Platform 1: A regional community hub for a circular solution to farm waste

Kaitlyn McNaughton 102110707

Studio D. Waste Not, Want Not

Platform 1

A regional community hub for a circular solution to farm waste

Kaitlyn McNaughton 102110707

Sem 2, 2022

Studio D Waste Not, Want Not

Studio D - ARC80003 Studio Leaders: Canhui Chen, Petar Petrov Semester 2, 2022 Swinburne University Kaitlyn McNaughton, 102110707 Masters of Architecture & Urban Design

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Aknowledgement of Country - Swinburne We respectfully acknowledge the Wurundjeri People of the Kulin Nation, who are the Traditional Owners of the land on which Swinburne’s Australian campuses are located in Melbourne’s east and outer-east, and pay our respect to their Elders past, present and emerging.

We are honoured to recognise our connection to Wurundjeri Country, history, culture and spirituality through these locations, and strive to ensure that we operate in a manner that respects and honours the Elders and Ancestors of these lands.

We also respectfully acknowledge Swinburne’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander staff, students, alumni, partners and visitors.

We also acknowledge and respect the Traditional Owners of lands across Australia, their Elders, Ancestors, cultures and heritage, and recognise the continuing sovereignties of all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Nations.

Aknowledgement of Country - South Gippsland We would like to acknowledge and pay our respects to the Traditional Custodians within Southern Gippsland, The Bunurong and the Gunaikurnai. We also pay our respects to their elders, past, present and future and continually recognise the contribution of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and organisations in Land and Natural Resource Management.

Studio D Waste Not, Want Not

Platform 1: A regional community hub for a circular solution to farm waste This thesis will explore how circular economy can be made more practical and applicable to small communities in rural Victoria. It centers around design that uses the resources available instead of needing new materials.

Platform 1 is a project which creates a community hub from an abandoned railway precinct located in South Gippsland, regional Victoria. The hub aims to provide a platform to educate and create a circular economy for farm waste. The project explores how farm waste can be reused as a building material, despite its challenging temporal qualities. Because of these qualities it works in conjunction with permanent building frames to create flexible events spaces. Existing redundant railway infrastructure is also upgraded in a way that requires minimal new materials, taking advantage of the available resources.

About Me: Kaitlyn McNaughton After completing the Bachelor of Architecture at Swinburne I decided to move into the Master of Architecture and Urban Design.

Designing on a larger scale and having a positive impact on so many lives is what I have found so exciting about the change.

Creating practical designs that actually help to improve the quality of life experienced by the users are just some of my interests.

Initially from regional Victoria, I have found it particularly engaging to tackle a range of projects across different regions. The varying needs and challenges across different communities are very interesting to me.

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Contents 01 Introduction Waste not, Want not

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02 Circular Economy What is circular economy?

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03 Material Exploration

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04 The Site

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05 The Concept

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06 The Outcome

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Urban Mining Local Economy Kevn.

Circular Materials Biggest Waste Contributers

Site Introduction

Community Needs Objectives Intervention Sites

The Proposal References

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59 61 63

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01 Introduction

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If it can’t be reduced, repaired, rebuilt, refurbished, refinished, recycled, resold or composted, then it should be restricted, redesigned or removed from production.

- Peter Seeger

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Waste Not, Want Not. This studio focuses on the large amount of waste the building and construction industry generates annually. In this thesis I am going to look into the current economic system and its downfalls. I am going to consider different circular approaches and the associated challenges and opportunities, to see if a circular economy could become a viable reality in our future.

Our current economic system has many downfalls, not only is it depleting earth of it’s natural resources but it is further polluting it through waste disposal.

Economic System

Raw Materials

Production

Expenses

Environmental Sustainability

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Social Integrity

Use

Waste: Unwanted or undesired materials

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1.1 Construction waste, Pbctoday

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02

Circular Economy

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What is Circular Economy?

Our current economic system is very linear in nature, we take resources and goods from the earth and manufacture them into products. We then use them and once they are no longer needed we dispose of them. Very rarely is anything valuable done with this waste, majority of people see it as an inconvenience instead of a resource. They dislike it so much they pay to have it removed, and live with the mindset ‘out of sight, out of mind’.

