Resilient Junctions

Resilient Junctions

Leveraging Rail Towards Resilient Appalachian Futures.

Jakob Mikres | Arch 478R | Fall 2023

index:

09

I: Abstract

11

II: Allies

21

III: Territory

29

IV: Policy Framework

37

V: Reversing Extractive Economies

59

VI: Eliminating Absentee Ownership

105

VII: Infrastructural Self-Determination

117

VIII: Unifying The Region

128

IX: Reviving Generational Land Knowledge

137

X: Implementation + Timeline

141

XI: Afterword: Reflecting on an Agenda

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XII: Appendix - Endnotes + Bibliography + Image Credits

I:

Abstract

Positioning + Key Issues.

ABSTRACT

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Resilient Junctions explores how railroad infrastructure can be leveraged and modulated through monumental policy to transfigure the political and economic schemas orbiting it towards resilient futures. The project explores how design and representation can effectively communicate and lobby for change at the regional scale. The project assembles a pseuo-congressional policy to operate within: The Appalachian Climate Rail Corps, a New Deal infusion into the region, and explores how this policy could shape the infrastructure of Appalachia’s built environment towards climate-charged, resilient outcomes. The project documents and explores design possibilities relating to five key issues orbiting Appalachian infrastructure to be addressed through policy: Extractive Industry, Absentee Ownership, Infrastructural Self-Determination, A Unified Region, and Generational Land Knowledge. Each of these sub-topics are drawn from extensive research on the regions pressing challenges and unique values, and in this work, radical alternatives are proposed, each offering unique representational approaches to how policy can be communicated to the public. Ultimately, the work is about addressing systemic issues of infrastructure through policy, and how broader agendas can be inserted into monumental policy through a multiplicity of representations, exploring the possibility within each.

The project aims to explore how the intersection of railroads, transit, political and economic conceptions can be upended, tampered, or misused from a system of absentee abstraction to a system of regionally centered, resilient futures. That a system of industrial manipulation will be repurposed to embrace an alternative future of infrastructural self determination. A new value structure rooted in land-based futures is imposed on an infrastructural territory of exploitation. Land is seen as a valuable sociotechnical structure to society and sustainable economies.

PROTO-THEMES

1. Re-using Rail: In a climate-charged future, scavenging the system of railroads to produce a new system of settlement in a climate refuge rural Appalachia.

2. Redistributing Ownership: Abolishing rail corporations and distributing rail rights of way to residents of Appalachia... How could this create opportunities along rights of way?

3. Reversing Value Structures: Reversing extraction to adapt to a

Appalachia.

5. Mobile Economies: Re-introducing nonresidential migratory economies through faction-like sequestration guilds, connected by a closed-system transitory network that stays in Appalachia. Exploring how a future in Appalachia can move away from mono-economies and embrace nonresidential economic mobility like in its pre-industrial fabric.

6. Infinite Loop: Re-fabricating the rails of Appalachia into a closed infinite loop, providing universal services throughout the isolated zones of Appalachia.

7. Appalachian Corridor: Government retains ownership of rail lines and develops passenger corridor through region.

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system of land-based economies and futures in climate sequestration and forestry.

4. Retooling Arterial Micro-Settlements: Retooling the railway network to serve as a connector between the micro-settlements of rural

key issues:

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Extractive Economies

Absentee Ownership

Appala Voi

achian ices

9

Unifying A Region

Land Knowledge

II:

Allies

Creative + Intellectual Work.

12 [1] Mapping Exercise. Great Lakes Megaregion. Infra Eco Logi Urbanism. RVTR.

Infra Eco Logi Urbanism Design research examining urban systems at the scale of a megaregion. Extensive cartographic geospatial analysis is graphically presented and ultimately compiled into a public exhibition. Develops a design proposition towards resilient regional infrastructure. “By working through ecological and systems-based approaches within the infrastructure and logistics dominated hybrid urban territories, that new largescale architectures and systems can be designed to take a more active role in transforming the future of urbanism, settlement patterns, and metropolitan life.” Graphic representation of maps, photography, renderings, writing.

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II: Allies

[2] Parcels Laid out by Deed Number and Outline, Gordon Matta Clark. Guggenheim.

Gordon Matta Clark - Fake Estates Documentation of an array of unusual sites in exhibition format.

Engages with graphic qualities of deeds and parcels, mapping, photographic documentation and other mediums. Captures relationships between isolated unusual sites and others.

Presents sites as a sum of parts, revealing unusual aspects of greater land fabrics.

14 [3] Pamphlet Design. Epa Graphic Standards System. 1970.

EPA Graphic Standards System - 1977 In the 70’s in order to give life to the newly created EPA, the government sought out Chermayeff & Geismar to design one of the most foundational graphic design standards ever created.

The EPA’s top priority was consolidating numerous state offices to more efficiently carry out its goal of “working for a cleaner, healthier environment for the American people.” But their graphic design and communications department was terribly inefficient. Millions of dollars were being wasted annually due to nonstandarized formats, inefficient processes and almost everything being designed from scratch.

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II: Allies

[4] Closed Worlds Exhibition. Storefront for Art & Architecture. 2016.

Closed Worlds - Lydia Kallipoliti Interactive hybrid digital / analog exhibition exploring prototypical closed resource systems, and addressing issues of global warming, recycling, and sustainability as concepts related to the study and analysis of closed systems.

Print Publication + Digital Media + Print Exhibition. Highly interactive. Addresses prototypical responses to key societal issues.

16 [5] National Industrial Recovery Act. National Archives.

National Industrial Recovery Act (1933) Policy Document. Print. The National Industrial Recovery Act helped pave the way for the format and policy agendas of monumental federal government projects in the United States. The narrative and format specifically set a standard for enforcement and delegation of a larger national agenda, and define the methods and means for achieving it.

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II: Allies

[6] Mapping Regional Zones in West Virginia. Appalachia Rising. Credit: Merritt Chase.

Appalachia Rising A report showcasing land-based projects in Appalachia actively shaping the future of the region, and showcasing voices from the future of Appalachia. Highlights historic exploitation, land reclamation, Appalachian Identity, Recreation, Food Justice, and Youth Education. Media includes documentary film, essays, renderings and other creative work by an all-woman group of professionals engaging in Appalachia.

18 [7] Infrastructure Documentation Composition. Museum of Modern Art.

Bernd + Hilla Becher Photographic work documenting instances of post-industrial fabric in ensembles of typologies. Focus on disappearing industrial structures and their relation to modernity. serial approach to documentation draws line between documentary and fine art photography.

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II: Allies

[8] Demolished Rail Infrastructure. Western North Carolina. Looking at Appalachia

Looking at Appalachia Online gallery collection photographically documenting the fabric of Appalachia in infrastructure and portrait. Offering honest counterpoints to stereotypes of rural poverty instated by Lyndon B. Johnson’s War on Poverty..

III:

The Territory Defining Site.

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III: The Territory

The Network scale seeks to understand the greater spatial and temporal impacts of absentee ownership and corporate lands at the scale of the regional rail network - seeking opportunities for misuse and the reconnection of forgotten nodes.

The settlement scale seeks to understand the relationship between the rail and its communities, what’s left, and what can be disrupted. This will require the selection of one or more towns of study.

The Line scale seeks to understand the connection of the landscape and the sequentiality of the rail lines at the train scale in relation to time.

The Body scale aims to understand “trainness”, its embodied nature, and how it can be reimagined. All of these scales become distinct but connected terrains for exploration, and a boundary for spatial reimagination and disruption.

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The project territory is not the region of Appalachia in itself, but is rather focused on the condition of infrastructural demarcations (rail lines, railroad towns, industrial parcels) owned by the two rail corporations in the region, CSX and Norfolk Southern, and the adjacent industrial owners. The site condition outlined in the project will be the assets of these corporations, in addition to previous assets now sold off since the decline of industry - forming a foundation for speculation on their reuse and re-ownership. The project, however, will not operate solely at a regional scale, but at four different potential scales, creating unique “sites” of speculation: the network, the settlement, the line, and the body.

the region.

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the territory.

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IV:

The Framework

A Monumental Policy for More.

A Policy Framework for Creative Opportunities The framework of Resilient Junctions exists along the boundary of congressional policy and design agency. Appalachia is a megaregion with a long history of industrial exploitation, a history of political exploitation, and a future that is presently in jeopardy. The voices of the people rise above this, though, and dozens of groups are currently researching and publishing data and surveys on how Appalachian’s envision the future of the region through sources like “Appalachia Rising”, “Looking at Appalachia”, “Appalachia New Deal”, and “Green New Deal Appalachia” While it is clear that many voices in the region are adamantly advocating for land-based, resilient futures, the reality is something bigger has to change for key issues in Appalachia to be solved.

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The biggest sign of change is infrastructure reform, and at that an opportunity for billions of federal dollars to support a dying region. Presently, the conversation largely centers around embracing rail infrastructure. President Joe Biden has made a large commitment to rail infrastructure in partnership with Amtrak, and as of December 2023, over 8.2 billion dollars has been allocated to public and private partners to expand rail infrastructure in the U.S.1 Simultaneously, a climate-charged future is demanding energy reform, and Appalachians are interested to offer. Several groups are proposing a Green New Deal for Appalachia, with an emphasis on the region’s unique potential for renewable generation and carbon sequestration. The region has an amazing history of monumental federal policy and legislation: The Tennessee Valley Authority and the Civilian Conservation Corps to name a few...

