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Vol. VIl No. 1 JUNE 1970 •

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IN THIS ISSUE

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CASE

REPORTS

ARTICLES Criminal Procedure For Juvenile Offenders in Ethiopia by Stanley Z. Fisher Ethiopian Labour Relations, Attitudes, Practices and Law by Lynn G. Morehous ...

••••

■

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Vol. VII No. 1 JUNE 1970

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IN TI-ITS ISSUE ·'.

. '

CASE

REPORTS

ARTICLES Criminal Procedure For 1·uvenile Offenders in Ethiopia by Stanley Z. Fisher

C 16292

Ethiopian Labour Relations, Attit11des, Practices and Law by Lyn11 G. Morebous

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LAW IAN ETI-UOP OF NAL JOUR THE OF PATRO NS 1n p e r ia l M a jes ty Hail is H y ! b d te ra l1 e L1 1a i1 s a w � w a L n ia p 1 n th e develo p ment p e st t The Journal of Ethio 11 a rt o p 1m _ f 1 o 1 a s a 4 6 9 I f o r e Sellassie I in . the summ bsequently, the B�ard _ of Echtors o f _the Journal h as u S . em st sy l a g le 11s1on o f the Law a 's p x ia e p d 11 io a th E 11 0 t1 a t1 n 1 t n o c _ the n i ed st re te in re a 1 J o w s f n o o tr a the Journal P invited those g n 11 n o ec b y b rt o p p su r ei th ss re p ex to s ie it iv ct a s l' a n r Jou · of Ethiopia11 Law. Taezaz Aklilt1 Tsel1afi Habte H.E. Wold 1 n ia ar M le ai H e n1 o h es H.E. Afe11egus T H.E. Ato Abebe Reta u ek at s Kitaw Yit gu ne fe A E. H. Ato Mamn10 Tadesse H.B. : k or w te 11011. Blata Matias I-Iile H.E. Dr. Seyoum flaregot n l1i ed M de ol w Hon. Ato Hagos Te 1-I.E. Dr. Haile Giorgis Work1 1eh 1 a1 id K de ol W le Ho1 1. Blata Hai Bitwoded Asfeha H.E. Walde Michael e e11 ey B ' bu be J-1011. Ato Ti Petros H.E. Ato Goytom Ato Kebede Kelil I-Ion. H.E. Dejazmatcl1 Berhane Meske! Hon. Ato Negussie Fitawake Wolde Sela.ssie .Hon. Ato Kassa . Beye11e H.E. De �az1natcl1 Kassa Wolde Mariam H.E. .DeJazmatch Fikre Selassie Habte ·Mariam H. E. Ato Bt1ltcha Demeksa I-I.E. Ato Aberra Jembere I-I.E. Ato Belatcbew Asrat H.E. Ato Yobannes Tsige H.E. Ato Tesho1ne Gebre Maria1n H.E. Ato Muham1ned Abdurab111an H.E. Maj. Ge11. Abebe Walde Meskel I-I.E. Col. Legesse Wolde Hanna Hon. Ato Amma1 1t1el Amdemichael Hon. Fitawrari Bayissa Jemmo Hon. Ato Seife Taddesse Hon. Ato Tafesse Bekele

Dr. Aklilu Habte Ato Abate Woudemagegnehu Ato Abdul Aziz Mohammed Ato Abebe Gire Ato . Adera Fra11cois Ato Admassie Gessesse Dr. Mat1rice J.Aelion . u Lt. Col · A·hmed Am1n Ato Akli.lu Bete Mariam Ato Alene Aligaz Mr. A.M. Akiumi Ato Amare Degefe Kegnazmatch Amede Le mma Dr. Aradom Tedla F1t_ awrari Assegabegn Araya Sgt. Asmare W0.Ide Selassie ·· · Ato Assefa Bekele .,

Ato Assefa Geremew Ato Assefa Liben Kegnazmatch Assefa Nadew Ato Asefa Metaferia Ato Asfha Kabsai Ato Atsbeha Fanta Mr. Frank Balla11ce Mr. J oh1 1 H. Beckstrom Ato Bekele D em is si e Ato Bekele Gebre An1lak Ato Bekele 1-Iabte Miel1ael Ato Bekele Nedi Ato Bekele T e s faye C ol . Belatchew Jemaneh . Ato Belatcbew Nigeru Ato Belay M e k e ta A to B el ay Mengesha •

V-1

Ato Belete Alemu Ato Belete Wolde Sellassie Woiz. Beliyu-work Gebre Meskel Brig. Gen. Bereket Gebre Medbi11 Dr. Berhane Gbebray Ato Berhane Kifle Mariam Lt. Col. Berha,11e Woldeyes Dr . Berhe Beyene Mr. Rl1ssell Berman Ato Betr11 Admassie Dr. Frank Bowles Dr. E. Bevilaqua Ato Beye11e Abdi Ato Binega-Tsehay flail11 Mr. Brian T. Bowyer Dr. William B11bagiar Grazmatch Cbalie Yadeta Dr. Christopher Clapham Mr. Richard Ct1mn1i11gs Lt. Col. Dan1a Ze11g-Egzier Ato Demissew Assaye Blata Demissie Workagegneht1 Ato Desta Gebrl1 Mr. Harriso11 Dunni11g Ato Eden Fassil Ato Endale Mengesl1a Ato Endale Wolde Michael Mr. William Ewing Capt. Eyasst1 Gebre Hawariat Dr. Eyob Gebre Christos Ato Fa11taye Tamre Mr. Stanley Z. Fis11er Ato Fisseha Gebre Yostatios Ato Gebre Gebre Giorgis Kegn-Geta Gebrehan11a Kitaw Kegnazmatch Gebrehiwot Mebrahtt1 Ato Gebrehiwot Woldehawariat Ato Gebre Leot1l Gebre Ato Gebreyesus I-lailemariam Balmbaras Gernmeda Urgessa Ato Getachew Adn1assu Ato Getacl1ew Asfaw Ato Getachew Kibret Ato Getabl1n Hunegnaw Ato Getachew Tessema Dr. Pollera Giancarlo Ato Gilla-Michael Bal1ta Ato Girma Abebe Lt. Girma Wolde Giorgis Ato Goitom Beyene Mr. Everett Goldberg Dr. Phillippe Graven. Dr. Saba Habachy Ato Haile Aman

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VII

Dr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Dr. Mr. Dr. Dr. Mr. Mr. Ato Ato Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Ato Alo Ato

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Patrons of the Jour11al of Ethiopian Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Articles: Criminal Procedure For Jt1venile Offenders in Ethiopia by Stanley

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IlVIPERIAL

COURT

Mt1nicipality of Addis Ababa v. Lio11 Pharn1acy Co. Ltd. (Civil Appeal No. 1766-56) ................................ · · ·. · · · · · · · ·

Mamite Bedane v. Mt1lugeta K11rte and Debel Jeldu (Civil Appeal No. 141-60) ....................................... ·. · · ·

IDGI-I COURT Getachew Berhane v. Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (Civil Appeal No. 1604-59} ............................. · .. · · · · · · · · · · · ·

Bekele Jarsso and Ararso Gemech11 v. P11blic Prosecutor (Criminal Appeal No. 17-60) ..... . . ....... . ..... . ................... . . 32 XIX

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>i.:t-f-k! L E T O H IA P ETHIO u d e r 6 l l e t o H Sool�t6 t s o M & t s e w e N 's ia p io Eth Modern Hotel

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Tourls1ne Share Co.

First Class 1-lotel 200 beds All rooms fitted with Radio, Telephone ' Hot & Cold Water Private W.C. and Batl1 or Shower Centrally Situated Cosy Bar, Pub I ic & Conference Rooms, Restaurant witl1 exquisite Frencl1 Cuisine Haile Sellassie I Square Addis Ababa (Etl1iopia)

Cables: ''ETHIOHOTEL'' Phone: 47400 PBX - P. 0. Box 1131

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SUPPORT THE JOURNAL AND LE GAL DEVELOPMENT IN ETHIOPIA T he Journal of Ethiopian Law e pia · h ncou rage t s 1 E all mem � s • f l ] ess1o n b prof e r egal o 1� ·n t 1 to ec

. � b ome patrons of the 1 EL A patro res n's �ubscription show s your support and 1nt � �I the developn1ent of Ethiop ia� · 1 n published and opportunities to �w , aact Presents you with advance copies of each �ou � n· a eotl lectures sponsored tio niza orga J.E.L. Please sencl your name' and tl1e · e ach by year · address to the Editors Journal of Ethiopian La� P. 0. Box 1176 Addis Ababa . Annu al_ subscr iption is twent Y-r·iv� Ethio . pian . dollars (US $ 18 for foreign subscribers.) Yo u wilt be invoic ed by our Bus1ness Otfic w . . . e it . h receipt of the first issue.

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REPORTS

The following reports are cases decided by the Strpreme In1perial and the High Courts of Ethiopia. Tl1e Am11aric jt1dg111e11t is official and always precedes the Eng lish. The Jot1rnal of Ethiopian Law is a scholarly pt1blication, addressing itself to all meo1bers of tl1e professio11. Its ptir_pose in p11blishing jt1dgmeots is to : make know11 to the profession interesti11g decisions which in tl1e opi11ion of the Board and Editors raise important .isst1es ot· law. 111 selecting a particular judgn1ent for pttblication, the Board and Editors do not wish to convey the impression that the jt1dgment is de-finitive on a11y propositio11 t·or wl1icl1 it may stand althot1gh the qt1ality of the the decision is always an important co11sideration in determining whether it sl1�t1ld be included in the Jo11rnal. When, i11 the opinion of a Board Member or a11 Editor, a judgn1ent is of interest and raises an in1portant .issue of law b11t there is reason to believe that aspects of the decisio11 are contestable or tl1at the rest1lt reacl1ed _ case the o note a 1on, clt1s con e tabl por s11p only he the � rly rt clea cou t is 11ot ?Y 1s often included. The absence of s11ch a 11ote is 11ot however to be interpreted as indica ting complete finality on the isst1es raised i11 tl1e �ase,_ as i� !s expected that members of the profession on all levels may hold d1ffer111g op1n.1ons on tl1e merits o.f any jt1dgment p11blished herei11. .. The Members o .f the Board and The Editors.

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-5-

COURT RIAL IMPE ME SUPRE 1 No. Div. Ababa, Addis Justices:

Mariam Haile me Tesbo Afenegus is g r io G le k e T e ss e d a T Ato Ato Haile Betselot

Y R C A A H . P N O C IO M . L D T v. L A B A B A IS D D A F O Y MUNICIPALIT

•1

Civil Appeal No. 1766/56 nts relating to the legality lai mp i11g co ard reg ts our of rs lve Po [! soom rer sto Ta.talion-License fee 011 . 84 ), (1 51 , 35 ts. , Ar 52 7/ 16 . No e tic No l ga Le of fees- Art. 43, RevisecJ Constitution,· _ t f�re the tl1a ntif plai held 1 hicl v . -. rt Cou l1 Hig the of. ��ondent was 11 isio dec the J On ap_peal fron used for storing the n1ed1c1ne he sold. lie ots dep on fee nce lice e arat sep a pay to ited requ iliegally Held: The 1-Iigh Court decision affirn1ed. 1 . If t'he coo1plaint is not against the amount of fee levied but relates to the legality thereof, tl1e case properly falls within the jurisdiction of tl1e courts. 2. A person is required to pay license fee on depots only if he profits from leasing it and not when be uses the san1e for storing goods that l1e trades.

JUDGMENT T�s is an appeal from the order passed by the High Court· on November 14, �963, 111 file No. 83/5�. On October 5, 1964 an appeal against this order wa.s lodged 1n tlie Su_pre111e_ I_�per1al Court, Third Division. Therea.fter tl1e appeal was transferred to t?e F1rst D�v1s1011 because 011e of the judges sitting in the Third Division had previous l y considered the case in the 11..igh Court. �he facts giving rise to this appeal are as follows· In his staten1ent of claim SUbID1tted !0 the High Court the Plaintiff the present respo11dent stated that he t8:1ler of drugs, alleged that he had paid n1u11icipal fees in' accorda�ce ,vil b gaf �otice No. 167 of 1952, Art.icle 51(1) all le i as l be that con and \V tended g y • . ' requ.ired to pay a special lieence -1ee . 1n g arta cbed � 1ror his drug storeroo111 - a bU1ld t 0 the pharmacy, aud moved for th e cancellation tl1ereof. Th.e D ef endant the prese· t 111 · I c the r • · il appellar1t, who was su mn1oned to a11swe ai subm itted the riollow' in the g two arguments.· I) shou ld inst aga a1n I . p con1 nt ella the app amo11nt of the fee levied · .1 . al . u h su complaint should be sub111itted to the 1vf D CI�tb ' e Council and not to the WI lity courts 2) ·pa un1c1 . Legal Not1ce • 167 in.vests the M · th e power to le v y licenc nce fee e fiees ·on depots (storeroon1s) and therefore the lice . is imposed legally.

r:s

e R espo?dent cross-re nt ou . a01 plied that: 1) he did not compla.in agains of t!: fiee levied, but . t the . not 18 challenged the legality he and of the fee required

-6-

MUNICIPALITY OF 'A. A.

V. LION PHARMACY

ther�fo �e required to submit an application to the Municipal Council. 2) a licence fee IS Imposed only o n perso ns who l ease storerooms and collect rent therefrom. After the High Co �rt recorded the arg1 ��nts advanced by both partie s regarding the facts a nd the law it _ held that the pla1nt1ff was illegall y required to pay lice11ce fees [or a storeroo n1 which he had not le ased to anothe r, and cancelled the licence fee imposed. In its . me n1orandu1n: of appeal the Appellant asserted that Legal Notice No. _ . 167 authorize� the Muruc1pal1ty to levy certain forms of fees on traders, and that the law requires traders to pay fees on tl1e.ir storerooms, and moved for reversal of the High Cot1rt's ?ecisio11 which l1e 1naintained was contrary to the spirit of the law. In support of its argument it l 1as i ntroduced in evidence a copy of the judgment of the Supreme In1perial Cot1rt, Tl1ird Divisio n, in file No. 552/55. We shall prin1ari ly consider tl1e Appellant's contentio n that it is tl1e Municipal Council and not the civil courts which may entert a in the matte r i n dispute. The Respondent did not complai n to the High Court against the amount of fee levied but he chall enged the l egality of said fee. Article 43 of the Constitution declares that no person shal l be deprived of l1is life, liberty or property except in accordance with the law. Hence a11y perso n wl10 alle ges that bis interests have been damaged illegal ly may complain to the courts. If the Appellant's complai11t ha.d been directed against the amount of the fee charged an d not the legality thereof, his complaint would not have been rejected. However, bis principal co ntention is that there is no l aw which requires him to pay licence fees and the refore the Court has properly taken jurisdiction over the case. Altho11gh the Municipal Council is empowered to resolve disputes regarding the fe e , it is not atrthorized to interpret the law. However, where the complaint does not relate to the amount of the fee but challenges the levyi ng thereof it is within the jurisdiction of the court to interpret the law and adjudicate the subject matter of tl1e dispute. We have also examined the file presented by the Appellant in support of his conte ntion. We have not followed the decisio n rendered i n the case cited by the Appellant because we are of the opinion that the Court's decision was rende red withot1t reference to the l aw a nd furtl1ermore there is no law which makes the decision binding o n us. For the foregoi ng reasons, therefore, we find that the High Court properly exercised jurisdictio n in entertaining the cl aim. Reverting to the merits of the case we find for the reasons stated that the High Court properly held that the fee charged was illegal. Legal Notice No. 167 specifies the fees which the Municipality may collect f�om traders. The l aw provides that fees shall be levied and charged on depots. Articles 35 and 85 of the schedul e to the Legal Notice specifically provide that fees shall be charged o n depots for trade goods. The question now is what �pe_ of !raders are required to pay fees by the Legal Notice? The fu ndamental pr1nc1pl e 1s that a cause must exist for the payme nt and levying of fees. Payment of tax or fees shall not be effected without a cause for the payment thereof. A person who owns . a depot pays fees thereon not by reason of the fact that . the �ep?t belongs to him but because he uses the depot i n carryi11g on co1nmerc1al act1v1t1_es. Thus, where a person constr·ucts a depot and derives profit therefroill: .�Y leas1?g the same . to traders he is considered to carry out con1merical act1v1t1es, to wit, the lease of a depot �nd ic, therefore required to pay a fee on the depot. However the Appellant

-7-

. VII - No. 1 L O V W A L N A PI IO H ET F O L JOURNA

t ch d ou su rie car d n1m co l1a nt e er cial activit· nd spo e � the t tha of pro er off has failed to 1�8s d of ?r an s ha le sa . a de pot Wherei �g The respondent operates tl1e bus1ne. ss of the n r fo e t th po de dy e sto th cu es us e . of h r the drug s he stores these drugs. Howeve e sam e to trader s. Th e " th sin lea by rom ref e g th fit pro re10re as ive and does not der · ·· · g t he de pot and since h e · I act1v1t1es .by Ieasin he does not carry on comm�rc1a uses the depot for the preservauon of drug s inte nded to be sold, h e may not be required to pay fees thereon. It is common knowledge that many trade rs t1s e storehous es for st rage of � to t depo his ts such restric a trader us e Where a s. oditie n certai comm and es not derive profit fro1n it by leasing it, th e trader may not b e required to pa �ees on the. �epot. The Ia.w n1ust be interpre !ed alo11g . t_h e li11es put forth hereina6o Tbe dec1s1on of tl1e High Court accords · with the sp1r1t of th e law. It is herebY a;·rn1ed and the appeal is dismissed. January 14, 1969

•

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-13-

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T UR O C IAL R E Il\1P SUPRE1\1E 6 . o N . iv D , a b a b A Addis

Vice Afenegus Tasew A ye le ae s n e T e ld o W l e a h ic ' .q·. Ato Ge bre M ·� · Ato Kebe de Ha bte Mariam U L D E L B E JE D & E T R U K A T E G U L MAMITE BEDANE v. MU

Justic es:

.••

Civil Appea l No. 147 /60.

-Civ. C. Arts. 842-856, 1678., rs to tra bi ar by ts en em ng ra Ar nsio es cc su Succession-Rights in intestate 1728(3), 1808, 1.810(1), 3307-3346.

ge me nt s effected by arbitra an arr at tl1 ng ldi ho t ur Co gh Hi the of on isi dec On �ppeal from the tors are. 'valid. Held: The decision of the lower court reversed. st establish filial relation mu one sion ces suc e stat inte an of re sha the in t righ a e hav I. To ship or the status of an adopted child. the te in icipa part to t righ no e hav who ons pers s ude incl ch whi ent ngem arra n essio succ 2. A succession is without effect. ''

JUDGMENT

Th is appeal is· l o dged against the judgme nt of the lower court which refused to invalidate a succession arrangement. The App ellant and her sister, 011e Aselefech B eda ne; were t he original plaintiffs and the respondents, were the defe ndants. The subject 1natter of the suit relates to p rop er ty once owned by Ato Bedane Hay v,1ho di ed intestate in 1960. On the day following the fortieth-day an11.iversary of Ato B eda ne's death lo cal elders gathere d a nd par titioned the dece dent's pr operty a mong the alleged h ei rs. T he origin al plaintiff, Woiz. Mamite B e dan e was i11formed of her share in the succession and h ad signified her acceptance of tl1e arra ngement by her· sig11ature affixed with the assist ance of one Ato Yigezu Gebre S elassi e . Ther eafter, Woiz. Mamite and h er sister Aselefecl1 institute d a suit for inval idati on; of the suc� ession agreement. Tl1.e ap ellant submitted an a plic ation to the p p e n a g ha Awr�dJa Co urt on April 12, 1962 and pursuant to this application_ a ;:1 :� kelate was written to the Addis Alem Woreda Court In her sta tement of claim to the Addis �em A\vradj� Court the A p ellant ss oss e nts a nd e p def tl1e lea tha t tl1 e pro perty 1n cli_ ��ute witho ut having pany titlp ded ent m gre e a e th e tha an t d thereto relating t o the p art1t1 on was unlawful becaus ated e th e tern1s th ere in were so l ely dict by defendants who took advantage of h he e r illiteracy and womanh oo d. When t val�e . f th� �r �p erty was assessed, it he _ � w a s found tha t the su it was outsi de t m�ter1a JU r1sd1ct1on of the Awra dja he t to ed C r r ou e rt an d th e ca se w as transf High Court where the following two on tit i r pa e co th nt entions were mad·e.· (a ) th at agree ment made between th e lainti.ff as w 962 l a p nd the defendants on Marc.h 3, . :· of n o effect•' a nd (b) that the ith Defendants p ossess the pro erty i11 quest:J.on w p

-14-

MA.MITE BEDANE v. MULUGETA KURTE

out having any title thereto. The latter cla !m was made at the Awradja Court. However, the argum�nt .that the agreement relating to the succession is invalid was raised in an application dated February 5, 1966 filed in the Addis Ababa High Court. The defendants answered 1hat they. ·acquired· the property in question from their father, Ato Bedane, by succession; they, his heirs-at-law, gathered on the fortieth day following his death and par !itione? the proper�� among them; that the appellant h.ad . c?nsented to the manner 10 which the part1t1on was effected and had. signed s1grufy1ng her consent; and that therefore the agreement is not subject to invalidation. A copy of the document whereby the partitioning of the pro·perty among the heirs was effected by the local elders has been produced and constitutes· Plaintiff's Exhibit No. 1. The High Court held that the agreement concluded· on March 3, 1962 is valid by virtue of Article 3312(1) and (2) of the Civil Code and dismissed the suit. The appeal pending before this Court was entered from the decision rendered by the High Court on October 20, 1966 in Civil File No. 147/60. Even though th� suit is for the recovery of land, the case has incidentally off ered us with the opportunity to examine the succession of Ato 'Bedane's property because said succession was submitted as a defence. We shall at the outset examine the Respondent's Exl:libit No. 1, i.e., the document embodying the agreement conclu ded on March 3, 1962 whereby the alleged partitioning of Ato Bedane's · property among his l1eirs was effected. The introductory passage of the document reads: ''Whereas our father Ato Bedane Hay died intestate, we, the heirs of Ato Bedane, have agreed and consented to the partitioning of the decedent's estate among ourselves''. The manner of the partitioning is then set forth. The original Defenda11ts, Mulugeta Bedane and Debel · Bedane, have ·been listed in the doc11ment among the decedent's children and their share in the succession has been fixed therein. However, the Appellant insists that Mulugeta Bedane and Debel Bedane are not the children of Bedane Hay. To this end, in its session convened on March 30, 1967, this Appellate Court, with a view to establishing the truth or otherwise of the filial relationship of the Defendants to the deceased, put a question to the Respondents. Mulugeta, Bedane replied that he was the adopted chlld of _the deceased; and that he did not possess any documentary evidence in support thereof but that he could prove the same by witnesses. Debel Bedane answered that he was not only the step son of Ato Bedane but that he was also his adopted chlld; he has also stated that he does not possess any documentary evide11ce. The answers given by the Respondents tend to show that the Appellant's reference to the . Respondents as. Mulugeta Kurte and Debel Je!du is orrect and that her � . objection regarding the filial status of the Respondents 1s not without merit. We sl1all now proceed to consider whether the Respondents have the right to . inherit the decedent's succession. As a matter of custom and as a matt�r of law succession devolves upon a person either by will or by reason of the _exis�ence of a bond of natural. relationship between him and the de�eased. By which of these two means do Respondents claim to have acquired the right to succeed the decea . sed? They have themselves expressly admitted that they are not._ the so11 s of the ·decedent; they have not produced evidence in support of the claim that they ��; the adopted sons of the deceased and so their case does not come un 15 -·

•

o. 1 N I · VI L VO W A L N IA P JOURNAL OF ETHIO d a perso11 who is 11o t relate l wou . I-low e. od . C d -1 iv c· . le tl f o · 6 85 o 2 t 84 e s l Artic ; s 110t been n1e ntio11ed i11 tl1e will draw11 by the la 1 w e 11 0 11 a d e s ea ec d � e t · l1 to . e a so 11 o f l ivi11 g r by rely e m n o si s ce suc 1 e th 1 1 in decea se d l1ave the_ rigl.�t t� s are � Siilce neitI1er c11stom 11 o r tl1e civil law recoo. the s ame l1o�se wit l1 t 1e ec��td· nt o f partitio n alleged to me ree g a. the e min exa · nizes sucl1 right w� , 8 e co ncl11sion o f co11tra c Tl1 3, 2. rch 196 Ma n o s ts, r de el �1�� local l1ave been effect ed . our custo111 a11d the law provides the f o t par s Jn · or s f e s 11u ) o agreen1ent s aad compr f orme d. be ay n1 ct ra nt co a ich l1 w in ·111 a111 1er • o ntract or to a compro1111se unless be c a to y rt pa a be t no ay A person m . d ispo se thereo f. Contracts e ntered into to y cit pa ca e h t s ha d an possesses a right o r do 1 1o t have capacity are of no right a ss sse o p ot 1 1 o d. o wh es rti betwee11 pa _ , effect. Article 1678 pro vides tl1at.

No valid coi1 tract sl1 all exist u11less: (a) tl1e parties are capable of contractl·ng· a11d give their co11s e i1t su stainable at law; a11d •

(b)

tlie object of l awful.

the

contract is s11fficie nt l y defi11e d

a11d is ·possible and

Was tI1e agreemei1t entered into betw een t11e Appella11 t a11d the Respondents in the prese11ce of the lo cal elders an agree1nent conclud ed bet wee11 parties who are . capable and is tl1e object of the agreeme 11t sufficiently de fi11ed, possible and lawful? The Appella11t so ugl1 t t l1e i11validatio 11 of tl1e co11tract concluded on March 3, 1 962 · withi11 a period of l ess t l 1a11 two months from the formation thereo f on tl1e ground tl1 at tl1e Responde11ts do 1 1ot pos sess the right to succeed the de cease d. The elders do not have the power to co 11fer 11pon the Respo ndents the right to su cceed the deceased and to partitio11 the deceased's est�te an1ong the m. Tl1e partitioning effected by tl1e elders after ackno,vle dgment of the rights o f the perso11s wl10 al le ged to be the de ceased 's l1eirs sl1all be annulled. The elders' decision would ha,,e been upheld und.er Articles 3307 to 3346 o f the Civil Code had the ·agree me11 t relati11g to the partition been n ot · contrary to law or good n1orals . We are of t l1e opirlion that the agree me11t i1 1 questio n is co ntrary to law and goo d n1orals on t\\10 grounds: whe reas it w,1 s discovered that tlie Re spoi1d ents ,�,ere not tJ1e children of t l 1e dec eased and where as tI1e y failed to adduce e vidence �o prove that they were the adopted childre n of the dece ased , they ,ve re a]lo,ve d to have e qual shar es or evei1 greater shares tha1 1 t he children of tlle deceased. Secondly, tl1e respondents who were not relate d to tlie dec e ased were give n th e st attis of I 1eir. . . The Respondents acquired the property, th e s11bje ct matter of this appeal, by v1:tue of tJ1e a�reement co11cl11ded o u M rc h 3, o the 19 in 62 t . � re _ T d l1 e e e e1 en sp t 1 ts or . R 1d sai<l agreenie iit purporting to be the ch ildre11 an d the refore tl1e heirs of tl 1e deceased. The Res ponde11ts ha ve tben1selves express ly COilce de d o t the n re a th t hey at so 1 1s of the de ceas ed . wa entered . Hence 1· t i·s cIear tb at the ag · · . s ree n1e11t 111 q11est1on int o bet�eer1 partie w ho di d � . no · t p o ssess a rigl1t · and were 11ot capable of e nter1ng in to the said agreen1 · . e11t · A lt hou gl1 the law provid to · es for an action be t ken ag nst perso 1 who witl1 i1 1te ru � _ 1. nt to achieve an illegal b enefit n1islead s a thir�d partY, said action . • 111ay not be ta . k en 1n this Co11rt. Appe llant PIeaded that sl1e had o . · derStoo d the agreen1e11t and that while he r illiteracy ,vas con11non knowle�g� �� conte nts o f tl1e agreeme nt l1a d no t been re ad to her. ·

-16 -

MAMffE BEDANE v. MULUGETA KURTE

Therefore, we make the foilowing findings: (a)

We have recorded Respondents' admission that they were not the sons of Ato Bedane.

(b)

The RespoÂˇndents who clai1n to be adopted children of the deceased have not produced any evidence in support of their claim.

(c)

We have considered the provisions of Article 842 of the Civil Code which relate to intestate successio11, and that.

(d)

they were falsely me11tioned i11 the Marcl1 3, 1962 agreement as Bedane's children and tl1eref ore the decisio11 ren.dered without any basis is contrary to law.

(e)

The provisions of Article 1728(3) support the Appellant's claim regarding h . er illiteracy.

(f)

The Appellant instituted a suit on May 1961 to invalidate the. agreement and whereas we have co.nsidered Articles 1810(1) of the Civil Code.

We hold that the Respondents were attribl1ted the status of heir witl1out being Bed.ane Hay's children, without offering evidence to show that they were the heirs, and the judgment of tl1e High Court is l1ereby reversed i11 accord.a11ce with Article 348 of the Civil Procedure Code. We hereby direct the Respondents to restore to the Appellant the property in question. The right of the Respondents is reserved to bring an action to prove that they are the adopted children of Ato Bedane. Delivered unanimol1sly at the Supreme l1nperial Court this May 15, 1968.

Order A copy of this judgn1ent shall be sent to the High Court. The Appellant shall receive costs on filing a bill of costs in accordance with Article 463 of the Civil Procedure Code. May 15, 1968

17 - -

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t1°1JtU : htiif. : fl\ficl!: 9°ti1,,f'1• : hFt.- : i1J;.(}t;0'1· : h'1--f..l'1 : n,,... hti'if. : "J!, : 9°1 : '¼J!,'IT: :}"&. .,:,.. : fl..filh.-1--Af l-1-- : �1--"IA : •0/\0 oumf:,, : +1Q: ',m-:: rr,::1,.,11 : ..flth»C : ,l,°l : ck'PC : f'n.�!� : fP't,. : lD·A : f"Y..�J!,0'1--= i "Lf,: J't\rf"OJ(}',: h,"}f._(f','j : p-'{rOJ•9°: ftPJ..,f,�(1,} : '14 J·L: ff,\rf"ODl\hT : hlf',: h1PlW•: "'l/\'1-- : 1"hlttf.: '11h : l\hila:: "'lilm"}«f>,f!f: Jtilcf,f:'l°: ODilmT ' :

- 21 -

cl ! f : htiif· : ,flf•fc : a, :,.. · ' 4 1 lm o o { OIJ ' 9 • lD m (l 7., f : :: A � l ll .,f 'I : -.,ft\fl:,.. : t\ODlf A 1 : u l\ o f� ;, : = . ,,.. : .. ;.Y � f v m il l. e �� t n r� : : : P = (LL tl '1'1 .. : 7i ... hti � ,,... : 0 1 o+'lt\lD" . ' A� '? . : C g/ {J/ � {;f. l !{fi. 1 0 .. P ' i l! : °1 ;, : ,bc n, .. -11 , " : ::, : ft; ! : 14lt: t\ODlf',O'J{l(Jl1cf'clf 1 tf : m : 14 : L ilm me : · 1: f(l t\ f fR '7 .. • '1 _' OJ : f, � : � ..- -f{llP,t\:: f+hlt'a-: '11tJ : °11 1 cf'cf 1 l' = f 1c ilm "1/ • !: m m • "f /\ • 1 rv : = , n 'O ' fi -: .L 't hP : ti? hl : lPi l\ll lll\ J' DI : t\O �t c; o , .OJ.r 't, ·= hP i'l O , hlt : ° : = f f l\.e J'f hl .l : • : r,ro n : f• t\: ltf,(l,nor: ODlf)·: :J•'/°'J.IA= 01/ . h. : f A f n° : v/t, r, ( : . h& .. : n,,, n« 'l1 hlt fi .. : �: hlf : :,, 1f '1tJ ,,.,,roe : f{\{lcf! : 9 -- "}' c : ° '1if 1 "'' :: 1!\ • 1]� h C: .f!.. -.. �r [;f. : �[. P ' l? = 9 fi {11°1 : : . h,C 1l, 1, :,., n� .,ft\OT: t\OOlf�: - : 0'l..f 1")'(0c : : h me · 'ili n CIY : .. I k; I� " fi : . r urL.f1�;,o-: n.•>ft- : hP't- : htJD(l'i' ..- 1 : fOTJJ!,1·A: DDlf�·: fl J (}/llD': ,1 ,"1: .'l?'rC: i'n.'€f.{t9./�/: i•on �QlJOJJJ•: n..flt\'.. J!.WJ. , : " •l" : 'C': 'f : 1, <l? °l il C : . 1 11 •fl, 11 T, . flt. : f� .. :, , l f cf' "m f"l : ,,e lJ {1/\ Atl:1:A :: hlf. : "' o«;n..-1-- : fY'il;r : me : : h•l • �oom -tD 't : l>',-1 : hltif· : fl\fl'l! : 9°ti1,r:,.. hP 0l : (lcf;, C:: OJ�: .P 'tar i; 11 "' "l : � .. ... l - : Jt-1 : 1,1..e.: h. 1?-: (1l}l,\)1: 7,1-�.h&.fllD . l1' ,c;,oo{\{l: (\fP/_R.•l<1J: hti'1::: 0,117·: poirfl:l : i',A,t·(l,nm·?° :: ��:JJ "..}'". : fhti" li: cnfl.P= : : ch<rf? : ,l1°l •OJ1>C 11 , ' flf::, : h1·1.u : Ol\,e, : f,f•mcf>(l,;l,1 nno, : '11/PDt,\h:J: : ro•ll"r : 01IC1-JC : q_em:i ti:t ! m.. : fl�t..'i'lD· : hti'i'\: : hP't-: h,f•rt'itn,, ..n:,. : 1,1-L = t,1(1-f, = ,.fl\lD"1 : ftil =me : ..'l..O!'lD1f :: 01!.:9'1�, : h,n f'I>: n---6--0D/t/tf,ij;f,. :: 9°'}9'' : 1,1�.1 : f{\flcl! :: �Jn"}f,r : hPt--W" : {lQi])(l�O"I::: n� : f!J11/ll.m1cf>4!.l1 :: 1.fL· • 'i' :t-'·,11 : ·fi,lb�: firf"f1Dl\.t1,,,.m-1 : fy,{l:,,. : me :: .. e.0°m1·11 DP..fl.-f:. '} : fl"IA"r : 'lf,mf-,,:1'9° :: f hil°l'l"(l : (lov(tt;(l,f: : f.''l°C : Y-.@mfJ•'} : ° h"} ,1, 1, � : 9 1 :: : , (l : (I 1 9° () °2. C : '11 r 4, n t'. D • _e 1 .. t\ {11 ;; ti .. u, ,J' : r1.. : 1,., ,:J h{ll f, , C u .,. ci'> f--l·hti"li :: mfi:l': ,.r,1,lo,o,-= pvjJ,roOCJ,pf!: ,f•10,'i1': f/\W·"?° :: f•-J--11-iif.:: m{lj>: ,.f1 l'1:t�a,-: fr.-,,,..�: <P'./ill;<f9'1"--: hcl>l_(l(.O•: till: 61.1'-0"1': 1 ;JC : °11 '·'1:,.. : lltalblt:t�a1• :: ,}-·,1.;1, : DD/lm:°I· :: i'1ll6.il1. : lf'r :: t,1\11'',to•'J° == n,t-m.°1it9° = ntill = OI/ODt\h� = ftf.,: f"ll\.«l:fro c"} : itt-:i• : 9°llh(�1: :: i,:,,cn: {lftft{lDD(thl. : t{.q>f.. x h1 �.-J•'P;fro• :: roi 1ou,1-- : ',iD• :, llt\J·I.U : f,f·11tiil-: 'lih: fthti(l'.':.: oon&.t\:: f0t1'1w•: h.."it-:: fy,{l:1·: m e: .e.ooroJJ•'}'i' : fU-.t\:l.. : me : fOl/{lm"}cJ,cf!f : 1 ..tL : ( lfn:l'l\i\lD• : fi,.9° {1:,.. : mC : ' -�00ro11 : t!fi.�K2 (ti"}-�: rr:u : 1'19°f1:1:, ODirf: U�ti: "nc) : ouu,�:} : &.er..,; A :: , tin:: 'l'}n : �u : c,::c�· : 000111"0 : cJ?rpc: �O..jf.f;/ijfi : it,.f..: /-'-''/-'l°: .v,·�'i : r..-1n t...,-ht-h�flrf• : ,-..v,� : hl: �,� : 1,c; : ftio• : 6J.:b,flrp : tt,f: : a,,,e,�:,- : llt\lf� ' (\ ,.,. (} (\ (D-c : · OD 1·f"J •fl9° : .,,,,. &•�IJIJ •• I. OJ• •• ,,ll A •• - l« : I 111Al c_• I 1,\ r+htiif.': (}"}ti :: t\h'17f• : n..- 1-- &l. . .C!.tt:'f--: "lifl·O : An : ��;�..,:") : n1-a1°11 > : i',fl : f h. 'i' {l:J t\: flhlto": 1,"}J;.. h�A: m(l',t:,·A :: fitj:::,•,11: 1ldh�; �� : �-� � ,,,-, · P', · P'Cl},.,· : Ocf?"rC : or-r.-f:: �,..: ... ��... .. , • • IC 0 ....-.-;... ... ,,, or x o. DDlP,J -. . h1>1� .. (D .1,c1' <.,'I 1 .-·� '.) l'l.·.rl .. Aq,�, : 10(Jllmn1 : �m- : rflt\'i'A 11 1 c.n •• I,\ :: ... . �.... f,U = c,::c.�: u-- n.-J:9° = m1 -.'°aw: o "-n "I'· ..• •11 e.· ...�,.. : DDilh l.9° : ?l·i : cf>"} : I!ift : q. 7"°• 01'1"'1 : irf•t"l,n :: 0

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�22-

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1-IIGll COURT

Addis Ababa, Commercial Division

Judges: Ato Negt1ssie Fitawake Ato Assefa Liben Ato Abebe Awgech�w

I J

GETA CHEW BERHANE v.· COMMERCIAL BANK OF ETI-IIOPIA S.C." Civil Appeal No. 1604/59

•

Civil Law-False Accusatio1i-Salary-A11nual Leave-Mora/ clamage-Counse/ fee-Reinstatell1e11t to work-Civ. C. Arts. 2109(a), 21 16(3), 2120, 2570, 2571(2), 2573, 2514(2),· Crim. Pro. C. Arts. 11, 15, 46; Legal Notice No. 302/64, Arts. l(b), 5.

Plaintiff claims a total sum of E $ 11,468.50 in compensation for salary, annual leave, moral damage and counsel fee and requests to be reinstated to his work. Held: Petition partially allowed.

. I. Where a person st1spects that a criminal act l1as been co1nmitted he has the duty to report the same to the competent authorities. If tl1e Public Prosecutor institutes charge after having determined on the sufficiency of evidence then the person who reported the act may not be held responsible for the outcome of the case. 2. Where a person, with the object of compromising another's ·rept1tation, cat1ses proceedings to be instituted against l1im, or the Public Prosecutor witl1 bad faith and witl1ot1t the accused committing any criminal act prosecutes him, each shall be ·held liable only after he is found guilty of said malicious conduct. 3. In a contract of employment where the duration is not fixed and does not result from the nature or circumstances of the work and where the employee bas been discl1arged without good cause or proper notice, tl1e latter is entitled to tl1ree months' salary, but he is not reinstated to his work.

JUDGMENT The material facts giving rise to the case at bar are the following: The present Plaintiff and three other employees of the Bank were charged in the High Cou.rt in Criminal Case No. 1112/57 with having cashed and shared a· cheque drawn on the Bank in favor of the Indo-Ethiopian Textile Co. The present Plaintiff was acquitted of the charge. The Plaintiff alleged that the Bank institu_ted malicious prosecution against him on October 27, 196�, and contends . t�at Ar_ticl� 44I(b) of the. Penal Code makes the Bank liable for its acts. The Plrunt1ff clrums. , wit to , en ick str s wa e arg ch the t tha te da toe to up (a) Payment of sala.ry twenty nine months and ten days 00 · 0 31 E $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. nth mo r ary pe sal i n the sum of . .... .. .. .. . ... . ..... .. ..... .... . E $ 9095 • 00 - 23 -

L. VII - No. I O V W A L N IA P IO H T E F O JOURNAL

(b)

al leave for two years and itine annu days six y thirt onths . Pay111ent �i� . m . . . . . )) . (b . 5(l) . icle 87 E$ 5 50 4, Art 196 of 02 N 3 e o (Legal 1 ag e i11 accordance wi th Articl es 2I 0 n da al or m r fo 9(a ) and Compensation e . · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .E $ I 000.00 Cod il iv C e th f o 2116(3) e crinunal ch ar ge .... E $ 500.oo th nd fe de to e d rr cu in e s fe Advocate Total ............E$ 11468.50

the Plaintiff prays to be reinstated to his wo rk and in accordan e l1e p ays tl1 at the Court order pu blicity in d Co il Civ 0 the of 212 t� � wit h Article enda nt s_ expense to cou11ter tl1e effect of Def 1e tl at �e ma be to the newspaper n. tio ta pu re d an ur no ho s hi on e rg 1a criininal cl Tlle Plaintiff h as not produced :ither oral or docu:111:ntary evidence to prove 11is claiin otber tl1a11 a copy of the Judg1nent of tl1 e cr1I111nal case. Co unsel for the Defe11da 1 1t has, however, sub1nitted tl1e followi11g defe11se: Moreover,

Th e Defend.a11t Bank . had not preferred i11 tl 1 e Hig� Court a crinlinal charge ,1oainst tl1e Plaintif.f It 1s a penal offence to pay twice for one and th e same cheq11e a11d to conceal tl1e said cl1eque; and the Bank wl1 ich is entrusted with the public a 11d govern111ent revenu e l1as tl1e duty, according to Article s 11 and J 5 of the Criminal Proced ure Code and Article 438 (1) (a) a11d (b) of the Penal Code, to report offe11ces to tl1 e con1pete11t at1thorities. Moreover, the Ba1 1k did not as a _pri,1ate prosecutor 111 1der Article 46 of the Criminal Procedt1re Code institute_ crin1ina] proceedi11gs agai11st the Plai11tiff. The Public Prosecutor l 1 as tl1e discretion to institute or not to institute proceedi11 gs after exan1i11ing the s·ufficie11cy of t he evidence gatl1ered. Ai1d even if the Plaintiff is acquitted on the charge, he does not have tl1e right to claim con1pe11sation by reason of the cl1arge preferred by t h e Public Prosecutor. Therefore, the Plaintiff's claim regarding p11blication at t h e Defendant's expe11se in accordance with Article 2120 of the Civil Code and his clain1 regarding n1oral dan1age u11 der Article 2116(3 ) of the Civil Code are without 111erit.

Pursuant to Article 2570 et seq. of the Civil Code the ei11ployer or tl1e e?1p ! 0yee, as the case rnay be, n1 ay at any time ter11unate tl1 e contract. The e1nployee's ri ght in � uch cases is defined by Article 2573 of tl1e Civil Code a11d Article 5 of Legal Notice No· 302• Tl1e Plaintiff bas 11.o t asked tl1e Cot1rt for grant of relief �n. these grounds. Hen ce he has argued that the Defendant may disnuss the Plamtiff by reason of tl1e latter's fatilt. Cou11sel for tl1 8 . nce evide in offer ed e Defe11 dant has ri opy of the che q�e, a11 o�der to stop payn1ei1t d h s , 1 1tiff Plai ' � v prepared i11 the � ing a and tted the bm _ t est1mon y u i s give11 also . by one Ato Seyou1n Dagoe. Ile list of fo ur wit 11esses. · . we find th.at From· an exami11a 1ion of the argu111ents st1bmitted by both parties r tlJe 'd e at bar calls t co to . for de termi11 ation of two isst1es. First, we have . ns : �� whet t f t that t�e. Plai11tiff was J1abl e k 1 Ba1 the acqt 1itted rend ers . con1pe nsat:11 : t he Plai ;�eih/r , co11 d ntif f e for the alleged maliciot1s pro t1011. S . secu ·ber the t he Bank terlllln · . ated the · Pla111 whet · tiff' s emp1 d an se cau oy111ent for goo d. Plai11tiff should be . t reins ated to his work. · rst \Ve shall now prima t ie fi l to rily coi1 sider the argt1n1e11ts tendered i11 relation issue.

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{

GETACHEW BERHANE v.