A new approach is the idea of a circular economy, this approach aims to reduce the amount of waste that exits the cycle. The approach aims to re-purpose, repair and reuse materials after their initial purpose has been served. This cycle helps to only output things that are truly waste and have no life left. This reduces the number of things that end up in landfill and the burden on earth.

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Circular Economy in Architecture

Museum of Space Available

An architectural attempt to address circular economy by creating pressed facade panels from plastic water bottles found dumped in Bali waterways.

Plastic Bottles Made Plastic Bottles used by consumers End up disposed of in waterways Bottles collected Bottles shredded melted and pressed into new facade panels Given second life as building material Building educates visitors about circular economy

2.1 Museum of Space Available Sirdata & Sandjaja Architects Bali 12

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What is Urban Mining?

Urban Mining

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Urban Mining is a new approach to re-purpose and reuse the materials we have laying dormant in abandoned buildings. Instead of mining from the earth and further depleting it’s natural resources, we can mine our existing buildings. There is currently more copper held up in buildings then left in the earth, so why not use that instead?

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2.2 Bring it down cheap and fast. Stonecycling, 2020.

Why isn’t it More Common?

Whilst Urban Mining has great benefits when considering circular economy, it isn’t an approach that is often used.

This is because most businesses want the cheapest option. Carefully removing materials from buildings and then cleaning them takes more time and money then often just knocking them down and buying new materials.

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Local Economy Gippsland

Gippsland is known as a primary producing region.

This region not produces goods for it’s own population but also greater Victoria and Australia. The region is currently home to over 140,000 people but must produce goods to supply a much larger population. Gippsland has a strong agricultural industry due to its perfect farming conditions.

The area currently supplies over 19% of Australia’s dairy products like milk and butter. It is home to over 6000 farms that range from dairy to beef, sheep, pork and vegetables.

The region is also a primary producer of energy, it supply’s greater Victoria in particular Melbourne. It provides 90% of Victoria’s energy and 97% of Victoria’s natural gas.

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Victoria

Despite Gippsland being a large region of Victoria it has a smaller population then the others. It’s large waste production levels are often because it has to provide goods to support the other regions. This waste is typically the result of the production.

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2.3 Dairy & Beef Farming

2.4 Crops & Food Growing

2.5 Poultry & other Animals

2.6 Power Generation

Industry

Due to the nature of production in Gippsland there are plenty of outputs that end up as waste. This waste is both emissions and physical waste that ends up in landfill.

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Total Generated Waste in Gippsland: 450,000 t Source: Gippsland Waste and Resource Recovery Implementation Plan 2017

Biggest Waste Generators

As expected the commercial and industrial industry is the greatest contributer of waste in Gippsland. The construction industry does contribute some waste but only about an eighth of the commercial and industrial.

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Current Circular Economy Plan 1. Achieving greater material recovery through development of appropriate, well-sited infrastructure 2. Driving innovative services and infrastructure provision 3. Building greater responsibility and accountability 4. Facilitating continuous improvement and enhanced performance 5. Planning to reduce undesirable impacts 6. Improving the value of available information to support industry development Source: Gippsland Waste and Resource Recovery Implementation Plan 2017

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Problems

Whilst it is great that Gippsland has a plan for a more circular approach to economy the plan isn’t entirely clear.

Many of the claims in the plan aren’t very specific, this makes them hard to actually achieve. Claims like “reduce undesirable impacts” are hard to measure.

Although the plan claims to want to reduce the waste that Gippsland generates it isn’t specific on how. It also reserves a large part of the plan on upgrading and securing landfill properties which is the opposite of a circular approach.

2.7 Landfill Gippsland

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Kevn.

What is Kevn?

Pavilion created to house exhibitions, creativity, food and drink. It is an extension of the Monumental School on the Galileïstraat in Eindhoven.

Built so that it can be easily dismantled and rebuilt on another site.

Reused materials were used to build the pavilion, sourced from an old chicken shed.

