Phytocoenologia, 41 (4), 265 – 305 Stuttgart, April 4, 2012
Las comunidades vegetales relacionadas con los ambientes humanos en el sur del Perú Plant communities linked with human environments in southern Peru por Antonio GALÁN
DE
José CAMPOS
CRUZ, Lima, Perú, Carlos TRUJILLO VERA, Arequipa, Perú and José Alfredo VICENTE
DE LA
MERA, Boadilla del Monte, España, Eliana LINARES PEREA, Arequipa, Perú,
ORELLANA, Boadilla del Monte, España con 12 figuras y 7 tablas Abstract: In the context of the landscape and history of the southern Peruvian Andean territory, a phytosociological approach to the vegetation linked to human activity is presented. To obtain a comprehensive study, we focused the study on different elements of the Andean landscape, including plant communities: crop terraces with Brassica rapa and Medicago hispida communities, irrigation channels with Mimulus glabratus and Polypogon interruptus communities, roads with Alternanthera pungens and Lepidium bipinnatifidum communities, overgrazed areas with Bouteloua simplex, Michrochloa indica and Cyperus andinus, farmyards, dumps and wall bases of villages with ruderal communities with Malva parviflora and Urocarpidium peruvianum, and wall fissures with Parietaria debilis and Cheilanthes pruinata communities. The study area is especially the Colca canyon in the Arequipa Department (southern Peru), where traditional agriculture is practiced and where we lifted 144 plots following the Braun-Blanquet methodology, adding 853 plots from other authors. In total, 997 plots and 426 species were considered. To interpret the variability and vertical continuum of the associations, we have used the concepts of basal community (BC), derived community (DC), and altitudinal form were used. Field and bibliographic tables were synthetized, and as a result of column comparisons, we have concluded with a diversity of 41 Andean associations and communities described for areas of human impact distributed in different climatic belts. From a syntaxonomical point of view, 10 new associations are described: N a sse l l o p u b i f l o ra e -S t i p e t u m mucronatae –supra- and orotropical communities associated with the crops of southern Peru where the soil has been turned using the Roman plough –, Chlo ri d o v i rg a t a e -Pe n n i se t e t u m v i l l o si –thermo- and mesotropical communities on abandoned fields, wastelands and road margins in the Bolivian Andes –, M i m u l o g l a b ra t i Polypogonetum interrupti –streams and irrigation ditch vegetation with running waters –, M o n n i n o ra m o sae-Boutelouetum simplicis – pioneer annual vegetation on sandy soils of the supratropical belt of southern Peru –, Hy pseocharito bilobatae-Boutelou e t u m si m p l i c i s –pioneer annual vegetation on clayey soils of the supra- and low orotropical belts of southern Peru –, Pe c t o c a ry o l a t e ri f l o ra e -Bo u t e l o u e t u m si m p l i c i s –pioneer annual vegetation on clayey soils of the mesotropical belt of southern Peru –, Ev o l v u l o a ri z o n i c i Muhlenbergietum peruvianae –pioneer annual vegetation on clayey soils of the supratropical belt of the eastern cordillera of Bolivia –, Urtico flabellatae-U ro c a rp i d e t u m p e ru v i a n i –nitrophilous meso- and supratropical vegetation on disturbed soils of dumps, street margins and wall bases of the houses of the villages of central and southern Peru –, Oxalido petrophilae-Che i l a n t h e t u m p ru i n a t a e –supratropical association in the fissures of the andesitic rocks and walls of the villages of southern Peru – and C h e i l a n t h e t u m a re q u i p e n si s –fissure vegetation of the andesitic rocks of the mesotropical belt of southern Peru. For all these associations, we have commented on their variability with sub-associations, derived communities, basal communities, altitudinal forms and geo-vicarious associations. To connect the vegetation linked to the crops on soils turned by the Roman plough in the supra- and orotropical belt, we have created the new alliance Ho rd e i o n m u t i c i (while vegetation on soils turned by the Inca plough –“taclla”- belongs to the C a l a n d ri n i o n c i l i a t a e ) and the C a l a n d ri n i e t a l i a c i l i a t a e order. The vegetation of irrigation ditches in the tropical Andes belongs to the new alliance M i m u l i o n g l a b ra t i , and the hygronitrophilous ones to Rumicion c u n e i f o l i i and the Po l y g o n o h y d ro p i p e ro i d i s-R u m i c e t a l i a cuneifolii. Pioneer annual vegetation of the Occidental Peruvian Andes belongs to the M o n n i n o p t e ro c a rpae-Cyperion andinae, and for the meso- and supratropical rock vegetation we have described the Wo o d si o montevidensis-Cheilanthion pruinatae. Moreover, all vegetation types of the Colca canyon linked to human activity have been compared with other tropical Andean localities with similar ecological conditions, especially from central Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, and also with extra-tropical conditions from Chile and Argentina. Keywords: Andean landscape, pre-Inca/Inca cultures, Spanish colonialism, anthropic vegetation, phytosociology, Peru, Bolivia.
© 2012 Gebrüder Borntraeger, 70176 Stuttgart, Germany DOI: 10.1127/ 0340 - 269X/2011/0041 - 0502
www.borntraeger-cramer.de 0340-269X/11/0041-0502 $ 18.45