Earth Sheltered Dwelling

Design and Access Statement

New Earth Sheltered Dwelling at

Land at Bonvilston Vale of Glamorgan for

Mr and Mrs A Parfitt

May 2020

GILLARD ASSOCIATES architecture and design

Design and Access Statement

Executive Summary This Design and Access Statement is prepared in support of a full planning application for the construction of a new earth sheltered dwelling on open land in Bonvilston, Vale of Glamorgan.

The application are put forward on behalf of the applicants, Mr and Mrs Allan Parfitt Esq. The site falls within the jurisdiction of The Vale of Glamorgan Council.

The proposals have been sensitively designed by an experienced architect in close collaboration with the client and consultant team and is based upon a full understanding of the site and the context that it sits within. The design has evolved from a process of consultation, extensive assessment and refinement.

The proposals involve the excavation of a vacant field to build a modern single storey sustainable earth sheltered dwelling which is designed to be low key but still take advantage of the tremendous opportunities offered by this outstanding site.

The scheme provides living accommodation in compliance with Lifetime Homes standards, to provide an accessible home which can be adapted according to the occupants levels of mobility.

Whilst the dwelling will provide outstanding quality of living, the design is intended to be net zero energy and highly efficient, using the latest in PassivHaus techniques.

It is recognised that the site lies inside a conservation area and it is intended that the design of the house and gardens to provide a coherent and legible solution which will be largely invisible from all points of view except to the south, in order to satisfy planning criteria adopted by the LPA.

This Design and Access Statement was produced by

GILLARD ASSOCIATES architecture and design

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1. Introduction 2. Site Assessment 3. Planning Policy Context 4. Design & Character 5. Access & Movement 6. Environmental Sustainability 7. Community Safety 8. Conclusion

Design and Access Statement New Earth Sheltered Dwelling at Land at Bonvilston, Vale of Glamorgan

1.Introduction

Design and Access Statement

Introduction 1.1 The Need for a DAS

1.2 Document Aims

1.3 Authors

The DAS has been prepared in accordance with the guidance contained within the National Planning Policy Framework.

Essentially, the DAS sets out to: • Demonstrate an appraisal of the physical and policy context of the development; • Explain how the design of the development has taken the context into account; and • Provide an explanation of the design principles and concepts that have been applied to the development, taking into account, amongst other matters: - Access; - Movement; - Community Safety; - Environmental Sustainability; and - Character.

This DAS forms part of a full planning application for proposed development at the site. This document explains the background and rationale to the proposals which have been informed by a site and context analysis and relevant national and local planning policy.

This DAS has been prepared by Gillard Associates Ltd, the project architects, in association with the appointed consultants, whose input has been essential in putting forward a coherent and integrated design solution.

"Making the most of design to maximise the opportunities presented by the site, its locality, micro climate, and minimising the impact on the environment"

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Relevant planning policy is presented and interpreted in relation to the proposals. This is accompanied by a comprehensive analysis of the site and the character of the surrounding area.

Design evolution is presented to demonstrate the relationship between the proposals and their context and illustrate the form, scale and quality of development that the site can deliver.

Gillard Associates is a firm of architects who have been recognised at a national level for their work in building sustainable housing and community projects.

Bronwen Thomas is an experienced landscape architect well regarded for her work in sensitive and significant heritage projects.

Julian Wilkes of Treescene is an experienced arboriculturalist and has been offering consultancy services since 1991.

Design and Access Statement New Earth Sheltered Dwelling at Land at Bonvilston, Vale of Glamorgan

2.Site Assessment

Design and Access Statement

2.0 Site Assessment 2.1 Site location and description

2.2 Site surroundings

The site comprises a roughly rectangular parcel of agricultural land located on the western border of the settlement of Bonvilston. The site covers an area of approximately 0.36ha.

The site is directly adjacent to the settlement boundary for Bonvilston at its northern and eastern boundaries.

The settlement boundary is shown in green on the graphic below.

The site consists of an agricultural field, the northern boundary of which is directly adjacent to the A48. Hedgerows delineate the northern and southern and part of the eastern boundary, with the remaining eastern boundary currently open to adjoining residential property. The western boundary of the site is formed by fencing and is adjacent to the car park for Bonvilston Reading Room.

Residential dwellings and associated land are the predominant land use along the eastern and western boundaries of the site with the A48 and further residential development beyond on the northern boundary.

2.3 Character of the village The layout and form of the village remains largely the same, following the linear form of the A48, although there has been some more recent development. In 1930, the road was widened which lead to the demolition of some dwellings, and the movement of the Reading Room (built form which is adjacent to the application site).

Between 1948 and 1956, 28 Council houses were built to the north of the village. In the late 1970s, Bonvilston House was demolished and a small cul-de-sac of detached houses built in its place.

The housing in the immediate vicinity of the site largely comprises of detached residential dwellings set within relatively spacious plots. One dwelling is located directly adjoining the site to the north east. Further residential properties are located north of the site on the other side of the A48.

site access

reading room

site indicated in red land in ownership of applicant blue

Aerial view of site (source Google maps)

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Looking west on A48 (source: GA)

New Earth Sheltered Dwelling on Land at Bonvilston Vale of Glamorgan 2.3 Character /cont'd

2.4 Topographical Analysis

This page illustrates the immediate environs of the site, and highlights the nature of local development, and the general setting.