Presently, more than ever, there exists an opportunity to embrace rail reform as an opportunity for monumental policy, and as a means to a Green New Deal for Appalachia, and a siphen by which to address key research issues in the region.

My project designs a policy framework, through the rail reform presently taking place, that aims to inject the key issues of the region into the promise of infrastructure reform: The Appalachian Climate Rail Corps.

The Appalachian Railroad Civilian Climate Corps Act of 2024

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IV: The Framework

One-Hundred-and-Seventeenth Congress of the United States of America In the First Session, Begun and held at the City of Washington on Thursday, the Ninth day of March, Two Thousand and Twenty-Four An Act To build a resilient Appalachian region for a climate challenged future through the creation of a national corps tasked with the creation of resilient, green infrastructure for the good of the United States, its allies, and humanity.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress Assembled 32

Section 1: Title Declaration of Policy: This seminal legislation shall be titled as the “Appalachian Rail Climate Corps Act of 2023,” a modern echo of the transformative spirit that fueled the New Deal, aimed at reshaping the destiny of Appalachia through sustainable rejuvenation and empowerment.

Section 2: Purpose In homage to the indomitable spirit of Appalachia, this comprehensive legislative framework seeks to give rise to the Appalachian Climate Rail Corps (ACRC).

As a contemporary heir to the New Deal legacy, the ACRC is entrusted with a multifaceted mission that extends beyond environmental remediation—it aspires to catalyze a profound shift in the economic, social, and cultural fabric of the region. By dismantling extractive economies, eradicating absentee ownership, and empowering local communities, the ACRC will enable communities to shape their destinies sustainably.

IV: The Framework Section 3: Appalachian Climate Rail Corps (ACRC) Creation (a) The ACRC, positioned as a cornerstone within the Department of Transportation, shall be entrusted with a nuanced and expansive mission, echoing the multifaceted approach of the New Deal: i. Reversing Extractive Economies: - Employing a strategic and systematic approach, the ACRC shall leverage the existing rail infrastructure to facilitate sustainable practices in renewable energy production. This shall include harnessing the power of solar, wind, and geothermal resources, echoing the expansive public works initiatives of the New Deal.

ii. Eliminating Absentee Ownership: - Recognizing absentee ownership as a historical impediment, the ACRC will embark on diplomatic negotiations with corporations to acquire absentee land and rail rights of way, drawing inspiration from the land resettlement initiatives of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).

- Major stakeholders, including corporate giants like CSX and Norfolk Southern, will be engaged in a spirit of public-private collaboration to facilitate the strategic redistribution of acquired land and rail rights, breathing life into regional resilience, self-determination, and a revitalized local economy. iii. Infrastructural Self-Determination: - Recognizing the intrinsic value of community engagement, the ACRC shall institute an inclusive and grassroots renaissance. This echoes the spirit of the Civil Works Administration (CWA), empowering Appalachian residents to actively participate in shaping the development of existing rights of way, vacant land, and infrastructure.

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- Initiatives shall extend beyond economic revitalization; idle rights of way and industrial sites along rail lines shall be transformed into dynamic hubs of employment, fostering diversity across a spectrum of green industries reminiscent of the New Deal’s Public Works Administration.

- Mechanisms shall be established to ensure ongoing community involvement and representation in decision-making processes, fostering a sense of ownership and agency among local populations similar to the New Deal’s emphasis on community empowerment. iv. Sustainable Appalachian Rail Corridor with High-Speed Passenger Rail: - Channeling the vision of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), the ACRC will architect a new Appalachian rail corridor along existing rights of way. This corridor shall transcend mere functionality, serving as a conduit for sustainable transit, job creation, and economic revitalization.

- The inclusion of high-speed passenger rail aims to modernize transportation, facilitating swift and efficient connectivity, much like the transformative impact of the New Deal’s emphasis on infrastructure development.

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v. Reviving Generational Land Knowledge: - In the spirit of the New Deal’s commitment to education, the ACRC shall establish a comprehensive mobile education division along rail lines to impart knowledge on sustainable land subsistence, encompassing agriculture, land management, and environmental stewardship.

- The democratization of land knowledge will be achieved through innovative educational content, ensuring communal accountability for the future well-being of Appalachia, echoing the educational initiatives of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) era.

Section 4: Funding (a) Recognizing the magnitude of the task at hand, an allocation of $40 billion for the fiscal year 2024, with robust provisions for subsequent years, shall fortify the ACRC’s transformative endeavors. (b) These funds, meticulously managed, shall be disbursed to maximize their impact on the revitalization and sustainability of the Appalachian region.

Transparency and accountability in fund utilization shall remain paramount,

IV: The Framework mirroring the fiduciary responsibility embraced during the New Deal era.

Section 5: Reporting and Oversight (a) The ACRC, committed to transparency, shall submit comprehensive and regular progress reports to Congress, mirroring the transparency initiatives of the New Deal era, providing a transparent and detailed account of its initiatives, accomplishments, and challenges. (b) Rigorous oversight by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) shall be woven into the fabric of this legislative endeavor, ensuring the judicious and effective utilization of allocated funds. This commitment aligns with the broader principles of fiscal responsibility and programmatic success, akin to the oversight mechanisms established during the New Deal.

This legislative charter shall stand as a catalyst for 40 years from the date of its enactment. An iterative evaluative process will shape the continued evolution and significance of the ACRC in the Appalachian narrative, reflecting the endurance and adaptability inherent in New Deal policies.

Section 7: Definitions For the explicit purpose of this Act, “Appalachia” inclusively refers to the states of Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.

Section 8: Enactment With calculated grace and strategic timing, this legislative decree shall come into effect 90 days post-enactment, heralding a transformative chapter in the Appalachian story, akin to the sweeping changes initiated by the New Deal.

This expansive legislative proposal endeavors to encapsulate modernity and progressivism into the Appalachian narrative, with a keen emphasis on the integration of solar, wind, and geothermal resources in shaping the region’s green industries.

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Section 6: Sunset Provision

Extractive Economies

Absentee Ownership

Appalachian Voices

Unifying A Region

Land Knowledge

V:

Reversing Extractive Economies Imposing New Value Structures.

THE EXTRACTIVE COMPLEX

Since the beginnings of industrial Appalachia in the 1850s, work in Appalachia, and land itself has been about one thing: extraction - sucking the land and its people dry of their precious resources, and exporting them outside of the region, with no regard for the land or its people. These extractive monoeconomies are entirely dependent on industries like timber, fur, and coal, and perpetuate boom, bust cycles of poverty so present through Appalachia.2 The history of railroads in Appalachia reflect this. Rail as a system in Appalachia was never really about moving people or goods from point to point, but rather a system of interdependent components formulated by the largest corporations of the day for extracting value from dependent, colonial hinterlands.3 38

Regional economic activity came into conformity with the hierarchical structure of transportation routes. The social life of commerce reflected the need to inject human activity into the structure that the railroad and coal companies (often one and the same) had specified. The network of coal towns along the railroad - their location, spacing, number, and dates of founding were largely the incidental results of decisions railroad managers made on how best to protect their business.4 The limits were reached in the early decades of the twentieth century when the railroad plans overreached what was economically viable in a region of sparse settlement, and a bust of the coal industry - resulting in the abandonment of services, and the isolation of communities. Clearly the boom and bust extractive economies have led to the destruction of the region, and a change is needed, where resources stay in Appalachia for Appalachia.

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V: Reversing Extractive Economies

[9] Mountain Removal Coal Extraction. Looking at Appalachia.

MAPPING RESOURCE SHEDS

As a method of investigatory research, I became interested in geospatial data analytics, and how these can communicate the relationship between rail infrastructure and extraction, in addition to its relationship to other systems of life in Appalachia.

Utilizing data from The U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. Census Bureau, Department of Transportation, Appalachian Land Survey, United States Department of Agriculture and various local and state agencies, I began analyzing geospatial data in the region in relationship to railroad rights of way to try to understand the relationship between extraction and rail infrastructure.

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The result, a series of following maps, illustrate the issues at play with extractive economies, and their geospatial relationship to infrastructure (notably railroads) in the region.

The analysis reveals the high correlation between rail rights of way, resource-based extraction, land degradation, environmental hazards, and rural poverty, and shows the stark role extractive land use has on preventing progress for Appalachians.

The exercise presents a need for a new way, and an obvious fabric connecting it: rail. Going forward, I am interested in continuing this representative exhibition further through a larger series of geospatial data analysis and representational maps that not only show the current conditions, but radical possibilities for resilient Appalachian futures.

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V: Reversing Extractive Economies

[10] Extractive Quarry in Western North Carolina. Looking at Appalachia.

the network.

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the geoshed.

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the enviroshed.

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the enviroshed.

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the medished.