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2.8 Kevn, Eindhoven Superuse Studios

Old Shed

Rearrange

New Frame

Building Form

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2.9 Old Railway Goods Shed, Korumburra

Applying the Design Language

The railway line passing through South Gippsland has recently been removed.

The remaining infrastructure can be redeveloped to house community groups.

Currently the building is being used for the Men’s Shed workshop but it isn’t ideal, lacking natural light and passive ventilation.

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03

Material Exploration

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3.1 Plastic Bottle Recycling Process

Circular Materials Materials can not only be repaired and reused for their initial purpose, they can become an entirely new material. Different methods take different amounts of energy and cost. This is often why these materials haven’t become common building materials.

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Densified Waste Materials Densification is one of the easier and most direct ways to take waste and convert it into a building material.

Densified waste materials are usually created by crushing rubbish into tight bales that can be used in many modular building systems.

Sometimes other methods like removing air can also help to create compact waste materials.

3.2 Corrugated Cardboard Pod Rural Studio USA

3.3 Airless Luft & Laune Switzerland 28

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Reconfigured Waste Materials Reconfiguring is slightly more complex, it involves re-arranging all the components of the waste before it is produced into a new construction element.

Usually this involves grinding, sawing, chipping or breaking up the waste. This create chips, strands and fibers that can be produced into new products.

Organic and inorganic waste chips can then be combined and pressed into new materials.

3.4 Tuff Roof Daman Ganga Paper Mill India

3.5 Ultratouch Denim Insulation Bonded Logic USA 30

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Transformed Waste Materials To create transformed waste materials you need to change the molecular state of the waste. This gives the garbage a new state of existence by complete loss of its existing organisation structure.

This transformation occurs by the incorporation of new materials and energy as well as melting, mixing, crushing and molding.

This process often requires substantial amounts of energy.

3.6 GR Green Slate GR Green Building Products Canada

3.7 Recy Blocks Gert de Mulder The Netherlands 32

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Designed Waste Materials Designed waste materials centers around the idea that goods are specifically designed to never end up as waste.

They are constantly reused and re-adapted without having to undergo a process to change their form.

Designers should design with not only a products first life in mind, but also the second, third as so on…

3.8 World Bottle Heineken The Netherlands

3.9 United Bottle UB Group Switzerland 34

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Waste is a design flaw.

- Kate Kreba

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Cultivated Waste Materials Cultivated waste materials involve the growth of micro elements from waste.

The multiplication or layering of these elements can be used to produce construction materials over time.

Self growing building materials are relatively new but offer a range of benefits.

They can be grown where they are needed and can be composted when they are no longer being used.

3.10 Self Healing Concrete Microlab The Netherlands

3.11 Biorock Biorock Inc USA 36

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Agricultural Industry

Biggest Waste Generators 38

The agricultural industry is one of the biggest generators of waste, mostly plastics and emissions. There is recycling processes in place for these plastics but they are expensive and only take materials is good condition.

This often leads to materials being dumped illegally.

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Common Farm Waste Products The most common farm waste products that end up in landfill are plastics. This includes netwrap and silage wrap, chemical drums from agricultral pesticides.

Other products include paper and cardboard packaging from animal food products, and seeds.

3.10 Net Wrap 3.11 SIlage Wrap

3.12 Chemical Drums 3.13 Animal Food Bags 40

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My Family’s Business: Beef Farming & Agricultural Contracting Waste on Our Farm

I have always been amazed at how much waste is generated. From plastics and chemicals to emmissions. The single bale pictured on the right contributes: - 10m of net wrap - 60m of silage wrap - Emissions to create - Emissions to recycle - Chemicals to grow the grass We do over 10,000 of these bales every year producing: - 100,000m of net wrap - 600,000m of silage wrap Now think of this happening in the 6000 farms across Gippsland.

We pay to have this waste removed, however due to the quantity and cost many farmers don’t follow the legal protocols.

3.12 Bailing Silage 42

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Problems with the Recycling Process The current recycling process for plastic farm waste is very difficult and expensive. The first issue arises with the product being to dirty after use, if farmers don’t keep the plastics relatively clean the recycling companies don’t accept it.

