Australian Settlers Magazine - First Edition - Issue 01 by JWT Publishing

AUSTRALIAN

SETTLERS

FIRST EDITION

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Dreamtime before 1770

culture & heritage

DAY OF MOURNING 1938

ISSUE 01

Issac Smith, Laycock Family, Pioneer Womens Association, Miteman & Our Australian History

ELIZABETH BATTS MRS COOK

CONVERGING CULTURES FROM 1770

BOTANY BAY FORBY SUTHERLSND FRANK CRIDLAND

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Please read CULTURAL SENSITIVITY MESSAGE First Peoples of Australia should be aware that the Australian Settlers Magazine contains images, voices or names of deceased persons. For some First Peoples communities, seeing images or hearing recordings of persons who have passed, may cause sadness or distress and, in some cases, offense. LANGUAGE Certain records contain language or include depictions that are insensitive, disrespectful, offensive or racist. This material reflects the creator’s attitude or that of the period in which the item was written, recorded, collected or catalogued. They are not the current views of the Publisher, and do not reflect current understanding and are not appropriate today. FEEDBACK Whilst every effort is made to ensure the most accurate information is presented, some content may contain errors. The level of documentation for collection items can and does vary, dependent on when or how the item was collected. We encourage and welcome contact from First Peoples Communities, scholars and others to provide advice to correct and enhance information.

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Always Was Always Will be Acknowledgement of Country

We respect and honour Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Elders past, present and future. We acknowledge the stories, traditions and living cultures of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples on this land and commit to building a brighter future together.

walking together towards treaty

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We invite you to share your story of family history as we share with you an intimate connection through the words of relatives from the past.

We’re interested in interpreting what these events mean, and connecting the dots to discover the unique stories that explain our place in the world.

In a convergence of cultures, Australia has a unique and diverse past, with Heritage that includes places, values, traditions, events and experiences that capture where we've come from.

Alice May Johnstone

We document the First Australians and explore the history of Australia from an Indigenous perspective. We explore Australian history including Indigenous Australians, the First Fleet, early settlement and the expansion of the colony.

RS AUSTRALIAN SETTLE MAGAZINE

CALL FOR ARTICLES es resting stori e t n i r o f g n i We're look coming issues p u e h t r o f h to publis DE TA IL S, AN D SU BM IS SI ON IN FO RM AT IO N EM AI L

JW T@ JW TP UB LI SH IN G. CO M.

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Water is life. You can protect the future of our vital river systems. The past year has been like no other in history. Despite the challenges, Bush Heritage staff and partners across the country have had an incredible impact protecting the landscapes and wildlife that you love. OUR HISTORY It's our 30-year anniversary! Founded by Bob Brown, Bush Heritage has been protecting natural bushland since 1991. Our story began when two rainforest blocks adjacent to the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area were put up for sale and marketed as 'ideal for woodchipping'. It was 1990, and unwilling to see this patch of forest destroyed, politician, activist and local resident Bob Brown used $49,000 awarded to him as the recipient of the prestigious Goldman Environmental Prize as a down payment on the land, borrowing the rest from friends and the bank. THE FUNDRAISING CAMPAIGN TO RECOVER THIS DEBT WAS THE BIRTH OF BUSH HERITAGE IN 1991 Bit by bit these forest blocks in Tasmania's Liffey Valley were paid for (becoming our Liffey River and Dry's Bluff Reserves). Once they knew they could pay off the debt, Bob urged expansion to employ staff, to make a new purchase, then another, and then to an official presence outside Tasmania. PARTNERSHIPS IN CONSERVATION As the organisation grew, it became obvious that just buying land wasn't enough to safeguard our precious but threatened natural heritage. Much land that's vital to regional conservation is in private hands. So in 2006, we started building partnerships with landowners – pastoralists, farmers (such as those in the Tasmanian Midlands) and Aboriginal landowners – to help them manage their land for conservation. A NATIONAL PRESENCE Since then, the Australian public has rallied behind Bush Heritage. From just a few hundred hectares in 1991, we now help protect over 11.3 million hectares across Australia on our reserve and partnership properties. And it's all thanks to our supporters. Our supporters saw an opportunity to really do something about conserving our country. And their vision has paid off. If we're considered successful, they're the reason why. We can't thank them enough for what they've done.

BUSH HERITAGE AUSTRALIA Is an independent not-for-profit that buys and manages land, and works in partnerships with others, to conserve our magnificent landscapes and irreplaceable native species forever.

‘If you haven't already, you can sign up to our e-news or follow us on social media to get updates from the work on our reserves and partnerships around Australia.’ BUSH HERITAGE AUSTRALIA

Level 1, 395 Collins St Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia

1300 NATURE (1300 628 873) info@bushheritage.org.au

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The Good Cause Co. evaluated a range of Australian charities. In 2020 Bush Heritage was given its highest recommendation.

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AUSTRALIAN

SETTLERS

JWT Publishing Current Titles

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2022 #6

NOVEMBER 2021 #5

DETAILS, AND SUBMISSION INFORMATION EMAIL JWT@JWTPUBLISHING.COM.AU

www.jwtpublishing.com.au COVER IMAGE Earl of Pembroke, later HMS Endeavour, leaving Whitby Harbour in 1768. By Thomas Luny, dated 1790.

MONTHLY | FEBRUARY 2021 | NO. 3. | FREE

THE NORTH COAST EXPERIENCE PAGE 05

editor's note FIRST EDITION - ISSUE 01

Our past footprints It shapes us, teaches us, and affects our character development and growth, but it shall not define us. The Endeavour in Whitby Harbour

JOHN TOZELAND

I'm delighted to bring you the first edition of Australian Settlers Magazine (ASM) aims to look back to reflect our past, events and people. Why they came, Where they come from, Who they married, What they did and how We come together in a convergence of Cultures.

ASM will circulate by e-magazine directly to your email inbox every issue as you subscribe for free.

AUSTRALIAN

SETTLERS MAGAZINE

SUBSCRIBE FREE CLICK HERE Endeavour was originally the Grandparents are for stories merchant collier Earl of about things of long ago. Pembroke, built by Thomas Granddads are for caring Fishburn for Thomas Millner, about all this things you know. launched in June 1764 from the Grandmas are for rocking you coal and whaling port of Whitby and singing you to sleep. in North Yorkshire. She was a Grandparents are for giving you type known locally as the nice memories to keep. Whitby Cat. Grandparents are for knowing all the things you're dreaming of... But, the most important thing of all, Grandparents are for love.

FIND US AT

australian settlers

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I do hope you enjoy the start to our storytelling and the journey in this edition we take you on looking back.

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ISSUE 01

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inside the issue Before 1770 09 - 14

The Aboriginal people are the earliest surviving culture in the history of humankind, they have inhabited Australia for more than 60,000 years.

Captain James Cook

James Cook (1728-1779), a navigator, was born on 27 October 1728 at Marton-inCleveland, Yorkshire, England, the son of a Scottish labourer and his Yorkshire wife.

Day of Mourning 17

A meeting to plan the 1938 Day of Mourning in Sydney is addressed by Jack Patten, a leader of the Aborigines Progressive Association (APA).

Issac Smith 59 - 60

Isaac Smith (1752–1831) was a Rear Admiral in the Royal Navy and cousin of Captain James Cook.

Elizabeth Cook 61

Elizabeth Batts, Mrs. Cook lived to a ripe old age of 93. We look at the connection to Issac Smith, (Pictured Above).

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AUSTRALIAN SETTLERS MAGAZINE

ORIGINAL AUSTRALIANS

THE ABORIGINAL PEOPLE BELIEVED ANCESTRAL SPIRITS CAME FROM THE SEAS, SKY, AND GROUND AND MOST OF THESE SPIRITS COULD CHANGE THEIR FORM FROM HUMAN TO ANIMAL TO PLANT.

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WHITBY THE EARLY YEARS PAGE 15

DREAMTIME

VOYAGE

CAPTAIN JAMES COOK

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PAGE 20 TO RUN UPON FOUR LEGS, BUT TO BOUND OR HOP-FORWARD UPON TWO."

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PAGE 28

PAGE 80

MITAMEN

THOMAS LAYCOCK

PAGE 75

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COOK POINTED THE ENDEAVOUR TOWARDS THE UNEXPLORED EASTERN PARTS OF NEW HOLLAND (THE NAME GIVEN BY THE DUTCH TO AUSTRALIA IN THE 17TH CENTURY).

COOKS

COTTAGE

DURING THE REENACTMENT OF COOK’S LANDING AT KURNELL, THE PROTESTERS GATHERED TO LAY WREATHS ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE BAY AT LA PEROUSE. PASTOR FRANK ROBERTS AND DOUG NICHOLLS PRESIDED OVER THE SOLEMN CEREMONY.

DAY OF MOURNING 1938

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PAGE 16 COOKS COAT OF ARMS

BOTANY BAY

IN 1776 COOK WAS AWARDED THE COPLEY MEDAL BY THE ROYAL SOCIETY FOR HIS SUCCESS IN AVOIDING OUTBREAKS OF SCURVY.

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ARRIVAL ENDEAVOUR

STORIES

FRANK CRIDLAND

FORBY SUTHERLAND + CLAN SUTHERLAND, SIR WILLIAM DIXSON, DAVID SCOTT MITCHELL, AUSTRALIASIAN PIONEERS CLUB, RIDDELL CAMPBELL DRUMMOND & LISMORE NSW, AUSTRALIAN + MELBORUNE CLUBS. PLUS SO MUCH MORE...

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before 1770 Aboriginal peoples had been living for more than 60 000 years on the continent we now know as Australia. At least 1600 generations of these peoples had lived and died here.

Europeans from the thirteenth century became interested in details from Asia about this land to the south. From the sixteenth century European cartographers and navigators gave the continent various names, including Terra Australis (Southern Land) and New Holland. Indigenous Australian belief systems explain that creator ancestral beings gave birth to the people, and also shaped the lands and waterways, giving them spiritual significance.

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A scientific view hypothesises that Indigenous Australians have lived in Australia for more than 60,000 years, having arrived by boat from southern Asia. Scientific evidence shows that Tasmanian Aboriginal peoples have lived in the area for more than 30,000 years. Although the number will always be based on an informed guess, it is believed that approximately 750,000 Indigenous people populated Australia from the coasts and islands to the inland deserts at the time of colonisation. Indigenous people lived in more than 300 language groups based on their strong links, both physical and spiritual, to particular areas of land, their countries. Each spoke their own dialect or language. Some territories were more densely populated than others. In arid desert regions, the numbers of Indigenous peoples were fewer than in the richly fertile coastal territories. Living in different climates with vastly different landscapes and ecologies, the cultures of the nations and language groups produced dynamic, diverse and vibrant cultures. PAGE 09

Each clan had deep connections to their country and intimate understandings of seasons and of the availability of water and food in different areas. Each also had its own lore, beliefs and customs.

Clans developed a highly efficient bartering and trading system established over thousands of years and that operated over thousands of kilometres. Centres of exchange existed near water sources, such as rivers and major creeks. Commodities such as stone, ochres, shells, fibres, furs and special wood were traded. For example, products from the northwest coast such as pearl shell found their way to the Great Australian Bight in South Australia.

People travelled within their country and sometimes to other countries. When food was abundant in particular periods, clans remained in one place.

There were at least two semi-permanent settlements, one at Lake Condah in western Victoria and one on High Cliffy Island in the northwest Kimberley region of Western Australia. At Lake Condah, the Gunditjmara people farmed eels to ensure a continuous supply of food for trade. On High Cliffy Island the people built hundreds of stone structures.

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People used fire in the production of food. In many areas groups burned off areas of land to create grasslands for animals that would then be hunted for food. Planned burning off in the cooler seasons also encouraged the growth of desirable plants and prevented destructive fires that could do a lot of damage. People carried firesticks with them to cook food, for warmth and for the campfire. Social organisation revolved around kinship, age, gender and place of birth. These four factors determined a person's rights and responsibilities, including such things as what work a person did. Women, for example, foraged for food, hunted small animals like the echidna, looked after children and made a range of goods and tools such as woven baskets, small dilly bags and nets. Generally, men were responsible for making tools and hunting the larger animals like kangaroos. Sacred sites were revered and spirituality revolved around the creation stories, which were the focus of rituals and ancestral beings.

In 1606 the Dutch were the first Europeans to make contact with Indigenous Australian people.

Dutch explorers such as Abel Tasman charted much of the western and northern coastlines as well as part of the south coast.

In his voyages of 1642 and 1644, Abel Tasman dispelled the myth of an enormous continent that encompassed most of the Southern Hemisphere. PAGE 10

FIRST AUSTRALIANS BEFORE 1770

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The Aboriginal people are the earliest surviving culture in the history of humankind, having set sustainable ways to manage their society and culture that ensured good health. They have inhabited Australia for more than 60,000 years.

These first inhabitants are also known as the First Nations People. By the time Cook arrived in 1770, there were roughly three-quarters of a million Aboriginal Peoples in Australia. This population was divided into 600 distinct language groups spread across the continent. They spoke about 200 distinct languages or dialects.

Gwion Gwion Aboriginal rock Art Near Kimberley Coastal Camp - Tourism Western Australia

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"The power of the ancestral spirits can be felt through the land and landforms. "

Creation, Land, and Survival

Through storytelling, paintings, songs and dance, which convey the dreaming stories, the Aborigines have preserved a connection with the ancient Dreaming to the present days leading to the creation of a rich cultural heritage.

‘DREAMING’ OR ‘DREAMTIME’ OR ‘TJKURRPA’

The Aboriginal people believed ancestral spirits came from the seas, sky, and ground and most of these spirits could change their form from human to animal to plant.

The Aborigines believed the earth was formed in the far off past during a sacred age known as the ‘Dreaming’ or ‘Dreamtime’ or ‘Tjkurrpa’ which means ‘to see and understand the law’ when translated from the Arrente language. Dreaming passed on key cultural values, belief systems and important knowledge to the younger generations.

As they moved over the land, they created natural features and all life forms including; people, birds, fish, insects, animals, and plants. For instance, tales about how the sun was made by the Rainbow Serpent are told so that ties with their ancestors are perpetuated. PAGE 12

After Creation, the ancestral spirits vanished into the earth, sky or water after living signs of their stay on earth. These signs came in the form of rocks, trees, billabongs, rivers, hills, caves and other forms of physical features.

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The Dreaming was a unifying trait in all indigenous culture; however, each tribe in Australia had its own distinct Dreaming. In all groups, Dreaming described how worldly features came to be, and also justified the significance of their sacred sites. Also, it set rules on how persons should behave, especially towards the land. Dreaming gave direction and meaning to all indigenous groups and continues to do so. The power of the ancestral spirits can be felt through the land and landforms. The spirits never died; instead, it’s widely believed that they lived on through various forms. Through this, there’s a strong connection between the past and present, hence obliging the indigenous peoples to protect the land, animals, and plants as well as care for sacred sites.

There’s a strong creation between the people, land and animals in the Aboriginal culture. The survival of the Aboriginal Peoples hinged on their mastery and comprehension of utilising the earth or land to obtain food. They had to understand the various seasonal changes because they had an effect on the volume and type of food they could obtain. Seasons also impacted on when and where to obtain various types of foods. For these reasons, the preservation of land was of utmost importance because it was essential for life. PAGE 13

"Dreaming described how worldly features came to be, and also justified the significance of their sacred sites. "

Dreaming Legends

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www.dreamtime.net.au

Great Spirit or Great Creator Legends or Dreaming anecdotes from all over Australia reveal that the Aboriginal people believed in a Great Spirit or Great Creator. The Great Creator was known by many names in different regions such as Nargacork, Wandjina, and Byamee. The Great Creator watched and helped the various groups of the indigenous people and many a time sent helper spirits to guide them in activities such as trapping fish and lighting fires.

A separate story, one that many Indigenous groups had in common was about the Rainbow Serpent who upon arrival on the land, began to slide from one place to the next resulting in valleys, rivers, mountains and deep gorges resembling its shape. It’s still widely believed that the Serpent still resides on earth in a secret sacred location and the rainbows we see are a reflection of the creature. Most of the Dreaming legends, especially those that dwell on large animals, volcanoes and great floods were based on reality. Archaeological proof reveals that animal and plant life changed in Australia during the Aboriginal habitation. This proves the accomplishment of the rituals and ceremonies in passing down tales from one generation to the next. PAGE 14

COOK James Cook (1728-1779), navigator, was born on 27 October 1728 at Marton-inCleveland, Yorkshire, England, the son of a Scottish labourer and his Yorkshire wife.

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In 1755 he joined the Royal Navy, and within two years passed his master's examination to qualify for the navigation and handling of a royal ship. He gained surveying experience in North American waters during the Seven Years War - as Britain and France fought for supremacy in North America - and spent the first years of peace between 1763 and 1767 charting the fog-shrouded coastline of Newfoundland. During those years he gained practical training in mathematics and astronomy and steadily accumulated the technical skills needed to make an effective explorer. The following years were to show that in addition, he possessed those less tangible qualities, of leadership, determination and ambition, which made him the outstanding explorer of the 18th century. As he wrote, he intended to go not only 'farther than any man has been before me, but as far as I think it possible for man to go'.

The first Pacific voyage

The early years

Cook first went to sea at the age of 18. He spent ten years working in the coal trade of the east coast of England - with its shoreline of treacherous, shifting shoals, uncharted shallows, and difficult harbours.

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The original intention was to organise a scientific voyage to observe the transit of the planet Venus from Tahiti, and this was supplemented by instructions to search for the great southern continent, Terra Australis Incognita, whose location had intrigued and baffled European navigators and projectors since the 16th century. With Lieutenant Cook (as he was at that time) sailed the botanist Joseph Banks, the astronomer Charles Green, and a small retinue of scientific assistants and artists. Cook's ship, the Endeavour, was a bluff-bowed Whitby collier chosen for her strength, shallow draught, and storage capacity. Although the ship was to change, the type did not; the Resolution of the second and third voyages was of the same build, and even came from the same shipyard as the Endeavour, to whose qualities, wrote Cook, 'those on board owe their Preservation. Hence I was enabled to prosecute Discoveries in those Seas so much longer than any other man ever did or could do.' Cook sailed first to Tahiti to carry out those astronomical observations that were the initial reason for the voyage, before turning south where, his instructions told him, 'there is reason to imagine that a Continent or Land of great extent, may be found.' After reaching latitude 40°S, without sight of land, he sailed west to New Zealand, whose coasts he charted in a little over six months to show that they were not part of a southern continent.

From there Cook pointed the Endeavour towards the unexplored eastern parts of New Holland (the name given by the Dutch to Australia in the 17th century).

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Cook sailed north along the shores of present-day New South Wales and Queensland, charting as he went. After a hair-raising escape from the dangers of the Great Barrier Reef, he reached the northern tip of Australia at Cape York, where he annexed the east coast on the grounds that it was terra nullius, no person's land. He then sailed through the Torres Strait, so settling the dispute as to whether New Holland and New Guinea were joined. With only one ship Cook had put more than 5,000 miles of previously unknown coastline on the map. The twin islands of New Zealand, the east coast of Australia and the Torres Strait had at last emerged from the mists of uncertainty.

Cook's first voyage

(1768-71) was a collaborative venture under the auspices of the Admiralty and the Royal Society. Cook set off for his first journey on August 26, 1768.

His main objective was to observe the planet Venus as it passed between the Earth and the Sun.

