Conservatory - Masters Thesis Overview

C O N S E R VAT O RY Lloyd Martin - London School of Architecture

Conservatory, 1 Long Ln, Barbican, London EC1A 9HA

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1.0 Introduction 1.1 Executive Summary

Executive summary

This exemplar mixed-use project demonstrates the opportunity for London of integrating the economy and ecology on above-ground infrastructural developments. At Farringdon Crossrail East and Barbican stations, the site’s valuable heat resources are reused to power a combined market and housing scheme, presenting a new model of environmental and social sustainability.

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1.0 Introduction 1.2 Introduction

Introduction

The proposal is envisioned as a hybridization of open plan market infrastructure and a self-sustaining, off-grid neighbourhood of bioclimatically enclosed housing, fostering a truly economical and sustainable building typology that is otherwise impossible within the climatic conditions of London. Heat remains the single biggest reason we use energy in our society. We use more energy for heating than for transport or the generation of electricity. The vast majority of our heat is produced by burning fossil fuels and as a result heat is responsible for around a third of the UK’s carbon dioxide emissions.

+ Architecture

= Landscape

Interweaving

With energy at the heart of our major cities’ transformation to sustainable, resilient low carbon communities, the delivery of new energy infrastructure will be critical to securing our energy future.

It is in this context that the proposal has been envisioned. The design of which is the combination of a series of complex systems of relationships both in a programmatic and functional way and in an experiential, emotive and social way all based around a new form of heat and energy utilization.

The Housing and Market place are heated by the underground trains of Crossrail and Barbican. This heating combined with the greenhouse effect of the enclosed space is more than adequate to provide the thermal range of 18-13 degrees necessary for comfortable habitation. Any excess heat once passed through the individual housing is expelled into the shared garden spaces.

Keeping the entire building a steady 10-15 degrees higher than the outside temperature in winter, and 5 degrees lower than the highest summer temperature.

The development will be funded been funded by TFL who own the site, Islington Council who own and run the network, along with backing from the Mayor, UK Power Networks and CELSIUS (a partnership of five EU cities and aims to demonstrate how the efficiency and performance of district heating systems can be improved by focusing on the opportunity that they offer for capturing and utilizing sources of waste heat that are generated within cities, CELSIUS were instrumental in the development of the Bunhill energy centers that the proposition connects to)

Conservatory, 1 Long Ln, Barbican, London EC1A 9HA

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2.0 Existing Context 2.1 Context + References

Built Context

The site contains a number of buildings, mixed in use and character.

They ranged in height from one to five storeys and range from a mixture of Victorian industrial structures to a mid-20th century concrete and brick hotel. The taller buildings were prevalent on the south end of the site, along Long Lane, whilst a series of singlestorey structures were present to the north, their height being constrained by having foundations on a decking structure over the railway lines below. A few of these buildings have been demolished as part of the Crossrail enabling works.

The site is presently a construction work site with the existing buildings removed and basements exposed. This provides a clear view of the surrounding built environment. The tallest neighboring structure adjacent to the site is found to the north at 23-28 Charterhouse Street. At six-storeys, it features a mix of Portland Stone to the ground floor and homogeneous brown brick above. To the south east of this and directly adjacent to development site are mid 20th century curtain walled structures made of dappled brown and purple bricks with strong horizontal emphasis afforded by long, subdivided elevations and fenestration patterns. These buildings respected the previous structures on the development site in terms of their scale and massing albeit in a contemporary guise.

The south of the site is dominated by Victorian structures lining Long Lane. These buildings are fairly plain in their construction often featuring segmental headed windows and a mixture of stock bricks with red brick dressings or stucco dressings. Some exceptions can be found in slightly more ornate structures which feature decorative floral stone dressings to their string courses and ornate console brackets to their pub fronts. The majority of structures lining this route are four storeys in height although their scale and massing differ, dependent on their age.

The most assuming and imposing structure in the area is the Grade II listed Smithfield Market which dominates the western elevation of the proposed ETH along Lindsey Street. This elevation incorporates a number of decorative elements and is complemented by the continuous, modern glass canopy inserted above the ground floor windows. The palette of materials here is a mixture of red brick, decorative iron work, and portland stone, together with the mature, green patina of copper cladding to the cupolas surmounting the corner towers. The main podium structure of the market building is 13m tall, whilst the towers rise up to 27m tall (generally equivalent to 6/7 storeys).

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2.0 Existing Context 2.1 Context + References

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Decentralized Energy References 1. Bunhill Heat and Power - is Islington Council’s ground-breaking, innovative scheme retrofitting district heating in an inner-city environment. It is our first district scale heat network and serves over 850 homes and two leisure centers. The heat network and energy center were completed in winter 2012 and provide cheaper, greener heat to Islington residents.

2. Bunhill 2 Power Centre - is intended to be a demonstrator project to the other London Boroughs and EU cities seeking to make best use of their urban waste heat sources. It includes the capture of waste heat from an electricity sub-station and from the London Underground tube system via a heat exchange coil; the first project of its kind in the UK and one of the first in Europe.

3. Energy Hub + Nursery - Duggan Morris architects propose a new CHP center that will supply 30o0 new homes plus shops offices and leisure spaces. A nursery providing early years education to families at Elephant Park and the surrounding community as well as job and training opportunities for local residents. A community cafe that will provide a meeting point for the local community, as well as a flexible community space, managed by the cafe, and designed to accommodate a range of community events. A pocket park next to the energy hub, with energy themed play facilities for the local children to enjoy.

