Platform 1: A regional community hub for a circular solution to farm waste

Studio D

Waste Not, Want Not

Studio D - ARC80003

Studio Leaders: Canhui Chen, Petar Petrov Semester 2, 2022 Swinburne University Kaitlyn McNaughton, 102110707

Masters of Architecture & Urban Design

Aknowledgement of Country - Swinburne

We respectfully acknowledge the Wurundjeri People of the Kulin Nation, who are the Traditional Owners of the land on which Swinburne’s Australian campuses are located in Melbourne’s east and outer-east, and pay our respect to their Elders past, present and emerging.

We are honoured to recognise our connection to Wurundjeri Country, history, cul ture and spirituality through these locations, and strive to ensure that we operate in a manner that respects and honours the Elders and Ancestors of these lands.

We also respectfully acknowledge Swinburne’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander staff, students, alumni, partners and visitors.

We also acknowledge and respect the Traditional Owners of lands across Australia, their Elders, Ancestors, cultures and heritage, and recognise the continuing sovereignties of all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Nations.

Aknowledgement of Country - South Gippsland

We would like to acknowledge and pay our respects to the Traditional Custodians within Southern Gippsland, The Bunurong and the Gunaikurnai. We also pay our respects to their elders, past, present and future and continually recognise the con tribution of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and organisations in Land and Natural Resource Management.

Platform 1: A regional community hub for a circular solution to farm waste

This thesis will explore how circular economy can be made more practical and applicable to small communities in rural Victoria. It centers around design that uses the resources available instead of needing new materials.

Platform 1 is a project which creates a community hub from an abandoned railway precinct located in South Gippsland, region al Victoria. The hub aims to provide a platform to educate and create a circular economy for farm waste. The project explores how farm waste can be reused as a building material, despite its challenging temporal qualities. Because of these qualities it works in conjunction with permanent building frames to create flexible events spaces. Existing redundant railway infrastructure is also upgraded in a way that requires minimal new materials, taking advantage of the available resources.

About Me: Kaitlyn McNaughton

After completing the Bachelor of Architecture at Swinburne I de cided to move into the Master of Architecture and Urban Design. Designing on a larger scale and having a positive impact on so many lives is what I have found so exciting about the change.

Creating practical designs that actually help to improve the qual ity of life experienced by the users are just some of my interests. Initially from regional Victoria, I have found it particularly engag ing to tackle a range of projects across different regions. The varying needs and challenges across different communities are very interesting to me.

Waste Not, Want Not

Introduction

- Peter Seeger

Waste Not, Want Not.

This studio focuses on the large amount of waste the building and construction industry generates annually. In this thesis I am going to look into the current economic system and its downfalls. I am going to consider different circular approaches and the associated challenges and opportunities, to see if a circular economy could become a viable reality in our future.

Our current economic system has many down falls, not only is it depleting earth of it’s natural resources but it is further polluting it through waste disposal.

Economic System

Expenses

Raw Materials Production Use Waste: Unwanted or undesired materials Environmental Sustainability Social Integrity

Waste Not, Want Not

Circular Economy

What is Circular Economy?

Our current economic system is very linear in nature, we take resources and goods from the earth and manufacture them into products. We then use them and once they are no longer needed we dispose of them. Very rarely is anything valuable done with this waste, majority of people see it as an inconvenience instead of a resource. They dislike it so much they pay to have it removed, and live with the mindset ‘out of sight, out of mind’.

A new approach is the idea of a circular economy, this approach aims to reduce the amount of waste that exits the cycle. The approach aims to re-purpose, repair and reuse materials after their initial purpose has been served. This cycle helps to only output things that are truly waste and have no life left. This reduces the number of things that end up in landfill and the burden on earth.

Circular Economy in Architecture

Museum of Space Available

An architectural attempt to address circular economy by creating pressed facade panels from plastic water bottles found dumped in Bali waterways.

Plastic Bottles Made

Plastic Bottles used by consumers

End up disposed of in waterways

Bottles collected

Bottles shredded melted and pressed into new facade panels

Given second life as building material

Building educates visitors about circular economy

2.1 Museum of Space Available Sirdata & Sandjaja Architects Bali

Urban Mining

What is Urban Mining?