This would help astronomers to calculate the distance of the Sun from the Earth. PAGE 16

The HMB Endeavour was originally a bulk coal-carrying ship (collier) named the Earl of Pembroke and was built in the industrial Port of Whitby, England. The ship had been built in the traditions of the 18C. The hull was designed to 'take the ground', to support its weight when the tide fell to allow loading and unloading or repairs below the waterline. Hard, durable oak was used for the frames, planks and deck beams. Pine was used for the decks and masts and the keel was made of elm. There was no glue or screws and few nuts and bolts. Much of the ship was held together with treenails. Below the waterline was a sacrificial skin of thin planks fastened with large-headed nails covered with oak planks. Between these two layers of wood a paste of old rope, animal hair and tar slowed the damage of wood-eating shipworms which attacked a ship during long ocean voyages.

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When the ship was purchased by the British Admiralty and converted to HMB Endeavour as an exploration vessel changes were required. Built at an initial cost of £2,800 a further £5,394 was spent on the hull, masts, yards, furniture, cannons, guns and stores. A mess deck was needed to house the crew and it was placed on the original beams of the cargo hold, the only place that a deck could be placed. With the arrival of Banks and his men further changes were made to accommodate them and their stores, furniture and equipment. As a man of privilege and paying a fee of £10,000 to join the exploration Banks and his men were accommodated in the Great Cabin, by rights the private area of the captain, and the officers' cabins, for their study, work and eating area. The officers were then moved to much smaller cabins on the lower deck. Despite these renovations, the ship was described as a cargo ship or box with sails and in Rio de Janeiro, Cook had trouble convincing the Portuguese officials of his British Navy status. Cook sailed first to Tahiti to carry out those astronomical observations that were the initial reason for the voyage, before turning south where, his instructions told him, 'there is reason to imagine that a Continent or Land of great extent, maybe found.' After reaching latitude 40°S, without sight of land, he sailed west to New Zealand, whose coasts he charted in a little over six months to show that they were not part of a southern continent. PAGE 17

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Where is the original Endeavour now?

The Endeavour returned to England after three years at sea on July 12, 1771. Within a week of its return, the HMB Endeavour was refitted as a naval transport. The ship was sold in 1775 and renamed the Lord Sandwich.

After extensive repairs, in February 1776 the ship became a troop transport to carry soldiers to North America to fight during the American Revolution.

In August 1778 the Lord Sandwich, along with a fleet of old and surplus vessels, was deliberately sunk (scuttled) in Newport Harbor, Rhode Island in an attempt to blockade the harbour from French ships. PAGE 18

Cooks Landing at Botany Bay. Isaac Smith (second from left in boat, in red coat) preparing to step ashore in Botany Bay, April 1770.

‘Their countenance bespoke displeasure; they threatened us, and discovered hostile intentions, often crying to us, Warra Warra Wai,’ wrote the young Scottish artist Sydney Parkinson.

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Employed as an artist on Cook’s 1768–71 voyage to the southern hemisphere, Parkinson recorded the first Aboriginal words spoken to the English.

1770 Image Courtesy National Library of Australia.

In 1770, there were roughly three-quarters of a million Aboriginal Peoples in Australia.

This population was divided into 600 distinct language groups spread across the continent.

They spoke about 200 distinct languages or dialects.

After circumnavigating New Zealand, Cook’s expedition sailed west for Van Diemens Land (Tasmania) but winds forced the Endeavour north and the expedition came upon the east coast of Australia in April 1770. For the next four months, Cook mapped the east coast from Eden to the Gulf of Carpentaria. At a brief and simple ceremony at Botany Bay, Cook named the entire east coast of Australia New South Wales.

Watercolour of Captain James Cook, c. 1780s. Courtesy State Library of New South Wales. PAGE 19

Sydney Morning Herald. Saturday 28 April 1906

CAPTAIN COOK

The collection of relics of the great circum-navigator held in the Sydney Museum is commonly regarded as the best in the world. It was displayed at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London and was then bought from the relatives of the late Mrs. Cook for New South Wales. Certain other articles were presented by Mr. W. Adam, F.R.C.S., of London, by Mr. E. Brown, of Melbourne, and some facsimiles by the Trustees of the British Museum. These relics - which are all authenticated by statutory declaration - are on view at the southern end of the main upper entrance hall of the Museum. Here stand the glass cases filled with miscellaneous articles, ranging from teaspoons to savage weapons from compasses to blazoned coat-of-arms. Few, alas, are the pilgrims who come to worship at this shrine, but occasionally some father may be seen leading his children to gaze upon the relics of the illustrious dead. They stand before the glass cases with reverent mien, for they know they are contemplating the memorials of the maker of Australia.

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"You've heard about Captain Cook at school," the elder is saying. "Well, these are the very things he touched and handled. Read the labels, and they will tell you almost all that is known about his life!" And, in very truth, if all the books in the world were destroyed we could still reconstruct the principal facts of Cook's life from these precious remains. Here is the "Oriental box"-probably meant for a workbox-which was the first present made by the brave sailor to Miss Elizabeth Batts, of Wapping, who in 1762 became his wife - surviving her husband during 50 years of loyal widowhood.

We know that, born of simple agricultural parents, he was apprenticed to a shopkeeper in a seaside village near Whitby, and that, finding the yard measure not to his liking, he ran away to sea. He had heard the talk of sea-faring men, and his young blood had leaped in response. He lost no time in putting his thoughts into action, and packing up his belongings, consisting of one shirt and a Jackknife, tied up in his only pocket-handkerchief he set forth for the port. After some hard experiences onboard a collier he volunteered for the navy, where, owing to his knowledge of navigation, he rose rapidly from able-bodied seaman to master, and later the news came to Whitby that Lieutenant Cook had sailed for the Pacific Ocean. It must have been when first wearing the King's uniform that he secured the good graces of Miss Elizabeth Batts. The "Oriental box" was the pledge of affection, which continued unabated till her death, 1835, in the 94th year of her age. Close beside the box lies open the Holy Bible, which on the authority of Mrs. Cook is said to have been used by her husband when conducting Divine worship on board ship. The cedar writing desk - the property of Sir Joseph Banks, the tea caddy and the scoop, the silver dessert spoons, the dressing-case, the shoe buckles for "court dress," as well as the "ordinary" shoe buckles for everyday use show something of the domestic side of life. So does the tumbler of most modest proportions engraved with the name of the ship - The Resolution. "Temperance in him," says the chronicler, "was scarcely a virtue - so great was the indifference with which he submitted to every kind of selfdenial."

This love story did not date as does that of so many naval men from childish years, for Cook hailed from Marton, in North Yorkshire, and could not have met his fair Eliza till the stormy period of his boyhood was past. PAGE 20

A George III silver salver engraved with "Coat of Arms" of Captain James Cook. Incorporating a terrestrial globe centred on the Pacific Ocean, and was awarded posthumously by the British Crown. It is the only one issued to include a globe. The depiction of the world on the globe itself is historic, as it is centred on the Pacific (world maps were generally centred on Europe) and shows some tracks of Cook's voyages across the Pacific. In addition to the globe represented on the salver, the coat-of-arms shows two pole stars on a shield, and the crest of an arm in naval uniform holding the Union flag with the motto

"Circa orbem", the motto "Nil intentatem reliquit" ("He left nothing unattempted").

The salver is circular, with a shell and scroll border on three pad feet, maker's marks of Thomas Hannam and Richard Mills, hallmarked London 1764.

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It is thought to have been in the Cook household during Captain Cook's lifetime and prior to the engraving. The marks on its surface indicate many years' use, however there are few marks across the coat of arms, which indicates it was little used after engraving. The engraving itself is very fine, has been dated to ca.1785-90 on stylistic grounds. It was presumably ordered by Mrs Cook sometime following the grant of arms in September 1785. Inscription reads: Front: To Strive, to seek to find and not to yield. To commemorate the men who built, the Whitby Ships and the men who sailed with him. North Side: In every situation he stood unrivalled and alone on him all eyes were turned.

www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMEYW4_Captain _Cooks_Family_Coat_Of_Arms_Whitby_UK

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In 1785, King George III granted a coat of arms to the descendants of Captain Cook. This award is said to have been a mark of the esteem in which Cook was held by the King and the people of Britain. The arms includes two mottoes "Circa orbem" (Around the world) and "Nil intentatum reliquit" (He left nothing unattempted).

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The Letters Patent formed part of a substantial display of Cook material loaned by members of Admiral Smith’s family among others, exhibited at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London in 1887. After the exhibition, over 100 items were purchased by the New South Wales Agent-General, Sir Saul Solomon, on behalf of the government, and housed at the Australian Museum in Sydney, where they were mentioned in a long article about the Cook relics in the Sydney Morning Herald newspaper in 1906.

The document, giving a full description of the arms with a painted copy of the arms in the margin, together with the salutation and signatures of the Garter and Clarenceux Kings of Arms.

On his death in 1831, Elizabeth Cook financed his memorial at Merton Church; and as the Cooks left no known living descendants, much of the estate was apparently left to Admiral Smith’s extended family.

In November 1935 much of the documentary material in the collection was handed over to the Mitchell Library, now part of the State Library of NSW, although Mr. Berry notes the Letters Patent were transferred in 1955.

The relevance of the material to NSW, of course, is that Cook’s discovery of Botany Bay for the Europeans in April 1770 led to the first British settlement at Sydney 18 years later.

The Letters Patent were acquired by the NSW Government in 1887, from Canon Frederick Bennett, whose maternal great-uncle was Admiral Isaac Smith, Mrs. Cook’s first cousin. Smith and Mrs. Cook shared the same residence during their later years in London and at the Admiral’s country house, Merton Abbey in Surrey.

The Letters Patent granting the Coat of Arms to Elizabeth Cook are now at the State Library of New South Wales (SLNSW).

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The Letters Patent are contained in a leather case tooled with gold. The document is a very beautiful scroll, the head illuminated with the Royal Coat of Arms, and those of the two Kings of Arms, their seals contained in two small boxes attached with ribbons. After the customary salutations “To All and Singular” it gives the moving reason why Mrs Cook sought the grant of Arms six years after the Captain’s death in Hawaii. It was because of “her Anxiety to preserve on record in the College of Arms the Memory of her late dear Husband the ablest and most renowned Navigator which this or any other Country has produced”. She requested “such Armorial Ensigns as may allude to his distinguished Character to be borne by his Descendants and placed on any Monument or otherwise to his Memory according to the Laws of Arms”.

Apparently, it is the only Coat of Arms to have been awarded posthumously. Its formal descripttion, or blazon, is Azure, between two Polar Stars Or, a Sphere on the plane of the meridian, North Pole elevated, Circles of Latitude for every ten degrees and of Longitude for fifteen, showing the Pacific Ocean between sixty and two hundred and forty West, bounded on one side by America and on the other by Asia and New Holland, in memory of having explored and made Discoveries in that Ocean, so very far beyond all former Navigators: His Track thereon marked with red Lines. In simple terms, the scalloped shield is blue, the globe is white, the Pole stars (usually represented with wavy arms) are gold, and the Pacific Ocean, bordered by the landmass, is marked with the lines of latitude and longitude as above, with the tracks of Cook’s three great voyages shown in red.

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THE CREST IS DESCRIBED IN THE BLAZON AS FOLLOWS

On a Wreath of the Colours an Arm embowed, vested in the Uniform of a Captain of the Royal Navy, in the Hand the Union Jack on a staff proper. The Arms encircled by a wreath of Palm, and Laurel.

Again, in simple terms, this means the arm is on a circlet of blue and white, the principal colours of the shield; it is bent, the colour is navy blue, the Union Jack is on a brown staff, and the arm is circled with a wreath of palm and laurel, presumably symbolising the tropical lands of the Pacific, as well as victory and honour.

The blazon does not speak here of the two mottos, but they are shown on the painted representation of the Arms in the margin of the Letters Patent. The crest motto is Circa Orbem (Around the Globe), and the main motto is Nil Intentatum Reliquit (He left nothing unattempted – or perhaps, more colloquially, He never gave up). Once again, the blazon does not mention the supporters, but as depicted on the Letters Patent they include four flags, two on either side of the shield. There is one plain green and one red at the rear, the two front ones are white. Similarly, while the blazon does not mention them, the Letters Patent show the shield resting on four cannons on a mound, with two groups of cannonballs and two sprigs of foliage. David White, The Somerset Herald, says that this is unusual but not unique, and they are also shown on a silver salver engraved with Cook’s arms at the National Library of Australia. The salver itself, hallmarked for 1764, is thought to have been in Cook’s household and engraved after the arms were granted. The catalogue notes that much of the salver bears the marks of daily use, but very few are on the engraving, suggesting it was little used after it was done. This then is the background, source and correct description of Captain Cook’s Coat of Arms, against which members can compare the various other depictions available on the internet and elsewhere. They are a far cry from the simple achievement on my little blue plate—but even there, the desire to honour the memory “of the ablest and most renowned Navigator which this or any other country has produced” remains the same. I acknowledge the assistance of David White, Somerset Herald; David Berry of the State Library of New South Wales; Mal Nicholson, President of the Captain Cook Society in Australia; Vanessa Finney, Australian Museum; Glenys Savage and Chris Farrington (NZ) who provided information on Admiral Smith’s extended family.

Many of the National Library of Australia’s greatest treasures, from James Cook’s Endeavour Journal to a letter written by Jane Austen, are now on permanent display with the opening of the new Treasures Gallery in Canberra.

PAGE 23

We are brought close to the great circumnavigator's life.

CAPTAIN COOK

Sydney Morning Herald. Saturday 28 April 1906

Walk by the big com-pass which guided him on his three eventful voyages - the case of mathematical instruments containing silver-mounted compasses, lead pencil, and ivory seal, and the twofoot rule mounted in ivory and silver, with the cipher engraved thereon. We look at these reverently, for his own hands have handled them - the instruments of his scientific research. When he made his first voyage being placed in command of an expedition to the South Pacific to make an astronomical observation of the transit of Venus - these little tools must often have been employed.

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In the middle of one of the cases os displayed the grant of arms to Mrs. Eliza Cook - a blazoned parchment addressed to "all and sundry," in which the widow expresses her anxiety to preserve on record in the College of Arms the memory of her late deceased husband "the ablest and most renowned navigator which this, or any other country, has produced," and requests the King at arms to assign "such armorial ensigns as may allude to his distinguished character to be borne by his descendants, and placed on any memorial to his memory."

Then follow the enumeration of his honours, A sphere, showing the Pacific Ocean, bounded on one side by America"; on the other by "New Holland" (Australia), in memory of his having explored and made discoveries in the ocean so very far beyond all former navigators - his track thereon being marked with red lines. And for the crest, "An arm vested in the uniform of a Captain of the Royal Navy in the hand, the Union Jack, encircled by a wreath of palm and laurel." Proud, indeed, was the heart of the woman who indited - or caused to be indited - such an inscription in honour of the man she loved. We are not surprised to learn that her keenest expression of disapproval was: "Captain Cook would never have done such a thing."

"the ablest and most renowned navigator which this, or any other country, has produced."

Cook's Cottage. A pen-and-ink drawing made by an anonymous artist who sketched scenes associated with Captain Cook, shortly after his death.

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The medals are full of Interest. One, struck by the British Government to commemorate the discoveries of Cook's second voyage, shows on the obverse the head of George III on the reverse two ships - one before the wind, the other furled. On the margin, the names Resolution, Adventure, sailed in 1772.

CAPTAIN COOK

Sydney Morning Herald. Saturday 28 April 1906

Another, struck by the Royal Society of London (1784) to commemorate his death, shows the bust of Cook and the figure of Britannia holding a globe. But the chief interest centred on the facsimile of the gold medal, given by Sir Godfrey Copley, in recognition of a paper read before the Royal Society on the improvements made by Captain Cook in preserving the health of the crew of H.M.S. The Resolution during her voyage around the world. This medal constitutes the highest scientific distinction the Royal Society could bestow. Previously no ship was at sea for many months without losing some of her crew from scurvy.

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But Cook proved that a ship could remain months at sea, and yet avoid the dreaded scourge by attention to food and cleanliness. Here he has anticipated the teaching of modern hygiene, and we bend before the man who leapt by the Intuition of genius to the laboured discoveries of science.

In 1776 Cook was awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal Society for his success in avoiding outbreaks of scurvy among his crew during the arduous 1772–75 Pacific voyage. Letter from James Cook to Sir John Pringle and the Godfrey Copley Medal is part of the National Maratime Museum of Austalia collection.

"For his Paper, giving an account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of H.M. Ship the Resolution, during her late voyage round the world. Whose communication to the Society was of such importance to the public"

Letter from James Cook to Sir John Pringle As many gentlemen have expressed some surprise at the uncommon good state of health which the crew of the Resolution, under my command, experienced during her late voyage; I take the liberty to communicate to you the methods that were taken to obtain that end.

PAGE 25

Pictures and miniatures next claim our attention. An engraving from the original portrait of Cook in the Greenwich Gallery reveals the strong personality, the indomitable will of the man. Another, "said to be a striking likeness," is certainly less attractive, and one has difficulty in reconciling it with the type of countenance displayed by other painters. Sir J. Banks' features are pre-served in a large engraving, and also in an old Wedgwood medallion.

CAPTAIN COOK

Sydney Morning Herald. Saturday 28 April 1906

The engravings from pictures by Webber, and by Garter, representing the death of Captain Cook, are evidently the fruits of fancy, and his apotheosis, in which we see him being transported to Heaven, in full uniform, by a posse of trumpet-blowing angels, marks the questionable taste of the time. Among the smaller pictures is the Tamarind Tree, planted near the spot where Captain Cook landed to observe the transit of Venus in the Society Islands. Some of the miniatures are striking notably one of Captain Cook in his youth, showing a refined, intellectual face, with an expression of eager expectancy.

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A medallion in Wedgwood gives a sterner and older face, full of high resolve. Portraits in wax of Sir J. and Lady Banks, of Solander, the Swedish naturalist attached to Cook's first expedition, and of Johan Foster, a Polish naturalist, who accompanied the second expedition, complete the collection. It would be well to add a replica of Mr. Phillips Fox's painting in the Melbourne Art Gallery, where all portraits are faithfully reproduced, and the surroundings painted with the greatest accuracy.

A large open manuscript journal, filled with neat, clear, close writing, attracts all eyes, for it is the journal of H, M. barque Endeavour, kept by Lieutenant James Cook on a voyage around the world. He kept it in triplicate, and caused other copies to be made. This one is supposed to be the copy he for-warded to the Admiralty, from Batavia, after his shipwreck off Queensland. The other copies are held in the British Museum, the Admiralty, the library of Windsor Castle, and in the home of the descendants of Sir Hugh Palliser. On the open page is an account of the discovery and naming of Botany Bay, first called Stingray Bay, because in the evening the boats returning from fishing caught several fish of that name.

"But," says Captain Cook, "the great quantity of plants Sir Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander found in this place occasioned my giving the name of Botany Bay. It is capacious, safe, and commodious, and may be known by the land on the sea coast, which is of a pretty even and moderate height. Wood is everywhere plentiful. The country is level and woody as far as we could see. The woods abound with birds of exquisite beauty - particularly of the parrot kind. There is great plenty of water-fowl; one of the most remarkable was black and white, much larger than a swan, and in shape somewhat resembling a pelican." Later he makes the acquaintance of the kangaroo.

