This dissertation, titled ‘_ HEMPCRETE___’ (Title of Dissertation) by KUTCHERLAPATI JAYANTH VARMA__ (name of student), roll no. _A/2935/2016_, was carried out during the Fifth Year, Ninth Semester (2020) B.Arch. Program in the Department of Architecture, under our guidance during September - December 2020. On completion of the report in all aspects and based on the declaration by the candidate above, we provisionally accept this dissertation report and forward the same to the Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, India.
Signature of Guide and Name (in capitals)
Signature of Coordinator and Name (in capitals)
The research work embodied in this dissertation titled “_HEMPCRETE__” has been carried out by the undersigned as part of the undergraduate Dissertation programme in the Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, under the supervision of __Ar. Gaurav Shorey______ (name of guide).
The undersigned hereby declares that this is his/her original work and has not been plagiarised in part or full form from any source.
Name : kutcherlapati jayanth varma Roll No.: A/2935/2016 Year and Section: Fifth year B section Date: 02-12-2020
I would like to take the opportunity to thank everyone who supported me during the course of this research paper
I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my guide Ar. Gaurav Shorey, without whose constant guidance and support this dissertation would have been impossible. I would also like to thank my coordinator Mr Probhjot singh sugga for directing me how to go about this dissertation and helping me structure it.
1.1 Research question
1.2 Aim
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Scope
1.5 Limitations of research
Limitations of Hemp
2.1 What is hempcrete?
2.2 Hemp A Building Material.
2.3 Properties of Hempcrete
2.4 Uses of Hempcrete
2.5 Hempcrete blocks
Why build hemp houses?
2.6 Hempcrete blocks
(i) Advantages of Hempcrete blocks: (ii) Disadvantages of Hempcrete Blocks
3.1 Carbon negative analysis of Hempcrete
4.1 A Hempcrete house in Florida
(i) SITE CONDITIONS
(ii) CLIMATIC CONDITIONS (iii) DESIGN GOALS (iv) Observation
4.2 Hemp house at Haverhill, England
(i) Site (ii) Requiremenys (iii) Clients
(iv) Setbacks faced (v) The Hemp House construction process (vi) Frame (vii) Shuttering (viii) Mixing (ix) Casting the Hemp into shuttering (x) Sequence of work
(xi) Energy consumption, thermal performance and moisture control
4.3 Hemp house in Mullumbimby, Australia
4.4 A Hempcrete House in Agan Chy
5. Analysis
5.1 ANALYSIS OF HEMPCRETE WITH OTHER BUILDING MATERIALS
5.2 SUSTAINABILITY OF HEMP AS AN ARCHITECTURAL MATERIAL
5.3 FACTOR THAT MAKE HEMPCRETE SUSTAINABLE:
6. Literature Review
7. Research Framework
8. Research methodology
(i) Literature study
Case study
Analysis of the collected data
9. Conclusion
10. Appendix
10.1 Reference
10.2 Bibliography
Figure 1 difference between sativa and indica
Figure 2 Hemp stem section
Figure 3 Uses of Hemp plant
Figure 4 Hempcrete block
Figure 5 wall made up of hempcrete
Figure 6 calcium carbonate deposition on hemp particle
Figure 7 Hempcrete wall while construction
Figure 8 House made up of hempcrete in Florida
Figure 9 House made up of hempcrete in Mullumbimby, Australia
Diagram 1 showing possible alternative
Diagram 2 plan of Haverhill building project
Diagram 3 Construction process Haverhill building project
Diagram 4 showing hemp as a sustainable architectural material
Diagram 5 showing the research framework of the study
Diagram 6 showing the research methodology
Table 1 analysis of hempcrete with various other construction material
Table 2 factors that make hempcrete sustainable
In India, building industry holds the 2nd in terms of economy. Building industry accounts nearly 8 per cent of India total GDP in 2019. Population growth and urbanization are some of the major factors that will contribute to the increasing rate of building industries. Industrial production has shown a drastic change not only in India but also in the world. A large number of building materials and resources used for construction such as concrete, bricks, cement, steel etc., which have high demand in the market. As a result of this evolution, several challenges may pop up such as
Pollution
Unrepresented in the hike in price for the building materials such as cement, bricks, steel, etc.,
The purpose of this research is to study the possible alternative material to concrete
Possible alternative: Hempcrete
Adopting the products that are eco friendly. In the scenario of building industries, how they can contribute to making an environment less pollutant is a big question to be solved.
