabi Malayam Kannada Tamil Kashmiri Manipuri Maithili Assamese Dogri Bodo Marathi Sanskrit Urdu Nepali Telugu Hindi Odia Gujarati Santhali Konkani World’s THIRD
As of October 2023
914
Females
Average age 28.4 years
1000
Males
Currency Indian Rupee (INR)
INR per day
28 States
8 Union Territories
A sovereign nation governed by a Union government (or central government) under a parliamentary system
RURAL
TALUK also known as tehsil or mandal
URBAN
CORPORATION
INDIA
POLITICAL IDENTITY
Adopted on January 26, 1950, India’s political framework is guided by its Constitution. It guarantees fundamental rights such as equality, freedom of speech, and religious freedom, while also promoting principles like secularism, social justice, and democracy. The country has a multi party system, including the federal parliamentary system, and divides powers between the central and state governments.
MAJOR PARTIES
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Prime Minister-Narendra Modi
303 / 545 seats
The party focus on social welfare schemes, infrastructure development, and promoting Hindu cultural values. However, this also faced criticism for rising polarization, religious tensions, and challenges like unemployment and farmers’ protests.
India National Congress (INC)
Rahul Gandhi
75 / 545 seats
One of India’s oldest, historically played a key role in India’s independence movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. Its key goals include improving access to education, healthcare, and social welfare programs, as well as maintaining communal harmony and upholding constitutional values.
India boasts a dynamic and rapidly growing economy. Cities like Bengaluru and Mumbai are global IT hubs, driven by a young workforce and significant foreign investment. While India excels in IT services, biotechnology, and pharmaceuticals, it faces challenges such as inequality, poverty, infrastructure gaps, and regulatory hurdles. Recent reforms like Goods and Services Tax (GST), “Make in India”, and Digital India aim to improve business conditions and attract investment.
Rice Sugarcane Cotton Wheat
Jammu and Kashmir
41,974,218
Punjab 27,704,236
Haryana 25,353,081
Delhi 16,753,235
Rajasthan 68,548,437
Gujarat 60,439,692
Madhya Pradesh 72,626,809
Maharashtra 112,374,333
Goa 60,439,692
Karnataka 61,095,297
Lakshadweep 64.429
Kerala 33,387,677
Himachal Pradesh 33,387,677
Uttarakhand
104,099,452
Bihar 104,099,452
Sikkim 607,688
Meghalaya 2,964,007
Assam 31,169,272
Arunachal Pradesh 60,439,692
Nagaland 61,095,297
Manipur 68,548,437
Mizoram 1,091,094
Tripura 32,966,238
Jharkhand 32,966,238
Odisha 41,974,218
Chhatisgarh 25,540,196
Telangana 35,193,978
Andhra Pradesh 84,665,533
Puducherry 1,244,464
Tamil
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 379,944
Indian Political Boundaries
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Kerala
Tamil Nadu Districts
Ariyalur
Chengalpattu
Chennai
Coimbatore
Cuddalore
Dharmapuri
Dindigul
Erode
Kallakurichi
Kancheepuram
Kanyakumari
Karur
Krishnagiri
Madurai
Mayiladuthurai
Nagapattinam
Namakkal
Nilgiris
Perambalur
Pudukottai
Ramanathapuram
Ranipet
Salem
Sivaganga
Tenkasi
Thanjavur
Theni
Thootukudi
Tiruchirapalli
Tirunalveli
Tirupathur
Tiruppur
Tiruvallur
Tiruvannamalai
Tiruvarur
Vellore
Villuputam
Virudhunagar
TAMIL NADU
What sets Tamil Nadu apart from other Indian states is its unwavering regional identity, which manifests in its political autonomy, economic self-reliance, and cultural pride. The state’s emphasis on education and human development has resulted in high literacy rates and robust social indicators. However, this distinctiveness also brings challenges, including political fragmentation, economic inequalities, and cultural erosion. Balancing modernization with tradition remains a critical task for Tamil Nadu as it navigates its path forward.
ECONOMIC IDENTITY
Economically, Tamil Nadu contributes significantly to India’s overall economy with its diversified sectors, yet it maintains unique industrial strengths such as its robust automotive and IT industries centered in cities like Chennai.
The DMK emphasizes the importance of Dravidian culture and identity, advocating for the rights and welfare of the Tamil-speaking people. It also seeks to dismantle Brahminical hegemony in politics and society.
M. K. Stalin
159 / 234 seats
Edappadi K. Palaniswami
75 / 234 seats
While the DMK’s ideology includes a strong anti-Brahmin sentiment and a focus on social justice for marginalized communities, the AIADMK adopts a more inclusive approach, aiming to attract a broader voter base without overtly antagonizing a particular caste.
POLITICAL IDENTITY
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK)
WATERSCAPES
India’s waterscape is a vast network of rivers, lakes, and coastal regions that support the lifeblood of its economy, agriculture, and daily life. Rivers like the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Yamuna irrigate millions of acres of farmland, ensuring food security for the nation. In coastal regions, the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal sustain fisheries, trade, and maritime activities, while lakes and reservoirs play key roles in supplying drinking water and hydroelectric power.
Beyond their economic importance, India’s rivers hold immense cultural and religious significance. The Ganges is revered as a purifier of sins, and millions of pilgrims take sacred dips during festivals like Kumbh Mela. Rituals performed on riverbanks, from daily prayers to cremation rites, highlight water’s spiritual importance. Water in India is thus a powerful force, supporting not only the physical well-being of its people but also nourishing their spiritual and cultural lives.
But, despite the beauty and abundance of India’s waterscapes, India faces significant water issues, with pollution, over extraction, and climate change posing serious threats to its water resources. Rivers are heavily polluted by industrial waste, untreated sewage, and agricultural runoff, while groundwater depletion is rampant in states like Punjab and Rajasthan. These challenges are compounded by interstate water conflicts, as states compete over dwindling resources from shared rivers like the Cauvery, Krishna, and Narmada. Disputes over water allocation and usage have sparked tensions between regions, making water a contentious political and environmental issue in India.
“Flowing with faith: Rivers as sacred lifelines, where spirituality meets tradition in vibrant rituals and timeless beliefs.”
Our dependence on water is also a point of tension, with its over extraction, pollution, and mismanagement leading to severe consequences for ecosystems and communities. Rapid urban development, along with the construction of dams, canals, and other water infrastructure, disrupts the natural water cycle, affecting biodiversity and leading to problems like flooding, drought, and soil erosion. For people, especially in rural areas, this degradation of water resources results in scarcity, loss of livelihoods, and conflicts over access. Thus it becomes crucially essential to balance economic growth with sustainable water management system, to protect both the environment and the well-being of millions who rely on water daily.
FISHING TOURISM
SANITATION AGRICULTURE
TRANSPORTATION
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
Sardar Sarovar Dam, Narmada River: A testament to engineering brilliance, harnessing the power of the Narmada River
CULTURE AND RELIGION
“Water flows through the heart of India’s culture and religion, symbolizing purity, life, and renewal in sacred rivers, rituals, and age-old traditions.”
In India, water holds profound cultural and religious significance, intricately woven into the fabric of daily life and spiritual practices. Rivers are central to rituals, from births and weddings to funerals. Pilgrims visit these places to perform religious rites, bathe in the river, and seek blessings. The architectural styles often reflect the cultural significance of water. In Mughal architectural tradition, water symbolizes life, purity, and sustenance, making the river an essential component of life
INDIAN RIVERS
Indian rivers are the lifeblood of the country, playing a central role in its cultural, economic, and ecological existence. Rivers like the Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Godavari, and Narmada are revered not only for their sacred importance in Indian traditions but also for sustaining agriculture, providing drinking water, and supporting livelihoods. However, their degradation due to pollution, overuse, and climate change underscores the urgent need for sustainable management to preserve their vital role.
Home to 143 different fish species belonging to 32 families, supporting more than 25 threatened species
5 Endangered species including Gangetic Dolphins and Royal Bengal Tigers
2 Biosphere reserves including Nanda Devi and Sundarbans
Mangrove National Forest
Major cities along the Ganga, such as Varanasi and Kanpur, discharge millions of liters of untreated or partially treated sewage directly into the river, overwhelming its natural cleansing abilities.
Serving 130 million people, the river is shared between three countries creating trans-boundary tensions and water disputes
Indo-Burma and Himalaya are two major biodiversity hot spots supporting more than 800 orchid species
Brahmaputra landscape includes some of India’s most important wildlife protected areas, including Kaziranga National Park and Manas National Park
The construction of large dams has altered the natural flow of the river and caused displacement of local populations
Godavari-Krishna Mangroves along the east coast are the first lines of coastal defense against the frequent cyclones and tidal surges
The river basin is a main nesting sites of the endangered Olive Ridley sea turtle
7.4 BCM
Ukai Dam
Koyna Dam 2.7 BCM
Indira Sagar Dam 12.2 BCM
Tehri Dam 4 BCM
Krishna Sagar Dam 1.4 BCM
Nagarjuna Sagar Dam 11.5 BCM
Indian Rivers & Infrastructure
Rivers
River Basins
Large Dams
Irrigates 271,000 acres of farmland in the Salem, Tiruchirappali, and Thanjavur districts
Bhavani Sagar Dam
The dam includes two hydroelectric power plants, which generate clean sustainable energy for the surrounding communities
Manimuthar Dam
The biggest reservoir of the Tirunelveli district. The dam is 5,511 million cubic feet. The total length of the dam is 3 km It irrigated around 65,000 acres of areas
Mettur Dam
Tamil Nadu Rivers & Infrastructure
Rivers
Rivers Basins Dams and Reservoirs
TAMIL NADU RIVERS
Tamil Nadu’s rivers are vital to the state’s agriculture, culture, and daily life. These rivers are not only central to farming and drinking water but also hold significant religious with many temples and festivals centered around them. But these rivers are increasingly stressed due to over extraction, pollution from industrial and urban waste, and deforestation in their catchment areas. Climate change further exacerbates the situation, causing erratic rainfall and frequent water shortages.