The country is level and woody as far as we could see. The woods abound with birds of exquisite beauty particularly of the parrot kind. PAGE 26

"As I was walking this morning a little distance from the ship, I saw an animal of light mouse colour, and in size and shape very much resembling a greyhound. I should have taken it for a wild dog if, instead of running, it had not leapt like a hare or deer.

Then come the mournful relics of the end - photographs of the club wielded by a native of Otaheite which is supposed to have laid him low, the long arrow, and the written statement accompanying it that it had been given by the king of the Sandwich Islands when in England to an attendant, with the distinct assurance that the bone attached to it was actually part of the legbone of Captain Cook.

Some of our men saw four animals of the same kind, two of which Mr, Banks' greyhound fairly chased, but they threw him out at a great distance by leaping over the long thick grass.

This statement was subsequently supported by Bishop Staley, of Honolulu.

CAPTAIN COOK

Sydney Morning Herald. Saturday 28 April 1906

These animals were observed not to run upon four legs, but to bound or hopforward upon two." On the opposite page of the open journal we can read.

"At daylight put to sea, and at noon we were by observation about two or three miles from the land and abreast of a bay, whereon there appeared to be an anchor-age, which I called Port Jackson. ' And so, in this simple fashion, the history of Australia began.

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Also in the Museum relics, we find autograph letters to Sir J. Banks, a note appended to a chart giving the exact position of islands in the Straits of Magellan, an account of a ship's day's work, and a carefully executed plan of the transit of Venus.

These are all the authentic relics the Museum possesses, except the pictures painted by the artist Captain Cook took with him, and these can be seen by anyone on application to the curator. They were the gift of the Rev. Canon Bennett, a personal friend of Mrs. Cook's, are all original drawings from the hands of Mr. Hodges, the draughts-man of the expedition, and Mr. Roberts, an officer of H.M.S. Resolution. Some of the pictures have been reproduced in the voyages. In viewing all these precious memorials, so wisely acquired by this State and liberally displayed, we realise that we are brought face to face with one of the few men who are absolutely "first hand." The world has many echoes-but few voices.

Kangaroo. [Hawkesworth, vol. 3, plate 20]

One of the cases holds island curios necklaces, fishhooks, paddles, ornaments, portions of native dress, clubs, and tapa clothes - but we have seen these things before, and return gladly to objects of more personal interest - to the captain's dress, sword, the telescope he used as a midshipman, and most pathetic of all - to the waistcoat embroidered by his wife's hand, which he did not live to wear.

These animals were observed not to run upon four legs, but to bound or hop-forward upon two." PAGE 27

APRIL 28TH 2020

COOK COMMEMORATION SPARKS 1970 PROTEST

Tribune Negatives

Ronald Briggs State Library New South Wales Curator, Research and Discovery

In 1970, celebrations and commemorations were held across the nation for the 200th anniversary of the Endeavour’s visit to Australia’s east coast. The culmination was a grand, dramatic re-enactment on 29 April, the day the ship had entered Kamay (Botany Bay) and sent a landing party ashore at Kurnell. Many dignitaries were present at the nationally televised event and speeches were delivered by Queen Elizabeth and NSW Premier Robert Askin.

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But for Indigenous Australians, the anniversary was not cause for celebration. Indigenous leaders urged their communities to boycott all bicentenary events and declared 29 April a ‘Day of Mourning’. Their protest was led by the Federal Council for Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders (FCAATSI), the national organisation founded in 1958 to fight for civil rights and increased political representation.

FCAATSI was the driving force behind the successful 1967 Referendum campaign for Aboriginal rights where 90.77% of Australians voted YES. Powerful and experienced advocates from FCAATSI included Doug Nicholls, Kath Walker (later known as Oodgeroo Noonuccal), John Newfong, Faith Bandler, Frank Roberts, Bruce McGuinness, Len Watson and Bert Groves. Wearing red headbands to symbolise the blood shed by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples since the arrival of the British in 1770, they rallied at Sydney’s lower Town Hall the evening before the official reenactment ceremony and spent the night in silent vigil in the city centre accompanied by a photographer from the Tribune newspaper, the paper of the Communist Party of Australia. Their supporters included students from the University of Sydney.

The following morning, more than 300 Aboriginal protesters gathered at Hyde Park then marched in silence (a funeral procession) along Oxford and Flinders Streets, wearing badges stating, ‘I support Aboriginal Land Rights’. They stopped at the Captain Cook Hotel before making their way to La Perouse. During the re-enactment of Cook’s landing at Kurnell, the protesters gathered to lay wreaths on the opposite side of the bay at La Perouse. Pastor Frank Roberts and Doug Nicholls presided over the solemn ceremony. Oodgeroo Noonuccal recited her poem lamenting Cook’s arrival. Protesters lined the beach holding signs with names of Indigenous groups from across Australia who had endured incredible loss since Cook’s visit. Camera crews from various media filmed as wreaths were strewn into the bay by protesters. In a final act of resistance protesters gathered at La Perouse Point and turned their backs as the Royal Yacht Britannia left Kamay. Many well-known and emerging Indigenous activists were involved in the protest. The Sydney Morning Herald declared it the largest Aboriginal protest ever seen in Sydney. Together with protests in other state capital cities, it brought considerable attention to the burgeoning Aboriginal land rights movement and the campaign for improved conditions for First Nations people and their communities. It also compelled a re-examination of Australian history and the continuing legacy of colonisation.

PAGE 28

APRIL 28TH 2020

Tribune Negatives

Day of Mourning 75th Anniversary January 26th 2023

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Day of Mourning 26-01-1938

PAGE 30

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A meeting to plan the 1938 Day of Mourning in Sydney is addressed by Jack Patten (Above), a leader of the Aborigines Progressive Association (APA), which had three aims: full citizenship rights; Aboriginal representation in parliament and the abolition of the NSW Aborigines Protection Board. Images From: Mitchell Library, State Library of NSW

PAGE 31

Fri 24 Dec 1937 The Argus Melbourne

1938 DAY OF MOURNING

The 1938 Day of Mourning marked 150 years since the arrival of the First Fleet.

On 26 January 1938, many Australians celebrated 150 years since the arrival of the First Fleet and the colonisation of Australia.

However, for some people, this was not a day to celebrate.

For some Aboriginal people, the day marked 150 years since the “seizure of our country.”

To highlight the suppression, struggle and callous treatment experienced over the previously century and a half, Aboriginal leaders called for a day of mourning and organised a protest to follow the sesquicentenary parade.

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The parade was followed by a silent march from Sydney Town Hall to Australian Hall where over 100 Aboriginal people attended the ‘Australian Aborigines Conference’.

The conference resulted in a resolution asking the people of Australia to advocate for policy that would “raise our people [Aboriginal people] to full citizen status and equality within the community”.

The debate about whether 26 January should be celebrated or mourned continues to this day.

Since the early days of the British colony, Sydney has marked January 26 using various names, such as Anniversary Day, First Landing Day and Foundation Day. This gradually evolved into ‘Australia Day’, and other states and territories officially adopted the name in 1935.

Although celebrations originally focused on the anniversary of the British occupation of New South Wales, since 1979, the federal government began promoting an Australia Day that was less British and more Australian in the hope of unifying Australia's increasingly diverse population.

Australia Day eventually became a national public holiday in 1994. According to the National Australia Day Council, it’s “the day to reflect on what it means to be Australian, to celebrate contemporary Australia and to acknowledge our history”.

PAGE 32

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National Library of Australia

PAGE 34

Age Melbourne, Vic. Thursday 27 January 1938.

1938 DAY OF MOURNING

Aboriginal Viewpoint. SYDNEY, Wednesday.

While Australia as a whole and New South Wales in particular were celebrating with a spirit of gaiety, a discordant note was struck at the opening of the Aborigines AllAustralian Conference at the Australian Hall today by tho president, Jack Pratten.

"This Is our day of mourning," he said. "While the white man is enjoying the celebrations we mourn over the frightful conditions under which the aborigine has existed and Is existing today on this continent, which once belonged to our forefathers."

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The following motion was carried unanimously: That we, representing the aborigines of Australia, and this being the 150th anniversary of the white men's seizure of our country, make protest against the callous treatment by the white men during the 150 years past, and we appeal to the Australian nation of to-day to make new laws for the education and care of aborigines, and we ask for a new policy which, will raise our people to full citizen statue and equality within the community. The conference concluded.

In his reply, Mr. Lyons said;

That there would have to be an alteration of the Constitution, or else agreement by all the States before the Commonwealth Government could take control of all aborigines. That was very difficult to obtain. The Commonwealth Government however, was prepared to call a conference of the States to discuss the whole question with a view to finding what was best to be done. The Government was in sympathy with the deputation, but some of the complaints made should be placed before the State authorities. The Government would give consideration to the question of Commonwealth financial assistance, and it would be prepared to discuss the whole subject with the States. "I appreciate the spirit in which you have put your case before us and the restraint which you have exercised," Mr. Lyons added.

"We will try to reciprocate." PAGE 35

The event organisers wanted Aboriginal people to take part in the reenactment, but Aboriginal people living in Sydney refused.

Instead, the organisers brought in Aboriginal men from Menindee in western New South Wales.

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The men were told to run up the beach away from the British, even though this was not what really happened when the British landed in 1788. 1938 Daily Telegraph 06 Jan 1938

‘You are the New Australians, but we are the Old Australians. We have in our arteries the blood of the Original Australians, who have lived in this land for many thousands of years.' PAGE 36

Education: Journal of the N.S.W. Public School Teachers Federation. Vol. 84 No. 06 (9 Jun 2003)

History matters? by Phil Roberts

As a high school history teacher it is common to hear teenagers, and even some of their parents, say “why do we study this”, “who cares about history” or that “it has no relevance to me or getting a job”. While obviously, I disagree with such aspersions for a range of reasons my favoured response is to say, “Those who are ignorant of

history are

doomed to repeat it.”

national consciousness, and while it may not put food in your mouth, it is basis

for

understanding

the

work

accepted view about just what history

historian,

right-wing

bulldozer, Keith Windschuttle.

is or how one should go about

Windschuttle has, over the past few

This is, and will remain, the eternal

by many other historians that the

debate of history, however, all would

settlement of this land was marred by

agree that history is loosely the telling

violence, deliberate murder and to

of the truth about the past from

some extent genocide. Windschuttle

interpreting the small bits of available

attacks the work of these historians

evidence.

investigating their claims in a forensic analysis of their referencing and footnotes. this

analysis

Windschuttle

advocates the reliance on written evidence and eyewitness accounts that deny a whole culture any historical validity.

and political issues.

inferior,

and

therefore

Aboriginal

stories of settlement and massacre as myth. In

instincts about how the world and

happened in the settlement of this

society should be.

land is limited solely to what people

this

way

his

story

what

actually wrote down at the time.

impact on our interpretation of our

Considering many were illiterate and

past I’ll use the current debate around

that the killing of Aborigines was

the

actually illegal, it is questionable how

events

associated

with

the

European settlement of this land. Are we, as those on the right and John Howard’s friends would have us believe, happy little colonialists and an example of British excellency, or do we have, as those on the left remind

“interpretation”

are

contentious,

of our past affects so many things. For example, what do I tell the students in my class about the early days of modem Australia? On what backdrop do we interpret government

decisions

about

reconciliation, native title and issues of justice and restitution to redress the disadvantage experienced by the

we look for justification for our gut

To illustrate how our social views

This idea of “truth” and the nature of however, our shared understanding

He denigrates all oral traditions as

historical interpretation of the past as

compiling it.

years, attacked the thesis accepted

myriad decisions we make on social

Politics is inexorably linked with our

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No one will tell you that there is an

In fact, history is the basis of our

the

At the centre of this debate is the

many settlers who would keep such notes. The overt racism of the time also demonstrates that many settlers didn’t

consider

“troublesome

killing

few

blacks”

inappropriate or worth chronicling.

us, a dark past of murder and

In the process, however, he is revising

Deliberate dispossession?

just

what

makes

acceptable

history and acceptable evidence.

original inhabitants of this land?

The way in which we view our history, and the way we believe the world should be will inevitably influence how we see these issues, and how we interpret the bits of historical evidence we use as justification for it. Windschuttle claims that all the leftwing humanists who have supported the view of frontier violence, and who are attacking his revision, have a political agenda.

PAGE 37

He contends that they are part of what Prime Minister John Howard has attacked as “the black armband” set, determined to see wholesale restitution for past mistreatment at the expense of the present and future generations of Australians.

Of course, Windschuttle would argue

However, if he is saying they have an

Similarly, I’m

underlying

questioning the motives behind the

political

agenda,

His, and Howard’s, is the right-wing view that we are a successful little that

did

the

indigenous

people a great favour and that we should stop whingeing about it and

were just telling the ‘truth’. Clearly, the 19th-century view that the British had the right to claim a quarter of the globe for their own economic and military aims is justifiable and that to

suggest

otherwise

would

unpatriotic.

I am an experienced country teacher with

in-depth

personal

and

professional knowledge of the issues impacting on our rural colleagues and young teachers.

clearly a terrorist for occupation of

Iraq and dare I suggest a historical parallel with British colonialism and the present international policies of British Prime Minister Tony Blair, US President

About Phil Roberts

George

Bush

and

As a recipient of the Eric Pearson Study Grant I researched the staffing of rural and remote schools across Australia and outlined new directions for a model of a successful staffing system for rural, remote and isolated schools.

Howard. Is there then a case to study

I have 10 years of teaching experience

history in order to uncover these

in the public education system and

similarities and to learn from past

am presently headteacher HSIE at

This debate is an example of how

practices?

Bowral High School.

each of our politics affects our view of

I wonder what the money spent on

Prior to this I was headteacher at

bombs could provide to redress the

Nimbin Central School for four years. I

appalling conditions of indigenous

have had previous experience at

health and welfare?

Lightning Ridge Central School for

get on with creating a capitalist paradise.

this land and our role in it. We know the Howard

Government’s view of

Australia, and that they have the power at present to impose it. Let’s take the new National Museum in Canberra as an example. Since its opening, the right-wing elite has been unhappy with its portrayal of frontier violence. Thus, the Government has also appointed a number of rightwing sympathisers to the museum's board, including former Liberal Party President

Tony

Staley

its

chairman. www.australiansettlers.com

influence at all on such events, they

recent invasion and

clearly does also.

colony

that historians like him have had no

It is no surprise then that the contract of its curator has not been extended and that a review of its exhibits is presently underway.

Luckily though, for the conservative capitalist

oligarchies,

university

funding is now linked to business viability and user pays, and thus in a market-orientated

world,

the

old

liberal education pillars of history and the social sciences are the first to go.

The question remains, however. What historical truth do I teach my kids at school and what history do we want for Australia?

four years as well as time at Narrabri HS and Walgett HS. I graduated from the University of Sydney in 1996 with a Bachelor of Education and have since completed, and am continuing with, further studies. In 2005 he was President of the Southern

Highlands

Association

and

Teachers

was

previously

President of the Lismore Association and the Walgett Teachers Association before that I have a long history of effective

union

activism

both

professional and industrial issues.

Phil Roberts teaches at Nimbin Central School. PAGE 38

WHAT’S AUSTRALIA DAY AND WHY DO WE CELEBRATE IT?

Australia Day is a national public holiday on January 26, the anniversary of the arrival of the First Fleet in Australia. On that day in 1788, 11 convict ships from Great Britain landed at what is now Port Jackson in New South Wales, where Governor Arthur Phillip raised the British flag to signal the beginning of the British colony.

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The aboriginal guns ah had been succeeded by palatial residences the flour mill took the place of the nardoo the clothing factory supplanted the possum skins and the Industrial enterprises of the white man at the end of 1912 produced goods to the value of £61,000,000. PAGE 39

Daily Telegraph, Sydney, NSW. Tuesday 14 December 1926.

OUR ANNIVERSARY Why Not April 28?

There Is more than one day of importance in Australia's history, and it lias become a question which is best worth commemorating. At present we have Foundation Day, kept as a public holiday on January 28. Most people are aware that on this day, in 1788, Governor Phillip, who had sailed Into Botany Bay some days previously, effected the transfer of his company to the shores of what he called Sydney Cove. He landed them on or about the place where Circular Quay now stands, and thus fixed a date which custom has chosen to commemorate.

But Australia has other days which have meant as much to it or more. There is, of course, Anzac Day — the day of our proudest memories — and there is the day of Cook's landing, which meant the definite acquirements of the country by the Anglo-Saxon race.

In a few weeks, there will be another celebration, in honor of the new Federal capital at Canberra. That will mark a fresh start on the way to nationhood and another epochal day in the Australian calendar. Between these various days and dates, a choice will have to be made.

We cannot have more than one birthday celebration in the year. Many people ask why, as a matter of future guidance, should we not take the day of most significance— the real birthday — when the flag of Britain first floated over these shores? That, after all, they contend, was Australia's real birthday.

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The scene has been described often, and lias been pictured, on one of the boldest and most striking of canvases, by the Australian artist, Phillips Fox. On that day — given in his journal as April 28, 1770 — Cook landed for the first, time on Australian soil, the precise spot being marked by the memorial now looking out over Botany Bay. The discoverer writes of his stay here: "I caused the English colors to be displayed on shore every day." In Fox's picture, they are shown being carried up from the beach — the emblem of a new birth, and a new nation under a southern sky. The enterprise of Phillip had, of course, tremendous significance. But he did not discover Australia. Nor was January 20 the date of his arrival here. Our future was marked out, it is observed, from the void on that April day of 150 years ago. PAGE 40

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Western Champion and General Advertiser for the Central-Western Districts - Barcaldine, Qld. Saturday 4 April 1914.

DISCOVERY OF AUSTRALIA

On Saturday, April 28, 1770, James Cook, the celebrated navigator, landed in Australia. He was accompanied by two eminent men of science-namely, Sir Joseph Banks, afterwards president of the "Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge" (founded April 22, 1662), and Daniel Charles Solander, a famous Swedish botanist, who had settled in England.

It was the scientific knowledge of this latter person that led to the name being given to the gulf which their ship, "Endeavour," entered, landing them on the east coast of that insular continent, land on the shore of which the great city of Sydney now stands.

Because of the vast variety of plants new to themselves which these naturalists found on the coast, this inlet of the Pacific Ocean was named Botany Bay. They formally took possession of the whole country in the name of Great Britain, and called that special part of it, as it is still termed, New South Wales, though, on account of the hostility of the natives, their own discoveries were confined to the coast.

The French have been stated to have discovered Australia by 1531, Portuguese by 1601, and the Dutch by 1606; these last calling it New Holland, after their native land.

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William Dampier, a pirate, though a captain in the British Royal Navy, and employed for surveying such newly-discovered countries by our Government of those days, and who lived from 1652 till 1715, anchored near the end of July, 1699, in Sharks' Bay, on its west coast; but left when, after searching along it during August, he could find no convenient harbour or river, nor get any good water nor fresh provisions.

But Cook and his companions actually landed, and thus led to Australia being colonised by Britain. Banks lived from 1743 till 1820, and Solander from 1736 till 1782; but Cock, born at Marton, in the Cleveland division of Yorkshire, born in November 1728, was in February 1779, murdered by the natives of Hawaii, one of the Sandwich Islands in the North Pacific Ocean, because, to stop the daring robberies inflicted by the natives on the property of the ship "Endeavour," one of these savages had been flogged. This navigator afterwards landed to see if he could not end the thefts by peaceable means but met a violent death.

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Southern Cross, Adelaide, South Australia. Thursday 24 April 1924.