4. London Olympic Energy Centre - The energy centers uses (CHP) engines, which generate electricity and produce hot water.

The hot water is distributed throughout the Park by a network of pipes providing heat to venues, commercial buildings and residential properties. Chilled water is also produced by passing the hot water through an absorption chiller. This is then distributed by pipes to provide air-conditioning in some of the Park’s buildings.

5. The False Creek Energy Centre - integrated with a sewage pumping station, recovers heat from untreated urban wastewater, a renewable energy source. Similar to a geothermal application, heat pumps transfer the energy to a hot water distribution system. Sewage heat recovery outperforms most geothermal systems, thanks to a warmer heat source and lower installation cost.

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Enclosed Space References 1. The Crystal Palace - Designed by Joseph Paxton, the building was 564 long, with an interior height of 39 m. The introduction of the sheet glass method into Britain by Chance Brothers in 1832 made possible the production of large sheets of cheap but strong glass, and its use in the Crystal Palace created a structure with the greatest area of glass ever seen in a building and astonished visitors with its clear walls and ceilings that did not require interior lights.

2. 17th Century Winter garden - Traditionally a “Winter Garden” isn’t simply a vegetable patch in December - the term began back in the 17th century when it became fashionable amongst the European nobility to build themselves large conservatories attached to their palaces to house tropical and sub-tropical plants all year round, the implication being that an English summer may as well be winter to a tropical plant.

3. The Ford Foundation building and atrium - completed in 1967, by Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates. The building’s exterior is largely composed of glass panels which creates a temperate environment that is ideal for the atrium’s subtropical garden, while also creating a seamless flow of green space between the atrium and Tudor City Park to the east.

4. Sheffield Winter Garden - is one of the largest temperate glasshouses to be built in the UK during the last hundred years, and the largest urban glasshouse anywhere in Europe. It is home to more than 2,000 plants from all around the world. It has an intelligent Building Management System which controls fans and vents to make sure the plants are cooled in summer and kept warm in winter.

5. Palaeontology Research Centre - H Arquitectes and DATAAE teamed up to design the ICTA-ICP building for the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona campus in the Catalonian municipality of Cerdanyola del Vallès. The concrete structure is wrapped and protected by a low-cost exterior bioclimatic skin. By installing a greenhouse-industrialized system that opens and closes its mechanisms automatically, the solar gain and ventilation are regulated. This way, it is possible to raise the interior temperature naturally and guarantee a base of comfort in the circulation spaces as well as in the in-between spaces.

Conservatory, 1 Long Ln, Barbican, London EC1A 9HA

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2.0 Existing Context 2.2 Metabolism Theoretical Framework

Metabolism Theoretical Framework Patrick Geddes

Abel Wolman

Ecological critique of urbanisation

90

Howard Odum

Metabolism of cities

Energy method

Patrick Geddes

Indusatrial ecology

ENERGY BALANCE

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80 6

FIELD

SCIENCE

Economical

Industry

PRACTICE OR THEORY

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT

CRADLE 2 CRADLE

70 Industrial Ecology

5

LEAN METHODOLOGY

60 ENERGY METHOD

4

Ecology

50

40

3

Ecology

Systems Ecology

Biology

Metabolism

MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS

SUBSTANCE FLOW ANALYSIS

METABOLISM

Social Cultural

Architecture URBAN METABOLISM CITY AS ECOSYSTEM METABOLIC RIFT

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population

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

club of rome

second world war

FOSTER

oil consumption

1880

Own Image: Metabolism Theoretical Framework

METABOLIC RIFT

MARX

social revolution

Billions of people

Millions of barels per day

30 2

Anthropology/ Phoilosophy

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

I use the concept of urban metabolism to describe the urban system in organic (not artificial) terms, by drawing a parallel with the human body. Metabolism is therefore a key concept here: the metabolism of the urban landscape. How do the ingenious, interlocking flows and systems in this complex, interactive urban system work, which incessantly works to meet the needs of its residents? To make this urban metabolism visible, a number of vital flows will be dealt with.

This usually concerns physical flows, i.e. substance flows.

I will concentrate on goods, people, waste, biota (inter alia plants and animals), energy, food, and fresh water. Although people and energy cannot exactly be regarded as substance flows, in a way, it also concerns matter that flows from one location to another. I will also examine building materials, freight traffic and waste. Each of these flows is indispensable to the city’s functioning and well-being. However, these flows will not remain the same in the decades ahead in view of changing requirements and contexts. It will often be extremely difficult to allow them to take place whilst ensuring good quality and greater sustainability. Until now, we have not been able to create prosperity without adversely affecting our living environment. The effects can be felt around the world. An increasing number of city-dwellers are faced with problems connected with this. A transition to a sustainable urban community is therefore essential! A world, where it is possible to create prosperity with a positive effect on our living environment and communities. Decisions and choices at local and regional level can contribute to this to a great extent. But what does this mean specifically for the city? In what form can I best apply the characteristics and possibilities of substance flows to urban life by means of spatial design?