Keywords: Hemp, Hempcrete blocks, low cost, eco friendly.
PROBLEMS
Possible alternative:
behaviour of hempcrete is studied in this paper. Hemp based structural materials are more and more often used all over the world, especially in France, Great Britain or China, countries which have a long tradition of hemp cultivation (Timea Bejat,2015)
Hemp is not a new material used for construction, In the past, hemp was used in the form of ropes and as a fibrous agent (also known as “shive”) for strengthening mud and concrete structures in many parts of the world such as France, Britain and India (SINGH et al, 2017).
It is one of the most adaptable natural materials, which has great potential in agriculture and industrial sectors with a wide range of uses, a source of fibre, and seed oil used worldwide (Demir and Dogan, 2020). Hemp can reach at least 2 meters of height and is a versatile plant especially grown for industrial purposes (Arpan Tewari, July-September, 2018).
The hemp plant is very similar to the cannabis plant. However, a hemp plant is specifically bred for industrial uses. It can attain a height of at least 2 meters and has very little THC content (0.3%). (Arpan Tewari, July September, 2018).
Due to its low protein content, insects and moths do not consume it; therefore, pesticide use is not required, which is harmful to the environment.
1. Indica
Indica plants are short and bushy with wide leaves and grow faster with a higher yield than the other two different varieties. Medicine produced from this strain has higher CBD and lower THC counts (Arpan Tewari, July-September, 2018).
2. Sativa
Sativa strain plants grow tall, thin, and have narrow leaves. These plants are lighter in colour. This strain takes longer to grow and mature and requires maximum light. It has lower CBD and higher THC counts. (Arpan Tewari, July-September, 2018)
In what ways Hempcrete be more advantageous over concrete in reducing carbon footprint.?
1.2 AIM:
To study how Hempcrete, a bio composite material can offer sustainability by sequestering carbon
To study an alternative material for the sustainable growth of the construction industry in India
1.3 OBJECTIVES:
Hempcrete in Indian market overcome the limitations of existing construction materials by making the environment economic and eco friendly?
To compare the old and new building materials in context to carbon negative in India.
To find out how carbon can be sequestered by Hempcrete.
Hemp, Hempcrete blocks, low-cost, eco-friendly.
1.4 Scope:
This research has a wide range of scope to study the possible alternative material to concrete and in other industries such as paper, fibre, clothing and medicines etc
The data/information for this research has been taken from thesis papers, dissertations, articles; and any other source of information through online experiments/google forms.
is illegal to grow in many areas in India. So, it is not easily available for primary research
Hemp is used as a drug. So, there is a chance of misusing it by the people
Hemp is a plant that belongs to cannabis family. There are three varieties of cannabis specie, there are Cannabis indica, Cannabis sativa and cannabis ruderalis.
Cannabis indica and cannabis sativa are the most commonly seen as the more closely releated species.
Cannabis sativa is the one of the earliest recorded domestically grown plants by humans since Neolithic times (William Stanwix and Alex Sparrow, 2014)
Hemp is a fast growing plant with few branches at the top of the plant, and it grows to a height of 1.4 to 4 meters with the diameter of 1.5 to 4 millimeters
The inner woody stem, which is called as “shiv” or “shive”
The limitations of Hemp are as follows:
It is not suitable for bearing direct loads due to less strength and elastic modulus. Thereby needing a frame to carry load. Thus, numbers of floors up to which a structure can be built to 1 2 floors at max due to this reason.