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the electrished.

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the potentished.

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radical possibilities...

surface mining site

56 [11] Activist Larry Gibson looking over a ridge at the Kayford Mountain mountaintop removal site in 2010. Photo Credit: Kate Wellington,

BEFORE: EXTRACTIVE Extractive sites are presently environmentally decimated.

Patterns of strip coal mining have destroyed forestry, soil nutrients, and exacerbated siltation of soils and acid rain as a result of pyrite oxidation. With the exception of rail rights of way passing through, these sites remain highly disconnected environmental slums of a region.

high-speed rail (passenger + ACRR use)

forestry division carbon sequestration

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reclaimed surface mines

[12] Reimagining mountaintop removal sites + rights of way via a rail climate corps.

Collage. Author. Base Image: Merritt Chase.

FUTURE: REGENERATIVE By utilizing rail rights of way and adding additional connections, rails can bring teams of sequestration and renewable specialists into hard-to-reach surface mine sites, restoring landscapes, creating jobs and opportunity, all the while constructing a scenic passenger rail line through the region.

Extractive Economies

Absentee Ownership

Appalachian Voices

Unifying A Region

Land Knowledge

VI:

Eliminating Absentee Ownership Towards a Localized Region.

ABSENTEE APPALACHIA One of the key issues persisting today in the Appalachian region, largely along rails and industrial corridors is the prevalence of absentee land ownership in the region. Approximately 47% of all land today in Appalachia is owned by corporations run outside of the region.5 Furthermore, rail rights of way are one of the largest corporately owned rights of way and are hard to quantify in terms of land disturbance.

In 1925, nearly 87% of all towns in Appalachia were privately run by corporations outside the region.6 These groups drained wealth through exploitative economic systems like the Scripps system in company towns, and increased dependence on extractive economic means.

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The railroads role in this nightmare is hard to quantify. Starting in the 1880’s, in an effort to connect the United States, its people, and industries, the U.S. offered a system of land grants, providing over 187 million acres to corporations in a checkerboard pattern for free or bargain prices in return for development of homesteads and infrastructure.7 Capitalist Investors in New York and Pennsylvania who developed Railroads saw this as a means to acquire resources through a variety of non-rail assets including coal companies, mines, amusement parks, railroad towns, warehouses, industrial warehouses, and industrial parks developed on this free land.8 Much of this land lies in the Appalachian region, but is difficult to quantify today, and much of the land contained some of the richest resource value. This land was granted to railroad companies, many of whom had resource and coal sister-companies, most of which in Appalachia became railroad towns, mines, and other industrial uses.

Today, nearly all rail lines are owned by two remnant corporations, CSX, and Norfolk Southern and much of the surrounding land remains largely in the hands of privately owned resource corporations, railroads, and other industrial entities and continues to drain resources and territorial connection from the region.

VI: Eliminating Absentee Ownership

“The United States does not grant millions of acres to an oil company known as Northern Pacific, to a mining company known as Northern Pacific, to a timber company known as Northern Pacific. The lands were to construct a railroad and keep it in working order”

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-Senator Lee Metcalf, North Dakota

[13] Absentee Land Ownership Data. West Virginia. Appalachian Fellows Ownership Study. 2019.

VISUALIZING ABSENTEE LAND: BUCHANAN COUNTY, VA

As an exploration of the impact and types of absentee land in Appalachia, I became interested in visualizing absentee land as a method for understanding its characteristics, sizes, ownership in relation to one another, and also as a means to illustrate the issue representationally. Inspired by Gordon Matta Clark’s “Fake Estates” , I set off to document absentee land in Appalachia.

I quickly became aware of how challenging it was to find data on the hundreds of thousands of parcels in Appalachia, and therefore decided to narrow down to a specific county in the region, one that would have documented data on Absentee land.

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Using data from the Appalachian Land Study, I decided to evaluate the county of Buchanan, Virginia, a small county in Western Virginia with a long history of extractive resource use and infrastructure well documented in terms of ownership. From this, I analyzed all nearly 300 absentee owned parcels ranging from 0.29 to over 5,000 acres on the following spreads.

The collection, organized by relative size, captures the strange austerity of the parcels, their borders, and illustrates the mass of absentee land in just a single slice of Appalachia. It also reveals the use of much of this land - owned by resource extraction corporations, with many bordering railroad lines.

While the data is limited, needs further documentation, and isn’t able to fully capture rail rights of way ownership, it is a start towards illustrating the issue of land ownership in the region, and serves as a template of method for how I may investigate and illustrate absentee land ownership going forward.

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VI: Eliminating Absentee Ownership

Absentee Owned Mountaintop Removal Site. Buchanan County, VA.

visualizing absentee land

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01

02

03

04

Parcel # 3975 Owner: Norfolk Southern Rail Co. AC: 4.06

Parcel # 21589 Owner: Norfolk Southern Rail AC: 2.06

Parcel # 20244 Owner: Pocahontas Coal Co. AC: 160.79

Parcel # 20244-2 Owner: Pocahontas Coal Co. AC: 142

Value: $4,100

Value: $22,400

Value: $81,000

Value: $67,000

09

10

11

12

Parcel # 20248 Owner: Pocahontas Coal Co. AC: 50.1

Parcel # 20249 Owner: Pocahontas Coal Co. AC: 78.0

Parcel # 20250 Owner: Pocahontas Coal Co. AC: 55.6

Parcel # 20305 Owner: Pocahontas Coal Co. AC: 1.0

Value: $25,500

Value: $39,000

Value: $27,800

Value: $6,000

06

07

08

Parcel # 20245 Owner: Pocahontas Coal Co. AC: 90.0

Parcel # 20246 Owner: Pocahontas Coal Co. AC: 56.40

Parcel # 20246 Owner: Pocahontas Coal Co. AC: 56.4

Parcel # 20247 Owner: Pocahontas Coal Co. AC: 198.0

Value: $45,000

Value: $28,200

Value: $28,200

Value: $99,000

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14

15

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Parcel # 5074 Owner: Dotson Rail Co. AC: 10.0

Parcel # 20487 Owner: Pocahontas Coal Co. AC: 8.97

Parcel # 12004 Owner: Norfolk Southern Rail AC: 4.0

Parcel # 20243 Owner: Pocahontas Coal Co. AC: 93.45

Value: $8,800

Value: $4,500

Value: $2,000

Value: $46,700

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05

visualizing absentee land

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19

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Parcel # 1940 Owner: CM Land and Coal Co. AC: 439.0

Parcel # 1941 Owner: CM Land and Coal Co. AC: 495.69

Parcel # 312 CNX Gas Co. AC: 50.0

Parcel # 1958 Owner: CM Land and Coal Co. AC: 197.67

Value: $36,100

Value: $248,300

Value: $25,000

Value: $43,400

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26

27

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Parcel # 2500 Owner: CNX Gas Co. AC: 16.25

Parcel # 2550 Owner: CNX Gas Co. AC: 16.5

Parcel # 23717 Owner: Tug Fork Holdings AC: 129.41

Parcel # 2916 Owner: CNX Gas Co. AC: 135.87

Value: $8,100

Value: $8,300

Value: $77,600

Value: $67,900

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23

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Parcel # 715 Owner: CNX Gas Co. AC: 113.0

Parcel # 23718 Owner: Tug Fork Holdings AC: 110.87

Parcel # 1861 Owner: CNX Land LLC. AC: 246.0

Parcel # 2081 Owner: CNX Gas Co. AC: 51.82

Value: $56,500

Value: $66,500

Value: $123,000

Value: $25,900

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Parcel # 3068 Owner: CNX Gas Co. AC: 32.83

Parcel # 1944 Owner: CM Land and Coal Co. AC: 423.5

Parcel # 3658 Owner: CNX Gas Co. AC: 6.0

Parcel # 3708 Owner: CNX Gas Co. AC: 85.0

Value: $23,900

Value: $211,800

Value: $37,100

Value: $42,500

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visualizing absentee land

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Parcel # 4172 Owner: CNX Gas Co. AC: 5.0

Parcel # 4366 Owner: CNX Gas Co. AC: 220.73

Parcel # 5204 Owner: CNX Gas Co. AC: 34.0

Parcel # 5633 Owner: CNX Gas Co. AC: 29.5

Value: $2,500

Value: $110,300

Value: $17,000

Value: $20,300

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Parcel # 5920 Owner: CNX Land, LLC. AC: 51.0

Parcel # 5921 Owner: CNX Land, LLC AC: 3.05

Parcel # 5923 Owner: CNX Land, LLC AC: 1.75

Parcel # 6042 Owner: CNX Land, LLC AC: 100.0

Value: $25,500

Value: $1,500

Value: $1,400

Value: $50,000

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Parcel # 5754 Owner: CNX Gas Co. AC: 30.0

Parcel # 5755 Owner: CNX Gas Co. AC: 34.0

Parcel # 5916 Owner: CNX Land, LLC AC: 90.0

Parcel # 5919 Owner: CNX Land, LLC AC: 39.95

Value: $15,000

Value: $17,000

Value: $45,000

Value: $19,000

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Parcel # 6045 Owner: CNX Land, LLC AC: 0.75