COMMERCIAL BANK

Pt1rsuant to Articles 11 and 15 of tl1e Criminal Procedure Code and Article 438(I)(b) of the penal Code the privat e con1plai11ant, i.e. tl1e Bank i11 the case at band, has tl1e dt1ty to report to t he �01npete1 1t at1thorities offences con1mitted within the co11fines of i ts pre111ises. Tl1ereaft er it is tl1e duty of the police to conduct an investigation with a view to ascertai 1 1i11g tl1e alleged co1nmissio11 of the offence reported. On exanli 1 1i11g the i11vestigatio11 report a11d tl1e evidence collected the Public Prosecutor bas tl1e discretion, to i11stitute or to refuse to instit ute proceedings or otherwise. Where tl1e Publio Prosecutor is of tl1e opi11ion t l1at an offence has been com.nutted and charges a person, tl1e Defe11da11t may n . ot, subseque11t to a judg1nent of acqui ttal, claim con1pe 11satio11 t111.less tl1e Pub]ic Prosecutor has bee11 charged with and bas been fot1nd gt1ilty of l1avi 1 1g conducted the prosecution in bad fai th with intent t o con1pro1nise the Defe11da11t's rept1tation. I-Iowever, wl1ere a private comp lainant wl10 \Vi tl1 the object of con1promisi11g tl1e rep11tation of another and wi th inte11t of cat1sing proceedings to be i 1 1stitt1ted agai 1 1st another defames a perso11 he shall be held liable 11nder Article 441 of the Pe11al Code. In st1ch case, t he Defendant ,vould be liable to pay compensation to the Plai11tiff only where the Defendant is cl1arged, with havi11g violated Article 441 of the Penal Code and it is found by the Court that the Defendant withot1t possessing an.y evidence made the complaint wi tl1 intent to con1promise the Plaintiff's reputat ion. Ho,vever, no such act ion l1as to date been brought against tl1e Ba.nk nor has any evide11ce been offered in this case to prove otherwise. Wit h respect to the basis of the Defendant's complai11t it has not bee11 contest ed that t]1e Bank had received the cheque in quest ion, that the said cheque was lost after l1aving been m,arked; and that the Bank had made pay1ne11t t o the payer. In such a case, the Bank has tl1e d11ty to notify tl1e competent authorities wj t ]1 a view to establishing the culpable party. This would suffice to show that the Ba11k had probable cause for requiring the n1aking of an investigation. Whereas, as we have already observed, the Bank is not responsible for the institution of cri111i11al proceedi11gs and whereas no evidence has bee11 adduced to prove that the Bank maliciously made the complaint, therefore the relief regarding· moral dan1ages in accordance with Article 2116(3) is l1ereby denied. As a corollary thereof the Plaintiff's request for publication at the Defendant's expense to counter the effect of the criminal cl1arge and his claims regarding indeminificat ion for advocate fees in the sum of $500 to defe11 d the criminal cl1arge is hereby denied. We shall 110w proceed to consider- the claim that since there does not exist good cau,se for the ter111ination of the Plaintiff's en1ploy1nent the Plain tiff shot1ld be reinstated to bis former position. .

A copy of the judgment d,elivered in criminal case No. 1112/57 shows that the High Court liad acquitted the Plaintiff.Tl1e main q11estio 11 at tllis . jt1ncture is whet �er good cause exist s for the dis1ni.ssal of an employee wl1ere the said employee having been charged with the comnlission of an offence is s11bseqt1ently acq11itt�d on tl1at charge. We do not wish to enter i 11to a detailed discussion of what const i tt1tes good cause but we shall merely consider whether tl1e Plai 11tiff's eroploy111e11 t was ter1ninated for good cause. The Ba11k 1night l1ave dis1nissed the Plaintiff probably for two reasons. First, because the Plai 11ti.ff l1ad bee1 1 cl1arged with tl1e commission of an offe11ce. . �ec ond, as the Bank had to effect payme11t by reasons of tl1e loss of the cl1eque, 1 t 1:1ay have been of t he opinio11 that the Plaintiff is responsible t�erefor.. H �d . t�e Plaintiff been dismissed on the first ground the Defe11da11t following tl1e Pla 11�tiff s acqt1ittal s11ould have reinstated the latter to l1is former position. Tl1e Court is of - 25" -

L. VII - No. 1 O V W A L N IA P IO H T E F O JOURNAL

. . d his gue an lea col ff nti Plai s the a bec d sse nli dis use it t dan fen De e 1 1 t at th n the_ op1111 o . ed mitt fact in com had the es aru colle s offence bi nd O a ff : 4nu ai l P be·lieved that the Pl • ed sI1 o ws. tha t· the · t1 ··ff had not a1n u1tt acq was f ntif Plai he t t .1 t ia t cl1arg�d. The f;a � c onstitute g o od caus e f or terminati not s e o d icion susp Mere on comnu tted t.he 011.ence. o f the Plaintiff's employment. nt' s liability. f?r term inati da fen D� the f o ent ext the er sid con ng w o We shall n f the 0 il 257 . e Civ ticl Ar Code provi� se. cau d o go t u o h \vit ent ym plo em ff's � the Plairlti � n fixe and bee o�s n ot res d not has t trac con the of ion t ura d he ult re t \vhe t des tl1a either from tb.e nature of the work t o be d one . or fro_ m any . other circumstances, the einployer, in this case the Bank, mu st _haye g1ven. prior 1;1ot1ce to the en1ployee. Sii,ce it has not bee11 c ontested that th.e Plaintiff bad worked _ 1n the. Bank for several years, pri o r notice should J1ave been given in accordanc_e with Article 2571(2) of the Civil· C ode at least two mo11ths in adva11ce. The Bank has 11ot proved . _that prior 11otice had been given two n1ontbs in adva11ce o� the terminatio11 _of_ the en1p!oyment contract. Therefore it sl1all be taken to be ad nutted that the Plaintiff was dismiss ed without }1aving the be11efit of said notice. �s the Pl_aintiff was �isnlissed without good cause, l1e is e11titled to fair compensation by virtue of Art icle 2573. of the Civil Code. Article 2574(2) provides that the an1ount of compensation shall not exceed tl1e wages paid duri11g tl1e last tl1ree 1nonths to the Plaintiff. Tl1e foregoing provis.ioi1s sl1 ow tl1a t tl1e Plai11tiff may 01tly claim three months salary �s compensa ti on for disnussal without goo d cause a11d that the Plaintiff does not have the rigl1t t o clain1 rei11state111ent to his former position. Altl1ougl1 cot1nsel for Plai11tiff d id not cite the foregoing pr ovisions in his statement of claim, the ge11eral clain1 has been made that the Plaintiff is entitled to his · of his dismissal and even though saJary for a period of twe11ty-nine months f or reason tl1e Plaintiff did 11ot claim three n1onth s salary and Iris right to notice c onferred by the CiviJ. Code, be has claimed his salary by reason of dism issal, theref ore he shall be deemed t o have cla.imed these and hence the Defendant's counsel's objection with �hat respect overruled. Tl1e documentary evidence produced by counsel for Defendant 1s not rela ted to the n1atter at issue and does not call for further c omment. Fur- • thern1ore, he has not called the f our witnesses me11tione statement of the in d claim and therefore the Defendant shall be taken to ha ve waived his right. . Tl1_erefore the Bank shall pay to the Plaintiff th re e montl1s' salary for dis.missal �ithotit good �ause and two m onths salary a � otal _amo�nt_ ID sum . of E. $ 1,550. (The as compensation i11 lieu of notice, i.e. m atter d irectly an d substantially in issue In. th�s su1t � s �lso d1:ectly and substantially in issue in Civil Case No.. 1605/59 wherein a stut is pending between A to Seyoum Dague and tl 1e defendant bank). · · The Bank shall pay the Plaint iff the amount aw ar de d abov c our t · fees ao<l e advocate fiees when a n iteilll·sed ' ' . b 'l l 1 0 f c osts 1s filed in accordance with Art'1cles . •46 3 and 464 of the c1v · 11 procedure Code. October 6, 1968

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o:J>n, = ,n1-- = .r'l'lOro.. : Ol/ODAh:r = {lODAfl: {l6£b'l:1- : taf.,,lf" } = Ot.'?'l1 = ()f,',,r: fi,lf"} : 'i�: f•lilil�'J°t..A: flOl/.. i\OJ•: it'l,;J1C: 011....rm.. : «/'X·qo: hil: 04'l00-r: it'}4>?i': W"il'r : frJ•�&..tD•"}: r:i,llJ:,..: 011(11"}: h(i:: /\O'l/X'l°l: o ..,,. :Fil = 'Inc: == 'l1C : '?"} J O:J>{l,: ,.,1 1' : {lODlODCf: f.,,'?()�: 'lAmf«J,{l,}: +htao•: �"1:, {l tf11 � : f,4' 'I il IA� t\: ,fit\� : {l°1 (l•O: 'l4'l flOJ'": f.,,'?()�: it 1 ,1, ?i9: ,J../\ro•(Jl: :,,llJ ,t;"} : h(i: : it.l7C1 : f.,,4'"1/A� : "flt\->: °1:,,l,,O : i\IJi\..'i : illll/,;f.. 'J°: fi.lf"} :l'c : fOIJ..f {l� : haolf �'J°: (11\f.,, : {lOJ"}lt\ �: ao:,,tiliJ.: ;,.. 1: P''I : pc_q:1. : <f!'P C : £it'{;; O :J>{l,: dl1"•: ,), llJrf-;: {l «f!: itf.,,f.i\'J°: {l0'1i\,-}, : f.,,"J (}� : £P//\ •1•: .}'\"}Pi {\ fl 0 T'i: {ltLIJ': lh°l : {l«f!'J1C: fir2: : .e.'?(}� "} UIJ(l,J : tfil;J""{D•<J,0J·'" : 0fb: f : ..-. .... .... ....... 4'"} Dril'P : lf'i : f�C� : OD'll"l-0: ,f'1t\,,{l(Jl : Orf•(l,nro•: {l@ : 4,1: ro•il'r: f.,,'?() 7-"}: h1Jtf4'C-0: !•IA ! {1',filJ: Jt1,1,il-: OD"}ttil: Oj>{b: ,l1 1--: _e.'?ll� : ltf. m_e.:,,: rf'hltir◄ : ()«l'lOa>• : f.,,'?'l1 : fOIJ.m,J,'J°: hlf'I : f'ltLU: it"}«/'il,: oo"} �ii: l!f,wt,.{1:,..: «l'l: UC/I\:,..: ',m..:: htLIJ'J°: 04>C: Oj'f1: ,n"l·: 01..J·LlD·: f.,,°l'l 1-"}: '1il oomf 'h: +hti7? : f.,,m«l'9°0:1, : f 'i Olm.."} : Ot..(l•: f.°1 'l� = '1 e..'I:, .. .. = Oj>fl, : ,n"l-- : ODD/Ail : (161,b',:,,: fl"?..(lma>•: DD/Ail: OJ•il'P : {tw·c : Olf'i : f.°1 '1�: OD/Ah : (l.,n«f''J° : r,f'hti7i· : �,,n,l· : itlA l·mO«l'i\·"· 9° : 'P//\:,• : ',(D•:: 9°"} 9'°: di 1': :,,llJT- "}: f?.'it\: f.,, lJJ, 9° �t\: "{1flo': {lOl/..,,f.ODi\ tJ,f•OJ•: ,l1'?: it OJ4 6IJ-(D«: f_e.."J ()1'} : ch'PC: UD«J;,',{l : f {l{l :. OD {lfl., : OD,{1,f:'}: i\.. ',t}{l:,.. : }1f.1'l9u :I ih'?: rO :J>{l,: ,n1--'}'J° : f ,,.,..hti 'il:"}'J°: UD,{l:,..: hb·A: ,.e..mr{lj>A:2 0

IfI

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nJ-LIJ: V•�;J· : ·rP''I: P'C'¼,l· : ,-,1'? : 'k'PC :;,xit% : f,f•?t&..ro• "} : ltf.m11;1': Ohtiif..: flh·A: .e,"1()1:: ll4'C"O: 'ic?: P'C'¼,,.1: 1: i'1Am04'9°: rf•-Ofto: ,f..'l>'lf. '1:,-0'} = hf1r;l9'°: 'lflC:: fl'LIJ : q_e..r,:,.. : _e..°1'11 : {lrf•htiir◄ : Ob·A : +«l''lf.,,'1,l·: f"1f1�: hlf ',: nhtiir◄: 0Il4A: ,,.,..4,q_e.',•)·: fOIJ....r110ir: 9'°h1.,('-r: il..'iC : r = f,1 o == nil = f«l'lnn: it14'7'' = ,f'f\lD'"(O 1 :J1n, = ,111-- = flDDlPDc. r = 1.. 1·L = i\ '1?11 :,,flJ, f;: hrO F-: f.,,;J-Y, : (l.A : f «I'lOro•"}: ,11ta-0 : it A,,.. ,,,{lA 'I lD·9'°:: it 14' ?i9 : +l\ fD4{Jl : :,,llJrJ!: h {j:: "{l(\o: _e,�,,"}/A ?'j: {ltJI/ l\. r )': tif.,, lf '} : {1 f·LfOJ•: {l£IDlJ1D Cf: 1'l�-: �CX': {l,,} : nil: f4'l{lfi�r: }t'} «J,;,; : {l'!'l,,f'DDf\h.rf•OJ '" : f:,,"}rf;: m(l"}: ltf,m"J: ;J;,llJ,J!'} : htj:: .e,nAA �: {llTl/i\:1,: P''I: P'C'¼,f:1: m·O�: ,,e.."l'l"):"} 1 1.tL: f"?..:r_e, : ', m, : •flt\'} : 0,,.1,.hta 'i'":1:: 0h A: f4'l0W·1: .e°l 'l1 : h1 'l+ln : 00l �t..i\1 nooiODc,,r : r1t1�;;:,1,..: ,,e..'?'l1 : 'lf.,, = f f."l'l� = 1·'&,:J-- lir : n� IIJrf:: DDffi'}: ',OJ,: h1Jt: {l'J't,,,f'�',;f': {lrf'(l(ll0J'": lD•/t�: _e,"](1�: itf\fl{l,f• 9'° � :,,ll)rf:: n•l"fi�: -Oil�: 1do{\brl'OJ'""} : {l "}£P-.Pl\.h.fr 'lD": Oh(l•: f rl'(n «J,(l(l)• = J'l"}«J,?i9' 1£@ : f\.lf'} : f.,,IJ : }t'}«f>�•: iilh : '19'°il:,•: o,ai,:f': f..' lil: fOl/..ffl «l'llJ: h14'K° 2 )m-:: �CX': {1rf: : fro(l',{l:,·- : :t,ll}:,,,: t,1X': '}t?D;l' : ,,n;: : ',ro.-::

- 29 -

, : il : L Y' : f· -l· 1. ' : t, : ': tr Om 1 fk {1D 1 : ,:J f... :e:A 'l� : q� : hJLlJ : Ot.-l· f

0 : +fl ' 'J! : {lttJ Ol/ f f • t\ : f'r li : o '1 �1 '1 ll L m , tiu-1: (lk-l-: f,f-f..l1lD": :,,flJ-}•: 0 m• = ttx--c1 : O°?un . f = tr ai lP f c 1ll .. ,, :1 --1 ,r, llc = f c+ : + 1Lff..c 1m,: tiJ!,1."·A 00 'f'I>:° = J!,A:t, = r(l(l)c1 = h = 1 l .. = t-,.( t--'f! �e OJ• il'P = {l{lt\9° = irLPt-- - � _ " OD', = :t,ll)rf:1: f9°'i "7t7it\fl"l": 9°ti1f-l": ilt\'\. 171: (1'11f...=1lD•: "l"hlt7i: l\.e.: fL-l• =f{lm_(l}"'} = �c� = tt1t·11•c;A nu.. /\. .t-'1 . .m fhJ;..il = ttO'l: ttro"t.�: _e.o iq� : ()J!, : t\J!, : 04 lO.ar : till : h'11f...'10J": ....,.. �ti7i: ;JC : l1 00 1"'1 0C: 9'0 .. ° ,f:1: 01°1· : ttCf..lD- : flt\"l"'Pt\ f Y'il.,1:1 : l11 l- : ifmlD� : +,n:J,ooro•{l:J'A I O"'l/\-l· = itt1'1 = n,1.. u = 6Lb,fl'f' = r,1>1.n 01/ill'!f f t\'J° ==

= =

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nm:t>l\l\lD'= O:J:hltn: = l\f,: r1>1.n : "?ilt.'Jf = lt.e.'ic = r+(lm: lj:C�·: 111\tr � = nv-/\+�llJ« = f,'?fl� = q_e.: l\f, = r+(lmllJ« : lj:Cf..' = i1�t\,,..&..1.�: tr'i : �hit� : /\Y'ilT : oo..Y,. = •OC : 04! : 'Pil : mc..-y.. : Om-611- : tr'i : O:f>fL : ,l,1-- : 1'1 _(h(t-: it+t--l.-0 : lll/ill�av} = 1'1�/\llJc: l',�Cfl : "h.1Jtf(l"?t; : f,'?fl� : fl�9° 1 ouhl\hflD'"} 1 i't:t>Cfl : "o.1f..1'i : nllJC,f : tj:C�" : f,(IT : ,,fif\"} : OJ� : itro• &-�lD- : 'i!CX-- : {L,}- : ODt!\{l�'f>A :1 1

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ffiGH COURT Addis Ababa, Div. No. 3 Judges:

•

1 1 a d K.i e ld o W la e co T Ato Ato I{aile Woldegiorgis Ato Tibeb u Abrahan1

v. PUBLIC PROSECUTOR HU EC M GE SO AR AR D AN O RS JA BEKELE Cri1ninal Appeal No. 18/60

nsicleration of previous criminal records Co ltgui of on essi onf -C /ice o111p Acc thef -T 111 Ja Criniinal Arts. 134(2), 149(3), 186(2), C. . l Pro ina in1 Cr ; 630 t. Ar de Co al Pen ntella ,-1pp 11 a Rights of 187, 195(2).

On appeal fro1n the conviction by the l-Iigl1 Court findiJ1g the two Appellants guilty of thefi and sentencing then1 each to a one year prisor1 tern1. Held: The decision of the High Cou rt was aff1rmed as regards the first Appellant but set aside in the case of the second A1Jpellant. J . The Respondet1t should not be permitted t o apply for an increase of tl1e sentence \Vhere said application is made in reply to an appeal preferred by the A1Jpellant. 2. A person, to be an accon1plice, n1ust have been proven gt1ilty of kt1owingly participating in a criminal act.

3 . When the charge and the confession made by the accused are at variance, th� court must instruct ihe Prosecutor to produce evidence. 4. Records of previous conviction should 11ot be introdt1ced in Court before the accused is convicted on the final charge.

JUDGMENT

The Appellants were cl1arged with theft in violatio11 of Article 630 of the e al Code. The_ details �f. t?e charge alleged tl1at on l1ly 4, 967, at about 11 a. Jll. J 1 ih : Appellants, in the vic1n1ty of Patriots Street slaughtered and consu.med the meat ' ' of three sheep and sold three other sheep stol. en by the first Appellant .

s d to e nter tll�ir plea, Appellant No. I pleaded guilty '!-°d A pp:��; N� k; pleaded not gu.1lty. tion prod u Ther l1 the eafte r, orde red Cou c t rt e of prosecutio · · n· w 1·t·nesses However , d uring 1967 , 9 t ugus A on the session convened Appellant No ? tat d. th t on 1 nt e Noh a gave him two· bi:d fe s o� a July 5,. 1967, at about 6 p . m., Appell w?rk. Tn sheep from while he ho1ne going was Public Prosecutor sub!tted . t1ons a d records of the Appellants' previous conv1c moved the court to s ent s se tence according em ly. The Court recorded these stat and sentenced each A�� :Ilan � to a one year term imprisonment.

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. Vil. - No. 1

The Appell ants in their memorandum of appeal stat ed th at: Appell ant No . I does not appeal fr?m the conviction but from the sentence . He argued th at although he pleaded guilty and moved the court to mitigate the . e e s�nt�·nc , th C ourt wrongly p assed a s entence on the basis of his previous con victions and th erefore th e Appell at e Court should reduce the sentence . Appellant No . 2 stat ed tl1,t� h � was_ pas�ing Appellant No. I's house 011 his way home, when Appell ant N o. I rnv1t ed hin1 1n and without any knowledge of the circumstances wh ereby Appell ant No. I had acquired the meat he acce pted the offe r by Appellant No. 2 and carried the meat home. Appellant No. 2 has admitted his acquisition of this meat. The re was no other evidence on this matt e r. Appellant N?. � w as convicted on the basis of his previous record alon e and th erefore, the conv1ct1on should be set aside. The 1:{igh Court :eublic Prosecutor re plied that as the Appel lants have previously . be en convict ed four times, the appeal should be disnlissed; th at although th e charge should hav e been framed und er Article 635/l(b) of the Penal Code and tried in the High Court and although the Awraja Court, without h aving jurisdiction, tried the offence and passed s entence, the sentence should be increased pursuant to Article 195/2 of the Criminal Procedure Cod e ; th at, since it has bee n proved th at the App ellants were recidivists, th e sentence should also be increased pursuant to Articl e 193(1) of the Penal Code. The Court by reason of the n ature of the appeal rej ects the Public Prosecutor's application for alteratio11 of the charg e and an increase of the s entence. App ellant No. 1 appealed from th e s entence and App ellant No. 2 appealed from the conviction and the issu e i11 this instant appeal arise s from the Appell ants' pleadi11gs. In the case at bar the public pros ecut or must confin e himself to the isst1e whethe r the sentence or th e conviction should be re versed and where he is the Respondent, as in the case at ha11d, he m ay not apply for al teration of the charge and for an increase of th e sente nce. Article 195(2), Crimin al Procedure Code , invoked by the Public Prosecutor provides that ''whe re it co nsid ers that there is sufficient ground for intereference th e court of appeal m ay: . . . . (b) on an appeal from conviction and sentence reverse the finding and s ente nce and acquit the accused; or with or without altering th e finding, maintain, increase or r educe the sentence .'' This provision embraces appeals prepared by the prosecutor as w ell as by the Defendant. H ere the Appell ate Court's reasons to reverse the finding and to acq�t ! he accused are prim arily based on the Defendant's memorandum of appeal ; while its decision is b as ed 0 11 the applicatio n submitted by the Public Prosecut or, had the Public Pros ecutor fil ed an appeal inst ead of app earing as Respondent the Court would have been in a position to increase the sente nce within the limits provided by the law in contravention of which the Defendant had been charged. or an f y ppl a o t r e o cut o s Pr lic Pub e t th rmi e It p o t n o s ea r wou ld n ot stand to . increas e of the s entence where h e l 1ims elf bad not preferred an appeal f �om the sentence and where said application is made in answer t o a n appeal agru.nS1 sent ence preferred by the Defendant. Moreov er, Article 185(2) provid es th at wh ere tbe Prosecutor feels that the se nte nce pass ed is insufficient he shall lodge a n � ppea l on grounds of in adequacy of s entenc� and _A�ticle 187 reql1ires that t�e notice of �ppeal against a judgme nt shall be given within fift een · days of the d elivery. of_ t �e Judgment appealed against, and that the me mo. randum of appeal shal l be fil ed within

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R O T U C E S O R P IC L B U P . v BEKELE JARSO

ed . If the al pe on ap n si ai ci ag de e st th f o P� ?O e th of . f· the receipt thirty days o ' nt da al en s ef pe e D ap th , then the of lf se _n1 i b. l ai av to ed w lo al Public Prosecutor is . ed ifi ll u n e b ld u o w s n o si vi effect of these pro e ag of th e Defetidant's nt va ad e tak to ed ow all be to or ut ec os Pr . Bes1•des, w. ere the . . e p ic b · ap al wb y, pl uld re a wo of ise e gu oth e th rm al pe ap an g in itt bm su e 1 by t be fu lly protected. ld no ou \v s ht rig 's nt da en ef D e th en th d, �t �l ave been barre �ls pe er or ap is m�nifest in mb _nu e th il rta cu to � tio en int r's e aft dr the Althougli , ce of ten ce an sen en int s ma thi d an sho uld se rea inc e th for s e id ov pr t tha on the provisi ts u tec eq pro � the ri�hts ?f law e Th nt. da fe� e a._U e D th of hts rig the ice e jud pr not l a� 1f pea er, ap 1111 ma e ich sam wh �he m e, did ens def _ t?e of and on uti sec pro the � tt� n 1TI1 by the Defen bee sub d ha 187 e t1cl A� o� s ent 1 e?u1r req the h not comply wit d cte be uld reJe wo eals app when sub h suc ce Sin d. e ct reJe n bee e hav uld da11t it wo uld be sho y the admitted when why on reas no is e ther nce defe e th by ed nutt submitted. by the prosecution. We hereby reject the Prosecutor's application for alteration of the charge and for an incre ase of the sentence. We shall consider the application of the Public Prosecutor for an increase of the sentence within the linuts provided by the law under wluch the prosecutor sub1Iuts a memorandum of appeal in compliance with tl1e Crimi11al Procedure Code. We shall now proceed to exami11e the n1erits of the Appellants' argu1nent. Appellant No .1 appealed from the sente11ce and 11ot from the conviction. He was charged with the violation of Articl� 630 which provides for a maximum se11tence of five years in1prisonment but the Court se11tenced him only to a one year term.

It bas bee n proved that the accused bad been convicted three tin1es previously and the punishment did not_ succeed in reforming him into a useful member of soc iety. Instead of desisting from theft, the App ellant bas chosen to benefit himself by stealing the prope rty of others, was apprehended for a fourth time and has admitted his guilt. Therefore, we see no reason for reducing the senten�e and we hereby a.tlirm the judgment of the Awraja Court passed with regard to Appellant No. I. Appellant No. 2 was charged as an accomplice of Appellant No. I but no evi dence was adduced in this regard. At first Ap:pellant_ No. 2 plead.ed not guilty but later confessed that the first Appell �nt had given him two hind legs of a sheep. He did not confess as alleged) that he had slaughtered and consumed the sheep with Appe llant No . I,. nor did he confess .tha� �e procured benefit by selling the she have been an wo ep He uld . accon�plice if It had been proved that he carrie knowle dge d wi me aw th at ay the that it wa� stolen. Appellant N o. 2, however took the me be rel co th y nf at ess ed meat aud it was not proved that at that tio{e the appella11t k11ew tl1e sheep ,vas stolen. • . Even if Appellant No 2 adD:11· tte d 11·• e t h at App he from had . n1eat receiv ed the ant No· 1 he is · not -t�ere· �y cons1dered to ha g the sel lin ve by pr be oc ne ur fit a ed sheep.

· In. such cases, Article 134(2). ; • · · · . Of the Criminal . Procedure Code provides that . ''where a plea of : ilt been en!ered, the court may require the prosecutio � to.· ca · ll· such · eviden� t%. r · · �rosecution as it considers, necessary . an d may per.nl l ,

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. VII - No. 1

the accused to call evidence.'' Where the plea of guilty entered by the Defendant does not conform with the charge, the Prosecutor shall, in accordance with the law, call evidence of such a natt1re a.s would prove the charge and the defence sliall produce evidence to defend the charge. However, without observing the procedure outlined hereinabove, the lower Court passed a one year sentence against Appellant No. 2 on the basis of his admission and on the police records showing that the Appellant bad previously been convicted four times. Su.ch an act constitutes a violation of proper procedure. In accordance with Article 149(3) of the Criminal Procedure Code the previous conviction record of an accused person shall not be disclosed to the court until after he has been convicted. The law clearly provides that it is only where the accused is found guilty and where the Prosect1tor is asked whether he has anything to say regarding aggravation or mitigation of the sentence that the previous record of the accused may be disclosed. The Defendant shall be e11titled to reply and may also call witnesses as to character. However, the Court prior to convicting the Appellant, considered the previous convictions of the Appellant and gave judgment before it convicted him and it appears to have convicted him completely on that basis. This is manifestly an act contrary to law. Whereas judgment was passed against Appellant No. 2 without evidence having been adduced in support of the charge, we hereby reverse the judgment of the Awradja Court with regard to Appellant No. 2. The Appellant shall be released on condition that he enter into a good conduct bond in the sum of E $ 300 and we hereby remand the case to the Awradja Court where the prosecution may introduce such evidence to prove the charge and the Appellant to present his defense. November 29, 1967

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fm1��/lf: oo:,,�: ,)1"1: t\mflJ:,..: 'Pti,,f--�1'-: fm(lc;: fm·: Ai :: f..1fl:Y, :: f/J Y.:az : hA /\...,:1·· : f,••:1- r·A--J': m1lll'1: uo:1,twJ.: ,11°1: ,1-- &.?iUCZ.: t\ODU''1: i'1 t-.1-- :: fIJY:°7, : hAf\.-o:-;. : ,\1.�n-- :1-- : /,\"}c;1c : 1\114..'lt\1 ;: J\'1I-J.U9° : hJ-1 1..�-- : J,{lh: {).9°'}:,. ¾ htlm�: 1,{lh :: i',P't.. : 1'1t-.:1. hJ',P't-.: Jr,.?0 {l•r :: J,{lh: i',Ft-. : fl'l;t,'i· : h,, Ft. : {l'J°'};I.: n1t_e :: c;:1�m· 28

1 ==

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n,,.. (tmm•: n;,,, .. : ttf,u'·1•9° f(IDlf/Dtf(IJc: ti/;\/;\ : W•il'I' : f<PJ.onf,.{l•:,--: Oro'J�/;\ : hil& '!:,- = hOl/.�1'00•:,.. = }t,-../;\ = h�..t--1 ..f·l« = ·,..n�,,.. = (lfi• = ,,el\.m·: ounf\h..r : n�:1..,h= nm1lt\�: :

oP:t,twJ. = ,l,°1 = m-il'I' : ilt\ : ,l,f/'i:,-

f<PJ.IA = �C°h.il:i-- =

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OttU : X',h •� : lD·il'r : flJ.� .:07. : h /.\/\0:.f-; : °lf.\7'• : /\'P/.�·t.°1 : i11 /.\ 1 ft;Y..·oi: h/.\fto:f1 • �KO"/, : 1,.f oof\h--1•'} : ?,1 �;J"'l<;•/l 1 :: il/\tl.tJ : h11,n�'i:m. : ff.\F.·1· : O'¼t.\ : !f.\J.'..t.ft.m·1 : f"17 c;:,.: flJ.r..•ai1,: hAA il9°1·1· : qou:,. : f'l°ltm• : (hf.i : h{lh: t: OD•/\·) : f(JJ.'..·ai : hi.\/.\: -Ot\1 , {')',OD/lh·1· ! hJ',J>'t'.,. = }'l9°{lrf-'1m-: ti.etr1 : hllm�'i:m• : ff.\f.:1- : O'¼/.\ : f Y.t.(}m•'} : fm«J•f•:f= flJY..•oi h/.\A : JtP'? : J-1?'1· : qoo:,. : f'l°ltm- : (hjJ. : ?,ilh : I2 : OD-fl•) : flJY:oi: hf.\f.\: -Ot\1 : h'i0Dflh;rfl1 :: J.'..°l'l° : hJt1..v ?: il9°1rf•�(D• : ti.eo·1 : 111',P'?: J-,ril:i-�ar: ff.\F.:i• • O'¼A : fJ.'..t.,,ro- 1 : fl>Y:UTJ. : hi.\/.\ :; '11.P'?: (}'lr1•: qoo:,. : f'l°ltm- : (h1.� : 1,flh : I'!: 1 OD-t\•) 1 flJY:oi : hAA : ,fifl"} : ?,c;011flh;J•fl1 ::

(lr,.Q;l.111/&9° : ''J-,l1t\ : oom'} : .fltJ.'..t.(} : (DflJ;,-,, ' 'i : ''m«J•1·'' f""l.h-:,-1 I ,:J•f\•1· I ''m«J•1· 1 ft.w- : '' 11"'7./\m- : ."JC:; '''1tli/\ :. (11Jm1 : ,rl\F..t.ft. : 1f1',._..,-'i: ='' foY.flm·'} : :J•f.\. : F.°l'l" , ''m«J:t· lf'i•-f•� ='' l1oY./\m• : ;JC : '11/\.e : ?,1m•l•?°'l:r�'l'fl1 ::

29.

fm1ifl� 1 ou:Pt>5J, : J1°1 �l:lfC j�1 : .e(JD/\h:tA == Ot.t.1"1.e�m• • fa> 1)!t\� 1 OD:,•"J. 1 dl°I : f(JD)!(JD&.f t.cl!:t•<;: \'ODQ;bt.q: t.•1!:,,: llrillf: f·f•rP?{)r(l)•'}: Af-: Ai: ft.t.1"/.e� 1 :l'lt-r o.-,•(11J'1'1.e •l!lfC"":i· ro•ll.T 0'1t"?C'i: m·'i fl?,1°1/l.117.:m- = :P1(9'":f hoY.11::,,. 1 :J>I\T 1 ;JC iP/iliPJ"?:1 . : .r7fA f &.t.1"1.e7i: w. : :i•1( •011•m·1 = 1..tf. : fiPJ.m•l•?°fl:fro· i',11.1 1 (;11 71) I OIJ.'IC: ('1tlit\ : aum1 =!I\J.'..t.ft. : m«J:l·) 'i: "1?-/\'11 : (Ol.jt;: OI;'!; : qav:1-: outihA: flt) : f""l.fl·;I. : :J•l\•l· : ft..ll'"I- I 'h1'°1fl.1f�(D• : F.°l'l° : '''1t.11,1:,. : '' (ro.er : '':J!f,f.\.J.'..•'') .. : �&o15?..C: (''m«J:r· : "r1.,,.,;:): f""l.t\•:1- 1: -�" ''.e,oi : 'TCft.1'' : ( (Dl1J•l· • om-) : m.e?° : ,}OJ •1·'i : '1t1-"i1 .r.· : 1..tl. : f..°l'fP : ''�:Ci'i,e,A : J.'..A1hn1:,·'' (m«J:r· : lf'f...l·�) : VOIJ./\m•1' : :J•f.\ ' .emcf>?°'l:t�'PA : (h•l!lfC: :ll : o&,:,- : !/\W-1 : tJtj:f.\ : .emP.Y.•Z:f.\) :: f�lf. U : ,:J>I\:,• : :1-c1-9° : V-A1...lf. : :,-nhf.\ : fl.tr'} : i',.e":i·A?° :: fl?°ltll, : •l!1rC : ft.E (r) ""l.'IC : (}',Ji/\ : 00m1 : fl\J.'.. t.ft. : m«J:1-) : f""l.t\lD·1 : ,:J•f.\ : (}. ,f•t.1·9° : .<'1°1 : 'TCft. 1 : (wiq:,- : ,,m-) : fl"?/\-1· 1 t...1:J· 1 '1t.14-1-r : (;,1 '11) : •Ol\ ;J--A :: •

= =

30.

fm1�t\� : ou:PliliJ. : ;11 °1 : 1?1fC: :ti== O-f•tXl.'7'/69°: fm 1:-e:"� : (JD:,,65/,: ,n°I : P'} 1 P'C'¼-1· 1 <l!lfC: 0.it : (ji) (/\) 1' : ,e,avflh:tA :: ,"11 '/'i•l· : hm1�A : :}l\&,'I:,• : 'l'I : hoY.U'"l-'1:1:m- : 9°h1 f·Y.":i· : ou}ihA : lf•l!·f·:f: : ,"11'1"1· 1- : ml\�:1: : 1'1);.fCOD•:,.c; : h1.';. fflrl•9°?-T : {JJ.'..•IJ\ : OD{l. fl;J· m:,-'i n fl;, tJ .r.· ori. m-ilT I\oiz.1:,; v• h- •f• ll'7'/ar,. o o. ..,.fln· {IIJ'i ntr., m&f : 0:.·1· : ?,1.&;.mO:P : '7'/f:t.°I : 'i"rm- :: '11C: °11 : 1''1tl.tJ : 9°h1.f•f·:f . : ,f•t...�'7'/. s f'P/f ,U'"l o:,- 'Ltl.9° : i',t\ : fl?°ltll, : ml\�:1: : m'l"l-1 /l(JD.f, ,rimc 1'1-Pif.\:f-fl· °IAX - flOl/. tr10T • 1...H.t;: m.e?°: o-f.\1...1'1. : 1'1J.'..SJDt;fm· : ml\�:f: : f,"11 '1"1-1- : (11J1t...il : 1'1'-'tt.07i'i: fl..-.-Ot.--1- (}0·1 f"2.,1°)', : m'l.e : 1'1.';.'it.m- : OOIJ.!F.C.°I : (-OA°l'i'i: {IDffilf : fOl/.0 110:,,. ; lj::PC fll,{\(l•l· 1 m11..,. ---) '1tti q n. : ,-,, 'l"l-1 : 0 ort.r '1J!..·1• 0:,. : 1...H. ::

ll,1\9° : .eu1-�- : ftJA : OJJrPt.:J•'f! : ftr',tD• : 9'°h1.r:,- : J.'..°1'1° � m1ifl�} T1 1 lllfff,,f•� .,:,. : ,:.,c: h""l.fil '1·'l1lt.lD·: h,"11110· : '1tfl·"f•'1ft.-O : ;JC'i; ,"11 'J'i,} 1 t\""l.f5?..C1•T : V-1\·: :}l\t.'1.-,., ft\'l:fm-9° I 09'°19°: q_e',:,-: '1tlf�;J·:f.,.A: ,f•-0/\lD•: fl.a>cf>ft.- : '11,e,1'1:-t�m·?° 1 il/\H. U?° : :P«J:r•s O-Ott·9':f.: q,e,1, fm;�fl�: ou:PtwJ. : ,"l,°I: {111,_,,6f: ilfltr'l=l\..�1'111•= 1t.e1'lrm·?°:_ h�t\':; .= .'1tfl•f '1o-O : ;JC: f rf•.r,,r,, : ',m- :• 00-/l• : '¼1\0'/lD• : ..-.-0t.,f• : (l0·1: ODmfi:P'i: lftf,•.-,-.;-m-}: 7i1 ifI.\' r •' il":i•/\ flPJ.f D/\ll. /l(JDO : -l• 11 :J! : Olf'I : .,,.,., : P'C.'¼:'f· : m·ilT : A�:1 : mJ.'.. : (11Jf.\l1?° : ft.m·} J.'..-C�·Y.if· : fl•I! , tr}ar t1·t·1•f.. :; OT/t;:f!w-9° 2 A � : 0:}ltk�·l· h1-"i.emr:P O.J?.t.°I :Pc ' f°tf (l� : Jt,e,o»;s,u :: fl9'°l}ll, : fm1j!fl � : ou:,,65/, : ,"l,°I : 01't?,9'° C" : ·1-Y:/\:,• : ?°h"}.<'•1· hm1 it \ :}I\J,.'1•1· �'I fOIJ.fJ.'..C,:.,:f-m· Ttf-�1-7.;;if· = 1-Pi.e Jt'}Y.· ?°till, �m-== r'1t1'9°C" "'l'Y:t\:r·• ft\n:, . : '7'/'irW-9'° : (lm- , hm1)!A : ;)ltk'l,1· : 'l'I : 0.lf19'° : 7'1 \;\ i T0..4'' fOl/.5?..t.°lt\•l· ' ll°I

= =

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J ., (De :J

- 41 -

' :. : lf' m = f1 h •, f .. '1..1fta • : , :'i tiit' 'l:f , ° ;e.1 1 ro'l 9°: l-t.;f fit\ ht\ · 'P � (&c{l m ,l "l : lhC 1 •Ot 32 -· :, n t\ h 11 :, = OD .. fm1lA : nft:f = (&clt'P : n,l11:f : m·ll'P ti tit\ = ODm1 = illlllf...lfl· rot1J,,y..-:;.. = fl°tA : ·1,c1,(l:,-. • f"1/.lllt..m·: hlfm� : 1'llh : hP't• : ht--:,.. : ft\aJ• : flJY:lPJ. : nAA : 33 n,1..u J g, th-ct: : �il'r : f9°1'1;,1cn:,.. : q>','ro• : 'hC,1 ilT = 'Im·:: .'/t tit\ : 00 m1 : 1\1\�� (DITJ,f·°f : rm1 j!t\ '1: au:f,lil>J.: ,n'? : 'Plf,"I! : fl.l;J1'P : f°tflm:: A� : :PflJ,f·l'i : 'P1:J> cJ: 9' :1. :: m ll s: A I rm1j!t\ ;;: = OD:,>lil>/. = ,l,"1 = ,,..t-- = :,, t1J,,y..1--'i : 'P1:J>'I: 5P:y. , 34 {1',(t. 1 l\f,: ,,l•t..1'"11.9'1': hf,lf-,..9° :: flf', : lf'f : hlit\ : oum1 : fl\f...l(}m• : A1: : nm1)!t\'1 : ODq>lil>J.: ,l,'? : A� : h�f.\ : lJJf,9° : Of...1-0: ODrf--flt\�: OD�th �: hrf•hflht\◄:,• : OJ1j!fto:f• : 1'11',�1 : ODJJ" &--.-J: : J',{lcf>f:'/° ! 'Plf,"1''i:',;l..1 ¾ {19'1h 1 = f'Plf,,1-- : au,f-- 1\t\�'J'i :i J!,:PC ;r'} 1 '}.f,f:'i: nmcmrf:: o0 tihf.\: ft\aJ-1 : "11'1·'T 35 mttrf•: n"1/.(JlJt\hrf::,--:r m:""/l(D•: h�/,\: ODlPl:J''l!=,l, ti fl:f :ozJ lPlT= tif.\,f"l;J1m J Ollrf"4>C I '11'i•1 t\ovm(}1 : hD?..,n:,,oo••1-- : A� = f th'? = 1.''J ;,1,9':f : m-il'P : UXJ'}'1(1r!J0 : rf"t..1'"1/.:: i',J!,lf)·'J° :: {1�1': '/t'l;J1C: 1'1.'Jf-': m'J)!A-',t, : ,11dJ : Jttit\ : u0m1 : flf...l(}•'i : '11\f...lfl· : · fl9'1' : I\J!, : 1, h·A: +t.?." t: fl..lf'J I m'} lit- I OIJl}Jt,.,f: : hrf•l;J1ffi : (1:\1\ : "J'J : {laJt1J•1' : 'PlJ,,f''?";,f, : /lJ!,: �CJ!' ll {trf: J :ptq:,-- : roim{l',(l}• : '11'r1: flUDcf?l'P : f 0'1..l);..:,..,. : A� : f ,l,"1 : ,.r:1;J'l9ll· , •fl:,: = nODn,t- f.\ = ., ro· == rm1 'i: = OD:,, 6liJ. = ,l1'? mt1J,f--l· il t\mfl 'i":fro• = Ai : :,,f1J�1--'i 1 'f1:J>,1:9'·1·•: hUD'i1&--1:1:: n,.:,.: {lOD[;Q.l?f: ill\t\.. u--tt:i�: flJY:ai: tiC,:t\ 1'1 '16lh'r = ,,1c;1c hhPt- = Jt'J°il:1.. = 1'ilh = 'ttFtr = fl'l:,.. = '}oP:,.. : ODlili1ltf • :.

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33. 34 .35.

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l:l.il = f/\ro• = fiJf:oi = nAA = n,1,1:i: = arilT = ''Oi'tP't-. = Jrt'J°il:l''i = Oi'tP't-. 1 r : out-ihA : fit· : Jett-it\ : UDffi'} : fl\..e.l.o• : (ls,>:f :'' 0°11\T t}OD:f', T: : il9°1 36 0 : : : :: il9" Jrt(lllJT f,U 1'C'?'r : fUI/ J�A f.,il°1°1'i" : f"'i.f ltil:,, : a,w• :: ,t-ooAt ll � (1-9° : htLU : f+i'f t\ : +iltPJOIJ. : il9" : ill\llJ1 I ''it ti/\ : oom'} : fl\..e.l.ftcT 1

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..('l\..e.l.o•--r 1

01\f, : 01.1'). : osi>'f :

37 . f lJ'a,: IJ''i : fro'}i/\� : fi\CD- : tJDc/t- = �l\k -,:,- : 1'"}�1\:fw• : ira,w• : f,:J""f It- :: 38 , {ID:,,6liJ, : ,'h '? : f:,,llJ :,. : OD <f,., il : � A 1. ti. : }, . Y.. "'i.&..</> �.. . f f'I°;" : :,,llJ ;" : 39 = h 1 ..e.O'/ f,oT'i' : t\mllJ:,• : T",-.+7.�:.f = /\'r1:J1 <f: = rorLoT = :,,llJ:,... : 40 "' r . flm:t,1\1\a : i 6.�0I/. : t\.1.1'1 : 1'1Y,OIJ.:f. t\ : f,'i"1t-..A ::

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f{IIJ{J;},l.if ro- : f'r4---f"'�:.f : tJAt\ : JrtP't-.. : ll9°1:,• : °iDD:,.. : flJ''r"rOJ•'i" : h H.f9° 1 fl I\ f, : f 1.1' 'i':f ID• : (l 9''f : ( 0 fl ,I\ : i'ta,,;J1 C. : Jct q> «f! 9':1:) h AA : a,ro-- ::

flha,ftc9°: l\,e: on.,e,.n;;:'a rc;: f,v,a,: P'C°i+.: ,111°:.r: ll/\Ol/.&.. ?,OD1i()rro•: {lf\a,(l.:

aoc;1c

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Af. : a rltt9'1-- ;:

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1, {I <f, f:'

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= =

=·

-:- 43 ..