APRIL ANNIVERSARIES

During the month now drawing to a close several anniversaries of general interest, as well as two of special interest to Australians, have been celebrated. April 21 is a day specially honored by Englishmen as the anniversary of St. George, the patron saint of the country, and also as the reputed anniversary of the birth and death of her great dramatic poet, Shakespeare, who has made her battle cry of Catholic times, "For England, Harry, and St. George," famous in his plays.

For England also, as for all lovers of poetry, April contained another anniversary of particular interest this year—the celebration on Saturday, 19th inst., of the centenary of Byron's death at Missolonghi, Greece.

For Australians, it contains two anniversaries of special interest—Anzac Day, which is being celebrated tomorrow, and the anniversary of the landing of Captain Cook at Botany Bay on April 28, 1770, which will be celebrated on Monday next.

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The bi-centenary of the birth of Kant, the famous German philosopher, on April 22, was also a notable anniversary.

Though the first settlement at Sydney Cove under Governor Phillip was not made until January 26, 1778, it has always seemed to us that the date upon which Cook first sighted the shores of south-eastern Australia, April 19, or the date of his landing at Botany Bay, April 28, should be celebrated as Australia Day. An additional reason is afforded by the fact that on April 25 is celebrated the landing at Gallipoli of the Australian forces which did so much to make the name of the Commonwealth famous throughout the world and establish her new status as a nation.

It would be easy to fix on the Monday between April 19 and 28 as an annual holiday in honour of Australia, to be observed throughout the Commonwealth. Another day suggested - is May 24, the Feast of Our Lady Help of Christians, which would be most acceptable to Catholics. Perhaps, for this very reason it would be unacceptable to other sections of the community which are endeavoring to keep up the celebration of Empire Day on that date in honour of Queen Victoria, whose birthday it is. There are, of course, other alternative dates, such as August 23, 1770, when Captain Cook took possession of the whole eastern coast of Australia, comprising New South Wales and Queensland, in the name of his Majesty King George III., which might be selected; but, on the whole, April seems the best month in which to fix the great Australian National Holiday. In addition to the anniversaries we have mentioned, Catholics will find it acceptable for the reason that the month of April is dedicated to the Holy Ghost, and that De Quiros, who, with De Torres, passed through the straits which now bear the latter name, in 1606, called the Great Land of the South, which he had set out to discover, "Terra Austral del Espiritu Santo"—The Southern Land of the Holy Ghost. Whether De Quiros ever really landed on the Queensland coast, as Cardinal Moran maintains, osi mistook the New Hebrides for part of the Great South Land, as others contend, is immaterial. Neither Cook nor the Dutch who preceded him in their discoveries in the West and North-West knew the correct conformation of Australia. PAGE 44

Of course, if it comes to a question of who first discovered and named Australia, neither the Spaniards, Portuguese, Dutch, or English can claim precedence, over the Chinese and Malays, who, undoubtedly knew of the existence of Australia and the adjacent islands. Through them, the Portuguese and Spanish navigators obtained their knowledge of it. The Dutch, who followed the Portuguese at the Cape and in the East Indies, came next, and then the French. The English were last in the field, as in America, Africa, and India; but, as usual, they contrived to reap all the profits and advantages, of the labors of their predecessors. Possibly it may have been a case of survival of the fittest; but at the same time, the pioneers in the discovery of their native land should be honoured by Australians.

There is a strange parallel between Byron's career and that of Burns. Both were men of the greatest natural gifts, and both were ardent advocates of liberty and democracy.

Both might, have achieved the very highest rank as poets had they led the ordered life of Wordsworth and lived to his age. But, like Shelley, they were in revolt against society and its shams, and they went to the other extreme.

We have said so much about the great Australian anniversaries in April that there is no space to comment on the St. George's Day and Shakespeare anniversary of April 21, which, indeed, is sufficiently well known and, has often been discussed.

Both Byron and Shelley were victims of "the British public in one of its periodical fits of morality," as Macaulay puts it; but Burns received tenderer treatment.

In regard to the Byron anniversary, too, we must be brief, especially as it has been the subject of long articles in the daily press.

What Macaulay says in his essay on Byron still holds good: "All the fairies save one had been bidden to his cradle. One had bestowed nobility, another genius, a third beauty.

Byron is chiefly interesting to Catholics, because he was, like Scott, one of those whose works have been largely instrumental in bringing about the: Catholic revival in Britain—the Second Spring of Newman—and because his descendants and those of Scott have become Catholics.

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He loomed larger in the public eye than Keats and Shelley, who, were both his ardent admirers, but to whom posterity is inclined to give higher rank as poets, not only on account of his poetic gifts, but of the tragic waste of a life which he at last redeemed by his advocacy of the cause of' Greece and his tragic death at Missolonghi.

He died at the early age of 36, and in his lifetime he was looked on in Europe as England's chief poet next to Shakespeare.

The malignant elf who had been uninvited came last, and unable to reverse what her sisters had done for their favourite, had mixed up a curse with every blessing." Had Byron had the good fortune to be born in the faith which so greatly attracted him he might have been a better man and a greater poet.

While there’s been a lot of angry debate around changing the date, Australia Day wasn’t uniformly celebrated on January 26 for decades. Not until 1935 did all the Australian states and territories use that name to mark that date. PAGE 45

Empire SYDNEY, SATURDAY, APRIL 11,

3 6 8 1

Short and meagre as the history, of our country necessarily is, it is nevertheless rich in romantic incidents. The narratives of our various explorers are read with interest, not only among ourselves but among our countrymen at home.

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The expeditions of MUNGO PARK, and BRUCE, and LIVINGSTONE, through the wastes of Africa, do not surpass either in interest or importance the expeditions of KENNEDY, LEICHHARDT, and BURKE. Nor do the scenes of hoary antiquity, of which older lands can boast, appeal to the imagination with greater force than the wild and beautiful solitudes described by our travellers.

But glorious as this portion of our history undoubtedly is, there is another portion which if not more glorious is at least more interesting.

No one in this country can read without emotion the simple narrative of Captain James Cook which we yesterday re-published. On the 28th of April 1770, Captain Cook landed on the shores of Botany Bay and planted the English colours on the soil. The history which he has left us enables us to realise the scene in its every detail. We can see the boats' crews of the Endeavour making their way through the scrub, and vainly seeking to reconcile the timid " Indians" to their invasion. We can see the burial party on the lonely cape, and the rude coffin of FORBY SUTHERLAND slowly falling to its resting place. It is impossible to recall the memory of those few days without emotion. Ninety-three years have passed away since then; Yet, within that space of time, the seeds of empire have been sown, and already promise a fair and noble harvest.

Nearly a hundred thousand people are settled within a few miles of Sutherland's burial-place, and their city is one of the fairest and most thriving on the face of the earth. It is strange that the propriety of commemorating the landing of Captain Cook upon our soil has never suggested itself till the present day. We have indeed formed a national holiday to celebrate the anchoring of Captain Phillip's fleet in the waters of Port Jackson But Captain Phillip ranks on a far lower stage in history than Captain Cook. The foundation of our present city is a less national event than the landing of the great navigator on the shores of this new world. It must therefore be regarded as somewhat singular that we should have hitherto neglected the celebration of this event. The mistake, however, is one that can easily be rectified; and we are glad to announce that the first steps towards rectifying it have already been taken.

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Empire SYDNEY, SATURDAY, APRIL 11,

3 6 8 1

We hope to see the crowds which throng the steamers to Manly Beach and Watson's Bay on public holidays, assemble in still greater throngs on board the steamers to Botany Bay. Should the weather be favourable, the excursion will afford an unusual degree of pleasure, for novelty and nationality will lend a charm unknown to ordinary occasions.

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It was finally decided at the meeting held yesterday that a public festival should take place on the spot, and on the day, on which ninety-three years ago Captain Cook first trod upon our shores, like Cæsar on the shores of Britain.

The day will be observed as a public holiday, and we trust that every succeeding 28th of April will witness a similar pilgrimage to the Mecca of our country. We are quite confident that all classes will join in a movement. Which is purely and sacredly patriotic.

We are quite confident that thousands will gather to the memorable scene; that thousands will reflect with manly feeling on the memories of the national past, and the hopes of the national future; and that thousands will impress upon the minds of their children thoughts and feelings which can never be forgotten.

It will not be disputed that it is a matter of some importance that our national commemorations should be clearly and generally understood. It is a matter of considerable importance that the birthday of our country should be celebrated by all the generations of the soil. We are now laying the foundation of our national history. We cannot refrain from expressing an opinion that the landing of Captain Cook at Botany Bay should be at once solemnly instituted as the birthday of the country. The memory of Captain Cook is indissolubly connected with our history.

To do honour to his memory is a national duty. It has more than once been proposed that a statue should be erected to his honour in some public place. This however, has never been carried out, although, we believe, that a statue does exist within the walls of the University. It appears to us that it would not be inappropriate to erect such a monument on the spot we are to visit on the 28th of this month. But, statue or no statue, we trust that the day at least will henceforth be regarded as a day for national rejoicing. The 26th of January has been so long regarded as "the anniversary of the colony," that it would not perhaps be well to blot out its glory from the almanac. Let it remain with all its honours: but side by side let the 28th of April be honoured with it. We have no doubt that the arrangements of the sub-committee will be equally satisfactory and successful. The first object must be to bring the expenses of the trip within the reach of moderate incomes. This we believe has been done.

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Marton-in-Cleveland, Yorkshire, England www.australiansettlers.com

This memorial window with a depiction of Captain Cook was installed in St. Cuthbert’s Parish Church, Marton, in 1951.

Its dedication reads: “ In loving memory of Henry W.F. Bolckow 1865-1947, Bessy M.Bolckow 1867-1944 H.Cuthbert R. Bolckow 1897-1944.

This window was given by Dorothy M.Bolckow.” PAGE 49

Marton, Middlesbrough, became one of the most important mementos of Cook’s life.

CAPTAIN JAMES COOK, THE WORLD CIRCUMNAVIGATOR WAS BORN, 27TH OCTOBER, 1728”

295 YEARS Friday, October 27, 2023

“This Granite Vase was erected by H.W.F.Bolckow of Marton Hall, A.D.1858, to mark the site of the cottage “This Granite Vase was erected by H.W.F.Bolckow of Marton Hall, A.D.1858, to mark the site of the cottage

The Young Endeavour The concept of building a museum-quality replica of HM Bark Endeavour occurred to trustees of the Australian National Maritime Museum in 1987, in the build up to the Bicentenary celebrations.

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In an age when ships are mostly machines, Endeavour reminds us of the supreme skill, knowledge and courage Cook needed to explore the Pacific.

In January 1988, to commemorate the Australian Bicentenary of European settlement in Australia, work began in Fremantle, Western Australia, on a replica of Endeavour.

Financial difficulties delayed completion until December 1993, and the vessel was not commissioned until April 1994.

The replica vessel commenced her maiden voyage in October of that year, sailing to Sydney Harbour and then following Cook's path from Botany Bay northward to Cooktown.

From 1996 to 2002, the replica retraced Cook's ports of call around the world, arriving in the original Endeavour's home port of Whitby in May 1997 and June 2002 Cooktown is at the mouth of the Endeavour River, on Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland where James Cook beached his ship, the Endeavour, for repairs in 1770.The town was named after James Cook.

In 2023 it will be the 30th Anniversary. Cutaway of the HM Bark Endeavour (Illustration: Connell Lee)

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DISCOVERY OF HAWAII 1778

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ON JANUARY 18, 1778 2023 WILL BE THE 245 YEAR ANNIVERSARY

John Webber: View of Huahine View of Huahine, watercolour by John Webber, 1776–80. Webber was an artist who sailed with James Cook on his third voyage to the Pacific. IMAGE: Dixson Library, State Library of New South Wales, Sydney (a1673019)

"A huge contribution to society" - while others thought it a "tragic intervention". "The fact that we have to re-live that traumatisation is actually quite devastating for Indigenous cultures". CAPTAIN JAMES COOK WAS KILLED IN 14 February 1779 De Agostini/Getty Images/De Agostini/Getty Images

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Residents of Captain Cook's home village of Great Ayton fear new housing development could destroy its heritage

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Chair of Great Ayton Parish Council Councillor John Fletcher said the authority had supported the residents, who took great pride in their village’s association with Captain Cook, in their objections to the proposal.

By Stuart Minting Friday, 5th November 2021 Yorkshire Post

RESIDENTS OF CAPTAIN COOK’S BOYHOOD VILLAGE HAVE CLAIMED ITS HISTORIC VALUE REMAINS AT RISK DESPITE A PLAN BY AN ORGANISATION CREATED TO PROTECT ITS HERITAGE BEING REFUSED. Great Ayton residents said they are preparing for developers to appeal against Hambleton Council’s refusal of a proposal to build up to 30 homes on land close to the Grade I-listed 12th-century All Saints Church, the graveyard and Ayton Hall, which are important heritage sites with connections to the explorer. The developer behind the proposal, the Herbert Mawer Charitable Trust, exists to preserve a collection of fine and decorative art and antiques, and for the display of the collection at Sion Hill Hall, Kirby Wiske, near Thirsk. The trust had stated “the intention is to create a development of exceptional design and quality which would blend with, rather than detract from, the setting of the conservation area” off Skottowe Crescent, named after the family who paid for James Cook to attend the Postgate School in 1704 and for James’s father to buy a plot of land to build a cottage.

Despite this, dozens of residents and Great Ayton Parish Council said the housing development would detract from historic settings, such as the graveyards where James Cook’s mother and siblings are buried and Ayton Hall, where the seafarer stayed on return from his first voyage. Ahead of councillors narrowly rejecting the proposal as they considered the public benefits did not outweigh the harm it would cause, Historic England had also objected, saying the development would neither preserve or enhance the special interest of the church, Grade II - listed Ayton Hall, or the character and appearance of Great Ayton Conservation Area. PAGE 53

"A decision notice issued by the council also states: “The application site is located outside of development limits. It is considered that the exceptional case for development through the provision of affordable housing has not been made as it has not been shown that the housing need could not be met in another settlement in the district." After the decision, residents behind a campaign to stop the development said they were convinced there would be an appeal before the site was removed from Hambleton Council’s Local Plan potential areas for development and the village heritage remained at risk. Chair of Great Ayton Parish Council Coun John Fletcher said the authority had supported the residents, who took great pride in their village’s association with Captain Cook, in their objections to the proposal.

He said: “People come to the village to experience Captain Cook’s Schoolroom Museum, the garden, the obelisk, walks, statues. As a parish council, we haven’t had any issue with safeguarding heritage until this proposal.

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“I don’t think there is an appetite for more development in Great Ayton. It is a very compact village and any further developments of any scale would see sustainability issues. We don’t have the shops to serve any new development and those living there are more likely to go to places like Stokesley and Colby Newham to do their shopping, so the village doesn’t really benefit at all. The village’s roads are already impacted by traffic and any development would cause even more difficulties.”

By Stuart Minting Friday, 5th November 2021 Yorkshire Post

A decision notice issued by the council also states: “The application site is located outside of development limits. It is considered that the exceptional case for development through the provision of affordable housing has not been made as it has not been shown that the housing need could not be met in another settlement in the district. PAGE 54

Marton-in-Cleveland, Yorkshire, England www.australiansettlers.com

Postcard Card issued on the bi-centenary of the birth of Captain Cook

An old postcard from the Cook bi-centenary celebrations. Photos from around Great Ayton: Top left - Cook's birthplace in Marton: Top right - Cook Family Cottage on Easby Lane: Bottom left to right: Schoolroom Cook attended now Captain Cook Schoolroom Museum, Captain Cook's Monument and All Saints' Church where Cook's mother and five siblings are buried. PAGE 55

Marton-in-Cleveland, Yorkshire, England www.australiansettlers.com

The art of navigation shall be cultivated among men, whilst the spirit of enterprise, commerce and philanthropy shall animate the sons of Britain, while it shall be deemed the honour of a Christian Nation to spread civilisation and the blessings of the Christian faith among pagan and savage tribes, so long will the name of Captain Cook stand out amongst the most celebrated and most admired benefactors of the human race.

The 15th October 1943 unveiling Ceremony of the Captain Cook obelisk and plaque in progress at Ayton onthe site of the cottage which was transported to Australia.

The Captain Cook monument is erected on Easby Moor, by Robert Campion, a Whitby banker, the 60 ft (18 m) high monument bears a plaque with the following inscription: In memory of the celebrated circumnavigator Captain James Cook F.R.S. A man of nautical knowledge inferior to none, in zeal prudence and energy, superior to most. Regardless of danger he opened an intercourse with the Friendly Isles and other parts of the Southern Hemisphere. He was born at Marton Oct. 27th 1728 and massacred at Owythee on Feb. 14th 1779 to the inexpressible grief of his countrymen.

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Marton-in-Cleveland, Yorkshire, England www.australiansettlers.com

Stones from Cook's Cottage boxed up and ready for transport to Australia.

Captain James Cook's father, after retiring from farm work in 1755, built a pair of cottages in the village. James Cook senior left the village in 1772

On the return from his successful voyage, James pays his last visit to his Father in Great Ayton. The same year, Cook's Father sells his cottage and moves to Marske to live with his daughter.

The name Ayton is thought to mean “river farm” from old English and in the domesday survey is referred to Aytun. By the end of the 13th century the village was a prosperous community. A member of the prosperous community-Thomas Scottowe lived in Ayton Hall situated off the Low Green in the village and employed James Cook`s father at Aireyholme farm. Thomas Scottowe paid for young James Cook to attend the Postgate School built in 1704.

The site of the Postgate School is where the Captain Cook Schoolroom Museum. Thomas Scottowe also paid for James`s father to buy the plot of land on which he built a cottage off Easby Lane.. The site of the cottage -sold in 1934 and dismantled for transport to Melbourne Australia, is marked by an obelisk in a memorial Garden.

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Marton-in-Cleveland, Yorkshire, England

Cooks' Cottage, previously known as Captain Cook's Cottage, is located in the Fitzroy Gardens, Melbourne, Australia. The cottage was constructed in 1755 in the English village of Great Ayton, North Yorkshire, by the parents of Captain James Cook, James and Grace Cook, and was brought to Melbourne in 1934 by Sir Russell Grimwade.

The cottage was deconstructed brick by brick and packed into 253 cases and 40 barrels for shipping on board the Port Dunedin from Hull. Cuttings from ivy that adorned the house were also taken and planted when the house was re-erected in Melbourne.

Cook's Cottage Melbourne

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Cooks cottage, in crates, loaded on goods train bound for Hull and Australia

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Sydney Mail. Wednesday 2 March 1938.

The First Englishman to Land in New South Wales

ISAAC SMITH

TRADITION has it that Isaac Smith was the first Englishman to set the foot on the east coast of Australia. He was a cousin of Mrs. James Cook, and his life was intimately interwoven with that of Captain Cook's own. Canon Bennett, a second cousin of Mrs. Cook who remembers well tells us that it is a family legend that when Cook first landed at Botany Bay Isaac Smith was in that part of the ship's boat that first touched shore, and the Captain ordered: “Jump out, Isaac” - Isaac Smith's connection with Captain Cook commenced long before the Endeavour sailed on her famous voyage. We first hear of him as a child of seven when, hand in hand with his sixteen-year-old cousin, Elizabeth Batts — the future Mrs. Cook — he Admiral Isaac Smith, Captain Cook's nephew (1752–1831) watched the soldiers and sailors as they returned Dixson Library, State Library of New South Wales General Note Unsigned Undated. from the siege of Quebec. After his retirement he lived for many years with his

To the two young people James Cook was the cousin, Captain Cook's widow, at her home near Clapham centre of attraction. On December 21, 1762, the Common. young and very lovely Elizabeth Batts married Some years before his death on July 2, 1831, at the age of James Cook at St. Margaret's, Barking.