The site slopes gently from east to west and additionally away from the main road.

The height difference from the lowest (85.5m asl) to the highest point (90.25m asl) is around 4.5m and it is this level change which can provide the potential for excavation and earth sheltering the proposed dwelling.

A topographical survey was commissioned by the client and is included in the application documents. An extract from the survey in the form of a site cross section is shown below.

Dwelling opposite site (source GA)

Site from A48 south (source GA)

Long section through site (source GA)

Village store (source GA)

Dwelling opposite site (source GA)

Site from A48 north (source GA)

2.Site Assessment

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Design and Access Statement 2.5 Ecology

2.6 Arboriculture

An Ecological Assessment and Survey for Bats was undertaken by David Clements Ecology Limited in March 2017. A full and unabridged version of this report will be included in the planning application.

A tree survey in accordance with BS 5837:2012 was undertaken

by Julian Wilkes of Treescene, with the associated Arboricultural Report identifying its conclusions in 23rd March 2017.

The report concludes that the site can be redeveloped without causing significant adverse impacts to wildlife, provided adequate mitigation or compensation is provided to protect the existing habitat connectivity and to avoid or minimise impacts to protected species. The proposed redevelopment of the site would not, therefore, be unacceptably constrained by biodiversity and nature conservation issues.

The applicant acknowledges that since any impact of development, for example on the hedgerows which have value for foraging and cover for a variety of animals and birds, it would be sensible to retain as much established vegetation as possible, and also to mitigate against any losses of habitat by · allowing the field and boundaries to naturally regenerate with a mowing regime beneficial to wildlife · planting native tree and shrub species which are indigenous to the area · providing more formal landscaped areas to contain a good range of wildlife friendly plants · fencing off retained habitats · considering the lighting design to reduce impact on foraging bats insects and birds and this is something which will inform the concept design.

View of site looking north east (source GA)

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This report identified that the tree cover consists mostly of native species forming a hedge on the south boundary, and forming part of a patchy hedgerow adjacent to the A48. The other trees identified were outside the site boundary to the east, and a solitary ash near the field access gate.

The survey identified all trees being either Class C (those of low quality with an estimated remaining life expectancy of at least 10 years) or Category U (those in such a condition that they cannot realistically be retained as living trees in the context of the current land use for longer than 10 years).

The trees which will be affected by this application are shown below and are the subject of detailed analysis in a later section.

The photo also indicates the slope of the site towards the west.

2.7 Conservation and Heritage A significant proportion of Bonvilston is designated as a Conservation Area (CA). The boundary of the CA extends further than the settlement boundary for Bonvilston.

The Conservation Area was designated in 1973 in recognition of the special architectural and historic interest of the village and it will be necessary to ensure that those qualities that contribute to the special interest of the area are not unacceptably affected by the proposed development.

The Conservation Area covers the historic core of the village and includes the main road through the village, the A48, with scattered buildings to the north and south. The location of the village along the A48, which follows the alignment of a natural ridge of land, provides the most characteristic feature of the landscape.

The Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan states that the defining spatial feature of the Bonvilston Conservation Area is the wide main road which gently curves and undulates through the village.

The only public open space is provided by the small village green at the entrance to Maes-y- Ffynnon which contains a few trees and is otherwise simply grassed. Overall the conservation area is very spacious and maintains a strongly rural character, with footpaths leading out into the surrounding countryside, although the post-war developments along Maes-y-Ffynnon and Village Farm add a more suburban element.

View of site looking south east (source GA)

Conservation Area (source; Vale of Glamorgan )

New Earth Sheltered Dwelling on Land at Bonvilston Vale of Glamorgan

2.8 Archaeology

2.9 Accessibility

2.10 Flood Risk

The applicant appointed an archaeologist (AC Archaeology Ltd) to carry out excavations as part of the planning application for the previous submssion as recommended by GGAT the LPA's stautory consultee.

The site currently benefits from vehicular access from the A48 at its north-eastern corner, as shown on the below photograph.

The proposed dwelling is considered to be at very low risk of flooding, ie, less than one in 1000 year event.

Additionally, the site benefits from a vehicular access from the A48 at its north-western corner, as shown below. This access serves Bonvilston Reading Room and associated car park.

The graphic below indicates that the site is outside the shaded area.

The full and unabridged report is included with the application documents but in summary, none of the trenches revealed evidence for archaeological activity on the site.

This access is intended to be the main access to the proposed development and will be shared with the users of the reading room.

site

Archaeological excavation (source AC Archaeology)

2.Site Assessment

Site entrance shared with meeting room (source GJP)

Flood Risk Map (source: NRW)

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Design and Access Statement 2.11 Landscape and Visual Analysis The site consists of a small rectangular field located immediately south of the A48, plus a smaller 'half field' extending to the west of it, behind the Reading Room at Bonvilston. This is all within the Bonvilston conservation area.

The main field is of semi-improved grassland, grazed by sheep at times and bounded to north and south by mature hedgerows. The boundary walls of Church Cottage house and garden to the east and fences around the Reading Room to the west form the other boundaries. This field dips towards its south west corner, forming a shallow hollow.