Urban Mining is a new approach to re-purpose and reuse the materials we have laying dormant in abandoned buildings. Instead of mining from the earth and further depleting it’s natural resources, we can mine our existing buildings. There is currently more copper held up in buildings then left in the earth, so why not use that instead?

2.2 Bring it down cheap and fast. Stonecycling, 2020.

Why isn’t it More Common?

Whilst Urban Mining has great benefits when considering circular economy, it isn’t an approach that is often used. This is because most businesses want the cheapest option. Carefully remov ing materials from buildings and then cleaning them takes more time and money then often just knocking them down and buying new materials.

Local Economy

Gippsland

Gippsland is known as a primary producing region. This region not produces goods for it’s own pop ulation but also greater Victoria and Australia. The region is currently home to over 140,000 people but must produce goods to supply a much larger popula tion. Gippsland has a strong agricultural industry due to its perfect farming conditions.

The area currently supplies over 19% of Australia’s dairy products like milk and butter. It is home to over 6000 farms that range from dairy to beef, sheep, pork and vegetables.

The region is also a primary producer of energy, it supply’s greater Victoria in particular Melbourne. It provides 90% of Victoria’s energy and 97% of Victoria’s natural gas.

Victoria

Despite Gippsland being a large re gion of Victoria it has a smaller popu lation then the others. It’s large waste production levels are often because it has to provide goods to support the other regions. This waste is typically the result of the production.

Industry

Due to the nature of production in Gippsland there are plenty of outputs that end up as waste. This waste is both emissions and physical waste that ends up in landfill.

Total Generated Waste in Gippsland: 450,000 t

Source: Gippsland Waste and Resource Recovery Implementation Plan 2017

Biggest Waste Generators

As expected the commercial and industrial industry is the greatest contributer of waste in Gippsland. The construction industry does contribute some waste but only about an eighth of the commercial and industrial.

Problems

Whilst it is great that Gippsland has a plan for a more circular approach to economy the plan isn’t entirely clear.

Many of the claims in the plan aren’t very specific, this makes them hard to actually achieve. Claims like “reduce undesirable impacts” are hard to mea sure.

Although the plan claims to want to reduce the waste that Gippsland gen erates it isn’t specific on how. It also reserves a large part of the plan on upgrading and securing landfill prop erties which is the opposite of a circu lar approach.

2.7 Landfill Gippsland

Waste Not, Want Not

Kevn.

What is Kevn?

Pavilion created to house exhibitions, creativity, food and drink. It is an ex tension of the Monumental School on the Galileïstraat in Eindhoven.

Built so that it can be easily disman tled and rebuilt on another site.

Reused materials were used to build the pavilion, sourced from an old chicken shed.

2.9 Old Railway Goods Shed, Korumburra

Applying the Design Language

The railway line passing through South Gippsland has recently been removed. The remaining infrastructure can be re developed to house community groups.

Currently the building is being used for the Men’s Shed workshop but it isn’t ideal, lacking natural light and passive ventilation.

Waste Not, Want Not

Material Exploration

Circular Materials

Materials can not only be repaired and reused for their initial purpose, they can become an entirely new mate rial. Different methods take different amounts of energy and cost. This is often why these materials haven’t become common building materials.

Densified Waste Materials

Densification is one of the easier and most direct ways to take waste and con vert it into a building material.

Densified waste materials are usually created by crushing rubbish into tight bales that can be used in many modular building systems.

Sometimes other methods like removing air can also help to create compact waste materials.

3.2 Corrugated Cardboard Pod Rural Studio USA

3.3 Airless Luft & Laune Switzerland

Reconfigured Waste Materials

Reconfiguring is slightly more complex, it involves re-arranging all the components of the waste before it is produced into a new construction element.

Usually this involves grinding, sawing, chipping or breaking up the waste. This create chips, strands and fibers that can be produced into new products.

Organic and inorganic waste chips can then be combined and pressed into new materials.

3.4 Tuff Roof Daman Ganga Paper Mill India

3.5 Ultratouch Denim Insulation

Bonded Logic USA

Transformed Waste Materials

To create transformed waste materials you need to change the molecular state of the waste. This gives the garbage a new state of existence by complete loss of its existing organisation structure.