= =

r ..1-- : fl tt h A: .. : 4'� : 'h - : A� 1 rf''i'?lli/;\ 1 (1',(l,: &..1:1-- : ,v,;:m·: A�"..'J {\ 7i7f · = 9° :: 1t ill\ = ou,n1 : 'lf\�l(l.. 2 '1° : f.._ I\.A f,:f 011 {\. 'f' 'f' ID4 . : ).9'T · . C : il : m lt ,,1· : 1'1l\11 i f,tJ•1 : },1;{ : h., l' °�:91 : 1,C9 aJllJ--f--l· : ft,C!, : f°t&.'/iOO• : A� LU : ° ° .. = A� � 'hC9 1f 911· : ,,-.m flf..m· = 9 19° = <t:� = ltfil 1,.. 2 OD4,66),?J-:f· = roi:rtt,., .1.. > c 42 : f • f : l> , .. ,n (t T :) I\:,.. : l\1'i1f:: 1.lt: f4>?- : 1,1-f,lf'l : ..(19:: .,ID.:: hl· f.. lJ : (11\f, (1,f-- �l'l : 'f'11--;I.. : ODcp6li/.?J:f : flct:�.9° : "/,1 f..OT/ f, f:,it- : ',:'} 61!' : _e O fl) ft-- I .. f,= ct:�= 'h1P.A(t_m• = �(t- = U·ft rf··�(D« 1 m-��, = .. ' ftODlODtflD : �4.. ,7 r,,--(lm•"1· = 43 0'/.lf' ? oocf>66J,9lif--'J : f D : 1 : : fl1 lD(l "A f-lY'il,\ ,, {\{T {l(\ J '114--1·: "'lilljf: : ll'/

:r-.c; : :,, ITJ,11..:f : :,,ITJ ,,:144:

�c� : n, ,,: : faim cf>9'1 '1:,:a>· : lD ti), 91

fl01/ ti', fl : ch'l''I\C 1 mf,'J° : flo1ti�'? : (l&, : .,,.,:,.. . f,(lllJi\-- arl)),91:1: = ,nti9°'i'1 = 5 f{\(1•� ,.• : ,,)--?11uc,1-- 1 {· (1:J>A: OD'JlP�''} ¾ n:1-- ?11uc:,-. : r1:,, : Wf,9° : (l{l ."f: J m·il'r : '''11cf,f:1,1'i'' i','111. : oom1 : fl\.f..l(lOJc : mflJ:I.: '''i'"lfi.. : Olf ', : 47 :1--'J°uc:,.. : f'1'l..f'J:�n:,a ;- ''llOJflJr)• : '114-+?f":j-. : f+ll;Jl i P''l : FC'¼:,. fm'lf, : (/lll(Jllf'i : ur17f"lif : A� : fl,1• : '' ,,,,,oft� : lDf..°7..m�tD-: fm'lf, = 48 0 0 '1ltP/..f 11,:,-- : 1/il1'1·1--1 : fm:J>Al\.l\• r,11h'J°'i''r" : fchrrrrc: : :1,9°uc,), : ;,-J, 1 111·,}4.. : '114,,t•� lD· : mflJ:,..: ltP't. : it?° ,-:,.: q,-ID:f..: (l.,lf',a>·: ro,e'/'1 fl,f--'Jfi.lD': ()flFAITJ"} : '19°1·: lD•l}),W•: 'I'?-: (j.:� fltf: 'h1f.lf'I : °}\P'�: il'J°1:I.: qOlJ:1,: tif,tr',m«: ,f•&.1'°7..'l:J';l:m, : ,ecJ>�A:: 49 {l .. )•9°uc:,. : o,:,-- : m_e']° : no,:,-. : f 07�f,f: : 1.tf. : :,,llJ,1�1 : noiz.omm • : ��: 1 50 h_{lcf>Y:'1° : J!.,m(l'it\ :: Om'lf, : 0"1l 0'l.,,f : r1:,.. : fpucf,f,f:9° : 1.1-1. : t}}t'}X' J hllh : i',?0il:1. : qoo,7, : (l.lf1 : 01-1.. u• : q _er,:,.. : J!,m(tc;tA :: J!,tJ•"} : l,1 :{ : h'P

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. . . . flf�: lf'i: f,IJ : :fot>(lf�·: arti�..=·o+flm: h1,9°il:'f·: C}OO;'f• : a>·il'l' :•'ro1j!�: LVC.Y.. • 1\,1\ :,,ni:,• = f+«Jfl·o:,� = 7'1F-lf� 1 f oo(l\100-- = CO:tit = f\)fc = ilfl"'t::i·A 1 f'1.ril:r· = �oo,f: 1 14n. • 1'ilh,f/;\:,,: Y.·t..il :· f:,,ni.-f.·= �CY.' i h'i!C-':--: f"J/;\: {lt'\,� ·: Q7'C"J'1': ''foi�:,,f\�•'': 'flf,ooilA9°11 fro'Jj!f\� : oo:,,65J. : /h"J : 4?'1'C : if�j'i' i ifqj�1 : f,oof\h:tA =1 .. fro1j!f\ �-, oo:,,� : ,n"J ; .�'l'C : !f�� :: . . . . _' =. �lD4 :s ''ti1_ CC-oo+«J:r--'' f"'l.ll.Or : :PIA : ''ti1-�9°�'' f"'l.f\Or : fLt..1-tif,� :_ :J>/;\ : :,-c1,9° or: : oo:,,66/, :, tf1"J I 'J .fi�'}j!f\ : (Llf1 : " QT/{\;'f ::'• 0JJ1JT _ : : 1,,f•'1 lf'i f.9°),'' : fi,f�a;LOIJ& I '',r, Oril"J' 1 -OH· : 1..tt.. ,.· OtLV·.: �f.,,�--� : .,,... 17(;1.�'I° : J!,1�,!_\ .== fro1-j!(\� : _oo:,,GliJ, : ih"J : 4?'1'C 1 if�� 10-il : 4?'1'C:(u)1-'i". (,h)1 1 1,oofl.�:J:/.\11 h�u =-- 4>'1'l\�..= Qf\ar �.K'",�� •,I aril'l' 1 f,9°1-�1 , ·r�•'}'i f:J>flJ�•1: m-.�, ,:J1l..lD4 :i fro'}j!f\� : oo:,,GliJ, • il,"J : .:f:'l'C : f�ii : 1'�t-- f•_� : .tr'; '. foo1 .Y..if : 1,1-f."?. �:,, : '1.f..·C11 : (l oo,f,.C'lo9° : �Or :s . .. . . . . f m'}j!fl.� 1 oo:J>Gli], : il1 "J = cJ?_ 'l'C = fj?; =', f�"}j!i\� OJJ;�"J. i!t"J I ,J?"J'� :. .f._�-� f'l'�+�t& : ' 'hY.'t--1..ar :. m1.lfr�}: 1,ill1, 1Pt--o:1� = 1.tt. 1 .("t../1-·= f11ro:,,-c. 1 mflf, = 00Ati9°• . · . f lf�. � 7'1ilf�- ='' f m1lt\� = oo;,,� = ,l,"J • 4?'1'C =· (:ff. (l!)(u) :,. : : · _ . ! rro:,,.e I :-"'&h·•·O--f"t\:f = }'lf...,·"J. 'i·',� I fi' f "Y.1A '}s : _ fl'4.+:;:ar,: ' ''1'1-.;'f·'} : ---::/.\01/Y.'' '1.f..·C1 ,' r,tr .• " t ·\. • i1.e.tr� , ___;, ,, f· m1ifl� s oo:,,651. : ,n"J = 'l?'l'C = itli (ti) (,h) =1 .

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-r4-.,t-- �: lf'f: n1--·1i': lDflJ;I.. : l\f, : ,J--t..1'0£/. : f°tlf).:,..: rro1,:tt '1 : on:,,61iJ. i11°1: t\�: 1'.C'/°�911'C,�: :,,fl),f,°f': fl\TlD•: A�: fi'tt..?ii9°: OD"}1X': /b{tuf: -r-4>:,,1 = '11e1·1 = f,!Lt\ I lf'i'I° = m:P OIJ..?1·:;·.. = ill\Alf.,. = 1'1'1 ;,1c11:,!w-9° :: : h01/t\4-'f1 : n&..,)-- : 'r4 -'1''1'1:rfm• : P''I : P'C'¼;l•-',t, : lDf...lf'i-T : n --1--lD(l','1.:f m, = ittit\: oum"} = '1.1\f..l.(l• = (Dfl)rf-.1--: I\J!, = n1t.,)-.r·A·f: rf'&.1'"'1. : fOIJ..lf'lm• = fm1)!t\f = {JD:,,liliJ, = ,11°1 = � -,nA:I> = O,l\0'19l'f = h1P.t\•�... : ool��· = n4! = 'Im• ttDDt;'P. = rm1lt\ f = UDfliliJ, = ,-,,1o-:;. = u•t\-- = n,1--t\f,'I° = n:Pcn· = f,,..,.,.,,=m- : fJ-1.:1,r-kfm• : m"}lt\ f : OD:,,tili}. : ,),01 : 0,1\°'l:flD• : T4- rl•'1w - 1 s mf...UDt\ti'I° : (lm•',:i• :: ODUDt\/1 1 'h1f.lD1ltt- : oum"} : on:,,11]�..c; : :,,llJ,f: : ft.fl, t\n-:f• : 9u ftlb : ,,1>',.lf"} : OIJ�-- 1.01 : ',(D• :: nm:,'l\l\lD• : h'IJ-LU : '¼l\67?1:f : Oh.:1--r·A·.r : ,n'? : lD•i1T = 1A,f- : f0?.:J--fOJc : r�--;;:m◄ : h1f..tr'l'i : 'hilh9°1il : �·t.il : 1'.1f,.lf',: '111&--tit : 1--P,f, : ',m• :: '11C: '?"} : mf..: ouAti'I°: (lw-�:,.. ,

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:. .. : i\f,: ,, &..1-.°t: .. : �'1 'P : it 91 nit : q I\ lP/ 91:f 'P «f! po &.. f .. h oi tr�:, I\ fl ;J1,91-:;.. : : oo f OJ'il'P : J!,A:,, : itti/\ : ODffi1 : '11\f..l(l• : lDll)--f,:f : i\f, : ,f•&..1-.°t ·: OOl/.lf',(D• : OA�: 'hc'l°:(91:fc; : :PllJ-f-i': :,,,�:,--: lD•il'P t f,nA'P: 1A,f--lD•: 'h1f..Dt:J--� : d/A'G : 'llD· ! itti/\ : 00 m1 : .<'l\f..l(llD• : roll):,--: Of,OA'P: ''f°tififA'': tr'f: = I\«fi'P 'PC ¾ n:t-'l°uc:i--r. = nt,f.r11 = oufl 'Pro'P = +"19°:J:A ;: nt1.. u'l° = 'l°h1 f,f-{\f: itft,1,.,rr:,,: +(l'P j:T'PA:: ,"I,110·: hro1:l!A: 1'1�.mn:Pr.: W1f.l\�lD• : 'h 1-'t4'llJ : fOl/.ff.. c1m-- 1 : 'Pf<f: : fD?cti:i-- : ,..�,, : '11.e-: Oh·A: 0.'fC'l° : 'h"}l). ; ,f-1Q.lD•1 : fn.f ,,f1f : :,,ll):,.. : OD{:(11 : },1Pz..lD{l1 : /\<f'(J;lW• � �c;: : f,t-(l mW•: P'AllJ1c.'; f,'?'1°'1°: f or>1'?P':,. : '1.ll,,.f',V.f..C : 'l/\P'Af1J'f1-- =O'P'r,,f--�ro- : "" : f,f--(D (l �:,... : A� : 'hC'l°:'l· SJJ':.f : or,:1; : lP/ l\:,, : },1f.."1.. 1 'l:f OJ• : ,h"1-0 : /\ ODil m:i-- : f,f--(l llJ:fro• : nrf,/\f, = (l&. : ftf',ro• : P'AllJ1 : 'P'r, ,1,c;:ro-1 : roJ.!. : ODA '19° � (lOJc',:,.. : ODOD/\(l• : f(\OJ•1 : 'P:,''l° : fi'tf fr ; O ,f--�IP/l'/° : itl}fl : ODffi1 : .fl\f..l(lOJc : Al.. : ,pt,._,,.,.. c;:.,:,..c; : :,,fl)•)' : fOl/..filn:i·•(\•;1..1 : OJcm:,.. : /lOIJif7tA'i' : "r'i-.+c1ro• : •f-(\-0 : fDt{lf'/°n:,.,- : U•t:J-- : l\tTC/ ..� t;:,... : f°7. f..l1W• -- = '¼I\OIJw· = .e1iOJc = 'Im· = 'ltJl\«£ tr'f'l° = 11F-o?J"f--1 = ;,,1-- = " nt1· = "Pl:, . . 1._li,: OP't.. : i\J!, : (l..fm•i\TlD· : 'h 'i'fl\1 :: .OD'PG: : rf'•'?'lC : f°7..f"1f,: i'1ltl\ : ... ¾ n{JD.e..n'i:w- = rw1:e: ODm1 = ,.fi\f..l(l = A� = ,,..�,, = fi01>f..f1'1 = �c.. l7= n:,...y..•y. {\� : DD:PliliL : "1'? : il.CP/tif,'1:,,: f,ODt..A. I fl'P/4-.,t-'1(D• .: A�: i\f,: A�: },C'/°jf: fOIJ.ro(l',(Dc: Ajf,. : '1.1,.f;: lD1:l!A: D'!P't,..,f: : h+l;J1m : O:Xi\ : (l..lf1 :;: 1,C 'I°� (De'/° 1 f 'P1.�' cf: : :,, ...Y--l--: ,1.. qo hlro• : �k : .f A(l m· : },1Y-. lf '1 : h ;,, 'I°c.''i" : hm '1.l!,: "1 l°t.,f: ro•ti).91..,,.1--: ;JC: /Llf1: rof,'/°: nrf--�0., t: il,fl-01,: :l'f1J1'.."f·1: fl.f,11 : f,1'1\A:: lf'f9° : ''h 'l,.f; '� : W1:l!A1: Y-..'J'?OD(D• : {1°7..V-'?o : lDilJ1'--:f : /tf, : nltl\ : oom1 : 1\ilh.fY..C(l« : (L«f,f, : fOl/....,,.fA 1 nil«f,,.e-qo : f,t-ro(l', : = r;r4'f.. = n/\OD rFt.:,-- = nau1 {llJil)i\• = r1\c'/°;fm· '¼i\"1 = iltJIJififA = If)-1 = ai A� = ,oofl ;1,A 'h1Jtf m·'l° = 1,1_e. ,-1.. u = .rfl = 1.. 1·1> = q"tTCJm· = l1 (i: �'I° : ,,..l..il:tA : /\_lP/ I\:,... : f,:FI\ t\ ::

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= r:,,llJ:,..

llJ

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ou:,,fm}, � ,l1'? : ;.,.,., : P'C'l·)· ; i'tlt,i\ : ODm1 : i\i\Y-.l..ll· : A.'Jf.l- = r,,....e,. '111• = A.� = 1:1;.11,?1:f '.

tilti1r1 = 1:lll i 'P'i'lD• = rt,,:i--r·k.r = rro1:l!/\'1 = OD :,,651 = . ih'? = fli't'P4! j il9'1''i': nil/\: ODffi1 : '11\.e...l(l«: A.71..l-: l\f,: fln1.e-: '¼J!,'1:,-- :. 00111:: {loo m)-: +&..1-.0I/..: '"n.1-f..Of/.lf.1: itf,,,--c;A:;: nro1:e�:i: = q1,-,:,,c;: nro1:e1r = 'Pti,,t-'1 ;_ lf'f: floo1,:,-- : 00'/..fllLA'I':,.. : l1.e-: A�-,:,.. : fl\'/°:: '11C: '?1 1· "r�rf:: bi' l.'11m : {l�i\ : 'l/\OJ• : 1..1·L : On'P<I! : 'Pti,,·,..7i':f : ,i\J!, : fOI/.L'ltODOJc : ftD1)!/\� : A DDfliliJ. : "1'? : it&..1..'1.9° : ,r>,;r ; ro.e..1°1 : �,t-OJ•'i' : itti/\ ,: oom1 : '11\Y-.lft- : l\71.1· : i\f,: fot&..iir : itm:Pi\f,'i' : t..(1•1: f:Fl\ 1 A.� : arti).91:.f'i' = :,,trJ...f:f 11 f°7..L'ltOD• :,-- ti Yo : rf-/\,, : ,e(lt.. :J'/;\. :: . fm"}l/\ '1 : DD:PimJ, : ii,'? : P''I : r1cq:,-- . = �Ah.: .f Arf-•Ot..t.. : ',(D« :: ''fm it">f: ' f.r11· = oFc = <k'P�l... fl\ "JT = T.�+7i'l·1 = 1,�1,: ,,.,,, = rcq:,... 9°()t-(j: ; 93 h{llJlODtf : '"n.ilhDDal./.if : f l\<D•'J.·: P''I : P'C'¼:,... : · f1f : nm

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:J>f\f,'i : t-{tc"} : f:J!ll: OD'}°l,f: fOIJ..{l<p: f,Uoitf\A:: tt0,,1:;r� : hll I 00111 t 'J °C(IlJt- 1 lj:C� 1 :,,ll):,.. 1 f,'?'l�'i": fOD/t{lt\-T : (1 ', �LU : '1'_4!i' = R.: 1:>isi>"f : 1,1�0IJ..OD?,.: '?A�: ODit/r>: f,;J-fA:: f.'"},:J1,9'•1:9° • f,tJJ • fOD{l(\ • 1--1:fl:,.. : ,.: : '} f, ',i f,t-&..ml(Dc"}: rl' ill\l\:fro·: irfllr : '11�1': '1f, 'l h· : nA&..'PA:: OltlJ fl :,.. : ll"1°ll\T: (ltf1llD": irfllr: f,n"l--: ti�A: floP(n"19°: f, :J!A: h1�tr� I hlf'lil : 9"°"} : fU A: floum"19°: "n,"}� "'l.:J!A: /l{ID'i�C : n"Olf�l&-1 : "Lf·t: >til :f;Jt: ',CD":: hH.. V: n;t-:·;.: h'IH.V = l-ai�1-- : itlt<rcl!rf,·f. 1 P''l = P'C'¼,,.1:1: � l�: (lf..ljf : (lai>OD/;\hT : 1'1'i'1t-ll1 :I f�C�: fb:,..: P'A"11 I i J;.1��1 r�c.r.- = fb:i-1 = P'AllJ1 = ,,,..�,, = n�ll:,.. = {/D11.f..' = "n.1DDl9°l'P1t1 --

{\lDll):,..: 1'4-rf--�1 -: ll+tl;J1.ro•: P''l: P'C'¼T: +1 0.: flf�:, : '11�1'": 'h1FnT I fl\•= 'i' :fm•? u•l\+c;: i n'l1-1.u: '11�1..: l\f,il = P't\"11 = fl\:fw• = �c� = f1.Y·l • f:,--;�:r.: 'i':flD"?

!ii ii'1/t = {IDffi"} :

fl\f..l(l• = (DIIJ,f--1•"} = fl "'LODI\ h+ro« : P''l = P'C'¼T

+1n.: lf'f: 001"f·1·;: fro11./\�: : oo:,,tiliJ, : ,11'? : P''I : P'C'¼:,,. : 4?<rC : f{:j; : ''itti/t : (flJm"} = (Q)l\f..l(l• : roll),f·l·'' = l\f, : f°2.4'Crfi : fro1lA: hit : UJllJ,f ".f·"}: noiz.ou/\ti,,.. ro-: nA�m·: P''I : P'C'¼:,-- : ODLJ.Jt,.:,- : f,&.,.?,.try A' ': f,I\A :: (lro'}1./\�: oo:,,tiliJ,: ,)1'?: P''I: P'C'¼:,--: O<f?<rC: [: ODLPl :,--: ''}'t '1/l: ODffi-'} J _fl\f..l(l : aJllJT : ' ' f°t'll\ ro• : ''lJf.'oita>•: hit : '}ou:,..: "n.ilh: Il; qou :,. : (lro•: 'l a>• :: f,U: "111\/\?,.': (llD11.ll�: {ID:,,lil»J,: a1ai: (1}-{l<p: /tUJfJJT J flf'I (tSJJ".f·: frf--(lmro•"}: "111\/\�: (t.oo{l A:;: lJY:tPJ,f:f(lr: hHm� = '}ou,1•: (lf\f,: lftr: 94 1 I� qoo:,.: !A'l°l\:fro•'} = A]!.l--: 'h1-'t"19°C : "n.1f..:J--4'f..: hfmt.TC9"°:: 'htLU: A1pD/\hrf-- (D•: fOI/.1' 1: 'P'i': Tf4: ;: fA� : /J.f..'"CP/,: roi::J--(lfiO>- 1 frf--t)(l(l(l:,-- 1 : m1,:A: n&.KODn:,--: "Lit: 'llD• 2 lDf,il : '11?- : (lrf•"} tf1l}4>(1(1-r: (.e1i m-9° = n+fttn:'f-- 1 no• = n+lnn:,. i r'l1?- = OD{lOIJ:,-- = n+iouln:,-- = m11-t) 1..u? fortA � 'Im•== l\9°'1lb 1 'u'=n<r:,,s,u:,.. = 1 = +1 = 1;;v-,� = '¼.9°. r't\' 1 = �11-r= Hl&..: 'h10A:: n<r:,,s,u:,.. : It: 4,1: ,,..,,,-,: t\'l/l ;-;;;t:ni 'f-:;..: +ln=� hP'lr2 h9°il �:: '}oo:,C: f'l°l\a>•: T:J>9°T : Ii: +1 : ilt\lf', : lD1lit'1 : nt.KODfi,}� 1 1 00 h f, f.. 1\9° : LH. : h m1 : '11\ ,, .. ;: nttfl\f..l(l : roll):,-;: itV•1 : : O lf19° " l\f, : +&..?iOI/.: fOIJ.lf',ro• : +t--m•: fa>1ll\c;:: oo:,,tffiJ,: a1ai : P''l : P'C'¼-r I 'Im« = mf,il = l't'1ft = 00 m1 : 1\1\f..lft- = A]!.:f : f+f.'l11 ro• :· P''I : P'C'¼T? fro"}��;;: , os:,,tiliJ, : "1'? : P''l : P' C'¼:,-- : I\ r·LIJ : 1'f4: : 9°19°: oo/;\i lr .�f, (l<p9°:: lf'f9°: fro1l/\;;: : oo:,,6liJ.lD•: ,)1'? :i f°tl� :r f,DDill\A :: tl?'PC 1

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Jri'1l\: oum"} : lll\l\f..l.(l•-r: OJ11J1'--1:, (I.If"} ;: fOJ"}ll\�= ou;t,filiJ.: ih'?: +Ir: f:"};,1,91-:f: ''OJ "}l it-: n+&cioon:,-: ,.,.,.,,: iJY:criw-: hOP'tr: h.9° {l:,..: f¼(ID-r: 01\f, : bO FIr: ll9°"}:,-C: qoo :,..: O;r-:f: Olf�: T4-,f--i1: I\e.: +&.1-<P/.: pr>rf'i'TOJ•"} : f,Hl.11/rA :: 1.1·1.w-"} : m_e.. : :\I\: +ooA (l"} : 1'J'{l,fl"} ;: fm1lt\ti: : (ID:,,61iJ» : ;,,'?"} : i\L�?.9°: OO?_ouf\h:1.. : l.1Y:;: ''h'1t\: oum"}: fl\f..l.(l: mtlJ:,..,, fOIJ..fll\ro• = �1?. = n+1+ti+(ln:,.. , 1.,.,, = tif11rr1 = IPC:J:A = f+flt\w-.= m1iA = n,,.. LKDDOT: 1.ft: 1'.Y:lPL�: htf ffi�: qoo:,--: 01\f,'i'=hOF Ir:_ h9°fl,r:'}OD:,.:. O;J--'f: frf�ar: �CJ;}4: l\"'ll\T = 1'.11:.l\l\"}:: ,1,,1�:,-1: f°1..1A?..OJ·: fm"}j!t\i1 : oo:,,tili/,: ,h'? : 'kTC = .219° : Otltr : '¼f,�:,- : oo,f.. C7n9° : itl\n:,- ;: fOJ"}lt\� : oo:,,� ih"l1 = n"'l.00t\ h·), = l.11..· : ,n,1 = f"'l.fll\ro• ;: n+1110:,.. = mf,9° = h(t. = O"t(t 01/n:,..: 1.tL: iJ,,�DIJ,lJr: bHm�: qoo:,,: nf\f,: O..lf"}9°;0J"}lit-: Orf't.. '/.ODO-r=1.ti s 1'i' : Hm�: qoo:,.. • ,.rA 'l°I\OJ• : �ar == f,tJ 9° = ftf!TC • .21 = J\rf..l.�1n9° = (n,i-?>t)= 0(1D1Pl+= ,hti1l9": fl.If"}: f+f..1L: �w•:: ;,1,'i':,..: Om"}j!A: +mfcl! : i\f,f..lt-9°= ftPJ..ttar • 1til+..rf:,.. = h+w1rw- = ro1iA = �I\&. = 1ty,rr-.,.9° = noittm- = t1tti11 = l\f,: f+DDLPl.+: �OJ•:: flcf?TC: ijg : {ll11Pl.:,-- : "''":,..: ''l\w«;.:,-- : P'lr: 1\."}f..• h.l\k9''f: lf�ro-: itf,�m«r9°=='' (h1tJC'ro•: f f..tr.(t.m-: �ro•) :: f,U: ;,,'l'i'T • nro 1lA : 1\1\k : itf,lf-.,.9° .= f"'l.t\lD• : J\ll+ti(t1l : 1,llh • ;,,,-.,. : Hm�� : qoo:,.. • f:lh : �'l.'i'A :: lll\tLtJ: }\"}f:: A"'f:: 0"1'1"}�,f:: OIP/rlD•: OJ"}lA : 1.U: '1llL: (l�I\ : 'l,."}};.h(lll : OD�«J> f: : hH..tJ : l'tll+ti(t1l : ,;JC : f°t 'llC : �(D• :: •

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fm1lt\� : ov:,,tili}, • ,n°l : P'� : P'C'¼,l·9° t OtJ(t- : lD• ilT : f+mcf>(tOJ• 1 m1lA = n+LP1rn:,. . = 1.1t: , 1J1..--oiro• = ,r,;t--(111 = u1,: ;96 nH.u = :,..c�oi = ouw lT: ou+c1n9°: ltt\n:,.. :: ftLIJ : +:i,·trt: flf� : :,,c1--9°: '?"}: 'lt\P'AtlJ'f'f 1 '1. till : oom"} : ,.<11\f..l.(lm-1 : OJllJ:,-C : 1--P,f, : 1'.J'H1 � : Oit'PcJ!�,f: : 1.r·L : t\IP/14' it«f'il = 1,.1>;.-:f1t- = .r.e..c;1A tJY:oiro· = fOIJ..;J--(lnm- = ro1lt\• = n,,..t.. K00n-r 1 '1'ti 4' {) : f Ol/..f..l.1 OJ•"} : ou• hl r : u--tt- : .r it OJ 'L It : hIf� i H'?f,1'-- : 1--Pr � . "} : l\'!111 " '?f..'PA ::

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1·1 fOJllJT:= 1'4-,,..�'f "} � 1--Prf,:

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f\ OD{l"'J,}•: P'A tlJ"}: fl\TW-: �Cf:., (1,f:"f:t

fJri.:,-Cr«kf : ou_e..n;;: : fOJ1lA : �CY: : (11''1" : h. '1t\ : ODffi'} : C)f\f..lfr 1 f'l9>f'i' : fl'Jtq>�?J:f• : l\f, : fD'lc�C(l• : tJ(t1--"} : l\ODh"'J,}, : P't!\tlJ"} : hl\.TOJ• :I_ tu?° : fOJlfJ,r.: h'1'k9>T ; nil': Oml.Pr : �CX' : (1:,... : ODlODC : ltt\0-r 1 Ol/llt: �w -- :: 97 Oor>lODCJ': oot.. ?.9": ft\fl:fm-"} 1 h(t•1 : 1\."}f..0000111,fi'i' ' f7't\.il : 9°coo1r1 ·= 1,-1-"": ou�lfJmC = fit-,l""} : �1C'1' : ht..'/.OD : O�I\ : fro

':!!::{1 •

9:6. htltJ r ,;JC I OD?ffll 1 ,f•hll'frt : ''{)Y.:oiro- : hllm� : '¼OUT I O;r1" 1 ftr'l : 111'1.lY'I ! th,-..: h(t-1' : 1,,1-P. tl,;J I f"Y.flf{D«: fro "})!,\;;: • oo:,,a,. • ih� • P''I • P'C'¼-1" • cf!'l'C: CE.tt(t!)(h) J\'1,;,1c : ilihrf•T� 1'1-P.I\O:,• : ooGP.T : 1'th1l1' • ''frf•fl,\ro- : fro1)!A I P'&.. = f,f•J.K{IDO:,• • 1..H. 1 /J�atm-: hllm� : qoo:,• : {l:J·l· • ftr'I : 1'11.lY'l = ''rf•,fl,\o: t\.. '1011 1 1,1f1A :, . . . ' . h:, " {ID o 01/. , ..., • :,,111 :,. 'l'1 = ti f = . • 1: .'l' fit = ,.,, � ' oo :;,a,. C n.,,..tXl.D?&9° • fro,.1:";;: ' m� . 1.oY 1'1 • � �G OD? f h oo,\ • , ai1' /JJ!: 1 . .. 1\:, 001 ='' H. , 1 :,• ooo ,.& . G1..('" a ''ro1')!1\• : · n.,,.. rn:,.. = ooGP.:i• = Jtl\111 , 97. fm"}j!,\;;: 1 oo:,,a,. : ,n� : P''I • J-"'CO,:,. • .cf!'l'C • .fc-f(ji) =' •

•

- 55 -

Ol . : P W� J'J " : 'A t\ /T : D{l t\O . hil : /t•'J m }l : l/l,l&' : tj:Cf: : {1,l· : ftD 98 n : .. ) �1, c. : � • ( (D l/l, : ftD f+ : 9° 'i lf o t\h tj:C� : lLT : OTJ{lirt-ft/\'i: : it/\OT :: :: : -A : n:t t 1,(l J'/· A" P' : .u, n,m• i}{\ : flJ'J P'A : /:1P{lOT (\o lA m'J : +ro•'} : h'Jf...H.. IJ : hlf', i f'J1--lP : '11P'Tc : (ll)'J°IP'T : '?IJ. ,-)• : ODf...(l�� : fW'JlA: tj:�': {1.f-1·: t](l,: (lCPf..{lCJTJ(l:,,: 1.lt'i': (l?.ft I 1,iit\: 00 m1: llftf..l(l-: W"J,Y.."f: ft!!,: +&.1ioi : OOIJ..lf'/·:,.. : f'P'i'tD4 : ,l,'?'i·: fF'I : P 'cq:,, : A� : f..'Jp:y.. ¾ ffl : A�: :,..9°uc:,-c;: A9°f:: �P '�:,-: i't/\ll:t!m.: "11\:, -- : 'llD• :: Jtti/\ 1 oom1 = fft..e..l(l• = m11J,f-1--1 = tj:ft1,.l-- = n ,.,.. /\1, = ll.fa:L.tt· = rorz.1--,r = IA r. : ,)·9°tJC:,.. : f ft:fro• : Jl,�:f: roiff..c1,:1,1 : flJA : A f. : "r9°uc:, ..'i : A'/° 9°y_- : f lb" l&' : fl,�·:;·. : ,l1 ,,.. : h ti/\ : OD m1 : {l""f..l(I- : (D "),f,'f. : .,r /\(D•"} = 99 '¼t'\"1: hcJJO·: ll.. ff.C()•: J'tf,1--tt-9°:: hl'l.. lJ9°: (lftf, z.. (lODf,.(li;: �CY.': n, ..y.'f: rai<1>cn· = ti tilt = ODm"} = fft..e..ln• = m11J,.y.:1: = nrt\.. {l = "JO.f I m,,e.. = ct:�--: -- : t\ .. : : .. ft t;: (ltj:�: n,:1 o.i.';.. (1;1 : 'lit· : (l , fl:J 9° h/,'Pcl! : l't'l'k9'1' : ;JC: lltn :,-c : oP1'i'·'i:rrm·: Jt�c/:1C9° :: lf'f9°: f ,1,1:f;: '¼t\"1: f,IJ'J : fOD(l{\ro•"} : "I"}� 100 -00 .,:,. = fl,f ;rlt : 0'11·LIJ: 9°h'Jf1'-:f•r m'J : /\lPJ{lm1Y..": l11..e..lf'I : °lA?t.. : ',ro•:: f,f''i"/ : ro"}j!ft... : 9 °19° : qj!,r,,.)-. : O.lf'J I fro"}�f!/\i; : oo:,,tiliJ. : ,l1°1 : P''I : P'C q:,.. : t,til\ = £1Dm"} = .,f>ftf,.lfl· : aJflJ.,f·:f"}: ftJI/..DD/\h,f: : '11�1:'J : fOIJ..(ltJrJ : fro ll) :, : lj: Cf.." : fl,:," : 'I It no!I: !I:OD• : (lflJ 9° : fOIJ.f I} (l ,(l : 1·/l, J!, : ', (D• :: 011,-,.. : Jt1�l-: ti11/\ : oom"} : flftf,.l(l• : mll).,f--1' : (l,rw� : m"}';efr>1--: ftfi.: h� = flt = mf,-9° : °lft'P. : P'AflJ'J : f,f•{llJJ:1:ro.. : ''fmllJ:I.. : tj:C,.e- : (1,y..:.f'': roi1-r.n:,.. : A�: :,,"}l::,.: �1;;:A:: {l/\1·1 IJ: (lh,"}f,.tLIJ: flt- : lj:Cf:: 0..1'..:f : fO'f..w�:, .. : P.7.°:f : Oma,:,.. : a;t] :: ?·Jl,f-:.}�- � A� : t,ro«4>:,.. : {lt\ft:fm· : floof,.(1'1: fm"}';eA: <t:C�: n,..y.:.y...: roiw�:,..: Jl,�1.__ : /bl\W'"} : f fl,�',,}: P'Ir: ItnuP't-:i-- : 1.11. : h ft:,:m• :: ma,:,.. = "1'1'&.?J:.Y,� = floY. 00/\h,)• : ftj:CJ.!' : P'Ir : m•{l'f' : f tt-:i, : Oll..U : 1't'1'10..: 1--Jl,fi.: ,f-- 11-i --r-,f·: h'Jf.lf'I• : foY.!llfm• : (lJ't�..il : J't(l'I : f,f·;�DDllD• : 1,C0lm'1m• = f}'iw�c : U•)..;J-- : ',m•:: OI!!l=t!i q_ 'J°. fW'Jl/\;;: : ov:,,tiliJ.: th'1 : P'', = P'C'¼T = Oti'P� : hDDara,,1: : Ok,)• : mll):,-- : '1'�+�1--1 : naioul\b"1·: '"

- 56-

> t\� fro,'f. ou:l li'i : ,b°l..1 : A� : '¼l\01/?>':f : n�,11: f A,f'1'1tfO•:,.. : � : f, 1-� -- : .: : �C A Y,.' {1 f,1 :ta1 --, : nrollJ,r : 'l'ti,,f--��..__ : l\f, : nP't-. s tJD_e.n� : fOJ1''f. 101 --, : : : &.. 'l'C:: ill\ 'Inc ;: .DD"}"Jp-'rf: : f,U"}: ftPJ..J'CD•t\•n:, o..�; m:,>I\I\ �lo:l" : nou =Ahr: r�.."lr: },'rk?>-:f:, : 1•�.e: f<ID{ltfl/:,..; : P't!\"11' : }1�il �H�+'i' : �C..<!·: f1,f--':f : l\,,P.,: noo•fr: '1'1°1: n�I\: h'IIJ . u; 1 '10'1: h°t1 �1�1' : f°tlllP/(Jr : n,1--t\J!, : f,f•lD•lTJ,n• : ��1' : fl\--n:1, : lt,Y,... : fltPi.il : }'t{l'1 : h�,,-- �ro- : �£:!: : {1:,- : 1--l\ : }, 1J;.lf, : }1 Y,.•c1 : ., oc :: fW'J'f.l\9 : tJD�tm}. : ;,,°I : ,,,., : P'C'}:,- : n:1-- ro:�: : 1.1·1, I �:,,,,..�: : �C..�': n,,y..'f: f,f--hti'i:l: : /Jf:CP/,: tiJ!,;J--11,n: n<J>I\A: OJ'}'f.l\ :f.. : I\J!,: P'AlTJ1: 1,1>;..'ft-.:fw•: {lf\,t-f..l1;: 1,�H..u.. =�c .. �= fL,f--1-- =1'.1F-1'i = PA"l'i:f-ro•; ={\ou{J;},n'f' =1,1�'1°h?-: ,,.,, : /rA :: '11C : °11 : f�CY,.•: 01/.)..il,f;C: ,1,;>'f!',,f: : l,mt."lt : flf'I : fi',il,,,.��C f..111 : n°'1W•"1:,.. : nJ-1-�. il : i',n'l : flt· : lf�,f'9 : �CY,.' : f1..Y..:f : nro1'f.A : : fOl/..1J.1 ?-'l:flD': O•�:J·?J:l:: n�trlD•: ltJ!,lf'J : n,n�>l\1\(1}•: J--i1 t;: �CY,.': 1'�f, fLT: P'AllJi: 1,1-�.'f lOJ•: hOIJ....l1il:f..t\•:I ..: ltil&... 1\1.: '11C:1': ;JC: h1Pi.(liPJ{JD«: }'t.,l7C�A :: ill\OJlTJ,f-1' : �"11'1:,--i; : J--im'ln� : A� : r9°UC;I,. : fl\W• : (lm• : .. Otn,... = ODlJ.'f.:,.. = nwt.�'i" = n.t,w•t--�· =�c..e- = (1,y..:,y.. =fOIJ..(loo•: rro1'f.t!\ = ,� r-1'1: u../\·: t\ooilIP/:,..: °11\'I! : P' A"11: ,,..II 'I'.,y.. :,..: fro� l 'i": f1t (D•t-,.�: �CY-.': 102 a,:,.. :��: lf'f: 1'.1J;.fil1'A: ,,--7iqo: 'Inc :: llh�,,-- �:,D.. : �CJ:: (1:,.. : P'A ll}'}':pc:flf�: OJ"}rf..1·, :f°tDDt\hrf�: OJ1'f.l\ -:f·: hOJt.�m-t;: t-im·t.�m◄ : A�: flDll)r: �CX' : f1T: hrl'l\l\4◄ : n�I\: (\f-1U. . .: ,,...nfr>:: n,"**ODW• : nh�,f--9ro•: - n+a;tlP/t: .e•fiw•: fh�+� ro-: �c.. � :f1:,-, �Cf:: r1:,.. =A�: l-tr>:,..: J!,11°11\;: A� : 1•{\ur : hOJ/.�-}iOJ•/ r� : OJ"}•),. : �Cf: : n,:,.. : fOI/..ODffi• : f,"J'1�1'/ 1 f,OD{\ h;rA :: f,U: nlt.itil: iinfl: rn:J!: iio•,: fOl/..lJ.'t.n:,..: �1�:,..: nro1'f.l\�: OD:t>65J. :it'?: P''I: P'C'¼T: 1:1':>"L?'T: l\f,: f,f.. �l1: i',1X': rA:t>: ooif7iA: �ro• :: �U9°: '1v..1 : n&.:,... : nro��'i : nit(l}◄t,.�" : �c..e- : a,,,y..:.f :f"!(lODc : w; 104 103 f,ODW 1:A-ijtJ : 'l'ti,�Y..1,., : LJ,i{\• : f°7..(167: ii,X--: A� : �Cf: : (1:,, =

-,,.·r:

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:,.

I 01.

102. 103. 104.

- 57 -

h : 1.. ° 0 : it.. : 1 IC: :: -:fh 1 '1 . 1� it'1 : 1.." �I • 1 it 10 ?.. fD ·: :flD 'J:t1J,. ' tL'J: 9'1: :i tr'i C;rA = f = a,+ fl· /\ it ltf.. : ti A'l° m oPrt = ltf, J!. t.+ f,t• : l Om l_ ,,eu : :,,,-�:,.. : ° � 00il°1i- = r+fl 'l� n /\ = • Y,.'? = �'i" J!.l Dtf )!O flOD "f, : fOI/.ODl\h-r- = '11�"f1 = 11J r(l�, r� = C ou0 = .. -:; .. n�..y = tj: f.." m·t 'Jf = : :far1 : P'AflJ1 : h{/Df.nii: = rol�'i" 1t 105 ' : A �'IT1: Ft\"11 = ftJl/..(1Dl\h,f:T1' : f"11·1 : �•1;Ji9'-:f- f,, l'lt :: (1,f-t\J!,9'° 1 ,,eu = :,,1�:1- = ,1,1--: ill\+nt\ = FAllJ1 : hOI/..J!.'l°l,:Jrm· = itrt�lt"L = 'l1c:lc.·: '1'1fl: {/Dm1' = fl\f..l(tlD' = mflJ:,.. : ''n:,,cn· = roJ!.OIJ.11<»· = fOJl� = oi,1 1 �ex--: n»:,"'': '11?-: (t.j!oDC: m}tfOr"': OD:,,l-0: }tt\{1:,..: hOl/.t\lD• : hw1,:{\�: oo:,,65J.: "1.°l: F'l= r1cq:,..: '1!1rC: f�i(/i)= :t-lJlf11 : ,:JC: f,'ll/;.A:: fi,f-�Ol/t9'°; -- : /\ . f : "?..tf'C(l·,) : f,°lll?'flitw•t,.�, h'}f..f.."}ft: hmL � : �CJ!' : fl»T : ·fOIJ..',u, n»,r..l- :: (t.tr1' x nit.<til =· itO'llD" = :,,,;e,:,.. = UDlPLT, °11 1 "''':,. 1 �ex-- = 'h1f.. : mLPi : "ltl;l.. : �C�... : fl»:," : lf'i: hOIJ.fil'ft\<» -: hmllJ:,": h'rtl?J"f : �c�-- : lL;l.. : fOl/..'l(t•: f,1 lJV'':-f: (14''1';J--: f"?..4'CO·-r: t\ htj: ,f•�ro•: fi:CX-- : n,:,,: 106 llfllf'l 1 :,,,�...,;:: hf,"1'1�: P'AflJ1: ;JC: f,'llt..A:: · fl/\lLU: tf11--: hhlPt,. ,: ? . ,:1c = ...,.ll(ll/9°1'· = r,1--"lfl?- = ,n1 = m1r = ODAti = 'h1Jtro11: = r;,11• = OD?f ifA: l'lil&..1\1. • 'Im· =• v•fl"t-:;: x :,,,-J!-,J;: = ftJI/..V-'t.. n,1-- = nt.�il = ltfl'l = , n;: = 'I m - • ; . n ll,,4,c , n.efln:,- = 011--LP = :'l1F,f;: = (1D1-0JFT = = ·roi 1 .. = 1i tin = ODm1• 'lI\ f..L (I• : wflJ ..y.::;.. : · I\J!,, : fa'l.'I u,. : '11�1' : fOI/. (loo•,)· : t\ 1·1.0-- : qI\01/ : 'lA,f•!f: !J:ao-: {lov,,<1.,.(l�: fro1)!A : �c�: fl».-f-.':-f,: (l,lf1 : /\.&..KOO•: f"2.1lJT(Dc: Air �1-(11--9°: (loo•fl· : l'lf,(lt.,.fl:fro•9°:: 101 (IOD�i:7f9° I :,,1-;e..'-f: : hlJ•1'9'1 : O.ff1 r (lrofl):,-- = 11'rk?11.. : �CJ!'!: C1r1· : ltJ.',lf1' : Oh�,,..�m- : �CY." : · e1:,, 1 1'.1Jl(lao-, ,,(ltf• I �1r.':.. 1 , : :,--;:A :: :

OD'"?