‘Ganga of the South’ flows through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, faces water disputes escalates into protests, legal battles, and even violence during drought years
‘Land of Paddy’, 66% of the river basin supports agriculture thus over extracting and reducing in the river’s flow
14 hydro-power projects in three states produce 1264.2MW capacity generating 3167 million units of energy
Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary with current area of 102,753 hectares home to Bengal Tigers, Indian Elephant, wild boar, Indian leopard, various species of reptiles , 280 birds species with 19 new species noted
Historically significant as it flows through Madurai, the ancient capital of the Pandya Kingdom
Chithirai festival is 15-days celebration along the banks of the river that brings people together, erasing societal gaps
Culturally sacred by Hindus, the ‘holy city’ is also an archaeological excavations near the river have uncovered evidence of a civilization as long as 3,200 years ago dating back to 1155 BC
669 fish species found with 16 native Snakehead species, 13 species of Catfish and three types of Carp form 75% of fish population in the river
Unregulated sand mining in the riverbed for construction has led to severe ecological damage, increasing the risk of flooding. Extensive urban development also disrupts the river’s natural flow
BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity in India, one of the world’s most diverse ecosystems, is crucial for sustaining the country’s ecological balance, supporting livelihoods, and maintaining cultural heritage. With over 45,000 species of plants and 91,000 species of animals, India’s rich biodiversity plays a vital role in agriculture, medicine, and tourism, contributing significantly to the economy. Learning about biodiversity is essential to understanding the interconnectedness of ecosystems and the impact of human activities on nature.
However, India faces numerous challenges, including habitat loss, pollution, and climate change, which threaten its rich biological heritage. In response, the Indian government has implemented various initiatives, such as the National Biodiversity Action Plan and the establishment of numerous protected areas, to conserve and promote biodiversity. These efforts are critical to safeguarding ecosystems, ensuring sustainable development, and fostering resilience against environmental challenges.
Tamil Nadu, located in southern India, is a prime example of biodiversity, showcasing a rich array of flora and fauna across diverse ecosystems, including coastal, forest, and grassland habitats. The Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is home to numerous endemic species, such as the Nilgiri Tahr and the Lion-tailed Macaque, making it a biodiversity hot spot.
and Tamil Nadu at a Glance
Eurasian coot bird in hazy misty morning at wetland of keoladeo national park, Bharatpur India.
ENVIRONMENTAL ACTORS
Ministry of Environment and Forest (The central government)
Key legislations
Indian Forest Act (1927)
Wildlife Protection Act (1972)
Forest Conservation Act (1980)
Environment (Protection) Act (1986)
Biological Diversity Act (2002)
Wetlands Conservation Management Rules (2017)
National-level Authorities
NGT
National Green Tribunal
WCCB
Wildlife Crime Control Bureau
NTCA
National Tiger Conservation Authority
Compensatory Afforestation Fund
Management & Planning Authority
Central Zoo Authority
CAMPA
Biodiversity Authority
Indian Institute of Forest Management
National Afforestation & Eco-Development Board
State Government
Participatory mode of documenting the different ecosystems including rural, urban and protected areas, evidence of local and prior knowledge collected, analyzed by Technical Support Groups (TSG)
Select Panchayats
Identification of Traditional Knowledge (TK)
• Agriculture
• Animal Husbandry
• Medical Plant Based Livelihood
• Native Healers Conduct many Focus Group Discussion (FGD) in selected villages by holding interviews with Traditional Knowledge (TK), process and analyze data collation
PBR validation is thus done my submitting it to the Biodiversity Management Committee (BMC’s) which maintain data of local voids and attain informed knowledge of the local biological resources.
A Wildlife Sanctuary in India is a protected area designated for the conservation of wildlife and their habitats, where human activities are limited and regulated to ensure the survival of endangered species.
Tamil Nadu
18
Community Reserves in India are protected areas designated under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, where local communities voluntarily participate in conserving wildlife and biodiversity.
1 218 106
A National Park in protected area established the conservation ecosystems, & natural where human activities hunting, grazing, and strictly prohibited.
in India is a established for of wildlife, natural habitats, activities such as and forestry are
Conservation Reserves Biosphere Reserves
99
These are typically located on government-owned land that lies between wildlife habitats & human settlements. These areas aim to create buffer zones or corridors for wildlife movement while involving local communities in their protection.
18
Biosphere Reserves are recognized by UNESCO in India designated areas that aimed at promoting sustainable development & conserving biodiversity while integrating human activities with natural ecosystems.
5 3 3
Kerala State
Bay of Bengal
Karnataka State Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu Green Infrastructure
Biosphere Reserves
CULTURE
India’s culture is a vibrant tapestry woven from a rich array of traditions, languages, religions, and customs, all shaped by millennial of history. Renowned for its incredible diversity, India encompasses numerous ethnic groups, languages, and faiths, including Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, and Sikhism. The country’s cultural expressions are vividly showcased through its festivals, art forms, and literature, reflecting profound spiritual and philosophical beliefs.
As Mahatma Gandhi famously stated, “A nation’s culture resides in the hearts and souls of its people,” emphasizing that Indian traditions are preserved in daily life, from familial structures to community rituals. Indian cuisine, fashion, and architecture further illustrate the unique cultural identity of the nation, blending the ancient with the contemporary.
Through classical dance, literature, and culinary traditions, Indian culture serves as a powerful symbol of unity amid diversity, continually evolving while remaining deeply rooted in its rich heritage. Overall, Indian culture is dynamic and ever-changing, harmonizing tradition with modernity and fostering a strong sense of identity and community.
“An expression of joy: With each colorful design, she weaves the essence of Indian culture through the timeless art of rangoli.”
Nature as Sacred
Worshiping nature is seen as an expression of gratitude and reverence for the sustenance it provides. Rituals, traditions, and festivals often involve honoring plants, animals, water, and trees, symbolizing fertility, prosperity, and divine presence. These practices not only foster spiritual connection but also highlight sustainability, encouraging preservation and mindful interaction with the natural world. This relationship between nature and spirituality forms the foundation of many cultural and religious practices in India.
The Linguistic Diversity
India is a linguistic mosaic, with 22 officially recognized languages and hundreds of dialects. Language is deeply tied to regional identities, literature, folklore, and oral traditions, serving as a medium for cultural expression and preservation of history.
The Culinary Heritage
Indian cuisine is a rich blend of regional flavors, spices, and techniques, deeply tied to geography, climate, and history. Food reflects identity, social customs, and religious practices. Each state has its distinct culinary tradition, and meals are often symbolic in festivals, embodying the country’s diversity and hospitality.
Colors & Festivals
In India, colors are integral to cultural identity, symbolizing emotions, traditions, and beliefs. They play a crucial role in festivals, rituals, and daily life, reflecting the country’s diversity. Colors are not just aesthetic choices but carry deep meanings in religious practices, clothing, architecture, and celebrations. Whether in the vibrant hues of Holi or the symbolic attire worn for different life events, colors express societal values and spiritual concepts. They vary across regions, religions, and communities, serving as a visual language that conveys joy, spirituality, power, or mourning.
TAMIRAPARANI RIVER WATERSHED
THE WATERSHED WATER + WETNESS
PROTECTED AREAS
INFRASTRUCTURE
VILLAGES AND TALUKS
TEMPLES AND SACRED LANDSCAPES
4,500 square kilometers WATERSHED
AREA
POPULATION DEMOGRAPHICS
Tenkasi
Total population: 70,545
Hinduism -- 62.26%
Islam -- 34.79%
Christianity -- 2.79%
Men -- NA
Women -- NA
Tirunelveli
Population: 3,077,233
Hinduism -- 78.83%
Islam -- 9.86 %
Christianity -- 11.12%
Men --1,333,93
Women -- 1,520,912
Thoothukkudi
Total Population: 411,628
Hinduism -- 78.50%
Islam -- 4.61 %
Christianity -- 16.68%
Men -- 865,021
Women -- 885,155
Tenkasi
Thoothukkudi Tirunelveli
Kanniyakumari
Watershed + Districts
Watershed Boundary District Boundaries
WATER AND POLITICAL BOUNDARIES
Tamiraparani River Water Map
Water
Watershed Boundary
Tributaries
Palai River
Chittraru river
Chitra River
Narayanaperi odai
Chittar River
Gadananathi
Tamiraparani
Kannadiyan Kaalvaai
Suthamal North Canal
Manimuthar River
Kottapuli Aaru
Vandal Odai
Manimuthaaru Pradhaana
Kaalvaai
Ambasamudram
Korampallam Odai
WATER WATER EVERYWHERE
The Tamiraparani River is Tamil Nadu’s only perennial river. The River originates in the Pothigai Hills in the west and flows to the plains, fields and agricultural lands in the east. The story of this river goes all the way back to ancient times. The River provides water for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing clothes and most importantly for irrigation. It is also flanked with such a rich biodiversity which led to the government protecting certain areas that house these unique moments of biodiversity. The river is also the central spine around which many taluks and villages have grown. This led to the establishment of a network of infrastructure to be able to navigate everywhere. The River is also considered sacred, and many religious buildings have been erected near it.
RIVER ENTANGLEMENTS
RIVER LANDSCAPES
The Tamiraparani River passes through five main landscape types as it flows from the mountains in the west to the plains in the east. These five landscape types are: Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Palai, and Neithal.