Hemp is illegal to grow in many areas. It limits the use of Hemp in agriculture and construction in many countries
Hemp is used as a drug. Therefore, there is a chance of misusing it by the citizens.
Hempcrete, a bio-compostable material also called as Hemp lime. Canobite, Canosmose, Lsochanvre are the various names under which Hempcrete are marketed. Its is made up with the chopped stalk of industrial hemp plant mixed with a lime based binder, It is used mainly alternative to concrete in the construction field and insulations (N. ISAACS, 2014)
Hemp has high silica content, which will help to tie with the lime; a lightweight insulating material weighs up one seventh to eight of concrete. (N. ISAACS, 2014).
Hemp is the strain of plant that belongs to the Cannabis sativa species, which is the fastest growing plant. It is illegal in many countries such as Europe and Canada, and growing, buying, using or selling are considered as a punishable offence. Where in America it is legal and used as a construction material.
Figure 2 Hemp stem sectionHemp is used a building material nowadays in many parts of the world. It is not just a pipe dream. Hemp is gaining attention not only in the building industry but also in textiles, clothing, medicine, shoes, bioplastics, and insulation, as food, paper and biofuel. The performance of Hempcrete as a building material is still the subject of a growing body of a research all over the world. (William Stanwix and Alex Sparrow, 2014)
Hemp is grown as plant products; carbon dioxide will be absorbed from the atmosphere. The carbonation of lime turns to limestone. Thus, Hempcrete lowers carbon footprint which makes suitable for sustainable for building
Regulate building humidity and temperature.
Reduces energy consumption and condensation.
Non toxic material and high compressive strength.
Low density, good thermal and acoustic properties.
Hempcrete properties slightly differ depending upon the binder that we use. Its flexibility and porosity are also useful in terms of elasticity and flexural strength (the ability of a material to bend under a load without tearing). However, these same properties mean that hempcrete is not suitable in load-bearing applications.
It can be used for internal and external wall insulation, plasters and floors.
Hempcrete is energy efficient and It also maintains a steady temperature.
It is a bio-degradable material which does not shrink and crack
It is a breathable material and provides a very healthy environment
Hempcrete houses have a better and longer life than the others and gain a lot of strength over time
It absorbs the moisture and humidity within the building
One of the main reasons of using hempcrete as a construction material is because it is considered environmentally friendly and highly sustainable. It reduce the use of heating and cooling systems and reduce annual energy costs by reducing energy needs
Generally, these blocks are laid by wetting on the surface and bedded using a thin mortar of hydraulic lime and sand. They are also produced by ageing, packing and by pressing Hempcrete. A solid, lightweight, which has high insulation property material, is formed out of it called Hempcrete blocks (Cian Byrne, 2019)
It has a low carbon footprint, which makes it eco friendly and construction energy efficient.
Less construction time and reduces labour costs.
absorbs heat during the day and releases at night thereby providing energy savings.
It is reusable due to quasi-ductile behaviour.
Microbe, parasite and lightweight material.
It is not suitable for bearing direct loads due to less strength and elastic modulus, Thereby needing a frame to carry the load.
The walls of Hempcrete are thicker which can be harmful in the carpet area
Hempcrete is illegal to grow in many areas, so as this issue exists, we need to shift the planting from area to area and may need the support of authorized official to grow it legally.
The hempcrete structure setting and curing process is a negative factor. As it heavily depends on climatic conditions i.e., it is kept under sunlight for drying. Until then no further activities can be done.