78, he inherited The Gate House, Merton Abbey, from his During the next four years Cook was engaged in brother Charles, and here he and Mrs. Cook usually spent surveying the coast of Newfoundland, and in the summer, returning to her home at Clapham during the 1766 took the twelve-year-old Isaac Smith with winter months.

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him as A.B. on the surveying brig Grenville. As midshipman, he sailed with Cook in the Endeavour, and Cook considered him a great asset. When Cook sailed on his second voyage around the world Isaac Smith accompanied him as master's mate, but when the Resolution returned to England he was appointed a lieutenant on H.M. Sloop Weazle, and Cook sailed on his fatal third voyage without him.

It must have been a great solace to Mrs. Cook to have the intimate companionship of this man who had accompanied her husband on his first two voyages, who had shared his hardships and dangers, and who knew so much of that part of his life which she had missed. To him, we are indebted for an intimate sidelight on the character of Australia's first hero, Captain Cook.

In a letter to E. H. Locker, dated October 8, 1830, he refers to Mrs. Cook's opinion of the Dance portrait of her husband, saying: 'She feels herself hurt by the idea that the Captain was severe, and says he was a most kind, In 1781 he was engaged in active service at the affectionate husband and a good father to his children, Doggerbank and in 1787 was appointed post- whom he dearly loved, and she always found fault with captain and put in command of the Perseverance, the picture for that stern look which it has, then otherwise in which he proceeded to the East India Station a good likeness.

with Commodore Cornwallis in 1789. Here he served for several years. In 1807 he was created rear-admiral and superannuated on account of illhealth.

As for myself, that was with him the first two voyages as petty officer and youngster, I never thought him severe, and he was both loved and properly feared by the ship's company.' — M.D.

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Sydney Mail. Wednesday 2 March 1938.

ISAAC SMITH also served the navigator aboard the Endeavour in the voyage to Australia, and according to Cook particularly instrumental in making Surveys, Plans and Drawings. Reputedly the first of the party to set foot on Australian soil at Botany Bay in 1770. Sketcher and sailor, was a cousin of Elizabeth Cook, wife of the celebrated navigator James Cook, and an uncle of James (Cook) Smith , who painted his portrait. Isaac Smith served in the Endeavour (1768-71) under Captain Cook as a seaman, midshipman (23 May 1770) and master’s mate (26 May 1771). He was reputedly the first of Cook’s party to set foot on Australian soil at Botany Bay in 1770. At Drawn By Joyce Abbott the end of the voyage Cook reported to the Admiralty that Smith had been useful 'in assisting In initial retirement Smith shared a house in Clapham to make Surveys, Plans, Drawings in which he is with his cousin, Cook’s widow Elizabeth until in the 1820s he inherited Merton Abbey in Merton, Surrey, very expert. from his brother-in-law. He then divided his time Smith accompanied Cook on his second voyage between these two homes, until his death on 2 July in the Resolution (1772-75) as master’s mate. He 1831 at the age of 78. was one of the group who, according to another member, John Elliott, was when off watch, Merton Abbey or Priory as it was known, was an employed in Captian Cooks Cabin either copying Augustinian Priory built in the early 12th century. drawings for him, or drawings for ourselves, Henry III’s queen, Eleanor of Provence and King Henry VI were both crowned here. under the Eye of Mr. William Hodges.

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Although the Mitchell Library holds a portfolio of drawings once owned by Smith, only one image has been attributed to him with some certainty: a watercolour view of two icebergs painted in the log he kept on board the Resolution. That he executed other works is known not only from Cook’s and Elliott’s references but from his wooden box of watercolours (with colour cakes and brushes extant) in the Museum of London. After returning to Plymouth in the Resolution in 1775, Smith continued his naval career, retiring as post-admiral in 1770 Ship: 'the Endeavour', place: Botany Bay, NSW.

In initial retirement, Smith shared a house in Clapham with his cousin, Cook's widow Elizabeth until in the 1820s he inherited Merton Abbey in Merton, Surrey, from his brother-in-law. He then divided his time between these two homes, until his death on 2 July 1831 at the age of 78. His will left a sum of £700 to the church of St Mary the Virgin in Merton, the interest from which was to support the poor of the parish. A memorial to Smith, originally financed by Elizabeth Cook, stands in the church grounds.

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Portrait of Elizabeth Cook by William Henderson, 1830

A small memorial garden fountain was dedicated to Elizabeth Batts Cook on 27 February 1971 within the grounds of the E. G. Waterhouse National Camellia Garden at Caringbah South, NSW Australia. This garden is located within the Sutherland Shire.

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Captain James Cook’s mourning ring, owned by his widow, Elizabeth Cook, circa 1780, part of the Heritage Collection at the State Library of NSW.

Crewmen from Cook’s last voyage carved a small coffinshaped box and presented it to Elizabeth as a keepsake. She used it to keep a lock of his hair and a painting of his death. She also kept other mementos, including a medal struck for James and a mourning ring.

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CHILDREN OF JAMES AND ELIZABETH

COOK

JAMES COOK MARRIES ELIZABETH BATTS AT ST MARGARET'S CHURCH, BARKING, ESSEX ON 21 DECEMBER 1762.

ALL THE CHILDREN OF CAPTAIN JAMES COOK DIED WITHOUT ISSUE. PAGE 62

Sydney Morning Herald. Saturday 30 September 1911.

A DESCENDANT OF COOK TO THE EDITOR OF THE RETAIL

Sir, In your issue of the 27th instant there is published a telegram from Fremantle, in which it is stated that a direct descendant of that intrepid explorer Captain Cook" is to be one of the members of the Australian expedition to the Antarctic.

This statement will require some explanation.

It is on record that Cook had six childrenare sons and one daughter. The latter and two sons died in their infancy, one son at 16 years of age, and another at 17 years; the only one who reached manhood being James, the eldest, who was drowned whilst on the way to his ship, H. M. Sloop Spitfire, to which he had been appointed commander. There is nothing to show that he was married, or left any family from whom Mr. Frank Wild could be descended.

Cook had two brothers. John died in 1760, aged 23 years; three sisters died infants; William also died in infancy; and a sister, Margaret, married a James Fleck, and lived to a great age. Cook's widow lived to the age of 93. Her cousin, Admiral Isaac Smith, lived with her. We are told by Mr. Arthur Kitson In his Captain James Cook that she befriended the nephews and grand nephews and nieces and grandniece of her husband whom she had never seen. The only descendants from the parents of Captain Cook are those by the Captain's sister Margaret, who married the Redcar fisherman. James Fleck. Margaret was baptised at Marske on July 20. 1742, Great Ayton, and was married there on September 4, 1764. She died at Marske, where she was buried on October 17, 1804, aged 60 years. The names of her children were James, Margaret, Grace, Mary, Thomas, John, and Christiana.

Dr C. C. Fleck, member for Granville, New South Wales Parliament, 1934, traces direct descent from Captain Cook's sister Margaret's youngest son John, who was baptised at Marske, March 9, 1779. His second son, Crofton Cook Fleck, who was born in Sunderland in 1828, was the grandfather of Dr Fleck.

Whether these were on his father's or his mother's side we are not informed, but in either case they could hardly be called descendants of Captain Cook, I am, etc.

JAMES H. WATSON.

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CAPTAIN COOK'S SISTER

Sydney Morning Herald, NSW. Friday 14 January 1938.

Granville Family Claims Direct Descent.

FAMILY TREE OF DR. FLECK, M.L.A.

The forthcoming 150th Anniversary celebrations are of particular interest to Dr. Claude Cropton Fleck, M.L.A., of Granville who said yesterday that his family claimed direct descent from Captain Cook's father through Margaret Cook, the captain's only sister to reach womanhood. He said that it was on record that the famous captain had six children, five sons and one daughter.

According to the records, there was a statement by Captain Cook's widow that none of his own sons or his daughter left any children. Two of the sons and the daughter died in infancy, a third son when he was 16 and another when 17. The eldest son, James, reached manhood but was drowned while on his way to his ship, H.M.S. Spitfire. Captain Cook, said Dr. Fleck, had two brothers, one of whom died while a baby and the other when 33. Three sisters died at infancy, but Margaret, the fourth girl lived to a considerable age. She was born in 1742 and married James Fleck in 1764. They had a son, James, who was born in 1765. He married in 1794, and his son, John, was Dr. Fleck's greatgrandfather.

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John Fleck's son, Cropton Fleck, followed the sea and after an adventurous life as a master mariner, retired and settled in Sydney, where he founded the Australian family. Dr. FIeck has two brothers, Mr. Otto Fleck, and Mr. Cecil Fleck, of Granville, and two sisters, Mrs. Hilda Foster, of Granville and Mrs. Ruby George, of Bondi. Although Dr. Fleck has not been invited to take any special part in the 150th Anniversary celebrations, he said he would attend a number of functions as a member of Parliament and as an alderman of the Granville Municipal Council.

During the centenary celebrations in Melbourne, Dr. Fleck received an invitation to attend.

lt had for some time been thought that Cook was of Scottish descent, and that opinion was impressed as far back as 1867 by the late Gideon Smales, of Whitby, but it was not till the parish register of Ednam, Roxburghshire, was examined that the necessary proof was forthcoming.

In 1692. a John Coke (or Cook) was an elder in Ednam parish, and on December 21 of that year the register has the following entry: "John (changed from James, as it is first written) Cooke in this parish and Jean Duncan in the parish of Smaillholm gave up their names for proclamation in order to marriage, a certificate produced of her good behaviour."

These are the grand-parents of Cook, and their marriage is recorded in the register as follows: "John Cooke and Jean Duncan were married January 19, 1693."

Ednam and Smailholm, there being a slight variation in the modern spelling, are adjacent villages a few miles north of the Tweed. A variation is also noticed in the spelling of the surnames of the parties. In the following year, the register records that "John Cook had a son baptised called James, Mar 12. 1694." This is the father of Cook. PAGE 64

Australian Town and Country Journal, Sydney, NSW. Wednesday 11 March 1908.

CAPTAIN COOK'S BIRTHPLACE

There has lately been a revival of interest in matters relating, to Captain Cook by the recently inaugurated Yorkshire Society of New South Wales in forwarding a Union Jack to the children of Marton School for the double purpose of commemorating the foundation of the society, and to honor the birthplace of the great navigator.

Mr. J. B. Dance, the honorary secretary of the Yorkshire Society, has recently exchanged some correspondence with Mr. George Chambers, the headmaster of The Captain Cook Memorial School at Marton, and the latter forwarded with his letter two pictures of Marton Church (taken by himself)., where Cook was baptised. These pictures we are enabled to publish through Mr. Dance's courtesy, and will, doubtless/ prove interesting to students, of Australia's early history.

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According to the late Sir Walter Besant's biography of Captain Cook, the village: of Marton now presents few direct points of interest as far as the discoverer of Australia is concerned. The cottage in which Cook was born was taken down a hundred years ago, and part, of a great house, which, in its turn is now gone, was built over its site. The place is at present occupied by a plantation. The only relic of Cook's childhood is a pump, called Captain Cook's pump, constructed, it is said, by his father. Probably it was the pump in use by the tenants of the cottage. The village consists of a long street of red brick houses, few of them old.

Of course, the church remains, but the edifice was rebuilt in 1848, and most of the tombs in the churchyard are new. But, never the less, Marton folk honour the memory of the great navigator, and the memorial school at Marton will be the means of instilling into the minds of the young folk of the little Yorkshire village Cook's intrepidity m leading in the Endeavor the expedition which resulted in Australia being claimed for Great Britain. James Cook appears to have been second of a family of seven or eight, or even more. At a very early age he was set to work on the farm of one William Walker, a wealthy yeoman of Marton. Mary Walker, his wife, seems to have taken the trouble to teach the child his letters. This is the origin of the dames school and the village dame of which so much is made in Hartley Coleridge's Memoirs. Mary Walker lived to the age of 89, dying in 1789, 10 years after her pupil. At the age of 8, in the year 1736, Cook was removed to the village of Great Ayton, between four and five miles south of Marton. At Great Ayton four more children at least were born to the family, and four died and are buried in the. churchyard.

Here, also, in the year 1768, Captain Cook's mother died, aged 63 years, in the knowledge that one of her sons was in command of a King's ship.

The village of Great Ayton is a much more considerable place than Marton, and far more interesting. It lies close to the north or northwest edge of that splendid stretch of hill and moorland called the Cleveland Hills, or the Moors. The Cleveland Hills begin close to the village of Ayton. North of it runs the long ridge of Langbargh, and east of it lies the picturesque hill called Roseberry, topping 1000ft high, crowned with its conical peak sandstone. Through the village runs a beck, which is crossed by a wide stone bridge. On the south side of the stream, evidently, the poorer part of the village stands the house where Cook's father dwelt. It is said to have been built by him when he gave up his post as hind and became a stonemason.

It is a stone cottage, of three or four rooms, with a red-tiled roof, and through the open door one catches a glimpse of a garden behind. Over the door ' is. a stone, with the initials C. over J. G., and the date 1755. PAGE 65

Marton-in-Cleveland, Yorkshire, England www.australiansettlers.com

James' mother Grace Cook dies and is buried at the All Saint's Church in Great Ayton. Cook's mother's headstone

PAGE 66

ORIGINAL POETRY. FORBY SUTHERLAND.

A STORY OF BOTANY BAY A.D. 1770. BY G. G. M'C. Australasian (Melbourne, Vic. Saturday 10 May 1879.

A lane of elms in June--the air Of these cool shades is calm and sweet.

See! straying here a youthful pair, With sad and slowly moving feet.

On, hand in hand, to yon grey gate, O'er which the rosy apples swing, And there they vow a mingled fate, One day when George the Third is King.

The ring scarce clasped her finger fair, When tossing in their ivied tow'r, The distant bells made all the air, Melodious with that golden hour.

Then sank the sun out o'er the sea, Sweet day of courtship fond--the last!

The holy hours of twilight flee, And speed to join the sacred past.

The house-dove on the moss-grown thatch, Is murm'ring love songs to his mate, As lonely Nell now lifts the latch, Beneath the apples at the gate.

A plighted maid she nears her home; Those gentle eyes with weeping red, Too soon her swain must breast the foam.

Supposed site of Forby Sutherlands Grave, Dacey in foreground (State Libary of NSW.) From NSW Govt Printer series - Kurnell, Botany Bay

Alas! with that last hour he fled.

And ah! yon dust-cloud on the road, Yon heartless coastguard's blaring horn, But nought beside that spoke or showed Her sailor to poor Nell, forlorn.

She dreams, and lo! a ship that ploughs A foamy furrow through the seas, As plunging gaily, from her bows She scatters diamonds on the breeze.

Swift, homeward bound, with flags displayed In pennon'd pomp, with drum and file.

And all the proud old-world parade That marks the man-o'-wars-man's life.

She dreams, and dreams; her heart's at sea; Dreams while she wears the golden ring, Her spirit follows lovingly, One humble servant of the King.

And thus for years, since hope survives, To cheer the maid and nerve the youth, "Forget-me-not"-- how fair it thrives, When planted in the soil of truth.

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* Forby Sutherland, one of the sailors of Cook's expedition, was the first Englishman that died in Australia, and the first to be buried under the Australian soil.

A packet of wild-flower seeds, given to him by his sweetheart on leaving England, was placed in the coffin along with him. These seeds (or some of them) grew and flourished on the grave in after time. PAGE 67

ORIGINAL POETRY. FORBY SUTHERLAND. Continued

The skies are changed, and o'er the sea, Within a calm sequester'd nook, Rests at her anchor thankfully The tall-sterned ship of gallant Cook.

The emerald shore's ablaze with flow'rs, The sea reflects the smiling sky, Soft breathes the air of perfum'd bow'rs-How sad to leave it all and die.

To die when all around is fair And steep'd in beauty--Ah! 'tis hard When ease and joy succeed to care, And rest to "watch" and "mounted guard."

But harder still when one dear plan, The end of all his life and cares, Hangs by a thread--the dying man Most needs our sympathy and pray'rs.

'Twas thus with Forby as he lay, Wan, in his narrow canvas cot, Sole tenant of that lone sick-bay, Though mates came round, he heard them not.

For days his spirit strove and fought; But, ah! the frame was all too weak.

Some phantasm strange it seemed he sought, And vainly tried to rise and speak.

At last he smiled and brightened up; The noon-day bugle "went," and he Drained ('twas his last) the cooling cup

A messmate offered helpfully. His tongue was loosed--"I hear the horn.

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Ah! Nell! 'my number's flying.' See The horses, too; they've done their corn.

Australasian (Melbourne, Vic. Saturday 10 May 1879.

Alas! dear love, I part from thee." He waved his wasted hand and cried, "Sweet Nell! dear maid! My own true Nell!

The coach won't wait for me," and died.

And this was Forby's strange farewell.

Next morn the barge with muffled oars Pulls slowly forth and leaves the ship, With flags "half-mast," and gains the shores, While silence seals each comrade's lip.

They bury him beneath a tree, His treasure in his bosom hid, What was that treasure? Go! and see!

(Long since it burst his coffin lid.)

Nell gave to Forby once in play Some "hips" of roses, with the seeds of hedgerow plants and flow'rets gay.

(In England such might count for weeds).

"Take these!" cries smiling Nell, "to sow In foreign lands, and when folks see The English roses bloom and grow Someone may bless an unknown me."

The turf lies green on Forby's bed; A hundred years have passed and more, But twining over Forby's head, Are Nell's sweet roses on that shore.

The violet and the eglantine With sweet-breath'd cowslips deck the spot, And nestling 'mid them in the shine, The meek, blue-eyed forget-me-not.

When Forbes Sutherland was born on 13 December 1736 in Stromness, Orkney, his father, Alexander, was 20 and his mother, Anne, was 20. He was baptised on 13 December 1736. He died on 1 May 1770 in Botany, New South Wales, at the age of 33. PAGE 68

Sutherlands Grave Henry Kendall ALL NIGHT long the sea out yonder—all night long the wailful sea, Vext of winds and many thunders, seeketh rest unceasingly! Seeketh rest in dens of tempest, where, like one distraught with pain, Shouts the wild-eyed sprite, Confusion—seeketh rest, and moans in vain: Ah! but you should hear it calling, calling when the haggard sky Takes the darks and damps of Winter with the mournful marsh-fowl’s cry; Even while the strong, swift torrents from the rainy ridges come Leaping down and breaking backwards—million-coloured shapes of foam!

Then, and then, the sea out yonder chiefly looketh for the boon Portioned to the pleasant valleys and the grave sweet summer moon: Boon of Peace, the still, the saintly spirit of the dew-dells deep— Yellow dells and hollows haunted by the soft, dim dreams of sleep.

All night long the flying water breaks upon the stubborn rocks— Ooze-filled forelands burnt and blackened, smit and scarred with lightning shocks; But above the tender sea-thrift, but beyond the flowering fern, Runs a little pathway westward—pathway quaint with turn on turn— Westward trending, thus it leads to shelving shores and slopes of mist: Sleeping shores, and glassy bays of green and gold and amethyst!