The second being that they often charge to take the plastic away, even though they make money from reusing it. Farmers often don’t like paying for this so opt to dispose of it in illegal ways. The recycling process is also relatively new so isn’t necessarily easily accessible. This leads to large amounts of farming plastic in landfill every year.

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3.13 Dumped Silage Wrap

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Possible Material Solutions

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3.14 Recycled Silage Wrap Fences. Plastic Forests

Currently the agricultural plastics are melted down into resins and then molding into new products like fence posts, cable covers, and poly sheet.

In later stages of this thesis I am going to explore with these materials myself to see if I can create some viable building materials.

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Problems with Recycling Farm Materials

Whilst the materials can be produced into many things, this process can often take large amounts of energy and result in dangerous emissions.

These products are challenging to turn into new material without significant processing. Majority of the waste is soft plastics and these plastics have little to no qualities that are beneficial when making building materials. This will form challenging when considering how they can be used in an architectural context.

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3.15 Recycled Silage Wrap Fences. Plastic Forests

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04 The Site

The Site

4.1 Korumburra Railway 1908

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Korumburra Railway Station

The station was completed in 1908 to service the railway line spanning from Dandenong to Port Albert. The station is a rare example of Queen Anne style architecture.

Although the train line has been made redundant the station still stands and has become heritage listed.

Recently the community has highlighted the need for the space to be redeveloped to better serve the area.

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Stations Current Use

Since the decommissioning of the railway, many existing buildings have been removed. The railway line has been re-purposed into a rail trail for community members and tourists to enjoy. This makes the station and its surrounds the perfect meeting space for people on their journeys.

4.2 Railway Yard

The railway station and surrounding infastructure remain empty and are in desperate need of repairs to bring it back to life.

4.3 Turntable 53

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4.

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3.

2.

Key 1. New Rail Trail 2. Freight Gate Shed 3. Shed (Relocated) 4. Railway Station

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5. Mens Shed 6. Picnic Area 7. Toilet Block 8. Train Turntable

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5.

4.4 Abandoned Railway Precinct in Korumburra

6.

7.

Existing Conditions

The existing railway provides many different areas to intervene with. With small interventions they could become new spaces to better serve the community and promote circular waste habits.

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Key Main Pedestrian Routes Missings Connections Missings Carparks

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4.5 Pedestrian Connections

Missing Connections

Because of missing connections many pedestrians are forced to take unsafe or longer routes. Creating some new key connections will help connect the North to the South of the town.

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05 The Concept

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The Concept

5.1 Station Platform

Community Meeting

I attended a community meeting where members of the town suggested what they would like to see in the redevelopment.

Suggestions included; a cafe, library, gallery spaces, community meeting rooms, public toilets, heritage spaces and information center. They also raised the need for an area to hold events that is fine in all weather conditions.

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Community Needs The community raised the need to have an events space. Somewhere they can fundraise and hold annual events that doesn’t disrupt the town. Some of these events like the market are held monthly. Some of the challenges that these events create is that they all have such different needs and requirements. Some require shelter, some require open space.

The space will be home to many groups and clubs that currently dont have a space to call home. This includes charities, sports teams and social clubs.

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5.2 Community Market

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Objectives I created a set of objectives to help highlight what I wanted to achieve from the project. These objectives are shaped from the communities needs, the sites requirements, and the circular economy principles.

The first objective is to create spaces for temporary events. These spaces need to be adaptable depending on the event that is happening.

The second objective is about bringing the community together. Areas for community groups to meet and fundraise must be included.

The third objective is to provide areas for rest and enjoyment for people passing by. People not only pass by on the rail trail but also stopping for a rest on their road trips.

The fourth objective is perhaps the most important longterm. It aims to create a project that not only applies circular practices in its design stage, but also to educate the users about how they can be less wasteful.

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Space and Facilities for Temporary Events

Rest and Play area for Tourists Passing Through

Bring Together the Community and its Groups

Educate Visitors About Circular Economy

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Intervention Sites After accessing the community needs and considering the objectives I have identified a number of intervention sites. These intervention sites align with the empty and unused infrastructure on the site. They include upgrades that will be necessary to hold the events the community needs.

