CENTER FOR RESEARCH ON GIRLS
creativity A SERIES OF RESEARCH AND INFORMATIONAL PUBLICATIONS BY LCRG
“Putting the world’s best research to work for girls.”
by Tori Cordiano, Ph.D.
CREATIVITY, PROBLEM SOLVING AND GENDER Creativity is the process of generating solutions and products that are both original and useful.1 There are specific thought and feeling processes involved in creativity. Divergent thinking—a thought process that is an essential component of creativity —involves the ability to generate a variety of solutions to a problem. Research indicates that divergent thinking is a mental skill that is relatively separate from intelligence.2, 3 Emotional components of creativity include access to feeling thoughts and openness to feeling states.4 Although creativity is often associated with artistic endeavors, it is a key component of all sorts of problem solving behaviors. It is both reactive, in that it tackles existing problems and obstacles, and proactive, in that it moves culture forward by generating new ideas and problems to tackle. The creative process requires the integration of processes from the right and left hemispheres of the brain to create work that is both intuitive and logical.5
creativity: CREATIVITY, PROBLEM SOLVING AND GENDER Creative problem solving and divergent thinking can be applied to solving real-life problems. Similar to divergent thinking, good coping allows people to consider many possible solutions to a problem.6
HOW CREATIVITY RELATES TO COPING AND PROBLEM SOLVING Flexibility in thinking is an important facet of creativity.7 Some research has shown that higher scores on measures of divergent thinking are associated with the use of a wider range of coping behaviors when it
Fostering Creativity in Children Creativity is a skill that, like other skills, is strengthened through repeated practice. For children, opportunities to practice creative thinking abound in daily life. Engaging in pretend play, tinkering and daydreaming are all avenues for boosting creativity. Not surprisingly, creativity and children’s pretend play are highly correlated.10 Play is a method for children to practice and develop divergent thinking skills, in that pretend play encourages a free flow of ideas, facilitates the expression and regulation of feelings and involves new combinations of thoughts and ideas. Tinkering with building materials or mechanical objects is another way for children to try out new ideas and change their thinking as obstacles arise. Historically, research has suggested that students experience a “fourth-grade slump” in their creative and divergent thinking.11 Newer research tells a more complicated story: while some children do indeed experience a decrease in divergent thinking, others may actually improve their creative thinking as they develop their abilities to critically judge new ideas.13 As children age, they spend more time engaged in
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN CREATIVITY Research findings on creativity and gender have been somewhat equivocal, although generally, few significant differences have been found between boys’ and girls’ creative abilities.16 One area where gender does appear to play a role is in the way that children are affected by evaluation of their creative products.17 In early adolescence, girls appear more negatively affected when they know their creative work will be evaluated. Specifically, girls appear to lose motivation and
comes to addressing everyday problems and stressful situations. 8, 9 Encouraging children to use divergent thinking and creative problem solving techniques may be an important step in building resiliency and coping skills.
structured educational activities and less time pursuing openended play, exploration and problem-solving. The emphasis on more conventional thinking during middle childhood may result in decreases in the on going development of divergent thinking.13 Based on these findings, researchers suggest that open-ended exploration and inventive pursuits should extend past early childhood in order to continue to grow and strengthen children’s creative abilities. Research indicates that the educational environment can have a positive or negative effect on children’s creativity. CLASSROOMS THAT: • encourage independent work, • create a balance between stimulation and distraction and • provide easy access to problem-solving materials can maximize creativity.14 Research shows that children need ample time and resources to create, and that both sexes benefit from having opportunities to create without having their work evaluated or judged.15
become less creative when they expect to be judged by an “expert.” It is not altogether clear why girls are more affected than boys by outside evaluation of their creative work, but it may be that girls at this age are more attuned to interpersonal communication and the expectations of others. Some research suggests that girls in single-sex schools outperform girls in co-educational schools on creative tasks, perhaps because girls in single-sex schools enjoy more opportunities and support for creative thinking.18
CREATIVITY, PROBLEM SOLVING AND GENDER
[endnotes]
Guilford, J.P. (1968). Intelligence, creativity, and their educational implications. San Diego: Knapp.
Guilford, J.P. (1968).
Runco, M. A. (2004). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 657-687.