The half field is separated from the main field by a timber post and rail fence, with the southern boundary hedge continuing alongside it. This area appears to be used by the Reading Room for ball games and a high chainlink fence has been erected along its western boundary, with goalposts at the western end.

The site forms an integral part of this loose-knit linear village that has developed along the A48 where the small groups of buildings are interspersed with paddocks, fields and gardens. In the 'Conservation Areas in the Rural Vale' SPG (2006) the village is described as being "framed and enriched by the presence of substantial trees and woodland groups". It also states that "Because of its linear form, the conservation area retains an number of fields bounded by hedges and retaining walls".

1 General view of the site looking east to Church Cottage (source: Bronwen Thomas)

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2 General view of the site looking west to the Reading Room (source: Bronwen Thomas)

3 The half field seen from the main field (source: Bronwen Thomas)

New Earth Sheltered Dwelling on Land at Bonvilston Vale of Glamorgan 2.11 Landscape Analysis (cont'd) Both the hedges, to north and south of the site, are considered to be of 'High Local Value' for wildlife and qualify as 'Important' hedgerows under the Hedgerow Regulations (DCE's Ecological Assessment, March 2017).

The northern hedge has a stone-faced bank towards the main road and has been laid some time in the past. There are some semi mature sycamore and ash trees within it, plus a mix of large hawthorn, holly and elder, with dog rose, bramble and ivy. Its ground flora includes nettles, ferns and foxgloves. Altogether it forms a good attractive dense hedge of mixed native species.

5 The northern hedge seen from within the site, showing mix of species and ground flora

The southern hedge is planted on a bank and has not been laid or cut. It consists mainly of ash, field maple and hazel, with smaller probably more recently-planted hawthorn. Adjoining it to the south (beyond the site) there is a ditch and with a young hawthorn hedge beyond.

There is access to the site from both ends of the field. Using the entrance to the Reading Room car park, there are field gates into the main field and the half field. At the east end there is open access to the track that leads through to fields beyond.

6

Altogether this site is typical of the fields within and around Bonvilston, adding positively to the overall character of the village.

The southern hedge showing bank and beyond

7

4 The northern hedge seen from the A48, showing evidence of laying, plus stone-faced bank.

Adjacent countryside of Nant Llancarfan SLA showing typical rolling fields, mix of hedges and small copses.

2.Site Assessment

All photo credits this page: Bronwen Thomas

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Design and Access Statement

2.11 Landscape Analysis (cont'd) Despite being adjacent to the main road, the site is not highly visible from publically-accessible places, due mainly to the large dense hedges. The northern hedge along the A48 screens the site even in winter, and there are glimpses through the gateways at either end when passing along the road (photos 8 and 9).

9

From the Reading Room and its car park there are full close-up views across the site (see photo 10), separated by a post and rail fence. The mature ash tree on the boundary is an attractive feature.

There is a pubic footpath leading south from the A48 to the west of the Reading Room. This appears to be little used and there is an area of rough vegetation which separates and partially screens the site from this viewpoint. This is not considered to be a sensitive viewpoint (photo 11).

8 Glimpse into the site at the eastern entrance when passing west-bound

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10

11

Design and Access Statement New Earth Sheltered Dwelling at Land at Bonvilston, Vale of Glamorgan

3.Planning Policy Context

Design and Access Statement

Planning Policy Context 3.1 Planning Policy A review of the planning policy context associated with the site and proposed development (at the national and local level) is provided within this section of the DAS. The planning history of the site is also reviewed.

The key planning policies of relevance to the determination of the application are outlined below. A detailed assessment of how the proposed development accords with these policies is provided in the Design Review summary (see section XXX)

3.2 National Planning Policy National planning policy has changed significantly in the last few years, away from detailed prescriptions and towards a more strategic emphasis on sustainability and place making. Whilst the scale of the proposed development in this application is small, it nevertheless needs to be informed by the policy / guidance documents prepared at the national (Welsh Government) level which are of relevance to the determination of the application.

3.2.1 Sustainability Good design promotes environmental sustainability and contributes to the achievement of the well-being goals.

Developments should seek to maximise energy efficiency and the efficient use of other resources (including land), maximise sustainable movement, minimise the use of non-renewable resources, encourage decarbonisation and prevent the generation of waste and pollution. An integrated and flexible approach to design, including early decisions regarding location,density, layout, built form, the choice of materials, the adaptability of buildings and site treatment will be an appropriate way of contributing to resilient development.

3.2.2 Distinctive and Natural Places In PPW 2018 there is a major emphasis on the protection enhancement and appreciation of distinctive and natural places. In summary, development must place importance on landscape, habitat, resilience of eco systems, and the consideration of health and well being.

Included under this large umbrella are issues of heritage conservation, historic assets, and also less tangible but no less important characteristics such as soundscape and air quality.

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3.2.3 Housing 3 Development plans must include clear policy criteria against which applications for housing development on unallocated sites will be considered. Infill and windfall sites can make a useful contribution to the delivery of housing. Proposals for housing on infill and windfall sites within settlements should be supported where they accord with the national sustainable placemaking outcomes.