Parcel # 6068 Owner: CNX Land, LLC AC: 25.0

Parcel # 6106 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 2530.82

Parcel # 6106-2 Owner: CNX Gas Co. AC: 2721.0

Value: $500

Value: $12,500

Value: $1,283,400

Value: $1,431,000

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visualizing absentee land

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Parcel # 6106-3 Owner: CNX Gas Co. AC: 124.0

Parcel # 6108 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 2.0

Parcel # 6113 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 1142.74

Parcel # 6114 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 1816,6

Value: $231,000

Value: $4,500

Value: $568,700

Value: $908,300

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Parcel # 6118 Owner: CNX Gas Co, LLC AC: 11.8

Parcel # 6132 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 8.88

Parcel # 6132-2 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 8.88

Parcel # 6133 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 51,41

Value: $5,900

Value: $4,400

Value: $4,400

Value: $25,700

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Parcel # 6114-2 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 1816,6

Parcel # 6114-3 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 1816,6

Parcel # 6114-4 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 1816,6

Parcel # 6117 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 1258.54

Value: $908,300

Value: $908,300

Value: $908,300

Value: $629,300

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Parcel # 6134 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 100.0

Parcel # 6135 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 137.46

Parcel # 6136 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 221.81

Parcel # 6140 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 1221.0

Value: $50,000

Value: $68,700

Value: $110,900

Value: $610,500

71

53

visualizing absentee land

72

65

66

67

68

Parcel #6141 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 16.11

Parcel # 6142 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 528.21

Parcel # 6143 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 461.61

Parcel # 6144 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 439.0

Value: $8,100

Value: $264,100

Value: $230,800

Value: $219,500

73

74

75

76

Parcel # 6150 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 94.23

Parcel # 6151 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 87.5

Parcel # 6152 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 86.1

Parcel # 6154 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 80.9

Value: $47,100

Value: $43,800

Value: $43,100

Value: $40,500

70

71

72

Parcel # 6145 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 211.0

Parcel # 6146 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 402.58

Parcel # 6146-2 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 402.58

Parcel # 6149 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 94.23

Value: $105,500

Value: $201,300

Value: $201,300

Value: $47,100

77

78

79

80

Parcel # 6155 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 54.0

Parcel # 6155 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 54.0

Parcel # 6156 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 15.0

Parcel # 6156-2 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 15.0

Value: $27,000

Value: $27,000

Value: $7,500

Value: $7,500

73

69

visualizing absentee land

74

81

82

83

84

Parcel # 6158 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 32.44

Parcel # 6161 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 22.5

Parcel # 6162 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 11.4

Parcel # 6164 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 4.0

Value: $16,200

Value: $11,300

Value: $5,700

Value: $2,000

89

90

91

92

Parcel # 6255 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 125.8

Parcel # 6567 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 5.0

Parcel # 6715 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 4.74

Parcel # 6921 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 10.0

Value: $63,100

Value: $2,500

Value: $3,000

Value: $5,000

86

87

88

Parcel # 6172 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 47.49

Parcel # 6174 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 5.32

Parcel # 6175 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 58.98

Parcel # 6176 Owner: CNX Gas Co, LLC AC: 178.35

Value: $23,700

Value: $2,700

Value: $29,500

Value: $89,200

93

94

95

96

Parcel # 7448 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 16.0

Parcel # 7451 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 51.5

Parcel # 7451-2 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 51.5

Parcel # 7453 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 40.0

Value: $8,000

Value: $25,800

Value: $25,800

Value: $20,000

75

85

visualizing absentee land

76

97

98

99

100

Parcel # 7454 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 65.0

Parcel # 7456 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 20.2

Parcel # 7457 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 26.7

Parcel # 7458 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 43,3

Value: $32,500

Value: $10,100

Value: $13,400

Value: $21,700

105

106

107

108

Parcel # 7477 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 16.0

Parcel # 7478 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 14.0

Parcel # 7482 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 51.5

Parcel # 7490 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 19.0

Value: $8,000

Value: $7,000

Value: $25,800

Value: $9,500

102

103

104

Parcel # 6460 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 20.0

Parcel # 7462 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 23,0

Parcel # 7468 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 30.56

Parcel # 7474 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 0.29

Value: $10,000

Value: $11,500

Value: $15,300

Value: $7,000

109

110

111

112

Parcel # 7492 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 25.0

Parcel # 7493 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 25.0

Parcel # 7495 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 25.0

Parcel # 7496 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 10.0

Value: $12,500

Value: $12,500

Value: $12,500

Value: $5,000

77

101

visualizing absentee land

78

113

114

115

116

Parcel # 7498 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 17.0

Parcel # 7498-2 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 17.0

Parcel # 7498-3 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 17.0

Parcel # 7500 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 10.5

Value: $8,500

Value: $8,500

Value: $8,500

Value: $5,300

121

122

123

124

Parcel # 7833 Owner: CNX Land Co. LLC AC: 0.61

Parcel # 7841 Owner: CNX Land Co. LLC AC: 34.0

Parcel # 7843 Owner: CNX Land Co. LLC AC: 38.95

Parcel # 7857 Owner: CNX Land Co. LLC AC: 1.0

Value: $1,000

Value: $17,000

Value: $20,000

Value: $1,000

118

119

120

Parcel # 7810 Owner: CNX Land Co. AC: 25.0

Parcel # 7813 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 3.37

Parcel # 7821 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 0.28

Parcel # 7825 Owner: CNX Land Co. AC: 74.78

Value: $12,500

Value: $6,700

Value: $600

Value: $37,400

125

126

127

128

Parcel # 7858 Owner: CNX Land Co. LLC AC: 2.0

Parcel # 7872 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 1.63

Parcel # 7879 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 20.0

Parcel # 7881 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 287.0

Value: $1,000

Value: $1,600

Value: $10,000

Value: $143,500

79

117

visualizing absentee land

80

129

130

131

132

Parcel # 7965 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 56.03

Parcel # 8098 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC. AC: 113.19

Parcel # 8261 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 4.37

Parcel # 8736 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 16.5

Value: $28,000

Value: $56,600

Value: $2,200

Value: $8,300

137

138

139

140

Parcel # 10075 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 320.0

Parcel # 10095 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 75.0

Parcel # 10491 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 37.41

Parcel # 11075 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 58.0

Value: $160,000

Value: $37,500

Value: $18,700

Value: $29,000

134

135

136

Parcel # 8738 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 19.55

Parcel # 8911 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 61.0

Parcel # 8924 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 0.5

Parcel # 9908 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 15.0

Value: $9,800

Value: $27,000

Value: $500

Value: $7,500

141

142

143

144

Parcel # 11168 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 23.0

Parcel # 11563 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 2.0

Parcel # 11564 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: .057

Parcel # 11565 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 33.0

Value: $11,500

Value: $1,000

Value: $10,000

Value: $16,500

81

133

visualizing absentee land

82

145

146

147

148

Parcel # 11566 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 29.0

Parcel # 11623 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 1.0

Parcel # 12601 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 111.87

Parcel # 12601-2 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 111.87

Value: $14,500

Value: $2,500

Value: $61,400

Value: $61,400

153

154

155

156

Parcel # 13860 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 8.0

Parcel # 13876 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 30.0

Parcel # 14664 Owner: Donald Shortridge AC: 54.5

Parcel # 14822 Owner: CNX Land Co. AC: 1.0

Value: $4,000

Value: $36,000

Value: $27,300

Value: $1,500

150

151

152

Parcel # 12603 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 11.05

Parcel # 12740 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 86.32

Parcel # 12740-2 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 86.32

Parcel # 12966 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 0.65

Value: $20,100

Value: $43,200

Value: $43,200

Value: $7,300

157

158

159

160

Parcel # 15228 Owner: CNX Gas Co. AC: 50.0

Parcel # 15234 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 72.0

Parcel # 16258 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 114.98

Parcel # 16660 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 3.0

Value: $25,000

Value: $36,000

Value: $57,500

Value: $1,500

83

149

visualizing absentee land

84

161

162

163

164

Parcel # 16768 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 0.37

Parcel # 16938 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 80.0

Parcel # 17335 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 80.0

Parcel # 17327 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 6.52

Value: $6,000

Value: $40,000

Value: $40,000

Value: $3,300

169

170

171

172

Parcel # 17486 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 57.5

Parcel # 17771 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 5.0

Parcel # 17960 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 3.0

Parcel # 18118 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 70.0

Value: $28,800

Value: $2,500

Value: $4,800

Value: $70,000

166

167

168

Parcel # 17334 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 65.0

Parcel # 17337 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 171.0

Parcel # 17485 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 62.0

Parcel # 17485-2 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 62.0

Value: $32,500

Value: $85,500