The Sangam period in South India is characterized by the use of thinai in Tamil literature that utilized poetic devices to capture the landscapes of Tamilagam in beautifully drafted ballads. Each thinai utilizes aspects of the landscape (flowers, trees, wildlife, people, climate, geography, etc) to convey a mood that in a way is associated with a romantic relationship. There are five thinais in particular used to describe the ranging terrain through which the Tamiraparani passes through.
KURINJI MULLAI
The mountainous region that sets the scene for a lover’s midnight union is best known for their hill slopes populated with the flower that gave it its name-the strobilanthes kuringi- which only happens to blossom a few days once every 10-12 years. The people of the region, which were referred to as kanavar, vedar and kuravar, are portrayed as forest dwellers collecting honey and hunting wild boars.
The land of the forest characterized by waterfalls, ponds, and lakes receives its name from the jasminum auriculatum flower commonly found in this territory. The setting is depicted as the land of pastoralists, of which were referred to as kovalar, ayar and idaiyar, and are associated with livestock, dairy farming, shifting cultivation, and husbandry.
RIVER LANDSCAPES
MARUTHAM PALAI NEITHAL
The region, known for its croplands and the Marutam tree that gave the landscape its name, was the scene for triangular love plots. The inhabitants were known as ulavar, velanmadar, toluvar, and kadaiyar or kadasiyan, whose occupations involved tilling, ploughing, and farmworking.
A region of dry lands and, in Tamil prosody, seen as a wasteland that emerges from other landscapes withering under a burning sun, is named after the pala indigo plant, Wrightia. Inhabitants are known as eyiner, maravar and kalvar, and have been perceived to be involved in waylaying, highway robbery, and soldiering.
A region defined by seashore and beaches, and named after the common water lily found here, with inhabitants known as parathavar, nulaiyar and umanar being known for salt manufacturing, pearl diving, fishing, and coastal trade.
Every year, the Tamiraparani River expands and contracts during its different seasons year-round. During the monsoon seasons, the river floods, and therefore people have learned to coexist with it. However, because people use the river for drinking, bathing, washing clothes, cooking, and irrigation, various water systems were put in place to regulate the amount of water the villagers receive for these everyday activities.
Because of that, there have been many man-made water systems added within and around the River to control it and make sure that it’s giving a consistent amount of water year-round.
While these systems provide a guarantee for a stable and continuous flow of water for the agricultural lands and for people’s everyday functions, it also means the river is manipulated and restricted in the way it flows. It can no longer expand and contract in the natural way freely as a river naturally does.
With the environmental decline happening world-wide due to climate change, it is reasonable to start questioning what might become of the River and all its water systems.
WATER INFRASTRUCTURES
TRIBUTARIES CHANNELS
A smaller river or stream that flows into a larger river or lake.
The path through which a river flows, including its bed and banks.
Ariel Image Scale
RESERVOIRS DAMS
A structure built to block or control the flow of water in a river or stream.
IRRIGATION CANALS
Channels built to carry water from a source to fields for agricultural irrigation.
IRRIGATION TANKS
A reservoir used to store water for agricultural irrigation.
IRRIGATION WELLS
Wells used to extract water for agricultural irrigation.
Storage areas for water, used for irrigation, drinking, or power generation.
FARMER WELLS
Wells dug by farmers to access groundwater for irrigation.
Tamiraparani River Protected Areas
Water Watershed Boundary
Protected Areas
Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
Vagaikulam Bird Sanctuary
Kanvakumari Wildite Sanctuary
Gangaikondan Spotted Deer Sanctuary
Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary
Vallandu Wildlife Sanctuary
Thiruppadaimarathur
Bird Conservation Reserve
PROTECTED AREAS
The Tamiraparani River is surrounded by such a rich diversity of wildlife and natural landscape features. The Wildlife Protection Act came about in 1972 to advance in the conservation of the regional landscapes.
The protected areas preserve not just specific animals, like the tigers and birds for example, but also sanctuaries that protect all forms of wildlife as well.
While this is a noble act, this all yields the question, why must acts be put in place to encircle the locations that are deemed to have biodiverse value in them instead of controlling the urbanization?
How can this be reversed so that the boundaries are put around the growing villages instead that endanger the species that live in the surrounding landscape?
PROTECTED AREAS
Tirunelveli District
Est. 1988
Area: 895 km²
Tirunelveli District
Est. 2013
Area: 288.4 km²
Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve 01
Gangaikondan Spotted Deer Sanctuary 04
Vagaikulam Bird Sanctuary 02
Tirunelveli District
Est. 2023
Area: .58 km²
Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary 05
Tirunelveli District
Est. 1994
Area: 1.29 km²
Kanvakumari Wildife Sanctuary 03
Kanyakumari district
Est. 2008
Area: 402.4 km²
Wildlife Sanctuary 06
Thoothukudi district
Est. 1987
Area: 16.41 km²
Vallandu
Tamiraparani River Road Network
Water
Watershed Boundary
Road Network
Railways
Railway Stations
Tuticorin Airport
Dakshin Bharat Gateway Terminal Ltd
Important Cities
Tirunelveli City
Population - 4,73,637 Lakh
Thoothukudi City
Population - 2,37,830 Lakh
INFRASTRUCTURE
Road networks and railway systems have been put to place to help with easier navigation. Consequently, these roads and railways also happen to be the main way to navigate around the Tamiraparani River itself now.
Tamiraparani River Villages and Taluks
Water
Watershed Boundary
Taluk
Panchayat/Village
Important Taluks and Villages
Papanasam
Population - 17,548
Manimutharu
Population - 11,323
Ambasamudram
Population - 35,645
Cheranmahadevi
Population - 18,327
Tirunelveli
Population - 4,73,637
Sivalaperi
Population - 4571
Srivaikuntam
Population - 15,847
Eral
Population - 9,478
Punnaikayal
Population - 7684
TALUKS AND VILLAGES NEAR THE RIVER
The Tamiraparani River is home to many people who have moved to be near it. The Tamil Nadu district is broken down in taluks, the taluks are broken down to villages. Both taluks and villages have panchayats (the designated governing entity). While the population is sparsely distributed, there are some larger villages like: Papanasam, Manimutharu, Ambasamudram, Cheranmahadevi, Tirunelveli, Sivalaperi, Srivaikuntam, Eral, and Punnaikayal.
LIVES AND LIVELIHOODS
All forms of life rely on the Tampiraparani River around the Tamiraparani River for sustenance. The river provides for their food, water, and various other activities.
Despite the old habits of polluting the river, there have been efforts to clean and restore it. Nellai Neervalam is a project that has been closely involved with locals to raise awareness and restore the river.
RIVER STEWARDSHIP
Tamiraparani River Prominent Temples
Watershed Boundary
Water Temples
Important Temples
Sivasailam Sri Sivasailapathi Paramakalyani Temple
Papanasar Temple
Thirupudai Marudhur
Shivan Kovil - Pancha Gurusthalam
Shri Thiruvanathapuram Perumal Temple
Arulmigu Sri Venkatachalapthi Temple
Sri Vaikuntanathar Perumal Temple
Arulmigu Sri Mayakoothat Temple
Arulmigu Somanathar and Somasundari Amman Temple
Thiruchendur Murugan Temple
TEMPLES AND SACRED LANDSCAPES
The ten perennial rivers in India are: Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra Narmada, Indus, Garghara, Mahanadi, Sutlej, and Tamiraparani. Tampiraparani is the only perennial river in the Tamil Nadu district. Numerous temples puncuate its riverbanks, and rituals and religious celebrations bring people in close contact to the river throughout the year. The temples are erected in order to honor the gods and godesses to whom they are dedicated, and are located by the Tampiraparani River as it is one of the nine sacred rivers in India.
Rulers from various eras have shaped the land through their art, architecture, and cultural influences. Many of the temples that remain today serve as testaments to a glorious and prosperous past, supported by the waters from the mountains and the region’s rich natural resources.
The temples display an impressive amount of color and ornamentation, and they honor the various gods and godesses to whom each one is dedicated.
Sivasailam Sri
Sivasailapathi
Paramakalyani
Temple
Papanasar Temple
Thirupudai Marudhur
Shivan Kovil - Pancha Gurusthalam
Shri Thiruvanathapuram Perumal Temple 04
Arulmigu Sri Venkatachalapthi Temple 05
Arulmigu Sri Mayakoothat Temple
Thiruchendur Murugan Temple 08 07 06 09
Sri Vaikuntanathar Perumal Temple
Arulmigu Somanathar and Somasundari Amman Temple
LIFE IN THIRUPPADAIMARATHUR
THIRUPPADAIMARATHUR
MAP OF THIRUPPADAIMARATHUR
WETNESS
BIRD CONSERVATION RESERVE
PLANTS AND ANIMALS
AGRICULTURE
VILLAGE LIFE
TBCR KEY ISSUES SURROUNDINGS
THIRUPPADAIMARATHUR
Located on the fluid banks of the Tamiraparani River, the village of Thiruppadaimarathur is an ancient settlement with deep cultural roots in the region. It is home to a small population of villagers, a myriad of diverse plant and animal species, and a serene temple sanctuary built alongside the river.
The story of the village is one of constant transformation, following the annual cycles of weather and ecology brought about by the coming and going of the monsoons. With the arrival of seasonal rains, the river swells and breathes life into the surrounding fields and forests. Both the people and the native ecology depend on this constant rhythm, as the water nourishes the crops and trees that sustain all life in the area. In this way, the villagers of Thiruppadaimarathur are inseparably linked to their surrounding landscape, and the landscape in turn has been endlessly reshaped by human activity.
THIRUPPADAIMARATHUR
The waters of the Tamiraparani River are deeply intertwined with the community, nourishing their agriculture, supporting everyday life, and enriching spiritual practices.
River: The Tamiraparani River is a vital resource for the village, serving as the sole source of fresh water and fish for the community. The river sustains the local agricultural production and main village’s food supply, and plays a central role in the everyday life of the villagers.The river activities like fishing, bathing, and washing clothes, making it a communal space where villagers gather frequently.