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Railway Station The current condition of the station needs some slight refurbishment but overall it is in great condition for reprogramming. The station needs to become a space for the community. It will also house documents, history and art from the stations original uses. The station is subject to heritage overlays so this needs to be considered when intervening.

Office Unused Rooms Booking Hall Toilets Refreshment Room Dining Room Sitting Room Kitchen

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Current Programming

The current design of the building is still suited to the uses of a train station so the programing will need to change quite a bit to meet the needs of a community station. I will try to retain as much as I can to reduce the environmental impact of the new development.

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5.3 Current Condition

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Office

Workshop

Unused Room Toilets Library/Gallery Store Classroom Cafe

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New Programming

In the new programming I have tried to keep things like toilets in similar positions to reduce waste. Library and Gallery can house historical documents, on the towns history and heritage. A cafe for those passing by on the rail trail. A classroom space for visiting school groups.

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The Workshop A Community Space

The workshop offers the perfect space to educate the community on circular economy, it also provides a space for community groups and members to make funds for their future projects.

The biggest problems with recycling agricultural waste is the collection and the washing. By providing a drop off and wash space, everyone benefits. Farmers no longer have to pay for removal and community members can benefit.

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5.4 Station5.4 Interior Station Inside

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5.5 Station with Roof

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Freight Gate Currently the freight gate has no use at all, it was once used to store trains and is now just left completely empty. It’s advantages are being such an open space. This provides opportunity for so many activities and programs to take place. The open sides allow for plenty of natural light to enter but also allow for weather to pass through, this can become an issue with South Gippsland’s crazy weather.

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5.6 Current Condition

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Creating Temporary Spaces The freight gate allows for so much freedom of space. The challenge is to find a way to break up the space without limiting the events that can occur. This also needs to be done in a way that doesn’t use too many new materials.

I decided the best way to do this was to use farm waste to create a building material. Because the farm materials have little to no structural qualities I tested a couple of ways to use.

Based on some of the precedents studied in section 03 I tested two different farm waste prototypes.

The first prototype involved stretching a weaving different farm waste materials including; silage wrap, net wrap, bailing twine, and old fence wire. This prototype proved to be very weak and wouldn’t withstand the wind and weather.

If this prototype was viable it would have been stretched between columns of the freight gate to create shade sails.

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5.7 Material Test 1 75

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5.8 Material Test 2 76

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Material Test 2

The second material test proved to be much more successful and created an ideal modular ecobrick system. Chemical drums from farm pesticides can be filled with different farm waste materials to create stackable ecobricks. This solution is even more viable because the materials dont need to be in good condition. The ecobricks can also be created easily by community groups in the workshop. The frame is made from the abandoned railway lines left on the site.

A small gap is created underneath the module to allow for forklifts to move them. This makes it easy to move them around for events.

5.9 Ecobrick Module 77

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Ecobrick Process 1. Clean and separate farm waste to help later in the process. Small pieces also work better.

2. Ensure all the waste and chemical drum is dry 3. Begin packing in materials, use a stick to push them in the opening. Mix the materials up to ensure they pack tightly.

4. Weigh the ecobrick to ensure it meets the density standards. The density standard is 0.33g/ml. This is around 6.5kg for a 20L chemical drum.

5. Cap. Ensure there is a small 1-2cm gap at the top to stop the cap from cracking over time.

6. Mark details onto the brick.

7. Weld frame using old railway lines.

8. Slot ecobricks into the frame.

9. Module with then be complete.

156kg of farm waste will be used in each module and around 100 modules are needed in the freight gate. Equaling 15,600 kg of waste. These ecobricks can also be made by the workshop to sell for other buildings.

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5.10 Ecobrick Modules in Action

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5.11 New Freight Gate

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Freight Gate Currently the freight gate has no use at all, it was once used to store trains and is now just left completely empty. It’s advantages are being such an open space. This provides opportunity for so many activities and programs to take place. The open sides allow for plenty of natural light to enter but also allow for weather to pass through, this can become an issue with South Gippsland’s crazy weather.