Value: $31,000

Value: $31,000

173

174

175

176

Parcel # 18339 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 32.4

Parcel # 19360 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 69.66

Parcel # 19626 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 43.27

Parcel # 20253 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 1144.87

Value: $16,200

Value: $41,000

Value: $21,600

Value: $572,600

85

165

visualizing absentee land

86

177

178

179

180

Parcel # 20254 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 598.34

Parcel # 20256 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 259.77

Parcel # 20567 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 6.8

Parcel # 20568 Owner: CNX Land LLC AC: 0.63

Value: $299,200

Value: $168,800

Value: $136,000

Value: $300

185

186

187

188

Parcel # 21715 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 125.16

Parcel # 21715-2 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 125.16

Parcel # 22099 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 50.1

Parcel # 22266 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 20.52

Value: $62,600

Value: $62,600

Value: $25,100

Value: $10,300

182

183

184

Parcel # 21425 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 554.89

Parcel # 21426 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 86.74

Parcel # 21427 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 913.36

Parcel # 21519 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 0.34

Value: $277,400

Value: $43,400

Value: $456,700

Value: $500

189

190

191

192

Parcel # 22439 Owner: CNX Gas Co. LLC AC: 29.5

Parcel # 7 Owner: Consol Buchanan Mine AC: 45.0

Parcel # 2974 Owner: Consol Buchanan Mine AC: 36.54

Parcel # 4324 Owner: Consol Buchanan Mine AC: 9.0

Value: $14,800

Value: $22,500

Value: $18,300

Value: $4,500

87

181

visualizing absentee land

88

193

194

195

196

Parcel # 4325 Owner: Consol Buchanan Mine AC: 18.0

Parcel # 11167 Owner: Consol Buchanan Mine AC: 33.0

Parcel # 11902 Owner: Consol Buchanan Mine AC: 35.0

Parcel # 13872 Owner: Consol Buchanan Mine AC: 246.0

Value: $9,000

Value: $16,500

Value: $17,500

Value: $130,500

201

202

203

204

Parcel # 16401 Owner: JOD Mineral Properties AC: 10.0

Parcel # 20440 Owner: Penn Virginia Coal Co. AC: 11.5

Parcel # 6718 Owner: Penn Virginia Coal Co. AC: 636.0

Parcel # 19648 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 69.74

Value: $11,400

Value: $5,800

Value: $318,000

Value: $34,900

198

199

200

Parcel #4003 Owner: JOD Mineral Properties AC: 171.89

Parcel # 8002 Owner: JOD Mineral Properties AC: 143.0

Parcel # 15196 Owner: JOD Mineral Properties AC: 30.0

Parcel # 15197 Owner: JOD Mineral Properties AC: 313.33

Value: $85,900

Value: $71,500

Value: $15,000

Value: $156,700

205

206

207

208

Parcel # 18361 Owner: Yukon Coal Co. AC: 11.17

Parcel # 2982 Owner: Pocahontas Resources AC: 108.0

Parcel # 12190 Owner: Pocahontas Surface Co. AC: 16.34

Parcel # 12191 Owner: Pocahontas Surface Co. AC: 53.3

Value: $5,600

Value: $54,000

Value: $8,200

Value: $26,700

89

197

visualizing absentee land

90

209

210

211

212

Parcel # 12192 Owner: Pocahontas Surface Co. AC: 54.44

Parcel # 12193 Owner: Pocahontas Surface Co. AC: 87.92

Parcel # 12194 Owner: Pocahontas Surface Co. AC: 194.45

Parcel # 12816 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 240.28

Value: $27,200

Value: $53,800

Value: $100,000

Value: $120,100

217

218

219

220

Parcel # 15063 Owner: Pocahontas Gas Part.

AC: 10.2

Parcel # 18358 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 401.94

Parcel # 18360 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 6.96

Parcel # 18363 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 88.3

Value: $10,600

Value: $259,500

Value: $3,500

Value: $44,200

214

215

216

Parcel # 12818 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 410.9

Parcel # 12820 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 122.28

Parcel # 12826 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 61.0

Parcel # 12828 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 167.42

Value: $205,500

Value: $61,100

Value: $30,500

Value: $83,700

221

222

223

224

Parcel # 18364 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 92.4

Parcel # 18365 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 148.64

Parcel # 18367 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 56,4

Parcel # 18368 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 67.6

Value: $37,400

Value: $74,300

Value: $28,200

Value: $33,800

91

213

visualizing absentee land

92

225

226

227

228

Parcel # 18373 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 56.32

Parcel # 18373-2 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 56.32

Parcel # 18374 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 83.2

Parcel # 18375 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 814.87

Value: $28,200

Value: $28,200

Value: $41,600

Value: $407,400

233

234

235

236

Parcel # 18380-3 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 24.53

Parcel # 18380-4 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 24.53

Parcel # 18381 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 27.82

Parcel # 18382 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 35.2

Value: $12,300

Value: $12,300

Value: $13,900

Value: $17,600

230

231

232

Parcel # 18375-2 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 814.87

Parcel # 18376 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 5.97

Parcel # 18380 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 24.53

Parcel # 18380-2 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 24.53

Value: $407,400

Value: $3,000

Value: $12,300

Value: $12,300

237

238

239

240

Parcel # 18383 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 43.2

Parcel # 18384 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 21.2

Parcel # 18385 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 64.64

Parcel # 18386 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 61.2

Value: $21,600

Value: $10,600

Value: $32,300

Value: $30,600

93

229

visualizing absentee land

94

241

242

243

244

Parcel # 18387 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 65.1

Parcel # 18388 Owner: Pocahontas Coal Co. AC: 76.39

Parcel # 18389 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 50.26

Parcel # 18390 Owner: Pocahontas Coal Co. AC: 85.01

Value: $32,600

Value: $38,200

Value: $35,200

Value: $53,500

239

240

241

242

Parcel # 18394 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 134.86

Parcel # 18394-2 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 134.86

Parcel # 18395 Owner: Pocahontas Coal Co. AC: 217.45

Parcel # 18396 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 222.7

Value: $67,400

Value: $67,400

Value: $108,700

Value: $111,400

236

237

238

Parcel # 18391 Owner: Pocahontas Coal Co. AC: 110.66

Parcel # 18392 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 351.12

Parcel # 18392-2 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Co. AC: 351.12

Parcel # 18393 Owner: CM Land and Coal Co. AC: 130.59

Value: $55,300

Value: $175,600

Value: $175,600

Value: $65,300

243

244

245

246

Parcel # 18397 Owner: Pocahontas Coal Co. AC: 281.3

Parcel # 18398 Owner: Yukon Coal Co. AC: 636.8

Parcel # 18399 Owner: Yukon Coal Co. AC: 651.9

Parcel # 18400 Owner: Pocahontas Coal Co. AC: 52.5

Value: $140,700

Value: $318,400

Value: $326,000

Value: $26,300

95

245

visualizing absentee land

96

247

248

249

250

Parcel # 18401 Owner: Yukon Coal Co. AC: 23.51

Parcel # 18402 Owner: Yukon Coal Co. AC: 40.75

Parcel # 18403 Owner: Pocahontas Coal Co. AC: 245,62

Parcel # 18403-2 Owner: Pocahontas Coal Co. AC: 245,62

Value: $11,800

Value: $20,400

Value: $122,800

Value: $122,800

255

256

257

258

Parcel # 19637 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 40.67

Parcel # 19638 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 208.29

Parcel # 19640 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 207.5

Parcel # 19641 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 171.15

Value: $20,300

Value: $104,100

Value: $103,800

Value: $89,100

252

253

254

Parcel # 19633 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 32.32

Parcel # 19634 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 29.22

Parcel # 19635 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 160.55

Parcel # 19636 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 405.11

Value: $16,200

Value: $14,600

Value: $80,300

Value: $202,600

259

260

261

262

Parcel # 19641-2 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 171.15

Parcel # 19641-3 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 171.15

Parcel # 19642 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 31.95

Parcel # 19643 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 38.99

Value: $89,100

Value: $89,100

Value: $16,000

Value: $19,500

97

251

visualizing absentee land

98

263

264

265

266

Parcel # 19645 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 46.16

Parcel # 19646 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 282.9

Parcel # 19647 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 216.82

Parcel # 19648 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 69.74

Value: $23,100

Value: $141,500

Value: $108,400

Value: $34,900

271

272

273

274

Parcel # 19653 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 279.94

Parcel # 19653-2 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 279.94

Parcel # 19655 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 79.11

Parcel # 19656 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 1547.08

Value: $140,000

Value: $140,000

Value: $39,600

Value: $793,000

268

269

270

Parcel # 19649 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 103.26

Parcel # 19650 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 260.59

Parcel # 19651 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 169.67

Parcel # 19652 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 18.57

Value: $51,600

Value: $130,300

Value: $84,800

Value: $9,300

275

276

277

278

Parcel # 19657 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 863.32

Parcel # 19657-2 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 863.32

Parcel # 19658 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 64.49

Parcel # 19659 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 5266.02

Value: $431,700

Value: $431,700

Value: $32,200

Value: $2,828,000

99

267

visualizing absentee land

100

279

280

281

282

Parcel # 19659-2 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 5266.02

Parcel # 19659-3 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 50.0

Parcel # 19660 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 75.25

Parcel # 19661 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 281.01

Value: $2,828,000

Value: $2,828,000

Value: $37,600

Value: $140,500

287

288

289

290

Parcel # 19668 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 112.62

Parcel # 19669 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 187.53

Parcel # 19671 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 21.57

Parcel # 20238 Owner: Yukon Coal Co. AC: 92.4

Value: $56,300

Value: $93,800

Value: $10,800

Value: $41,700

284

285

286

Parcel # 19664 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 5.0

Parcel # 19665 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 151.79

Parcel # 19666 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 6.0

Parcel # 19667 Owner: Pocahontas Mining Co. AC: 304.29

Value: $2,500

Value: $75,900

Value: $3,000

Value: $152,100

291

292

293

294

Parcel # 20239 Owner: Yukon Coal Co. AC: 71.9

Parcel # 20239-2 Owner: Yukon Coal Co. AC: 71.9

Parcel # 20240 Owner: Yukon Coal Co. AC: 20.5

Parcel # 20241 Owner: Yukon Pocahontas Part.