New Earth Sheltered Dwelling on Land at Bonvilston Vale of Glamorgan

Planning Policy Context /cont'd 3.2 Local Planning Policy The application site falls under the jurisdiction of the Vale of Glamorgan Council. The current (adopted) Development Plan for the Vale of Glamorgan contains the following key policies : please note that only clauses relevant to the application are repeated.

3.2.1 POLICY SP10 - BUILT AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Development proposals must preserve and where appropriate enhance the rich and diverse built and natural environment and heritage of the Vale of Glamorgan including: 1. The architectural and / or historic qualities of buildings or conservation areas, including locally listed buildings;

3.2.2 POLICY MD1 - LOCATION OF NEW DEVELOPMENT New development on unallocated sites should: 1. Have no unacceptable impact on the countryside; 5. Have access to or promote the use of sustainable modes of transport; 6. Benefit from existing infrastructure provision or where necessary make provision for new infrastructure without any unacceptable effect on the natural or built environment; 7. Where possible promote sustainable construction and make beneficial use of previously developed land and buildings; 8. Provide a positive context for the management of the water environment by avoiding areas of flood risk in accordance with the sequential approach set out in national policy and safeguard water resources; and 9. Have no unacceptable impact on the best and most versatile agricultural land 3.2.3 POLICY MD2 - DESIGN OF NEW DEVELOPMENT In order to create high quality, healthy, sustainable and locally distinct places development proposals should: 1. Be of a high standard of design that positively contributes to the context and character of the surrounding natural and built environment and protects existing features of townscape or landscape interest; 2. Respond appropriately to the local context and character of neighbouring buildings and uses in terms of use, type, form, scale, mix, and density; 7. Where appropriate, conserve and enhance the quality of, and access to, existing open spaces and community facilities; 8. Safeguard existing public and residential amenity, particularly with regard to privacy, overlooking, security, noise and disturbance; 9. Provide public open space, private amenity space and car parking in accordance with the council’s standards; 10. Incorporate sensitive landscaping, including the retention and enhancement where appropriate of existing landscape features and biodiversity interests; 12. Mitigate the causes of climate change by minimising carbon and other greenhouse gas emissions associated with their design, construction, use and eventual demolition, and include features that provide effective adaptation to, and resilience against, the current and predicted future effects of climate change.

3.Planning Policy Context

3.2.4 POLICY MD5 - DEVELOPMENT WITHIN SETTLEMENT BOUNDARIES Settlement boundaries have been defined around all the settlements within the LDP settlement hierarchy. New development within these settlements will be permitted where the proposed development: 1. Makes efficient use of land or buildings; 2. Would not prejudice the delivery of an allocated development site; 3. Is of a scale, form, layout and character that is sympathetic to and respects its immediate setting and the wider surroundings and does not unacceptably impact upon the character and appearance of the locality; 4. The proposal would not result in the loss of natural or built features that individually or cumulatively contribute to the character of the settlement or its setting; 5. Would not result in the unacceptable loss of public open space, community or tourism buildings or facilities; 6. Has no unacceptable impact on the amenity and character of the locality by way of noise, traffic congestion and parking; and 7. Makes appropriate provision for community infrastructure to meet the needs of future occupiers.

3.2.5 POLICY MD8 - HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT Development proposals must protect the qualities of the built and historic environment of the Vale of Glamorgan, specifically: 1. Within conservation areas, development proposals must preserve or enhance the character or appearance of the area 3.2.6 POLICY MD9 - PROMOTING BIODIVERSITY New development proposals will be required to conserve and where appropriate enhance biodiversity interests

3.3 Supplementary Planning Guidance The following guidance notes are also relevant and will be taken into consideration in the design of the development: - Design in the Landscape 2006 - Conservation in the Rural Vale 2006 - Bonvilston Conservation Area Appraisal Management Plan - Conservation Areas in the Rural Vale 2011 - Trees, Woodlands, Hedgerows and Development 2018 - Biodiversity and Development 2018

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Design and Access Statement 3.4 Planning History

3.5 Pre Application Enquiry

1998/00045/FUL, Address: Land between the Village Hall and Church Cottage, Bonvilston, Proposal: Erection of five houses with garages and provision of new car park and vehicular access to the Village Hall, Decision: Refused

The inspector stated that the main issues were: (i) whether the location is suitable for the proposed development having regard to the local rural restraint strategy; and (ii) the effect of the scheme on the character and appearance of the surrounding area, including the Bonvilston Conservation Area.

2003/01678/FUL, Address: Land adjacent to Church Cottage, Bonvilston, Proposal: Stone track to field, Decision: Approved

To summarise his reasons for dismissal, it appears that the overriding consideration would be the loss of the open space:

The following is a list of planning decisions which are relevant to the application:

2005/01104/FUL, Address: Land adjacent to Bonvilston Village Hall, Bonvilston, Proposal: Proposed improvement to existing access with the provision of additional car park and recreational facilities, together with 2 No. single storey dwelling houses., Decision: Refused 2005/01828/FUL, Address: Land adjacent to Bonvilston Village Hall, Bonvilston, Proposal: Access improvements to village hall, and additional car parking. Decision: Refused 2010/00618/FUL, Address: Bonvilston Reading Room, A48, Bonvilston, Proposal: Change of use of land adjacent and to the south of Bonvilston Reading Room into an open play area.

Creation of secure storage on existing Reading Room site.