°' ..,:,.

fi'lJ;,il = l'lOrtm· = fmflJ:,.. : hTtl?'1-- = �c�-: e1:,,: P'AflJ1 : 1'.1�ilti,4•'i' 1 01-1�w :, �1p,f: : OD'}"JP':, .. :· °11T 1 9° : 1,1-}tlPt..'(lr : . raiz.,r.1--A : tit'? : ('OD '°:�"f;:: -,..P,,,e: (lfl)9°: ll.;J-- (l,(lfi:,--: ftJl/..1'1: 'llD' :: f(ll&.': ;!,f,/;\: h'rl:,.c; r · .v,«;n.-f,1- 1 0- tfl,,e.: l\OIJ(IA,n"}: fOl/..filLA1ro•: lD6Lh: t\.a'14c: fatJ..1'1:flD": 1' 1

(

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nh'f'cf!?J'f : l\f, : · t1ro:,,.c : ,f•&...1'°1.: 'nOl/..lf�ro◄ : nro11.il'1: UD:,,66],: ,.,1°1 : P' � : JJJ C°iT : DDLPt,.:,- : }i_"}1,.· : �1C : f':17.f.UD/,.(D• : aJ"}1.l\'10J• : fl\�C1.."" : {LT : Thtf1f ' nrt\..il : Wf,'J°: n °7"}'J° : (ltD• : ''ro"}1.ftt1 : n�.iODn:,- : {l;J--:'' (Lflf : rof,'J° : nro11.ili1lD•: l\f,: n;r {Lil: llJn.f: }t"}f..': ODljf: ficJ,ln: 1.tL: -- :; W"J1.il'i:ro.., :: Ov-fl,f"i1w•: v-�;J : fioo'rtf: hOI/lif,�:,.: f,<l'C'lA:;: mf,9°: �m O�� : n,:,, : ,"f''h •111 : rof,'J° : fl\ �Cf: : fLT : :,..h1111 : f,ftfA:: l\Til.il : · f°t +com-: : v-l\:i•: °if,�:,,. : fl.lf"}: h�0-9°: hil'i : .i'tfL--f:;.1-- : 'i:flD•:: f,f-- 1n llD': ro1"}: ilfL.-J:;r : n+t..n : "Lf·L: ,n:,: : ill\°2.filcl>llJ: ro"}j!A : f01J.4'COOJ•: DDlJl': Jrt(l..-J:;r : f,'11\A:: {lil,I\ : ODt\h : f°t<1'C{l• : ODlij"?J7f : f.°1'1° : tJ(t'f:

(TDa

.t'll\� :: 108

fm"Jll\'1 : ao:,,61iJ, : ,-,,°1 : P'� : P'C°iT : 4?TC : J�g(�) 1 flm"J:,• : h'rk Ill-: l\f, : hil : O"tcl>C,,flO-r : "Lit ;: (DllJ,f: : 117'1\,(t- 1 no-4>n. : ,1,1, 1 Oml\i. i mf,9° = O'F°ltL� = wf,'J° = O.i'tf1.-J:;r = .it:,,t.n.�: "1·f,t1: n:,,c•fl = mY-..ai11ro• = �� : fi.,r : 00:,,1..11 : Jrtl\OT : f,I\A. :: f4?TC : J�g(�) : 'r&. : "}'lfl· : n..:rf, : mllJ:,. : .i't'rkS'l1•"} : fOIJ..�h- : �1�'f : 07'1\.il : oof111 : rof,9° : ODffit.T1 : 001/..filhir)·A : l\7't\.il : OOl/..cl>C1l : Jrtfi.i:;r : rof,'J° : hit : fl��..'J° : 1'.11.0T/f,1. 109 ◄ fi•m DDt;..'i : T1n7(ro i wf,9° : W"J1.t\• = n.&..i'J° : f�fll : f°if,1 : 'J°ilhC : .,

JOS. iJ.l\h.:,•\'"'A°f I fODf'lf'i"' I fOD'f'&f I ,"f1°1 I f,f-,,._I\ I ,rd..� I h,{l I .t.'ifC ! ''fll\°h.:,•\'"'A°f: ftJ1Jf1f 1 ih°I , Jt1-P.1X- , 1• P.\'"':f •'' fJt.:i• • ,11°1 1 ODfim.T I ii'A�9°: r.= (Ifif:lJi) 1 1Yi 1 §f?i·� 1 nm :t>""Or ' .eODI\h=t� :• OJ'if1i:;J"-'i"' 1 {l)l{l: ODtihA= fl\Or: Ai�:,.: {l�: °l&--01-1 ''/\0Dh(l{la ou,fl,,.�:: rrr-,.:,.r(lSJ>':fi '10.i:;J-- : fl.4>C-0 1 11:f. 1 fhfl•'} : -,.P,,,e. : /\ODh;J--rf-A : f"1..3FAfl:far I tD1)!f\oif 1'' fh..T 1 ih°I , ODfi"m.:1- I 'fi'A�9° : i = (IJif:l�) ! '1Yi = f1?i 1 ft7'/il;J·ro7f = �'T'C 1 � : ar{l,r 1 +1A!lA11 ih1':ii .it'}�'}X" "Ltf. '')l{l'''i"' : ''J'i{1rf:;J•'' : f"1..ft-:,•'} :Pl\'T : l\;,'{L{l f"1..+C11: 11'/'iT ar1s,u : ODl"f, , l\"'/ODAhT • ill\"1..m•l>oo-fl:far = Oih1:J: 1 ar{l,r : f"1..1"f.:,• 1 :PI\T • flail :rtt- :s il/\fltJ : �1?-1-: {lrt-7f /\ 1 lJ•t;J"- 1 °IAYi: 1\17'/$.'l°I: {lff.lJ I Yid..� 1 ,.,.A1. tl. 1 f"?..rP&-n:,- 1 :J>A • hm:J>/\.e • flf�Or ! ''ovl"f,'' 1 f"1../\0r : :PA 1 �ar :1 109. O�'T'C I ftfl(?i) aril'l" • f"1..1·�·0r I ''f°IA , Jtn.:,- • q,,e.'' f"1..I\Or • :J'A • [0'111'/C� • Or{l'f' I Tll!l.A] .. :i.c�oiar , Jt7f0'/., �ar I nl\,,e. • ft7'/il;J·ro7f , cf?'T'C , ft1 • ,,e.ou/\h:f:A ., .eu • :J>A ! nm'l-0 � l'l�;71C I f°IA I hf1,f:;J•, 001.,1>c11n:,- 1 tD1)!A : rf-1:(t&1' : lD11-: 11:f-: f"'I..J'ODl\h:,• 1 hlf�! h'JX- : ro"I:,.. 1 ,r�....,-� 1 l\9°talb , f{lar ,. 00«1f.A • ro1)!A • fl.'-K·9° • f}fa,. ! ro,,e.'/° • far1 -OX-'i , ..,--,qc • {lrf•'l°hlO:,.. • ro;J•f.C • tlAlf� • 011'/'i:fm-9° • (lar I l100f1f 1 �, � �ar 1 17'//\T 1 �a,. :s �'T'C 1 .f (tl(i) , f"1..fllOr I fA}!if1' • ouf'll • 11:f- 1 t"lf,lf1 l .. , O'-" • i\'i!CX-. • o.:r- • "1 , h11 , � A1 , &roi:"l • ..,-.m · fl9'l , , 1-$.· 1c '11-P. • .,,. ) 00,,,.. 1 • • a-0 dtt :J·'l! 1 .f. �+cit. P'Af1J1- •_,,e.(l"l:f'PA •.-Ott-, /\ODh&-hcsru • ,,e.;PI\� :• .,e,u1 • srun •

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.. = = • : n,:,, = c� c,� ' .°! 1, oi m f.. : m· .. n 1 ti , ,o ,-, y, .,_ : r J; OJ • • OJ ,1 •· A • = • ,,. ° : .� :... lffillD i & /l " 1· :: ',lD " Y.· 1 : l.!P "7 ,:J f.9 flmJlA: ft, �f " 1 ,A : : A f.,' C ' 111 . f { f f lt\ • • , po{ rm� , , 'i"1,;.:, O?.. . . 1 {111 'i" un:i llt\ tf , '/;;,.;,_ 4' O� ;:; '; po'f' , l llJ � ,:�� ' J,"1 ' I"'� ' f-"C'¼:i• ' <fi'l'C!'i""> ' lit\"'I J',m •1' (i• : J,� tllJ ' il'l'r:' ·� { t h'l'&.9'1· , I\J!, • fltj:i.9" ' ,f-&.1.0?.. ' hJ',f.l\-9" ' �."'lt\- ' J'.:f.i\A "ll''l'� : f l\_(l U f(l � : ' TJ 'f:!P D 'P , /}(l J't/} : f. P,1 J't1 l . fi ( rf•'1 J't{l • : fl( ,'tlJ ' : " D f : 1} f{l<f,t, ◄ r : i't1'..�-: f7t\..il : '9° : lDf.,'J° : "71'/ ° : ()O = h1J:."} : mll):,.- : my_ : �'PA : • OJ' : 09°1 : '¼f.,'lt.� O'f..•11 : 09°1: J'UA : foo (i:C�': n,:,. : f,.fl : fO'f•r4'Cfl m 00 • . ,: e. : m n,:, :,,1.•n: O"'l'i'fm•9°1 Ct11 C: l)•�:r: ,f•ODCt) tl: ',OJ ? ff,\�: ,, �c.. �: 11L: nri:C�': {1,T : :1•1'1f1f: {IDLJ.J(.,), : 00 lf1: fil&.A"l'l'/;\"}.? Tl\.. fl. : O�,e,t!\ . : nk:,- I +� n.. : 0 (f', Or: {l;r: noo'Pt : n'[/D,,('�,, : t.."11: hC9°:q": hOD(D•(l); j 1 ° tlfo : {/Dffi4'9 : i',.'1il&./,\10J'9° ' ? 1 " ;JC: OD f1·1•: 'iTOJ.i:: f,f'ifift\(DcJ }"]p-'rf:'J°: r,1·,.f. �i•"l(':1 .. ht1 1: : 1 1,'ltt.U: ,l 11 : [ID"}"JP':1-·: i',"}«1'7"' : jji : Ul/1'1° : (lm• : r1,i: : h�1� : m1iA: mf,9°: - :A: tiAt..�{llJ : n«J>C : fll�Cf."': 1,•111: ILJ'1f : 'ttf,1-A'I° : h'l�" : ro1:e (t./,\ : f,.f.. ',<1J.,"JC\:: .r11: : rofl):,. -: i','P&.: (l«J?'rC: f�,g : ODLP(.r : mf.: 'i:Cl·: n,:,. {IDmflt: ''{JDf11'' i'tf,.'lA?° = ...,...nt\� flouht.hc t-iA'1--:J!t\ nfl.-t-'l'ci ,11'1 : {JD7'?P',,.l: : i'l"}f.."' : rofl):,.. : rof,. : �CY.- : n,.:,, : rorz.«t,c ,nn:1,1 : lr�;J.. : 1,,f..orz.roil'} : ,f..f..C1 : h,)1 1· : ;,c : (}OD','J8C : fl..,f·t.1°'1° : .e1'lA :: cl?'l'C : ref! ..... - I ·m"l•-,:1 :''9°1' : 1.. l·L9°'': ou .. r11: ,,1f..°1..&.. :I>�•:· - i',Y.-C1 : .'1 A : fl.PA i (/1J•1·c19° ,n1 OD1"1P';J·ce oo,n�r--1·1 = OD,:,4.:,.. = �ir'iA ''OD r11''= f"'lft1D4= . fJ>A nt1.:1-r·A·.r = ,l1"1 = :1,c1•9° = .rA,f•(l,n0r = O..tr19° 1 n«f?'PC = f?I (�) ODIP 1.:i• = h1'J.1: mfl]:,,: fl«JJlnn:,-: fro 1lA : ODt\_{l : ,,e()'r: H1'J?:, ',9�,f:1 OD"Jt{.� : h ''ouf1f'' : 7'.h·A : ODlf',-: °IA?t': �OD{ l\A :: 110 l .

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n,:,.. : :,..

nil :

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n,J?TC = t�i = uowl:,.. = >t1 J>:1 = roll):,.. = rof..<;:cS: = ft:,-- = ''OIJ:,'l•n ='' h{ID f11 : h.ti- A� : ,"h;,'£9° : hlf'I ! Oro1tA : t\-1--mlm?- : itq>-,f!9l1-- : ooT &f: ilt\ 00ilm:,-- ,;_: ilt\ OD,,<111 : fOI/. 'i1?-:1, : r,111"- : J':1;J1,9l1': 1 11 i'1 \-it\ : ODffi'J : '11\�l(I• : tnllJ,f--T : l\f, : irf'L�OI/. = oor,1 : i',t\q:,�ro-:: o.:J ft : ;,,1-- :;: :ra(t• : tDf,9° : }t{L:,, : fli : O'ltl.U : Y:1;,1,9l:f.. : UD1Pl:,.. : UDfll : irf-10. : lf'f : n+11n:i-- : 1.tl. : -n:F I h \-it\ : ou,n1 : fl\.l1..l( tOr1 : lDllJT : n;'J,cn« : lDP,t\(1}• : 112 r '' '' 'h'l'C: v,ij : }'1q>,f!9l1--: ftDlPr : tj:CY:: n.:,..: tnf.'fO ',-: t\°1:,'l.11 : f,1'1\A:: -- t, 1111 = h1Prf, rtt· = 0 °1..ht\nAn:,-- = 1.1-1. i ,J:Tc = i�e'l° = :, n.:,.. = = 1t11: = ,, ft\�C$: h\-it\: uom1: ,,rl\�l(l = roll):,..: ft\ <;:Cf-': n,:,, = :,--t,1111 = 1,1Prf,f11 =(h1Prf.4'c-n): f"tht\hA : lf'f : ODirf-£:1°9° : itt\O:,..:: OlLU9° i 1.1·1. : OJ-,q>,f!5J1:f. : l\f,: OOI/.L?. aam-: l¼f,'1-l· : fuoflf : �-fl>Y:: °1°11:,.. : f,1flA :: i','P,1!?11'1 : f°14{JDf\h,f--ro•: +llJ (I: 1. IL: foiz. &.?tlJl)c:,, : r(D 1lt\ � : no:,, tiliJ.'i : f'i�:,..,l1O • db C : f{ID f11: ;,1 '? : n113 i',11:: hilt\: uom1: fl\f..l(l : (I)"JT : Oll•n:,--9°: n,,...,l-t : ih.'11: :,,"11--:r-- : �It : +L�OIJ. : h1.l1..0l/.lf'I- : DD1111•0 : filLA,:JA :: itt\Ot\llf : "'11'1° : (lm· : 114 flDllJ,f-«i"-1 : uowt.,.�'£ : oo..fl,f--1' : noo"Jil : fOl/.f'?f..ro• : '11C : i',f.'fC'J° :: 11

n+{J;t"'I t9° ! tD"},f--·:;.., : nOIJ.ODt\ n,f: : '11�1' : ro• il'r ! fOD.r11 : ,f-"} (}C : --4'C?.lD· : roi ,f : � hh'J° ,f: : Oro"} :,--1 : ,e:,:� f67 : (lOIJ.L?.9°0:,-- : 1.lt : il.ro1J;.. +?- ooTc:: = lD4m1--'i--1 = t\6?ilm1Y:'i = '11?- t\,n1,,,n = h1Prf.1t\1t' = t\"'IY:t.oi = f,;J!/;\ : H1J': : ?'fl.(l•: Oirf':J!t\ : oum'} : flDDTtf : DDm4'9° : itt\ 0-l-- :: 0'?/A�: r = m"1-l-- = noi .. �= mY..� (la t. .. fl\f = 'J ODm = = 1trtL1t1. = nlf., = 1.u = 11:F >ttit\ 1- 15 . :, :,. o == � = n. -- = OD:,,l..n = Jtt\

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'11C : °11 ! ft\<;:CY: : lL:,.. : :,..hlf1f : hOIJ.lDD?-: fh� : h<;:1:e: : m1iA : 116 ',h : '11�1": fl(l,f''f'C ! ODl)'l,f: t\"lllr"1T: Wf,9°: fDDflf: L:J>Y:1: t\"'l°l 1T : 01/0DAh:J! : t\ 67:,,1..11 : 7'fl.{I• • noiz.roil1n:,.. : 1.ll. : t\lD•/t�lD• : fD?.f{lL •

111. 112. 113. 114.

115.

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t\UDtnf�: f, :J!I\A ·:: 117 A1lD•"} I PPl�: /\O?°li;l.. : h1'�:,.: 1,l•I\A? tD.';t\lD·: 'i�C �": (L:,-- : ''OJf:f(&',.'' 04?'rC: 'fi!'i! = · (TIJtPl:,': (DllJ--1: : J 118 "' -'J° h'1'l(1 : ii�.� : (lfr : /\f, : ftpl(llD• : Jt{l, t:;:1 : . lDf, : hit :. ODOD'Jf11l : h ft r " A : : " O } DP" t. f:"} : ,_ (}(loo: : "lit: (1:,-C :: J!,U: hlf� : ;r1L(11•: mllJ,f:: )', }f:- � � _ ,, w (1,f·tJ,P,OI/., : 9°CoP/r : '1,f�C1· : ouf1I : i',/\'l·J: , : OI/t\ 1· • ',OJ• 1r ? OJI\�. I hlt� ° -r C9 = O " : • ;.f t\_UD ft� �ti! = 9°h'}f,}: 1.m· 1 mf,9°: i'tO.:i· = 'l� : f,U } fDD{l/\ 'h OD'i?, "} : /\IP/ l,:J 1'I': '11· : --, 'I'Pr OI/. : t1'/ it lj.f : '11' (l it-0 : (D llJrf:,.: roJ!,.<j: ''ro ?,.fm-.,.: '' o7 :,,l11: Jt/\n:,-1 ? ODlj.f: (l{J;l(J}-: .(llD·: �1�1': lDJ!..lj:CX': 11-t,. htJJJ:t,ln" = nk:,-. = nooi{IDCf : /\7/Lit = {IZJ11c = ltf.,"f-A?°1'.? , 1, � ltU1 : 'I' f'l:?1"f : /\UD{ID/\it : V·/\:t- : '11�� . : ODt\ f:i-- : hil 11 "} I t�tL IJ9° : /\?"fL{l : rro11.t\1 :· i'tt◄ ��'l° : V·i;:1.. : f"'l1A?t' : �Gjf : 01/q'l"fi'.: '}lil-"1- : ouwt,.:,..: /\7/L(l : OOI/ODAhT : hCJ;;:1• : ODmfq,_ : c;:1:m, :: /\>t'Pcf! : 1 � : P1C'¼:,. . : OfillP/,/rr : ill\ : h 1f: : lD1lA -(1,f•lJ.'t,.(Dc p -l' ·�l· r'i : ODaif\filiJ.: . : : c ' /\UD(l{n:i•: mf.: ?'fL{l..,)·: roi'tY:· : (lm• : . "tJl/itG�- : {l6J!' •'·' ,..,,--nil" : "f-1A�A! OJf,'/° : ''Jt{trf:;:J.. '' : n.tr19 ° : fig'th.fi! :' fOIJ.(),nro· : :J'A : (l}'tlP/r't• : 119 , hf·LtJ: 0?.I\ : 7/\..(11, : f+'l/\ar'} : ro'} £mAn : lf'i: IL&◄ C9°0.:1 : f,1'1A :: lA: DPOD{:(Jl)c =' 20 h4'mll-- = ll?.I\ I hit: /\Ol/q,G"fi: tDf,'P: .f\/\OT/� l..O: m-ti�: /lDPilm:,..: f,':i,A: tl' }J:: /\0.,PO.: ,n1·: itfl'J°C(llJ�OJ•: DDdJl\tiliJ,•: J!,{tfl)fl-- =• .

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132. 133.

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= nn ,o frf 1 ,, = h:, •1,91 1 ;, 1 : h1 1: �:, .. 'i1 .. i f"' : 9'':filt\mtrJ:'f• = +mctrJt :: 1 t\ 'P :f 1'«1 'i 'h : ',ar lf = � °l m f �lf'l·I f"'l ' OD : .. : �l1l : fOl/.Jll 11,1 : � lj:C J!, 01\ : : <Df. 9° !, <DJ C ,,.,1� : on,f,m : &.. /;\1lD' : fllf', : 1..1-1, : ltlt/\ : (11Jtn1 : fl\f.l(lm•1 : mfl}:,. : �1?- : --1: : WJ!,'J° 1 i l\ °ll /\m l\'l° J!:f. : t':f-i i : f"'l.,(ltl'/fl•1': +1 : /\Ol/_:,,l•fl : /\"' .. /\H(ll)Jl..:(: 1 ]\'ICO·'J° : fib/\.. : 'h"}�lf� : /\mtJt : 11:,.. : /tf,tr"}: t\it1J:: •: }\j'f. : f,(lf1JA :: 'l°ilt,�:,:: ,: c;e::,.. : <»f:.'J°: t,(1•1: /\;r/\: IXl,'J>: (t<D r '11� = noiotJJJn:,, +1 ll..+c� = °11o: = fi.1'lt\ • == '' 'k- f�I (2) == .eu'J°: iitill : ODm1 : f/\�loro◄1 : ma,:,. = O'Pll:,-c;: f 00/\4>:,,") : 00111•: · f"'l..f l)trJm• = .eODfll\A 1--nt = 'Pil:,..c; = ltf1� = fl +c = 'f C-1 : t\..:J...lPC = f01J.. 1t]{l)c: l'ttill : ODffi1 : fl\�l(lro◄ : mtr):,. : nt : 'l'ilT'i: 'h1J;..o'r : /tf,mf:,:, : /\mf\�'i 1 /\JfUDf: : m,,,,.,.. --- ''J,"})to'r :'' ;,,1-- : f11A :: J-1,tJ'I° : f"7.tr1{1:,.. : 'J°h1J'T : hti/\ : ODffi1 : fl\Y..l(lc : mtrJ--r-:f : h�1� : OD(l"'J:,- : (1&,:,- : IP/ lkf : CL."r : {ltj':�'J°: ,,1.v,_e,.,��: /\"71..'l°l : ',m• I 'J°n"}frf:'J° : (llPJlkf : 11:,.: ODff,}: •fltf•m·1 : 1.1-L : ,1,1,: 1''1/\: oum·}: fl\�l(tlD•1 : OJflJT : mf.: ouAti?°: (l(Dc: 'l·l· = f\UDOD/\ft = ti/\ro• , '¼t\OtJ = ;,c = ft/\oi, LC = ..n:J! = ti,,r,r.r1 1 n,t-fl.e = 1t1r1 f/\•:,- = rar, l.kf = P;J--?>'f = iiti/\ : ODm1 : fl\f.. lfl- : mflJ..Y--1..'1 = hit 'Pt = 1'P' l.'Tf..,1-- = f\nof\r:,, = roi.rll:f..lA = Jrt{l&.t\1. = x-c-:e,:,- = ltt\ll:.l\:fw• = 'I<»·== :rfl.(l'f'i = ll,fl"":i•'J° :i (t91'f 1't ii/\ oum1 = ft\�l(tm•1 ·: mflJ:,.. = n,,-,..:,- : �,,. : mJ;.fm-'J. = lD�: lt1J.'.": fmlP,: 'i:Cf..': n,:,.. : 0'1:,:,l•fl: iitt.tl:fm•: flT'/.t\OJ•: hl\Y:, : frf-�;J1C 10:,. : ,1,;>'f! : °1�:J""'J°: ODV-'lrf: : _e,1iro• : ',OJc :: flf', = lf'f : (lq>ft,)•c; : Wl+:,-- : fDDt\4':P"} : hlPt..C : ti.etXl,'J°C ! hilt\: ODm1 = fl\�l.(I• : ma,,y..":j.. : h�1?-: ou(tOIJ:,..: {lt.,:,,: 'h'1J'1cllcf''k: f"'l..fY..CdJ= lb"= ftf?'PTC: lffo: f/l:./\fD": :P1�:,,: fl+°l'lC: h'r;J{l: }if,OD{l/;\'J°:: lttifl: IJl1ffi'}: .l'l\�l.(lm•: ma,:,..: OJI\�= Jrtl)P,�= m_f,'J°: 1·1001.., : �1�: fl£J1J(to7:,..: I\J!, : tit\: /Aif-1 = fl'r1:f''1: = ll00 f11: V·A�u: fOI/J?,:fA : f,,.rc.;A 1 'h'1Jtfm•'J°: f:.1ilD' = mt\� = m.e'l° = Jrtl)J;-z. = Wf:.'J°: 11 001: : mfl),f:1 : ill\t\rf•�l1J,nlro◄'i = :fA : lllt .......

141.

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fllD4: l\OJllJ.-f:= 'l'ti,+,;:'I:,· : 9°h1 y:,, : ftr'iro•: l, n•OJ<t: f,trt;/:\ :: On1Pi1�· : �Piv-:f= OJ<til'I'= t\9°ltt\, A �= r+ h ooOJ<t= hrol\:q".= ;1c= ?-t-ifl= P';1 nou1,. �OD" : rof,9° : hOJI\� : ;JC : On 11:: ,l11 : OJ'I' : P' t. : ,f•\-iti,f, : flODlf',. : ftr',: 143 7'1f.lf'i 1 OJI\� : /ir--0• : /tA:q'.: f...'�1'1:,.. : O"lt\?t' : nf...19 : iLtr1 : f.,-:fl\A :: 07'1f. tLIJ : f/tOJ<t9° : 1.tL: <j::Cf:: n,,f:: A:P,.1: ''�l\k'IT : t\.llJAO:,• : t\°t-:fA: nm'l4!'1T l\.n'I'= Y,7i-l\A :;: "11= 1'1�.u = .rtt-:,..= 0?>14.. = 9'°1= �y,., (tlD4 -f·i" : c;:fro•? f.'1'l°il : t\�1 : O'Pil : 00 A 4>:P : f'P0·1 : �l\k'ir : °1l;J 1tiliJ, : 0011 1:: J'tf,tr19°1? <l?'l'C: f�i (§) : A-P,: : ri::c� : n,:,.. : 'lt\'l>lfl : 1.tL : roi. 144 l'tf.,f.'1'1'19° : --- 1, 4>C'lt\U• : •fl{\o: ODf"lf: h1Jt(l,p: ..,,,�"}: lfl/;\: :t,ll):,, : tifl0D1 f.�9° = nl\_e.:;: 'lf,4>c11 = h°1lkf= n,,}· = -,,,�.�,,= roY.f.e..coi= �, ;,1, : flt'/° 2 --OJl\� 'J° : n.ir, : A":4:1 : l}f<�C11 : 0.<l'C : f°tllJAn:,, : 9'°"}9'°: :,,11):,..= rt\?° == . l\f, = ,,..1,.�oi= noi.rr-,.:, r,noi= 1:1;11,?J"f, {IDIJ.1 il fltLtJ i nn 'P4!?Jl,= lr : f'PllT'i': OJl«� :,.: OD/,.l9°1: h°IYu:J-OJ•: ro•il'I': OOI/il 1'1•1·: t;:C� : n,+.: A1}.1= 1twl\1f.. -; l\ltPi"z.ar= t\tlDD�= rott,,.. --- n1.e..11= ft°1 illh 11 = roi.:FAn 146 . . :,.., : u- �;J- : <l?'l'C : l?I (§): ltf.,Wil1 : 1,1.e..+roOJ<t : t\.+l1°9'° : f,1'1A :: i,Jtu= ft\OJ<t= i'l+l:i,1n?°= Jt.e..1 �= rOIJ.tr'lro· i t;:c� = fl..Y·1:= ntit\= 0Dn11, . 1t?>1' : 'Pil: flOI/"1;1...:f OJ<t: 'J°h1f,} : -O:r : f17t\. il : "10.f: .fl\f.ln-r1: + mt" OJf.,'J°: flhP'C: n,:,,: 1'.1-'t�i: fl,. <f,�: 1'1f. lf',: ',OJ•:: n1·LIJ: 9'°h1f·r:;: t;:C�• (1,f: : .A 1f..1 : /t"'l:,,l11 : :PIA : f1'ltD• : OJl\�t; : lbl\'J° : (l(D-: fi,f•t(./t1(1)c : 1.tf. : A�"} : ft "'l:,,l{l: t.:11.e..;;:: 1'1f. "'lf,lf1'1= ..,,,F...OI/f,1--A: /tOI/DD1: 04! : 9°h1f:,•: ht\,/t(Dc: {l{l,f,<f'C :;: OD f"lf"} : a>f,'J° : hY'ilrf•�: ro11: rorz.o,r : 'Pil:,•c;1 : ltf,m ,.,:,, n '1 ft it F-t . w• r:1, A = rof,'J°= r?t.. "'-�= OIJ OD�= 11 :F= A 1f..1= t\.t\4' (De 1 47 f.,1 fJA :: '11C : '11 : ittilt : ODffi1 : fl\f...l(l(Dc : A� : OJI\� : a>f,'J° : t\,I\ 1 (l(I}<l : �ft�.,:,.. : f°t"1A flr : oo{lfto : .rA;J,r : h1 f. tf'i'i' : + il OIJOIJ. : OD f'tf , OJf.,'J° : 'Pll:,-c; : t\.f<f'C11 : 'lt\;J!t\ : 1.f·f, :;: A'P;. : fl(l• : m'l<l!'i :,.. : h1�.�f, :

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{lh,I\: OlrA : f..�'r : nlJ.l\ : oum'} : .fl\F,.�(la,-'} : A�: mf..: OD1'f..<t- I 0000{\{t : t.'fi'l°:J-IA • 0-t'll\ar : 'J'cf..-l· : f,,.1°Pr0r : om· : �F..?'f":i·'i: ttouf.l• : <f!OT/:fro-1 : 1''}P,.ma14: , eou;F:f-'PA it f'/tj:{t I 1•P,f, : hlf'/ : ff..'r : t}vl : Jt{lh : ,,.}lt!.I\ : �/.{l : A�'} : r1•A:J» : hf.,:J S l\f, I ODQ;\. ouc : ',Or :: 1':J-1· : f'?C1,: D'/it;J·mtf : iX:l : ,,. 00 /.\h:I· == rf•h'l'if.1 : 1l.'}�·:i•<f>C1l : OOI/..A : K",f,.<;: : {\D'JdJ7,.,. : hrf•:f.{\ : m'}ll\� I 00:J»,n,l : il.1'? ' cf! ' gf�g ( l\c;:c�-, 1tcPr:t- = {/Ditm:1·'> = 1''>0. = ill\= OT/l\:,.) , n�'11l = l\.'it.ro- = ,e,"fl\A =• 1,1c. '?'> : hlf.f : fl.{.-l• : hm'l• : .rf•.(.�OI/.. : nf,lf1'r :: .,,... : §f!3� : If', : 'I>"" : §f�r : (c;:/o.:,•'} : {t{\ : ou.e:t.c :) {laJI\�: r m,e,cr • {lh,I\ • ''Vl\&,.'I:,• fl{\{1:,- r (lOr :'' l\f, : .rf•L�Ol/..?11· = hf,tr"'l-9° :s fcp{t:,�'i : mt.4':i• : {l{IDJ.t.'r : flP/fitl\:,,«f?:,•'} : 'l''t•..Y.1· : hoiouf\h,1·0r : h«f?'J'C 1 :Ei:(?i) Oit-t<J>c : ntil\ : ODffi'} : fl\F..t.(l• = A')t.:1-: {lD'J'}��-9° = 'J'cf.:,• = llnP'C = qou:,. 1 1'it&.'T ' 01\,e, 1 l\.<f>m-: ill\D'/f,"f/\-: '1'4-,f·":i·: {loo-{\•= l\1l.'ICO-: f'Pil;f-'i, mt.4'-T = 000Lt.9° 1 f"'J.f{tf\:J»<h : ODlf'} : }t{\(}TaJ• :: f -tmt.m,;.. 1 o?J:f.: (n'P4!9':f): fl\'Pit : f'PilT'iaJ•1 : mt.4•:i• : -O;f. : noutt t.'r: 1,1�. l\4'4! • ;,,,. : O'?AK": ,e,&.�PrA : ,f?..rC : ii = 1,'i • ti:(�) : ..,.ouAh:i• ,: lf'i9° r f'Pit;f-'i = m�4>:,., 1-titt.C'l° 1 {tflouft.<f,:J» 1 f"t'i1<t-:,. : F..1{11•: 01'1f.fLIJ: ,,C'/\-: 1·P.\1"7f • lD-it'I': f"7. l\cf>4'!!': ' (10r : 'J'&, : 1'}ff1l : OJf,9° : "'" : ouf"}f : D'/itfH•'} 1 01J{l(}:f-Or: '?AK" 1 }tf,f..l\9° :: «f?'J'C 1 (:(c) 1,'i I �i(i): 'f'{l":i· : ''f(lnJ:f-OJ• : oPf"lf9'1·'': {l{\ODOD{\{t : m,e,cr = flUo'}�JP:,• : 1n.: ill\� S.:t.� • f,'i1&./\- ! P,,;.. : �'} ,t-h'lif· : {tf\(lmOJ• • ou,,C'"lf : O�/.\K" 1 hf,'i1<t-9° 1' 9°� /.\'l � �/0.rf: , {IDJ'"lf?11·1 , {\OD�OA : lJJf,9° : l\{\OD<J•{ll,\ : 1\.'}F,.ao(l{\Or • {\.mil·1 1 ,e,":fl\A :1 1

145. 146.

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.. = 9° = oi = 07'ttfl 1 = .. r , L 4'�!!'�':: {IIJ/l+:,, = 1t1m·'I° nt�u = 1.1· 1 IJ.. 'J° • f, fO lD f • cf, "'/ l : : 1 .. , (l;J f 1•/l : htr� J :: .. 0 , ,,. {1 n r : lDf,'I° : nmut : n»:,. m f IJ..! CPJ , = lO 'lf A = = f,. , !l:m = --1·!1: f,. m = f f·: = llJ, m O· J'.l = : � OD,111 : 1\1\ "'1 ll1'17· : 11:r : � {l}c :: &. "'i • : .. 'l<D �l : fOIJ.. ,:, 06 • : /:, (t"' or> : O l 1? h� : '1 f• hrr1 : Oi't-'til : nfl ,JD,n� = ''OD7i7iA'' = n,·tu = oo{ln = "-OIJ.. filh-rl\ CL·r = u,t:r = :fm•: f"'1f,n1 n'k: lD·mrf·":f: i',il16'lP/..: n �lf"}9°: h1�: 'P?-:: CP/ill.�": f,lft;A :: it till: ODmi : '11\f..t.o•: mllJ,f•-:f : t\f, = oro1:�A = 1..�_e. = A{! = P'AffJ1 = f lt.Ur: (l},J;.. il : }'t(l() : 11:F : il/\, f•Y. ,,. � t,\ 1, : ''o l mllJ,f• -:f : t;: C.f..' : {L ·r :'' /l{ID�(llC : c, ".S. : tj:CX" : (L-} '' ,f,.,llJllJ f : . 9° . lfq> :: l'i A ,f,.fidJ , : f"'l. l.'lm◄ : OD•TI6': }'t{lcJ,f;ODi : f{l :f /\lD·: fivt9°1;1.: U../\:1.. : cJ,"} : �lD• :: f,"firo-9°:: "'lti(l�'i:: d11JDc{l: 11:J!: �m◄ :: lll\11.. tJ : '¼C-0: flTll.il : f,I" fH : lDllJ•).. : 0. ,, l' "}il : �C...�" :: '17" : hilh01J.,m(} X"fl·1· : +i : ,,llh: Ol/h(l�: ...�.. lil: OTll.il: llJ O•• (, flfrro•i : 1.tL : hfbt\ 'f: hP'l."'?1· = ltf,l\f,) : f,cf,,,l'IA :: flll.lJ = q_e�:,.. = OD"}°IP':,.. : ''fllJllJ,f,:f· : �C J!•: 11:1-;'' : 0°'1*�:9°: ff..l "llD": 'Pl:,.. : ,-,,1 ..c;: ,.,,1 : OD"}CJJp-1,f: : fl.i','J>cf! : ,.. fOIJ.fl,:J 0lm•"1·i : fl.i'tC'1 : il9°"}-l .. : (l'¼-l·: lD•il'P : tj:CX" : fL-1· : fou:,,l111 = 0°,n:,, : .i'tlt'r•f·:J ../,\ :: fihCdJ'r : .i'tU•"} : ffl.W•"} : }ilPt�c :: 00+mA : i'til&.ftrz:. 1'1,f../\9° :: Tfl.(l":f, : flD"),f:"} : lDt\ft1: : lDf ,'I° : l\,fl. :f.. : (l9l;'f : lDf.. : Tlt.ll : llJfi.f: 1,iJ;..cf>CO· : '1f..l1.. : O�I\ I OOIJ.41 '1'/l <D- : :ffl.g,), : I,\�"} : hct:c:..�, : (l.,}: l\°'l�'l'n : :PA : f01J..1n· : hlf� ! f'Pil-l·'i" : mt.cl>-1• : t1il&. CODlD"9° : lf� : l)fll �.coo• : An.i : Oa;(t.: ,n'lcf!-;T: P'C: h1Jtlf"} : ODl,\cJ,:,,: "fiH•m.. "}: 1.f·L: 'P�: or>tj:,) -- ,fh : Y,lf'i"IA :: �Ui9° : o...<1f..C1.. : ;,--{l.(l:,: : roi,nc#>tJDcfl;l .. :: P'f.\11J1 i i't'Pcf!!P1:; : f 0'1.. 0Dt\h,,..ro- : ,711-- : (lcf!'PC : .j;"j: : flPJ..{lllJ1'lD•1 : P'IAllJi : �(1)4 htLu t\,I\ = :rtt.(l:f = ll. ,,rf..c•1-- = ''i :y.. "'::,:� i 1.. = PD 1-. = 1:;;, 1.?1"f Ol)LJ.Jl,1·· : h1.<',.f·LlJ : .r tt-1·1 : (DflJ,f-:f.. : n:,,c11 =· mf..CPJ.11lD•: (oof..ni1): fOJl �= (i:C�" = n,:,.. : 00m•(l.�c; = l,ilhorl4 'rl\w• : fmllJ:,• : t1 'P6'9l°:f".. : ct:C� : n.-r = :1�rft01' : Y:lil I (i:CJ;': : n,,1: : ficf!'l'C : f�g (9.): ODlPlT : t-hlto•"} : n1Y..1l: 1' 1 " Jtt\ cJ> (D• = °'lf.:•l0l = -;w• :: �il+ftD•: oo r,::,•,h.: Tfl.(l:14..: m ll),f:"}: fichlJlC: ti: llDtPl:,.. : '11\:fm• : P'IA11Ji : l\i'tmtl(ltk : (lcf! : X"c:e-:,, : 'lfl.lD•'i flD T: ' : llJ 1' 1' &..9':Y.. =�ex-.= r1:,, = rof..oi1,n:, .. : mf..: h.Jtil : i'tO'l<D-: m'lf, tPJ : l<PJ..r = f 1 OD(D«(lX,, : -;ro, :: 49

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rf:f.;J;JU?.. I }W4 � 011,,:,,. I /\OT/'l°/\m•'I° I '11.';. I 9°h1.r.:J·: fh1C I '?•1:r I Oll�ll•l;C 2 ruioo �'lrtD4 = ,,o�°if• = 7i"7'?1b9'l•c; = ..e..tia,sP:f = OODlf'i"rm-'i" = m11J,r-:i: • ,,n�:-r- = flmui = n,,r.:f , {looODf.'l:ftD4 = }m· :: lbl\m• = 'l°n,f:i• = f.'?'I° = ct:K-9° = ''h;:t,if1'' : .e.:c;e::,-: ODtn�� • 4?,r,rc • .r/\o:,- = f.i'fl\A = f°t/\W4 = r m'lf. = OT/t..GTJ..fm• = lP�- ..-,-�";f- = ct:Ailct:'i" = .,a,. :, fO'fJ/\ m--r1 : A"fi,°;f· : /\OD ,P'lf : 7/\.fa7f-: hm'lf. : "'lt..Ol/.fm• : rP&-rf:�if._ = ;JC : ilflO"Jf.·l·'lO«;. • .,,.;. s {lf.OA'r • hilT ;JI, : lfS:A :: f.lJ'l° : v,.),;:f' • A"fi,:t: : 1',);.fODl,\m• : f.11- 1- r'Pt\ • ..e.u,1 : °;f·'?C: /\"'l:J'/\t\ • m'lf. • "?t..OIJ.fm•,: mF. • 1mc • fl"'l•1mc • fOl/.:l:An:,- • 11� • +m,:tA, ,.e.u: 'l."1&- • 1,-'tll • JtO'l • W4il'r • (LL'l.'l° 1 .rrm• • Jt,f: 1 }1c • 1,/\ u 11H· • ft\.11}-r • ''�ttci: ='' ,rflO."f·: '11.<'..·: 'lhF&-: Y'{\,r: qou:,-: t\1:: 1'1.<'..·: t..O·o • m'P:i•: hh1�.:,- • '1.,)• = r1i� = (lcti = m•ll'r = 111111 = ODf"lf'P; = n.oc:,, = 1'1: = hr,:11: = ,,.,,, == 011:,,&-o,.f 1 mf.: ai11m-: m..e..: V• /\+�: 71\.ll = llJllf : h·l·w(lf.: 0:\/\: ?f'J°O/\-: OD'r•f" : 9°ilh� 1 +htaa•,: flf.;J·: 1,ilh;rmt1J: ,.<'..-t,.{\ • hH.flD• : ,�f :: 0:\/\'I°: 1,\7{.'i": f\,)·�'P: 01'-'til: 1,0'1 • m-il,r = mllJ:r = ,rtS•.-1-�if· , m.e. : O'llm� -<J>on•o:,.: m.e. = ll�·ll.-J·�: = 7/\.il = t1J n. .r = rt:/\ h· • OBD11�· = 1t1, = :r/\.n• = A7f.1 = o,r&- = hOD'J°:J•,f:9° = /bl\ = (L11:,-0:,- }Oc = (rr�- = o.!l•u1 • omo. = 1'0tJJ'rllt.\Yflv- = 1'f/\ = .rllL&-&-W4 = }OC) == OtJJfl,rW4'1° = l\:1-'l'P = 'lhll = 110..-J:;J·'P, • 1'il�4,: Lt,.OD";f•:, '1°1'1°: 1'1�1 = Jtti/\: oum1: .rltf.t..n·.:J·1: A"fi,°;f· = 'l°t4>0f\W4 = r,:jn,:,-, {l01J..«f-'r/\W4: «f-1: Ol//\:1-: ,f,ou•{l: fOJ:J.f{\°;f•A: lf'i: ti/\: r;r/\.ll: '''J°COD&-'': {\,hon•{\ • l•frs-r: il/\OT/f.F.Cil : A7{.: h"?hn'tf: o&-:i•: r,:Jo.:,. : 1,1J.1.."?f.4'C11 : /\f\:1-r'P: rf:�1&,.,)• ,. httu = o�." Ajf. = OilY..'ll•I·� = :r/\.il, tJJflf • D?t.&-f o.:,. 1 hlt'P4!9'°if'i" = l,tif\ 1 ODm1 • til\f.t..o• = A"/i.l· = :JC , :J·nt.