AC: 101.53

Value: $36,000

Value: $36,000

Value: $10,000

Value: $50,800

101

283

A NEW WAY FORWARD: DESIGNING THE ACRC RESPONSE What would it look like to mount a federal effort behind addressing issues of absentee land? How can land be re-appropriated and redistributed for the betterment of Appalachia? Addressing ownership structures is one of the key barriers preventing a resilient Appalachia.

Nearly all railroad and infrastructure rights of way - with the exceptions of interstate highways - are privately owned. These rights of way typically sit adjacent to large industrial and extractive swaths and represent a fabric for potential misuse through acts of transportation, sequestration, and other initiatives. Norfolk Southern alone owns over 239,000 acres in Appalachia.9

102

From a policy perspective, the creation of a federally mandated rail climate corps in Appalachia would provide the power necessary to re-acquire these rights of way and detrimental extractive properties for a grander goal, much in the same gesture as the TVA or Civilian Conservation Corps. This isn’t the first attempt either.

In 1917, President Woodrow Wilson ordered the nationalization of all U.S. railroads and the government consequentially took posession of all rights of way until the privatization was returned via the Transportation Act of 1920.10 As part of my interest in taking land out of the ownership of absentee corporations from a policy perspective of a monumental bureaucratic structure, I began to consider the design of the communications and a strategy for acquring the absentee land and rights of way, and developed branded policy acquisition letters.

Going forward, I am interested in further exploring how land could be taken out of absentee hands and redistributed through a monumental “new-deal” type act like a climate rail corps, and aim to explore how to design this possibility and its policy expression.

Henry Reehl Senior Acquisition Manager The Appalachian Climate Rail Corps 501 Virginia St E Charleston, West Virginia, 25301 December 10, 2028

ACRC

United States Appalachian Climate Rail Corps

Norfolk Southern Rail Corporation Attention: Legal Department 1200 Peachtree St NE. Atlanta, Georgia, 30308 Subject: Notice of Eminent Domain Proceedings for Acquisition of Norfolk Southern Property and Rights of Way Dear Norfolk Southern Legal Department, I am writing on behalf of the Appalachian Climate Rail Corps, a federally-mandated agency dedicated to environmental preservation and the sustainable use of natural resources and infrastructure for the Appalachian Region. Our mission is to address the challenges posed by climate change, provide regional transit and connection, and promote responsible stewardship of the environment for future generations through the adaptive utilization of existing infrastructure and industrial land.

After careful consideration and extensive evaluation, it has been determined that several portions of land owned by Norfolk Southern Rail Corporation - see specified parcels in attached document, specifically 239,618 Acres acres located in Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia, and West Virginia. falls within the scope of a Climate Corps project aimed at sequestration rail infrastructure projects. The identified area has been deemed crucial for the execution of initiatives aimed at mitigating the impacts of climate change, fostering conservation, and enhancing ecological resilience.

While we recognize the potential impact of this decision on Norfolk Southern Corporation, it is imperative to emphasize that every effort will be made to ensure a fair and just compensation for the property being acquired. The federal government is committed to engaging in transparent negotiations with your company to determine the appropriate valuation of the affected acreage.

Moreover, we understand that the acquisition may have implications for your ongoing operations, and we are prepared to collaborate with your team to minimize disruptions and facilitate a smooth transition to leased rights of way for remaining critical uses.

In accordance with the legal requirements of eminent domain proceedings, we invite representatives from Norfolk Southern Rail Corporation to engage in discussions at the earliest convenience. A designated representative from our agency will reach out to your team to initiate the negotiation process and provide further details on the compensation and relocation procedures.

We appreciate your cooperation and understanding in this matter. The A.C.R.C. values its partnerships with private entities and remains committed to achieving a resolution.

If you have any immediate questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to contact our office at acquisition@acrc.gov Thank you for your attention to this matter.

Sincerely,

Henry Reehl Senior Acquisition Manager The Appalachian Climate Rail Corps

acrc.gov | henry.reehl@acrc.gov

Sample ACRC Eminent Domain Absentee Land Acquisition Letter Design

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The federal government, through the powers vested in eminent domain, has decided to acquire the aforementioned 239,618 acres for the purposes of advancing the goals outlined by the Climate Corps. This acquisition is intended to facilitate the implementation of projects and programs that are in the best interest of both the environment and the broader community.

Extractive Economies

Absentee Ownership

Appalachian Voices

Unifying A Region

Land Knowledge

VII:

Infrastructural Self-Determination Elevating Appalachian Voices.

ELEVATING APPALACHIAN VOICES

One of the shortcomings of many monumental federal projects and of the history of industrialization in Appalachia has certainly been the lack of voice and the lack of agency that residents (the subjects of the very government initatives) are provided in the policy initatives and implementation.

I am interested in how infrastructure policy, and the resulting infrastructure can be designed to elevate voices of residents, provide agency and representation, and allow the work for the community to be in the community, by the community, and to stay in the community.

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As part of the infrastructure policy initiative, I am exploring how resources could be allocated to an Appalachian Voices iniative, a division exclusively devoted to recording, understanding, and amplyifying the hopes of the region towards a better tomorrow.

Utilizing letters from Appalachian’s provided in a data archive from Appalachia Rising and Merritt Chase, I began to envision a documentation archive that could be created by such an agency of imagined futures for Appalachia.

The following work documents residents’ hopes for the future generation in Appalachia and explores how it could be represented as a written archive and in other mediums...

Going forward I am interested in designing and discovering ways to exhibit these letters and implement them through the infrastructure and policy of the corps.

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VII: Infrastructural Self-Determination

Letters to Appalachia from Appalachia. Appalachia Rising. Merritt Chase.

108 Letters to Appalachia from Appalachia. Appalachia Rising. Merritt Chase.

109 Letters to Appalachia from Appalachia. Appalachia Rising. Merritt Chase.

110 Letters to Appalachia from Appalachia. Appalachia Rising. Merritt Chase.

111 Letters to Appalachia from Appalachia. Appalachia Rising. Merritt Chase.

112 Documenting Letters from Appalachia. The ACRC Letter Project. Letter Source: Appalachia Rising.

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REPRESENTING VOICES THROUGH INFRASTRUCTURE

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How can the voices of the region do more than sit in a folder?

Can they be elevated through infrastructure? I have begun exploring how through transportation infrastructure, these aspirations could literally be transported and distributed throughout the region, the rail becoming a moving visual pulpit for Appalachian futures.

At right, an A.C.R.C. forestry train glides through the landscape, with letters from residents emblazened on its side, marking forward aspirations of a better, more resilient tomorrow.

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VII: Infrastructural Self-Determination

ACRC Forestry Train Design with Appalachian Voices Initiative Letters Printed on Its Side

Extractive Economies

Absentee Ownership

Appalachian Voices

Unifying A Region

Land Knowledge

VIII:

Unifying The Region A Sustainable High-Speed Appalachian Rail Corridor.

WHAT COULD UNIFIED REGIONAL RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE EVEN LOOK LIKE? Connectivity in Appalachia was not always like it is now... mobility was once a key feature of life - seasonal migration was an essential means of adjustment to economic insecurity.

Nonresidential mobility within fifty miles allowed alternate seasonal migratory occupations in midwifery, herbal medicine, sawmilling, blacksmithing, roofing, whiskey distillery, furniture, and later seasonal mining.11 Early railroads connected various small “silos” of Appalachia and due to the migratory economy, nearby towns were seen as beneficial and financially liberating as opposed to threatening - as they become during the coal town era. Today, nearly all rail fabric is destroyed, and many small towns are disconnected due to crippling infrastructure.

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What would a federally backed, climate-charged rail system look like? How would it reflect appalachian voices? How do you make rail appealing? How do you design a recognizable identity for an organization?

How do you create a rail identity that emphasizes the unique functions of an infrastructure climate corps while appealing to ridership?

What would a rail through Appalachia look like? In what phases?

Where does it connect to?

In this section, I explored the possibility for how to create a unified Appalachian rail corridor. This corridor would serve as the network for the corps’ work, providing for passenger rail service, and service lines for the forestry, energy, environmental, and educational divisions of the corps to reach out into the region.