This transformation occurs by the incorporation of new materials and energy as well as melting, mixing, crushing and molding.

This process often requires substantial amounts of energy.

3.6 GR Green Slate

GR Green Building Products Canada

3.7 Recy Blocks

Gert de Mulder The Netherlands

Designed Waste Materials

Designed waste materials centers around the idea that goods are specifi cally designed to never end up as waste.

They are constantly reused and re-adapted without having to undergo a process to change their form.

Designers should design with not only a products first life in mind, but also the second, third as so on…

3.8 World Bottle Heineken The Netherlands

3.9 United Bottle UB Group Switzerland

Waste is a design flaw.

- Kate Kreba

Cultivated Waste Materials

Cultivated waste materials involve the growth of micro elements from waste. The multiplication or layering of these elements can be used to produce con struction materials over time.

Self growing building materials are relatively new but offer a range of benefits. They can be grown where they are needed and can be composted when they are no longer being used.

3.10 Self Healing Concrete Microlab

The Netherlands

3.11 Biorock Biorock Inc USA

Biggest

Agricultural Industry

The agricultural industry is one of the biggest generators of waste, mostly plastics and emissions. There is re cycling processes in place for these plastics but they are expensive and only take materials is good condition. This often leads to materials being dumped illegally.

Common Farm Waste Products

The most common farm waste products that end up in landfill are plastics. This includes netwrap and silage wrap, chem ical drums from agricultral pesticides. Other products include paper and cardboard packaging from animal food products, and seeds.

3.10 Net Wrap 3.11 SIlage Wrap

3.12 Chemical Drums 3.13 Animal Food Bags

My Family’s Business: Beef Farming & Agricultural Contracting

Waste on Our Farm

I have always been amazed at how much waste is generated. From plastics and chemicals to emmissions. The single bale pictured on the right contributes:

- 10m of net wrap

- 60m of silage wrap

- Emissions to create

- Emissions to recycle

- Chemicals to grow the grass

We do over 10,000 of these bales every year producing:

- 100,000m of net wrap

- 600,000m of silage wrap

Now think of this happening in the 6000 farms across Gippsland.

We pay to have this waste removed, however due to the quantity and cost many farmers don’t follow the legal protocols.

Problems with the Recycling Process

The current recycling process for plastic farm waste is very difficult and expensive. The first issue arises with the product being to dirty after use, if farmers don’t keep the plastics relatively clean the recycling companies don’t accept it. The second being that they often charge to take the plastic away, even though they make money from reusing it. Farmers often don’t like paying for this so opt to dispose of it in illegal ways. The recycling process is also relatively new so isn’t necessarily easily accessible. This leads to large amounts of farming plastic in landfill every year.

Currently the agricultural plastics are melted down into resins and then mold ing into new products like fence posts, cable covers, and poly sheet.

In later stages of this thesis I am going to explore with these materials myself to see if I can create some viable building materials.

Problems with Recycling Farm Materials

Whilst the materials can be produced into many things, this pro cess can often take large amounts of energy and result in danger ous emissions.

These products are challenging to turn into new material without significant processing. Majority of the waste is soft plastics and these plastics have little to no qualities that are beneficial when making building materials. This will form challenging when considering how they can be used in an architectural context.

The Site

4.1 Korumburra

Railway 1908

Korumburra Railway Station

The station was completed in 1908 to ser vice the railway line spanning from Dan denong to Port Albert. The station is a rare example of Queen Anne style architecture. Although the train line has been made redundant the station still stands and has become heritage listed. Recently the community has highlighted the need for the space to be redeveloped to better serve the area.

Waste Not, Want Not

4.2 Railway Yard

Stations Current Use

Since the decommissioning of the railway, many existing buildings have been removed. The railway line has been re-purposed into a rail trail for community members and tourists to enjoy. This makes the station and its surrounds the perfect meeting space for people on their journeys.

The railway station and surrounding infastructure remain empty and are in desperate need of re pairs to bring it back to life.

4.4 Abandoned Railway Precinct in Korumburra

Existing Conditions

The existing railway provides many different areas to intervene with. With small interventions they could become new spaces to better serve the community and promote circular waste habits.