01'H.tJ: 1·?.f.: (D•{l'r : f,f•(l&,.0:1- 1 P'} • pcq:1- • q,.e.},f·� • n,f.{TJJ{ll,\'J° ! oo,{l&,.,f: 1 f-th1il i lttill: ODm1: ,r/\f.t.n· = A'Jl.".f· = 1-Pa.� = P'} 1 pcq:,. 1 --- 1'1\f. = "1ll:rmi'f • 4?Tc = �i : 1�· : IE : .-f•m:,,!J. A :: OllJ'l° : flTflfil1CODro• : .,1c = 7'll.� �-- = �"P;.1 .: fi6J.h& -7i = r,:Jo,.:,.·, taf•l co·:1- = h1,&- :,. = m,.e.'J° = h1,'l°il:J· = ,,,'i":,- = O';\I\ = OD/A•l'.!l:J·W4 • .,m- · Kth.<. m-1: Of.OA'r: filf..,•l m·: ,.e.u: A1;: hll,.tJ = O&..:J·: t1m'lf, = "1t.oi.e = 0.-r 2 fm-i-'i ' n-,, = f/b-o.,:,. = m1J!ll· = r,1-roo.,o:i-1 = r1,il&- :1- = :,,tJJ:t = .rAL?.OD = ODl.f� = }W4 == flOD� t..ifs,u : Ajf.: Om'lf. : arit."iftD4 , �.t.h•l·c = ..,.,.,, m.e. = m'lf, = OT/t.D2.fW4 = lf'is,u: h,r«f!,)• : 1.tl. : 0?.I\ : hrf•"1 : tD4il�r : il/\:J•f: A"P,. : OY.'":JlT'l ' n.9°/A(l).l,\ J!, �' I ,t-/\*A : OT//\:,- : }lD"

�"°

- 69 -

"!"';;;"� ;

). :: •ll tv : &t 1 l. 1' 1/.. 0 f : fl : l :,» §/ nil : t\'!7 f-.. l t\ A .. i\ if : 01/ : ' : C .. :, f 0, : " .f. : 'i, l 1m.: ·1 " 1 9' k 'P 0-0 tl · : h1�1· : frollJ:,• : .Ji , h : n ;: f: 11 hc : � ( 1'i : lD , 1 •{\ ll} � : � 1 : _ h 1:,»{l:J>(b : hOJc'l-f'�: 9°An:i• �1?t ti m ,. ;;F 1 n-v. OD • 1 :, '1 :,= q c a, p-1 ,., = , ) (lt 'iiC 11.e, X(it = c 10J f..C J' t11J .. h or>tr = ft i:t 'A fl il1 : : .J' oY lJ• 1 � : (\OT/ : · ·l llJ lD : li/.1>1] •"} 'J;'J•: hilt\: (JIJ(fl'} : ft\f.l.(llD .y.. t ti m ti. ( = lIJc = A oY.. l1,f.. "1., .. il f A a!> · 1 DD c; ,,: 'Pf l fO::fi rotit : OD il,n:,. = 00 ·ti&-a : 'llD• :: flltU : l}f,��-: ' 1iD f..l. : fT 'P t\lIJ t\(llJ 2 : tJ'A) : p-1', : P'C'¼:,• 1 :: �m = = P' llJ f,l" = 'ln ll = .. ,'h ->lt o:J f 'i' � :1 ! j 7i mfl -h'1 � r,,.t r il'P ro· �, 1�: = � 4 , A f 1 1 .,..-,.., 1 Tti-+� : · .. , 1l fro tp = 1 • ro tf,f = f f, 01, • fm• = :,,1)!-7 = f f : : P''l: P'Cl}rf:: 1 "} = ). tl t. fl.I f.. lJ 'h .C: .. � ;:r : 1'1lP T'J �'llJ 'J'i: f 7:,• lf'i: foo1 -- = (tt..e-ocnt= J'Alf�m-): t = 1 fOI/ r)..0:, fifi_eu: u--t\--1-: --l'htrtit91-:f-- = OllJ?° = , ·"1.ti -• flJ 1 m , = L!1;r = t'Jf."'lf. 1 A .e1i .. ,, 1,·o'i' i't = tr'i' = /J'i ,1•fi = Y'111 l. '1,'h = -00 tr = noiz.ou" n 9°C = il1 = n 7t\.. r � l1Jm :, .. nttf, = 'J = lC -V.-T:f T°l' l.1ro· = rrtLll : t\h..,..m.. : ,1,'11: (JJ•{ltp: fl.rf• °lflC: t\f,: OD'P�'} : i'til<f'X-o»1 : Jt.e, t·'iA:: ,-.Q;}, 0 7t: fonh(lll : ro•tit: flOl/..f..l°lfl:,.. I h(l• : OOI/.Hl.tlCflT'i": '11?-: flOl/.0111/0-r: 1.lt: f..U: ,f·?, ·iJ<j: '1//;\?.': _eUD{lt\A:: f,,U : lJ•�: (l.lf1 : t\ll 'P'l:!911"...: 1•&. ?.01/. : flDY.tr'lm· : U-t\--1: : m1<j"..f-.. : nncn?- : oo«t\-- : {lOD•t\-- : ..-J-- "1.4-f, : flOl/..lf�n-r : (lt�ti'C(lt): :,,1�:1-c; : it\it\ : o0,n1 : 'lt\�l(l• : mllJ-f-:f, : t\f,, : , f..&. 1.0I/.: Olf �ar : U·t\"I:: m1'f1· : fltiCh�.. : r..-J--ro(l',: ,f.. "1.4-f,'l;I.. : 'h 1J;.. ��:flD· : n,l"�l'l ° 011 •1' ,e,u9 c;"fl\1 = Af..'1:,-- = itti t\ = {11Jm1= Af..'1:1 iitiA = A:,, = n:i• :,,1�:1-·: == : 1' J'ft�l,,m•"} : mfl):r : fl,f.. t\f, : fm"}lA : ncnc : h oY..f ilh:,--t\:1:m .: OD'JlC: =U•). -;1 91·:j'.. = ilt\DY.,11•fltJ,ro• I fOl/..f..1<;: = 'Im-:: .eu•1 = i11t = ,,e 1i: 'Pfl:J>: roflJi:1 = fli't'P t?':f.. : fl,111' : aJf..'I ° : flil,"l : OD" }OJp-1,f-; : f..-l"n'P'P;fm•'} : flDlPl;r'l! : f P'.,: P'Cl}:,•: OD•fl-f..1': 00D'J&_°l:: f..-f.. 1•f: flODlf�. I ,}•tJtit\�: flD(f'}: }t{l{JD lf� -1 = t\Ol/m:,, = 1-a�v.1: = .rilt.A;JA nh'P'l:!91:.f = o--t■ f..'t11lD' = P'} P'Cl}T : £1DlPl:,-. : f 7"t\.(lc: 9°COD/r: f <PJ.fAc/>OJ·: ?' t\.il: t\it:J>l1:: ,'h 1·: illl : 'J°CODt,.(Dc : ODOJ(\ tiliJ.: flOI/..OTfiT: "LlL:: ',(D•:: hH.tJ: fl?.t\: l}:J>{1.: il1 1·9°: {l(JD °lt\tiliJ.m• = 00 1Pl:,• : t\ODti(lll = mf,'J° : t\t\ODti(lil = f,ro(lc;A ,'h1·: tiP' = flP/ h,f-DDt\h..,::r = o+c = .e�c..nt1:fm•1 = trt:r911.. = noot1cttc'i : 150 '' hJLtJ = 1t:J>l 1 = <°h"I· = fl"1 1'1m•'J° : t\,ft : tr).:J·: nF: J-,t\4'C.-0'J°: t\lP/f\:,•: l't.el A'I° •fi{\u: flOD�11'1J: .P'/,\fl)�'}: flllJ9°: J!,mil','PA:: n_!l>(t: ,),1-..: tiP': }tlt4'C,fl9° t\"11\:,-: fCPJ.":f•t\(JJ•: ffi:C.J!" : orz.�o:,-,;.. : ll,)1 1l•fi: 'P :,,9° : (l_/,\ : nP' : 1'1�f,4' 151 f = itll1·tin•n = '''PtS,,1•'1 = no1Y.·l.oi = = flf} c--n tt11m• '1.1.e..tr-,c; =

r n,:i•t*

rnt1n:,-.

n..

oooocODc

ol\,,e :

=''

nt = no-= n(lll I nt = oul_>f = 1tti11u..9° = norz.An:,.. = 1.,i = ,0;1: = it.. (l• = 1-•Joif.OJc, lD11 = =

f'?A: tiP' : lL.f+C1l : J!,:f..t\A I m'Jj!t\, : ''fl'?A :: Jt(L,f::J"" : ti P' : f"'1..cf7C11 n:,.. = m11.A 1'' "'lt\T'J° = +1••1-�m- = m11 = noiz..1,1,cnro· = ttCL-t::r = : fat: fll'i'llJ : m'J1.A: ftr', : h.'J.e..tr', 11 53 ,f..1°j(ro• : m11 : f°IA : tiP': t\01/:,,l-O

-0:r

-----

150. 151.

152. 153.

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)

,C,��: / ::Jtl1'•?; :

f°IC'1. : Ot/il:J•m'if a

•

l 1 f'1.t � ,,.,; r . '>.i; Oh : · }-l Oh'i!tt· : ttft:t' : tt"'llt� I

ih1, : fl.fF..C°I

f� : ,e.oufth:ttA :1

f,�I\IA

- 70-

•

° ' ' JA: i',{1,f:;.f": till: foY,.«�c11n:,..: lD1lA: '' tit\ 0 lD1lt\-: ! t 4'!:t\:l"A f, . If� : '11 I Jrt�{L : ,111" : l\t\ODlJ(l{l : ff..l.1lD•"} : (D<al)� : f°2.1t\'1l'l''i" : '}:J fL : ,111-- = n(l•1 = 1,1Jt14'c•n = roi1Y-c-1 = :,-.1J•111 = t\"'l-1,:,, = llri::c� = fL,1: = J!,'1 155 = 1'.1Jt<J,c,n = tt,f'rorP., = ,1�" 1 '¼�fL = ,-,,.,.. = rn(l-1 = q:,; = 1+c11A == OIJODAh:r : P'AllJ1 : l\t\lD• : tj.:C�.. : fL:,--: f«�CflA I 'i-:Cf:: ft,f:9°: -,1?-: fOIJ..(l OIJ(l:,-S'} : cf,'} : f.,lD{t',A :: : P'C'¼:I .. : iJJ'} : f.,U1 : ,flJ/,\ : '?A7'.. : l\lDllJT : il'l'k?'l-: f,f'f..'111lD•: J'tf,1-..l\'J° :: ''(l«J!'J'C : £?I: (1,f'DDt\hrf•aJ• : Pl'lPt,.:,, : fi'i-:CX• : {1:,, : t)/,\;J,.f'fff: (lcf>C = Jrttit\ : oum"} : fli\f..l.(l• : lDllJ-f',:f,, : l\f, : t,:J>{l, : ;,,� : hil : t\01/:,,l.,n : ttY,-:f A'I° :'' hoY.t\lD• : <f?'J'C : � : l?°l.1 : A1'l,:J1C : h1:.1--l\l\1:: 1,tLIJ: l\f., : ''nri : 01/:,,l...O'' = foY.t\ro• = ,hl.'1 = 9°1 = OI/t\•"t- : h1f..lf., = OD,nr:,, : Jrtt\-01 1 a.1--: f.,IJ'} : 0'1A� : fl ,flll.P.9' JJ ftJ(l : 0'/DD/,\h:f!1 : Wf.,9° : t\,I\ : }i{1,J;;J,1 : fllj:� : (1,), : °1:Pl.'11 : "'lt\,f: : ltf.,lf"} : Jrtf.,4'C9° :: WY.. : <h'l'C : r&e : 1'.10D ft{lt;: ''f+t.nw• : hll : ht,P'C: qoo,), : fli\f., : Olf'I : 7.,�: h/»lr�-:; wf.,'J° : O'l°T : fOIJ..f{lcf'llJ : (llf., : �•·L --- ii:J>fl, : ;,,1, : fti(l : O'JODAh;r1&'1 : Jrttl;J y:.,,f = h1Jt.r+c ..o = 'i:C� = 11,,1: = flfA rCPJ.A = :i-tJa-111 = n<J?Tc = r�g (c)= tIJ4(l'r : h'i'1�t\"} :: f.,IJ'J° : till : a,:,,l...{1 : O'J{\,r : ',(l}c:: htLIJ : n;J---:f : h1f..9° 'i"fOJ• : <r/\A : ft\- : 1--P.r -1--1 : (ltPJ.DDt\h-r : l.'11: 1 Jttit\ : oum1 : fi\f-l (lro- : wllJ:,.. : '11c: : htl.U = fll\f., : fi,f'm+(lro- : DDLPl.:,.. : "tf,lf1 ;: ..o,-i«ro•1 = •ttt = tt:J>t1 = m1-- = n'l1'r = ti,e,1110:,.. = F-,(lOIJA tr'f'l° <J?Tc x�i (c) = httu= Ol\,e. : A1mf.,:J':J!(D<a : f°t10- :,,1 : V·t\:,..: m:POIJ.. : 'I'f4:?J;f-.: Jtf.,ODAllA19°:: h1f-� i Ock'r'r : l\f, : (1,f•m+n•:,• : hfl.e-: 1,P.r -1,: l.11: I 'i:C�-- : {1,f: : Jrt:,t ,{1: = rnll = "'/ODAh:J! = t,:,,c-n � -Ot\D = t\°11'111 = wf.,'l° = l\t\011t111 = voimll'I� = 09°1: +ooc,f, : ',W•? "'It\:,--'}° I t\ODh(lil : Wf.,'J° : l\l\oa>h(l{l : w-ti� : f°t 1F-c1m- = n9°1 = q,_,.,:,-. = �ro• 1 1 «PI\A = noutri;:rroc = 'J°h1,:,.. = n<J?Tc . ( ): fO'Jf.,OD'r:, fG'I c r_· : fll'I.V•: oo(lt..:i•'J°: ftiil : 0'JOV/,\,h;r: (l"'lf.,<l'C,flfl;fw-: ,n,-,.. : 1--Pir«'i-- : l.11..' ; ,f'btiifc : fi,f•h(l(lfi,l, : W1lA : �C.{1.." : {1,f; : .,,?-1 : f\.OD(IOI/:,..: (Df_,9°: l\t\ODilO'J:,-- : f"'t.W{l',lD•: (ooootf : tit\): (l'J°"}: ODOD/,f: �OJ«? h1.';f',lD• : (l}'tq>cf! : ,f'hltr'f : l\f, : +&.ftOIJ.. : fllf.,lD• : : P'C'¼:,-S : ro-{lrp : fOIJ..fllhil(lw«1«." : f"'lfllh(l(lro•1 : .,,c : i\.ODt\f:,... = fltPJ.f{l'fA : ooft h.f : f°tm<f'ODW•: Jrt:J:.(1 : "11-- :: (l..lf1 I 1-t(l-9° : Tti..+�.,:,-.1 = fOIJ..f tifro• = 00ljf : (14! : flt\ODtr� : 9°ti1fT : hll : itl\<f'C,(l'J° : t\"'lt\:,-c; : ,.,..,n. : (llJ'., n:,..r = n:J" = t\a,1111 = 'l':P9° = (l..A = tJ(l-1 = t\oo+ro• = ftPLfll"fA 1 F-,'111� = l\.flAnr : foY.:J!A : P'AllJ1 : hl\llr :: lDllJ:,.. : : (llf� : 1,P,r,,l- : lD-il'I' : = tt:J> l1 : "11-- : h (l : t\°1:,,l ·fl : lDf,9° : I\t\01/:,, l.-0 : hooro(l"} : +'1 fl?- : htr'I I f°tf llhll(lro«"}'i' : fOI/f ilhll(lro-1 : '11C : fOl/llJt-.,J:"} : P'Ir : "11-- : ftl\,l\ : flt\P'A"J'} : oo(lm,f: : Jrtf.,lf1'J°"}? ck'J'C : t?f : t\ltlJ : 1'f4: : '1°1'1°• 00 A il: ilt\OIJJ!,(l'J': O'J°CODt,. : f,1,1 'im-: "7lll.�: t\tJ(l« : 01/:,'l-0 : (14!: lf'i= flf,1�9° : h"}l). I t, tit\ : oPm1 : fl\J.'..l(lro« : wllJ:,, = tJ(l« = rof,9° = Jrtf1,f::J"ar = h'"'.,,l :,-. = ., ,,'r = ro,,,.,ro--,.. oo(l or1 :,.. = tt" n:,.. = hoi A 00f...'l°,... = {l1J1: 154

nil

P'-,

==''

;i.,,..,.

°'"'"�

P'.,

'In

1.54. cf! 1 �g(,i) tl 155. cf! I �g(J?.) ! �{;

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oi,

,, --ff·)· : D : " : · f fl ', fl.{l 1 }'�'1/\ : oum1' : l lit : f"'ie;J--(l•fl : 'l"1C : lD• :: '11�4 lJ f l\ ° . a , : ° : /\ 2.ltn· ()?J t- : r t�l1m•'} f.lO· .: �flJirf•:f , : {l{JIJi\lD" : l¼f\9 : {llD'J;!A : ,, f : . {JIJIJ'/.;r'l' : 'rfl:J' : --tJJJf\:r--9° : f h{l t·P.f.C'i <D!'_'J° : �C�· : Pt : 'lltP' A 1 .: · : flJ':1: : ,iw,� A : �..V,f , : it&.��9 • : lD·il'l' : '11\ 1,w· ,,,..'1'1C : i\f, : f°?.f, t.1 · 01 -(D•'J : cJ?'r'rC = ftin1:ftpA:: ilftllU = cf?'rC : £?� : h'l"l"r• : : 0&.·1--: '1fl lD· : 'l. lt : I\ lD l � OJ• : 'i= CJ-7 : fl,:,.. : harz. (l!" lD·: P' An] 1 1 0'1ll ,,,-. 'I°: h 0• '}: mf,'r : itfi�,,l:;t-m·, = fl(JDDD'tl1-0 ¾ r:rtt.{l . = 'J c{/Dt--1 = I\ 11111c; = f\.onfllJmc, --: i\f,= ftlil : 01/{JIJAh:J -- : 1''} .�.4>C •fl: /\0'11"111: '1'?.� . ..V.\'·1" (l(fa, 'l� 1 : · = h 1: /tit,� = I\ OD:,,mc: ·J 04,lOlD- : l'to. (j:C�" : fl 07 il,,t-i\fltj: : m ,e'J ° 1' ,.�.. , 1· :;J-- : ODlPl:, .. ·f 'i=C.� : fl,irl: : '11'r : OD()tff/:,.. : 'h.'JP.t\fi."l": lDJ!,9°: h1�lblt01·: {\(IDOJ(l'}: �-f!.o:J"• (j: p-11,\fl)'}: }\7..V,{\(D•: A'JlP, : },11--1\/\1 ,etJ,19°: UJ•t}�: (l..ff.C� I ..v,�m· : fl 'l!'rC : @ji',': qji: it'P '1!9l:f,- : /\°t{JD/\h-- 1: : 1--..v,r--':}.__: Oj (l.: ;,.1-- : 'h.1>;,,.vt..'1:l:ffl' : firf--f..'111--:r-- , : {llJ{TO/,,e?Jl·: 00 h-·l-- A : i'tltfl:1, I 'h�tl. u s,n oo OD 1,f'}J:f. rlj:c �.. orz. i il:,--,;.. I\ ,'h 1·1•fl = ,.r:,, 9° = fl. A 'l11,, 1. 11. : nil : J,1-'� ..e,1,c,,ll : hlTlf.&.:1,,,e..m• : il'h'rC: �I= (l;) = ({JD) : fl,�c : ma,:,.. : �h : l\lf)· : ,,,...� \'·::,·.. : fl oo• f\• : f, il 01/ 011 fl� :c ',1 C : �111 : J!, U "}19° : ..e..·;;J 1.. : fl. If'} : rm lP,m· : ct:Cf-' : �"I' : P,'i: : ro...4>{1:, : ,71,,1-- : 9°,)·•t, : lf'f : { llDll}irf: : i\f, : h il : 1\ 01/;l,lirfl : mf!,9 ° : f11\ 07:,,l..0 : norJ.m(l }(l;I. : "t l·L : f�(:�-- : OIJ.�ilr)-.c;.. : tt;,1 11"fl : ,._,:1 '1° = (LA: f 0?.o,nro·, : m- '1� : h1,t;.h1-- A: nor/ -�·l '? : f'lUl-Yti,fl'i" : fi't()t.c :f�c: ta.e&.,nc flFt• i\,e = il°'l'PA = J!,:J:i\t\ {looQ;l,l?f9° 1 fUJlP,(D• : �c� : (1:,,. : �1.,,.. �.,,,).., : f°tf ti.e: flt : OD/.:�: 'lt\OD'f?-Cj: (,J!,..'C: �i: (�): (u): m"}j!l\--'J": fl"IA: nil: {lODlf). : 01ilt.'A·�,: i\t\ODcl-'ll/,\ : fro()', : >,1f.. lf'I I mfl):,.. _.,h : f(f',(D•: P''I : P'cq:,-.: flP/.&.:,,im•: » ,1r,1J 't·1 : n,f"1'1HO 1 ··t-? 1(ro·: m1; : f�A : nil : 1\1-4.fcf'C•O : DDC,:c#-'f-" : i'tll 156 irl• t.. : lD"}J':/,\ : flf', : 'tl"}f..lf', I ..,..•1°�(D' : lD11 : flDlP,tD•: �/n,:,.: {l,l, :: i't(L --t::J-- m•; : f\t\n°4'0A : '1 .. e..l1m•: m·tit : I\J!, : f,'? ()� : f°'lil:,.. : OD•fl-r : It.ifla>•: f,1()/,\ :: 1,'lll.U : i','Pcf!?J1--: l\J!, : rf•�.. ?..172..: 0172..lf).r)• : f.-1;J1,9'1" : 151 -q_e.,:,.. = r+11;J'l{.1 P''I P'Cf¼ ..y..:.f.. = ll,,l--DDlttiJ!,'l:1- = ft..VJt..'1:t: m, = .e1llA:: '?;/ rau1.oocf: 'J°CODt.. fm1]:fl,;:: OD:,,66],: �)�� : P'',: P'Cl}r), : 'l?'rC : it(r) : fO DlDDCf: 'J°COO t..1: r"t OD'r• :,-. = ,.r,.,;;J'1 '}J ,,}.. : 0mf1J :,.. : i',� &,9' :.r-. : i\ J!, : ,,..�-?..(Ill: h1f..01/.elf 'I-: n�Ag- = f,'i1t--A .eu n;,•., = oo,�P'--1: : n h·A: 9°1''1° = -:;..�c : tiflOD�m�9°= {li\.e 1 f "f.UlJI, ,,r : ?11 CODt..'J° : },cpcf!?J-:,-.., : fl oiz. (llJ il ..,: •1--P, \1-1"-- : h1l). J : h n i',.:,--r--*f : r cry__lJ.'t..{lT : 1,;P, "}X· : 1,. ,.,>: ·fl :J! : il/\lf', I 158 n u,.{\irf:: P' ':, P'C'¼ ... ..y:f : ODi'thA : f1i\ : /,\ � ',.-)" : J-,.e1�'1° :: ii rnil = °'/DDAh;Fc; = r.-1--htaif. = JJ,A " �t-htai): : fir f"h()on:,--; : m;��A : f\O.,m:,,� : h(l : fl °t 0.°711:,•9 ° : 'l.tf. 2 • OQ£" f • . I -i' 'lD•9° • rm;-sA • n v0 : fl°'lill.jf: '1A,f•l;J1m : ','/ : (l{JD(D•ll):i• I ft,.OJ'= }=,. • ffi·1,

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156. 157. 158.

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0011·1·= o 01/ c;:,�ro•9° = c,f; lJ = n ir 'I= fro 1f: n,;:= no:,, ti6J,= JP., = JP co, :1.. = :,, 1'J!-:, ..= ,. .. : : m"} 0 C ', = (1 : : A 1 '1 91:y 'P h :<! 71.::;,c; : ()« () ,t-h t.;J : .. · 'I! IP {/IJ cf: � 01J. A : � : f 1 -. t\ f : /\f.-: ,f-&.�°t: ftJl/.lJ' ',(D• lD"}J': 7, : OD:,>liliJ,: ,)1°1 : cJ:: 3'£ : '' f{lcl>ll)t\_ : ,f••flt\�: ° : : 9 "} : },' }P,.lJ' 6-- : f;J... f·f J·I ID•"} : }'\ t\UJJJP6--:,, : fl '? : f,f-f.'111tD•"} ODP'Ir:,_. lDf, 1 OI/'i':1:w•9° = · f.,'1:l °i ,1 J?...t.� 'l�· = fl°1t\T : · = (llf"} : m"}j!A : ',(l)c : ' fh '' fOJ1lA: Fir'' : fOl/..t\ lD•"} : ,11/.' ? : f,1A?.A :;: J?...'?'1°9° : ''(1�11°1 : ,·f-J?..."}°11ro-: P & : : .�?t9° : fOIJ.f!l:cJ:ao«:1, : f'/°6--A : OJJ!.,'}'1 : : fro"}:�A"} l't t, / rf•1t\?tc;,-c; f ':- : : .rf-°l'lC mflf f U·•lt- : flao•tt- : 1, ..r.'6- -1;t-: tiA,·f•&.?ttJD• : flc/>C: f,1,°1 : : '1 tf'� f {IDai {l: ,f•°l '1 C : 'h1J?...,f·• ,,.., Ir : .it ,,e.c� mC9° :'' !!., t\ A:: c/,'f' tt.� 9° : f OJ"}j! t\,. : JP6-:''O�C� : ' '1A,,.l·t...�1m : (] cl,c : '' }if{l c/'"l9° : f.,/tA :: 1,'ltLU : Y:1;,i ¥1-:f: {lt\rf"•t•: 1--Pir-:1-.. : fhil: ''10DA.h:F: (101lc;'1?-:1,: (lm"}j!t\ti: : OD;J,66],: : F'l : FC '¼r : ..�"} ;J1.9>:l: : f,f,.f,14-• : c;:1:0J.. :: fJP', : F'C'},f: : ,'h.°1 : y;1,;1i9'7f.. = ,t-11tiif· = 00 ht\h.r = t\lT'J1·1;,:�:,... y,,:y..A tt1..� t1'11?oo(llfl/:,.. = fl&.T : �J?...9° = ,,.nt\0 = fhil: Ol/-00 Ah:F : d/AlJ.611' : 'h"i'Pz.(l mOJ• : ftf t\• :: 159 0 OJ , ti 1 ,.,.. 'i� : m 'l r-:�"} : : h ,th : f :F Ah () () "} ;, ,, : : ,) "} : 1 ,) 1 c; 'P. A {1 fi• .. OD tJJJ :t?: f fr -- :;: 11w1]!n· = F6-- = f,f•f1Jow«1' = ;,,"le; : ro1lt\" = f.rf- rP6--0:, ...,. = 1.1·ic; = 160 ... 4?'1'�1 : OD°lt\?t : itt\(1:g... := h()« : ,,,,... hti'i'f• : frf,h()()(l:1--1 : m"}j!A : ftf.,�·f:, OtD-4'> : DDAil : n,w{lm,)· = 'h1..';..1'A = w1;:n.. 1c; = u•l;J--w«1 = n11c11c = ooai t\K" = == J?...°1'111 9° = ''w1;:n«1m• = f,.iODro•"} : 'r°llJ.C OJ"}j!A ntJIJ.. 16 1 r dl°l : 1, : f f..r.1a ',;J"lC : ;J(,- : (1ll}9° : f,f•cl>t-t.fl : ODlf"} : itftll:1, :: '' 1,"} f..f.."} 1 fi ',1?- : oo(! tJIJ:,.. : 1. ,.,, : f oiz.4,C flUJc : Ill/ {lt,. � : hil : h cf, l flO :,... : ro1lA: ;,c= flJ?..."},fl= fOI/f,1"lm9°= hlf'l 1 162 0-4,0,= ,1,•1-.. = ti()•"} = t\°1if"1"A 163 164 165 1 r &.,,cJ Y:: tit\11: 114 C: ,f· --h '17t:: 11'1'1: J!.,t\ct,:J:1A:= nil "}: lDf.,9°: "ao,t-a = "'iififA: .rf-h ti'fr. : t\J', .c;. il: hii : auAil: fl IP/ 1·1;,j!-)· : f.,1_':.A : 111f.." : 4,m C1 : 166 (l : mro« : 1'1� fOIJoo/,\n,), IJ..r:A : f,()m'PA== hil'J : 00,1,ro« : O:J'(l, = a11-- : �1�"}: /\UDcf'mA: ft..t\1: 'h1f..lf'l :;: l,1f,1'i' : '1.>til : fhil : OI/ODAh:F: OOl/tl 161 -�1c;... : :Jl:,.. = '11? - 1 : hF?« = h "} ..�.i�c : fOI/il1f..Y..' : w.am:i = J',it\w• rf'(lVU,f --: ti"cl>: n:�.lt: ,t-hti'i'f.: (1,1"-h()()fl..)• : ro"}j!A: 'f''f...,f.. ,;:'1+.1: ftJIJ.fti,e : ° OJf.,9 : .,, : fOl/..fOJ"l: 'i=CY:: n,f•()m : 0:\1\ 1 ,f·hti'i'f. : (ltf.f lD•: ro"}iA: 1'1 168 1 hH.U : (1/tf., I f,f"ffi�(rT : .e.. c; : h1�J!,h()il : OD,{lrf: : f+mncf' :I ',UJ.a :=

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159. -- 160. ..J,, -..=r11>:= __ ,.. 161. <f? = ¥ ,e :1 162. Ol/l.;:;�?':-fi : (oot.,f·�?':-fi) : fltifl· : a>-il'l' : iltJ,f·.Y·if· : rof,'J° ltf,mcf>(t- : fcf>tr�- 1 .,-,c:f 1 1 -r {lm ''OD �: 't-C : fl� tJn · , ,., "ht;: : A1 '' >til �.1'1.. : .,1e:f'': r,:r-m-11 .,,,11tt7f·: f11,CcJJ'l': ,f·ltil:J: fOI/J!,;J:A : .,lD·1' ='' f°1.fl•:1, : r,:1= m- :: •I! : �I� :: 163. Oh1-J;1� : Ar-: l}•�:J·9'";,1-, t;:/( L•I: • ,f·hlt'il: • 'lA--f•h(l(lfi:,• 1 '1'1-:i• 1 lL"-l.J�•fl- r I f,1·'lA 11 ch = Y.Ir(i) ,,.ODAh:,. =• 164. <J? fiu =• 165. ... : roe :1 166. h+�;;;::,.: 9°ilnc.!'1·: m·il'l' : 0'/1'7.:a>-1-9° : "h1-.e.. I 1r,: ltilmC•f·: nnfl· 'lJ!,: {lfl•f•flro_"!a,.� ; f , 1 '77{1/.� ., f(J' : J'"'i.. m: : r .,'J' : t;:&, : ''fl ', fi,.,• OD, : fflf,9° : {lfl,t{J;l.OD{.Or : foPffif� �l.11 : 0011:1, : t,/\m- 1 •l!'l'C : fg·,; u 167. <J? xi·1(�).== 168. ch I f@ : (!l) : (/\) ! ,"111 I or>1cJJF:,• I '11--l'?i' I :1% ! �� I g I (r.) :I

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(l 1.tt : ''hJlft', : : 1 T "7 : tJJ/. � h ., : : "71 ,f-· :,-: (IL ' lD 1.f...'"},;J 'L?'l : '?A "}: .ftl,;J;�: H"}� hf hl\ OD : OJ• (l : a,. l)f, "'J : -'/:, .C : lj' : :,-/11. : till : f,;J'J'{li)°?, IA : fOl : 11. �l " : P 9° m: : "'/ f', } 1l OJ = '} 'lt _ f = 1A • (l:, fl(Ir: (l(l -h f,J T: '1k T: o OIJ o(l ,1.; : h' .. : 'h', [� IJ : J.1:1,:J 1. 91:f- : 9° 6 "101/ :: 'Im • : l : '? 0011,i: : 1,."}�.l,;J1 'I'II.,), DI/1: : , : {1,} : : c 1f �.. n� : l'l IA �:/! 'P ;J1 /l. 11.0l : 4?"} m(l ou r : : f ih"l'l-i: : ODIPl" A : },1-'}.. �� : fl : 1 tit, 1f : flOD j!A m" : .. " fl:, (lm : f;f �' } lj':.C •C,'" .-fCJl/m : f (l ftf Ir :: Omlff:,.. : i't'l'k9ll· : I\J!, : ;J-- &-1."'l : f lf',m•"} : ''f>''I : P 'C'¼;I·'' h 00 �ar : P''I : FC'¼T : m•fiLb : 11.0l/f:l'? : (1..()/A : f t.,,1--�lD• : '111J9° : f+ttr : f -00 = ()l\�l(l« T = l\f, = f°2.cf>C1 l : hi:t lDllJ.f = m1 £: , '''1'111. : ii �1!'1 : 5:A : ' : l +(l 1 '1A = .. UDIPl:, . ,n = n4>c= (llll. = ho•= 111/oo lbl\ :,-_i, 11 n,Lu = ,11'? = n<f?: i�� = ° 11., II;, . 1::,. ,; : tJIJ:,,l-0 : nm·il m•9 : ll fl. Of/. ft4.:,.. : 1 ·� \1-T : 0°7..'i" 1l(1)c) : Ah:F : ntLu = 'J°iJt-lj':. = 001P1.:1- = 1,1,t.1.9°9° t101J11.,r = 001Pl:r'l!m·1 = �"}11 J!,'i"1&-A 1 <f?'l'C : ft: f"'lm:,,om· : it'?()-0 : ,,f/1.0J• : �-"};J"L : '14?1'C = fG'I : ''f4'lfl lD• :: ti ll : hi',FC : qou,}• : '11\J!, : fllf', : �-- ). : 'llilt--,)·: OJJ!,'J°: (lp>,r: f°tfll4'"1 : Olf'I : 1.. tL I ·( m"}1:fl.� : oo� ,61iJ, : ,'h'? : <k : !G't) : 0.,4>{1 : ,11r : fnll: 01/£1Df.\h;J�m•"} : hll.;J1.o,f.. : 1,1,tfcf>C-0 : �Cf: : CL:,.. : :,--1, 1 '11·1 : f,(}"Jt\2'' fOJJ./l(D• = "}O-- ll = �l!'l'C : (r) = ',m• :: fl<k'PC = KG'i = (r) £/DlPlT = fl{\,t\�1- : .rl\f..l.(lt& ro11J:t· = flDlootf 1-..v.r-:1�- = "11 = c,:c� = a.,i: = i',tit\ .UDm1 110 ,1orz.t11c-0n:,. 1..1i = fOJJ.Ol11f'?Om« = ,,1.e.nll = 01/o»Ah:F = tr'i = f,lP/rt\

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ift1.. = 1,'111. ODm"} = 1\1\tlfl. fl/\1-1.u = rn ll "'JODAh:F = J',4'&.1.,n m"},f,:·;.. : lJ•fl,)• : O,f,',;I... : q,"}�•)·: lt/1.lD" I fl,llt-:1.. : :,,11J:,.1c; : "flthlr'l! : 0°-0:,,: °1"1.:'f•"}: 111 fl°2.ff..C(l•: hfl�: ro"}j!fr>l-•: f 0t4>Cflw•: till: fOlJ..(}OIJm•: o:J>a. = ,)11.. n�t.rt11 cnm· fhll = "'/UDAh:F = 1tt11J'1f,'1:,·- = nh'i!+� = �c�: O>.:'f· : ',m• :: },"}.';,U : film•: hil9° : flOl/.cf>C,,0(1:,• : 1.. lf»: O:J>O.. : ,n1--: ilfltJ(I.: OtJ.ouAt1 :F = a,J?,.,:,.. c,· tt��(j: hl\Y, r,,t-Hltt'r:i•1 = UDODtf911--- = v- 11.• = .ouh,f•A= f,�l.'1lfl I llO'Ptl! : fOIJ..f..l1ro• : {l-) : '11C : O•it- : fl.,f--h(l(lOJ• : :rA :: '11C : '?"} : h'l ..�- : /\Alf� : 1--Pif-':f : h1�f..,tr : fhil : O'fODt\h;r : ltf, �� : fA:�: : '11C : • hO'Pt#! : OllJ'J° : n,f·t\f : U·�;r : f,(tOlJA :: htL U : l\f, : hl\Y, : f,f,m<f'(l0r : f<k'l'C : f �� (r) : itf.f.� : l1flJ!": llcl1 --I•:,•: h'JPiflO:,- : 00 1111� : .<'ll &.t\;,A :: f,U : 'hTC : m" lt\· ''h OP 'C : a,ou-r : : } flflllm = �� = hilt.,,.= mf,'J° = nqo:1·''= ('11 ie!'<D• : f�t-- o..ro•: ',en•)= f01J..flt4'trJ = t fl!''lfl.:'f· .= ·1.1i = fhil OIJo0Ah:F : 'i,,�.H;J1: : .<'"I A 1 0�'1'i! : m•ll"r'J°: rm1,: il ,-; = OD� : ,),'? = <f?TC X�E'J f,m:,,tiA '11 1 C : f : 1 <k : T = C : � E + '? �f. 01/. fOJJ..tr'lar • , 1,"}f..f..'Jfl- : hllh : OP'C : qoo:,.c; : h11 •r9° : O l\.e, : flf'I : g--�: •

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. 170 • .. 171.

-74-

f'1t{l&,.:,.. : :,,fl):,.. :'' (J't'}t){!'CD• : f �t,.(Lm• : ',m•) : Wf,'J° : fi'I° ,)• : 001J.,fil4't& ,OJ'}1_flal- : l\f, : �(1)4 :: OtLU : Oj;, t\ : J'tf..t-�c : o,t-&.ml.. OJ • : t\�'IT : 9°h 1' y:,-: 1' 1e..F.. .. 10·: hilh: i',P'� : t}oo:,-. : 0"1..f..Cil: go�.: 'hilt--1·: rorz...ril+m·:I·= . . h'l �" ; f ile ,�:, : CD'}j!A : fl\•:,•- : •Oft· - : ro1in�:r-. : 172 i't'1t\ : ou,11"} : .1'1� : Jl\�l(t• : OJll},f-.l-1 : f°tfilc/>m· : f.ODQ;l,{.7f : ti()� : m1itto:f : fl.ff�. : om 11.t\'1 = 00:J>ffJ. = ,-,1°1 = P'� = rcq:,.. = ,,�rrc t�·R .onw1..:,.. F..10� = fh il = JJ1/ffel,\h;J! : f"?. flmm• : TO.�;, . : hi-�.'i'C : f"tfil& ..A1-- : h()f..." : ro"}..,,,..ll:o7 f.. : · }:.. �-· 1 73 � Jt f,�ir'J° :: n',11- ..u : U•t\ r�r•: cJ!Tf!'rf·•: f,illl'/OD• : ,.,.,.f." ;: ;TCl\01 : .eu1 : fA;J-()0 : 1--f:l\.•l-- : ,f,f\� : l\..J'Cor>ro• : f,1()A :: i'tV-1 = f "?.cf>l..'} 1 l\1lf-f• : 1--P.r--:f.. 1 0'/l\.;l .. 'J° : h'l�· : 'lt\ DDlfc;;fm·: 9'°h1 ,:,- : O«hTC : £�� (r) : UOLJ.Jl._,)• : ""'f,�1.,00--:,-- : 1--P,V--l· J rhil : 01/0Dl,\h:J! : }t/\"'/il�/\7" : (llDllJT-'lh : P''I : P'C'¼:,.. : l\f, : 'J°"} : (D•m,-1· : 1,1Pit\Or : OD', ;J1C: �(I)c :: itilcJ;,f...'OD'}: 'h'}�rf--',;J"lC'IOr: },'}J;.U : fir: 1-Pir·l--: fiDl/..',IP•OT : 1.tl, ! 0�(:..� : (l_,rf; : f rf'0Dff1{l(D• : tJ(I : (Df_,'J° : Ji(l,,f:;J-- : f tJ(l•"} : CPJODt\h;J! : {l;r : /Ll?,11 : h1�"?.l-A : ,.,11'- : ,,e.c;1t,.A :: f'11?a : UD(l01J:,, : noiioocn:,, : 1.tL : Och- f�� : "}o,fl : cJ!Tc: : !{: lTDLPt..:,..: fcJ>l..(ll&- : t,il : OJf,'f° : ;-,n.,1:;:J-c: --- i'1tit\ = 0°m1 = 1\1\�t..oro• = roll):,-- = h...,,.,nnll:1-- = n�.I\= t\h()• = oJf,'J° = f\}.O. 174 rf!;r(Dc: f"tflmro·: unA.{l : 1,'}P,t\ ro-: f,mf �A ''ti()..'': f\J!,: f ,f--O Dfl.h,t-ro«: 1·�!, : 'J° "}X""} : ',ar? cl?TC : f�� (i): flJl/.. h,f--ttro«"}: ,fl:J! : J?,'i.. 1t-A I ''t,tit\: ODm1 : .,f'l\..e..l(la>-"} : roll}:,-- : .f<WflJ<D• = (lro• : f tD1ltr1'i : f 9°llhc.>�1 : 1fC11C : h1Jl1t\K"'i : i',il&.1\1.. : Olf', : 1.tL : fi't{Lrf:;J-- : dl/ODl,\h71JJc1' : 1'1f..f..'}fr : 1,1�..f,J,c11 : �Cf: : n.--1: : �mf,cJ>'PA :: fOl/..omro•"}'J° : .'YAc; : --= 1tn.rf::r 0.00111 0 = .e-1i �-A o,tu = +.1'c i onwl:,- = �c,l7 = n.,1; = .n'1t\ = UDm"} = fl\f..l(lro•1 : roll}:,.. : (ro� : 'i:CX" : n,:,-) = .fooll}ro•: (lm• = rorz..rillPi OJc'} : fJ>A : OfJ>A : f"?..ouff°l-fl : blf'I : flH..tJ : '¼fi.'IT : ftP/..11m• : (l',f...'- : I\ lD"}it\• : 1--Pif, : UD (l "'J:,.. 1 'rt',-.. ,f--=;:', ,)--"}lj" : :,, fl):,-"} : f\.ODro (l "} : 0 cf! : ODfJJ l..:,.. : OODlf'} : f1l\.°lt\ : f·f'}f: : :i--nnl\.=;:',rf;lj" : Jtilt..1\1.tD•"} : �1C : U·lt· : norz.fm '?11 : u-�;J-- : _e.1J : ao1j',f:'} : l\.DD1uo:,-- : ,.filT°lt.A:: ''Jt'1t\ : uo,n1 : fl\f..l..(l (De'} : OJ"JT : mf.. : �Cf...' : CL:,-- : f DDflJa>- : (lro• rol\11,. , i't'1Pi1.l&- -1 itl1T : 'l� 1 Wf,'J° : :rl\..il =(ofJ>CL: ;,1 1,: roifuoffJro•: i',11:: i't1f: = 1.,-L = 11:J! = 'Im·)= fl rr19° 1 it"° lXl..ar = o ro• = i 1..e....e.. 1 o· = roiz.. cJ>c 11 = i 1..e.. n il = 01/ ODAn:F = rorz.. fmc : fPIA : f\.ooflm:i• : f°tffl"fA : fOl/(111 : l-�;r'i : f ,"t,°l = :1•'J°UCT = lt/\OJc : I\Ul/t\ T : J-1 filf..�C?° :: OhC°l'r : 01Jc;:('OJ•'J° : (Im- : A,1,."} : J?,JJ : ro..e.. : �CX' : n,:1, : t\"19°"1')-. : f+oot-OT I Ot,.(t« : t.fJ>f: : OfJ>/r : fOl/.,(tmm- : r1:c1.1: = DD°lt\6liJ, = IPA = OfPA = ro�t..o:i-- = ou111-0 = t\+htilf. = ilf\.,t-h(lfl -n:, = w1,:1A = J-,rr;10.• : ool� f,tr1 = tt11.--r, = t\hil = ODt\il �CX--'i = �"JT=

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172. ''�� 1 'llil&.:,• 1 ---hOP'C , qao,1• : Jtf,0A'r9°'' ,, m-ao-ih- 4!'1'C • j;@?; : t\'rtalb • �: %�I :s (hfl..(• , rir� • f1t9°�:,- , OT/1•Y.A) , ?;f!l(I), (r.e'P11JA"} , .J.hhc) x ?;@� 1 (ltilfl I ilt\ 11 ,,,-Y-t.� P'&.) ! hflX: 1 f1,lJA 1 '1•P.:'f·) ! fliF r (Oa>-61.1': h1C I UD"}OJ.P',1· 1 l\f, : ilt\oY.Y.l.°l I f•f•:J>'POW/1 ,,,.. 1 f"t m 1 q,.e�,1- = f:t,tl}:,. ..(fi}',"} : fr fiOU,, ! ';f• • f."}{l r GJ;J. ao:,, 1 ··. 1 -,:,,� fm1 'J° 1111· /bfto":f -1>00-0:,,, 1 O,f•al.OT/� : ,f•tJDt\h :,• :, 173. htt.u I n:t-l·: 1'1Y.OT/.1t\1aa>- I U·fr' .eliw-' Uta1l: {lei!' f{I'§' 1,tit\: uP{Jl"}: .fl\.e.t.(tm- s; :,0 1 ft\a>-"} , rmO:J> : CP.:r , fOT/°11:,. , ao11:,-: f,UDt\h:J•t\ :: lDl1) 174· � = ttti (r) ,, 4 �:,-