The following spreads explore a potential first-phase corridor route and the identity design of branding, timetables, and the trains themselves - how the identity design of trains could serve to visually and honestly represent to the public the work at play within the corps throughout the region.

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VIII: Unifying The Region

[14] Rail Bridge over Valley in Western North Carolina. Looking at Appalachia.

existing network rights of way.

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ACRC

United States Appalachian Climate Rail Corps

high-speed passenger rail + corps freight phase I: the appalachian climate corridor

To Amtrak Midwest Corridor

122

F A

Future Amtrak Tennessee Extension

Amtrak Southeast Corridor

123

To Amtrak Northeast Corridor

Future Amtrak Asheville Extension

Amtrak Southeast Corridor

designing transit identity through branding.

Appalachian Climate Corridor

Connecting Services Amtrak Connections: Visit Amtrak.com or call 1-888-AMTRAK for specific route, fare, and schedule information

Resilient Futures.

Here.

Connections are not guaranteed between ACRC trains or between ACRC trains and services by other bus and rail carriers Ticket Information Monthly Pass - Save over 30%. Good for unlimited travel between the fare zones indicated on the ticket during a calendar month. The pass is non-transferrable

One-Way Ticket - Good for one-way travel between the fare and zones indicated on the ticket. Valid for one year from date of purchase. $5.00 Weekend Pass - Unlimited rides on both Saturday and Sunday. Can be used in combination with family fares

ACRC

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United States Appalachian Climate Rail Corps

10-Ride Ticket - 15% savings. Good for one-way trips between the fare zones indicated on the ticket

A Few Considerations Smoking is not allowed on any trains, in any stations, or on any platforms.

Reserving seats with parcels or coats is strictly prohibited.

Passenger Timetable

Please keep doorways and aisles clear especially when passengers are attempting to exit or board at their stations.

Georgia to Pe

ZONES STATION H Pittsburg G Dorton F Burdie Elkorn C F Hurley E Majestic E Charlest E Pea Ridg D Barbours D D Prichard Big Rock D Flaming D Culloden C Corryton C Knoxville C Clintwoo C Crum C Warfield B Ceredo B Burlingto B Teays B Hansford A East Ban A Kincaid A Atlanta A NUMBER OF BICYC

Pennsylvania

ZONES STATION A Atlanta A Kincaid A East Ban Hansford A Teays B Burlingto B Ceredo B Warfield B Crum C C Clintwoo Knoxville C Corryton C Culloden C Flaming D Big Rock D Prichard D Barbours D Pea Ridg D Charlest E Majestic E Hurlie E Elkhorn C F Burdie F Dorton G Pittsburg H NUMBER OF BICYC

City

c ton ge rsville d k Neon n n e od

on

d nk

CLES ALLOWED

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a to Georgia - Weekdays

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Letter #3,321 To My Daughter Ophelia, Forge new paths and possibilities for yourself and for the state. We cannot continue to rely on the same industries when the world around us is changing and are no longer needed. We do not have to be like everyone else, but we must move forward Continue to be strong and resilient by really listening to people. Especially when they are hurt or upset Grow your own food and continue to pass the knowledge of using the fertile yet steep soil onto future generations Treat streams and rivers as friends, they give us life and could be the life force for our new industries Learn from nature and respect her Continue to be good neighbors to everyone and try to do something kind for a new person everyday Take charge of poverty by learning more and investing in education and trades Keep the secret of this place alive, by sharing more! The people that grow up in these hulls have a unique perspective, just like everyone else. When someones comes to visit, show them its beauty and kindness, make art and movies that show the people of this region and share it with the world Love Dad

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6:04 6:12 6:18 6:21 6:24 6:27 6:32 6:35 6:37 6:41 6:42 6:44 6:46 6:48 6:50 6:52 6:54 6:56 6:58 7:00 7:02

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Transit Assistance ACRC Passenger Services Weekdays 8am-5pm (865)-974-3215 Transit Information Center Daily 5am-1am 836-7000 To inquire about lost articles, call ACRC’s lost and found office at (865)-974-3221 More help online at: www.acrctrains.gov

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NS gh

202 AM

The Appalachian Voices Initative.

The Letter Project.

ennsylvania - Weekdays

designing transit identity by corps services.

high-speed passenger train

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forestry division train

renewables division train

environmental protection train

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Extractive Economies

Absentee Ownership

Appalachian Voices

Unifying A Region

Land Knowledge

IX:

Reviving Generational Land Knowledge Reframing The Relationship Between Land and Infrastructure.

BRINGING BACK REVERENCE AND KNOWLEDGE FOR THE LAND

While extractive land degradation has been the norm in Appalachia for over a century, it wasn’t always this way...

Prior to colonial settlement, appalachia as a region was well populated by indigenous communities including the Iroquois, Shawnee, and Cherokee people who had a low-impact on the land through minimal subsistence agriculture. Human throughput was rather low in the ecosystem, and extraction was minimal - carbon stayed in the lithosphere, and timber resources were less exhausted.12

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Once the area was colonized, settled, and ultimately developed what is now stereotypically referred to as “mountain life” the area began to change through agricultural use and logging, however this was primarily at the homestead scale, meaning regional impact was not detrimental, but rather localized. Land was revered and land management techniques were passed to the next generations.13 Appalachia clearly has a long history of land subsistence, rural homesteading, and practices of care for the land. Sadly, this knowledge and way of life in regards to land care and reverence has all but faded over the years.

How could rail infrastructure and a climate corps be harnessed to bring back this generational land knowledge? How can education redefine what a valuable landscape is; reframing the value of land away from extraction; self-sustaining subsistence comes back, and a more sustainable way of living emerges from the people and for the people.

This section explores how educational materials could be designed and distributed by the corps to revive land knowledge and care, and how the rails could be utilized to provide a mobile land education division that can work via rail throughout the region, by disaggregating and transporting educational services to provide greater reach to the overal region.

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IX: Reviving Land Knowledge

[15] Land Protest Groups in Georgia. Looking at Appalachia.

appalachian land almanac

ACRC

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The periodical would emphasize patterns of local-regionalism, resilience, land-reverence and subsistence, with the intention of restoring land knowledge and respect to the region.

e

ACRC

Appala Land Alman e

Vol. 1

Vol. 2

what you should know about pesticides.

crop ro

The Appalachian Land Almanac would entail the design of a series of periodicals distrubuted throughout the region, created by the ACRC Land Education Division to educate residents of Appalachia on best care practices for land informed by current regional research.

The periodical would also provide a platform for regional voices on change to be distributed throughout the region, becoming a springboard to further unify the knowledge-base of the region.

Appalachian Land Almanac

ACRC

Appalachian Land Almanac e

ACRC

Vol. 6

Appala Land Alman e

Vol. 7

Going forward, I am interested in designing a series of these pamphlets to illustrate the importance of designing information communication for policy outreach to emphasize and resolve my key issues of focus. irrigation and you.

Sample Pamphlet Covers for Educational Materials.

Application o Effl

ACRC

nac

nac

of Land ffluents.

e

ACRC

Vol. 3

otation.

achian

Appalachian Land Almanac

preventing land contamination.

ACRC

Appalachian Land Almanac e

Appalachian Land Almanac e

ACRC

Vol. 4

what you should know about subsistence farming.

ACRC

Appalachian Land Almanac e

Appalachian Land Almanac e

Vol. 5

protecting water quality and you.

ACRC

Appalachian Land Almanac e

Vol. 8

Vol. 9

Vol. 10

Your role in Carbon Sequestration.

land protection and transit.

resource management and you.

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achian

the mobile classroom.

One of the largest setbacks to educating residents of Appalachia on land knowledge, subsistence patterns, sustainability, and land appreciation, all goals identified by many Appalachians, is the access to educational resources for distant residents...

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By harnessing the reintroduction of rail infrastructure into the region, the mobile classroom stands to act as a siphen for educational resources to distant Appalachia.

The train disaggregates traditional land education challenges by taking land education right to the sites of farmers, land owners and ordinary residents looking at how to be better stewards of their land...

Going forward, I aim to further engage the possibility of mobilized educational infrastructure for agrarian sections of Appalachia as a solution to reviving generational land knowledge.

“Mobile Classroom” Train stops in rural town for land education session.

135 Your role in Carbon Sequestration.

land protection and transit.

resource management and you.

X:

Implementation + Timeline Establishing a Proposal.

The Brief: Green New Deal Infrastructure in Appalachia: Designing Radical Opportunities Exhibition

Appalachia as a region, more than ever before, faces the possibility and feasibility of radical investment specifically via rail infrastructure. The Federal Government is continuously releasing funds for future rail ventures in the region. Nonprofits and grassroots groups are extraordinarily ready to utilize this as a means for greater change and to address key social issues.

A Green New Deal for Appalachia will undoubtably mean more than infrastructure, but an opportunity to direct forward a new era for the region.

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The Green New Deal Appalachia exhibition will act as a public engagement condenser to educate the general public on the issues at stake in Appalachia, and how a monumental new deal agency can strategically operate in order to address each of these issues directly: Extractive Economies, Absentee Ownership, Appalachian Voices, Regional Unification, and Land Knowledge.