Removal of grassed area to north of Reading Room to extend existing car park, Decision: Approved.

'The Council’s adopted Bonvilston Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan, 2009, identifies the contribution of green spaces, with specific mention to the appeal site, to the very spacious and strongly rural character of the Area. In the previous appeal decision the Inspector referred to the site as a significant gap on the edge of the village which contributes to its character and provides essential views of its rural and agricultural surroundings. The development of two large dwellings would erode green space which I consider is a feature of special interest in the Conservation Area.'

It is relevant to state that the client's architects had been pessimistic about the design from the outset, which was driven by the applicant's ambition for a dwelling not wholly sensitive to its context.

In its justification there was too much emphasis on the screening properties of the boundary hedge adjacent to the main road and not enough placed on the value to the community and conservation area of the open field.

Following the appeal decision the applicant asked the designer if an application could be made which would take into account the valid objections of the planning authority.

A completely different approach was made to the design of a dwelling which would not only take note of the constraints of the site and planning policy, but evaluate and develop the opportunties presented.

In March 2019 a pre application enquiry was made to sound out the LPA's opinions on these proposals (see graphic below).

The response from the case officer was helpful in that he was able to explain the importance of the open space in the village, and that any intervention would of necessity maintain visual connection to the open countryside.

This provided the designer with the confidence to bring forward an application for an earth sheltered house which would, essentially, be invisible from the main road.

2015/01089/FUL, Address: Field South of Bonvilston Reading Room, Bonvilston, Proposal: Proposed agricultural shed, Decision: Refused 2017/00991/FUL, Address: Land to the South of the A48, Bonvilston; Proposal: Proposed residential development, associated highway and ancillary works and the change of use of unused land to the rear of The Reading Rooms to enable Community Use’, Decision: Refused 'By reason of their location, size, form and mass, and their relationship to the surrounding built environment and countryside, the proposed dwellings represents an unacceptable form of development in the countryside and would appear as an over scaled and visually incongruous form of development that fails to have regard to the context of the surrounding environment. The development would, therefore, be harmful to the visual amenity and rural character of the area and the character and appearance of the conservation area.'

The application was subsequently dismissed on appeal.

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Refused application 2017/0099/FUL (source GA)

Schematic plan of alternative areas for development (source GA)

Design and Access Statement New Earth Sheltered Dwelling at Land at Bonvilston, Vale of Glamorgan

4.Design

Design and Access Statement

Design Evolution 4.1 Design Principles

4.2 Earth Sheltered Building

This section of the DAS focuses on the principles that have informed the design.

Earth sheltered buildings have long been a source of inspiration to designers who are keen to exploit significant advantages over conventional buildings if the topography and geology is suitable.

The main constraints on the site are those imposed by planning policy. The previous refusals mandate an approach which a) respects the value of the field as a green open space b) does nothing to the detriment and preferably enhances the conservation area c) minimises or mitigates any negative effect on the countryside and its habitat In addition, the proposed design should provide a good quality of life for its occupants, and have as low impact as possible on the planet.

Since the design of any building which impacts on the visual aspect of the site is unlikley to be considered acceptable, it was decided that an unconventional approach - building below eye level - could be explored.

It was also decided that the services of an experienced and sensitive landscape architect would be essential to make sure that the building and landscape are integrated successfully.

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The most successful earth sheltered buildings are those which can be dug into a slope so that the excavated earth can be deposited onto the roof so forming a seamless line with the adjacent land making the building invisible from sightlines up the slope.

This solution was employed famously bty Future Systems in the Malatar home in Pembrokeshire. It was built in a National park in a very sensitive location and is virtually invisible except when viewed from the coast.

From an environmental point of view, the sheltered house can be virtually autonomous if designed correctly. If the glazing faces south, the solar gain will be sufficient to warm the space during summer. The energy thus gained is stored in the thermally massive walls and earth, resulting in an interseasonal heat store.

The authors of this report have studied this building type extensively and the thesis is available to study at Cardiff University Architecture library 'Interseasonal Heat Storage in Buildings'.

Because of the heavy construction the internal temperatures vary little throughout the year, compared to external temperatures.

Since the heat source is solar gain there would be very little need to install a heating system, although of course there is still a need for hot water making a heat source necessary. Also, depending on the time of year the building is commissioned, the building may need to be pre heated.

Climate change is having a big impact on the way we design buildings. It is becoming apparent that keeping buildings cool will be a bigger challenge than heating them. The sheltered building will not face this problem, as heat gain can be easily controlled by the use of shading devices.

Shading devices can also be deciduous trees: in summer, trees in leaf offer excellent shading, but in winter, they allow light ahd warmth through the bare branches.

New Earth Sheltered Dwelling on Land at Bonvilston Vale of Glamorgan

4.4 Initial Design Response As a response to the planning constraints on the site, the low visual impact of an earth sheltered dwelling on this site is of key importance: from virtually all points of view from the public realm the building is not visible. SInce the application site has a significant slope, and benefits from open views to the south over farmland which is in the ownership of the applicants, the opportunity to design a discreet, private realm away from traffic noise becomes obvious.

Once the advantages of this typology were understood, the clients reaslised that the shared access with the reading room would allow them privacy, especially if the site is planted with trees and shrubs. The single storey dwelling benefits from generous circulation and is designed to comply with Rowntree Trust's Lifetime Homes requirements, tproviding a good internal living space without the need for stairs and lifts.