2.0 Existing Context 2.3 Metabolic Flow Analysis

London Flow Analysis Compost plant

Dry bulk

Sales Semi-finished products

Food processing

Fresh food distribution

Consumers

Phosphates Nitrates

Crops

Eco-farm

Urban agriculture Marine food production

Dry bulk

Dry bulk terminals

Wet bulk

Pipelines

Package glass

Biomass

FOOD

Clothes/shoes Small chemicals

Meat

Food exchange

Usable furniture

Fish

Neighbourhood market Farm shops Open markets

Equipment

Seaweed

International food export

Nutrients

Food import-export

Wood

Imported waste

‘wet’ waste

biogas

Incineration

Street (pick up point) Containers Garborator Proteins

Distributers

Collection

Plastics Metals Residual/household

Export Producer C02 Hub

Tank terminals

Road

CCS dismantiling, sorting, recycling

Consumers

Waste

Container terminals

CARGO

Manufacturer

Greenhouse gas

Biomass

Fuel industry

Heat

Evaporation

Infiltration

Fuels Electricity

Electricity network

Heat

Aquifer

Sewage systems Water waste treatment plant

Acidification Eutrophication

Electricity

Heat plant

WATER

City district heating

River water

Nutrient rich water

IMPORT

Wind energy

Geothermic sources

heat energy buffers

Start/End Activity, situation or phase Spatial activity

Route New route

CONSUMPTION

Food Cargo Waste

g h a or 6.6 3

gh

a

BFF 2002 _City Limits A resource flow and ecological footprint analysis of Greater London

nutrients

PRODUCTION

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Ecological footprint of Londoners showing actual size Compared to UK.

Waste Nutrient extraction

Solar energy

80

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Natural gas

Sea Water

Power plant

Drinking water Consumers

cooling water Coal

Transport 6% Energy 10% Waste 44% Food 41%

Rain water

Crude oil

Ecological footprint of Londoners a p ita

Recovery and refinery

rc

Empty depot

pe

Roll on Roll off

ENERGY

Fermentation location

Organic

Dairy

Proteins Proteins

Restaurants

Fruits Cattle farm

Waste management

Household/Company waste Paper/cardboard

Vegetables

Green House CO2

Fodder

Waste

Gareden/park organic

Residual household

Arable land

Nitrates

Import

Purchase departments

Primary production

Phosphates

Food bank

Heat

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Metabolic thinking requires switching between different scales, between strategy and spatial design, intermediate flow and associated infrastructure. Instead of incoherent optimizations here or there on waste reduction, it is a better idea to develop a new, integrated perspective in which economy, ecology and spatial diversification are coupled to city, nature and landscape. By drawing the flows together in one chart one gains insight into potential sites where chains can be closed. Such as waste heat from industry that can serve as input for geothermal sources, so that even after thirty years they can still be functional. Also exchange between flows have huge potential: Existing examples like CO2 from the energy chain and nutrients from the water that are used as a raw material in the food chain.

To make the urban metabolism of London visible, I dealt with a number of vital flows, goods, people, waste, biota (inter alia plants and animals), energy, food, and fresh water. Each of these flows is indispensable to the city’s functioning and wellbeing. Until now, we have not been able to create prosperity without adversely affecting our living environment. A transition to a sustainable urban community is therefore essential!

For the most part, the design for a more energy efficient future is already in place. Because of their dense populations, tall buildings, and infrastructure (all things which have traditionally been causes of greenhouse emissions), cities are already built to develop channels for waste heat and more efficient energy distribution.

In the end, it is the urban areas that will be the most energy efficient. New styles of cities and urban development that will incorporate the capture and distribution of waste heat in its founding are on the horizon and will be forever intertwined with city planning and urban morphology.

green wood other

Compost location

Food wholesale Supermarkets

Finished products

biogas biomass

WASTE

Fodder

WASTE

EXPORT

Water Energy

Conservatory, 1 Long Ln, Barbican, London EC1A 9HA

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2.0 Existing Context 2.4 Biota Flow Analysis

Green space Tree Allotments Cemetery Common Farm Garden Golf course Grass Heath Meadow Nature reserve Orchard Park Pitch Scrub Village green Wetland Wood Zoo Forest Woodlands Park and Garden

Water Reservoirs Aquifer Water wells Historic Flood Levels Flood Warning Levels Surface Water Water Lines Waterways Lines River Pier

Green Spaces_http://www.gigl.org.uk/open-spaces/Water_http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-england-arcgis-maps-shapefiles.htm Nature_ https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/access-public-open-space-and-nature-ward Trees_ https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/local-authority-maintained-trees https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/business-and-government/products/os-open-rivers.html DEM Map_https://data.gov.uk/dataset/lidar-composite-dsm-25cm1 Flood Warning Areas_https://data.gov.uk/dataset/flood-risk-areas Historic Flood Areas_https://data.gov.uk/dataset/historic-flood-map1 Reservoirs_ https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/london-reservoir-levels Acquifer_ http://www.bgs.ac.uk/products/hydrogeology/aquiferDesignation.html http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-england-arcgis-maps-shapefiles.html

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Green Spaces_http://www.gigl.org.uk/open-spaces/Water_http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-england-arcgis-maps-shapefiles.htm Nature_ https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/access-public-open-space-and-nature-ward Trees_ https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/local-authority-maintained-trees https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/business-and-government/products/os-open-rivers.html DEM Map_https://data.gov.uk/dataset/lidar-composite-dsm-25cm1 Flood Warning Areas_https://data.gov.uk/dataset/flood-risk-areas Historic Flood Areas_https://data.gov.uk/dataset/historic-flood-map1 Reservoirs_ https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/london-reservoir-levels Acquifer_ http://www.bgs.ac.uk/products/hydrogeology/aquiferDesignation.html http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-england-arcgis-maps-shapefiles.html

2.0 Existing Context 2.4 Biota Flow Analysis

Biota

In nature every output by an individual organism is also an input that renews the whole living environment of which it is a part. To become sustainable, cities have to develop a circular metabolism, using and re-using resources as efficiently as possible and minimizing materials use and waste discharges into the natural environment.