The exhibition will assume the creation of a future rail climate corps for the region, and will demonstrate the design potentialities of policy and bureaucracy for the region and as a model for the future.

The exhibition will feature multiple mediums including extensive visual maps, photographic gallery features, physical models, and digital interactive media content, with the aims of emphasizing the possibilities that lie at the intersection of design agency and public policy for resilient futures. Today.

The Timeline

Absentee Ownership

february

develop geospatial data + exhibition maps and boards

Appalachian Voices

Unifying A Region

Land Knowledge

march

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Extractive Economies

develop preliminary exhibition layout

secure gallery space

january

exhibition case studies

develop visualizations + interactive models

+ begin collecting letters from residents

finalize policy framework + develop interactive media content

build out exhibition

end of april - present

XI:

Afterword

Reflecting on an Agenda.

A NEW WAY FORWARD: A REFLECTION

This project has revealed much to me about my relationship to the fabric of my backyard - the region - but also has taught me about what I am drawn to. At the commencement of the project, all I really knew was that I was always drawn to infrastructure, and based on my experience living abroad, rail was a part of life I wanted to take with me...

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What I discovered was a passion for policy, geospatial data analytics, and a desire to push the boundary between political proposition and consequential environment. I have pushed myself to develop new skills, learned more about who I am, and have broadened my mind’s definition of architecture to a more expansive periphery.

While initially I was interested in concrete solutions for the region, this project has softened my heart to realize that there are already thousands of voices proclaiming amazing solutions, and have shifted my role as a designer to a communicator of the detailed and thorough ambitions of others...

With this in mind, I am interested in exploring this project in the future through the lens of exhibition design, focusing on how public policy can be communicated to the public, and how key social issues can be injected into infrastructural policy.

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XI: Reflection

Appendix

Endnotes 1. May, Tiana. “$8.2 Billion in Federal Funding for US Passenger Rail Network.” Railway, 11 Dec. 2023, railway-news.com/8-2-billion-in-federal-funding-for-us-passenger-railnetwork/.

2. Chase, Nina. “Appalachia Rising.” American Roundtable, The Architectural League of New York, 27 May 2021, archleague.org/article/appalachia-rising/.

3. Shifflett, Crandall A. Coal Towns : Life, Work, and Culture in Company Towns of Southern Appalachia, 1880-1960. University of Tennessee Press, 1991.

4. Hudson, John C. Plains Country Towns. University of Minnesota Press, 1985.

5. Chase, Nina. “Appalachia Rising.” American Roundtable, The Architectural League of New York, 27 May 2021, archleague.org/article/appalachia-rising/.

6. Ibid.

7. Southerland, Thomas C., and William Mccleery. The Way to Go: The Coming Revival of U.S. Rail Passenger Service. Simon and Schuster, 1974.

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8. Ibid.

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Bibliography Alexander, Melissa. Riding the Rails: A Platform for Speculation on American Urbaniza tion in The Age of High Speed Rail, Harvard Graduate School of Design, 27 Nov. 2018, www.gsd.harvard.edu/project/riding-the-rails-a-platform-for-speculation-on-american-urbanization-in-the-age-of-high-speed-rail/.

“Appalachia Rising.” Merritt Chase, www.merrittchase.com/all#/american-roundtable/. Accessed 11 Dec. 2023.

Armitage, Merle. The Railroads of America. Duell, Sloan and Pearce-Little, Brown, 1952.

Background on Amtrak. National Railroad Passenger Corporation, 1978.

“Bernd & Hilla Becher Exhibition.” The Metropolitan Museum of Art, www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/becher. Accessed 11 Dec. 2023.

Chase, Nina. “Appalachia Rising.” American Roundtable, The Architectural League of New York, 27 May 2021, archleague.org/article/appalachia-rising/.

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Clark, Gordon Matta. Gordon Matta-Clark: Reality Properties: Fake Estates, Little Alley Block 2497, Lot 42, The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation, www.guggenheim. org/artwork/5210. Accessed 11 Dec. 2023.

Crow, Peter. Do, Die, or Get along : A Tale of Two Appalachian Towns. University of Georgia Press, 2007.

“Designing a Green New Deal.” Designing a Green New Deal, University of Pennsylvania, dgnd.us/. Accessed 11 Dec. 2023.

Dunne + Raby. “United Micro Kingdoms.” UMK, unitedmicrokingdoms.org/. Accessed 11 Dec. 2023.

Evaluation of Rail Infrastructure Proposals : Tennessee Rail System Plan. [Carter & Burgess], 2002.

Frailey, Fred W. Twilight of the Great Trains. Indiana University Press, 2010.

Geiman, Phillip, and John M. McRae. “Emergent Opportunities: Urban Design in Small Town Appalachia.”

Geismar, Thomas H., et al. Graphic Standards System. Standards Manual, 2017.

Graybeal, Johnny. Along the ET&WNC. Tarheel Press, 2001.

Hayes, Derek. Historical Atlas of the North American Railroad. University of California Press, 2010.

Hudson, John C. Plains Country Towns. University of Minnesota Press, 1985.

Itzkoff, Donald M. Off the Track : The Decline of the Intercity Passenger Train in the United States. Greenwood Press, 1985.

Kallipolitti, Lydia. “Closed Worlds.” Closedworlds, The Storefront for Art & Architecture, www.closed-worlds.com/. Accessed 11 Dec. 2023.

Looking at Appalachia, lookingatappalachia.org/. Accessed 11 Dec. 2023.

May, Tiana. “$8.2 Billion in Federal Funding for US Passenger Rail Network.” Railway, 11 Dec. 2023, railway-news.com/8-2-billion-in-federal-funding-for-us-passenger-railnetwork/.

“Mobile Arctic School.” Liquid Commons Unit 2010, Lateral Office, 2010, lateraloffice. com/LIQUID-COMMONS-UNIT-2010.

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Accessed 11 Dec. 2023.

“A New Deal That Works for US.” Reimagine Appalachia, reimagineappalachia.org/ wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ReImagineAppalachia_Blueprint_092020.pdf. Accessed 12 Dec. 2023.

“New Growth on Former Coal Mines.” Appalachian Voices, appvoices.org/2017/06/15/ new-growth-on-former-coal-mines/. Accessed 11 Dec. 2023.

Perl, Anthony. New Departures : Rethinking Rail Passenger Policy in the Twenty-First Century. University Press of Kentucky, 2002.

Poole, Cary Franklin. A History of Railroading in Western North Carolina. Overmountain Press, 1995.

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Lovelock, Christopher H. Marketing Public Transit : A Strategic Approach. Praeger, 1987.

Bibliography “Potential Plans Underway for High Speed Trains Across the U.S.” YouTube, NBC News, 9 Sept. 2023, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weby6KgrDjw. Accessed 11 Dec. 2023.

Research and Development Related to Appalachia at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1972. The Project, 1972.

Sadeghi, Saeedeh, et al. “Affective experience in a virtual crowd regulates perceived travel time.” Virtual Reality, vol. 27, no. 2, 2022, pp. 1051–1061, https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10055-022-00713-8.

Scheer, Julian., and Elizabeth Mcdonald Black. Tweetsie, the Blue Ridge Stemwinder.

Heritage House, 1958.

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The author would like to acknowledge the use of ChatGPT, a language model developed by OpenAI, in the preparation of this research. The Generative AI Tool Name was used in the following way(s) in this assignment: policy writing formatting, letter generation, paraphrasing data analysis into sentences, data interpretation.

Image Credits 1. Mapping Exercise. Great Lakes Megaregion. Infra Eco Logi Urbanism. Image Credit: RVTR. 2. Parcels Laid out by Deed Number and Outline, Gordon Matta Clark. Image Credit: Guggenheim.

3. Pamphlet Design. Epa Graphic Standards System. 1970. Image Credit: Erik Binggeser.

4. Closed Worlds Exhibition. Storefront for Art & Architecture. 2016. Image Credit: Lydia Kallipolitti.

5. National Industrial Recovery Act. National Archives. Image Credit: National Archives.

6. Mapping Regional Zones in West Virginia. Appalachia Rising. Image Credit: Merritt Chase.

8. Demolished Rail Infrastructure. Western North Carolina. Image Credit: Looking at Appalachia 9. Mountain Removal Coal Extraction. Image Credit: Looking at Appalachia.

10. Extractive Quarry in Western North Carolina. Image Credit: Looking at Appalachia.

11. Activist Larry Gibson looking over a ridge at the Kayford Mountain mountaintop removal site in 2010. Photo Credit: Kate Wellington, 12. Reimagining mountaintop removal sites + rights of way via a rail climate corps.

Collage Credit: Author. Base Image Credit: Merritt Chase.

13. Absentee Land Ownership Data. West Virginia. Image Credit: Appalachian Fellows Ownership Study. 2019.

14. Rail Bridge over Valley in Western North Carolina. Image Credit: Looking at Appalachia.

15. Land Protest Groups in Georgia. Image Credit: Looking at Appalachia.

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7. Infrastructure Documentation Composition. Bernd + Hilla Becher. Image Credit: Museum of Modern Art.