The energy efficiency is a clear benefit to operating costs and carbon reduction, but less easy to calculate would be the benefits of full height glazing over a pastoral landscape which will undoubtedly be advantageous for the occupants health and well being.

The building proposed dwelling will make a significant contribution to the architecture of the Vale but critical to its success will be the use of landscaping, which will seamlessly knit the new development into the site.

In order to preserve the open space it is important that the field is not cluttered with the paraphernalia of domestic residence. It is intended that the amenity available for gardening and relaxing will be at the lower level and therefore hidden from public view.

The illustration below indicates how the main design features are arranged, the trees have been removed for viewing. Note that the parking and garaging are integral to the dwelling, making use of a stone walled feature which provides a physical barrier and retaining structure to the earth shelter, and morphing seamlessly into the structure of the dwelling.

The next section describes how the landscape architect designs the external works.

It is suggested that the field is replanted with turf removed during the build process, and that native trees and shrubs are introduced to conceal the 'openings' required to introduce light into the plan.

To further ensure that the landscape, , it is proposed that provide a wildlife corridor, in similar opportunities to forage used to enjoying.

building is intergrated into the the boundary hedge is replanted to other words, provide wildlife with and take cover, to those they are adjacent dwelling

A48

Reading room

View of proposed dwelling from south. Planting omitted for clarity

4.Design

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Design and Access Statement

Landscape Strategy 4.5 Overview Since the integration of the building into the landscape, is crucial to the success of the project, along with mitigation of any impacts on trees and bio diversity, the inputs of the landscape architect Bronwen Thomas and Ecologist Julian Wilkes was very important and resulted in significant changes to the design.

The proposed single-storey dwelling will sit in the low corner of the main field, facing south. The northern part of it will be dug into the rising ground and the landform re-shaped to flowing lines over the building to blend in with the natural contours with the intention of hiding the building from the main road. The building will be set back some 8m from the southern hedge, utilising the shelter and screening that the hedge affords. Access will be via the existing entrance for the Reading Room, leading to the western side of the building, with an area for parking within the half field.

Retention of the rural village character will be achieved by: ●

●

●

●

Enhanced biodiversity potential will be achieved by:

4.6 Strategy

●

The whole development is designed to have a low impact in landscape and in visual terms to enhance the landscape character, retaining a rural field adjacent to the road as part of the character of the village and enhancing the wildlife value. The 'screened hidden quality' will be achieved as follows:

●

● ● The house is located in the lowest corner, away from the road, to take advantage of the lie of the land providing natural screening. ● Re-profiling of the ground over and around the north and east of the house will hide most of its construction. ● The house will turn its back on the road, only having a southerly aspect so that the structure itself is not visible ● The hedgerow screen alongside the main road will be retained in its entirety, with additional tree/shrub planting to further restrict views through and views from site entrances at to east and west. ● Access to the house will not require widening nor additional breach in the roadside hedge, and the parking for the house will be beyond the existing car park, making it inconspicuous. ● There will be an additional hedge across the field and one adjacent to the Reading Room car park which together will further screen the development.

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The land will be re-profiled to cover the building and shaped to flowing lines which will not be out of place with the surrounding landforms.

The parts of the site not occupied by the house and its access/parking and garden will be able to be returned to pasture use.

Standard field gates and stock-proof fencing will be used to enclose the un-build parts of the site, enabling them to be used for grazing and retain the rural character.

The half field will be planted as an orchard, providing additional variety to the village character

●

●

Conservation of soils, as recommended in DEFRA's Code of Practice for the Sustainable Use of Soil on Construction Sites (2009).

Retention of all existing large mixed native species hedges and trees, unless they are succumbing to ash die-back disease.

Addition of edge planting alongside the northern hedge to provide eco- tones grading from mature trees/hedges to scrub and long grass/herbs.

New hedges of native species found on the site and in the vicinity to form linkages and habitat corridors across and along the site between existing field boundaries.

Ground disturbed by the development will be planted with species-rich grassland.

Management of the southern hedgerow adjacent to the house (approximately 30m length) to provide shelter and allow light and views through whilst maintaining its integrity will be achieved by: ● Protection of hedgerow within the designated root protection area and no building within 8m of the hedgerow bank.

Landscape Design

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Retention of large standard trees at approximately 5m intervals, selected for size, condition and species - mainly field maple. The retention of ash trees will not be favoured as they are likely to succumb to ash die-back in time.

Coppicing of large shrubs too large to currently lay as hedge field maple and hazel.

Retention of smaller hedgerow shrubs - mainly hawthorn.

Laying of hedge beneath mature trees when coppiced shrubs are sufficiently re-grown, after approximately 5 years.

New Earth Sheltered Dwelling on Land at Bonvilston Vale of Glamorgan

retain tree

projecting wing removed

selective coppicing

This plan indicates how the building footprint has been reduced to ensure that the root protection zones of the southern boundary hedge are protected during landscaping works.The key principles of the design are shown and are developed in the final design proposals.