Russ, S.W. (2004). Play in child development and psychotherapy. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Katz, A. (1997). Creativity in the cerebral hemispheres. In Creativity Research Handbook, ed. M.A. Runco, pp. 203-206. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Russ (2004).
Runco (2004).
Russ (2004).
Russ, S.W. (1988). Primary process thinking, divergent thinking, and coping in children. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 539-548.
Russ (2004).
Torrance, E.P. (1968). A longitudinal examination of the fourth-grade slump in creativity. Gifted Child Quarterly, 12, 195-199.
Charles, R.E., & Runco, M.A. (2000-2001). Developmental trends in the evaluative and divergent thinking of children. Creativity Research Journal, 13, 417-437.
Charles & Runco (2000-2001).
Runco (2004).
Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 54-67.
Baer, J., & Kaufman, J.C. (2008). Gender differences in creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 42, 75-105.
Baer, J. (1997). Gender differences in the effects of anticipated evaluation on creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 10, 25-31.
McVey, J.A. (2004). Single-sex schooling and girls’ gender-role identity and creativity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Fordham University.
Beghetto, R. A. & Kaufman, J.C. (Eds.) (2010). Nurturing creativity in the classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Runco, M.A. (1991). Divergent thinking. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
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http://www.centerforchildhoodcreativity.org
Singer, D.G., & Singer, J.L. (2001). Make-believe games and activities for imaginative play: A book for parents, teachers, and the young children in their lives.
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Washington, DC: Magination Press.
Linn, S. (2008). The case for make believe. New York: The New Press.
The Museum of Modern Art (2010). Make art mistakes: A creativity sketchbook. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books.
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Portis, A. (2007). Not a box. New York: HarperCollins Children’s Books.
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CENTER FOR RESEARCH ON GIRLS Putting the world’s best research to work for girls.
LaurelSchool.org/LCRG
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Laurel School One Lyman Circle Shaker Heights, Ohio 44122 216.455.3061 LaurelSchool.org Copyright © 2012 Laurel’s Center for Research on Girls
creativity: CREATIVITY, PROBLEM SOLVING AND GENDER
RESOURCES FOR TEACHERS Books NURTURING CREATIVITY IN THE CLASSROOM19 This volume, edited by Ronald A. Beghetto and James C. Kaufman, contains essays by leading scholars in the fields of creativity and education. The essays address the importance of cultivating creativity in the classroom and provide realistic suggestions for how to do so within the constraints of a standard curriculum.
DIVERGENT THINKING20 This book by Mark Runco, a clinical psychologist and leader in the field of creativity and divergent thinking, reviews the research on educational implications for creativity, and provides ways for teachers to enhance creativity in the classroom.
RESOURCES FOR PARENTS Online Resource CENTER FOR CHILDHOOD CREATIVITY21 The online presence for the Center for Childhood Creativity at the Bay Area Discovery Museum offers a host of tips for parents and research on creativity. www.centerforchildhoodcreativity.org
Downloadable Documents ORIGINAL RESEARCH: PRETEND PLAY AND ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONING Researchers from Case Western Reserve University collaborated with Laurel School’s Center for Research on Girls to study the relationship between creativity in children’s play and adaptive skills, such as coping, emotion regulation and adjustment. http://laurelschool.org/about/documents/CRG_PLAYSTUDY.pdf
Books MAKE-BELIEVE GAMES AND ACTIVITIES FOR IMAGINATIVE PLAY: A BOOK FOR PARENTS, TEACHERS, AND THE YOUNG CHILDREN IN THEIR LIVES22 Leaders in the field of childhood imagination and creativity, Dorothy and Jerome Singer provide background on the importance of creativity and imagination in young children. The book includes over 100 activities for parents, teachers and caregivers to engage in with young children.
THE CASE FOR MAKE BELIEVE23 Child psychologist Susan Linn describes the science and importance of children’s pretend play, and addresses threats to protected time for pretend play in a commercialized society.
RESOURCES FOR STUDENTS Books MOMA MAKE ART MISTAKES: AN INSPIRED SKETCHBOOK FOR EVERYONE24 This sketchbook published by the Museum of Modern Art invites children to “look at the world around them and take chances expressing what they see.” Appropriate for children age eight and above.
NOT A BOX25 This storybook by Antoinette Portis inspires children to use their imaginations to invent endless, entertaining ways to play pretend.