The bulk of London’s water originates from the rivers Thames and Lea and from reservoirs around the city. London is notorious for its leaking water pipes and in recent years Thames Water seems to have been able to do little to improve water leakage rates. Meanwhile London’s own water table has been rising because a legacy of contamination has made it too costly for it to be used to supply drinking water.

Water shortages in dry years such as 2006 are starting to concentrate the mind of decision makers, and additional future demands from a growing population in and around London is likely to encourage more efficient water use.

New ways of processing and using water from London’s water table may have to be found in the coming years. Best practice in efficient water use is likely to inform decisions on the uses of new water technology in London and this is likely to include run-off collection, as well as grey water flushing, efficient toilet cisterns, efficient shower heads and other techniques in use around the world. Water metering is also likely to become the norm.

Urban Metabolism: London Sustainability Scenarios, H. Girardet, Environmental Consultant, UK (2006)

Potential heat from River Source

GLA_London’s Zero Carbon Energy Resource: Secondary Heat, Report Phase 1 (2013)

Green Spaces_http://www.gigl.org.uk/open-spaces/Water_http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-england-arcgis-maps-shapefiles.htm Nature_ https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/access-public-open-space-and-nature-ward Trees_ https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/local-authority-maintained-trees https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/business-and-government/products/os-open-rivers.html DEM Map_https://data.gov.uk/dataset/lidar-composite-dsm-25cm1 Flood Warning Areas_https://data.gov.uk/dataset/flood-risk-areas Historic Flood Areas_https://data.gov.uk/dataset/historic-flood-map1 Reservoirs_ https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/london-reservoir-levels Acquifer_ http://www.bgs.ac.uk/products/hydrogeology/aquiferDesignation.html http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-england-arcgis-maps-shapefiles.html

Conservatory, 1 Long Ln, Barbican, London EC1A 9HA

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2.0 Existing Context 2.5 Waste Flow Analysis

Waste Flow Supermarket Restaurant Bars Recycling Centre Landfill Site Waste Treatment Sewer Main Stormwater Main Intercepting Sewer Thames Tunnel https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/statistical-gis-boundary-files-london Waste Collection_https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/local-authority-collected-waste-management-london https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/household-waste-recycling-rates-borough Restaurant and Supermarkets_ http://download.geofabrik.de/europe/great-britain/england/greater-london.html Sewer lines_http://mappinglondon.co.uk/2014/londons-other-underground-network/ Recycling Centre_https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk Waste Treatment_ http://download.geofabrik.de/europe/great-britain/england/greater-london.html https://data.gov.uk/dataset/permitted-waste-sites-authorised-landfill-site-boundaries1 http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-england-arcgis-maps-shapefiles.htm

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https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/statistical-gis-boundary-files-london Waste Collection_https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/local-authority-collected-waste-management-london https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/household-waste-recycling-rates-borough Restaurant and Supermarkets_http://download.geofabrik.de/europe/great-britain/england/greater-london.html Sewer lines_http://mappinglondon.co.uk/2014/londons-other-underground-network/ Recycling Centre_https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk Waste Treatment_http://download.geofabrik.de/europe/great-britain/england/greater-london.html https://data.gov.uk/dataset/permitted-waste-sites-authorised-landfill-site-boundaries1 http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-england-arcgis-maps-shapefiles.htm

2.0 Existing Context 2.5 Waste Flow Analysis

Waste

The urban metabolism consists of the entire input of resources used by city people, and their subsequent output of wastes. Modern cities tend to have a linear rather than a circular metabolism. Many materials are used only once and then end up in a landfill. For cities to exist in the long term, they need to function in a similar manner. High resource productivity is the key to the necessary changes.

London’s sewage is currently transported to large treatment works such as Beckton and Crossness in 19th century sewers. Some decades ago, a proportion of it was used as fertilizer and soil conditioner, but the bulk of it was being dumped in the Thames Estuary. Now most of London’s sewage is dehydrated and then burned in an incinerator, with the permanent loss of carbon as well as plant nutrients such as potash, phosphates and nitrates that ought be returned to farmland. It is likely that new, smaller scale ecofriendly sewerage technologies, such as Eco-Machines, will increasingly come into use, with the plant nutrients contained in sewage being used in urban-fringe farming and market gardening.

Urban Metabolism: London Sustainability Scenarios, H. Girardet, Environmental Consultant, UK (2006)

Potential heat from Water Treatment

Potential heat from Sewer Mining

https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/statistical-gis-boundary-files-london Waste Collection_https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/local-authority-collected-waste-management-london https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/household-waste-recycling-rates-borough Restaurant and Supermarkets_http://download.geofabrik.de/europe/great-britain/england/greater-london.html Sewer lines_http://mappinglondon.co.uk/2014/londons-other-underground-network/ Recycling Centre_https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk Waste Treatment_http://download.geofabrik.de/europe/great-britain/england/greater-london.html https://data.gov.uk/dataset/permitted-waste-sites-authorised-landfill-site-boundaries1 http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-england-arcgis-maps-shapefiles.htm

GLA_London’s Zero Carbon Energy Resource: Secondary Heat, Report Phase 1 (2013)

Conservatory, 1 Long Ln, Barbican, London EC1A 9HA

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2.0 Existing Context 2.6 Transport Flow Analysis