There tread gently—gently, pilgrim; there with thoughtful eyes look round; Cross thy breast and bless the silence: lo, the place is holy ground! Holy ground for ever, stranger!

All the quiet silver lights Dropping from the starry heavens through the soft Australian nights— Dropping on those lone grave-grasses—come serene, unbroken, clear, Like the love of God the Father, falling, falling, year by year! Yea, and like a Voice supernal, there the daily wind doth blow In the leaves above the sailor buried ninety years ago. Thomas Henry Kendall was a nineteenth century Australian poet.

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Kendall was born near Ulladulla, New South Wales. He was registered as Thomas Henry Kendall, but never appears to have used his first name. His three volumes of verse were all published under the name of "Henry Kendall". His father, Basil Kendall, was the son of the Rev. Thomas Kendall who came to Sydney in 1809 and five years later went as a missionary to New Zealand.

Henry Kendall, n.d. National Library of Australia

Born on 18 April 1839 at Ulladulla, New South Wales, the twin son of Basil Kendall and his wife Melinda, née McNally. His father was the son of Thomas Kendall and had been a Chilean naval officer, flour factor, farmer and shepherd and died aged 43 while conducting a school at Grafton in 1852; his widow and children then moved to her father's home at Wollongong.

Daily Advertiser, Wagga Wagga, NSW. Friday 5 May 1933.

FORBY SUTHERLAND AUSTRALIA'S FIRST BRITISH GRAVE

Eighteen years before the First Fleet arrived at Sydney a British citizen had found his Iast resting place in Australia.

He was Forby Sutherland, an able-bodied seaman of H.M.S. Endeavor, who died of consumption at Botany Bay and was. buried, by Captain Cook's orders, at a spot on the southern headland of the bay.

On Saturday, almost exactly 163 years after his death, a memorial stone was unveiled at the place where. Sutherland is believed to have been buried. little is known oft Forbes Sutherland or ''Forby" Sutherland, as he Is called in the log of the Endeavour.

He was a Scot. It is believed that he was employed as a farmhand, and that he won the favor of his employer, who sent him to a school for seamen, whence he found his way to the crew of the Endeavour.

Throughout the voyage Sutherland had suffered from consumption. The Endeavour had been anchored in Botany Bay for several days when he died.

The following day Cook made the following entry in his private log: "Last night departed this life Forby Sutherland, seaman, who died of consumption, and in the A.M. his body was buried ashore at the watering place. The circumstance occasioned my calling the south point of this bay Sutherland's Point." Cook marked the point, which is west of Cape Solander, on his chart of the bay.

Thus the name of this obscure British seaman became perpetuated. Henry Kendall, the poet, has preserved his memory in some verses On "Sutherland's Grave,''.

Kendall was once regarded as the finest poet Australia had produced and he remains a true poet whose clarity and sweetness have not been excelled in the narrow lyrical field he made his own.

As Alfred Stephens wrote 'His gift of melodious writing makes his verses memorable'. He was of middle height, spare and thin, with a pale face, dark hair and blue-grey eyes. An excellent swimmer and horseman, he loved the Australian bush.

PAGE 69

CAPTAIN COOK SOCIETY EVIDENCE FOR FORBY SUTHERLAND Hi Duncan,

The basis for attributing Forbes Sutherland to Orkney is as follows.

When seamen signed up for a voyage their details were entered into the ship’s Muster Roll. The muster roll for the Endeavour voyage is still extant.

It recordsSUTHERLAND, Forby, Orkneys, 29. A.B. Joined 30 May.

So he enlisted as an able-bodied seaman, on 30 May 1768, just a few days after Cook had started to recruit his crew on 27th May.

There were 5 men who enlisted on 30 May. One of them was a fellow Scot, named James Nicholson, from Inverness.

Sutherland stated that he was 29 years old when he enlisted, so on that basis he would have been born 1739.

Whilst Cook mentions Sutherland’s death in his journal, he does not mention his origins. However, Sydney Parkinson, the natural history artist on board, recorded in his journal that – “On this day, Forbes Sutherland, a native of the Orkneys, who had departed this life, was carried on shore, and decently interred.”

I found details of Forbes Sutherland’s baptism via the following website http://www.cursiter.com/ Whilst there is a small discrepancy between his baptismal date (1736) and his birth (1739) as calculated from the Muster Roll, this is within the margin of error usually found in these situations.

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I was delighted to learn of your Society’s plans for commemorating Forbes Sutherland in 2020. I am sure that Orcadians will be interested to hear of your plans to commemorate one of their sons. All the best, Cliff Thornton (IPP)

Duncan

Duncan Sutherland originally shared this on Ancestry 20 Jun 2017.

PAGE 70

CLAN SUTHERLAND SOCIETY IN AUSTRALIA Clan Sutherland Society in Australia was formed in Sydney in the early 1970s and became an autonomous society from others around the world in the 1980’s.

It was formed when Australian descendants with Sutherland roots desired to keep their Scottish traditions and heritage alive. The motto of Clan Sutherland is "Sans Peur", which is French for "Without Fear". The Sutherland name has been connected to Australia from as early as Captain James Cook and his voyage on the HMS Endeavour when he discovered the east coast of Australia. An able seaman, Forby Sutherland died 30th April 1770 and was the first to be buried in the colony of Australia by Captain Cook. He then named Sutherland Point at Botany Bay in his honour. The main purpose of our Society is to establish contact between Sutherland descendants and associated septs around Australia and World-wide to celebrate and pass on our Sutherland heritage.

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Over the years we have flourished and grown into a vibrant, widespread organisation with members in almost all Australian states and we are happy to welcome new members with either Sutherland ancestry; ancestors from Sutherlandshire Scotland; or a particular interest in our Clan. We attend and support as many Scottish and Celtic events and festivals as we can to preserve and promote our history and culture, while enjoying the kinship that our membership presents. We proudly display the Sutherland colours, tartans, and banners at festivals such as Bundanoon Highland Gathering in Brigadoon, Australian Celtic Festival in Glen Innes, Berry Celtic Festival in Berry, The Scenic Rim Clydesdale Spectacular Calling of the Clans in Boonah, Aberdeen Highland Games to name a few. Our participation ensures the support and maintenance of our history and culture of all things Scottish, including the endangered Scottish Gaelic language. We provide our members with connectedness and identity through our commitment to our heritage and share it regularly in our monthly newsletter.

CLAN CHIEF The Right Honourable, The 25th Earl of Sutherland, Dunrobin Castle Golspie, Sutherland, Scotland.

One of many Clan Sutherland banners PATRONS Lady Annabel Bainton His Honour, Judge Robert Sutherland COMMISSIONER Graeme Sutherland

COMMITTEE MEMBERS President: Philip Francis Sutherland Vice President: Duncan Sutherland Assistant Vice President: Marie Hodgkinson Secretary: Michelle Williams Treasurer: Wayne Clarke Membership Secretary: Mona Sutherland Black Genealogist & Historian: Michelle Williams Newsletter Editor: Marie Hodgkinson

OUR SOCIETY ON SOCIAL MEDIA www.facebook.com/clansutherlandsocietyinaustralia www.instagram.com/clansutherlandsocietyaustralia

PAGE 71

Sydney Mail, NSW. Wednesday 29 April 1931

Historic Kurnell Forby Sutherland's Grave THIS week marks the 161st anniversary of the arrival in Botany Bay of Captain Cook's little vessel the Endeavour. On the morning of May 1, 1770, the body of Forby Sutherland, one of the seamen of the Endeavour, who had died, "of a consumtion," was buried ashore near Cook's watering-place. The place thus rendered historic by the fact of Cook landing there afterwards became the property of the well-known Laycock family. It was originally a grant to Captain Birnie, and from him it was purchased by Mr. John Connell, whose daughter married Captain Thomas Laycock, of the New South Wales Corps. Their son John Connell Laycock became the father of a son, Elias Connell Laycock, who was born in Mr. John Connell's cottage in Pitt-street, Sydney, on May 8, 1845, and who is still alive, in vigorous health, in his 86th year, and is now living at Cronulla.

During the period of young Elias Laycock's residence at Kurnell, there was attached to the household of Mrs. Laycock an old aboriginal woman named Sally Mettymong, who told Mrs. Laycock that as a young child she had witnessed the landing of Captain Cook at Botany Bay. She was then too old to follow the wanderings of the tribe, and she assisted Mrs. Laycock in odd jobs about the place. She frequently fished from the neighbouring rocks, and occasionally young Elias accompanied her on these expeditions. On several occasions, she pointed to a spot of ground just above the high-water mark and said, " White man buried there."

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The young lad continued to live at this place for several years after these events and frequently passed the spot, and its location was thus impressed on his memory. A few years ago the present writer was making some inquiries as to the location of this historic grave at Kurnell, and he was fortunate enough to meet Mr. Elias Connell Laycock, from whom he obtained the foregoing particulars. At the writer's request, Mr. Laycock agreed to proceed to Kurnell with a committee appointed by the Royal Australian Historical Society and to point out the spot which had so many years previously been pointed out to him by old Sally Met tymong as the burial-place of a "white man." This historic meeting took place on Saturday afternoon, April 14, 1923, and the party was conducted to a spot not far above the high-water mark, which Mr. Laycock said was as nearly as possible the spot pointed out to him by the old aboriginal woman. The position thus established is distant about 25 yards slightly north of west from the well-known Solander monument. — W. A. Macdonald. ELIAS CONNELL LAYCOCK. An early portrait of a former champion sculler, who is referred to in the accompanying article. PAGE 72

MITE / MITIMAN Voyage dans les Deux Océans … Paris 1848

Eugène Delessert Keith Vincent Smith

Plate 127

The French sketcher and traveller Eugène Delessert set out from Le Havre in 1844 on a grand voyage around the world. Delessert visited Manila, Hong Kong, Tahiti, Brazil and San Francisco and returned to Paris in 1847. He arrived in Sydney on the ship Persian in 1845 and while staying at Millers Point in Sydney, went hunting kangaroos at Botany Bay with an Aboriginal guide named Mitiman. Delessert sketched a portrait of this man, showing his headband, elaborate hairstyle, ritual cicatrices or cuts in his chest and shoulders and the clay pipe stuck through a hole in his ear. He wrote later in Voyage dans les Deux

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Océans Atlantique et Pacifique (Paris 1848) that after walking along a bush track for three hours Fatigued and disgusted, I sat down with my dogs and my faithful Mitiman, who was the most villainous black I have ever seen, although

quite

well

made

his

person. But handsome or ugly, little touched me; I did not want to lose sight of him, for I did not know how I would find my way.

PAGE 73

Vue de Miller's Point Sydney 1847[?] Eugene Delessert

He took a pipe he had thrust in his ear and

In turn Mitiman might have been the

Laycock told

when it was lit I asked him to tell me the

husband of Sally Mettymong (or

Sally’s story as an

usages of his tribe. His narration was hardly

Mittamong), sister of Kooman or

adult in 1924 to

beginning when suddenly our dogs were

Cooman, and also, perhaps, a grandson

members of the

alerted.

of the Gweagal elder Mety,

Mitiman cried: ‘Etu! etu! etu! (down there, down, down) and as I live I saw the tail of a kanguroo that was lost making jumps of fifteen to twenty feet. In one second they were next to

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them and for one who has never seen the tail of a kanguroo it's tail is huge. Mitiman is probably Mite, called Billy, then

Father of Wangubile (Botany Bay Kolbi) and also

Kurubarabula,

who

became

Bennelong’s third wife. Sally Mettymong, an elderly Aboriginal woman, claimed to remember the visit of James Cook and his crew at Botany Bay in 1770.

Walking along the beach at Kurnell at the age of eighty, Sally would

Royal Australian Historical Society seeking to find the site of Sutherland’s grave.

He said Sally, who used to fish nearby, had vivid recollections when she was a girl of

aged 21, who was recorded collecting

often tell Elias Laycock, then a boy

seeing Captain

blankets in 1833 at Jinero, Mount Elrington,

aged six, ‘White man buried there’

Cook’s ship come

near Majors Creek on the south coast of New

— pointing to the spot where Forby

South Wales. Bill Warry, alias Ricketty Dick,

in, and a party

Sutherland, a sailor on the

land at Kurnell.

received blankets there the following year.

Endeavour, was buried.

PAGE 74

Richmond River Herald and Northern Districts Advertiser, NSW. Friday 4 March 1932.

THE LAYCOCK FAMILY HISTORIC KURNELL FORBY SUTHERLAND'S GRAVE

April next marks the 162nd anniversary of the arrival in Botany Bay of Captain Cook's little vessel the Endeavour. On the morning of May 1, 1770, the body of Forby Sutherland, one of the seamen of the Endeavour, who had died "of a consumption," was buried ashore near Cook's watering-place. The place thus rendered historic by the fact of Cook landing there afterwards became the property of the well-known Laycock family. It was originally a grant to Captain Birnie, and from him it was purchased by Mr. John Connell, whose daughter married Captain Thomas Laycock, of the New South Wale Corps. Their son John Connell Laycock became the father of a son, Elias Connell Laycock, who was born in Mr. John Connell's cottage in Pitt Street, Sydney, on May 8, 1845, and who is still alive, in vigorous health, in his 87th year, and is now living at Cronulla.

www.australiansettlers.com

During the period of young Elias Layock's residence at Kurnell there was attached to the household of Mrs. Laycock an old aboriginal woman named Sally Mettymong, who told Mrs. Laycock that as a young child she had witnessed the landing of Captain Cook at Botany Bay.

She was then too old to follow the wanderings of the tribe, and she assisted Mrs. Laycock in odd jobs about the place. She frequently fished from the neighbouring rocks, and occasionally young Elias accompanied her on these expeditions. On several occasions, she pointed to a spot of ground just above high-water mark and said, "White man buried there." The young lad continued to live at this place for several years after these events and frequently passed the spot, and its location was thus impressed on his memory.

A few years ago the present writer was making some inquiries as to the location of this historic grave at Kurnell, and he was fortunate enough to meet Mr. Elias Connell Laycock, from whom he obtained the foregoing particulars. At the writer's request, Mr. Laycock agreed to proceed to Kurnell with a committee appointed by the Royal Australian Historical Society and to point out the spot which had so many years previously been pointed out to him by old Sally Mettymong as the burial place of a "white man." This historic meeting took place on Saturday afternoon, April 14, 1923, and the party was conducted to a spot, not far above the high water mark, which Mr. Laycock said was as nearly as possible the spot pointed out to him by the old aboriginal woman. The position thus established is distant about 25 yards slightly north of west from the well-known Solander monument. The J. C. Laycock referred to above went to the Clarence in the early days, and was elected to Parliament for a short term. Elias Laycock, the sculler, came into fame by rowing third to Mick Rush and Edward Trickett in the big sculling championship race rowed at Grafton in 1876. Later he became one of the most famous of Australian scullers and certainly left his name high up in the list of sculling personalities. Revealed in the Courts that a New York policeman deposited £50,000 to his credit in six years. This energetic New York defender of the public earned, it seems £800 a year, as a policeman. One can only marvel at the opportunities the big city offers to energy and talent combined with other gifts!

PAGE 75

Thomas Laycock AMONG THE FIRST Prisoners to be embarked on the Fame were convicted in counties in Scotland and England - Lancaster, Devon, York, Middlesex, Isle of Wight, Hertford, Warwick, Southampton, Stafford, Somerset, Bristol, Lincoln, Salop, Suffolk, Cornwall, Sussex, Essex, Wiltshire, Surrey, Norfolk and Aberdeen.

There were also prisoners who had been court-maritalled in Upper Canada and Genoa.

Thomas Laycock, in the uniform of the 98th Regiment in 1811.

Thomas Laycock (1786-1823), soldier and explorer, was the After being transferred from county prisons son of Thomas Laycock and his they were held in prison hulks, including the wife Hannah, and came to Leviathan and Perseus to await Sydney with his mother in transportation. 1791.

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The Caledonian Mercury reported on Saturday 28th September 1816 that one hundred and thirty-five convicts were embarked at Portsmouth for New South Wales on the Fame and the next day one hundred and sixteen were sent to the Sir William Bensley for the same colony.

Both ships were expected to sail immediately and planned to touch at the Cape of Good Hope on the way.

Convict Ship Fame Embarked 200 men Voyage 150 days Deaths 2 Surgeon's Journal: No Tons: 464 Previous vessel: Lord Melville arrived 24 February 1817 Next vessel: Sir William Bensley 10 March 1817 Master Henry Dale Surgeon Superintendent John Mortimer

"Arrived in Australia 21 September 1791 on HMS Gorgon, became an ensign in the New South Wales, Australia Corps in 1795. Supported the Rum Rebellion and rose to Captain in the 98th regiment. Assigned to garrison duty at Port Dalrymple in Van Diemen's Land and in 1807 led the first expedition across the island from Port Dalrymple to Hobart Town. Served in the American War 1812-1814, sold his commission and returned to Sydney in 1817. In that year his first wife (Isabella Bunker) died and he remarried (Margaret Connell). A year later he purchased land at Bringelly and built a fine home called 'Cottage Vale' later named 'The Retreat and now 'Kelvin'." d. 7th November 1823 at Bringelly reburied in Rookwood Cemetery." PAGE 76

Thomas Laycock

1804 Mar 9 Commended for conduct in Castle Hill Rebellion The Castle Hill rebellion of 1804 was a convict rebellion in the Castle Hill area of Sydney, against the colonial authorities of the British colony of New South Wales. The rebellion culminated in a battle fought between convicts and the colonial forces of Australia, on 5 March 1804 at Rouse Hill. It was dubbed the Second Battle of Vinegar Hill after the first Battle of Vinegar Hill, which had taken place in 1798 in Ireland. The incident was the first major convict uprising in Australian history to be suppressed under martial law. 15 killed in battle, 9 executed and 23 exiled.

The Rising Many convicts in the Castle Hill area had been involved in the 1798 rebellions in Ireland and, from late 1799, were transported as exiles without trial to the Colony of New South Wales.

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Phillip Cunningham, a veteran of the 1798 rebellion, and William Johnston, another Irish convict at Castle Hill, planned an uprising in which over 685 Castle Hill convicts intended to join with nearly 1,100 convicts from the Hawkesbury River area, rally at Constitution Hill, and march on Parramatta and then Sydney (Port Jackson) itself.

According to Helen Mackay, their goal was to establish Irish rule in the colony and obtain ships for those that wanted to return to Ireland to help revive the failed Irish Rebellion of 1803.

He entered the New South Wales Corps, was commissioned ensign in December 1795 and promoted lieutenant in 1802. After serving in turn at Sydney and Norfolk Island, he was sent to Port Dalrymple in 1806 under Captain Anthony Fenn Kemp. He was entrusted with dispatches for Lieutenant-Governor David Collins in Hobart Town, and made the first journey across the island, with the object of obtaining relief for the famine-stricken northern settlement. With a party of four men and three weeks provisions, Laycock went by way of the Lake River on 3 February 1807 and reached Hobart on 11 February, after penetrating the mountains past Wood's Lake (first known as Laycock's Lake) and descending the valley of the Clyde to the Derwent. After four days rest they made the return journey in less than a week but without help for the northern famine, as Hobart was equally short of food. For this service Laycock was rewarded with a cow, then greatly prized because of the shortages of food and livestock. He returned to Sydney and in January 1808 was a member of the Criminal Court assembled to try John Macarthur whose behaviour led to the arrest and deposition of Governor William Bligh. Laycock was the only casualty in the Rum Rebellion; while searching Government House he fell through a manhole onto his 'principal joint'. Partly because of his support for the new administration and partly as a reward for his exploration, he was granted 500 acres (202 ha) of land at Cabramatta by Lieutenant-Governor Joseph Foveaux, but like all the rebels grants it had to be surrendered when Governor Lachlan Macquarie assumed office. He returned to Sydney and in January 1808 was a member of the Criminal Court assembled to try John Macarthur whose behaviour led to the arrest and deposition of Governor William Bligh. Laycock was the only casualty in the Rum Rebellion; while searching Government House he fell through a manhole onto his 'principal joint'. Partly because of his support for the new administration and partly as a reward for his exploration, he was granted 500 acres (202 ha) of land at Cabramatta by Lieutenant-Governor Joseph Foveaux, but like all the rebels' grants it had to be surrendered when Governor Lachlan Macquarie assumed office.