Temple: Sri Naarambunathar Swami Temple is a spiritual and cultural center for the community. Dedicated to Lord Shiva, it brings people together for worship, guidance, and important life events. The temple fosters unity and connects the community to both nature and their beliefs, as the river sustains their physical and spiritual needs.
Birds: The Thiruppudaimaruthur Birds Conservation Initiative focuses on protecting bird habitats along the Tamiraparani River by preserving wetlands and riverbanks crucial for various species. It involves local communities in monitoring and education efforts to raise awareness about the importance of bird conservation. This project helps maintain biodiversity and supports both wildlife and the local environment.
Village: The daily lives of villagers focus on farming, community events, and religious practices. Family life in the village revolves around multigenerational households, where children grow up in a tight-knit community. Many villagers’ routines include working in the fields, harvesting, and caring for livestock, with the river playing a central role in their activities and social life, agricultural activities shaping the rhythms of their lives.
Agriculture: The Tamiraparani River provides essential water for irrigating crops like rice, bananas, and sugarcane. Farming is the main livelihood for many villagers, and the river’s flow, especially during the monsoon seasons, determines the success of their harvests and shapes their daily routines
1. TAMIRAPARANI RIVER
2. TEMPLE
3. TANK
4.VILLAGE
5. BIRDS
6.AGRICULTURE
WETNESS
Wet and dry seasons, significantly impacts village life and agriculture. The monsoon rains are essential for replenishing the Tamiraparani River and supporting crops, while the dry season can lower water levels, impacting farming and daily activities. These seasonal changes shape the community’s routines and livelihoods throughout the year.
Monsoon Season: Typically occurring from June to September, the southwest monsoon brings heavy rains that are crucial for replenishing the Tamiraparani River and irrigating crops. This period is vital for agriculture, as the river’s water levels rise, supporting the region’s farming activities.
Post-Monsoon Season: From October to December, the northeast monsoon provides additional rainfall, which can further support agriculture and maintain river levels. This season helps sustain crops and replenish water resources after the main monsoon period.
Dry Season: The dry season usually lasts from January to May, characterized by higher temperatures and lower rainfall. During this time, the river may have lower water levels, which can impact agriculture and other water-dependent activities.
Summer: Temperatures can become quite high during the summer months, which extends from March to May. The heat can lead to a reduction in river flow and may require careful water management for farming and daily needs.
Droughts and Floods: In recent years, the weather patterns affecting village have become significantly less predictable. In 2016, the region experienced a severe drought caused by the lowest rainfall in the past 140 years. In 2021, the region experienced a series of floods causing severe damage throughout Tamil Nadu.
THIRUPPADAIMARATHUR BIRD CONSERVATION RESERVE
Conservation Reserves are protected areas in India. In order to be designated as a conservation reserve, the area must be uninhabited and completely owned by the Government of India. Often these areas are used for subsistence by local communities and therefore administration of these reserves is through local people and local agencies. The Tamil Nadu Forest Department is the government agency responsible for managing all the protected areas in Tamil Nadu.
The Thiruppadaimarathur Bird Conservation Reserve (TBCR) was established in 2005. It was the first Conservation Reserve declared in the country and was made possible by the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 and the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act of 2002. It is an IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Category V area.
The community understands that the birds have been coming to this area for centuries and they believe that the birds bring good fortune and countless benefits. The Thiruppadaimarathur Panchayat is comprised of three hamlets: Thiruppadaimarathur, Seethaparpanallur, and Rathinavelpandian colony.
The TBCR is intrinsically linked with the Sri Naarambunathar Swami Temple and the Thamirabarani River. Because the grounds of the Temple were considered sacred, and trees were planted long ago, these trees were able to flourish alongside the river, providing habitats for countless species of wildlife who depend on both the river and the trees.
PLANTS AND ANIMALS
The TBCR is home to a plethora of plant and animal species. Due to it’s proximity to the Thamirabarani River, the TBCR plays an important role in helping to protect and strengthen local biodiversity and maintain the vast ecological network of the region.
The Arjun tree (Terminalia Arjuna) gives the village its name. The deity itself at Thiruppudaimaruthur is named after the flower of this tree. These trees, alongside the Banyan tree, Mahua tree, and Neem tree, are abundant within the TBCR and are an integral part of the local ecosystem.
The Amla tree is one of several popular fruit crops within the Thiruppudaimarudur village. Like many of the local fruit trees, the fruit has a number of culinary and medicinal uses, and is deeply rooted within the local culture, being referenced in Hindu texts and traditions.
The Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala) is one of two flagship species of the TBCR. It is listed as near threatened by the IUCN and lives year round in and around the TBCR. Recognized by it’s distinctive coloring, these large waterbirds nest with other water birds such as herons and egrets.
The Cattle Egret (Bubulcus) gets its name from the fact that it often accompanies cattle or other large mammals, catching insects that might otherwise disturb these animals, making it a popular bird with cattle owners for its perceived role of bio-control of cattle parasites such as ticks and flies.
The Blue Tiger (Tirumala limniace) is a species of butterfly found in south and southeast Asia. Lepidopterans are considered wild indicators of the ecosystem at large. Because they are dependent on host plants for their life cycle, their diversity is proportionate to the diversity of host plants.
The Striped Snakehead (Channa striata) is very common in the Thamirabarani River. It often migrates to the freshwater plains and paddy fields in the wet season and returns to the river in the dry season. For those who eat fish, this fish, like many river fish, is valued as a source of nutrition.
AGRICULTURE
Agriculture drives the economy of Thiruppadaimarathur. The lush environment formed by the Tamiraparani combined with annual monsoons creates an ideal landscape for the cultivation of many different crops.
RICE - The most widely cultivated crop in the panchayat
• Commonly grown varieties include Ambai 16, TPS 5, Deluxe Ponni, and Sonal
- Second mainstay crop of the area
• Only fruit grown widely for selling
- Fodder crop for livestock
• Grown by one villager
Popular locally grown fruits
MADU - Common Indian cow breed
• Livestock farming declining due to lack of profitability.
NAATU
BANANA
SORGHUM
AMLA
COCONUT FIG
The main harvest seasons for rice are Kar and Pishanam, which respectively coincide with the Southwest and Northeast monsoons.
VILLAGE LIFE
Life in Thiruppadaimarathur is deeply connected with Tamil culture. While basic information on demographics is available, a considerable portion of the “everyday life” remains a mystery. Caste is an inherent aspect of the lives of the villagers, but details on its lasting impact in this particular population is lacking. The day-to-day activities, values, and attitudes toward nature and outsiders are all topics worth further investigation.
The village is home to 1,226 individuals residents in 430 households. This population is spread across three hamlets belonging to the panchayat.
A significant portion of working villagers are engaged in agriculture, and the vast majority of land area around Thiruppadaimarathur is used for crop cultivation. While the villagers express interest in preserving the native species and ecology of the area, pests, pollution, and competition for land result in a much more complicated environmental relationship.
Like much of Tamil Nadu, Hinduism is the predominant religion of the area. This religion has been an ingrained component of the culture in Thiruppadaimarathur for centuries, and continues to be an important aspect of the lives of its inhabitants through daily rituals, festivities and customs.
Different markets in the area are frequented by villagers depending on the products being sold. Livestock is exchanged at the neighboring Mukkudal and Kadaiyam Markets, while crops and dairy products are primarily sold at Kooniyur and Melapalam.
The village proper is centered around the Sri Naarambunathar Swami Hindu Temple complex, dedicated to Lord Shiva and his consort Gomathi.
TBCR KEY ISSUES
The TBCR depicts a remarkably complex intersection of man made and environmental factors. Consequently, the village and conservation reserve are host to a myriad of interrelated issues. These range wildly in terms of their scope, characteristics, and the entities effected.
ECOLOGICAL
• RUNOFF -Agricultural waste products are negatively affecting aquatic ecosystem
• INVASIVE SPECIES - Fish like African Catfish out-competing native fauna, plants like morning glory outgrowing native flora
• WATER SCARCITY - Excessive water use for agriculture deprives areas utilized by native species, forcing them to relocate
AGRICULTURAL
• FLOODING - Increasingly heavy seasonal rainfall causes river to overflow and flood fields + village
• PESTS - Peafowl in particular are increasing in number and damaging crops
• PREDATORS - Palm civets prey on poultry and wild birds within the TBCR
SOCIAL
• LOCAL HEALERS - Traditional healers have left, potentially taking with them expertise on local ecology
• YOUTH MIGRATION - Young people are typically migrating to cities like Chennai and Hosur
ECONOMIC
• BIDI - Many women work rolling bidi, which can cause serious health issues over time
• WAGES - Minimum wage is double for men what it is for women
SANITARY
• SEWAGE - Open defecation in some hamlets due to lack of public facilities
• RITUAL WASTE - Cloth dumping and refuse are common around temple
• LITTER - Trash abundant due to lack of waste management infrastructure
INFRASTRUCTURAL
• ACCOMMODATIONS - Village lacks infrastructure such as accessible transportation, sanitation, etc for visitors
• PUBLICITY - Awareness lacking relative to neighboring reserves like Kalakad-Mundanthurai
• LOCATION - Remoteness of TBCR makes visiting more challenging
SURROUNDINGS
The surrounding villages along the Tamiraparani River share similar lifestyles, with agriculture and daily life closely tied to the river’s waters. Like Thirupudaimaruthur, these communities rely on the river for irrigating crops, fishing, and supporting their spiritual practices, making the river a central element in sustaining their livelihoods.