4.5 Pedestrian Connections

Missing Connections

Because of missing connections many pedestrians are forced to take unsafe or longer routes. Creating some new key connections will help connect the North to the South of the town.

Waste Not, Want Not

The Concept

The Concept

5.1 Station Platform Community Meeting

I attended a community meeting where members of the town suggested what they would like to see in the redevelopment.

Suggestions included; a cafe, library, gallery spaces, community meeting rooms, public toilets, heritage spaces and infor mation center. They also raised the need for an area to hold events that is fine in all weather conditions.

Community Needs

The community raised the need to have an events space. Somewhere they can fundraise and hold annual events that doesn’t disrupt the town. Some of these events like the market are held monthly. Some of the challenges that these events create is that they all have such different needs and requirements. Some require shelter, some require open space.

The space will be home to many groups and clubs that currently dont have a space to call home. This includes charities, sports teams and social clubs.

Objectives

I created a set of objectives to help highlight what I wanted to achieve from the project. These objectives are shaped from the communities needs, the sites requirements, and the circular economy principles.

The first objective is to create spaces for tempo rary events. These spaces need to be adaptable depending on the event that is happening.

The second objective is about bringing the com munity together. Areas for community groups to meet and fundraise must be included.

The third objective is to provide areas for rest and enjoyment for people passing by. People not only pass by on the rail trail but also stop ping for a rest on their road trips.

The fourth objective is perhaps the most important longterm. It aims to create a project that not only applies circular practices in its design stage, but also to educate the users about how they can be less wasteful.

Not, Want Not

Intervention Sites

After accessing the community needs and con sidering the objectives I have identified a num ber of intervention sites. These intervention sites align with the empty and unused infrastructure on the site. They include upgrades that will be necessary to hold the events the community needs.

Railway Station

The current condition of the station needs some slight refurbishment but overall it is in great condition for reprogramming. The station needs to become a space for the community. It will also house documents, history and art from the stations original uses. The station is subject to heritage overlays so this needs to be considered when intervening.

Current Programming

The current design of the building is still suited to the uses of a train station so the programing will need to change quite a bit to meet the needs of a community station. I will try to retain as much as I can to reduce the environmental impact of the new development.

New Programming

In the new programming I have tried to keep things like toilets in similar positions to reduce waste. Library and Gallery can house historical documents, on the towns history and heritage. A cafe for those passing by on the rail trail. A classroom space for visiting school groups.

The Workshop

A Community Space

The workshop offers the perfect space to educate the com munity on circular economy, it also provides a space for community groups and members to make funds for their future projects.

The biggest problems with recycling agricultural waste is the collection and the washing. By providing a drop off and wash space, everyone benefits. Farmers no longer have to pay for removal and community members can benefit.

5.5 Station with Roof

Freight Gate

Currently the freight gate has no use at all, it was once used to store trains and is now just left completely empty. It’s advantages are being such an open space. This provides opportunity for so many activities and programs to take place. The open sides allow for plenty of natural light to enter but also allow for weather to pass through, this can become an issue with South Gippsland’s crazy weather.

Creating Temporary Spaces

The freight gate allows for so much freedom of space. The challenge is to find a way to break up the space without limiting the events that can occur. This also needs to be done in a way that doesn’t use too many new materials.

I decided the best way to do this was to use farm waste to create a building material. Because the farm materials have little to no structural qualities I tested a couple of ways to use.

Based on some of the precedents studied in section 03 I tested two different farm waste pro totypes.

The first prototype involved stretching a weaving different farm waste materials including; silage wrap, net wrap, bailing twine, and old fence wire. This prototype proved to be very weak and wouldn’t withstand the wind and weather.

If this prototype was viable it would have been stretched between columns of the freight gate to create shade sails.

Material Test 2

The second material test proved to be much more successful and created an ideal modular ecobrick system. Chemical drums from farm pesticides can be filled with different farm waste materials to create stackable ecobricks. This solution is even more viable because the materials dont need to be in good condition. The ecobricks can also be created easily by community groups in the workshop. The frame is made from the abandoned railway lines left on the site. A small gap is created underneath the module to allow for forklifts to move them. This makes it easy to move them around for events.