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Women's Pioneer Society of Australasia In 1929, five women, from pioneer families, met in the shadow of the Governor Phillip’s Statue in the Royal Botanic Gardens. Their intent was to preserve the memory of our early pioneer settlers.

On 7th June 1929, five women Miss Carlotta Doyle her sister, Mrs Kathleen Shekleton, Miss Iris da Silva Waugh, Miss Inez Radford and Mrs. Mary Griffiths, all from Pioneer Families, met in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney, to discuss forming a Society of women descendants of the early Pioneers.

Sun, Sydney, NSW. Thursday 23 January 1930.

AMONG THE FIRST

These five women were conscious of their heritage and the need to preserve the memory of their Pioneer Ancestors. Miss Doyle hoped to weld the

women descendants of early Pioneers together, as As "a great-greathad Mr Douglas Hope Johnston, already done for the men. granddaughter" of that Captain

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Miss Carlotta Doyle consented to undertake the formation of the Women’s Pioneer Society of Australasia. Many attended the first meeting held by her. The Foundation President was Mrs Rita Lingham, a descendant of Lt George Johnston of the Royal Marines who came out as A.D.C. to Governor Phillip in 1788. The first Honorary Secretary was the Founder of the Society Miss Carlotta Doyle. At the end of 1929, although a depression year there were 350 members who met in the rooms of the Country Women’s Association in Adams Building, George Street, Sydney, until the Society was able to obtain its own rooms in lovely old Burdekin House, Macquarie Street Sydney. Note: Burdekin House was demolished in 1933.

Thomas Laycock, who came out with the N.S.W. Corps and settled in Sydney in 1769. Miss ALMA LAYCOCK, of St. Luke's Road, Darling Point, holds the important position of honorary treasurer of the Women's Pioneer Club of Australasia which on Saturday is celebrating the opening of its new rooms in Burdekin House with a reception to 400 guests. Office can be held only by descendants of the earliest pioneers. Miss Laycock belongs to the fifth generation. Her Iate father was also Captain Thomas Laycock. Among the many grants of original Captain Laycock was 80 acres at Vaucluse, on which the original Vaucluse House Was built. — Lupton Studios.

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The Women’s Pioneer Society of Australasia’s Motto “AB INITIO COLONIAE” means, from the beginning of the settlement.

Statue Honouring the Pioneering Women of Australia

The statue was commissioned by the Women’s Pioneer Society in recognition of the courage and endurance of our Women Pioneers and their vital role in the development of this wonderful country, Australia.

The society is an organisation of WOMEN DESCENDANTS of Early Colonial Pioneers, Government Officials, Military Personnel, Free Settlers and Convicts.

The Bicentennial Pioneer Woman Statue in the Jessie Street Gardens, Loftus Street, Circular Quay, Sydney.

Sculptor Dr Alex Sandor Kolozsy CDVA.

It was unveiled by our then patron, Lady Rowland, on Saturday 19th November 1988.

IN THE BEGINNING

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These five women were conscious of their heritage and the need to preserve the memory of their Pioneer Ancestors. Miss Doyle hoped to weld the women descendants of early Pioneers together, as had Mr Douglas Hope Johnston, already done for the men. Miss Carlotta Doyle consented to undertake the formation of the Women’s Pioneer Society of Australasia. Many attended the first meeting held by her. The Foundation President was Mrs Rita Lingham, a descendant of Lt George Johnston of the Royal Marines who came out as A.D.C. to Governor Phillip in 1788. The first Honorary Secretary was the Founder of the Society Miss Carlotta Doyle. At the end of 1929, although a depression year there were 350 members who met in the rooms of the Country Women’s Association in Adams Building, George Street, Sydney, until the Society was able to obtain its own rooms in lovely old Burdekin House, Macquarie Street Sydney. Note: Burdekin House was demolished in 1933.

www.womenspioneer.com.au

PAGE 79

Mr. Cridland is a well-known resident of the shire, and deals in an interesting manner with the discovery of Port Hacking (Bass and Flinders were responsible for placing the port on the limited map of the eighteenth century), and also the later history of the port.

Sutherland Shire is rich in historic interest. Within its borders at Kurnell. Captain Cook first set foot on Australian soil. At the same time its ground was hallowed by giving a resting place to the body of the first white man to die in this country—Forby Sutherland.

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The growth of Cronulla town ship, and the beauty of the seaside resort, with its surrounding fine ocean beaches and numerous picturesque sights and walks, in cluding the National Park and the parts of in terest there, are all carefully set out, and the writer rightly claims that "he has endeavored to fill a long-felt want in providing a com bination which gives to the visitor some thing in the nature of a descriptive guide book, and to those who are interested in local Australiana an outline of the history of the district from its discovery until the present time." Our copy from the publishers, Angus and Robertson, Sydney. We have received a eopy of a little two act play, entitled "One Year," which, in the words of the author. Dr. A. S. Vallack, may be described as "a study of the disr integration of a personality caused by the conflict of two complexes.

'"THE STORY OF PORT HACKING, CRONULLA, AND SUTHERLAND SHIRE " (FRANK CRIDLAND).

Port Hacking – part of what is now called Dharawal Country.

The Dharawal people occupied a region centred on the Illawarra, but extended as far north as Botany Bay and as far south as the Shoalhaven.

In plainer words, self-esteem and love for a worthless woman, coming into antagonism, play havoc with the career of a clever scientist, whose self esteem is restored by the subterfuge of a generous-hearted woman, who sacrifices her cwn love for the man in the process. The two women are an excellent foil to each other, looking on life, as they do. from totally dif ferent viewpoints. There are two other characters, but they are incidental. In terest is sustained throughout, the action beinjr brightened at times by sparkling wit ticism and clever aphorism. Our copy comes from the author.

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When Donald William Francis (Frank) Cridland was born on 3 March 1873 in Meroo, New South Wales, his father, William, was 28 and his mother, Martha, was 24. He married Harriet Selina Hall in 1895 in West Maitland, New South Wales. They had eight children in 15 years. He died on 28 May 1954 in Sydney, New South Wales, at the age of 81.

DONALD WILLIAM FRANCIS (FRANK) CRIDLAND CBE

Frank Cridland (Centre) and companions in front of the largest tree in Sutherland Shire at Harnett's Paddock, ca. 1926. Photograph originally used in an article for "The Sydney Mail" 27th January, 1926. Source: Sutherland Shire Library.

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1928, English, Photograph edition: 1014 Barrack Street, Barrack Street, Frank Cridland Ltd, Hagon Blackburn & Co., Sippe & Co,

1928, English, Photograph edition: 10-14 Barrack Street, Barrack Street, Frank Cridland Ltd, Hagon Blackburn & Co., Sippe & Co,

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Sun, Sydney, NSW. Tuesday 19 August 1952.

Sir William Dixson left a rich legacy of culture By David Pynt The funeral today of Sir William Dixson, who gave the nation a priceless treasure, is the final chapter in the life of one of Australia's greatest advocates of culture. For Sir William Dixson, the kindly and loved man who gave much and said little, spent 50 years enabling Australians to know more about the early history of their country. In that time he became one of the biggest and most gene rous collectors of Australiana. This great man gave to the Public Library of NSW thou sands of rare books, manu scripts, and hundreds of priceless paintings, prints and pencil drawings. Educational value The collection, which students of history find has unlimited educational value, would, if valued, cost tens of thousands of pounds.

He also left the library substantial endowments. Sir William, who was knighted for his benefactions to the NSW Public Library, began his career in Scotland 63 years ago, when, a shy, retiring lad of 19, he served his time as an engineer. Then he returned to Sydney to join the family business of tobacco merchants.

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Some years later began the hunt for material on early Australian history. For a man who spent a fortune and became widely known, Sir William never sought publicity. Sir William's early efforts of generosity received a set back. In 1919, because of lack of accommodation, the Government refused to accept a collection of paintings, which Sir William offered to the Public Library trustees. A few years later, at a moving ceremony, the Dix son wing of the library was opened. Royal Australian Historical Society president, J. K. S. Houison, is the proud owner of one of about 50 copies of proceedings and speeches made at the ceremony.

Portrait of Sir William Dixson, 1930-1939 William Dixson

This is what Sir William said at the time: "I was much impressed by the great value of Mitchell's (another famous collector of Australiana) collection to the people of this State and, indeed; the whole of Australia.

"For some years I have been gathering rare books and manuscripts for use in my own historical researches and when I learned that terms of Mr. Mitchell's will did not permit of trustees to spend any part of the en dowment income on pictures, I decided to give special attention to them." PAGE 82

David Scott Mitchell c1925

Then began a search for early pictures on Australian history, and ended in one of the most valuable collections ever possessed in this country. A large collection of historical pictures, including paintings by artists who accompanied the three Cook expeditions in the Pacific, are bequeathed to the library trustees.

Cook's portrait There is the only authentic portrait of Captain James Cook; one of Sir Joseph Banks, known as the "father of Australia," and portraits of such famous Australians as John Macarthur, founder of the wool industry and explorer Burke. One priceless painting is the first oil painting of a corroboree. Six paintings, including views of Sydney in 1799, were shown throughout Australia during the Commonwealth Jubilee year. Sir William's collection of rare books and manuscripts, rivalled only by Mitchell's, was being, transferred from his home at Klllara just be fore his death. Probably the most rare and valuable book is the Dalrymple Charts — charts showing the discovery of Australia.

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His collection became so large that he had a special strong-room, built at his home. Besides providing trustees with substantial endowments, Sir William also donated three Chaucer windows in the library reading hall. He donated three bronze entrance doors of the library, as a memorial to fellow collector, David Scott Mitchell. There was also a gift of £2500 to the Armidale University College for a university library. In his collection Sir William had a wide view of what constituted history. He believed that coinage of gold formed part of Australia's early history, and this prompted him to obtain one of the most valuable collections of coins in the country.

In 1925 the Trustees of the Public Library of New South Wales commissioned Norman Carter to paint a portrait of David Scott Mitchell, from a photograph taken in the 1860s. Source: Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales

From the Sydney Royal Mint — the first Royal Mint outside of Britain — Sir William obtained the old wooden bucket into which the gold coins fell. He possessed almost every sample of half-sovereigns and sovereigns minted at the Sydney Royal Mint. He also obtained the second-last sovereign minted at the Royal Mints Sir William believed that small things helped make history. He also owned a large stamp collection.

Of Sir William Dixson, president of the Public Library trustees Dr. Evatt said: "No other of British nations had been so fortunate as Australia in the citizens who had themselves collect ed materials of its history and presented them to the nation with substantial endowments.

"Sir William ranked with David Scott Mitchell as a benefactor to the nation. "Sir William's death is a sad loss for Australia." PAGE 83

The establishment of the Trust came out of a growing realisation that the State was the custodian of a steadily expanding number of the finest and most important houses in New South Wales … Our first chairman Peter Stanbury, 1982

Museum of Sydney Sydney Living Museums

Sydney Living Museums cares for a group of 12 of the most important historic houses, gardens and museums in NSW on behalf of the people of NSW. Our purpose is to enrich and revitalise people’s lives with Sydney’s living history, and to hand the precious places in our care and their collections on to future generations to enjoy. We bring our museums to life through a dynamic and diverse program of exhibitions, research and events such as walks, talks and tours so that our visitors can experience Sydney's past as if they had lived it themselves. We were established in 1980 as the Historic Houses Trust of NSW to manage, maintain and interpret buildings and places of historic importance for the education and enjoyment of the public. In 2013 we launched our new identity as Sydney Living Museums to refresh and unify our diverse range of properties and highlight our role and relevance for current and future generations.

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Sydney Living Museums is a State Cultural Institution, along with the Art Gallery of NSW, State Library of NSW, Sydney Opera House, the Australian Museum and the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences. The State Cultural Institutions report to the Minister for the Arts, and form part of the Arts Screen and Culture Division of the NSW Department of Premier & Cabinet.

Historic Houses Trust of NSW, incorporating Sydney Living Museums, cares for significant historic places, buildings, landscapes and collections. It is a statutory authority of, and principally funded by, the NSW Government. Discover our places, stories and collections online and across our social channels. Stay connected to be inspired and entertained. #DiscoverSLM ELIZABETH BAY HOUSE • ELIZABETH FARM • HYDE PARK BARRACKS • JUSTICE & POLICE MUSEUM • MEROOGAL • THE MINT • MUSEUM OF SYDNEY • ROSE SEIDLER HOUSE • ROUSE HILL ESTATE • SUSANNAH PLACE • VAUCLUSE HOUSE • CAROLINE SIMPSON LIBRARY & RESEARCH COLLECTION • www.sydneylivingmuseums.com.au

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National Trust of Australia We actively protect and conserve places of heritage significance for future generations to enjoy. Explore our beautiful places around The National Trusts are Australia’s leading conservation organisations. Our mission, which started with the conservation of historic Sydney architecture, has grown to include natural, Indigenous and cultural heritage in every state and territory.and join us as we celebrate our built, natural and cultural heritage. The Australian National Trust movement was established in New South Wales in 1945 by Annie Wyatt who, along with a group of other citizens, raised community consciousness of widespread destruction of the built and natural heritage in Sydney.

The National Trust movement quickly spread across Australia with the other States establishing National Trust offices throughout the 1950’s and 60’s. The Northern and Australian Capital Territories were the last to establish a National Trust in 1976. Each State and Territory National Trust is fully autonomous entity in its own right responsible for managing its own affairs.

The National Trusts are the only conservation organisations in Australia concerned with all aspects of heritage, natural and cultural, tangible and intangible. We are the preeminent independent community bodies that promote conservation of and access to Australia’s unique natural, cultural and Indigenous heritage.

We rely heavily on community support generated through membership subscriptions, sponsorship, donations and bequests, property admissions and retail sales. Of the collective total operational revenue generated by the organisation less than 10% is sourced from government.

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We actively protect and conserve places of heritage significance for future generations to enjoy. Explore our beautiful places around Australia and join us as we celebrate our built, natural and cultural heritage.

www.nationaltrust.org.au

PAGE 85

Theme The 2022 Australian Heritage Festival theme is Curiosity.

WELCOME TO THE AUSTRALIAN HERITAGE FESTIVAL

The Australian Heritage Festival, the country's largest community-driven heritage event, returns 1 April – 31 May 2022, celebrating the theme ‘Curiosity'.

The Australian Heritage Festival is Australia’s largest annual community-driven heritage festival. Returning in 2022 with the new theme Curiosity, the festival is set to bring heritage to life through celebration, encouraging the community to actively wonder, investigate, and learn about natural, cultural, Aboriginal, living and built heritage around the nation.

Each year thousands of event organisers and volunteers from across the country host incredible real-time or virtual heritage events for their local communities.

From the city to the regions all across Australia, this is an opportunity for councils, community groups, clubs, historical societies, libraries, museums, galleries, theatres, artists, businesses and enthusiasts to organise events and exhibitions, gather stories and tell them, celebrate through ceremony and performances, and share knowledge through talks, walks, open days, workshops, tours and so much more…

…And you’re invited to be part of it!

Event Registration Event registration for the Australian Heritage Festival is opening soon. Sign up to our event holder mailing lists so we can keep you up to date with news and calls for registration:

New South Wales – coming soon. Queensland Western Australia Victoria

Festival Dates The Australian Heritage Festival will showcase heritage from 1 April – 31 May 2022. Dates of celebration may vary between states within this timeframe; check your state via the ‘Festival near me’ tab for more details.

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Theme The 2022 Australian Heritage Festival theme is Curiosity. We can't wait for the return of Australia's biggest and most diverse heritage festival from 18 April - 19 May 2021, and it's the last few days to register your event for a chance to be included in the National Trust NSW magazine.

We're looking for historic walks, talks and exhibitions, or maybe you've organised a digital performance with a nod to local heritage during this month? For more details of the Australian Heritage Festival or to register, click here:

www.nationaltrust.org.au/ahf

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BURNS NIGHT is an annual event that celebrates the life and works of the Scottish national poet Robert Burns who was born on 25th January 1759.

Burns Night consists of traditional Scottish dancing, poem recitals and a meal that features haggis and whisky.

Robert ‘Rabbie’ Burns is one of the most influential writers in Scotland’s long literary history, whose romantic songs, traditional ballads and amusing satires have become ingrained in Scottish culture. He’s affectionately known by many names including Rabbie Burns, the National Bard, the Bard of Ayrshire and the Ploughman Poet, but regardless of his title he remains one of the greatest cultural icons in Scotland. While he’s most famous for the song Auld Lang Syne that’s sung around the world on New Year’s Eve, Burns is also revered for his clever prose where he expresses a universe of human emotions through tales inspired by his life story – a humble man from the lower classes who catapulted himself to fame through sheer force of talent and hard work.

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A passionately proud Scot, Burns never forgot his roots and throughout the latter part of his life he fought hard for the rights of the lower social classes in Scotland and especially against the enormous gap between the rich and the poor.

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AUSTRALIANSIAN

Pioneers' Club

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CONT A C T THE OFFI CE MANAGER (61 2 ) 8 2 73 2380 Tues d a y a nd Thursday 10am – 2 p m local time

OFFI C E 89 M a c q uarie Stre et, Sydney, NSW 2 0 0 0

Club History The Australasian Pioneers’ Club was founded following a meeting on 2nd May 1910, which was convened by Mr Douglas Hope Johnston BA, a descendant of Lieutenant-Colonel George Johnston, of the Marine Detachment which embarked with the First Fleet.

(Then) Lieutenant Johnston came to New South Wales in the ‘Lady Penrhyn’ (one of the transports of the First Fleet) and is reputed to have been the first officer ashore at Port Jackson on 26th January 1788.

OUR MOTTO The Club’s motto “Primi in Terras Australes” refers to British settlement in Australia and the Pacific Islands. The Club’s crest is an 18th Century Ploughshare over which the Rising Sun appears.

OUR PURPOSE The first three objects of the Club, as listed in its memorandum of Association, are to foster mutual help and friendship amongst gentlemen who were the descendants of pioneers, to foster the pioneering spirit in Australasia, and to promote discussion of Australasian history.

OUR FUTURE Since its foundation in 1910 the Australasian Pioneers’ Club has continuously attracted a thriving membership. Its continued success is assured by the Members’ pride in Australia’s past, their active participation in its present and their unbounded faith in the Nation’s future.

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INSPIRATION IS TAKEN FROM THE PIONEERS’ PRAYER: Let us remember our ancestors the pioneers through whose toil and suffering and sacrifice, and by the Grace of a Divine Providence, we inherit our liberties, our way of life and our place

among the great nations of the earth.