The buildings in modern days are more concrete, steel and other materials, which are mined or harvested from centuries. Making concrete releases CO2, which is widely used material over the world. (N. Isaacs, 2014) A possible alternate substitute to this material similar to concrete called hempcrete. It is easier to mix lime and it will act as an insulator and moisture regulator, which lacks the brittleness as compared to Concrete. (N. Isaacs, 2014)
The run of the mill comprehensive quality is 1MPa, around 1/20 that of private evaluation concrete and with the thickness of 15% of concrete. Considering Hemp, it is harvested annually. It takes less time to grow as compared to other trees. In addition, Hemp is a low carbon footprint than any other materials used for construction. The crop absorbs Co2 gas as it grows and releases oxygen; 165 kg of carbon is absorbed and locked by 1 cubic meter of hempcrete wall. (N. Isaacs, 2014)
Hempcrete is a medium density material compared with other building materials and, in contrast to other construction material (walling) such as stone, brick or concrete, hempcrete has relatively lightweight, as it contains a lot of air. In the finished hempcrete wall, the air is not only trapped in the microscopic pore structure of the hemp shiv but also in the air channels and pockets formed by the interlocking particles of hemp shiv in the cast material (William Stanwix and Alex Sparrow, 2014)
Due to the air which trapped inside the hempcrete block provides a much better insulation than other construction material (walling)
FigureIn an investigation, it was discovered that 1 kg of Hemp shives sequesters a likeness 2.1Kg of CO2 and a utilitarian unit of measurements 1 m x 1m × 1m had the option to sequester 75.7 Kg of CO2, in this manner adding up to 25.67 kg of CO2 proportional for 1m3 of LHC.
The net outflows brought about when building an LHC timber outline structure, comprehensive of transport, development and assembling forms were found to 35.5 kg of CO2 proportionate per m3 of LHC.
The Hempcrete consists of Hemp Shives, Hydrated Lime and water. The Hempcrete is the mixture of Hemp to hydrated lime with the mass ratio of 2.15 and water to binder ratio around 1.3. Each constituent in Hempcrete will undergo its reaction with carbon such as carbonation of lime and Hemp. (N. ISAACS,2014)
Carbonation of lime: It takes place through the reaction (����)2 + ����2 → ��������3 + ��2��
The Calcium hydroxide combines with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate and water. This equation gives the estimation of carbon consumption through carbonation of binder. Around 70% of carbon will be consumed by this.
Amount carbon present in Hemp shives: For determining the percentage of CO2 in Hemp, it is essential to know the amount of carbon that hemp shive contains. The amount of carbon dioxide comes out will be equivalent to what it is consumed through the photosynthesis process.
6CO2 + 6 H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2
The carbon dioxide reacts with water to form C6H12O6. For every tom of Carbon in C6H12O6, one mole of Co2 will be consumed (N. ISAACS, 2014)
From the above images, it shows the calcium carbonate deposition on hemp particle. The outermost surface of the wall will contain more calcium carbonate and the medium surface contains less calcium carbonate and the innermost part contain a negligible amount of calcium carbonate content. Thus, the calcium carbonate present in the binder can be examined. From this, we can understand that the more CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) will result in more carbon. The use of hemp in construction is promising to radically reduce the carbon footprint of buildings. Approximately 1.8 tons of CO2 are sequestrated for 1 ton of shiv used. Approximately 1000 litres of shiv is used for one cubic meter of hempcrete and approximately 180 kg of CO2 is locked on the 1m3 hempcrete wall. Depending on the CO2
emitted for the production of binders
the carbonation of lime, 18 kg CO2 is sequestrated to one cubic meter of hempcrete
The venture was held in the year 2012 to be one of the first Hempcrete House in America. The planners and developers have foreseen an expense of around 225 dollars for every sq. ft. (J.D. Vivian, Sep8, 2018)
Plot size 15m x 30m
It is 1560 sq. Ft house with around three rooms, two showers, a kitchen and a 2 vehicle carport.
The site was situated at the focal point of the town
Pinellas county encounters tropical storms (Tarpon springs got an immediate hit from class 3 typhoon on October 25, 1921, bringing 115mph winds)
The site is additionally under the flood zone A. (J.D. Vivian, Sep8,2018)
Sometimes the site would encounter a 2” of downpour shortly, which would cause limited flooding.
The wall was made with 300mm (for R30 protection)
The roof is protected with 300mm warm hemp protection.