Sri Bhoomi Meela Samedha Temple: is dedicated to deities connected to the Earth and nature. The temple’s spiritual practices emphasize the balance between divine forces and the natural world, with rituals tied to the river, which sustains both the community and its agriculture. This highlights the villagers’ deep reverence for the land and the river as sources of both livelihood and spirituality.
Arulmigu Sri Murhumaai Amman Kovil: is a temple dedicated to Murhumaai Amman, a goddess revered for protection, fertility, and the well-being of the village. The temple plays a key role in the community, with villagers offering prayers and rituals to seek blessings for prosperity, health, and protection. Festivals, particularly during the Tamil month of Aadi, celebrate the goddess’s power to bring rain and fertility, making the temple a central gathering place for the village. Hence for the land and the river as sources of both livelihood and spirituality.
Sattupathu: is a small village located near Thirupudaimaruthur, along the banks of the Tamiraparani River. It is primarily an agricultural community, where residents rely on the river for irrigation and other daily needs. The village is characterized by its rural lifestyle, with farming being the main livelihood, often growing crops such as rice and bananas.
1. THIRUPPADAIMARATHUR VILLAGE (cluster A)
2. SRI BHOOMI MEELA SAMEDHA TEMPLE
4. SATTUPATHU
6.SEETHAPARAPANALLUR (CLUSTER 3)
5. RATHINAVELPANDIAN COLONY (CLUSTER B)
3.ARULMIGU SRI MURHUMAAI AMMAN KOVIL
TIMESCAPE
GLOBAL OVERVIEW
GLOBAL & NATIONAL
STATE & LOCAL
HISTORIC OVERVIEW
TAMIL NADU & TIRUNELVELI
TIMESCAPE:
A GLOBAL AND INDIAN JOURNEY THROUGH HISTORIC CONSERVATION MILESTONES
GLOBAL:
FROM CONSERVATION MILESTONES, FROM THE ESTABLISHMENT OF NATIONAL PARKS TO INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENTS LIKE THE 1972 UN CONFERENCE, HELPED SHAPE INDIA’S OWN ENVIRONMENTAL EFFORTS, INSPIRING POLICIES AND GRASSROOTS MOVEMENTS.
GLOBAL SCALE
NATIONAL SCALE
NATIONAL:
INDIA’S CONSERVATION EFFORTS WERE SHAPED BY KEY NATIONAL EVENTS AND STRENGTHENED THE COUNTRY’S COMMITMENT TO PRESERVING BIODIVERSITY. THESE ACTIONS LAID THE FOUNDATION FOR INDIA’S ONGOING FOCUS ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABILITY.
3300
– 1300 BCE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
1155
BCE SIVAKALAI EXCAVATIONS
Carbon samples from excavations in Sivakalai (in adjacent districts of present day Thoothukudi and Tirunelveli) sent for AMS Carbon Dating Test to the Beta Analytical Laboratory in Miami, Florida, found that rice and husk discovered in an offering urn yielded the date.
BCE with Romans
Pandyan Kingdom established with its capital at This period is marked by significant trade with Rome other civilizations.
300-600
GOLDEN AGE-Gupta Rule
Marked by great achievements in arts, science, mathematics, literature, and culture. It was a time of prosperity, cultural development, and relative peace across much of India.
1192 ISLAMIC RULE
Second battle of Tarain between Mohammed Ghori and Prithviraj III (Prithviraj was defeated).
1498
Portugese Invasion
Was the first Europeans to arrive in India and invade them when India ruled from 1505 - 1961.
1526 to 1858
MUGHAL PERIOD
1500-500 VEDIC AGE
1605
Dutch Invasion of India
The Dutch East India Company built posts in India from 1605 - 1825.
1612
British East India Company
The English landed and gained direct and indirect control over most of India. Ruled India from 1612 - 1947.
1668
French East India Trading Established trading posts in India from 1668-1954.
The Aryans with a deep-rooted caste mindset classified people such as themselves as masters. They imposed their worldview on the indigenous people who were then driven southwards. Over time, the southern state of Tamil Nadu became emblematic of this group of oppressed people. The southward migration of the oppressed people resulted in the rise of various classes of subjugated groups such as the Dravidians.
1914-1918 WWI
1892
Sierra Club (USA)
Oldest environmental organization in the US focusing on protecting national parks and wilderness.
1832
Forest and Land Conservation in Europe
The earliest wildlife conservation efforts were seen in Europe, with countries like Switzerland and Germany starting to establish forest reserves to protect woodlands.
1947
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
Global organization to promote conservation of nature and ensure sustainable use of natural resources.
1947-1991 COLD WAR
1973 Convention on in Endangered and Flora (CITES) Regulates trade of ensures to not threaten
1961
French Revolution
1760-1840
Industrial Revolution 1789-1799
1856
Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act
1947
INDEPENDANT INDIA
Establishment of World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
Focuses on species conservation, habitat preservation, and addressing global environmental challenges.
1967
Ministry of Tourism
Promoting tourism, cultural heritage, and tourism infrastructure development in India.
1972
Wildlife Protection Regulates protected areas illegal wildlife trade and
1883
Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)
Wildlife research and conservation organization dedicated to study natural history, biodiversity, and environmental conservation through research, publications, and public outreach.
1892
Indian Councils Act
Passed by the British government.
1894
National Forest Policies
British Indian government created its first forest policy focused on giving the state control of forests and using them to generate revenue for the government.
1997
Kyoto Protocol
Adopted at COP3 in Kyoto, Japan, it sets legally binded targets for developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
2015
International Ecotourism Society
Organization dedicated to promoting responsible and sustainable tourism practices that conserve the environment and respect local cultures.
Paris Agreement
Establishes a framework for all countries to contribute to climate action, with commitments to limit global warming.
International Trade
Species of Wild Fauna (CITES) of endangered species and threaten it’s survival.
1985
preservation, challenges.
1992
Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro
The UNFCCC is established, with the goal of addressing climate change and its impacts.
1991 Fall of Soviet Union
Conservation International (CI)
Protects biodiversity hotspots, ecosystems, and promotes sustainable development worldwide.
tourism Amendment Act areas and aims to prevent and exploitation.
1982
Wildlife Protection Amendment Act
1996
2004
WildAid
2009
Uranium Deal
India and Russia signed Uranium deal worth of $700 million.
Formed to stop illegal wildlife trade and to reduce the demand for endangered species’ products.
2002
Panthera
Founded to conserve the world’s wild cats and their ecosystems.
Indian Forest Service
Managing and conserving the country’s forest resources, implementing forest policies, and overseeing environmental management.
2002
Wildlife Protection Amendment Act
2013
2019
COVID-19 Pandemic Impact
The pandemic delays many climate actions and meetings but highlights the need for a green recovery.
Eco Tourism Committee (ETC)
Guidelines and frameworks to promoting sustainable tourism practices that protect the environment and local cultures while enhancing tourism experiences.
Provides for the protection of wild animals, birds, and plants to ensure the ecological and environmental security of the country.
2015
India’s Contributions to Paris Agreement
Established tiger reserves under Project Tiger and increased penalties for wildlife offenses to address the decline in tiger populations due to habitat loss and poaching.
Wildlife Institute of India
Under the Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate change, it dedicates to wildlife research, education, and conservation in India.
National Forest Policies (1952)
Aiming to cover 33% of India’s geographical area with forests or trees, focusing on environmental stability, ecological balance, and conservation of natural heritage
1984
ASSASSINATION OF INDIRA GHANDI
2005
Committed to reduce emissions intensity and increase renewable energy capacity.
Societes Registration Act of the Government of India
Focusing on conservation, restoration, and sustainable management of wetlands in South Asia with an emphasis on ecosystem services, biodiversity, and climate change adaption.
IUCN Category V (Conservation Reserves)
Refers to a protected area category under the IUCNat conserving landscapes and seascapes where people and nature interact, with management focused on sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of both cultural and ecological values.
IUCN Category VI (Conservation Reserves)
Refers to a protected areas where local communities are actively involved in managing and conserving natural resources while benefiting from sustainable use practices and economic opportunities.
2006
Wildlife Protection Amendment Act
Added new species to Schedule I and granted the central government the authority to modify schedules without Parliament’s consultation.
2007
INDIA LAUNCHED
THE NAPCC
2008
Eight Missions
The NAPCC identified eight national missions to promote sustainable development while addressing climate change.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO PARIS AGREEMENT
GLOBAL & NATIONAL
GLOBAL EVENTS OFTEN HAVE SIGNIFICANT RIPPLE EFFECTS THAT CAN TRICKLE DOWN TO NATIONAL LEVELS, INFLUENCING VARIOUS ASPECTS OF A COUNTRY’S POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPES. THE INTERCONNECTED NATURE OF OUR GLOBALIZED WORLD MEANS THAT EVENTS OR TRENDS OCCURRING IN ONE PART OF THE WORLD CAN HAVE WIDE-RANGING CONSEQUENCES ELSEWHERE. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION IS INHERENTLY A TRANS-BOUNDARY ISSUE, AS ECOSYSTEMS, SPECIES, AND CLIMATE PATTERNS DO NOT ADHERE TO POLITICAL BORDERS.
STATE & LOCAL
STATE-LEVEL EVENTS AND POLICIES OFTEN CREATE A CASCADING EFFECT THAT TRICKLES DOWN TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES, SHAPING LOCAL GOVERNANCE, ECONOMIES, SOCIAL STRUCTURES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPES. THIS “TOP-DOWN” FLOW OF INFLUENCE CAN BE SEEN IN VARIOUS WAYS, INCLUDING LEGISLATIVE DECISIONS, ECONOMIC POLICIES, AND SOCIAL PROGRAMS INITIATED AT THE STATE LEVEL THAT EVENTUALLY HAVE DIRECT IMPLICATIONS FOR LOCALITIES.