Rail Rail Lines Stations PTAL Rating No. of passengers

Bicycle Parking Store Route Quiteway Superhighway

Road Bus Station Road Major Road Numbered Major Highway

Road Traffic Count_ https://data.gov.uk/dataset/gb-road-traffic-counts Stations, Bus stops, Bicycle stops/shops_http://download.geofabrik.de/europe/great-britain/england/greater-london.html Station Usage_https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/train-station-usage Roads/Rail Lines/Bicycle lines_https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/openstreetmap http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-england-arcgis-maps-shapefiles.htm PTAL_https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/london-area-classification

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Road Traffic Count_ https://data.gov.uk/dataset/gb-road-traffic-counts Stations, Bus stops, Bicycle stops/shops_http://download.geofabrik.de/europe/great-britain/england/greater-london.html Station Usage_https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/train-station-usage Roads/Rail Lines/Bicycle lines_https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/openstreetmap http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-england-arcgis-maps-shapefiles.htm PTAL_https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/london-area-classification

2.0 Existing Context 2.6 Transport Flow Analysis

Transport

London has one of the best transport systems in the world, boasting aviation connections with global reach and a vast network of railways, Tube lines, highways, local roads, bus routes, pedestrian and cycle links, trams and light railways.

Mostly these work well, and significant investment has been made in recent years. However, every Londoner and London business has experienced the frustration and economic costs when they do not - and there is certainly room for improvement, including through increased reliability and reduced crowding. London’s growth also poses additional challenges; extensions will be needed to reach new or expanding neighborhoods, and improved accessibility will be required to cater for more people, old and young. London currently consumes around 20 million tonnes of oil equivalent every year, or two supertankers a week, producing some 60 million tonnes of CO2. In a world affected by climate change and limitations on the use of fossil fuels, every effort needs to be made to wean London off the routine use of oil, gas and coal. In addition, needs to look at the potential for significant reductions in car use. The London congestion charge, together with support for public transport and cycling have helped to significantly reduce carbon emissions. Much more needs to be done to assure mode switching from public transport to cycling, etc., to enable efficient, flexible journeys.

Urban Metabolism: London Sustainability Scenarios, H. Girardet, Environmental Consultant, UK (2006)

Potential heat from Underground Rail Ventilation

Road Traffic Count_ https://data.gov.uk/dataset/gb-road-traffic-counts Stations, Bus stops, Bicycle stops/shops_http://download.geofabrik.de/europe/great-britain/england/greater-london.html Station Usage_https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/train-station-usage Roads/Rail Lines/Bicycle lines_https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/openstreetmap http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-england-arcgis-maps-shapefiles.htm PTAL_https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/london-area-classification

GLA_London’s Zero Carbon Energy Resource: Secondary Heat, Report Phase 1 (2013)

Conservatory, 1 Long Ln, Barbican, London EC1A 9HA

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2.0 Existing Context 2.7 Energy Flow Analysis

Heat Loads Local government estate Other Public Buildings Sport & Leisure facilities Multi-address buildings Education facilities Museums & Art Galleries NHS Hotels Private commercial Social Housing Estate Private residential

Heat Source Minor Source Major Source Bunhill CHP Bunhill 2 CHP District Heating Potential DH

Electricity Electricity Usage Tower Substation Cable Over Head line

Energy Consumption_https://data.gov.uk/dataset/energy_consumption_in_the_uk Energy Usage_https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/london-area-classification Heat Source_https://data.gov.uk/dataset/london-heat-map District Heating_https://data.gov.uk/dataset/london-heat-map Substation_https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/openstreetmap http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-england-arcgis-maps-shapefiles.htm Electricity Lines_https://data.gov.uk/dataset/london-heat-map Heat Loads_ https://data.gov.uk/dataset/the-uk-renewable-energy-statistics-database Bunhill 1+2_ https://www.islington.gov.uk/environment/energy-services/bunhill-heat-power

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Energy Consumption_https://data.gov.uk/dataset/energy_consumption_in_the_uk Energy Usage_https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/london-area-classification Heat Source_https://data.gov.uk/dataset/london-heat-map District Heating_https://data.gov.uk/dataset/london-heat-map Substation_https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/openstreetmap http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-england-arcgis-maps-shapefiles.htm Electricity Lines_https://data.gov.uk/dataset/london-heat-map Heat Loads_ https://data.gov.uk/dataset/the-uk-renewable-energy-statistics-database Bunhill 1+2_ https://www.islington.gov.uk/environment/energy-services/bunhill-heat-power

2.0 Existing Context 2.7 Energy Flow Analysis

Energy

The most significant advances in engineering for sustainable development are likely to be found in urban energy systems.

CHP systems are offer very major opportunities, halving fossil fuel use as compared to conventional power stations. Cities such as Copenhagen, Helsinki and Hanover have shown that CHP, coupled with very high levels of energy efficiency, can offer huge benefits. A diversity of national sources of energy supply will improve security, affordability and sustainability of London’s energy supply; and the efficient production of locally produced energy incorporating a diverse range of energy sources, from gas through to large scale heat pumps utilizing waste heat will also have a significant role to play in reducing London’s carbon output and making London’s energy more secure and resilient.