4.Design

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Design and Access Statement

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New Earth Sheltered Dwelling on Land at Bonvilston Vale of Glamorgan 4.7 Visual Impact Assessment An important part of the design is for the proposed dwelling to blend with - indeed be integrated into - the landscape and remain virtually undetectable from public points of view. A series of photographs was taken from various positions in order to demonstrate how discreet the new development will be.

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The building in theory can be viewed from several viewpoints but the photos on this and the following page will demonstrate that in practice the views are obscured by hedging, or the building will be hidden below the field surface.

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4.Design

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Design and Access Statement 4.7 Visual Impact Assessment (cont'd) The graphic top right shows a view of the BIM model without vegetation. The long low profile is only apparent due to the elevated viewpoint. trees removed for clarity

The other photographs indicate how, even in winter, the vegetation conceals the hidden house. reading room

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New Earth Sheltered Dwelling on Land at Bonvilston Vale of Glamorgan

Materials, Scale, Density 4.8 Materials The dwelling was seen as being an integral part of a landscape design from the outset, so it was important to develop a limited palette of materials which reflects the local geology, in this case limestone. It was decided that the use of stone facing would not be appropriate and may be problematic in the long term: since limestone is calcium carbonate which is one of the key ingredients of concrete, it was decided to cosntruct the entire building in fair faced concrete. Whilst this may appear to be a brutalist solution it will ease construction, provide a seamless way of bringing the landscaping into the interior, but also act as a foil for the extensive planting scheme.

IMAGES: Clockwise from bottom left Concrete earth sheltered dwelling in Wales Photos of Scotscape Living Retaining Wall during construction and after one year: a permanent solution to retaining walls with 75 year waranty and 125 year service life Courtyard home illustrating effect of 'lightwell' Sketch model images of proposed dwelling WITHOUT vegetation

The external landscaping as seen from the approach and the road are a complete contracst: it is essential to maintain the illusion of rolling countryside with no intervention, so level changes and retaining structures will be handled with living walls.

4.9 Scale, Mass and Density The mass of the building is completely hidden by the change in level, which drops unexpectedly. Seen from the south side, the mass is broken down again into a glazed elevation with shading devices. The external terrace will blend with the hedge bank and will creat an intimate and private realm for the occupants.

IMPORTANT NOTE: Images from BIM model are with trees and planting omitted for clarity

The intermittent nature of the hedge trim will also provide useful summer shading and is part of the environmental design concept.

View of existing site from same angle

4.Design

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Design and Access Statement

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Design and Access Statement New Earth Sheltered Dwelling at Land at Bonvilston, Vale of Glamorgan

5.Access & Movement

Design and Access Statement

5.1 Access and Movement 5.1.1 General Accessibility

5.1.2 Vehicular Access

5.1.3 Pedestrian Access

The graphic shows how the site can be considered a sustainable location, with easy access locally to the village shop, pub, and community centre.

Vehicular access from the busy main road is already established for visitors to the reading room, effectively Bonvilston village centre. The drive and parking apron has recently been re surfaced with tarmac.

The dwelling is designed to be welcoming and accessible. The ground floor is at the same level as the parking area.

Bus stops for travel east or westbound are shown in red.

Access to the new dwelling will be from the same point but it is proposed that the drive is extended past the car park and through a gate to demarcate the site boundary.

Food store in light blue is opposite the village hall.

The amber dot indicates the post box.

The public house is shown green.

The village hall or Reading Room is adjacent to the site.

Site plan indicating local services

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The subsequent ramped access arrives at the ground floor level of the proposed dwelling, providing level access to a car port and turning area.

Ample cycle storage is provided in the garaging area.

The garage will be fitted with an electric charging point.

Level thresholds to all doors are standard.

Wheelchair user access to all rooms.

The dwelling has been designed to Lifetime Home standards.

Design and Access Statement New Earth Sheltered Dwelling at Land at Bonvilston, Vale of Glamorgan

6.Environmental Sustainability

Design and Access Statement

6.0 Environmental Sustainability 6.1 Overview

6.3 Energy Concept

The three pillars of sustainability are usually defined as social, environmental and economic factors.

The graphic below illustrates how the earth acts as a heat store, the arrows indicating the direction of flow from warmer to a cooler space. If there is sufficient glazing acting as a solar collector, and sufficient thermal mass to absorb the heat, there will be very litle need for an additional heat source.

Gillard Associates is a practice with expertise and experience in designing environmentally sustainable buildings and in this project climate, meteorology, and lifecycle are considered to be a fundamantal driver for the design ethos.

Environmentally responsive architecture provides a form and language which is appropriate for its location, climate, and social purpose.

The graph right shows the effect of thermal mass: internal temperatures remain stable throughout the year making heating and cooling superfluous of the building is designed correctly.

The graph is from actual data generated by the owners of the house far right built in Cumbria in 2000.

6.2 Environmental Design The proposed dwelling is designed so that environmental and ecological impact is minimised. A holistic approach to energy conservation is central to the design making use of both active and passive systems as appropriate. It is intended that the dwelling will conform to EPC category A. In the old CfSH it would be expected to achieve level 6 assuming that the contractor is considerate.

Reduce Waste and Recycling The levels of the dwelling are designed so that the volume of excavated material is roughly equivalent to the surplus required to backfill the site and develop the smooth landform described by the landscape architect in section 4.