- 75 -

. = fl',1?,.. i't"1'11 £1DlPl.1.. : f 07. lf1' : PD1f11l : /\"'llf.,?l1' : f,:f-l,\ : ,,..,, ,... 1 : : t\orifl_i· = l lJ � • r I\ro· = OD 11 )· = "IA7.-- .,,1: c; = :1--n n ll '1 '1 -i: = i', 'I';1 fl = y,rr 'i f01J ,,(',n�'l'C : ',(JJ• :: ...,..htin: : .rJ•I\A,:A : f,f•fl/\lD· : tD"}lt\1 : 00il'66J, : ,l1 "l I n c 9 Y:'},;J 1, : fr)•�:m,: 1,"}f,.(f', : (llJ/\f1"': 1,1-�"} : (l,11"1 � ,7.. uc,1-- : Ow(\m', I (llD• : n.e..1-11 : 0Dffi'i1" : roi,ril&.f.\1<D· : Ft- : ',m: ;_ mn:J, : ,,('t\cf,OD(\:,. J +101( : lD1"} ; ml\:� : m,,,,,.. : 1,1-JtU : ,,('ft·1"1 : '11C:1-- : 1''JJ;,tD{l'} : Ft\ll)J f OD{lffi:," : f 07,1 fl : ltf,ODftf,\'J° :: 07uoA mt1J:1,: : flf'IW-1': F'l : FC'¼1--: :J'A : 0:J'/,\: ,(lt;',,(l: h.r'':f101J.c:l,c1lfl;,-.: 1.l'L= fOT/.11'£1D 1': lt1'f..": t\,I\ = lt'1'1fl =1:"lc:1tf\:: nuo.e.n�w•1 -'-'co:i.. = (IDLPt..1· = 1-- nltTI· = nmn� = : F'l :1 n,rf '11'1m• Ji'P,f!?1:1'· = .. mn,t• r ft --- hC>�:J-- : UDhf\n,.fm·1' : /\"'llf,;J:�1,. : f.,i·A : lf1'f..': '11?,.. : hDD{lOlJ,J: : O& ,,}, I .. : i',fttD• :: '11C : "l'} fh(I•"} : Ot/ODAh;f. r '?A'lliJJ' : ftP/'?" f1· : I m flJ:l·-'lh : flf',m• ·: F'I : FC'¼ T : fh(l•: '?AflliJJ' : lttJ/\ = ,wm"} = i\i\f.t.,.(l(Dc 1 mt1J1-- = f°1,.(l,nm·: ODlf�-1: Jtf.,'i1C9° 1 cl?'l'C : fc."g: (g) : il/\ ti(l, : ur>ou11111, (l.'i1C f c:f{'f'C: f�i: (r): f.."1'1° : f'11'r : O D(lOIJ,)·: n °2.=�0 DC(l1, : 1 .JL· : 1t1lti• {IIJ{ll"} : 1\1\f..l.(llD• : OJfl),)-- : h(I• : ''1,1f,.01J.',(l,0/\1--'i ·'': flhO·?° : O Dl,\{t : h'} �.(l'l' = h1f..01J.mr:r = f,'i1�A �u = :,,,-�:,- = lt'J.f-' = nm1:�A = r-1--h(lo , t,'P <I! (Im • = f'T?..fil&. A1,0•}' = fUA = h'11'r = UD(l'17:1- = n&.:i.. = lln,,.. h(l(ln�· 1 m'}J!A = 01/w:1, = f1°7•f{l& • . A1m· = n..-,--htiif· = ma,:,,. = i\f, = f'i:C.';..1 = Ft- 1 :1-hht\i;',1·: f01J.UDf\hrf: = 1''1'1(1.: 1--ai�:1-. = f,&.'f'C(l: J--A :: .rf--htiif..: (lc:J?'l'C: rc'>i?r ro•il'f' = n. 1�9° I hf,f,6tl.'l�t;�, (l,.1,n11c,· = (l,.UDH1rfl = �c� = ,. {lDlJJl:1-hf,f--,nnn = f(IOIJ m-1 f:J'A = P''I = Fcq,)-- = 'l,'J. t;.fft:J--m-ft : ODmfq, = )•hn .. ft;;: = {TlJ If .,. = ..rm �'I' t..A 1 n,,.. QJ, OTJ t 9° = ,,..h tiif.. : ma,:,.. = '11'r = t\� C�" = n, :,. , l O)J!UD/,.f : {1°1,_<f,c,nn:,. : 1.J·I, : fOl/_�9°/\1' : ffi(}:J> : U'/"J7,f; : f1ffi�f1Jt 1 h 00lf)•9° : fll\.e I h11...r'I° : 0?.I\ : (}.If"} : fhn-1 : ou·,-11 -0 'i : (l,,..htiif..: OfJ1f1-0 1 m-{l'l' fUl/.1"f.;I,"} = {).',f-:1.. = f°1,.UDl.'f°C : mn:J, : J,1-'t�'l°I\:,.. : fUl/.&.�f: 1 f:'}.")1, f fl,n1" I ffl•{l'l' : hf,1°19° ::

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TIODf.{li;a,.,: rm1in<1: ouq,tili],: P'', : P'C'¼·1-- : hOI/../\V-1·: h 'ltLU : ,e..--1;11, 9'1· : A:�: '1°1: 'J'q'9"'i': AV-: lim'ln:,, : h1f-.'''l• ..('1�: /\OT/(111: ltil:f-;Jt: ',(l)c� 11 'l 1?- = au (} a1 ,1.. = n &..:,-- = t\,1··htiif.. = n ,l11-- : 0° IP t..:,.. = 0 4! : r ti'''1 'i = 11 c:11 c I 1--Pr r-1 = Of--1'-fl °2.1A� = {l = °1ODt\.h:F 01A fl6f,b : '"1,,<;.. on1(1Jc = ,"h1' 1 J',i\ 0'/HJJ« 1 ,J'f\'}P,1-- : 'f°h1',,(',)• : f,f,,h'17t:1' : OD,(11' : f 0'lflJ.ITJ : f,Uo{tl\/;\ .. ftlf.. U : 'r? -ro• : ou�:,..,,h : fthq>c:J! : rf•htip":}".. : h,f•(l(!l..:1:- ro.. : oomflc�f9'1" 1 ;JC : h1,c;,{l.OJJ� : �,'IJLU 1' : ..e.-- 1';J"L?J1-- : ;rcl\.0'1 : 1,1'-':....rtf"lii\i: m , : OT/,f:l.."1 ' 'Im· :: hilh l'Lfm• = �'l.ll : '?1 : fmt.,.P,m• : �C �• : n,:,.. : (lm flJ,f: : i\f, : f4'l nm• : "l �'i : ,)--hh/\� : (}If', : UD"}1,.�· : itil&..ll1.m•1' : '11C : lJ•fl 1 � c 1 _ « e,J-1 • 0D_OU1f1fl / : J,,.<1l.,;J1ffi : f(Dfl),J:"} : OD,(];f • : ODffi(};#, : OJf-o;rW• : t\,lf1 , .e. 1' 1� _; � (le : :°1..fili./;\OJ' i : {\«'J{ll�',1--: aim:'/'9° : '11C : {11J,.('1f I r fl,f• _; 1-- n�if. II: ,f"l\l,\�l,\ : f,f-- �/\lD•'} : rm 1it\� : ou:,,Q;J, : �"};J1, I � �. 1 °II\?. .. fm1-ll\·} = °ll'l·� = ,n'lr·--1, = U•l\· untt 1 c 11c'i" = +htiO:. = m11:".. : 1:;:o: ,o " ' rof,'1"' O :r-i:-, ,,.�� :,.' ODI"t, T • l\ODI"t,.. . C , t, l\ 11 :, l 11 . h OD : 'i1 ,f:'} : : 1t :. 'J" " �'.l":ll- � _l'T wt,. {1 ,}' 1.11.r;' 11;:J•, W1J':ll- 1'i' \'OJ1J':ll-1' o-�;t-9'1· '. n , hhA.. I\ :ft 7' . r uri�ll&..t\1--1,1 11c11c ,,,..v,r,,7(-. u..1\-- = aD"Jt\?i = 1tt\n1· :, h1.1'.H.IJ ' J:'ll-T1 , �1C'T , "'lltt.j:f , {lm_ llJ< , O"lA?.' , J:'A•t-'i,t. , }. 1.1'.lf � l

=.. f

nil :

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-76-

tj:C�: 11--1:: 01'1:J>�: 1'. rmr+: /LflD•"JflJ(D•: ,:fl\/,\:; h'1 1"r : OD(tOl/:1' : o�:,...9° : _...,.h'17f•: fh(tc�} : '?A'l61b : tTl/'?1·T : Jtl\n:,... :: n tt .v = n".e. = r,,t-1P flr i...·r = ,.,, tin1-- 1 rro n1-r "Tk?J...,l,.__1 = 1,P,_e. noiz oot--OJc = f"1"1 : h'i�A : �fODL l_ f: : /t.,e.lf'I• ! l\Jt'Pcf!?J".,f : ,f,&_.?tOIJ. : flf).;f, : f.'"};J 1,9>".,f: ]l',tl .tJ1 : ,11'1{1 .-f : 1'.1f..,.<'tl"' : h�{:·) : noo,f-- C1 9° : r,,...1·�-.. : UD(fc;'";fro• : fOI/ f .-f:: h"} ,,c;.u : fl\: 1--P,_e.: (t.,f ,:JTODOJc: i','f>cf!9l1, 'f9°: n"J , \ ',OJ•:: l �c�: ,,(7: 1: 1 f {l"'l,OD " h ,t-(De : f ,11'? : f..'1;,1, : h f,,.. OJ)t- : (\ODP't-;,-.. : P'IAfl) ·,.'i : '?� ;J-- OJ• : {/l)lf-,.."} : {ID :l'lD'l° : Jt.,e.;1:A'l° :: °l fv:J·•(JJ• : fOIJ..OD',�(D•: fUJflJi: : ,,...h ti7i : �>;f,: n•rhhA: n ouout-1: : i',il&.l\1.'1:,-- : (t.,lf1 ;: fP't\.flJ'I·: 'J°h1f;I": f..'?'I°: {lOJllJ:,...-',t) : P''I : P' C'}:,-: ro•il'r : fh(t- : "'J.ODt\h� : fOIJ.cJ,{:nm· : hlt 7i tj" : .,.,... h il 7i : nh Ch "r : {JD•/\ ◄ : 000• {\◄ : ,,...'1 t;..._e, : f"'If.lf .,.n :,. : 1. tL : n ODtr 'I-'i" : f mlP,UJ•: �Cf.' : {1:,-: P,�9° : 1,1f..f..10· : O:J>(L : ,11 1' � fOT/.tPt-- aJc1 : Fir= OOD(lm.-t:'i = nt t .U'l° : 'l°h1 ..<'T = nm1}'!A = 1'Pif.,, = ol4il'r= u,A1.r-1, = fh lt'i1- '?Yo;t- = ftr'lm-:;: n--t-h'17f • = l\f.,, f cl'l nm• = nil = '?A?.''i = f.-l""J.I\ i :i-..tin t..7/9° : tJDlf-,..1 : tTl/l,:J1T: f-�'1 m• : .-t-°lCJC : 1,1-�..lf1 : uu.e..l.1-- : ',ro .. ::

n'1l\: ODffi1 : ()i\f..l.(l(J) c : mni:,, : i\.e, : {l{\OIJ..�CnaJc : fhil: OI/OD/,\h:J! : ,f--',,:J"Jl.1 : hbtl,l.fl1 : tl1f: : .-t-n'17f« : ill\OIJ.(tmm·: ODfA{I : -Otf"' : DD'i1C : h filt.t\'?9° :: 'l!'rC : i�i (r): ncf?TC : f-�I (I): DDtPl;l... : fOIJ. cJ,cnm· : tJ(I: lDf,9° : ttfb,t:;J-- ! m.,e.9° : ncJ?'rC: fG'I (r): ODtPlr: fOIJ.cJ,cnm·: f ti{I : (11/0D Ah:F;: f',1?- : OD(ltTl/:,• : fl.:e.ouc : f\.-t-h'17t: : h"}�_.,n.. nfl:,-..c; : ''t\tJ(t• : m_f.9° : 1'1--tmr:i, = flfA 'l!'rC = f.�1 (2) l\f1,f:;rlD4 = fOIJ.(tmm· : ouAfl : h1P,l\(J}<I �cX' = fbi: = ,f•h'17f• = n°1... flmm·: DDAil = ''f�'4nn:,,1: n{I = mf.,'J° = 1tf1,f!;t-: Ooo«ftc: Om«tf,: fUD',: ODlf� : <?A?i': lf'f: n;J--- rm·: 1.t·f:, '' i't'1 t\: UDffi"}: 'l l\f..l (t014 : m flJ T : i\.e, : ftp4,,f• 'i:'I -,... .. : (J)c ti� : h 1�(tT : .e,&. :,:,Y: t\:J'A :: ntL u� = 1.r-1, = �cf.' = £1--1: = rA�1 = ooAfl = 000JJ1f 1..n = Jt t\n:,... '11c = '?1 = ''+hltn: : f ,f·hfl()n:t-1 : a>1lA : OtJDc/\.. : h .-f--t.P, m•: 0:-\i\ : ti(tc1 : mf.,'J° 2 ttr1r1::t-m-1 = fi\OD'l = 1'1 f..tr'l'' = cJ?Tc = i�i (�) = '11?- 1'1�(1"'1 flfA ::

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ro ni:l"-'lti: flf',(1) P'C'}r: OODtPl.--1:: ''T1,,,.. �: .,�:'' },'i: ''T/4,,.1...�: hf,f...l\U-..9°'' : roiz.1r:,-.1 : ,:Pi\:,..: f.<'t·f: CJ�lf1 9°: 01'.'ltLU: :J>I\:,•: t.1:J--: f,l"n (l(l.,O,r1 : m1lA : ''OIJOD1 :'' 1'.t;" : ''t,f\tT'JOD"} : '' fOIJ.l\·T1 : :Pi\:,... = OD..,... ti--t:: h'l tLtJ : f:1;J1,9'1': <?A1'': lf'f: f,:rfA :: ;,1<1 : '1C:J'cf!Ol4: 1''1tLtJ1 : -4>1\T : fl\main:,-. : 9°h1f-1"' : f'l'1?- : Jt oot-c : u-..� ;J-- : tJDcl\-- : OCJDc/r : n{IIJ f...O� : P''l : P'C'} T : 1'1P,_e.tr1c;: m1lA-'1h'l --l:9°: 1A .-f·: h1P.f,;rf.,, : l\"'Jf..• l°I : ODlf)-"} : /\UD10Drl•: .,e.:ri\A:: ,.e,u : hlf', : rr·Lf.,.. : ,.<'tJA: ''m1}'!A-'l ti'''i: -- : 00 n : 1 ,f .e.. ;; :'' flf�r ; 1'1f.. : ''h{I'' :;: ''fhil : "'IDDAh:J!'' ''T1, '1 ,,� : '' my,� : Jt.e.f..l\U-..9° : "O!lA: .,.,.....nl\�: fOIJ.{)T: �Cf..",, ¼ ''fT4-,,1· "'1'1T: (J)c/}�'' ·I ''f:PflJ:,• : _to-I}�' ' ¾ cc:,:,fl):,•'' ¾ '']l{lt-, . :,'' • ·I (J)f·f ,f": - - - fl\◄ : fb(\0T : :}>I\:,' : 175 ill\Tti,,f.. � : or>lf"} : o;,,r : m«il T : t\9°1 : 1'.1 f.cJ,",.. : <?A?i' : tt.,e.f..l\9° :: 4

175. f.u: :I'/:\, 1t"1'11l: ftl,flar: ilfl{IIJlf�, f,.,,,,. = 1tc:P•l! = llfl(lm-:i•, 1'-til--1•.rf+ = r:( = "lt-'if11 1 I i I f,Uo C -�1' I if ' ;J·w D'/ll 1 : f:l§ h'ii1-: 'TC"1C ; 1:hili: : J.1o.Lt1:� (Ifff:l-Iuf.2li) : f4!1'C i\h:tA :s - 77-

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179.

-80-

'l':,,9° : f"t',h : }if.;, : il/\/b/\'i : OD'J°IP'"r9° : fUJ"}rf!'J : itilt...1\1. : 'P:,,qo·y.. .. 2 ,\QPtnO:,, : f"t --fA : it&.��9° : 1'1 ,�.'fC : fl/\to-: <j:�..9° : 9°7:1, : rf"''IVJP'.Y.. , '"l1iD4: il/\tr', ! 1t'1/\ : 00m'J : fl\f..t..(lro-'} : W"JT: ''ou,n.-r--1·..,, : {\oomn:,, 2 011J9° : {ID"1'1;1, : J't fil&.A°l'l° = flP/..A : 'lro• :: '11C : °11 : i', il4'Y:oo'J : i"}f... ,f..'i1C'llD• : f,U'J'J : fl ,l1I.. : ,hlt,O : h W'Jll\� : ou:,,66J, : ,l,°I : fl,l,I.. : ,hlt,O'i 2 ll'>'l.?1co:,. = h'IOt..w· = nh.,l·r·A·.r = ;,1oi = i',IP �c = ;,c = l\01Jil01J01J1, = i'trtr ;Jt: '11D4:: nil: f"'l_ODIJJ/,,.,rlD•: ,t-hlta-: fro"}l/\�: oo:,,66J,: ,l1°11: ..-J--1\/,\�t\ I 0"'1..A : 'h9°'1:t- : l\,,e, : ft.tr'J : �C.. f.:: fl.rf: : 'P4,,f•�:'1:,--"} : f,Wit'iA ;: f,1i1 J = f,.{l ,,e, c;A 1 °IC'i,:,--1 , on«l'flib"} i i,rit.:1,·'J'i : •O,h.�'I! 11 m1iA : LPC"l''IA : DD-0,y..:f : 01/"l :'f·'J = lbfto:1·•..}9° = f62.m�9° = :,,"1,f-:,:19° : f,ro rtr,A :: rt/\ ILu • fP'', : p-'(:'}irf-: : ,"h"I : .f/\or>:,,ll]:,-- : '}f\01/'J : fflf : 0..tr19° 1 00DL11li'f +&..?i"'l: f"7..tr'lro«: 'P'iW• : ,l,"1: fOl/f,��'i : ftP/,..fil/,... �: t\.lf"} : Y,-:f-1\A :1 f�'J&.. �ro-9"°: w-m:,. = oo,O,f•:t:'J= {ID•/\•: {lOD•/\•: '1Amfl4't\:f"': P''I= P'C'¼1--= UDLP l1" : hti/\ : DDm"} : .rl\.e..t..(lm• : ro"}:,-- : ll.«l'"l : oo:J!t\-- = 'ltD• <j:CJ.!" : {1,f.-:f-: fmn:111 = hCJ;;t- : foi.r111-t« :,.. = ,"h..,... = noi1111-1n..1.. = 1..u = •n:F = tif,lf"} 1 +h'17i = O"'i.mf,:,,n:,•'l° = w:,,:,.. = 000�«1,� = y,u11 = 1--oic 1 t\.f rtmoi>; .:,.. 1 f,1'1A :: f ','l �. : OD (lCfl/ :,.: v•/\rf; = ,f"nt-tit?>-:f- = {JD•/\-- = n{JD•f\c = rf•titi--Y, = f"1Y,lf�n:,. = n,l,1.. 1 "1'111 : ('r'J : i'tX''ii'Cltl) : P''I : P'C'¼T : rf--?tl»'r : 1--A U : If'. : f"t ;f'fw-: 9°'iAfl:,.. : '11?- : O"'l.(lOl/(1:,--: P''I : P'C'¼T: m·rt'P: ',ro• 4!'PC s !�(g) : ''it'1/\ : ODffi'J : ,,fl\f,,.l_(l : (D"}:,-- : frf--h(l(l(l:'f--"} : '1'1C : f"t(tCP/tD• I l•fl.i:,C : Ot\,I\ : 1i1C : ,,-.(l_e.qo : h"'l.f'l;,°lt..to• : itl;l.:\1'i : u-�:J" : f,f·l\f : f,lf 'iA.'': 0"11\T : hm:l'l\f-: "11ilm14'«f!f: f,{ll'IJ&\ :: hli.U: 0:1"1:: 1,1f,,.9°'i"fro• I tu= 1:1;,1, = oAi = f"11ilt..>f = J-t+�t..•n = P''l = P'C'¼..f·1· = l\f- = fl\m- = w•m:i,. 1 vu1 = i,1_e..tr'l = ,1,..,... = u,.A1.1·1. = °IA?." = J-tf,F-1\9°

"°"°

·I

ji/ '11?- : (1°It\?; :

:f..{\u:,.. : f"'l.:J"_e. (1 :,.. : OD,n :,-.. 1 1 80

f+i'fi'f/\ID-: ;,1 1: OD'J°IP':,..: }114'?i": ijg: (lJ'tCP/C�(D•: ir"f•C..,...9° = flD1lA 1 hrt : 1--�r-1-- : V--1\-- : ''O°lt\?i" : :1--{\u:'f• : 1, 1-'t:t-i : '' /\>fwhtin: : OD,(1:'f- : _e,(lm 'PA. :: f,U9° : DD,fi;f.. : /\Jt'P«f!5JlT'l° : If� : i't\il\ : oom'J : 1\1\f..l..(l• : OJ"11' 1 +h'17i-:f- = f>fw(lm : taf,tr'J : Jtf-<l'C'l° '11C = °11 : fm'Jl/\� = DD:,,ffJ. = ;,.a, 1 P''I: P'C'¼T : <f?'PC : r�i (l!)181 : 1,1�.u : f-1\/,\ 1 ''hti/\ : aom'J ·= fl\f..l(ltD- : lD"1T : �CX' : 0.-1· : n+ln : 1.11. : 1 n�tr : f0IJ..(l"110J« : 011°1 : 7(--1)-o:,.. : lD4itT : �ro- I �1�- : O"'l.(lCP/(1;1" : 1..tL -- 2 h9°ilhC1'f ¾ O'l°ilnc�:,.. : :1 1\:fw-'J : h"'l.(lm•1" : ht\ i: O'P<f!?J-:f-'i : hml\,:1 2 w1,vu = h'I°oi"· :,.. = w_e.<r = 1101 = J-tX't-1:i• = Y..--c�:,.. = 1tflt)-o'f = n+c = "119° 1

.,,?-

180. '11\f, : f°IC.1. : IP/ll;J..m7f , 11' : f,.011,:'\h;l:IA :, 181. f�c.r.- = ct.fl· : 1t'P}!- = (1c; = OP'&- = l\f- = ffA'Pt'\) = 1.fil�I = 1t'P}!- = "I?= f:i?; = �".1&:'f-.. • ;Jtt.tTJ• : °IA?i": "' = '¼:i P'C. 1 P'� : l>6/.lD4 {11J� t'\�: m1']! : 1'1'.e. ): )(1P 1il(j •fi": 1t1'cf ; ¢,?: ��;;:: q011,),: : : , , 0 f,•I oPITJA ":i·h. 1°1: ''01 ,f: : �Jct ,: flf.lf1'9°: 1'1,;..-; : Jttit'\: 011m'i: '11\Y.�(l•: t\.'�":i·: 1•Pif ,.. .,.. • : ITJ 111 IP/lDI ":i· : .e. Jtl}{) 1 f,IJ1 : :i· h ID,:'\ { {l"} : : .e,.-;,o f,1\/;\ ,: 0,"111'- : tD•il'J' : J-,lr1' : ft'\lD·'i lillcll\1..}•f: : 9°1 : 1'"'}Y.lf� : t'\IP/lD� : fil:f°l?IA =' :,..

-81-

.,.I•� OJ• : <;::c_,.ec : fL.-)•: O °t.n : ij h : (l C. '11 '"ln:,-: �m-: t\.1� : i't f, 1()90 :: ,,.11-'1m-?°A: � •• ,, \, _ 11 (} "1 •· • 11 � "L"' . , ... , 1 v o .. 1· .r'I, : o:J:,(l, : ;,,,,_. : -- : "' : A lDl l1 i'tUl/�,e. ',:,,: nlifton f,U: f."1',:J1,: (l,:JltllJ ·t (lt,J'i.f" i (}}'11\ fJ ;J ,n"} : fI\ f..l(lm· : m11J:,. : il9° : 'h1� f, "IJ>J.',.·r,: : 'I 1? - : Cl<?A�-- : ,,f..tt.0,).. : r ° ° fl 7. t (l-l-1' : lJ•};:J-- : ft"'l'f'(l•fl : f;r«l>f. : f.,lf'iA :1 ..it i /1. : oom1- : fl\�l()m. :7 :, : OJflJ:'f·• : (}rf•l}{l(l(l:'f-. : OJ1'l/.\ : lfl�,,.,..�: IJ 'f : (l..1�9° : fJ�1�9'1 ! f',1?, : OD(t "'1:,-- : n+;=tt : oum'} : fl?°ilm.C : flf'I : 1,1f.�'I I "'l·h'1i1� : m�1•0l : {}fl•: {l,OVt\{l : (14'1\� : t\,'P'lf: : f.,1•1\/.\ :: 'l1C : °11 I ,e u: ilil: 11°1: "f"/t.0•)·: fOIJ.c; -- : 1' : CD 1 : f t\f..l(llD• avm 1lllr : Y:1-,:J1, : itlit\ : l1):'f {\UD'f1,:l,9° : f;J-tf,f_. : -: OD, m : l •il'J' : : rori.ftil1J �'r f', I fl',1i,-: • f C.'1°9° : fl\O"r'J° :: 1'1 '1ft: 'J°C6liJ, h lD oom1- : fl\f..l(l(Dc: mllJ:,.. : fl,)1 1 : OD1-0JP',,.l: : OD1Pl:,... : '11?- : (}O]/,\g' : 1"flo,} : 'h1-)t:J·f,t\;l.. : (Jt\W• : oo,(l:,_..: t\DDm4'?° : nai&.A"J(l:,-: 1.f·I, I ,,.,.. htin:: Wf,'J° : ml\)!.: f:: '11't•: fl"JA�" : -:ft\�:,- = h1,tn °7 = ro�'J° = O�'PC : !�%= (ti)= h+m<f'().,}: 0 : (l OI/.. (l 91:.f : ', 1 ?11· :, C : lb /lo 7 n :,, : 1. 1·1. : 'h "} - �... 11- : f,&. &\ 1- : t; rf• fl 1' : : il (l (l 4 . f,lf'.t.\:: (fl4?'1'C: £�% : (ji): frrm4'(l•T : (l?J1· = 1IC1IC : f ...t-h'17i1 : mO:J> : itf,'1J,?°C9°) :: fa>ilA : '11�1" : (l"}/.\g - : l--ir'T : plJ ;J--r:,, : ...,,htin: : n1·hh l\�lD•: F',: P'C'}:,.. : '11? -: J,"}Jt(lOlJt\:1-·: h,7 11-fll" : Y:,;JC,. : UI/OJ·rr}..,- : fOD(lft-: f.,{111JA :: tttt..U9'° l arm..y.:1.. : ilf\t\,:,.. : t\1�-0l+ : (l(l- : m:l'lPJ..: 1',1/.\0Jtt Ol\.e I f'11?< = fl?°il,n.c : 01-�n°11-), = ,f--(ICi;tA : ilt\"l''l/\CD• : m1-1:A : roim� : : ,,-Lp().e',:;.. : l,"}Jtf11-- : 9°h"}.r:,.. : ,e.wc;A. I ilftl'I.U: ;,,110·: r...,..,,,. h A: mt,91:f. 0'11�,. : Ji&.?.i911 : 'h?°'I:,.. : 1'1-Pi .,C'flJ : f'f.CY: : P'lr : it&.�?t?° : ''t\.:J'"f, :'' f,?()A :: y,.aJqo9° : '11�- : fl"JA�-- : 1"/lv•l· : (l..,(IOIJ : 1•filrl" : {)fl· I (l,f..t\f,: ,f--'Jo �m• : m11-c; : tfoDf..;I.: : n,1--ntin: : (l.,&.lf:(l:,.. : {l,fi : (l(I.. : l\f, : .el\f -: (lllJ:fW m•"} : 'rlt:f-: P''I : P'C'¼r), : ()t\ro•: DD1'1f:: 1,"}.';,f{lCJ;...: /JY:IA : ill\OJJ .. f,tJ : rl--t\0.-f: : 1/.\?,· : ODlf1' : t\'�rfll,,.I· : (10· : m.4 °1- : .,CD' :: O'll'LU: �tJ'}f ,y::,·. : r,,..,, ,,., I ,111-- : i',11,\ : ODffi1' :: ltl\f..t.(lm, : CDllJ:,: t; : t\'l°"Jl·L -Y..:f: : flil1 1 : OD"}"JJ»rf: : DDlPl:,.. : '11�• : (}"](,\gs : -:£•(to:,, : 'h1Jt:J--f, : fJft� : {ID,{1•1•: '\1-'tm4'00• : 9°19° : 0011J.'..' : ilf,(l'f' I '11�.. : (l9°ilm.C : ll1'-'t;rf, : f0l/.f11: .. ) -'r 0 � ., : fDI/ fmI\ Pi = f.." },(} : ODP't,.rf: : f oiz.... "1111' : ., (D• :: ,.

1s2

:,..

g/ f9°ilti�:f· : ?°CODI,. :

+hlta- = ti(l•1' : mf,9° : J-,(l,,J::J--m•1- : fti Y... : 'h 1'��'11 ��: '1·1:: '' ft-111.. (l(J)c : tiil : mf,9° : i't(},rf:;J-- = f °1..m1nh�-·l--1 :'' f,7,"l'i : ro0hl\hf: �il tif!11 •: il?° = 'l,l.;J"J(ll = 00 'rtf = 'h1'-�.{lflJi�m- = ,7 1 1 : fl-f/.\:: '' t t\: (1Dn11' : ..rl\ l t (llD' = it i • mfl}:,• = mf, 'J° = 'h1f..t,.(i.m• = Wf,9° : mfl.�:, m• : OlJ 1-f · 1�m6' : 1 ?°il tiC ' : m 9° fl:,,: t\..C'f.C°l: f,1--1\A::'' 183 f,U'J° : 0- 1·?f7ft\m• ,) : 1 1 : {ID"}OJP':,.. : 1'14'�..: 21: OD lPl:,. : I\UlJt;:f ro•9° : ,,.,..ti "17i : frf•(l 11 (De,. OI/., {ID (Ih�--t\:,.: 9°iltJ C':f : {1 {]11 '' I f ( 1-"JP',,.l: : fl. v-11,. : ,f-?f..m• : h1')t,:f,C{l•t\;f •'' �I : QD,(l..'}, : fOIJ.f8'i : f,(10 : ft\ CD • • ill\t\ :: 182.

I l

- 82.

"' II

c1'� : 21. : OlllPl..T ih OD1 : 1,1 ° I P'" f:: : 1 : t\irt-htaif.. : firf--(lmro• : t\,i\ : O pov,l;r'I! : oo1),} : 1-dJ'I° : ''fOI/..UD(lh?,Oir)•: 'J°ilhi::.f: Okrf:: : h.1Jtoo(lh'r :'' fl f lD' : {11,,n:,. : �ID·" :: O&,--,f:: : 1,1-<;..(ll)(lh?, : ao-n:,-- : Jtt\ar : tTIJt\:,..'J° : Jitit\ : tJPtn1: fi\f..l(ltD• : tDll):, : O(l• :: i\f, : fOI/.DD(lh?,T1: 'J°ilhl!'':-1-.. : po{tcf,A;;: : 'Pf4: = t\ODmf ;"J> = 00-11:,.. = Jtl\ar = DI/ t\:,.. = 'l ar == h'P1,1-- = l'J°l!' : nt..:i--r--A-y : O;rlDcf'OJ•c;' = 184 nlj::,--,11: ,fl,11.C'i': 0tD1'lt\i1: oo:,,tili],: ,l1c1J: P''I : P'C'¼;I,.: O,f,. l;J1{01D-' : OlJ•l\"f:: : 'lt\;»t.?J:f : -0:F : noi,flJt--OJ•: (nlt�iiC(tt): :,,,�:,-. : {JDV'lT : OD{tcf,A� : 'Pf<l: : n,1--hti7i'• : i\f, : fD'L(lmtD•1: f?'°ilhC'i1" : ;,A : 1ilD''lirf•i1'1:'f,. : t\.01/l;»1'r : ltilt..i\1. : l1Yo : ',ro• 'l!'PC: f�j(j) : '''J°ilhe:i:1: �tr : (i:C,{7 : (L rf: : O'Pf <I: : h 00t..o0 t. : (l�.i\ : f,f--hta7i'• : OJ11 : OD{tcl'A� : tp f«J:= t\.{nf,;'J>: ,,f,l•i\A='' n ua11\:1, : hi\f,: firl--mcf,(ltD-1: OD,fl:,": f,,(lll}A:: tr'i 'J°: tf!'PC= f.??; = ,t·htin: = ''/\..(llll/.ro• = flll/ f,,1'l='' lll/ilt..;q· = nai+c11n:,.= 1..tL= OJf,,'J°= :t-1·1-- : OOI/..O'P01" : 1.1-1, : ''h1-..t\0"I: : h�A. : W-il'P : l,1JtOJl1J : f f..C;JA :'' f,/\A. :: f,,tJ : -�'1';,1, : 9°ilhc>� : :Pi\TW-1 = llOIJ.(lm-01· : 1..1t : OJllJ,f: : htj: c�: fbT : 1'.1,<;. 0J llJ : P'Al1J1: fOl/.(l'P : htr'I :;: ,t-hfaif.. : lllbt\01-- : :J>t\"1: f(lmtD-1: 9°llhC: ,mi),f,A.� : 'rf4: : t\ODmf:,, : Jtt\oo:Ft\-- : '?Afi : ill\lf', :;: 9°llhi!11' : Oki: : },_'})tOD(ltJ?, : ,,rt\ro•'} : oo,fl;t- : f°t'I� '? : f,,tr'iA :: '11C: "11: ,n'?: ltC:Pcf!?J:ti: OD,fl,f::1: lltLtJ: '}_f,',:,,: h1'1-"c'itt"l: l'tt\OI/cf'�1!ro.. : Jtf,,f...t\9° :: <l!'PC: ��fOIJ.C'mt--'PC: rel:: 'J°ljt\():,.. ! Jttit\ J 00(1)'} : •l1i\.e..l t( �: r mflJ:,.. = lPt-- = h,t.. '11\w- = ro,lA = ,�..,-,1 = OJf,9° = T4-+'1 = llt\ODlf� = ta,err1= ill\m'l� : t\�C� : (Lrf: : DDl� : fOl/.tr'} I (l.irf--(l(l·•'} : OJf,,'J° : t\,t\ 1'1 : fCPJ..PD l\hT : 9°ilm.t--'I!: ,... �_e,: h.1�,f,(ltT? : t\tTl/f.'l..°l : r:J--+ f... : f,,tr'iA :: ilt\tLU: ,eu: 'h'rC: :t, l1J irr : ll °t OJ(l1n :,.. : 1.It : ,rn ,- : l'ttifl : ODm 1 : ,.fl\..e.t..(lOJ·« : OJl1J :,.. : h��-- : { :,.. : },_'})tlDllJ : J,1J;.f1.C°l : l\.�C� : {1,f:: : P'Al1J1: h1..e.01J.(lmro- : +..e.c1 : a0"1--c1n'J° = Jtt\tl"l· == nJtc'?'P = n+DDtita.e = 9°h1'.r"r•-:f· = llt\,i\ : f ,"f1"l = : �il'r : 1,'Pcf! : 'P4,,f--�:f, : 1'11).1 : :,,ll):,-- : hUDOJ(l� : OkT : ill\ m'lf:fart; : ilt\t\,i\ 9° : 1,�,e : ?°ilm.t--'I! : o0 '?t\tiliJ, : OOIJ.(l'POT : 1.1t : h:f fr>rf; : },_'}JtC'k : f,f...t.;»A :: 'i1" : J't'P'f!9l1'1' : OOI/..DD/\hrl·•(D◄ : P'', : P'C'¼T : IJl/'i1!0J•9° : f'J°{ltJC 185 :PA : fOIJ.(tmro- : (lDDUi\ : tDf,9° : h.lD-'1:,.. ,,,f:1: O"'i t..;»1'P : fl..lf1?° : 11tit\= 0 Dffi1: f l\f.{..(lc : OJll)irf,;f•'} : fOIJ.OD(\hirf-t1}• ;: P''J : P'C'¼T : ilt\tf.lJ: 'J°'}9° : tt,ei.1c?° == ''i',tit\ : ODm1'= ,.ri\f.l(l = roll):,.= f,t,h(l(lt11"1'= '11c= fOf/.(ltr?ro• = . :Y..fto:,- : llt\,i\ : '11C: ,f--{lf,'/° : h°tf'l ;»dJltD• : 1t1;1.�.,'i : V-1:r : f +t\f = f,,lf '. A :'' h°tt\W• : hcf!'PC: f.��: (g): Th.lf1f : noo�t):,-- : �Ui\tD• : ltfllt...A°l9° I l\Ol/ft:,,: fl.:FA'J°; 'r'r: DD�Tdh: Jt,e1.t\9° == f ?°llhc>:"i-- : :PA : Jttit\ : 00m1: 'li\..e.l(lro- : mllJ:, , = i\ 1' : O"l?° : Jttitin.. = ro•m·f---:f = ilt\°t 'i'r:," = 1t'Pcf!?11·1= irr = '¼ FC = = F'l i\m• noio ut\h1: = 1, �r--1- = fOIJ,filttA.1ro·1= ftJA = roou

=�

:,,,�..Y--r

184. h'17i1- , fD"/m:t,t; 1 k:,• r /lt..T : ,f,qo : fouht-hC : ou,o:,. • 'r1'•1·9° 1 f'lflt. s 'Im· ! ''1'1-d-' 1 9° th1-f9° 9° /l ; Jtf,F. r 11 1'"1'1 : · ( . OD�t. • llf, (��ro-) , V·fl,J:9° 1 ltf,•J,cO· • '11-F.�m- : 1 : t : a,.lt -o:F t.T ODrP : nil r fla,. 'l•l't. Dfl,llt : : C·O '\J'+ : 1' h1'F.�ar : m11- , ODhllhJ'tD1 1''1 1,9° :t-c ! T 11 '11F : ·th �-) ' ---' 'i'/.\ f,ll' = llu /l� U1' = fl:ftill : h(lmu : f(lm1ia>- : :,,llJ:,• = 1 � 1 F : ' + :) ! f; ·/.\• cf,h r cl1"1 f r () }t(l 1 i *lD-1\oh : 'IY:'l' ! fi•lf;Jj?:CD- 1 fl'C I fl.-)•t-a>-il 1 (1',� l ) • 1K"l • 1:1t = Iufit 185. � I f@j I (! ) I 'h'i' I f!1 • (I) fl 1 - 83-

"till {IIJ,n�} = fl\f..Lo." mflJ,,..:1-1 = O"?.. {/lJfl 11,1: 1--�r-:f = llJ!,9 ° = ,--, �?t°t ° ° c : m 9 J!, f : fUl/.'li > fOJ•: 'P li · .= 'l'lC: ''O,f--ttr f: {11Jlf1 : hflfl,1• =� hl'LIJ9 : t\,I\ : -c : , : " , it\\�1'': 1'.1�.. 001/ : fUl/..('ffllJ": f_. },:J1,: <;:C.f: �,f: J- 'P l!?J f1: fl''?..ODfth--:h {ll --0 = = f }: • flf�• ·: t. � �1ny• : i',q� : "l t. ct .. l " /� fro1)!A: P.f ' 1•: 1--&..?a_': � � , h O = oPm'} : fll\f...ln· = mai..f'-.:;• = 1-..v,r.-f, OJ•fl'P • D I A • i',fll&.A'lw 9° = Cll/ft1•: c f: : },1 oiDD (l • · -: U1 f : : 'P . ,)1'11 ?186 f, llt(DllJOJ": ffll/ilt.:� (Df._ &.. ',m• } :, : f A m: !: , = 1 , = l , .. 11.-.ii1 = 0011-r l 'P r = 1 1 CIJ Y..· il :E 11. 11 .. .. J\lln 1 == lt1 c., 1\c;,e.. : ,i··iJ.'i, 00 n11 : flt. : : 1,tit\ : : ,,�,n t fi )tcl'L • .L� iJ fll'J : 1 ' A1-.: .. il& fllIJ..(' /\UD(fl01>: J!.l (l m•: mllJ:1 • : ',"IC 9 ° : fl:,•-tihA: UJJ OtJf/ "P1 : it CT'/ L,:J 1 'r : iiit°1.fil t.A1': rf •&.1.oi : UDlf "} : J-,llfl;f!ro·:: r,,,.(lmm-: f9°iltiC', ,)· : :J>A = U•(\, : J, 1Jtonn :: 1 ,(1 : ;,1 '1" : fIf t\, 09°iltic?:f : :J't\ : L"lf.....: ''9°lltic?:fi1: U·l\-- : <;:Cf,.-- : '11: : ll'rfcf:: haul ODl : n�.I\ : frl'•hl'lo- : m11 : po{l 4't\ �: : 'rfcl: : i\..n1J!,:1, : f,:l:I\A :'' bCJI/.,t\ro•: h4!TC: f �i (j): h11:: fo 0a;t.Lif: ,l1"1-0: J!,Ul>',6liJ,t\ :: hm•J!.fi �m•: faJ1)!t\� : po:,:,6liJ,: ,1,'11 : F'I : P'C°.tT : ,;JC : 0..'19?tC I ti0.·1: (l{IlJf..•1� : aJJ!,'r : flOD.cJ>OJ'}°: f,f--m?,: ? 0 lltif!'1• : a.. rY�- 9° : rofl}:,---',h: ntr�- : 1,�r-:r-: I\J!,: u,tt-: fCJIJ..oP(lti?<: 9°lltil!'T: }\1.e..: ''<;:c..r.;·: r1:,..: 9 ° ilh(?:l�='' foY.fm�-= ° ° 0 : 9 l.;· na7c,· : 1 : m•9 C0°tllJc (1 ,µ : '11C o : - 1: flc/><p;:J-- : f,UD/r/;\:: J!, {lf\.A:: <;:C : f,f --hl'l?i : tn0:J'9°: t.O·: 1\1,t;..m?<: f�l,;J;f! m•19°: 9 ° ilhc»1"..: l\1l).: taJ?.cl>C: (ll){l.:f>/,\� Tf4:: fl..mJ!,:,, = J!,-,}:1\/,\:: ftl.. U 9°: ro•,n,. ,).. : f,f·b'17i = mfl,cJ,: ''ft. (l-'}'' = 9°{ltJ(!'1•: 'rfcJ:: hn1fcf>: (l�I\: nun:,..: OD{ltil'PA : ,(lfto: h1-'tllll: • OJ•: 04''1';:I·: l"r,,J:: ro«{l<p: f,f-nllhltm•: "flt\�..-.-: Ul'lf� : ',t&'}? 'J°'iA f'PJ.fll7"i t\ q:, :. r,1,11ti?i : ,n(l:J> : (lt,.(I« : ?° llhe:1-. : OD{lcJ>Ati: : 'P ,,1: : h:Pcn: htJJ.l(l: J > 1 T fl�.I\. f ··f"hl'l 7i = n1 fl:J : n ,J ,,: m• = ll I\. 1 � :1: m• 1 (?-:,: : r,:c..r.;-: '1 ...,: 'J°fln C!1 :1:1 = 'h1f..1'i = J!,mf ,�, = J!,trc.·A == 1\1<;. .. u = film• = F'I = pea,:,.. = f0Dhl\t1f = ?°ilnl!'..1:· = 00ffl"•1-- : :J >A = f\.J!, = frf--hti?i = mfl:l' = n...<'4'c:nm•: fOIJJ!,°fllm·'i: hW•�•-f:19° t\a'lctJ"f:,, = fOIJ.fll&..A1aJ• = �-- ).,;: :)f,t\ti:: fooil4'A�: 'l'fcf: "'1:,,1. fl·'}: t\ffl/L-''1'1' : 11m:, --c: i'lfl&..1\1,.: f,lfc;'A ;.: J!,U : P'&-: f0.4>(1: ,)1 1': laf,lf1= f'f:C,�·: (1,f;: : ODlf�:- fOIJ..:J··w,1,m•:;: cf>f..· '1°: ,\1�f',a>•: 1,tit\ : OP(fl1 : fl\f..t.{l•: mnJ.-r,·,r-1 = roiUDfln.-J::,- = . -,.•.v,r•1· = t,&..1.�cr = a,),•1, = lW1Pl7• = ,nt1•m•1 = 1.. ti flo-fl:,, flf\..,t.?11-- : fo7J!,uo?, = (lf1: 1'1.:'7iCo.6): hODlfC,·:fm· = ',w«:: iss �C�':

187

= .,

186.