ASI & Kani Tribe
4-16
Pandyan Era
The Sri Lankan Civil War
TIMESCAPE:
A NATIONAL AND STATE JOURNEY THROUGH HISTORIC
TAMIL NADU:
KEY EVENTS THAT TOOK PLACE IN TAMIL NADU PLAYING A CRUCIAL ROLE IN SHAPING INDIA’S BROADER CONSERVATION EFFORTS.
TIRUNELVELI:
KEY EVENTS IN TIRUNELVELI LAID THE GROUNDWORK FOR INDIA’S BROADER CONSERVATION EFFORTS IN LATER YEARS.
300-200 BCE SANGAM PERIOD
1500-1000 BCE
Stone Age Settlement
Nelithic potteries have been discovered in the districts of Tirunelveli, Salem, Pudhukottai and Tiruchirapalli. Burial urn, water pots, lamps and other vessels of this period have also been found in these places.
4-16
Pandyan Era
The dynasty was Islamic invaders, the 16th century CE.
3-12 BCE
Chera Dynasty
Known for their maritime trade promoted agriculture and region’s economy. They were influence is reflected in the
12 BCE
Cheranmahadevi Bhaktava
Temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu 1921.
12 BCE
Sangam Period
Earliest known literature of South talks about the five landscapes that make up the cultural landscapes:
- Kurunji: the mountain forests
- Mullai: the lakes ponds and
- Marutham: the farms
- Palai: the sparse landscapes
- Neithal: fishery and river
17-18 BCE
Nawab Rule
The Nawabs of Arcot contributed economic growth through and promoted cultural development mosques and educational
850–1279
Chola Dynasty
Rajaraja Chola I of the Chola dynasty defeats the Pandyas and annexes their territories. The Cholas gain control over Madurai and significant Pandyan regions. The dynasty was weakened by infighting and Islamic invaders, and eventually ended around the 16th century CE.
1336–1565
Vijayanagara Empire
weakened by infighting and and eventually ended around CE.
trade and cultural contributions, the Cheras built irrigation systems, enhancing the were patrons of literature and art, and their the early Tamil Sangam literature.
Bhaktava Prumal Temple
Vishnu and protected by ASI since
946-966
South India which extensively landscapes of the Tirunelveli area landscapes: forests and waterfalls
landscapes grasslands banks contributed to the region’s through trade and agriculture development by establishing educational institutions.
1546
5th–16th Century CE Murals and frescoes in Vijayanagara temples, such as the Virupaksha Temple in Hampi, depict the grandeur of the empire. The dynasty was weakened by infighting and Islamic invaders, and eventually ended around the 16th century CE.
Tamiraparani Mahatmyam
Place where the locals believe is where Vedas flourished. Vedic Culture is known to have originated along the rivers. This culture continues to date with many traditional schools teaching Vedas functioning along the banks of the Tamiraparani.
Nallaiappa Temple
Saw significant expansions and renovations, as reflected in its inscriptions, which document land grants, donations, and the temple’s role in local administration and religious practices under the rule of the Chola dynasty.
1600
Portuguese establish trade posts in Tamil Nadu, followed by the Dutch and later the British East India Company.
1546
The Spread of Islam
Islamic scholar visited Melapalayam and preached Islam, later setting up Islamic institutions.
1623-1659
Nayak Rule
Brought agricultural development through improved irrigation systems and was marked by the governance of local chieftains, known as Palayakkarars. Nayaks additionally contributed to temple architecture, including the expansion of the Nellaiappar Temple. Their rule declined in the 18th century, due to internal conflicts and the growing power of the Nawab of Arcot and the British.
1773
Regulating Act
The British Government passes the Regulating Act. The administration of Madras comes under British government review.
1759
MADRAS ATTACK
The French, led by Thomas Arthur, Comte de Lally, attack Madras.
1756
Carnatic Treaty
The British and the French sign the first Carnatic treaty. Mahommed Ali Walajah is recognized as Nawab of the Carnatic.
1623-1659
British Rule British acquired Tirunelveli from Nawabs.
1850
British Recognition
1950
Madras State
Madras Presidency was transformed into Madras State, including present-day Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
1947
Tamil Nadu’s Independence
The economy was socialist, with the government strictly controlling foreign trade, foreign direct investment, and private sector participation.
1916
Lower Caste Movement
Sought to challenge caste-based discrimination and demand equal rights for marginalized communities, particularly led by the Justice Party (officially the South Indian Liberal Federation) to uplift nonBrahmin castes in politics and society.
1969
Tamil Nadu
Renamed
The State of Madras is renamed Tamil Nadu, emphasizing Tamil linguistic and cultural identity.
1965
Anti-Hindi
Widespread anti-Hindi agitations in response to the union government’s decision to make Hindi as the national language of India.
1795
Kottai British Invasion
Tirunelveli had several fortified townships (kottai) which is situated upon a fertile plain, two miles from the river. It was then razed to the ground by the British India Company.
Bietrich Brandis, a forest officer of British India, recognized the Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR) as a critical watershed for its role in conserving biodiversity and sustaining water resources essential for agriculture and local communities.
1907
Sengaltheri Resthouse
A colonial-era structure built to accommodate British officials and travelers, providing a resting place in the remote forested regions of Tamil Nadu.
1915 & 1936
“Flora of the Presidency of Madras”
1958
Papanasam Dam
Dam built in Tamil Nadu as a major irrigation and drinking water source, constructed across the Manimuthar River to support agriculture and water supply needs in the Tirunelveli district.
J.S. Gamble’s monumental work, research and documentation remain one of the most significant botanical records for the flora of South India.
1938
Papanasam Dam
Constructed under the supervision of Colonel Brad and engineer Howard, was built to harness the Thamirabarani River for irrigation and power generation, significantly benefiting agriculture and local industries in Tamil Nadu.
1965
Chittar Dams I and II
Constructed in Tamil Nadu as a part Reservoir system, designed to provide supply for the agricultural lands in the
1975
ASI & Kani
1859
Anglo-Vernacular School
Formation in Tirunelveli with many schools founded by Hindu luminaries.
1942
Karaiyar Dam
Dam built in Tamil Nadu as part of the Papanasam Hydroelectric Project to provide irrigation and hydroelectric power to the region, benefiting agriculture and local development.
1955
Sahitya Akademi Award
R.P. SETHU PILLAI won the first Sahitya Akademi award for the Tamiraparani landscape, 17 came after him (the highest in Indian History from a single landscape).
The Kani cultural and Nadu, known medicinal
1990
Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON)
First Marine Biosphere Reserve in South and Southeast Asia present in Governments of India Tamil Nadu.
1989
Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve (GoMBR)
First Marine Biosphere Reserve in South and Southeast Asia present in Governments of India Tamil Nadu.
2013
Ecotourism Management Committee
Tasked with developing and implementing guidelines for sustainable ecotourism practices to protect natural resources and promote responsible tourism.
2008
State Ecotourism Board
Established to promote and regulate ecotourism initiatives, ensuring they are environmentally sustainable and benefit local communities.
2005
1983–2009
The Sri Lankan Civil War
Fought between the Sri Lanka Army and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. It ended in May 2009 with the total military defeat of the LTTE, the killing of Velupillai Prabhakaran and a total of 80,000–100,000 deaths.
1992
Monsoon Flood
of the Pechiparai provide irrigation and water the Kanyakumari district.
Kani Tribe
Conservation + Community Reserves
Protected areas in India that serve to preserve biodiversity, wildlife, habitats, and traditional community rights.
Thiruppadaimarathur Birds Conservation Reserve (TBCR)
Protected areas in India established to safeguard the habitat of diverse bird species and promote their conservation.
Flood resulting from heavy monsoon rains, causing widespread devastation, displacing thousands, and leading to significant loss of life and damage to infrastructure across the state. Occurred before in 1930 and again in 2005.
1994
Adavinainar Dam
Dam completed to provide irrigation and water supply to the surrounding agricultural areas, enhancing local agriculture and water management.
tribe is still a significant part of the and ecological landscape of Tamil known for their deep knowledge of medicinal plants and forest ecosystems.
1996
Cyclone
A cyclone impacts the region, causing damage to property and infrastructure. ESTABLISHMENT OF ATREE
First Community Conservation
2014
Otter
Conservation in the Tamiraparani River
Using camera traps and narratives, they are mapping otters distribution along the river, identifying hotspots for conservation.
ATREE launches doctoral program in Conservation Science and Sustainability Studies.
ATREE sets up the first Community Conservation Centre in Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve.
1980-1990
Kani Kusruthi
Prominent in politics where women from the Kani community began gaining recognition in political spheres in the late 20th century, particularly in the 1980s and 1990s.
Partnered with Nellai Nature Club.
2021
Rainfall Record
Witnessed the highest rainfall recorded in the history of Tirunelveli.
2022
Tamiraparani River clean
Up Initiative
A four phase clean up initiative was undertaken by various stakeholders.
2023
Over 100 Species Discovered by ATREE
REFERENCES
GENERAL
Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Indian Institute for Human Settlements (IIHS), ATREE’s Agasthyamalai Community Conservation Center (ACCC) Manimutharu, NellaiNeervalam, and Tirunelveli District Administration. “A Detailed Project Report for the Restoration of Socio-Ecological Systems of Tamiraparani Riverscape.” ATREE?, 2023.
Deloche, Jean. A Study in Nayaka-Period Social Life: Tiruppudaimarudur Painting and Carvings. EFEO; ECOLE FRANCAISE EXTREME ORIENT, 2011. ISBN-10 : 2855391083 ISBN-13 : 9782855391083
“Thiruppudaimarudur PBR,” n.d.
“Thirupudaimaruthur Management Plan,” n.d.