Urban Metabolism: London Sustainability Scenarios, H. Girardet, Environmental Consultant, UK (2006)

Potential heat from Power Stations

Potential heat from Substations

Energy Consumption_https://data.gov.uk/dataset/energy_consumption_in_the_uk Energy Usage_https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/london-area-classification Heat Source_https://data.gov.uk/dataset/london-heat-map District Heating_https://data.gov.uk/dataset/london-heat-map Substation_https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/openstreetmap http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-england-arcgis-maps-shapefiles.htm Electricity Lines_https://data.gov.uk/dataset/london-heat-map Heat Loads_ https://data.gov.uk/dataset/the-uk-renewable-energy-statistics-database Bunhill 1+2_ https://www.islington.gov.uk/environment/energy-services/bunhill-heat-power

GLA_London’s Zero Carbon Energy Resource: Secondary Heat, Report Phase 1 (2013)

Conservatory, 1 Long Ln, Barbican, London EC1A 9HA

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2.0 Existing Context 2.8 Decentralized Energy Capacity Study

Decentralized Energy Capacity Study

District Heat and Energy has the potential to supply over 25% of London’s demand for heating and electricity, with significant reductions in carbon emissions depending on fuel source and the carbon intensity of electricity from the national grid.

The initial development of DE schemes is centered around areas under the control of a single land owner (universities, hospitals, large new build developments) and schemes being developed by local authorities as part of their climate change and fuel poverty strategies. These schemes could act as catalysts for wider area schemes through interconnection but they will need to be significantly scaled up to deliver the deployment potential. Beyond 2031 a switch to heat sources lower in carbon than gas CHP will be required to continue delivering carbon savings in line with the national and London targets to achieve an 80% reduction in CO2 emissions on 1990 levels by 2050. Should this accompany a rise in natural gas prices (due to supply shortages or environmental policy), larger-scale heat networks offer opportunities to capture and use supplies of waste heat from new build low or zero carbon power stations located outside London.

SITE

GLA, Decentralized energy capacity study, Phase 3: Road map to deployment (2011)

Road map for realizing the potential of decentralized energy.

GLA, Decentralized energy capacity study, Phase 3: Road map to deployment (2011) GLA_London’s Zero Carbon Energy Resource: Secondary Heat, Report Phase 1,2,3. (2013) GLA_Decentralised energy capacity study, Phase 1,2,3. (2011) Buro Happold_Islington Borough Energy Mapping, Phase 1,2 Borough Wide Heat Mapping Mayor of London_London Heat Map Manual (2014) Ricardo-AEA_Projections of CHP capacity and use to 2030 (2013) Bunhill CHP_www.islington.gov.uk/heatnetwork Bunhill 2 Energy Centre_http://cullinanstudio.com/project/bunhill-2-energy-centre

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2.0 Existing Context 2.9 Site Overview

Overview ell Gosw Road

Energy The site has the potential to form the coupling between the barbican and Bunhill energy centers, successfully linking the networks together will help to reduce costs and eliminate risks. Energy will be produced onsite from CHP and Waste incineration.

Connectivity The main route through the site is Goswell road. Providing an opportunity to introduce an E-loop bicycle transport network to reduce the amount of freight traffic in London. The main source of secondary heat is captured from the underground rail system. The arrival of crossrail will increase developments and need for energy.

Waste

Goswell

The main sewage line on Goswell road is a source of sewage heat mining. Providing an opportunity for heat along the street and a possible new urban system arising from that. Solid waste is processed and distributed on-site and Biowaste is incinerated. Heat is captured and distributed into network.

Road

Biota Biomass is collected and processed on-site.

New green space is created within the new ‘Metabolic park’ Water is chilled/heated at the Barbican water source. Goswell street to form new green corridor.

Distributed Local Energy Food

Distributed Local Energy Goods/Economic Activity

Waste

Building stock All existing building stock to be retro fitted with district heating and metabolic flow integration products.

Recovered goods

Grey Water

Heat Heat

Heat Grey Water Waste Biomass

Heat

Conservatory, 1 Long Ln, Barbican, London EC1A 9HA

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3.0 Building Services 3.1 Proposed Housing Systems Overview

Systems Overview

COMMUNITY FARM

BIOGAS

WATER TREATMENT

10000m2 SURFACE

95% Gas Requirements

66% Energy Requirement

50% CO2 Reduction

88% Non Potable water

PROMOTE BIKES

50% Food Requirements

Each individual household is envisioned as a part of a much larger whole, the inputs and outputs of which connecting to a much larger system within the proposal. This type of thinking and design helps to significantly reduce and re-use energy requirements and waste .

Utilizing a combination of passive and active energy conserving and generating materials, and employing built environment methodologies, energy positive and zero-carbon homes can be erected rapidly and at a lower construction cost with less waste. The nature of the materials used and ethos within which the Households are designed allows for them to be quickly assembled and disassembled.

All brownwater waste is collected and processed on-site, the outputs of which are re-introduced into the overall system.

Rainwater is harvested from the large enclosing roof, stored above each household and utilized for toilets and washing.

Excess water is filtered down through a series of planting arrangements and then temporarily stored in the evaporative cooling ponds at the ground floor entrances.