130 mph appraised windows for wall and rooftops would be utilized.
Hempcrete does not like to sit in water, so the house is made to sit on a piece 2’ above the ground.
Hempcrete lessens the racking activity in houses with wooden casings, which makes it stable for the region with seismic, and sea tempest action. Hempcrete is said to be non load bearing material, however, despite everything, it adds to the auxiliary quality of structures
Figure 7 Hempcrete wall while construction
Figure 8 House made up of hempcrete in Florida
(i)_Site
(iii)_Clients:
Figure 9 plan of Haverhill building project
Figure 10 Houses made up of hempcrete in Haverhill, England
At Haverhill, the mixed hemp was turned out of the mixer into a wheelbarrow. The mixer was easy to use and clean owing to the design of the paddles: unlike conventional Belle mixers where lime builds up and needs to be regularly scraped off the sides of the mixer.
From the barrow, the mix was either tipped into the shuttering via bucket or shovel, which was quite labour intensive. If the shuttering had been constructed with the furthest sheet rising higher than the nearest, then the mix could have been discharged (from the mixer or barrow) against the higher of the two sheets. This would have eliminated waste. It can be scooped up off the floor and reused if necessary but a system to reduce spillage in the first place would appear to be more efficient.
The difficulty arises at the top of the cast where it is not possible to feed the hemp mix in from above (eg internal walls) and in this case, it has to be manually cast this is possible and not particularly time-consuming but a culture shock for many builders. Once the mix is in the shuttering (to a depth of no more than 600mm arm length), it needs to be quickly and evenly spread and then lightly tamped down. This can be done with a purpose made tool of timber or metal which is sufficiently heavy for tamping without the application of unnecessary force by the user.
Many builders apply too much force when tamping because they think the material needs to be firm. It should remain relatively open and not too dense, particularly in the core, as this slows the drying process. The timber frames to the walls should be designed with long, unobstructed spaces between studs and with no horizontal obstructions (such as noggins) and floors hung inside the frame this is something which does not come naturally to builders and requires considerable forethought. The reason for omitting all horizontal obstruction is that the mix has to be pushed in under them and this can be difficult and time consuming
It was found that it is easiest to build the timber frames on the ground and rear them up in sections which are then easily joined together. The roof should be put on early in the job, but the timber frame needs temporary diagonal bracing to stabilise it until the hemp is cast. be possible to complete a lift of hemp (cast into shuttering in 600mm lifts half a sheet of ply) to one house with a gang of 3 people in one day. The shuttering is then removed (no need to wait) and lifted ready for the next days casting.
The speed of repositioning the shuttering is critical for efficient working and this often slows the rate of work.
Housing type: standalone house
by: Permastructure, Australian hemp Masonry Company
size
mass
building
300mm thick walls
and
temperatures
by using Australian hemp Masonry binder and hemp
Client’s motto:
tech high performance’,
and built to last’, yet light and airy.
cladding was used as a finish for the hempcrete.
Natural materials complement each other at Agan Chy: natural slate sills and roof covering, and lime renders or larch cladding over hempcrete.
Warm in winter and cool in summer, despite the large windows, due to hempcrete’s unique thermal performance insulation and thermal mass together with the passive solar design.
Table 1 analysis of hempcrete with various other construction material
Hempcrete is carbon negative material.
Production is less energy intensive. It has negative greenhouse gas emissions. It provides resistance, durability construction and healthy living
Hemp is cheaper and can be affordable
As compared to other material workability is better. No additional work experience /knowledge required
Diagram 4 showing hemp as a sustainable architectural material
Reduces cost of production. Reduces the building functioning cost being a thermal insulator
Extra thermal performance makes the building last longer.
Hempcrete makes the life style easier as it makes the home comfortable by keeping warm in winter and cool in summer, which helps to reduce the financial impact of fuels bits on their occupants.