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5.12 Current Condition

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5.13 Tuntable Normal Day

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5.14 Tuntable Class

s Presentation

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5.15 Tuntable Christmas Carols

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Amenity Block The amenity block combines both the toilet block and the picnic space. This toilet space is significantly upgraded to deal with a higher number of traffic during events. The outdoor picnic space can also be transformed by adding the ecobrick modules when the weather is bad. A simple practical design that makes use of the existing buildings help to save of materials.

5.16 Current Condition

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5.17 Amenity Block

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Parking The current parking conditions are non existent.

Currently there is just a large gravel area that people can pull up on. Some remaining fences from the rail yards are still there. The area needs to be sealed and marked with lines to function properly on events. Multiple exit methods are also important to ensure people can enter and exit quickly during events.

5.18 Current Condition

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5.19 Parking Events vs Normal

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Kids Play Space The kids play space is a much needed addition to the hub. It adds an area for kids to play whilst parents stop for a rest along their travels.

It includes a playground, bike track, sand pit, and sports courts. The sports courts are a great place for after school sport and events. The current conditions of the area is just a gravel yard with no purpose.

5.20 Current Condition

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5.21 Normal Day, Sports Training, Birthday Party.

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History Walk The history walk is a set five stops along the rail trail that help to educate users about the history of the site and the steps it has taken to contribute to a more circular economy. These stops will have things like old train infastructure as well as educational boards. They also include seating stops for rest along the rail trail.

5.22 History Walk Locations

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5.23 History Walk

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06 The Outcome

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The Proposal

6.1 The Final Outcome

Platform 1

The name Platform 1 represents the one and only platform at the station it also links to the one planet we have how a circular approach can help save it. The hub also serves as a platform to promote and educate on circular economy

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4.

1.

2.

3.

Key 1. History Walk 2. Upgraded Parking 3. Freight Gate Event Space 4. Railway Station Community Center 96

5. Kids Place-space 6. Amenity Block 7. Multi-Purpose Sports Courts 8. Amphitheater

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8.

7.

5.

6.2 Masterplan of Platform 1

6.

New Masterplan

The new masterplan remains similar to the exsiting conditions to reduce the new materials used. New connections and crossings have been made for pedestrian safety. They also help to better connect the North and South of the town.

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Before

After

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1. New Rail Trail 2. Freight Gate Shed 3. Shed (Relocated) 4. Railway Station 5. Mens Shed 6. Picnic Area 7. Toilet Block 8. Train Turntable

1. History Walk 2. Upgraded Parking 3. Freight Gate Event Space 4. Railway Station Community Center 5. Kids Place-space 6. Amenity Block 7. Multi-Purpose Sports Courts 8. Amphitheater

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The Amphitheater The turntable amphitheater blends seamlessly into the surrounding green space.

A band can be seen playing on the stage, with listeners seated on the steps.

The steps can also be used for exercise purposes.

6.3 Turntable Amphitheater 100

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The Freight Gate The flexibitiy of the ecobrick modules allows the freight gate to transform for many types of events.

Here it has been set up for a car show. Dividers have been placed to help provide shelter from the wind.

6.4 Car Show in the Freight Gate 102

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The Play Space The play space provides areas for children to enjoy. Here a young school girl can be seen enjoying the sandpit area.

The play spaces are located closely to the picnic space, this provides a good opportunity for kids parties and picnics.

6.5 Turntable Amphitheater 104

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The Sports Courts The sports courts are a great space for small community teams to practice. They also provide a space for rail trail users to do further exercise.

6.6 Turntable Amphitheater and Sports Courts 106

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The Station A community group can be seen here in the workshop sorting the farm waste.

This farm waste will then be washed and developed into new building materials.

6.7 The Workshop 108

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Conclusion Project Platform 1 has provided practical and sustainable solutions to the communities needs. The hub aims to not only act as an advocate for circular economy through it’s development but also through its lifespan. This will be done through community engagement and education.

The main challenges of the project were surrounding the temporal nature of many farm waste materials. The modular ecobricks provided the perfect solution to this issue. The project has helped to make the concept of circular economy more apparent in a small community town and will hopefully help to improve the circularity of farm waste.

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6.8 The Final Project

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07 References

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