COMMUNAL HEAT HUB

HEATING

2,5 million kcal

109500 L

48,2 bbl

3500 kwh

1500 m3

Food

water

fuel

electricity

gas

COOKING

GEOTHERMAL STORAGE

VENTILATION & COOLING

SOLAR PANELS

ELECTRIC CAR

CAR SHARING

RAINWATER HARVESTING

BIODIGESTER

LANDSCAPE

LIGHTING

ELECTRONICS

HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION (per year)

PERSONAL TRANSPORT

USEABLE WASTE (rough estimate)

TOILET

TAP

OTHER

?

unknown

export

recycled

RESTAURANT

HOME COOKING

UNUSABLE

waste

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energy recovery

3.0 Building Services 3.2 Proposed Building Energy Overview

Energy Overview

In order to reduce the carbon offset of the building the entire roofscape immediately above the households will be covered in solar arrays. Given the total roof space above the households equates to 2500m2, and the sites geographic location and orientation, it was calculated that the proposal could harvest 302,500kwh per year. 33% of that energy is used to supply the households and 67% is utilized to offset the requirements of the market/retail space below. Due to the open nature and low energy requirements of the proposal it is estimated that the required energy demands for the households could be reduced even further.

The Housing is heated by the underground system of Crossrail and Barbican. The current crossrail system has been built with the heat exchanger but currently expels this heat to the outside, Barbican will be retrofitted with heat exchangers once it has been built over.

Electricity

Water

Area roof: 2500 m2

Area roof: 8500 m2

1200 solar panels

302,500 kWh

212 households

Avg. Household Water Consumption

36 %

House cleaning + washing machine

PR

OD

C

ON

SUM

U C TI O N

64 64 % %

24 %

66%

Toilet

PTION

Total Consumption: 3476800L/year Regular households

Solar supplied

Assuming 212 Households

Production: 6676920L/year

Y E A R

75

15

50

5

25

DEGREES CELSIUS

25

RAINFALL MM

100

0 1200ÂŁ/year

Y E A R

8

0 8 4000ÂŁ - 1st year Free - 7th year

PROPOSALS TEMPERATURE AVERAGE RAINFALL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE

Heat recovery from Underground tube lines: Radiant heat is captured in the shared garden space before been expelled through the roof.

-5

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

Sectional perspective: By capturing the residual heat the proposal allows the households to open up to the garden space regardless of the external weather conditions.

Solar arrays: The solar arrays on the roof are more than adequate to provide the energy requirements of each household, excess energy is then utilized in the market below.

DEC

Conservatory, 1 Long Ln, Barbican, London EC1A 9HA

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3.0 Building Services 3.3 Proposed Building Water Overview

Water Overview

The total roof area equates to approximately 8500m2 and is capable of capturing 6700000L of rainwater a year.

Traditionally that water would enter straight into the stormwater system, however due to the rising threat of flooding and need to preserve water, it will be captured in storage tanks above the households and slowly filtered down through the planting system of the shared internal garden, the water supports a fish ecosystem whilst providing evaporative cooling for the inhabitants. Eventually ending in the evaporative cooling ponds on the ground floor. From there it can then enter the city storm-water system.

Rainwater harvesting above every household

The harvested water will provide most of if not all the greywater requirements for the proposal (toilet, household cleaning) Potable water will still need to be sourced from traditional means, however the dis-used underground station provides the perfect opportunity to integrate an on-site water treatment plant.

The water pools are an essential part of the cooling of the entire building. Saving valuable energy resources.

Electricity

Water

Area roof: 2500 m2

Area roof: 8500 m2

1200 solar panels

302,500 kWh

212 households

Avg. Household Water Consumption

Harvested rainwater is utilized in a private garden, filtering rainwater before it enters the fish ponds.

36 %

House cleaning + washing machine

PR

OD

C

ON

SUM

U C TI O N

64 64 % %

24 %

66%

Toilet

PTION

Total Consumption: 3476800L/year Regular households

Solar supplied

Assuming 212 Households

Production: 6676920L/year Rainwater Harvesting

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Pools of water meet the kitchen sink in a symbiotic cleaning and fish feeding process.

Y E A R

0 1200ÂŁ/year

8

Y E A R

0 8 4000ÂŁ - 1st year Free - 7th year

3.0 Building Services 3.4 Proposed Building Biota Overview

Biota Overview

The planting and natural Biota is as important if not more important than the architecture itself and plays a fundamental role in the physical and mental wellbeing of the proposal and its inhabitants. Here the planting is seen as a crucial element of the climatic conditioning, solar shading, water filtration and retention, whilst expanding on the notion of biophilic architecture and the proven psychological benefits nature has on the human psyche.

Protection against Soil Erosion

Moisture Retention

Soil Improvement

Pest Prevention

Leaching Prevention

Phyto Filter Biorestauration

Water Absorption

Different planting utilized throughout the proposal in accordance with sun path and purpose (with regards to Filtration etc)

N

W

E

S

Extent of planted landscape: Entire Building is envisioned as a planted landscape immersing the inhabitants in an internal garden paradise.

The size and shape of the planting help to form and shape the architecture

Conservatory, 1 Long Ln, Barbican, London EC1A 9HA

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4.0 Proposal 4.1 Proposal Overview

Overview

The proposal offers a rare opportunity to enhance the Smithfield Market area as well as improve transportation links.

The proposal aims to achieve this by meeting the key design objectives, a combination of Crossrail and site-specific driven objectives, outlined below: • Provide World Class Customer Experience • Provide a Positive Contribution to the Special Character of the Area • Provide Enhanced Amenity Value • Provide Efficient Function The market will provide an inspirational, functional, inclusive and enjoyable environment that is safe to construct, use and maintain. It will become a benchmark for a well-designed and environmentally sustainable infrastructure, delivering the best value for money. This will be achieved by: • Providing an inclusive, enjoyable and inspirational market environment that is responsive to its local environment and ‘says something about its destination’ in its expression of structure, materiality, and detailing; • Providing a safe facility for visitors through its design as a simple and clear volume with penetration of daylight. It will also be safe to construct and maintain in its detailing and selection of materials.