187. 188.

i i

-&4-

o...,,

11ri: • '11?-1 :''O'r.r<I: = {]Dt\h''= 0 009°tr.T = fllw• = Ftr.c; = h1·1..u9° : ;,c : �c -: 0:1''1 : th?· : fi\.Or : f,f'4>', (l : P'tr. : ittill : oo,n"} : '11\..e.t.(l, : OJll)irf"fc; :i noq>4!91-:f = ?-�r-1-- : i't&.��9° : 00tihA : l\t\W• = A i'I•)" : q>c; : m qr:y.... : c;:fro, 11

r/ ro:J>n. : ,1,-J,: f,t-h'17i : mO:J t; : >

f�Cf." : '1..1: : rf•'?'IC 1:

th°1 : hC:f>cf.!9':,: : h ti/l : ODm"} : 'l\f.l(t. : OJll).,y..-:;-a, : rDI/.. OD"n,,.. lD-1' ll P'.,: P'C'¼T : '11-f;J,r.n :,.. : 1.1·L : hc:h?- : nu--/lrf: : 'll\,:J/r.?1:f : ·O:F : h°!DD/r.0-r : (t,�iicnt) : :,,,:(!-:,... : ;JC : 9°'} : ftJt\ : f,f,,./lf : i,�..e.l1,:i-.. : (\OD/.�:,.. : rf--ht- tit?'T- : lD'l'a1'c; : �/0,..1: : fiar>.�{l�w.. : P''I : P'C'¼;I... : W-ll'r : fl\:fm•"} : rm "lflC = CJl/{l; ll = .rll&..A;,t\ :: u--/l,f: = 'll\;,t.?J':-f- : '11?- 1 : noiz.on?in:l.. : + (Oi't�oc(lt: :P1:�:,-..): O:J>ft: ,l,?-'i: f�h'17i : mO:J> : roiz.on(ltJ?-1\:fro•: 9°{lh (!11• : lil\- = or n h•l\:far = f&./l?-'1·1 = flar>'rtr.�· : roiz.roil11•-r : t.q:fro• : c;:fro•:: 189 ilf,: 1'J'1�1',':--: ro11: f«l>l..'l: fw•.. t: ?°llhC11--: 9°C.oot.t;: f lbl\Or"}?° : ro1"}: -- : f,OD/r.A 'r � : f<l:: {lcf>tp;J : OD{lcf>t\ lltit.'1"' :: 01'."}f.lLU = fl\-:,-=�..."};,1,?11--: 9° -- £J;101J t : 9°{lhl!'1"' ll..mtr.: . : �CJ7: : ,: : ''il 1 : ( A ,f ,tlfJ/\.lD· 'lf.11 o, .. r,::,-. : L f oo;:l\-c; : 190 ''Thh/l� : �C..(7 : (\.ou{lm:,.. : itll&.1\1. : OD{lflo : n.:rfro• :'' 9°il 191 t,(!'$"} : t\ODmf:P: = f..,,(l1110J• : P'A.llJ"} : .,,(De :: ',1�- : roiz.nCJI/OT : :Pf... 9° : 192 0 •t-h+A : u--t;J- : h.'Jf..OI/..h.rf../llD• : ',OJ• : f0:1>'1 : ;,,?- : fouh& .:'F : "}'? 1C 1 o:J>O, : ,"h1.. : 9°ilhf!':f:"} : ODffif:,,c;: frf'h'17i : m{l:J> : oo{l+A� : 'r.r<t : OI/:,, 193 l11 ! Iill&.t\19° : O:f>fL : ,"h1... : J7;J°t : 'rf4: : D'l:,;,l·O 1 O:f>fL : ,"h?- : 01/llli Or"} : ticf>lO : n�.I\ : flrf•htin« : tp�...,,..�.,:,... : {l<f! : UIJ{lli : f l\,/l : },"}f..lf', ll 195 194 r+htin: : O','/ : OD(\.<J,:,;, 1 f.rf'hit7i : mOj> : fovht.:F : 1°1°1C 1 ..,..htii'l: : J 196 0 c; far>hl\hfar = ?°llnl!':-f.. = 0,1--nti·li= ttoo 1c = h&.il1 = roi1F...c1<»· = 1ai 1c mO:J> : ououc.ooc.c; : no:J>O, : ,l1 ·1-- : or>ilcf>A� ll 'rf<I: : ODmf�> 1 i1{1J.t\•1r: 198 197 O+hti7i : m0..4> : ,,f;,:JDIL : oomf:,;, ; fO:J>fL : ,11?- : f01>1f1.f : 1°1°1C 1 199 200 f+hti7i : mo.� I f0D1·11.1 : "}"J'?C. 1 {lootn.t.7t"9° : �C..f.."'i : �;,ll):, .. ::

=''

ittit\ = ovm1 = .rl\f.l(l• = w"1,,f1,1 = noiouilh'1· = 1--�f, = i',&.�K9° = w·il'r = 011J9° : f,f--/lf : :,,,�..), : h'.1�/l'} :: 1,.1,.e.� 1 Oh�,,..,;:w- : �c�· : '1T : hD'f.

189. 190. +. : f.�[(ji)

191. +. I fqjj(�) :1 192. +. I fqjj(j;) :1 193. +. �@i(i)(f) h'r f 0ft � 194. •k : fi!i!i :, 195. +. f�l(i) 196. +. = fi!ii (c> =• 197. � : f�I(� : ,"111� 1 fODh�hf : 9°ilhC:1°· I OD{l•l>fl� 1 If'f•l:'r 1 .e:;ioi 2 If'fcf: : �":��!'?: ; ) 11 <I? 1 J:'!!l- 1 f.tJJJl·� cf>C9° hf, 1 1 0' taf, :/:A = f"t 1 1C9° '11''r ony:l,\ = hl\an;f-tt,-1 , O"IA� 1 f�l(r) 198. +. I fi!i�(�) SI 199. «f? f.i!i�( t) 200. +. fi!jji 2

- 85 -

.__ 'J° :: 201 il/\t : f A ,:} 1 : J't � � \ h t 11 ,r UD · = 1, ,1, = O. :J> o = C 4' 1· .. Oll tu: (loo• = .,.,�:f = .. t..?. : tp •{l W P, : � f, : 1 i'l' flt : O• (l• tllf/� c: :r. fO:J'{l. : ,l:,1--1 : /flt- : P,t1m• : ? '11 : : : 1 . P, (l tii : f.. i.r ro . : : : ·ll: ,f " fi <?m tj : P'i .. 17i : Oil,/\: t, ', ;J1C : f i--h ' ----- ·f 1 : ro-,,o ut\ti,f ro-: 1 P. f,: ht..� f , nJ m : (l• l .eir: llt\1.1''1 : '1'11\: oom·} : fl\ .. A :: O f, : -r i 1\ tLU 'J°h r : :f'l : 1\-111 : t\ /r f tD' .UD flPJ : " F -0: : 1. 1 m1 : Oi'\1 : --- = "1 oo:J>rn. ,1, 1 >tU?tif,'IT = ti,e,w 1 1 m? roi ''fo:J>n. = ,1 l"l• : 9°lltie:f ° U t\ : D{)h�: foY.,n?- -1' ; =?11() {JD ,f:; i',(1 : 9 tDf, : till tD-: r,:c1. : (1,f:: ''f\cf>lfi , c '' : m :\t\ r+ : hm -1 filD · J>l : f (I O : P, ODl : 1?t\'1 "1' : A'l : 9°'i nel·'': &lt�: ',a>•:: D?'iTW-9° : m1 1 : O .lf1 : f 00ti �.:F: 1'?'?C =ltft t : 1m .f F-C OUl/ --: f<P/.ODl'J° lW-: 0:1''1: ,l11..: Wf,'J° : r1, h C�'l° I 'l°ltti�:1;;: u--1\"': ficf>'P;J -1 hhltif◄• : i,; ..�.DD{)ti? ,: hoi4'ctr•r: :: '17i : mfi.P: ltf,1.1''} : r,:c�: {l ,rf:: ',tD . -r r 00 = = +c A o = ti,e,1--Acr 1 'P. ll "4. cJ: = '1 ,111 4' = '1 o:J' '' rODh/\hf = 'l°lltie:f r,f"·hlt"li mn:J> ,n;F: ''f UD1J'Lf 1°l'?C'' tL.r.e.ccri = Y,l-1\A f'l°iltiC: :J>A : il{)llJ'r : :PF-9° : --1--h--l'IA: h ;� : O'Pcf!?J1"..1 : {1"7..0Dfth 1-- m• = 1..J;y, , ti&.�K'l° = (l)cllT: ilt\m-: P''l = P'C'¼:,--: ;,c = ,f--ooftl)f,: f.1r 1: i'iJ?,u,.; : �A?.': i'if,F-1\'l°:: O'Pcf!?J:f1 : OD?.oat\h,,.l:: �P,f·:f,: ti()•: {',t',l}fl.-,..: m'}j!A: h,f --l;J1(1l: ho:Pn.: ,n�: 9°llhe:,:: cf>'Pt\ f"?.cf>C(l•rr: fODhl\hf:

=''

: OD'qhA : ffllD-1: == no:>n. : ,)1•�',' : n--t-hlt7i : mfi:J> : tiChC } 0

9°lltie:r.. : 'i':fm·

AV.a;:,:. ,111--: °IA?.': J'11\F-l1<»·'1° I 'h'J-'tflD•?°: A��--f:" : hf..•fi11fl;f' A:: 0.41(1,: ,111•: f,f>lflm•: t,chc: fief!: CP/lll;cf: ft\lIJc9°: 0° 7t\:,:-- f,t--h'17i: mO:J>: ,1-- ntin:: n-;-,: i\·}.t;.tt,,,�,: r ai,r{IIJl\n:1 - n:,.-: "Ll't: itA+m{l', 'J° :: ltt\tLU : rf- -htin:: n+ h(}(t(},)·: m'}lt\ : fief! : lT'/lllij. : f Acf>l0fi"1 -- : fl.If'}'}° : tiCti?-1: ODcl>m/!\: = 0 'iilT = �m•1 ? >,'JJ;.fOJc'l° = hlPt-�- = n,,c°l'r = Ttitit\'1 = 'lf.lf19°: · {'ODhl\h .r: 9° ilhe1:: fl, f•cf>P.UI/..: 'h'JP,f.4'Cfi': O°lA�: f°tht\tiA: J.':1,:Ji: ft\9°:: ,l11': OH.U: �P,f,:: l\f,: °lt\7.'i: .),titiA: ov9°t,f: llt\Of/f,(l'P: OH.IJ : q_ea;,)• : f,f•&.nlllD-'} :: '",f·�C : /l OJ.. OJ..1\1.. : t\O'Pcf!fl11' : fii--f..'111lD•: ��: P'cq:,..: 00P'l'"•1': '11-til = {IIJ,n;: 1\1\f.l()ro•: m11J"1--: m:J'Ul/..: f,ll''ilA f,IJ = l11J'� = P.�ro..: r ,l1�: 9°llhe1--: till,f>Y:'I°: f,m&-A:: f?° llhC'IT: :J>l\:,: m-1 9°: = 0?ill;cf = 1,'JP.fA,1--11·":1- = t1.-1--1'111n = 1--httif.1 = n�, : ho"'? = n�I\ = .e /\cl>'PA �1C: �"} : �CY:: (1--1:: {',J-.hltif."} : ' r4-1·'1'1T: iit.;J1ffi : f,t-n'17i= , nn:J>: ilho•: ODA{l: 1 ,1);.(lT: f,mf,c/>'P A:: l,'J,'tU : .C't\tD•: P''l : p1cq:,• : ,J--h'17f.: flt: OU'', : DDl�: I\Arl--l;J1m: till : 0°1fll&.. A°I: l}--).;J--: tTDt\{l: t\UDflmT: '"h1P.f,1f-Y..": I\CP/f::l°I : itl'l&./\1. : J!, DD ili\ A :: hill-tu..1 = �lil : ti '1ft : oo,n'J : i\l\f..l(). : roll},f,:.}:: f,t -f.. '111m·: /"', �: P'CL}:,W: ft.O'Pcf!9'� : n,f•f..'111m• : P'', : FC'¼· : ,OJ·" 1 : A�', -r f 1' : � r fl m• = fl--l·t\f,9° : o.4' {l. : ,1 1 1, : fl'I1?- : 09° 1 9° : ,J"' ti 4.._e: 'h 1 e..U'/f,lf 1'i: , : f 0• 1'1° : P't-: �ex, : O:orf:: h 'Jf..lll/..lP/r: ti.e ,-.c; , A :: 'l"lC: "11 : till+ f;f/0'} h1P.f',m• : ,,.,,1,: t,tit\: oom; :: fl\f l()m• : \ llJ: : tDc lP mi t. : tlt O : hll� W _ -,,,,.,.. = oi:wli = Tt:i• = � v.,,,r..� = .r...e..c;,A flllr-J.u9° = O ',:C..l!" , n,:,- = r,,,..tml = mO:J>" f CPJ�;.:,,: DD 1} i--t;: l,'JF-f.. 1• 1( : 00:J (' L: 00'/..'l' C-0: {')lit: tft/Po Ah;F :: fouh(lil: ou11:,.: 1lrJ4 - m •"} : 1."f·f.: h()f.. ": O lf�: 1--�r -1·: 1'1 f..O'J.tP/,-:

J-,ttn:,.

n,,.

,n"1·:

•

-----

201 • •I! I f{fi : (ji)

- 86-

202 -: ,,f 'iA:

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..,··htin:1 : .,, : f"'Lff.c.1w· : r,:� = h,r(l,n = n�t\ = ,1--htio- = ''m J:.f 211 "' rf•hti7f, : '1'4-'1" '1 = ',OJ• = fUCJ, A : C,:C.f. = h•i'()n1 : m•'i-: {JD/\+:,, : tt/\n:,-118 (l:\/\ : °11 : �Cf: : {1..-p : :,,llJ ..�1: �OJiJ.'i"/;\:: '11C : "11: 1',tr 1 : h1�f',m•: �c.�--: {1--1: : f,U1: h°11-'l1·=0t.1··: '1'4-1·'1: ',OJ·: iJ./\,f"'l flOJ•: +h'17i: m'lf.t;: ill\ cpf.."'l°: 'l'ti,..I: : ""I ill�: fl00il0'11": P' AflJ"}: ,f.. (l'l'..f" :J.. A:: A�: ()OJ•'f>T: fl\:f ar, : (19>...f: f?°caut--: ,l,'111: ODmf:t>: ltil&./\1.. = Orf'lOT'l° = 1.ft = 'i:C�" = fl,,f:: it'1t\ : oom1 : fl\f..l(lm•: 'l'ti,,f'�: O,nti9°'i": l,f+ m041 f..1l1'1: J-,{).,f..�f.."I: il.f·1� : {10l]_:1··A{l;I.. : 1',0l/'1� : PJ�t-- : {)'} � : fO'J10t•'P. = OD'jtf : Wf,'/° : t\tltr: 1--�f, : +1{l'l-r: '11\tD•: fl:l·: 1'1-'t'iC: ''fl,r 4'�"'l: fl.fll: �1:/\A :: 219 it'1/\ : ovrn'} : ill\l\f..l(lW• : OJflJ1" : flt'1A'i" : m�'J° : fh'lt'J°c> : V•i:J" : f,f..f. r 0 : ''1--titifl'1 : fl}�1il : ?"Cout..: arm, : :J'A' c""ltm· = f?°ilhc:'11· 1..1ro• = fo = i;..�tr't = �c� = fl,,t: = fl f'LtJ : ooIP1..1-- : f:J--m4'm• 1: ..y..l·1 : '' foiz..ovI\h:,.. = f -- tt m•l}),m•1 = h1,c; (l'l' = .. "lfo:J flouooAh1" = t-hti7f•'} U•1:J· · = OOJJ.1(): : t\0 1:• : 220 = f, �C"" = (1,f: : fllf.. U: '}�.,:,.. : 'l' l'r 1 : (t.. f� : fOllh..-f--flOJ• : P''t : P'C'¼1" : 9°1: '¼�',1• : ',ro•? 9'°'i"A().. )·! Oj>(L : ,111·: (l',1�--: 1',&..�i'J° : a>•il'l' : 9°19° : P'/r. ft\m· : flt\tJr/f,.ooflA : ...,-hI) = h ou�J,flJ rf; : fl k1" : it fl°tf..l"11\ :,.. : 9'° CODtr. : nt-(l• c1,ti.-n = ,,...,"Ir,,,.. = m�<r = rrf'ntin: = m11 = rCPJ.s_e.c--,ro• = ,o-tit OCPJ.(lmm•: ,l1ti•fl : fllTILJJl.:,· = /tf,tr1 : 1,� 'l'C9° :: fl/\..-f'hl}il: : f4 Y..•'fP: 'J'1....I'"� �,)·'i" = {lf\.,n'l� = ooi,rcnm· ="'Jill�· = 1...1� = �CX" = f1,f: = 'l°ilnc>:f:' } = mc-f = h1�.0D (lti",.. : t\lP/f:l°l : ,l,1-- : O°IAK" : P'AllJ'J : �(lm'PA :: ''h�tLU : •'9'1' : ror1,(Jm.:l" = j>A : h1·(101/ : 0:.\/\ : f,f ..hl}71: : m11 : ar>Afl : oo{lm -:. = o 0 '1't -r :,,c; {lf\.,n = ()� 9°iln = e1 i 1t1.u19° = foPh1tnr = 9°iln - = �1..1tA . ,.-221 '11C: "11: (u): f,J,fll}71:: m1;: flhtio-: (!';."j : ''�c�·: fb,f:: f,00 l.9°t-T'PA f°7..4'Cfl· ,1.. 1 : S'11{lhc-1-- = f\.oumr:t> : f"?..1:/lro-1 : ftJA : (lfl,f•htio· : m'lf, : 1'1-�.oo(ltJ�,. : fi:C�· = (Lrf:: .r,111..'1:far1: 'J°llti �1-: {lOD/;$l• : outt,l'A�: 'Pf'I: = l\ODmq,: OD;r/:\'i": hl\DD;rft• 1 (/$: f·rh'1o•: m1'} : flfl..-f'hl}if,: m'lf, : f"'lf "1C'1:far1 : ? 0{lhe:1� : �Cf.a' : 0,..1: : ''hovoucov?-'' fl&..:I.. : m�9'° : fl:\/\ :

:=''

lf.,

n·

= ��'"' =

''==

==''

[

-----

216.

217. 218. 219. 220.

l _ 22 I • •

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• •

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0 1.'J°t :fm- : ou7:/;\ : ltl\uo;:=1r : '?A?.... 0 : t 7f.. il. � lD1"} : ttf,F..l\'J° :: '/°',.. /;\ : . f hi q:,.: f,f--hlt'if·= ro11= bi\f,= r,i-- m+ft« :i. ,= rJ-l\:,--= n-�-- 1: 'J°il.he11..: fl.oul'J°C : �-:fl,\ : f,lf'iA :: i'tl\Ol\H,.f : �C� : (1,f: : b'J°il.ne:,: : t\."l� : fut:fA : ,n:J>ut ° -{JJJ/.1.= fLfUlJAmro•= ?,1 1\A f9 ilh c= :f't\= :rf--fl'/°1--= iit\cJ>= n�.i\ = f,t,ntiif.= lD17 : ''il.l\�" 1:,.. : f,'i1t-/.\. ::'' hlLiJ : 01\f, : , l,1-- : �C�" : fOl/.o,nro• : ''1,;f... : OTJ,�:0Jc9° : {J'DF..nc;: : 222 0../.\. : f,U : ,l,l'? = f°t00l\h,f-- ro•: llfl= O'P<f!?J:l-..= f°t'i1t.m·1 : till : -, m• :'' -- = r,rflmn1-- = = +.'l'C • t�H1 = 00 lf'I· = itfmt.TC?° «l!'rC = v....6iii ''�c � .... +1 = 1,,.. <t�lj:n:,..'i = �c� = otJ.1.w• = �.;: = 1,1>t&.c?°n:,..,, ;: rt11Jil.l�W'"1 = )# n6l!'C = 00"lt\66J.'i = �c.e... � tt,1: = '11/llt..�ro• > = r.r1...<1;Jnl\n:1--r;· = , A,,..+nt\n :i-1 = 'J°h?f,f--1·· = h1>tf>'tl ;: ''�c>;. = r,,.. (/D,,.,lrf•n:r1 = ,"11 '? = 1,1>t,n:f;,ll.'i .. '1'4-:,--9° : lf� : fl:rf-1"j" : 1.lt : 'r'f,rf"� : lf'i : f {l1•flD" : ,11 '?'' : 1',"}�. ?t� : flfA :: ,f'bltif. : <rti..+� : lf'i : i-IA:rf•1·f : ''f,U,'1·: fCJtfo»l\h:,... : :,-C'1tlf1f'i' : i't/l&.i\1..'J° : fi .lf"}: b0'Jl&.f : 11:,.. : },"}Jt,\cf;,;,:, : fO'/./;\_ : ;,--hlf1f'' : o�c,r: = tD-il.'r= h1-J;.1'1= .r il&.A;JIA== r�cJ;.."} = ouAtJfj'= nw-il.m« = ,,r lt-:,--; = ... : nm "1:,.. 9° : tr 'I : 11CH c : 1--,V. f'T : f°1.on l\h,f: :,... : 1,'I Itu : 1t il. &..i\1.. : 'I 1{':f no<J>tf! ·: 1--�r·':f : i\f, : n�1:J>cJ: : t\.&.�oo« : f°t 1'1:fro- : m.P°1. : (JDmflcJ!.<'?1:f : 'iTlD' :i '1''1--'l•�',,f: : f,f•ro(l',0:1', : roll):,• : 0"2.4'"10T : 1.tL : r,:c�, : 11,1: : 0�1'r: 223 htf,U :I h&. ��9° : {li\(r:,• : 'J°Cfil>A?1T : h,{lcJ;,f:UD'} : ,f'',,;J'? l.'i/;\. :: l\f, = :,..,7i = Jt(l,1--.rr:i• = oo{J;tODC = fil.t.A1'iA == i\o'P4!9l-:f = ,r4,. ,1--�1-- = 'h1f...°tf...l1llJc : rJ-/r : lt\-tt\ : ODffi"}: l\i\F..l.O· : OJllJ,f,1-..9° : �llJ,f:1' : noo-n� : 224 1,l"LU : 1'.f, : ft\a>• : Ai'I•)' : itl-tl\ : 00m'J : i\l\f...lfl· : ll°11J: : f,:J!t\lA :: mll) ..y..";f: fO'/,.(lmro•: fttoohc:: 1..tL: Oit'JJ:'i: OY'il.T: '¼JID;J'T: aotihA: f,,t..m 225 (l-,: fl.lf, 1 non.�n'1ro· : 1r).:J•: · '? "} : Ov--t\;'J--t;: Oit?°ll.:,-.: '¼00:.r:1,: 0Di-tl1A: f,t-ro()', : aulf',- : ',ro• :: 226 f...'?'l°'J° : �Cf.." : 111: = ''iti-il\= 01>m'}: ft\f...t.()w•= lDflJT: CDl\;tl-:f : a>f,'J° : (l,"h'? : ;}i\&. : flf',- : 0911' : ,,..'? 'l�:fm•"} : noi1{} : ft\/,. ion:« {).O D{lt\(D•: 01J(ln1"}cJ;,cl!f'i': 'J°hC: fl.{lll}:fro-: lDf,'J°: l\.lD�ti:fw·'' : f°tf 221 il"fA: A�: P'A"11: h.l\Dr:: htttJ'J° : Oi\f, : 'h'J�.U : fl\-- :1': fl9l1' : ''J-,iil\ -> 0 m"} = fl\f...l(la>«'}: ro"]:, : noi 1 'l : 'lt\or>1•1:fm.t; : '1t\0 mfl:J :fw·''=�c.Y.. = OD {1rf: : aJ"]rf:"}: fl {bi\: (ltD• : h� : h, ..",.f1:'? : lDf,'J°: i',"}f: : 1:c:e,:,..: lD'il.'I': h"} Jt1'1 : ll.,,ff...C'? : 0.TIA � lDt\}!:t:: a>f,'J°: Ot"h'? : ;}i\k : flf',-:,- : ()?11-- : t\tf..·1 �'i: l\',-(!llro•: f"'lF..t.1ro·"}: a>6lb : ·noo•,\- : lDJ!,9°: OhkA : 1,,Jt:ff\-: 01/lfll: f,"fl\A :: 228 �4- : '? 'J : ;t ..1,tft,. : ftll/.�Cti:froc : 1,ttJ : flsP:f : 0-,1'r: i',&..��9°: ll.llL/r : oo:FA : i'tt\DD7i\:fw-, : ,"h1, : 1tf,'i'1C.'J°:: ll;J,+i: : f',C(l« : l\l\QIJ = rtrf: = '11,ro· = il.,1, ,,--:,.. 1 rof,9° = ir� = 01/lll� = t\.f«J;,cfi'" = 1,1•1\tr"} ?

�

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222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227.

hH..fw- ::

1 1,011 1\h�A =1 t;:l· ?i"th= :,•1 .<'l\• : ;,c s :J;j lfjj: · ?Jl m'7i hlt.e : h°7il,:r fOJ1j!l\� : OD�"J, 1 :it� : "k'l'C : f{:i 1

hH..fw- ::

OJ1j!l\� 1 oo:t>"L 1 1? 1 If : (I) -hTC , fg� :s 228. <J!TC f?v. I

- 91 ·-

I\A-P,': t\.\lG:ft•: fl°i.1'1:fm·: lD6fb: ,,flJf,1-- 'i': n oih�t\"' n:,..: r1.1·1,:: 1\C1101/�: t, 229 · fl� = �I\--: �:f·ll/t•1? fl:i•1-t•111·:: l'IDlP/..:1..: {\UDJ.7'9°: fi cl! :: 11H"fi: hfb'lf m•fl? flODa1li1": 1''11\: avm'} : ,,rllf.l(l• : �fl},f--1--1 = rtJTJ..oz>f\.h1·m• : P'� .. : ,: P'C.'}:,-- : lll\n(l• : mai. : '1,e.'i1C'J° � 'J°'iA'l /.. =. ou.,e..n�m•'} : JP', :: Pea:,. 1 i' "t.7.ai: 001/,�"l°l : ''fl"l"t.lf..fl:l" : (lOJ«: 9°'n1f--l.. : 00:J'fi. : ,l11--: fl �A: f-i · -l\f: lD�: rf•,,C'...C1o: 1,1f..lf','i: frf•&.. lf.fl ,,1•: (tro•: 1:nt..1 : fl\m• : >,1f..tr� :'' fho•1: ro lXI..: flo»•/t•: m,e.9°: flh&..A: �(I•: ,,,..h tiif◄ : 1,1�,.h<,-:A: .eY-..t.;JA:, frf•& .l�fl,)• : (llD• 2 1,,0l,,1• :: f {\,t\OJ• : 1,'}f..lf', J °11 :: or>'}"JJ»1· : Il,."tt.. m•"} : : : ,e.":f,llA 230

f,°lfl�'i , h:PllJ:,... : m-'1� = O�.ll : fl\.•1" = f J-,&..�?t?° • F'I = P'C'},f,1·" i',tit\ : oo,n1: fllf.. l(l•: mtrJ,f-.:f,1: fOIJ..ovf\.11"/--lD•:: /»', : P'C.0,,1-- : llh .e.oi'l� , 1--Pif, = flf,'i'"1c9 ° = r,eoiq� = QD,n:,-- = l\lbt\ 1."· = 0?1:.1.. = 1,1..e.oiz.(l'r = 231 "' -<l!lf'C: "fitli: ''fm "} u 1\ : 11-ti /\: {JlJm"}: lll\f.lfl·: mlff,f·:,l�?°: f,(lllJA lA : �c..�-- : e1:,. : fl,,-l•hlt7f·: l\.e : IJ'tJ,rf•'1: UDlf�.. 'J : (lou<,-:t..,<;.. 1 ll1..l'LOJ•: {10D /,\cf,:,,: ro ,,e 9°: .,, : fODft cl><f!: <,-:c..�-- : fl{ID(l,n--1: = fDll.</>Cfi'" : f,"}'17/'1:1: u-- 1\-- = '' (I..&.:,,�... I cl!'PC: fir?;(§) : Y."l'I° : ''t, l-tl\ = aom'} : fllf..l(l : rol1),)• 1 ... .f-'11'1�; : o.A: ,eoi'1·1·1: rorz.,,rc8,c11/\;I.. : l,'Jf..t--(1.m• : ',ro•'' : f,1\/;\:: � 1C • °11: 11-�l\: on,n'J : '11\.e..lfl· : maJ.-f-.°:f"· : '11C: Ill!, : Ul/llt..:�· : h0D� lct: O&. :,.. ,.. : h cl> l09° : fl:\/\ = U•l\--1: : ro1'i°:f".. : .-0:f. : 'n C'n?,,--} : f DI/ J!,OD��n 1-- 1 ('i'J : 11..�·ncot) : P'', : P'Co:1.. : 1'llh : ,e J'l� : Y,.ljf : .f.."l..ll : (llJ,J,mf.\ • "' > J-,l\01•cJ mt\•: "JIA?." : 11-f,,f..l\9°:: ,e. firo•?° 11,t i/\ : o0,n'} : {}f\.. e..t..(l•: (IJl1),f."f I ',7�":j'-: I\J!,: hlPL(lm-: �cf..:1·: fOl/.&./\1--1·· : rm1lA: f,01(}7/':f : flU--{\rf:9'° I m1'i1·: /\.'l1Cfl• : ,,e:)"..1\/t• : ro,e ? ltl-tfl : UDffi"} : .,Pi\Y,.l(l� : lDfl)1• : 001/.i'tcf>C q:1:m. = f,,'?'17/'1.� : l\f,,: ODf,\{t: 0611': it/\: ro,e ? 32 ilt\ll: OTJ',m•? 0:.1 '1: t11" : .-f·l-Jti..,,e : flrY'l'l:1:m. : flh�,.,-. ;_;:,o- : �C..f.." : (1r)• : (lrf•· (l(JD• : 1--P.r--1"· : l\f,,: n,e1 ll'IW'": ntt '1� = "l.tl. : ODA{l = t'llXI. = n.lf1' = ,,,.. 10.. = ,euo{ti\A:: hl\,e = 1t1.. e..,nc/' 1�� m• : m 11 : J-,DI/ ti f,,',:,, : ·fl :f- : rorz..(l{ID•:,,. : '11 �1' : 1, 'J Yo::,.. : .f,IJ' lifl• ? ni,c.aiT = �11-1 (l£J1J:eUDt..r f..l�· = fo0•1,n• ,q;;: UDt\_{t = (lGQ. tr'r = 1''},ct ht.he. : �,.eY-..l'19° :: OD'JOJP' rf:{t : flrofl):,•-','n : 1--P.r-:1·• : i\J!, : .e"l'l:� : ftcP/ :,,l•{1 = J!, ,)•I\ A'J = .-fl/\'J = fl l/°'}mJ!,:1, fl:,.. : 1..1-1, : !!,U : 71"•"Jc: : 7,"}�1 C,": f ,1'P00 <it\ :: 33 UD"}CIJJ»r),: f,,'1}(1� : 07(\;f• : fl.fr/\: ,eoJ{}j".'J : f°2..fll6.'/a"OD(D•: {ltJT/'}: 0

229. 230. 231. 232. 233.

- 92-

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► -- : f (\:, h�tit911: : ha•1.e1·in:,, : froll):,.. : l'l'P� : ', lDf,il , • · OJ•? U• 'fl ttl' : ,',:, f / } .. = ct:,. = 91:f : P''I : P'C°i:1.. : m:,,1\1\ : m�_e : oo:}"IJJJ:,.. = nh'i:,1--�ro- : �c� -- = l\f = -rl\m• 9° (\tT•,tt:1.. = 1,11...l\t\'} 1 , ��'?'1�, = 00•n-1, flA,t•(ltJDc = 1 P.V·1 lll .(l0 e r f l : : 00 �CX' .q . :,n:, : 1ro• .. . : / t. 'i" l o00 : fY-.l1CD•"} : : fl:,.. ° A 9 {l,"h,f--:t• : I\CP/l'J° : l\'l't• : 1- -P.r·--l· = ror:Lfil&.t\.101•'} : .ruA : l\mllJ:,---'ln : -,..�t:f-9" : 7,1.e..tl.U : fl\OJ•: ff,°1'1:� : or,.n:1, : fil&.AdJ : f,lf'ilA :: ilt\J-f.U : u "h1J! = •h-- = oj,n, = ,111... = t,il<l'J;.•qo = n'l1?- : 11.e,1 ◄.e.. l1ro• : OI/ .. 1--P.r·:f, t.= , 0 "' :.1·•' ??-: 'P�: no�:,.'/,,: il lf1 n.1'1: ):: /\. Jt: 1 ' 9" n,e.'?'1 1).: .. . . : f,1'-- 1\ /;\ :: '1 : 1 1 h:,,flJ:,.. : OJ•lt� : 0:\1\ : hJ?,'?'1� : fifl,f•1'C : 'll\.--:1.. : fi',&.�?i� : u,�;J--911-- : 23 4 r 1,'11-J.iJ•?° : fa}•/tl911'--'i : :1,flJ..f,1--: Oh·A: il/\LJ-a/\ f: : q_ea;,y..:1:: 1,1'i1t--/\1:: fflfl1"} : t}Ol/(\4! : n&.:,, : fDIJ••(J.. {.1(D., : (\(D◄'r'i : OD(lf9° : c.•:t�OJ• :: }',l1t\ : UD£n1 : '11\.. e..t.n•: WllJ1',:f : l\f, : .,,,..&.ftllll. : fOIJ.lJ'', m◄: (Jl)1Pl;r 'f!m• : fOJ1ll\ ;;: : oo:J, 661 : ,'h'? : (f'Pti,,f•f ro•1) : i',ff11 : o-a�;J" : t\OD . , : "h1.e..ain,nro•: i'1il<l'�'DD1: rf''i"ll'ilA i �CJ7 : DD : n:,fL·I:: l\�C..�' t\Cf'm'P : n,,J: : 1tlit\ = oom1 = ,..rl\.. e..t.(lro•1= w,r,:,-- = , p:,,� = UIJf :'f· : f °1.,,ril&..A '1 = 235 ° hlJ''I : l1�C..�' : 0?.I\ : 0 "/'i:fm·� : 1.f·I, : :,,ll}rf:"} : (\ODl\OJ'P : OJf.,'}°: t\lP/ 236 . ll ?i?iA: J»A J1 : i'tl\.m- == ,e u9° = FAflJ1 = r111·1•n= cm,l'tJro1: mY-.1,il�:,. : 237 1.tL : 0'lltfl1C: ODflro'r : fou,,r111 = l\.�C� : fDD:,'lfi.f"1C." : f1,ilt-:1 1 : 238 ° i',lit\ : ODm"} : fl\f,l(l: 1'1 mf,9 = "1ill119° = 01.e..-0 : 0°1\.'l';,,1 : 01/1·111 = 239 c�:,.. = 111J•·1mc'i = n1Y-.•fl = OODA,,,:, �1 = mflJ:,.. = li1�': J.'..'C)f.:'i' w.e..lbl\ mf,9° : :,,fl):,.., : lll1'11�-- : r0t(lmOJ·1 : fi'tDDtiC.': 1.J·L : OD7fC1 : n,,,C'm.,4>f,\f,\ :

.,?�"} :

IJ''f'l° : O',tl.U :

•n:F : r,,..OJ(l.,

= ..�..

7 :

: i',f.,Y..l\9 ::

240

'h ', li.U1 : /\DD(lfl-- : 1,P,f·:f : 9°1 : °if,'l:l' : P''l : P 'C°i:l' : oun,f-A : filt.. A;JA? ''ill\ ;f:•"1:r : foY.(lm-'1'1 : :1,t,•1· ,.,-:f : {t(\Ol'I\OJ'P'' : f 0?.. c;1 l_(J}• : r lD1l tt� = OD:,,� = ,nni : Fa; : pcq:,.. = ilJ7{l,,..� = OD1t',11ri: = u-1\.,,.."<;: = 9° /Jt-� = .hllfl : ODm"} : fll\Y..l(l• = 0911-- : ,e.'i1t-..A i <f!'PC : �!Ii : i't1..� : :1,1J•111 = 'h1>tflm'P/\').. : foY.&.AdJ : ro1"} : 01/DDAh:f- : ftlll/:,'l•O : 1,1Y-.OIJ.."f,A : (l, 'i1C : ° r -! : fOIJ ' �� .. 'llJTlD•: (l?J:f : llD'Ptf : 1'.1-'t��l\:f ro· : �c..� : (l,"l:9 : '11�·1 : t\UIJflJ�:,.. = 9°cout.. = 1'.1�.fY..CdJ'i = r,,..m,,.-r1 = (l?J71'-- = :l'IA = ti(l011 = n:XI\ = -r } : f(lm(IV e&-/t�'i : fn&.�7'tJDc"} : u,�:. : 0001·11•0 : 1,"}�.� ri: = ,,ftfA == f,°l'l� = 234. l\,ft.,l,:n:ftr,:,•:�c�·'}:OIJ{lonconc1Jh1'P'?:,..:on&.;J• ;f•1: (Habeas Corpt1s): 'J","f1t.:i•1'i: Uo'l\·• r 1 V·lr = t.1a CP/.f. 1'1f. fl· l\f.l. : '} ODm i'ttil\ : 9",-,,l:1·1 : f°1 .011t\h--l: : OO•fi·Y·if :

1 : c;/;\ �� ''} J r·1:J c 1t.:i• &�i'f : 1\I\Or nm:J :: : 1t.tit\ : ODm'} : l\l\f.l.fl·9° : ('rf•mO•h 'iTOr =' �t.\ Dl\h _e.O = � = � ll? O'J" 'r m·ll = = 1! �f.!1 11.· = = I �= C •l�'r : f ·wi E ll;J lc TC'ft = 111\.e , O"'l : J;. ro{t fCPJ. J" '}' ,";f : ll,tr 'i >'r1 : l\a fon 1,1·1 :,,n : "11 P't.\ : : } : flY C : m:, 1\I\ <f?'l' f�fi·r :: ,eu : _ .e nl\ = = 1..1t �· 111 = &, i't'r = ·'1" 1 11-w, : ·'J° flw f.t. fl\ 1 .. t: UDm t\: : '1' :P<J:s,>':-f-1 : .em'l"t-1:\ : J-,ti : _e(J,).'J"/rl,\ If {t'}'} OD(D : J:,• :J,ll : ;J• '} &. : : j••J '} fi'r : r "J� fl.. f : IY I : (l;f• l,J.1., ' Oh'J't,}:f� f f•.{. hf\,e : Ul/fl;J�mif : ,J:'rC : �j;'} ·-- •·• : ,eoof\f1:tt.\ :: fW" } lt\� : OD:J,6GJ,: m.'? : <l!'re!'';,'f- : f.{f� (�) "/,'i : 1:'f.I (i) :• fW1lt\� : uo:f,6liJ, : a1'? : 4!'re!'if : :l§ : h'i : X=Et :: fm,:ef\:;-: : oo:J,6GJ. : ,11'? = ,J!..re:.'f. = f.:E"%(�) 1t'i f(:E (r) 1' fro1lt\� : {1D:,,61i!. : ,n'? : -l?'rC : f.�f:(i) == htlfc& ! fW1 ll\� : oo:J,6GJ, : •#!'J'C!'":f : f �{i ! �'f.§ h'i = i.fI!i 1 1

235.

236. 237. 238. 239. 240.

-93 -

e - =o : : ' · A :: l'C ,f--hAti� �xri : {l°IA� {l_ .:} �. r>flcl':,,1 c;: I\J'tODh�= f,f·•(l : : 'i! °11 m ' 1 : r · : 1 It: 011ifC 1 : l\"'l.fmj /;\I\•: Af..: Af.. "1"?. --f _e.��!: 'l � P'��t: 1 &.1t°'i.: 'h f."'/.lf'l : �161,b : ,e,o llJA ,c = "11 = �l!'l'C = g11� �(r) : 11•11\= onm1 : 00 = = = : O = : lPlT= i\.l\m'I' ,)1°1 :,•'htlll ltlJ Cl'h X'1f mt1J-f-1".. : f"'/.O 'l' lll\l\f.lfr : = -f,�I\A'' ill\aiA 1 _e.u : F'i = p-7co,:,-= (J)IIJ:,•-'ln = lltr�: 1 �r-1• ,t-&.?tt11f. : .. {t"}DDt\�1· : f°?.h,t-1\ar'} : tJDlf"} : itl\(JlJlf't· : ,.rmt.'l' t.A :: �'l'C : fj.."} = --= i\ = = l(l = = ODm1 'li\� (J)• (J)flJ•J f,, ,,.,..,\..,11 = rom = "11'7 11:1!= ic;1�n1 1 ''1,till OJc'J° : �c..e.- : (1:,.. : (lt,(t• : i',{l,1--,rr:,- : (J)f,'J° : litill : aom"}= ,.f'i\f.lflm•: WllJ1·: 0,11 °1 = '/1\A, = flf'in:1- = om· = mf,'J°= itf.t--= f-+omm,= (lro• = m_e,r= J?:c�:,-.: (}Uoi\hirf-(1)• : 1...lt : l\lDllJ,f: : 'l'1'9'° : iilltti\1.. : (llf'',lD· : DDIPlT : :,,t,Jf ff•'} : {flJl\aJ 'I' : mf,'J" : uyif7,.-/;\ : f,1"1\A'' :: '11C : "11 = ilflOD'l't.<' = ill\9°C on t. : ° 01 } : ilt\f,"1'1� 9°"}9 : UD'J'1tf: ht\ �1"r" : {l(loo(l 1;1.. t '11�-"} : ill\DDOD1f1-0 = llro11J1•-'lhc; = ttt\.t\ : ,1,om'J° =� 1\1-f.11.u = fit· = o-�:J--9'1'-n..f;,'1' 00·1 1-�r-1"..9° = ,1,ll01ai = f"7.. 0Dlll\ro•1 = fcl?'l'C= �xri1 = P''I = ,u,co,:,-= ,t-&.?t"'i. ' (1°1/�l°I: f,71 1,1 : 'h'l'l;I.. : "1°:l..i\:,-- : Jill-01 fl,f•t;Q,01/t'J° = 1,til\= 00m"}: fl\ . f.l OlD' : m,,-,:,. : mllj l\"1 ..J"f:, : fll lD· : po,n,}• : 'h.1.� : flkrf: : U•lr : Olf.U : f.l1{9° = I\J!, = {llil:'J1'1' = i'1fln:,-- :: fll\//D(l{19'1 = DD<,:4'�,c; = ilttm•m-1: 241 i'1 ll'P.f..'OD"} : rf•'i'°ll'i'A :: fro"},:{\;;: : (1lJ:,,6liJ. : ,l1"1 : ''.iitil\ : ODffi'): fl\f. l(llD•: A"{:: OJf,']° ... {]t\oP,(1,f,:f:'' : fl: ''.+1fi.tD•: flt\P'/;\IIJ"} :''242 {l{\OD(lt19°: "'JooAh:1"=11 1Pi/\'l:1:m..= o,c;1c:= ill\1--,1,c;.:,- = P''I = ,u,co,,r-1: = £1D'J°t.r = ttf,(l 1' ° ' 9 I 0Jl1}1'-'ih : fl/'�.:,.. : fOJ"}:e:(\ 'i: : nu:,,tiliJ, : "1"1 : P''I : P'{:q:,. : r ,)1°1 : ° : f..."'"};'J 1, ?'":f•'J° 9 '}9° : h_e,c;1 t;.•9° :: :,, llJ--1-- : t\OD{l lD'l' : (Df,'l° : I\OJ/ 7i7i/;\ : OI/DDAh,: = o..�� = 1,1f.'PJ..f.l1m· = u--tr = n1·LU'J° = 1.1-t = Om'llfl� = OD:J,61iJ.: ,11"1= P''l = FC°i:l· ll'k'rC §!It'i· = Ocl?'l'C : tfiil DDIPL:1-.. : /\lbl\ = 1""Pit1· = ftl'/..&.Koom•--} : F'l = Fcq:,.. = UDfl,f--A : filt..lA;JIA :: 01/DD/Ah:f.m·= ''cf>Y:'l°: r,1--omm· = :11 ai:i• = ,f-oc:,.,n:t· = 1,1�(lr9'1 = r:f'IIJ,f:1 = <,:c�· : l\omOJc = <t=CJ7 = a..:,..:'' °(''fl,1"10.<D-' : 'll\.P'AllJ"}'') : //D�'l-(1: }t{\fl:,.. :: OIJUD/;\h:f.m•: n�·d1,(j:: "" : : frf:"} <ID°ll\K : o.. lfca:,-- :: OIJ{ID/;\h:f.mc'} : {\ODODlf"} : �ct' : (1,.-J: : lf'f 9 n, f,i·A: 111�: DDl�9'":f: .it-Olm·: uu:,,1.,0: Jil\'1:1:ro, :: fi:C�·: {l,,f:: ,f--"1,"'ll, = 00 1.r,; : 'h1�.4'c-n : l\.f11 : f,"':i'...i\/;\ :: l11f"1 : :ft\v,), : (lfl0'10D/;\h7lD• : OJ•ti� : f,(lfl)/;\ : (u ..ft-f-:9° : lD1'fi· : 'ltro:i, : f,IJ'"} ?): UJ•'1).ro•9'1 : or.,,•.� : l.l''i: 9°ti 1 .r1:1 = 00"lflK' = i\.',co:,.. f,°l'l� = t\.. 'lAn:i-- iif,:f.A?'-1 = 9°n1 nllm ,,.. :,. ,,e:,-. = ,f..<l''l!!,'l:1,1 = fl\11 : 01ouAn:f. : u--l\:,• : o,oo:,, : h°11l\4· : llt..·r : 'h1J.'.. 1c; = t\,,f'c,n = i't!!,i·A?°

== .,..

241. 242.