Reddy House, Penrith, Cumbria (source: GA)

The use of BIM and pre fabricated components will also reduce construction waste - the 1998 Egan report "Rethinking Construction" showed that 10% of construction waste can be saved if there is good co ordination of structure, mechanical and electrical components, which can be achieved by the use of Building Information Management.

Holistic Design The applicants are keen to make this proposal an exemplary sustainable solution and have opted for the use of reinforced concret for structure and finsh so that the building may be easily recycled at the end of its life.

Sensitive development in open countryside. Polo Stables by Studio Ramos

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New Earth Sheltered Dwelling on Land at Bonvilston Vale of Glamorgan 6.4 Reducing Embodied Energy and Making Use of Free Energy

6.5 Sustainability of Concrete as a Building Material

Excavation is necessary to bury the volume of the house but the levels have been calculated so that no imported earth is required, nor is there excess for removal.

The new dwelling will be constructed of reinforced concrete which has a relatively high level of embodied energy compared to lightweight timber frame. However this is balanced against the fact that it has a high thermal mass, longevity, and efficiency. In addition, well finished fair faced concrete does not need additional finish, thus saving on additional material.

The proposed dwelling will make use of passive solar energy which is controlled by shading devices and in this case the hedge bank which wil filter sunlight during summer, and allow penetration of rays during winter.

Resource efficiency. The predominant raw material for the cement in concrete is limestone, the most abundant mineral on earth and particularly in the Vale of Glamorgan. Local CEMEX plants have quarries in the region.

In addition, light wells are included to allow natural light and ventilation to the rear of the plan.

light well

super insulated

Durability. Concrete builds durable, long-lasting structures that will not rust, rot, or burn. Life spans for concrete building products can be double or triple those of other common building materials. shading device

Thermal mass. Homes built with concrete walls, foundations, and floors are highly energy efficient because they take advantage of concretes inherent thermal mass or ability to absorb and retain heat. This means homeowners can significantly cut their heating and cooling bills and install smaller-capacity HVAC equipment.

When combined with the passive solar concept illustrated the choice of material becomes logical.

Reflectivity. Concrete minimizes the effects that produce urban heat islands. Light-colored concrete pavements and roofs absorb less heat and reflect more solar radiation than dark-colored materials, such as asphalt, reducing air conditioning demands in the summer.

excavated material retained on site

6.Environmental Sustainability

Minimal waste. Concrete can be produced in the quantities needed for each project, reducing waste. After a concrete structure has served its original purpose, the concrete can be crushed and recycled into aggregate for use in new concrete pavements or as backfill or road base.

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Design and Access Statement

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Design and Access Statement New Earth Sheltered Dwelling at Land at Bonvilston, Vale of Glamorgan

7.Community Safety

Design and Access Statement

7.0 Community Safety 7.1 Background Community safety is an increasingly important consideration.

Schemes should be designed to maximise opportunities for ‘built in’ community safety, adopting good urban design principles such as natural surveillance and defensible space.

Good urban design uses a sense of ownership and responsibility as a key part of achieving community safety and taking pride in neighbourhoods.

For these reasons, community safety has been taken into consideration from the outset.

7.2 Strategy Access, safety and consideration of public concerns are of paramount importance, both during construction and in aspects of the design and management of the completed scheme.

In Construction Whilst access to the site for construction purposes is starightforward, space for movement of construction vehicles is constrained. The method and phasing of construction will be carefully considered to ensure that a) large components are not required for the build b) earthworks and heavy lifting is kept to a minimum c) noise dust and nuisance is minimised by keeping excavated materials on site and re used In Use The dwelling has been designed in accordance with accepted Secured by Design principles. The strongly defined site boundaries will ensure that thresholds, when crossed, are visibly taking the visitor from public to private areas.

There is clear definition of front access which can be monitored from the main living areas at the entrance level. The private realm at the rear of the building is defined by strong boundaries and planting.

Low level lighting on PIR activation is envisaged for users of the access steps and ramp at the rear of the site, and from the car park.

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Design and Access Statement New Earth Sheltered Dwelling at Land at Bonvilston, Vale of Glamorgan

8.Conclusion

Design and Access Statement

8.1 Conclusion This DAS has provided the background and rationale for the design of the proposed dwelling in Bonvilston.

The DAS identified the constraints and highlighted the opportunities which have been thoroughly examined and used to inform the evolution of the design.

The document then went on to describe how a design strategy was arrived at in close collaboration with the client's appointed specialists.

The design was tested against the planning policy context, national, local, and supplementary guidance and continued to evolve in collaboration with the landscape architect.

The proposals show the original designs for two large dwellings could be replaced by a new and sensitively designed earth sheltered dwelling in a way which could make use of the opportunities presented by this wonderful site.

The new building will be neighbourly, environmentally sustainable, and of a high quality and will enhance this important plot.

The architecture has been successfully integrated into the landscape and will reinforce and protect the existing wildlife habitat, and provide no small amount of delight to visitors and occupants alike.

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New Earth Sheltered Dwelling on Land at Bonvilston Vale of Glamorgan

8.Conclusion

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Design and Access Statement New Earth Sheltered Dwelling at Land at Bonvilston, Vale of Glamorgan

GILLARD ASSOCIATES architecture and design