The goal of the design is to make a positive contribution to the surrounding urban fabric whilst achieving the wide array of functional requirements and overcoming technically challenging obstacles this will be achieved by: • Being respectful of the setting of the Grade II* listed Smithfield Market in response to Lindsey Street frontage and station entrance massing; • Minimizing adverse impacts from construction on the historic fabric of the Grade II* listed Smithfield Market; • Minimizing impacts on Smithfield Market operations during Crossrail works; • Focusing on sensitive placement of station ventilation and emergency egress/ access to reduce land-take requirements and impacts on neighboring buildings.

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4.0 Proposal 4.2 Market Plan

Market Plan

Floor Plan

Circulation

Conservatory, 1 Long Ln, Barbican, London EC1A 9HA

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4.0 Proposal 4.3 Housing Plan

Housing Plan

Housing Plan

Garden Space

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Water Retention Ponds

Pathways

4.0 Proposal 4.4 Community Cluster Housing Plan

Community Cluster

Housing Plan

Community Cluster

Community Cluster

Occupation Types

Shared Spaces

View Lines

Movement

Community

Biota Space

Entrances

Final

Community/Immediate neighbourhood

Occupation Types

Shared Spaces

Community

Biota Space

Conservatory, 1 Long Ln, Barbican, London EC1A 9HA

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4.0 Proposal 4.5 4x4m Household

4x4m Household

GF Plan

1F Plan

2F Plan

3F Plan

Entrance Sequence

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4.0 Proposal 4.5 4x4m Household

External Secondary Structure

Floor to column connection

Primary Structure

Internal Fit-out

External Envelope

The main internal fit-out consists primarily of standardized timber elements wherever possible. The base of each dwelling is concrete with timber fit-out. Planting boxes can be seen especially at the third floor where the entire floor supports a planted environment.

External envelope consists of single glazed panels and plywood and mineral wool sandwich panels.

The spacing of which helps to negotiate the close proximity of the neighboring households.

Ground floor to have sliding folding doors opening into the shared garden space.

Structural Facade

Floor Connections

150,50mm Timber slated facade, the density and spacing relates to the load above. The structure is integral to the architectural expression of the facade.

150,50mm Timber members that define the floor to floor heights and connect the timber slated facade.

The Edge beams help to support the floor.

External Envelope

Internal Fit-out

Conservatory, 1 Long Ln, Barbican, London EC1A 9HA

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4.0 Proposal 4.5 4x4m Household

600mm 150 600

4000mm 850

150

600mm 2100

150

Typical Floor Build-up With Heating 100mm 1500mm

1150mm

2100mm

1250mm

175mm 500mm

2350mm

1750mm

2725mm

395mm

2625mm

1830mm

2400mm 350mm

9550mm

2125mm

2450mm

2450mm 275mm

2200mm

1900mm

1800mm 300mm 200mm 200mm

400mm 400mm Elevation

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Section

400mm

4.0 Proposal 4.5 4x4m Household

2.

1.

3.

1. The upper floor is reserved for the most private functions

2.

3.

of habitation namely showering, changing and ablutions.

The proposal seeks to immerse the user in a completely liberating yet private experience creating the sense of showering outdoors and changing whilst being able to see/experience the outside environment to dress accordingly.

The Internal structure is completely integral to the functioning of the furniture, here the floor of the bedroom extends to form the desk in the adjoining study. The staggered floor helps to demarcate separate use functions whilst allowing for a natural flow up and down the space.

The kitchen and dining area are the heart and soul of the proposal and acts as the focal point for social interaction, the space is lowered in order connect the user to the natural biota and allow a degree of privacy whilst still keeping the space within the public realm.

Conservatory, 1 Long Ln, Barbican, London EC1A 9HA

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4.0 Proposal 4.6 4x6m Household

4x6m Household

GF Plan

1F Plan

2F Plan

3F Plan

Entrance Sequence

29

4.0 Proposal 4.7 6x6m Household

6x6m Household

GF Plan

1F Plan

2F Plan

3F Plan

Entrance Sequence

Conservatory, 1 Long Ln, Barbican, London EC1A 9HA

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4.0 Proposal 4.8 Long Section

Design Development

The design proposal has been developed using the following criteria: 1. High level thinking around the Decentralized Energy Capacity Study by the GLA and how it can inform a new type of architectural infrastructural hybrid.

2. ARUP’s study of infrastructure costs as two options, one a centralized model and two a hybrid. This report concentrates on the design within a ‘hybrid’ scenario, where cities will become increasingly more efficient and self-sufficient and therefore less reliant on national networks – even though national networks will retain a role in delivering energy supply.

This scenario would support Mayor plans to supply 25% of London’s energy requirements according to a decentralized model by 2025. Physical and legislative site constraints with which opportunities arise.

3. The combination of a series of complex systems of relationships both in a programmatic and functional way and in an experiential, emotive and social way all based around a new form of heat and energy utilization.

4. Sustainable technology that can be easily identifiable by the public in scale and complexity.

5. The realization that the strength of the project is only possible when collaboration takes place across scales and professions.

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4.0 Proposal 4.8 Long Section Ground Floor

Conservatory, 1 Long Ln, Barbican, London EC1A 9HA

32

4.0 Proposal 4.9 Market Interior Render

33

4.0 Proposal 4.10 Housing Internal Render

Conservatory, 1 Long Ln, Barbican, London EC1A 9HA

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