V, Vishnu, Soubadra Devy M, Mathivanan M, Vinod M Kumar, and Maria Antony P, eds. Trails of the Tamiraparani. 1st ed. Bengaluru, Karnataka, India: Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), 2021. ISBN: 978-81-952895-3-0
INDIA AND TAMIL NADU AT A GLANCE
Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. “Census of India Website.”
Vanitha, S. “GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS OF TAMILNADU.” The Indian Journal of Political Science 75, no. 2 (2014): 327–42.
Wikipedia. “Politics of Tamil Nadu.” Last modified September 18, 2023.
Wikipedia. “Economy of Tamil Nadu.” Last modified September 26, 2023. Government of India. “Governance and Administration.”
UNESCO. “Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.”
Wikipedia. “Wildlife of Tamil Nadu.” Last modified September 21, 2023.
Lotus Arise. “Tamil Nadu National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries.”
Tamil Nadu Tourism. “Wildlife Destinations.”
Wikipedia. “List of Rivers of Tamil Nadu.” Last modified September 18, 2023
Wikipedia. “List of Rivers of India.” Last modified September 29, 2023
Adobe Stock. “Holy Ghats at Haridwar, India. Sacred Town for Hindu Religion Pilgrims Offering Floating Flowers and Burning Candles to the Ganges River.” Adobe Stock.
Alamy. “Fight Between Two Migratory Predators Over Prey: Marsh Harrier Snatching Kill of Eurasian Coot Bird from Black-Necked Stork in Hazy Misty Morning at We.” Alamy.
Freepik. “High angle girl celebrating tamil new year.”
The India Forum. “Image017.jpg.”
Tamil Nadu Biodiversity Board. “Tamil Nadu Wildlife.”
TAMIRAPARANI RIVER WATERSHED
Aniruddh. “Gotha Parameswarar, Kunnathur, Tirunelveli.” TN Temples Project, December 24, 2016. Accessed September 18, 2024. https://tntemplesproject.in/author/tntemplesproject/.
AstroUlagam. “What Happened When the Dutch Tried to Steal Thiruchendur Murugan Idol?,” July 11, 2024. Accessed September 18, 2024. https://astroulagam.com.my/lifestyle/what-happenedwhen-the-dutch-tried-to-steal-thiruchendur-murugan-idol-83513.
Blogger. “TAMILNADU SANCTUARY,” October 1, 2017. Accessed September 18, 2024. http:// tnwildsanctuaries.blogspot.com/2017/10/gangaikondan-wildlife-sanctuary.html.
Blogger. “Tamil Nadu Tourism,” May 12, 2017. Accessed September 18, 2024. https://tamilnadufavtourism.blogspot.com/2017/05/sivasailanathar-temple-sivasailam.html.
Blogger. “VELUDHARAN TEMPLES VISIT,” July 12, 2024. Accessed September 18, 2024. https:// veludharan.blogspot.com/2024/07/arulmigu-sri-venkatachalapathi-temple.html.
Ensures. “Thiruporur – Land of Divine War – Part 2,” May 26, 2023. Accessed September 18, 2024. https://yensures.com/tag/balambigai/.
Find My Temples: Temples of Tamil Nadu. “Maya koothar Temple(Sani),” n.d. http://www.findmytemple. com/en/vishnu-temple/t106-mayakoothar-perungulam.
Flickr. “Papanasam Shiva Temple,” April 24, 2011. Accessed September 18, 22024. https://www.flickr. com/photos/drbalaji/5648826537.
Justdial. “Vagaikulam Bird Sanctuary,” n.d. https://www.justdial.com/Tirunelveli/VagaikulamBird-Sanctuary-Tirunelveli/0462PX462-X462-240426015448-K4W2_BZDET?amp=1&utm_ source=touch&utm_medium=AMP&utm_campaign=listing.
Kanyakumari Tourism From Holidays DNA. “Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary (Entry Fee, Timings, Safari, Best time to visit, Images, Facts & Location),” n.d. https://kanyakumaritourism.in/ kanyakumari-wildlife-sanctuary.
Kerala Tourism. “Konni - Adavi,” n.d. https://www.keralatourism.org/ecotourism/trekking-programs/ konni-adavi-package/33.
Kerala Travels. “Shendurney,” n.d. https://www.keralatravels.com/pages/shendurney-wildlife.
Iyer, Meena. “The Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve.” Lakes of India, May 25, 2023. Accessed September 18, 2024. https://lakesofindia.com/2023/05/25/the-kalakad-mundanthuraitiger-reserve/.
Population Census. “Tirunelveli District - Population 2011-2024,” n.d. https://www.census2011.co.in/ census/district/50-tirunelveli.html.
Population Census. “Tenkasi Town Population Census 2011 - 2024,” n.d. https://www.census2011. co.in/data/town/803846-tenkasi-tamil-nadu.html#. Ramsar Sites Information Service. “Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary,” March 8, 2022. Accessed September 18, 2024. https://rsis. ramsar.org/ris/2479.
Population Census. “Thoothukkudi Population 2024,” n.d. https://www.census2011.co.in/ census/city/488-thoothukkudi.html#:~:text=The%20Thoothukkudi%20city%20is%20 located,was%20postponed%20due%20to%20Covid.
Rongmei, Precious. “The riches and mysteries of Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple.” Times Travel, September 21, 2022. Accessed September 18, 2024. https://timesofindia.indiatimes. com/travel/destinations/the-riches-and-mysteries-of-sree-padmanabhaswamy-temple/ articleshow/94357235.cms.
Tamilnadu Temples. “Someswarar Temple-Kumbakonam,” n.d. http://tamilnadu-hindu-temple. blogspot.com/2016/05/someswarar-temple-kumbakonam.html.
Trawell. “Sri Vaikuntanatha Perumal Temple - Srivaikuntam, Tirunelveli - Timings, History, Darshan, Pooja Timings,” n.d. https://www.trawell.in/tamilnadu/tirunelveli/sri-vaikuntanathaperumal-temple-srivaikuntam.
Vinod, Paulmathi. “Vallanadu Blackbuck Sanctuary.” Roaming Owls Wildlife Tales of Vinod & Mathi, April 28, 2022. Accessed September 18, 2024. https://roamingowls.com/2022/04/28/ vallanadu-blackbuck-sanctuary/.
THIRUPPADAIMARATHUR
“Ambasamudram Climate: Weather Ambasamudram & Temperature by Month,” n.d. https:// en.climate-data.org/asia/india/tamil-nadu/ambasamudram-53326/.
iNaturalist. “Arjun Tree (Terminalia Arjuna),” n.d. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/464765-Terminaliaarjuna.
iNaturalist. “Asian Palmyra Palm (Borassus Flabellifer),” n.d. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/345556Borassus-flabellifer.
eBird. “Black-headed Ibis - eBird,” n.d. https://ebird.org/species/blhibi1.
iNaturalist. “Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis Melanocephalus),” n.d. https://www.inaturalist.org/ taxa/3738-Threskiornis-melanocephalus.
iNaturalist. “Blue Tiger (Tirumala Limniace),” n.d. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/143257-Tirumalalimniace.
Animal Diversity Web. “Channa Striata (Pongee),” n.d. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Channa_ striata/.
Dudley, Nigel. “Guidelines for applying protected area management categories including IUCN WCPA best practice guidance on recognising protected areas and assigning management categories and governance types.” IUCN, n.d. https://iucn.org/resources/publication/ guidelines-applying-protected-area-management-categories-including-iucn-wcpa.
eBird. “Eastern Cattle Egret - eBird,” n.d. https://ebird.org/species/categr2.
GibbonWoot Partnership Limited. “Anastomus Oscitans, Asian Openbill.” Thai National Parks, n.d. https://www.thainationalparks.com/species/asian-openbill.
Horace. “Life History of the Common Grass Yellow,” n.d. https://butterflycircle.blogspot.com/2013/01/ life-history-of-common-grass-yellow.html.
iNaturalist. “Indian Banyan (Ficus Benghalensis),” n.d. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/54880-Ficusbenghalensis.
iNaturalist. “Indian Mango (Mangifera Indica),” n.d. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/48872-Mangiferaindica.
Javeed, Rashad. “Bael Fruit Tree (Bilgree)- Enjoy Drinks of Golden Stone Wood Apples,” n.d. https:// plantsoflahore.blogspot.com/2013/12/bael-fruit-tree-bilgree-enjoy-drinks-of.html?spref=pi.
eBird. “Little Cormorant - eBird,” n.d. https://ebird.org/species/litcor1.
iNaturalist. “Mahua (Madhuca Longifolia),” n.d. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/427116-Madhucalongifolia.
eBird. “Medium Egret - eBird,” n.d. https://ebird.org/species/integr1.
Animal Diversity Web. “Mycteria Leucocephala (Painted Stork),” n.d. https://animaldiversity.org/ accounts/Mycteria_leucocephala/.
eBird. “Painted Stork - eBird,” n.d. https://ebird.org/species/paisto1.
iNaturalist. “Sacred Fig (Ficus Religiosa),” n.d. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/127514-Ficusreligiosa.
“Skittering Frogs: Look Closely, They’re Floating on Water Everywhere,” June 13, 2022. https:// roundglasssustain.com/species/skittering-frogs.
eBird. “Spot-billed Pelican - eBird,” n.d. https://ebird.org/species/spbpel1.
iNaturalist. “Tamarind (Tamarindus Indica),” n.d. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/62844Tamarindus-indica.
“The Mysterious Migration of Crimson Rose Butterflies | RoundGlass Sustain,” June 15, 2022. https:// roundglasssustain.com/wildvaults/migration-crimson-rose-butterflies.
Wikipedia contributors. “Azadirachta Indica.” Wikipedia, September 4, 2024. https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Azadirachta_indica.
“Banyan.” Wikipedia, August 30, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyan.
“Black-headed Ibis.” Wikipedia, September 18, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-headed_ ibis.