The material used to build hempcrete will absorbs the carbon and releases oxygen during the lifecycle of hemp plant. SOUND PROOF
The mixture of hemp and lime results in soundproof building. Hempcrete possess high sound absorption thereby satisfying acoustics as compared to conventional buildings.
DAMP FREE It is breathable and hygroscopic (can absorb the moisture from air)
lime binder combines with hempcrete makes fire, rot and pest free makes it chemical free
Hempcrete have high thermal performance, which enables to stay warm in winters and cool in summers(A. P. A. J. L. B. Timea Bejat, 2015)
FLAMMABILITY
Hempcrete is non flammable.
The fire rate is high for hempcrete, thus it provides the protection for structural parts from fire.
HEALTHY
It is chemical-free as it doesn’t have any pesticides, moulds or releases any harmful gases and makes the people and environment to stay healthier
Energy efficient Thermal efficiency of hempcrete decreases the cost of owner’s and builders It eliminates thermal bridging
It is easier to work with hempcrete as the brittleness lacks in comparison with concrete. But it requires comparatively much time for the construction HEALTHY As Hempcrete is a carbon sequestering material, it keeps the environment healthier and decreases the carbon levels in home by keeping the occupants safe.
Table 2 factors that make hempcrete sustainable
Hempcrete is a mixture created with plant based aggregate called shive and with added binder in very different proportions. The porous structure of hemp shiv provides deforming capacity, sound absorption and hygrothermal transferability (S.Amziane and M.Sonebi, 2016)
Hemp fiberboards have a high potential for heat and sound insulation while being highly economical. It can be refined into a variety of commercial products such as paper, textile, biodegradable plastics, hemp based paints, thermal insulation, biofuel, food, and animal feed.
The composition and properties of each of its components are responsible for its thermal stability, resistance to ultraviolet radiation and biodegradation. Hemp herds are also low density, lightweight materials that also exhibit mechanical strength parameters. The significant advantage of the hemp is that it is greenhouse negative as it absorbs more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than it produces in its life cycle thereby reversing the impact of global warming primarily owing to its high cellulose content of almost 85 %.
“It has experimentally been observed that 1000 kg of hemp can sequester approximately 1500 kg of carbon dioxide” (SINGH et al, 2017)
It can be a replacement of insulation/ walling/ roofing/ flooring material depending on the composition made this research tries to put study regarding the advantages of using hemp as an architectural material and the impact of Hemp in reducing the carbon footprint
For the literature study. papers published in the last decade were selected, and a few older studies were included to examine the hempcrete in all aspects related to construction. It has been studied to investigate the relevance of resources to the subject.
Publications such books, research papers, reports and magazines used for this study were obtained from secondary databases.
is hemp
Hemp as building material.
and disadvantages of Hempcrete.
the properties of
Hempcrete
the benefits of Hempcrete
the environment?
Hemp with other construction
Through this study, we can achieve our aim of the study, objectives, scope and limitations of the research
For the case study, buildings, which are constructed in various parts of the world, are studied from the secondary database.
Analysing the parameters of the material and its contribution towards sustainability by sequestering carbon
Studying various usage of the material in different building
All the data which is collected from the literature study, research papers, and case studies were and analysed
By analyzing all the results of the study, hempcrete has a positive influence on the environment, global warming and climate changes.
Hempcrete provides comfort in the building space with better hygrometric behavior which leads to indoor air quality and a comfortable indoor microclimate at the same time
Due to its low structural strength of the Hempcrete material, it becomes incapable of bearing bigger loads, thus it limits to 2 to 3 floors
Being taboo it can used in substance abuse, thus being illegal and class A drug in many countries across the world
Hempcrete can be used to replace some traditional materials to create affordable sustainable housing.
Hempcrete has great potential as a building and construction industry
There should be certain laws to be created to encourage the usage of hempcrete in the building industry and contractors should be encouraged. As the usage of hempcrete in India is still in the research stages and expected to increase its usage in the country.
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(Cian Byrne, 2019) ”the UK extract”2019
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Department of Civil Engineering, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