Ecobrick Process

1. Clean and separate farm waste to help later in the process. Small pieces also work better.

2. Ensure all the waste and chemical drum is dry 3. Begin packing in materials, use a stick to push them in the opening. Mix the materials up to ensure they pack tightly.

4. Weigh the ecobrick to ensure it meets the density standards. The density standard is 0.33g/ml. This is around 6.5kg for a 20L chemi cal drum.

5. Cap. Ensure there is a small 1-2cm gap at the top to stop the cap from cracking over time.

6. Mark details onto the brick.

7. Weld frame using old railway lines. 8. Slot ecobricks into the frame.

9. Module with then be complete.

156kg of farm waste will be used in each mod ule and around 100 modules are needed in the freight gate. Equaling 15,600 kg of waste. These ecobricks can also be made by the workshop to sell for other buildings.

5.10 Ecobrick Modules in Action

Freight Gate

Currently the freight gate has no use at all, it was once used to store trains and is now just left completely empty. It’s advantages are being such an open space. This provides opportunity for so many activities and programs to take place. The open sides allow for plenty of natural light to enter but also allow for weather to pass through, this can become an issue with South Gippsland’s crazy weather.

Amenity Block

The amenity block combines both the toilet block and the picnic space. This toilet space is significantly upgraded to deal with a higher number of traffic during events. The outdoor picnic space can also be transformed by adding the ecobrick modules when the weather is bad. A simple practical design that makes use of the existing buildings help to save of materials.

Parking

The current parking conditions are non existent. Currently there is just a large gravel area that people can pull up on. Some remaining fences from the rail yards are still there. The area needs to be sealed and marked with lines to function properly on events. Multiple exit methods are also important to ensure people can enter and exit quickly during events.

Current Condition

5.19 Parking Events vs Normal

Kids Play Space

The kids play space is a much needed addition to the hub. It adds an area for kids to play whilst parents stop for a rest along their travels. It includes a playground, bike track, sand pit, and sports courts. The sports courts are a great place for after school sport and events. The current conditions of the area is just a gravel yard with no purpose.

5.21 Normal Day, Sports Training, Birthday Party.

History Walk

The history walk is a set five stops along the rail trail that help to educate users about the history of the site and the steps it has taken to contribute to a more circular economy. These stops will have things like old train infastructure as well as educational boards. They also include seating stops for rest along the rail trail.

Waste Not, Want Not

The Outcome

The Proposal

6.1 The Final Outcome Platform 1

The name Platform 1 represents the one and only platform at the station it also links to the one planet we have how a circular approach can help save it. The hub also serves as a platform to promote and edu cate on circular economy

The new masterplan remains similar to the exsiting conditions to reduce the new materials used. New connections and crossings have been made for pedestrian safety. They also help to better connect the North and South of the town.

Waste Not, Want Not

Before After

The Amphitheater

The turntable amphitheater blends seamlessly into the surrounding green space.

A band can be seen playing on the stage, with listeners seated on the steps.

The steps can also be used for exercise purposes.

6.3 Turntable Amphitheater

The Freight Gate

The flexibitiy of the ecobrick modules allows the freight gate to transform for many types of events.

Here it has been set up for a car show. Dividers have been placed to help provide shelter from the wind.

6.4 Car Show in the Freight Gate

The Play Space

The play space provides areas for children to enjoy. Here a young school girl can be seen enjoying the sandpit area.

The play spaces are located closely to the picnic space, this provides a good opportunity for kids parties and picnics.

6.5 Turntable Amphitheater

The Sports Courts

The sports courts are a great space for small community teams to practice. They also provide a space for rail trail users to do further exercise.

6.6 Turntable Amphitheater and Sports Courts

The Station

A community group can be seen here in the work shop sorting the farm waste. This farm waste will then be washed and developed into new building materials.

Conclusion

Project Platform 1 has provided practical and sustainable solu tions to the communities needs. The hub aims to not only act as an advocate for circular economy through it’s development but also through its lifespan. This will be done through community engagement and education.

The main challenges of the project were surrounding the tem poral nature of many farm waste materials. The modular eco bricks provided the perfect solution to this issue. The project has helped to make the concept of circular economy more apparent in a small community town and will hopefully help to improve the circularity of farm waste.

References

References

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Waste Not, Want Not