“Channa Striata.” Wikipedia, August 21, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channa_striata.
“Ficus Religiosa.” Wikipedia, August 30, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus_religiosa.
THIRUPPADAIMARATHUR
“IUCN Protected Area Categories.” Wikipedia, August 20, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_ protected_area_categories.
“Jackfruit.” Wikipedia, October 1, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit.
“Little Cormorant.” Wikipedia, April 20, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_cormorant.
“Madhuca Longifolia.” Wikipedia, July 18, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia.
“Painted Stork.” Wikipedia, July 21, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_stork.
“Phyllanthus Emblica.” Wikipedia, September 27, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllanthus_ emblica.
“Terminalia Arjuna.” Wikipedia, May 29, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_arjuna.
“Tirumala Limniace.” Wikipedia, September 10, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirumala_ limniace.
“Tiruvidaimarudur Conservation Reserve.” Wikipedia, July 21, 2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Tiruvidaimarudur_Conservation_Reserve.
TIMESCAPE
The Hindu. “The Story of Tamiraparani — the Copper Maiden.” The Hindu, 11 Oct. 2018, www. thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-story-of-tamiraparani-the-copper-maiden/ article25191740.ece.
A Ragu Raman. “Tamil Nadu Iron Age Finds Dated to Indus Valley Period.” The Times of India, Times Of India, 8 July 2023, timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-iron-age-finds-dated-toindus-valley-period/articleshow/101585765.cms.
Frank Raymond Allchin, and Romila Thapar. “India - History.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 15 May 2019, www.britannica.com/place/India/History.
McKibben, Bill. “A Fierce Green Fire | Timeline of Environmental Movement and History | American Masters | PBS.” American Masters, 15 Apr. 2014, www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/afierce-green-fire-timeline-of-environmental-movement/2988/.
Denchak, Melissa. “Paris Climate Agreement: Everything You Need to Know.” NRDC, Natural Resources Defense Council, 19 Feb. 2021, www.nrdc.org/stories/paris-climate-agreement-everythingyou-need-know.
Bavadam, Lyla. “India at 75 | Timeline: Environment.” Frontline, 15 Aug. 2022, frontline.thehindu.com/ environment/india-at-75-timeline-environment-75-years-of-independence/article65728154. ece.
“Tamil Nadu | History, Map, Population, Capital, & Government.” Encyclopedia Britannica, www. britannica.com/place/Tamil-Nadu.
“Caste Movement in India - 20th Century Transformation in Society.” Vajiramandravi.com, vajiramandravi.com/quest-upsc-notes/caste-movement-in-india/.
Team, ClearIAS. “Community Reserves and Conservation Reserves - ClearIAS.” ClearIAS, 17 Feb. 2023, www.clearias.com/community-reserves-and-conservation-reserves/.
“Tirunelveli | Temple City, Ancient City, Rice Bowl | Britannica.” Www.britannica.com, 23 Mar. 2024, www.britannica.com/place/Tirunelveli.
The Hindu Bureau. “Water Level in Papanasam Dam Stands at 108.55 Feet.” The Hindu, Sept. 2024, www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/water-level-in-papanasam-dam-stands-at-10855feet/article68592965.ece.
Forest-PLUS 2.0. “Helping Kerala’s Kani Tribe Conserve Their Nature-Based Food System.” Medium, 9 Aug. 2023, medium.com/@forestplus2.0/helping-keralas-kani-tribe-conserve-their-naturebased-food-system-f648acbc35c2.
Gomairo, Roque. “Vasco Da Gama Arriving at Calicut, India,” Https://Www.worldhistory.org/ Image/14136/Vasco-Da-Gama-Arriving-At-Calicut-India/, 30 May 2021.
Aurel, Vincent . The Ancient Roman Trade with India: A Tale of Two Perspectives, 21 June 2021.
Brooke , John Warwick . Indian Bicycle Troops at a Crossroads on the Fricourt-Mametz Road, Somme, France., 1 July 1916.
Woland, Messer. WWF Logo, 28 Sept. 1968.
Katarki, Mohan. “ the Independence of India ,” Https://Theleaflet.in/Britain-Had-No-Option-But-ToGrant-Independence-To-India-On-August-15-1947/, 15 Aug. 1947.
Josh, Jagran. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, 13 Apr. 1919.
Euler, Michel. “India’s Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, at the COP21 UN Climate Change Conference,” Https://Www.theguardian.com/Environment/2016/Oct/02/India-Paris-Climate-ChangeAgreement-Un-Narendra-Modi, 2 Oct. 2016.
Heath, Julian. “Imaginative Reconstruction of a Western Desert Neolithic Settlement,” Https://ThePast.com/Feature/Neolithic-Settlements-of-The-Western-Desert-Proto-Villages-of-StoneAge-Egypt/, 6 Feb. 2023.
Encyclopædia Britannica. “Brihadishvara Chola Temple,” Https://Www.britannica.com/Topic/CholaDynasty/Additional-Info#History, 13 Apr. 2018.
Jothishi. “A Glimpse of the Nellaiapar Temple,” Https://Www.thisday.app/Story/The-NellaiapparTemple-27690, 27 July 2022.
Nathan, Chentil. “The History of Anti-Hindi Imposition Movements in Tamil Nadu,” Https://Www. thenewsminute.com/Tamil-Nadu/History-Anti-Hindi-Imposition-Movements-TamilNadu-102983, 4 June 2019.
Sridharan, Vasudevan. “Restoring the Perennial Thamirabarani River with People Power,” Https:// India.mongabay.com/2023/07/Video-Restoring-The-Perennial-Thamirabarani-River-WithPeople-Power/, 19 July 2023.
The Hindu Bureau. “Water Level in Papanasam Dam Stands at 74.90 Feet,” Https://Www.thehindu. com/News/Cities/Madurai/Water-Level-In-Papanasam-Dam-Stands-At-7490-Feet/ Article68246635.Ece, 3 June 2024.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thalavaipandi S (Lepidopterist & Research Associate, ATREE) AND Santhanamari (Research Assistant, ATREE)
Anish A (Nature Education Consultant, ATREE)
Mathivanan M (Coordinator & Senior Research Associate, ATREE)
Karthika (Children book Illustrator) (Research
Dr Thanigaivel A (Herpetologist & Research Associate, ATREE)
Teresa Scholastica Thomas (Research Consultant, ATREE)
Saravanan A (Taxonomist & Senior Research Associate, ATREE)
Sanmadi KR (Research Consultant, ATREE)
Maria Antony P (Nature Educator & YouCAN Earth Educator Fellow, ATREE)
STUDENT BIOS
Zannatun Alim is in the final year of her Master of Architecture at the University of Michigan, where she also completed her Bachelor of Science in Architecture. She is interested in sustainable practices and design work in tropical, warmclimate environments connecting with her Bangladeshi roots. As a first-generation student, she is passionate about creating community-driven designs that celebrate cultural exchange and enrich everyday life.
Deepa Bansal is in her final year of the Master of Urban Design program at the University of Michigan. With a degree in Architecture from the University of Mumbai, India, she is interested in creating strategies for community-driven, bottom-up urbanization practices that foster a more equitable environment. Deepa is also a food enthusiast who loves cooking for her friends and family.
Virginia Bassily is in the final year of the Master of Urban Design at the University of Michigan. She has a background in Architectural Engineering from the American University in Cairo, Egypt, and is interested in the entanglements between the ‘informal’ and the ‘‘formal’ in urban settings. In her work, she seeks to contextualize the ways of globalization in the growing instant cities around the world.
Jordan Biniker is in the final year of the Master of Architecture at the University of Michigan. After years of practicing dentistry, his design interests lie at the intersection between landscape, social practices, and sustainable design.
Haley Cope is in her final year of the Master of Architecture at the University of Michigan. With a Bachelor of Science in Interior Design from Eastern Michigan University and a passion for all things related to education, her work reflects a strong focus on sustainable material practices.
Stephanie Dutan is in the final year of the Master of Architecture at the University of Michigan with a Bachelor of Design in Architecture from the University of Florida. Her work explores the interplay of temporality and the rich mediums of storytelling, tradition, and culture, seeking to create designs that honor and preserve cultural narratives.
Max Freyberger is in the final year of the Master of Architecture program at the University of Michigan, with a Bachelor of Arts in Architecture from UC Berkeley. His work emphasizes sustainable design and fostering harmony between built and natural environments. Originally from Kentucky, Max has a particular appreciation for the bold and flavorful fusion of Indian KFC, which he considers the pinnacle of fast food.
Nahj Marium is in the final year of her Master of Architecture program at the University of Michigan with a Bachelor’s in Architecture from Bangalore, India, and is passionate about ecological justice. With experience in architecture and landscape design, her research explores degrowth and alternative hedonism, aiming to shift focus beyond human-centered design toward harmonious ecological futures.
Akshita Mandhyan is in her final year of the Master of Urban Design at the University of Michigan holding a Bachelor’s in Architecture from India. Her work explores the intersection of gender, society, behavior, and urbanism, focusing on how these dynamics shape equitable and inclusive urban environments.
Jaydipkumar Nakrani is in his final year of the Master of Architecture at the University of Michigan with a Bachelor’s in Architecture from India. His design vision focuses on creating social spaces that foster community connections, landscapes that celebrate nature, and culturally inspired designs that leave a lasting impact.
Srinjayee Saha is in her final year of the Master of Architecture program at the University of Michigan, holding a Bachelor’s in Architecture from India. Her work centers on humancentric, evidence-based design, emphasizing thoughtful, research-driven solutions that prioritize user needs.
Yi Min Tan is in his final year of the Master of Architecture at the University of Michigan, where he also earned his Bachelor of Science in Architecture coming from Malaysia. His work focuses on storytelling and weaving concepts of time and temporality into spatial design.