The motto of the club,

"Primi in terras Australis"— The First, in Australasia. PAGE 88

Daily Telegraph, Sydney, NSW. Thursday 31 August 1911.

AUSTRALASIAN PIONEERS CLUB GROWTH OF A NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. INCREASE IN 'MEMBERSHIP

The Australasian Pioneers Club collection of historical pioneer portraits, founded only in February of this year, had quite remarkable growth and is destined to play an important part in stimulating a better and more general knowledge and interest in our early history, and in the individual lives and work of the founders of Australasia. The collection is a credit to the founder of the club, who is its first president.

The club has wisely not con-fined selection to Australia, for on its walls are to be soon the portraits of men who pioneered Fiji, New Guinea, Tasmania, and New Zealand so that in the very near future the student of early colonisation will have in Sydney a unique and complete pictorial history of the founding of every part of Australasia as a part of the British Empire.

There are now 73 portraits, representative of early arrivals in every part of Australasia. Somo recent additions include Captain Hobson, first Governor of New Zealand; Sir J. B. Thurston, the first Administrator of Fiji; Sir Alfred Stephen (presented by his grandson, A. Consett Stephen), so well known and respected In New South Wales; Captain John Piper (by his grandson, H. Piper), one of the officers of the New South Wales Corps; Colonel Sir Maurice O'Connell (by his nephew, R. Maurice O'Connell), for many years President of the Legislative Council of Queensland and four times Acting-Governor; Bishop Selwyn, first Bishop of Melanesia (by the Archbishop of Sydney); Sir-George Grey (by Perceval Johnston); and Messrs. John Batman (by his grand-nephew, John Batman), Thomas Henty (by his grandson, Gilbert W. Henty), and Pascoe Fawkner, Victorian pioneer founders; Rev. Shelley one of the first missionaries that came out to the South Seas in the Duff in 1796 (by his great-grandson, Norman Shelley), Archdeacon Cowper, rector of St. Philip's Church, Sydney, 1810-20. (by his son, Cecil H. de G. Cowper); M. W. Pearce (by his son, G. W. Pearce); Thomas Day (by his grandsons, P. C. Day, W. E. Day, and H. W. Day); George Hull, Deputy-Commissary-General of Tasmania, 1819 (by his grandson, A. F. Bassett Hull); Thomas Arndell, son of Surveyor-General T. Arndell, who came out in the first fleet in 1788 (by his grandson, A. J. Arndell); William Teece, pioneer settler in Bay of Islands, N.Z., 1837 (by his son, Richard Teece); Bishop Broughton, first Anglican Bishop of Sydney (by his grandson, S. G. Boydell); Sir Charles Cowper, father of Australian Railways and early Premier of New South Wales (by his son, Charles Cowper); Admiral Phillip King, son of Governor King (by his grandson, J. Lethbridge King, S.M.); Captain A. J. Elles. conveyed the first settlers to Otago, N.Z., in 1848 (by his son, J. Currie Elles); W. Broughton, Deputy-Commissary-General, arrived with the first fleet (by his grandsons, A. Broughton and C. and E. A. Garland); Dr. J. S. Griffin, arrived in Port Phillip in 1839 (by his son Ald Griffin); Captain Robert Johnston, R.N., of Annandale, first Australian to enter the British Navy 1805, discovered and named the River Clyde (by his son, Leslie Johnston); C. J. La Trobo first Governor of Victoria, arrived at Port Phillip in 1839 (by N. H. Murray); Thomas Waterhouse, only son of Captain H. waterhouse, R.N., who, with Captain Kent, R.N., imported the first sheep to Australia, 1797 (by his great-grandson, J. H. E. Waterhouso); Rev. Roland Hassall, arrived in the Duff, the first missionary ship to the South Pacific, in 1796 (by his great-grandson, E. E. .Hassall); Thomas Rowley, oldest son of Captain T. Rowley, who was an officer, in the New South Wales Corps (by his great-grandson, H. T. Rowley Bull); Admiral Sir J. Stirling, first Governor of West Australia, 1829 to 1839.

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Most of the portraits, it will be seen, were presented by descendants of those represented, and who are members of the club. It is noticeable that many of the pioneers are in official uniform, showing the important part played by naval, military, and civil officers in the first settlement of Australasia. Portraits have been promised of Rev. J. Chalmers, and Rev. W. G. Lawes, missionaries, of New Guinea, and pioneer white settlers, and of Patrick Leslie, the first squatter on the Darling Downs; also of Col. Wakefield, of New Zealand, the founder of Wellington. The following members elected on July 6 and 28, and August 25 are descendants from pioneers who arrived on the dates given.

There are now 280 members:— 1809, H. S. Antill; 1794, E. R. S. Campbell; 1806, F. S. Bell; 1806, J. E. N. Bell; 1806, A. W. N. Bell; 1798, A. Bowman: 1800, A. C. Cox; 1844; J. E. Chapman (N.Z.); 1801, G. W. Dight, jun.; 1792, A. E. Dickinson; 1790, J. Harris; 1800, H. N. Holt; 1804, N. H.M. Bowden (Tas.); 1819, W. D. Hull (Tas.); 1822, E. C. Officer (Tas.); 1836, John Hindmarsh (S.A.): 1836, John St. John Hindmarsh (S.A.); 1792, L. E. O. Wilshire; 1840, A. H. Ashbolt (N.Z.); 1798, R. S. Bowman; 1802, M. F. M. Johnson; 1842, Sir Philip Sydney Jones, M.D. (Queensland) ; 1842, C. L. Jones (Queens-land) ; 1799, R. P. Lord; 1799, A. P. Lord; 1793, J. Nobbs; 1839, E. S. Sautello (Vic.); 1800, J.B. Suttor, jun.; 1792, T. H. Wilshire, 1790; Leslie J. Bray; 1836, Arthur C. Parker (N.Z.): 1792, Walter G. Piper: 1792, David M. C. Piper; 1794, Frederick E. Row; 1839. Frederick X. Wilson (Vic.).

PAGE 89

Observer, Adelaide, S.A. Saturday 2 July 1910.

AUSTRALASIAN PIONEERS' CLUB

This club (says The Town and Country Journal, Sydney) has been brought into existence with the object of fostering a national spirit among the rising generation of Australasia, as well as to stimulate the desire to know more of the lives and hardships, bravely and patiently endured by those who, individually and modestly, strove to do their duty in the past eo that we of to-day can enjoy the heritage of their labours. The Australasian Pioneers' Club is entirely devoid of political colour, and the mere possession of wealth is absolutely of no consideration in the election of its members.

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The following gentlemen are eligible for membership: (A) Descendants in the male line of any (a) officer or man of the naval or military force. (b) Officer or man of the mercantile marine, (c) Officer or man of the civil establishment. (d) Landholder; who resided (in New South Wales) on or before December 31, 1810. or NorioiK. Island on or before 1810, Tasmania on or before 1825. New Zealand on or before 1848, Queensland on or before 1817, South Australia on or before 1838, Western Australia on or before 1845, Victoria on or before 1839.

(B) Descendants in either the male or female line of any member of the above clauses (a), (b), (c), (d) who were members of (a) The first fleet of 1788; (b) the first regiment of 1790; (c) the first Settlers of 1793.

(C) Descendants of the 15 most notable explorers of Australasia after 1810. All eligible for membership should communicate with the Hon. secretary (Mr. D. Hope Johnston), Citizens Chambers, Moore street, Sydney. AIMS AND OBJECTS. In a preliminary circular -- to eligibles, Mr. Douglas Hope Johnston, a great-grandson of Lieutenant-Colonel George Johnston, A.D.C. to Governor Phillip, wrote: "One of the chief aims of this club will be to supply a convenient meeting place and opportunities, hitherto wanting, of meeting together and by contributing to a common store of knowledge, help to increase and preserve for future generations those 'Tales of a Grandfather' . which, when placed together, will form a valuable addition to our early historical records.

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The oldest is Sydney’s The Australian Club, founded in 1838, followed by the Melbourne Club, which was founded a year later to give grazing gents a city bolthole and enable the oldest pioneer families to maintain an urban network. These clubs and their imitators had a similar founding principle: a cocoon for the landed.

AUSTRALIAN CLUB THE AUSTRALIAN CLUB, FOUNDED IN 1838, IS A PRIVATE MEMBERS’ CLUB SITUATED IN THE HEART OF SYDNEY WITH UNPARALLELED VIEWS OF THE BOTANIC GARDENS AND NORTH SHORE. WHERE TRADITION AND MODERNITY HAVE BEEN SKILFULLY BLENDED TO PRESERVE WHAT IS BEST IN A CLUB FOR TODAY'S MEMBERS, WHERE MEMBERS BRING THEIR GUESTS TO ENJOY THE BEST AMENITIES THE CLUB HAS TO OFFER. THE CLUB PROVIDES EXCELLENT DINING FACILITIES, EN-SUITE BEDROOMS AND APARTMENTS, A FULLY EQUIPPED GYM, AND ON LEVEL 7 OF THE BUILDING IN WHICH THE CLUBHOUSE IS LOCATED, ARE FIRST RATE BUSINESS FACILITIES WHICH MEMBERS AND RESIDENT GUESTS MAY ACCESS.

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THE AUSTRALIAN CLUB HAS RECIPROCAL ARRANGEMENTS WITH SEVERAL OTHER PRIVATE MEMBERS’ CLUBS NATIONALLY AND INTERNATIONALLY.

General Information Facilities: Private Dining is available for between 4 and 80 people. A fully equipped Gym with Personal Trainers. An extensive Library. On-site car parking.

Standard of Dress: Members and gentlemen guests should wear a long sleeved jacket and tie (business attire) and ladies may wear a dress, skirt, tailored trousers with a jacket, or evening pants in the Club.

Members and guests resident in the Club may wear smart casual dress appropriate to their destination when entering or leaving the Club. Denim is not permitted.

Enquiries For information or to make an accommodation or restaurant reservation, please contact Reception via reception@australianclub.org or (612) 9229-0400 Australian Club Address: 165 Macquarie Street Sydney NSW 2000 Australian Club Postal Address: GPO Box 169 Sydney NSW 2001 Car Park: Club parking is accessed via the loading dock on 45 Bent Street; ‘Macquarie House’. The entrance is between Flight Centre and the Chifley (Wilson) parking.

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AUSTRALIAN CLUB

Sydney Morning Herald, NSW. Saturday 28 May 1938.

Century of History MANY FAMOUS MEMBERS By J. L. Williams.

Tomorrow, the Australian Club will complete the 100th year of its existence the first club in Australia to do so it originated during that interesting period from December 6, 1837, when Lieutenant-Colonel Kenneth Snodgrass, C.B. a hero of St. Sebastian in the Peninsula War, acted as Governor of New South Wales. Sir Richard Bourke, over ruled by the Home Government in his removal of C. D. Riddell, the Colonial Treasurer, from membership of the Executive Council, had resigned the Governorship and left Australia, being succeeded, on February 24, 1838, by Sir George Gipps.

In that interval, the colony attained the age of 50 years, and, although the population of Sydney was only 30,000, and that of New South Wales less than 86,000 some of the leading citizens decided to promote a residential club "for the purpose of facilitating the social and literary intercourse of residents of the colony, and for the general Interests of the country gentlemen."

On Mav 29 1836 five trustees and a comminee of fifteen were appointed and a club named the Australian Club was formally established Alexander McLean formerly Colonial Secretary and later Speaker of the Legislative Council was chosen as first President in which office he continued, for ten years. In less than three months the membership had reached 130 and the Governor Sir George Gipps honoured the club by becoming its patron.

EARLY MEMBERS

Among the first members were most of those distinguished in the administrative and naval and military services the professions and commercial and pastoral pursuits. To mention but a few there were Lieutenant Colonel Snodgrass freed of gubernatorial duties; C D Riddell still and for l8 years longer Colonial Treasurer Edward Deas Thomson Colonial secretary who was president of the club for 21 years; Stuart Alex-ander Donaldson who in 1856 was chosen to be first Premier of the colony under responsible Government and Dr James Mitchell MLC father of David Scott Mitchell the founder of the Mitchell Library.

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Then there were Dr Sir John Jamison MLC Wm Montague Manning afterwards Attorney General in the first and other Ministeries Chief Judge in Equity Chancellor of the University; Terence Aubrey Murray afterwards Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and President of the Legislative Council; John Hubert Plunkett formerly Solicitor General and later President of the Legislative Council; Captain Phillip Parker King RN son of Governor King; Alexander Berry MLC and Conrad Marten.

Illustrated Sydney News (NSW : 1881 - 1894), Saturday 9 April 1892, page 6 THE NEW AUSTRALIAN CLUB.

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Northern Star (Lismore, NSW. Wednesday 18 October 1944.

First Settler Was Man of Vision & Courage Mr. William Wilson A man of vision and courage, Lismore's first settler, Mr. William Wilson, had to battle hard against adversity before he won through to success. Born on September 20, 1805, at Glasgowego, near Aberdeen, Mr. Wilson married Miss. Jane Riddell Farquharson Cruden Wilson, daughter of Capt. W. Cruden, of Gategill, Kirkcudbright, in 1832.

The couple came to New South Wales on the advice of Mrs. Wilson's cousin, Mr. Campbell Drummond Riddell, then Colonial Treasurer, reaching Sydney on May 19, 1833, after a voyagle of five months via the cape of Good Hope in the sailing ship Westmorland. Mr. Wilson was the first Public Notary appointed to Australia by the British Government. When the first subdivision of the then "Village of Melbourne" was made, Mr. Wilson purchased the first block. Some years later a survey was made and it was found that a store erected on this site stood in the centre of what was later to become one of Melbourne's busiest streets. A bullock team was hired and the store was removed to its correct position. Mr. Wilson took up land on the South Coast at Balgownie, Ellangowan, and the Five Islands, Wollongong. Later, on the recommendation of Mr. W. C. Bundock, of Wiangaree, and Mr. E. D. S. Ogilvie, of Yulgilbar, Mr. Wilson decided to settle on the Richmond. He chartered a vessel that grounded on the bar at Ballina in February, 1844. It was subsequently pulled off the bar by a team of bullocks, and reached a point opposite where the town of Ballina now stands. Ballina in those days was called Deptford. Since the days of Captain Cook the names of different ships have been bestowed upon reefs and shoals. The Deptford, with Captain Campbell in charge, explored along the coast in 1798. The name of this brig was bestowed on the shoal where Ballina is now. Here Mr. Wilson had a raft built, and on this he and his wife and their possessions-including a cow-drifted up the Richmond on the tides to where Lismore now stands, the voyage takings several weeks. Mrs. Wilson chose the name of Lismore for the new station because of its resemblance to thge small island of Lismore in Loch Linnhe, Firth of Lome, Argyllshire. The homestead was erected about a year later, on the river bank at the southern end of Molesworth Street. The homestead was built by th6 late Mr. W. Clement and his son-in-law, the late Mr. L. G. Snow, who were early carpenters and cedar getters.

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Mr. Clement was later the first Mayor of Ballina. Mr. Snow was the father of Cr. J. G. Snow, of Bangalow. The station extended from where the main part of the town now stands to Blackwall (now Wardell). The station was stocked with Devon cattle brought overland from the Macleay, cattle at that time costing £1 a head. Two veiling down plants were Later established, one being close to the river bank where Ballina Street now ends, the other at Dungarubba. Mr. Peppercorn surveyed the township, and in the evenings, when he Returned to the homestead, the Wilsons helpad him name the streets. Mail in the early days came by sailing ships. Later Mr. Wilson instituted a mail service to Grafton via Casino by packhorse. Later still, the mail was carried by bullock dray. Some trouble was experienced with the blacks. Mr. William Wilson's son, the late Mr. H. O'B. Wilson, has recorded that his father used to kill a bullock every full moon for the blacks in an endeavour to prevent them helping themselves to cattle.

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Don Dorrigo Gazette and Guy Fawkes Advocate, NSW. Friday 15 November 1946.

Coat of Arms for Lismore

Because dairying has been the basis of the district's progress a cow's head will be included in the design of the proposed coat of arms which will be struck to mark Lismore's elevation to the status of a city.

The head will be part of the general design in one of the three compartments of the shield. The other two compartments will show the ancient galley Lome, and an episcopal mitre in the water, indicating the island of Lismore in Scotland, as the seat of the episcopal See. Lismore was the first named in 1845 by the two settlers, Mr. and Mrs. William Wilson after the island of Lismore. The proposed coat of arms is based on ancient Scottish heraldry on a design received by the Lismore Council from the Lord Lyon King of Arms, Edinburgh. When Jane Riddell Farquharson Cruden was born in 1802 in Edinburgh, Midlothian, her father, William, was 40, and her mother, Elizabeth, was 29.

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She married William WIlson on 5 August 1832. They had six children during their marriage. She died on 26 January 1891 in Lismore, New South Wales, having lived a long life of 89 years.

Campbell Drummond Riddell and his wife Caroline Stuart Riddell John Partridge painted the portrait of Campbell Drummond Riddell. National Trust of Australia.

Riddell, Campbell Drummond

Campbell Drummond Riddell (1796-1858), public servant, was born on 9 January 1796, the son of Thomas Milles Riddell (d.1796) and Margaretta, née Campbell.

His grandfather was Sir James Riddell (d.1797), first baronet, of Ardnamurchan, Argyllshire, Scotland.

In Colombo on 3 April 1830, he married Caroline Stuart Rodney, daughter of the government secretary in Ceylon, and arrived in Sydney with her in August 1830.

The arms were granted on on January 29, 1947. The origin of the naming of Lismore having been established, the City Council petitioned the Right Hon. The Lord Lyon, King of Arms of Edinburgh, Scotland, to grant a Coat of Arms based on Scottish heraldry and with appropriate ancient symbols.

The arms were granted on January 29, 1947. The origin of the naming of Lismore having been established, the City Council petitioned the Right Hon. The Lord Lyon, King of Arms of Edinburgh, Scotland, to grant a Coat of Arms based on Scottish heraldry and with appropriate ancient symbols. January 29th 2022 marks the 75th Anniversary. PAGE 93

Melbourne Club The Melbourne Club is a private social club established in 1838 and located at 36 Collins Street, Melbourne. The club is a symbol of Australia's British social heritage and was established at a gathering of 23 gentlemen on Saturday, 17 December 1838, and initially used John Pascoe Fawkner's hotel on the corner of Collins Street and Market Street. The Melbourne Club moved to new purposebuilt premises at the eastern end of Collins Street, designed by Leonard Terry in Renaissance Revival style, in 1859.

Melbourne Club entrance.

A dining room wing with a bay window was added at the western end in 1885, designed by Terry and Oakden. It includes, among other rooms, a library, main dining room, private dining room, breakfast room, billiard rooms, lawn room and bedrooms. The building is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register.

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At the rear of the Club building is a private courtyard garden, maintained by arboristhorticulturalist John Fordham, which is also listed on the Victorian Heritage Register and is the location of garden parties and private functions.

The Melbourne Club 1860 State Library Victoria.

The garden contains the largest plane tree in Victoria, according to the National Trust's Register of Significant Trees. The Melbourne Club courtyard garden The Melbourne Club does not allow female membership.

The female-only Lyceum Club, located directly behind in Ridgway Place, enjoys views of the trees of the Melbourne Club's gardens.

The Melbourne Club courtyard garden.

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AUSTRALIAN SETTLERS share your family Stories keeping the spirits of our ancestors memories with us SUBMISSIONS WELCOME