-94-

=�

►

"flr',1� : 09"�m.C : f�-��- 1....: t,ll&.i\1• .,:,.. : h "t.f ltf(l)" : h<l!'PC : l!Iil : (ji) : _ • 00 llm rf:: f"tfmt..'PC: ',W- : : ' f ' <k ,f-ff,: ( C. �£!!! · (2) · :, .. �,,9'° • f,U9° : C: : L ;, -' I ' f : f 4 1 : ll fl , i\. rf n 1· : 9° ti 1., "7. tf ' ·l· :;: :t: : cl, fJJ r <t ?t ... '1'1 : n· : ; .q °1. & lr h : (l . 1111 } f ' : f -oi : 'iC f°1."1 nw·, : i'tm>At}rf'; f/\&.m◄"} : fm"}lA : +"lfl ,f-'flJP.: n L1'1 : l\, �1: ntJl/il;rlDll: ,11110·: {1 <1!9°: {l<l1A : l\.1°.qw- : lli\.°71.' . A: ',ro•:: �C�: fbrf:: c f : u, -r f f : "} f,.lf i\. : o f .. ', •);:J : f,t,. nt,.l,\ ;: 9°)1"} frf:9° : f'11?- : 1, f &. < f' °7 : o (lf9 (TD:rOJ�: O r' 't,,.. t-i1ro· = f tn'lf, : ou7i ifA : i\f, : 'f'�.. : ro•,fb;t- : n.'ilm• : ill\.UCJ. 7£- Ac; : 9° "}1ctL9°: 0.lf'J : ''f ll&. w•"} : :,,"11·: i't"}iJ,f,: ,wro•<IJll'' 243 fUCJ.fil<IJllJ: . m1:�A : lll\.lf',: (loo•"}: h "}P, .,f ,n4• 1' : nri1 : w1'i:.f.. : ,..,.10. : °1ilm1<1'<1!f : OD{l . : {l <k'l'C: �!Ii!: (2): f;J,1·11Jro•: J-,t-it\: ovm"}: m:,C: lli\�fil&.A"l: ', ro• :: ll/\J-1 U t}1'l{l : 'f''f,,1''1 : '11C. : (D•{J'f' : rfcf...;J&, : ftJT/.,(f',(D• : (11·11• : ':-1•flv;f• : P' 'f,,f'� m◄1: fCPJ..e..'11� : ro ◄t)); : {l,rfc(lm : 1c1t· : ,{17 : ',OJ• :: 'h"}J!lD•',rf:9° : hlf',: ,.,1"1 : nC:P4!9':f. = ,eu1= J.1.."1;,b = /tf,lXl,9°?- = f <fJ�..:,.. = 0111;, ;1, = ti,err1= t,.e.<l'c9° '11C : '111: htit\ : ODffi'} : '11\.e..l(l• : lDfl]rf",,f.. : n h«l,\ : (l<f!'rC: �f.Iil : (2) : (IDLPl•l' : fOD(lf9 ° 1' : &..:I' f:': 1,"}�1: 0.lf"} : {l ;, f·LITJ9° : (f',: {1{\,ft : O,f,'1 1' : ,,� : t\t"h1f,f) : h"} �..11\�' : UD�<f'J.1..' : it,'h+·r : f,lft;l,\ :: h�flJrf: : nfl,f'<i'C : f'l''t-T.;:lD-7 : OD{lf9° : i\.,"f1lf1} : OD"J{\� : f°1.f.1� : l-}/\ODlJ'�9° : 0ftf, : 244 n ro "1"1'-'ln = .,,e:.f = ro•il'P = a11-- = ili\�'ITJ ..,! = >til<f'�{ID"} = i1�f'lw• : 001/\R9 : 'P1l :P : fl}'',: OJ(l"} : h�"C�A :: it tit\ : ODffi"} : fi\..e.l(llD'""} : OJllJ;l. : ov(lf9'1 : (l.,? tL"1 : OD"Ji\�' : it.it <f:,S:'fP : �CX' : {1,rf: : �'llJ"l: : }, '}P,f,1 t\?t' : ff.. l101'1 : '¼i\°1 : i\..ffii\nro• : f,:fi\A :: il/\11 .U : fCDflJrf; "} : ,11'1f, : ov7f7iA : natont\h:,-C: JP'l = JPc.q:,.. = w•il'f' = 'I'�= ro•m:i-1 : i\il1� = tJ?ooAh:]!91:f.. = fltr ;�: 1,"}�: 0'I''l-'1"«1ro•: 'f'f<l:: l1Alf',: Oili'<f:,C : /\,"1111•0: 1'1,<;.1fl�•: Ol/tlll: itf,1 '19° ,: :

A�: JP'I : r'-'Cq..y,:.f.. : �/ r+1o'J'(w• : ro1"} : ,f,'1'1C : f"lfA: nil : f�-r"1 : ,(),l1>C'i: fro"}lA : ,-. ,;_e. : {101/flJODC : fOIJ;<f:,C•{l : ti il : noo..e.n«1 : fro"}lA : ti(l1... : ot�..:,..r-A·f : ,"11'1 : ODlPl:,..: +1n:�:ro: : m1"} : h;..e. = rllnc = ir'i = nncn?- = ro◄ il I' ' = ,..,.. 114'..e = ho»lf�= l\,i\ = nu..i\;i.. = A� = DDi1f.::;.. : foul},..t-<;;: lJ.e:tA: itl\W- :: {l}t"}P,"},.e;: 1,�V -1': 0:1''1 : ,'h1--: /\ 00tJ(l(l: 1,.�..e..;:: tit\lf� ;: ,..,_.1o1[0J•: ro1"}: h'JP.1..e: : '11A : hti7i : lf'i: f ro"}lfA: nil : 245 = tt.r<f'c,n .e.1'1\A no:J'lt = ,l11--9° = tr'I = fl'1A = hlt7i = nai<Pc-O = rm,lA =

243. fW1lfl� I oo:J>61i), I ,'1161 : "'�'l'C I �f�� I (c) :: 244. t1t\f, , h"7il;J·m?f9'l- 1 {t�-(fl; ;ic r ..r/\...:,•1 r �,h-C::1· 1 f,oo/\.h:tA 11 245• f"IA : hil I fl"'l:J>t..•0 , fcPJ.;rl\.ar , 1-P,� : fhil : .hCL•'l::J"" r 0"7:t>t..-0 = ,o;: 1 f"7..fil"l'11J = fro 1lA 1 �.v,.e, : (Llf1'r : ,r4...,-�: , l\."'IX;t..61 , O•f! , flf} , "7ilt.."Jf : 'ltt00'f-.. = o..4'CL • ,n1· ' hil = hl\<l'C•09° : (L A : -O;r : }(I}« : 1 o?'":f- 1 flm•l' f,f: t\� 06l Y..· : P.1 .h'} : lbl\ • <kTC-1· 1 �g = "/,'i : �§, (ti) :: h,f·OY..ttar : (la>• f"IA 1 hil : t\.f.:f'C{l- : ,,�1·1\1\.• :: •l!'J'C I �% 11 1

•

- 95 -

0 :, : ..a.. n Ci:� 1.lt : ... '1fl : (l OOl/.. 4''�1 : •: 6. " 11 A.• •• ,,.,:J.- ...'L. •• l}"ll : oo."-t.. lD ,.. r,.. 0J lb-Ii I 't-,-, I "f. ,,247 .. • � -· . f,\ •t\ _e, • 'P f!f f (JlJ : , oom : •l · 1ft t\ ii' 11 r ... .'; "} l, : : •'i -ii : •l P, •11 l ·: -1 0 t\f.. (l r o . --P.r·--f.. : ,J•1 'if.O : lD1"} : f° 7..f4' 1 : n· cl,c l l (l{l : , c fl,r :f nm I llflf.lfl· : OJ(l)•f· : 'tP,j?,llJ(JlJC : ch'PC: Viil:: (i). (u) h(l: 'h :: ;JC : • . " "h"t\-hlD'} � I ,. {l I r,:, : h h --" ..,... • f•1..,-,'�l • ( hl., • II •-• -.u _ u --l-- : O°lA : f Ol/..4'Cfl• : t i(1�,9 : �\1�u .. : 'l '1 9 'i" f :: t\A ' ?. °l ·hn t\h O A : f,h � h� = llf,tf� = ilf,cl'?-9° :: -: f lD11 : ' �:, dt : •fldt»C : h (l : hm"}:e:� tl1 °1 : JtCj>cf!lD•: f,t-1o�OJ•"} ;JC: 'lt"}�f,(l)lflJC: f.e..1..1n:,...1: 9°h1f:,,: t\O?m:,,: Ji(l;f,:JI,, : ��:: flO'Pcf!?J":f-1 flf,: fcf'Lfi': h(l1�-: 001/.. 0lID"fl-1•: ,..,.,,: 'lt1-'tU : ft\(J)c : OO'!flJODC: f4 'l0: ti() : r �h r = = = 7-P.V-'f� : l\f, : +&« (lmllJi h'J>t 'iC : f"tf.°14c7· : 9°h1f1,'f V- i '1.0I/... : 1,irc;�:: t,(l)�C:: flODtJ(l{l : 'i'" LPt-- : h,f-- ()t\lD• : m1lA : fDtoo�m:r1, 249 for>"}"JJP,f:"} : f,f•1°j{ro- "}: m1 'P'i" : 6[.b,(1(111'" : U·•t\-- : t\OD{D(l"}: (lOD'/°hC : 1'i" : f,t-hltif..1 : 1..1·1.'i" : mlilil,. : .ff..''i"A == 'r'I--T� = tr'i : f,t--1·fm• : 'i"hti7i 1 t\,f•1°1f.0J•: OJ1"}'i": t\,l,..flt..,f•: (l(l· : iii># : 1'1-'tll'r : ilt\OIJ.ff..C"l : 1'4-,f�c;:ro•") 1 0 DDA\i? mf.. = = 1t°l�:,... = ,,, ,tODt\(l = 1,1..Pi<rA nJ-1.:,•r·A·f = A°7f..' = ODfPt..--r, f,1·1°�:ro•: ro11 : nro,it\◄ : hcnc: : OJ-(l'f' : t\0°\i&.. A : ,,f t\m•"} : �/t1°�• 1 n(111c11:,, : m:l'OI/.. : 1',1A°1ft :1: : f,(lfl}f,\ :: ,f--1°jf_w- : lD1"} : nnch?. : 01·1.u 1 '¼f.'1:'f-- = ,,,1i1..1, oorr�- f,f!?° = n�l'A = (l"'L,1:1 = {lfl oaz..ync�t\·1-- = h� = ffl 1 'J':,'9° : 1',hm• :: /,tit\ : ODffi'} : fl\f.L(l• : lDflJ1·1· : n,,.,-.1.Pt--OJ• : ro"},:A : 9°h'} 250 : f;f• : hOJJ.',/tlD" : fcf!9° : flcf'A (O"fl : }'/ : fOl/,.lf�: }tf,OD{lf,\'J° :: 246

=nil

{l '17c;:1:m·?° = 1-->;� : 'i�CY.' : '1--1: : 1.._'?C. : f"t&..'PC : o0(lt\� : h7fm- 1 0 '/DDA11:1:ro41 ODcJ,nA = llt\t\,t\fl-1, = mf,'J° = {lt\°1 f,'fcn:,-- = hro1,:tt.. hh 1 ;Jc = f�:,.,,,•n,-1,.�.., = n{l it(l)'J°C: = 01:,,G•n t\m1�1r = �,c = OD(lCfl/:,• = ·:f·'? ... c, = f,&..Tt-.A OCfl/t\:,. t\00.Pro 'J° = >tf,:f-A'J° n,-1.us,n = t.1� = '111"- = ODm1 1 fflf.t..o•: lD(lJ ,,.f-•1·'}C,": J't<pcf!?11:"}: f°2_0Dt\h,1:-1,1: �1C:1...: t\ODt\f-1": hilT;JI, I ltt\lf'I : 1','P cf!?':f.. 1 : f°2.oot\h,t::,-- : �1c:'f: f"tt\�Cl:,-- : v--1:J'?':l:: ilflcl'J:'l° 1 'h'}f.rf•1t\ft(D•: h'J';Jfi.: ODt\h.f5'11'; OD{l(\(J]c: f,;rft\◄ :: {lt\J-LU: '1\i/l: ODffi'}I '1 ".e.. l O·: (D (lJ ,,y..·.-14..: • 1..�f, : i',(lJ9° C: : OD h(l (l"}: ooh AhA : ,,.,-. 1 n. : i'lf,f./l 'I°:: ;,,,,,.. : t\tl..U : 1'.r ,1: : {l'J°'J9° : {l;l• : (l 0JA ?t' : oot;::,,,,h : {lt\OIJ.f,(tm<D4 1 OwllJ:,• = 1��r-:f. : f'?A : h{l : t\CflJ:,,L"fl : on:FA : }tfloo:f- t\• = Ot;:i..'f°: '1/A� 1

= =

246. 247.

248. 249. 250.

- 96 -

25: 9 'i il f°I "} : 9° A flO : : n D(j:<J.>.f:: itil:f;,�: ',(D• :: lf :: ° l\ f.. 0001..n�m-: }tf, il P' '}>i · : O f°l f il"'l n : :,,l · . OJJ.. C :Fil w• : i','lil,t--1 : l\lf� : ''O'?A : � : ' ; � I" , : : ', ID- :: f,U9° : fOJJ..;J:l\.ro• : T<"�,f-�'1;1,1 ' tPL 4' ' : lD"} it\° 1 •�:1 · CO t\ : i\Ul/ l fil9° = 111\: = 0:1,,1» = ;,11-- = nil : J-,l\«l'c ,, "° fl\ = ill '11 = � r 01/ JJ. .. fil -:fA O : 09 = = ?1 f..lf�: ',OJ• == f°IA : : qy,',"f': f,t-ro(t',ro· : Ou,fl;l. : 9°ti1,, - f·:.f '} fitL IJ r· : J, . pvll/\A:: �� / ,f' "}o'JtlD• : ro�1., = 'll\;J�ro• = 'lo>• = f,t-(}i\ro• : (l.4'"1 = i\OI/f "' 1 : y, "' > -- : },"}f...OD(t(\(l)c (JJ tll/C ii1 : : 7f1' « I �ii·/ O:J f1 9° il ,l11 : t\ 1 : fiODP't-.;1,: OP' f &\fl)�-: h "'1] '1•fl : h"}�_e,,n 4,9 '-1 fl 1 • : flOT/ y_,l. °l: c,· :f (D• :: 1, ', l'l.. u : qI\ OT/ 9' :r: : 01/ 'i T P "...: �9°: _ fOJ 1lA: 1,.. e, 0"19 e.: ": l1l. O'J. 5Jl (t.lf�:-J itil<f>j';OD"}: },"}P,f',(D•: ftJDi ':.l ,, -- = l\f, = (IPt,f (JJ« = qftotJ = tit\ = {JD,n, = 'li\.f..l n• = roll}•f·l- = 1.. ,11 = •fl,lbc= )l{l'} : 001/ll]OVC : 01/:,,l•O : 00 hAlll\• : 1'."}�f,&.?,9° : ,f-f,.C�A :: flf ', : lf'f 1 f"}/;\ : )l(l;f: ]t"}..�.<l'Cfl•: on·�4"Y:: ro ll}1•-',n : fllf�-: '11�-:f-: n,f.. t\f,: J-,titin.. I flf� : CD'nt-f1�-"} : A...rilti:i--A : f,14...l\fA :: flO:J'f1: m1,'J° : lf', : 0°1A : 'nl\7i: fD'J.4'Cfr : fro"}:e:A : tJ(l-:{- : U,.l\• : fl,f-- h/t'if. : l\f, : 1"/,\:t, : 1-- 0JC : f,&.lf'"rfl f'11? -: oo(lOIJ;I' : ''f19"iltTtC'': ! ;r&\ i 1,-(!'ID•: f,'iOJ'l/,\ ;: 00 1&.(I• : f,ofl�A '" 7'1-'tlf1 : fl.'FhC9° : If', : f100,;t1,l_7t ro•9° : '1'1 : fl.fl4':t9° : 1'1�: fl'r4!:,... : 01 h 'Lit: -Ot.11" : f L<f>f, : rw1:e:fl;;:-;:,. : il9° : .f+C'i--A:: .rf-hlt7f. :· J-ttii\ : oom"} 1 fttiln : lD"lT : (\.ff"} : hi\J?, : f,f"m·4'n·1 .. : '11�-:f- : flt,.(l«'i : t1;,, ..nl-ta : (lflc : tcru� : i\.{JD'fC: (}t\(D« : lJ.f:A: l\ f, � f·l..l\f: h4-« : (.D•f11T : filTI1'i\fl• :: o:J:. (1: th1- : ftf:.LOm·: UC/ill�: hil: l\.01/:,:,L,,fl: J-t.fil:.fA9°: 0°11\.1': flOIJ.1'1: tiilLP, : (Dll]rf: : O'?A : hlt7i : 1\1-�..h(lil : IP/""L°l : '1/\0I/OJ;f> : f,«f,mlrt\ � f)UJlJJ:1--252 fl,-f"aXLO'/t9'1: �n: 1-� V-1-- : f°lA : hit : hT;f,oo• : .e.A:,, : 1··�,t: : f,f1At1JA:: -- �1·1ro· = u.. fl,t: : '11\;>�1: 1 f'?A: hti'fr. : ittil\ : oum"} : 1\1\... e..t.(I • : rollJ..Y..1' : ncn?.1 = 001/ f,OD?-f11-- = ('''.°1-i',X"ii'Cnt'') = Ai= F'1 = Fcq:,, = l&'illf' = n9'11 1 '¼,e,�:,-.: i\.ht•hC: 1'1f..tPJ.l·A: flOD10D;f': flll}9°: itil:f.,?t: �l&' :: f°lA: hti'fr.: �,� : noiz.n0'/0:,, : "Ll·L = o:J:.{1 : ;,11.. : fl\OJ• = ''ou111·'i = °lfv:r u--1\• 2 i1�f\(l)c: ,11 1-- = f,f..'l°l;JA :: 253 �1c = °11 : ti�ra;ro• = ;;:ro- = fi:CY: = f1;,-.: 0'"1f�4>Clr : OJl1J-r-'ih : '11�1 :c; : (f°lA : hit : t\.«J1C•Ot1:fro· : OOI/f,1.. /\-- : n, = T.4'�1 = �1�-:f- = I\Y, = = �c�.. 0»1· = FAllJ1 = rttro•9°c.·) o:J>254 ;,1 1.. = f01J.f 1 tlm· = '11c = ffl '/°; fl'1"1?- : OD(tlP/•1·: 1.r·L: J,1� = lL 1� = },f,-:f. A9° =1 tu : 1 --�f,'i : (l)ll}:,..-�h : f,)1 °1 : Y:1;,1,91:.f-- : O°IA� : ilflO:l>f1 : dl.1--: c,·,� :

nil :

� >. ) •

Pir·1

r�:,..

n,i ...e..

1 '

,. • \

rn�,,-..;;:ro-

nti�,,..

='' =

- 97 -

,'h1--: }'tii/\ODffi"}: 1\1\f,.L(l•: mt1J,fl-: A_f- =_P''I: P'Cl}ir)•: 'h1f.. °t,f..�al°I: irir : flf.'}-0 : OD,f-1\ll� : f°2.4'CO· : m'}'f_ll0T : fOl/.{lOD«{l:,•1?D : U-).:J: 2s6 U : : f,t-h D,f-1\/l� il(t = 1'1-1..' : '11-itt : oo 'l'lC : '?1 : flf..111 Y,f.'1'?; .JA :: .. m'}: ,.fl\f.l(l : mfl):,- : '11C : fD?..(l"'lflT : P''I : pcq:,- : f·)•9(Dc: h1f..lf', : '1A · : ?i r }if,f./\9° :: r.e.111 : {JDrf-1\{\�'} : fOIJ..DD/lhrf•a : P''I : P'Cl},)• : hfl. : flnoi + c,flfl,)·: 1.ft'i: hJ-l. f : fl�/\ : il"l\m•: }ii{.?a�'I° : fOl/c 'i·1c: {lODl f).c;: ho-�: '? llT : f..L"P," : ll+llouf..m• : P'}: r"oriiuocn:,,c; : r;r�il : ¥'1CUDt,. : fOl/.f..l. 257 P'C'¼:,- : {llJlJJ/.:,• : outii�-- : ill\l\fl:,, =

h'l1?- : UD(lOIJ:,, : nk:,-. : ill\flm•:

P'I' = p-1cq:1, = ,t-'Jt,.t = '11c= fll = "f,,aoilA'I° == .,,t;,1 = l\f- = I\�1 = {l.f�T = flhil= Ji4'?l-0 : P''I : P'Cl}:,--c; : ,f•htiif.¥° : h�C� : 11:,- : bOD:,,l.-0 : f.,f:' }: II'}.(':: h&.KKOD•: 9°:t;: {llf', : 1.JI· ,: ,rt;..,,-.�.,,f:1: flX -d1-�: fl°1�'l.•O : 1'-:fl\A: flOl/lt•r: ho0f,.(l�m· : P'I : P'C'¼:,.• : fOl/../lfllr'} : r..e..111 : ODTl\l\� : P''I : P'C'l1·: 258 .,..,�.. fl''!oOJ/n,1, = 1.1·1. = ,,-�1aoiz. n.. 1.e..c,,,.,7.. = ouAti9'1 = f,ODil.l\A :: +1tA Oll'',0}•: r.e.1,0 : OD,f-1\{\� : ,l1'? : ODIJJl.T : r A f. : 'hC¥'1jfc;' : f:PflJ:,-: }tml}(l'}: 259 -It� : 'r� ..,,-.�.,:, : fl,f,m(la; : 1..1·1. : ,f•t..?aOil : hlf'I = 'h1-'tU : film• : 'l>ftA : qf,',,)-c : P''i = P'cq:,,: (lf.."},(l: aD,f•I\{\�: roiz..c11cn◄: il{l1•'}: /lUDfltJl/T = (lt1J9'1: ,f,lJ.'1'/82. : ',(D• :: '11{: : "]"} : ,,..Jcf.lJI/. : }i(\OD(J'',- : '?AX- : f,UD{ll\f;\ :: '1'4,ff � ;r :f-mc : {\,t•m(l','lTlD• : i'tiil\ : UDffi'} : fi\f,.l(l• : aJl1),f:f: •(1:J!: r· oi�A A�= hC9°1{''i: :J,f1J,)-- : f°tf..'1'?1w◄ : rm1t1t'1 : uo:,,lili}.: £11 '? : :J--f\:,,: ht;:A 1 hl\,e, = f,f-m4'flc,), : f�flJ:,• : �'1 ;J't9':f : ''llm'1lll 9 : uo:,»twJ, : ih°l : mf,9'1 n1';�n = 00,1-•l\l\'i: = ,'h'? = o,1•onf\h,t::,.. r..e..1-n : not1Jfl : ,,.,.. '?11el- = l\t= ,t•t.

=''

= =

255. 256. 257.

258. 259. - 98 -

J l 1

ri l f : ; !I / h1

l 11

260 1,c.,·1t .A ==

f1'1"fl = 00,1--1\t\� = ,"h°l = +«'rc =ire= 'l."'L = 7'1f."7..lf)- = n'?A,r = (I) : h�t\ = 00m1 = '11\f.l(l• = tnllJ,Y..l- = l\f, = f°'l..&.1.00-:,..1 : ff.111: oo,f--1\/\Cj:: -- : f ,f .. t\�: 1'1-'tlf)-: fl-fA :: ff.?:fl: ou,f..l\t\�: m°l: +.TC: jjj: (r): t1J1'•1 :,, -- : -. f (lm-:'f .. l\t\lj;: f, Y:1;11,9';;-. = ''iitit\: � [/IJ ODffi1: :,.. : l\f,9°: ,f '11\f.l(l 0: llt\ 1 61 2 r ff.1 = OD11Jll1 = ?.0'-Jtr llt\CPJ..A ... n 1, w1iA = ;:}l\&,'l:,.. = h01J..1A�.:,.. = 1, . r,i..ou f ih"l = .f:-1;,1,?'l- = ;1c = f01J.f1· 100 = f,00 ill\A nf.1... = 00,1..l\t\� . : Y:1 ,;J"L9'T : bw11:t\;;: : 011:,,liliJ. : ,l1°1 : r:,,llJ:,.. : :,,1�:,.. : h�:,f:,,lf):,. : t\ ;,C : tiATllOl/00 - : fi{l,,..�c: ,,.. 0·1.. : f°tlf�.:,... : (10J1-lt\f : oo:,,lm}, : dl°l : m«il'f: htit\ : OD(ll1 : fl\f.lfl·: OJlf)irf-..:f•"} : l\tll/l9° : f;J--4'.i:.:,- : Y:"};,1,9'":f".. : 'i:ft» -:: ilt\tLU = 'l!'rC: = it� = (g) 'i = ff."}11 = 00,1··1\t\� = ,11'? = +«'re: = irf 1 ''.e..1-01= f(JIJ,j-1\t\� : P't-.9'1· : 'l;Jmo»- : 1.tl, : ,,,,,,r,.: f01//tll):,..: :,,lf),-,:;·f°tl.lf.(Dc: f"'il.kf : {l,:'f• : hilt.:,.. : 11:J! : 'ltn•' ' : 0°7..t\0'4 : ,hlt"fi : ilt\°7..llCll/tJDc: it11-' : tt'1t\ : ODffi'} : fl\1'1.(l : OJllJT : ''flf.111 : oo,,..l\(\tj; • "1°1 : hrf--ODt\h--1::,.. : fih'? = Uoll){l : ,f-- '?'lC:1''' : i',"}.P,.."} = f&.?.00 = 1,"}f.lf'l: ''�CY:: {l,--f:: htLU: C11/t\T9° = illh = 1-t'rllr = 07:f = hrf'ovt\h--1::,.. = w-ti};?Jl- = 1t1,;.., , 1•1A '¼(JIJ:,.. = t\Ol/...�Cil. = 'tr·L = Om'lf, = 0'1l°7..f = n,:,. = 1'1-'t�f, = ILff..C°l = f,-:f-1\A = noit\ar = nro1:e:t\� = OD:J,liliJ, = ;,,°I = n+.Tc = Jtli = JtODt.c = ODIPl:,.. = lL&..�tJDc = ,l','JCIA:: O+.TC : f.tli : ODIPl:,.. : tj;Cf_-- : (11: : fOI/.Tt\(Dc : :,,ll):,-- : fittiA : :,,"IT19° : ilt\CP/..a19°C : ff."},rfi : ODTl\t\� : cft°l : +.TC: ill: (/i) : 1'1-'tU: ft\oY>: :J>lfJT: Otn1lA: oo+ftl\� : ,.,...fl : Orf--DDt\birf--: f,n°l : ODlf){l : 1-->;f,: 1'1�f,L�9° : O'?A,r : O..ht\hA9° : fittiA : �lfJT19° : rf--&..?tlT'/.. : t\"?Y:l'?: t"filA :: +.TC : £ti : (g) :: O+.TC : ift'i : OlT'J..h,f--1\-:'f-- : +.T�-:f- : f,f --F.. '11 1,:,-. : :J>llJ,f---:f- : ''A� : ;l'llJT :'' {tl\f,f.t\-- : �kTC : if� : (�) 1'i : 'l!TC : iii= (j;)1: h1'ilffl: noo,,..C"Jo9° : fhtiA : :J,lfJ,r1 : t\"?ilro11; : f,:J:I\A: fOI/.. 00 T�ll= m = n +.Tc= = = (t) = Jt?i1 ixi 'Im· · h mltil = == «l?TC = · r +1f t\ = . ht\°1'i1C : fro"}Y:t\� : ao:t,tili}, : ,1,°l : (ff.111 : ODTl\t\� : F..111) : 'kTC : iii= (g)1: (tt ti/\: oom"}: fl\f..t.(l• : tnilJ"f::;.., : fOIJ..oofltt+m• = ftll/ lkf = n,:,.. : 'hilt.:,-.� hOFt.: h9°il.:,--: +1: itf,OAT9° 1 tlJlf ,,..__ ) : 1,'i' : ftlJ1lt\� : oo:,,tiliJ» = dt"l: cl?'rC : \i=r.2:1 : (''1'"}f. : �14- : hl).:\'}t;: 1'."}f.Ft.lD-9° 1 T4-:,--: tt'IX--'1,'}--: I oum; :'' OCll/��f : n,:,. : Ajf. : f°t�f,n.:,-- 1 : 1.f·L: tj;Cf-': {l,--f:: f,tlJil'iA)'':: 262 �\ f°11..ft•,r1: h.�tLU 1 u fl,f:" }: °1lltll/tll/T : +ttA: �ro- == 1,1>;.u--9° = fro1lt\�: = .. ou:,,6li},: ;fi°}: +.TC : 7.f,:"}: (f.e.. 111: OD+l\f\lj;: ,n'?) I fro"}i/\�: ou:t,liliJ,: :ti'?: ... : h'lY:�T'i = 'h1f.-:f•fto:f"CD" : DDm1'' = oo�fliblD•"}: cf!TC: f�li : ''1'"}� 'h'JJt h'i:A : 1\1-'LL�'OT : ,n:J! : O•..f119° : Of.1...0 : ou+l\t\� : f.1...0 : fl,f•

=''

s..--

,.1i

=;,,°I=

=''

:.,..tp4.. ,:

fm1:-ett.� : OD�ffJ. : ,l1°1 : cl!'J'C : 'f�h (.h1hC-CJJc : f��(LCJJc : 'iCJJc) 1' O'i1�:f.1 1 ltf, : Oro1,'.'l!fl;;: : OO�liliJ. 1 ,n°l I cf?1'C : jfjj (j) : CJJcil'f' 1 f�1'C I jj: ' 00,ncJ>{l 1 Oil..,rf•."f· , fT�l1 : oo(J'"J,. : °I/.\?.' : �CJ)c :, ''Jiti/\ : o0m1 : illtlt�lir 1 ,n'l'i."f· •'' /\OIJ./lW- ' :,.C1'9° , f"'l.omro• = «f!1'C : !If (Lll'1 = ''illlm'l'i·l· '' ,l·c1•9° 1 roY.omCJJc �1'C' j� 1 cJJ1 ' hH.U : CJJcil'f' : hc1J'11l , f t\.fltD- , ,JD(J'.,.1 : OI/il;J·roil • 1il&./.\;JA :s 1 ''i f01 ftP/. :,•r �11) • 1': il 1 CJJc liliJ. 1 OO� 'i!: 1 f•ltfl OD, 1';1.1 1 ''hil1Y:P.. • 00111'' : 0�111 1' 9° 9° 1 9° 1 ' ' 19° 'f: �/l 0.0' P'� • ' >tiJ.1,j';p.. • OD1119°'', hwllJ,l• , .h1'k9l1· : foY.�lclJ • f1'1:J'<f: +}Y'I� • illt.ll'"J. : 1'1�1 Y: : '¼f,,'i:'t- r 'i1C : oow(IY: : Ji/\'1:fCJJc :t

- 99-

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ARTICLES CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS

IN ETHIOPIA

by Stanley Z. Fisher* The purpose of this article is to set out, in su1nmary fashion, the Jaw con cerning juvenile offenders in Ethiopia. Our focus will be on procedura11 rather than substantive aspects-insofar as it is possible to separate the two-and particularly 11pon the enforceme11t of constitutional guarantees in the process. Introduction: Background

The Etb.iopian Co11stitution2 provides, in American fashion, specific guarantees of a whole range of individual rights. These go beyond the prerogatives of free speech and press, etc., to include the basic rights of an individual accused of crime. He is guaranteed the equal protection3 and due process4 of law, and freedom from improper searches, 5 seizures, and arrests. 6 He is entitled to the representation of cotinsel, 7 to be presumed innocent until proven guilty,8 and to a speedy, 9 public10 trial. At trial he is guaranteed. the right to confront the witnesses against him, 11 and to have compulsory process for obtaini11g wit nesses in. bis favour. 12 Fjnally, he is constitutionally protected against punislunent twice for the same offence, 13 cruel and inhuman punishment, 14 punishment without personal guilt and conviction, 15 and punishment under retroactive laws. 16 These impressive gt1arantees are, by and large, fully implemented by the Pe11al 17 and Criminal Procedure 18 Codes at least for adults acct1sed of crime. For juv*

Associate Professor, Boston University Law School. The author wishes to express his appreci� tion to his former colleague at tl1e Haile Sellassie I University Law Faculty, Mr. Peter L. Strauss, for his helpful comments on the first draft of this article. Of coLtrse, 't,.1r. Strauss bears no responsibility wb.a1ever for the finished product .. I. Unless otherwise noted all references are to tl1e Crin1inal Procedure Code, 1961. 2. Revised Constitution of 1955. 3. Art. 37, Rev. Const. 4. Id., Art. 43. 5. Id., Art. 61. 6 . Id., Art. 51. 7 . Id., Art. 52. 8 . Id., Art. 53. 9. Id., Art. 5 2. 10. Art. 52, Rev. Const., in the Amharic version guarantees the right to a public tr �al, but the Eng lish version does not. Art. 112 in both versions can be seen as guaranteeing the same right, and it is questionable whetl1er its qualifications as to cases endangering pltblic order, etc. apply to criminal as well as non-criminal prosecL1tio11s. 11 · Art. 52, Rev. Const. 12. Ibid. 13 · Id., Art. 56. 14 · Id., Art. 57. 15. Id., Art. 54. 16, Id., Art. 55. �7 · Pena( Code of 1957. See, for example, Arts. 2, 4, 5 and 23, Pen. C. 8 · See, for example Arts. 29, 49 and 61. ,

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tute la w fre. qt1e11t1y denies b . sta e tl1 ; 11t re e ff di is 11 tio ua . t 81· . c as1 . e1111 es, bo,vever, tli e 1011 � � tl1e1n. Stri ly, 11 rs ve d ow ed er at w a ly on 1ts a1 gr se el . ct . co11stitutio11al rights or lly entitled to tile pro fu 1 e11 se d 11l ,vo 1e 1n cr of sed cu ac is a youno0 person wlio . 1 e es k tl I 1 a a11 perso11 the 111 e 9 · o d J C ·1 , 1 � C1v he T . i�n tut 1sti 1 Co , . tl1e r tections of .Jts . d�at 11 . er t .ss d ,t11_. or all physical to ,, tl1 b1r its m � fro hts rig : ''sl1bject of 1 o11st1 u ion. t C h T e an p1 o . lu Co11stituion Et e th . by ed 1te 1 a ar gu s tie er lib he persons ''t �n l ct1 t1� ote eq e .pr th of t.he la\vs.'') d nie de . be . �ll sh e. on o (''N 37 les tic Ar in itself, 1 on amongst Etl110�1�11 s�bJ�ct� w 1 tl1 resi)ect t 11na 1 1 scr1 1 d no be 11 s11a e lier (''T and 38 to ellJ0111 d1scr11n1�1atio11 i11 tli e 1 seen ld wou ), ts." righ J civi all of t i r yme ertjo the to re refo The re. .. the 1s �ge o� 110 explicit 11n� gro the on ts righ ic bas of nt y111e enjo 1 011s as we fi11d 111 tl1e code s.22 at 111n 1 r1 d1sc h suc for law 1al tio1 stitu 11 basis in the co We can explai11 then1 only by reference to the pe�uli�r ''pt1nitive'' or ''no1 1-punitive" pl1ilosopby wjth wJiich the penal la"', in Eth1op1a and abroad, regards the pl1e110111eno11 of j11ve11ile crime. the past fifty to seve11ty-:five years, In n1any cou11tries there has developed, over. 23 an i11stilutio11 known as tl1e ''jt1venile cot1rt " Altl1ot1gl1 loca) variatio11s are n11111erot1s, basically the jl1ve11ile court ca11 be described as a SJJecial court desig11ed to apply tl1e peDal law, or a special modification of tl1e pe11al Jav,1, to cl1ildren a11cl you11g perso11s. The juve11ile cot1rt grew 11p as a reactio1 1 agai11st tl1e forn1er practice of dealing witl1 j11ve11iles .i11 the same courts, t111der the sa1ue prooedural a11d substa11ti,,e lav-.1 , as adults charged with crime. S0111e of tl1e i1111ovations claimed for juvenile co11rts have been: SJJecializatio1 1 of j11dges, infor111ality of tl1e co11rt-roon1 a11d of otl1er aspects of the proceedings, rigid. segregatio11 of juve11iles fro111 adult s11bjects of tl1e criJni1 1al process at all pre-trial and post-trial stages, protection ot jt1ve11ile offe11ders fron1 p11blicity, e111pl1asis on discoveri11g tl1e ''ca11ses'' of a11ti-social bel1avio11 r i11 tl1e j11venile, and on rehabilitating l1in1 throt1gh affecti1 1g bis e11virono.m ent rc1tl1er tl1a 1 1 01 1 fixi11g his blame and. pu11isl11ne11t. l11 s0111e cot1ntries tl1e no1 1-pun itive philosopl1y of the juve11ile court has led to tl1e djscardi11g of such cri1 11inal �ot1rt 1101nenclature as ''cl1arge," ''offe11ce," ''plea," ''co1 1victio1 1," a11cl ''se11teoce" 11 1 favour of 111ore neutral ter111s. These, it is tl1ot1ght, help protect the juvenile fro111 .a11y con11otatio11s of crime and pu1 1isl1n1 ent. 111 other cot11 1tries, notably the Sca11cl111avia11 011es, administrative boards deal with juveriile deli1 1q11ency, in a setting co111JJletely removed fro111 tl1at of co11rts a11d tl1e crin1inal Ia w. Bttt, it can be said generally of all co1111tries wl1etl1er jt1venile courts or ''child welfare boards'' perfor111 these fu11ctions tl1at there l1ad bee11 son1e tensio n betweeii t�� no11-puniti�e, rehabilitative ain1s �f tl1 e syste111, ancl tl1e sometiines l1arsl1 real1t1es of the dispositions applied to jtiveiiiie Sllbjects 24 And in vie\V of . Ci,ril Code of 1960. lei., Art. J. lei., Art. 8. nt Article 4• �en. C., specifically allows in gen tn,e rrea er off e nd eral i11 term · s for discrio1ination on the basis of age. 23 • A11 introductory bibliography f •1 ·uvenile . . •• . dure ri e � J of w t �rlg� II! Engl �sh _ 011 tl1e subJect of _proc courts can be found in S. · F?isher, It Facu Y Ababa, Ethiopian _ (Addis Cr1n1111al Procedur e Lav.,' Jfaile Sellassie I Un1vers1ty, 19 69), Appeildix G. . r 24. A classic example of punishme1 t o fess pro , d ressed in . the langt1age of "cure" is re por ted .b) . ,vas Francis Allen: playing 1 w f l water h ses u � for i tu!ion on a.11 i11st n1ates � n v.enbwc of ago, kn� wn to the statr as � �� ,, � Y 0 11e rapy. F. Allen , Borderlancl of Crin11na/ Justice ( U111versity of Cllicago Press, 19 64 ) ' p. 34. 19. 20. 21 . 22.

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� --------CRIMINAL PROCEEDURE FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS

the fact tl1at despite. 11oble aim s. a11 d non-p11nitive philosophy, juvenile courts and boards frequently dispense p1111.1sl1n1ent, there ha s bee11 ooncer11 at the lack of 11s . f�r -�he jt1�enile �l10 is subject to stich treatnlei1. procedural protecti � t.2s In . th.e case of Etl11op1a 1t 1s JlISt tl11s te11s1on, betw�en, 011 tl1.e 011 e hancl, the pun itive nature of 11 1ucl1 of the treatment accorded Jt1veniles 1111.der the law and on the other, the rel1abilitative, ''ct1rative'' philosophy botl1 of tl1 e juvenile courts and of tl1e procedures the)' employ, tl1at 1111doubtedly explai11s some of the consti ttrtional a1101nalies we have all11ded to above.

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This staten1ent is generally27 accurate. But altl1 oug.h the ''jt1veriile co11rt'' is ·not specifically known to E thiopian law, tl1e law gives ample recognition to tl1e special situation of tl1e juve11ile acc11sed: there is a special section of the pe11al law, contai11ing r11les of both st1bstance and procedure, e:<cl11sively desig11ed for tl1e ju,,enile oflender; and there are special sections of tl1e proced11ral law likewise designed for the j11venile.

Age Groups

With regard to tl1e substa11tive penal la\V of Ethiopia, we 1nay speak of four separate penal Jaw regi111es for the four followi11 g age groups: 011 e throtigh eight, nine througl1 fourtee11, fiftee11 thro11gl1 seventee11, and eightee11 011wards, i11clusive. 2 s

.� I

..,

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of the s11bject, the Ethiopian Crim a 'jt1venile court' as it is know,1 the juve11ile is, according to this in the Empire, starting from the

The Penal Code's Special Provisions for Young Off enders.

f\s has been pointecl ot1t by one Stu.dent inal Procedure Code ''does not envisage in the '\-Vestern cot111tries. J11riscliction-wise, code, at tl1e 1nercy of tl1e orcli11ary courts the Woreda Court." 26

25. See, e.g., Re Ga11/t (Sup. Ct., U.S. 1967), U.S. Si1p. Ct. Rep. (Lawyers ed. 2d), vol. 18, p.527. 26. Mebrahtt1 Yohannes Procecll1re i11 Cases of J11ver1iles in Ethiopia (1965), unpublished, Archives, La\v Faculty, H. S.I.U., p. 14. The present writer wisl1es t o ackno\vledge his considerable debt to Ato Mebrahtu, l1is forn1er studen t, for contributing much usefu1 information used in the writing of this piece. 27. The situation in Addis Ababa is somewhat different. See the discussion in text at notes 101-07, below. 28 . !here appears to l1ave been some confusion in the past over the question of. age ca!egories 1n the codes. Two scl1olars have stated the view tl1at the Frencl1 ancl Englisl1 ver�1ons of the Penal Code are discrepant in their descriptio11S of age groups. See S. Lowenstein, ''1:he Penal Syste1n of Ethiopia'', J.Et/1.L., vol. 2 (1965), p. 397, 11. 48; P, Graven, .1111 Introduction to Et/1io pian Penal Lalv (Adctis Ababa, Fact1lty of Law, 1-f.S.I.U., 1965), pp. 145, 1.46, and 151· Certainly the codes cot1ld have been a bit more explicit, but the pr�sent writer can find no discrepancy. Taking, for example, . the Fre11ch text o! Penal C�de .�rt1cl� 56, , we see tli� t the Code's English translation for ''S1, at1 moment ot1 11 a comm1s 1 1nfract1on, I atiteu! etaJt age de plus de quinze ans mais de moins de dix-1,uit ans revolus..." is: "If, at the tune .0f the offence the o fender was over fifteen but under eighteen years of age.... " We can �ecognize th e correc tness off the translation if we keep in mind that, even in E�glisl1, one' .s eigl ,teent!1 "complete" year culminates in one's eigl1teenth birtl1day, not one's nineteenth (JUSl as oneJ fi rst. co n:piete year of life culminates in tl1e first birthday). Th�refore,. botl1 tl1e J: reficp �� t�e English texts refer to the person wl10 was, at the specified time, paSt . bis . tee h b !rthday ("over fifteen '' ''n1ore tl1an fifteen'') bt1t J1ad not yet reached liis eighteenth brrthd�y ("under eightee;," "less than eigl1teen complete years"): Likewise, there is no discrepancy in Art. 52, Pen. C., wl11c.h transl.ates "enfants n'ayant Pas atteint l'age de 11euf ans revolus..." as ''infants not having attained the age of nine

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i� tot3:ll � exonerated 29 in tbe Penal C?d e ts an inf : _ . o fro rn ' _ Tl1e first group, called ty cie y. So l1t 1b1 11s s po ·es 1rr e rem of s 1nd ot dy gr on law ae....,aiu l na pe e st · th 1o on I t. ca a.ppli . . r. 11e c1v· 1·1 Ia\v of the Em )i 31 t 1n d · be 11n 10 st u · 111 ts fan in by J re, c: ts coinn1itted • ant.1-SOCl•a1 ac 32 . • . ts 11 re pa e th St i1 a1 ag gs 111 ed ce ro p l i or else i 1 1 crim 11a 33 called _roi1ng JJersons in p, ou g e the code � The nine thro·ugli fourteen 3:g he n , 1 Pe l1e al t r Fo de Co . 011 ss1 cu d1s r ou of l)rovid:; � t ct bje sti l pa _ lci _ l _ i pr e is tli e ry n, ina 1 ord v1ct c?n n 11po punishnlents es sur ? 11ea \� and ts � special purusbmen _ \vever, _ ble 1ca Ilo Jpl a t 11o 11e 110 are 1 \' la\ 1 11al of the n1 cr1 tl1e : of s ire ast nJe and applied unless the jt1venile has special dispositive provisions of tl1e la\v 1nay be )1ave 11ot reached their ninth years .. .'' Both pbras. es refer, albeit awkwardly' , to children wl10 " year· of life. lete 111p "co th s nin one of e11d the at es co1n ch \vbi yhda birt In an effort to keeJ) the age categories clear in t11e course of our disct1ssion, we have adopted the use of inclusil'e �ategori�s. Tl1erefore, ;;'e refer to th� i �1rant age group, ,vJ1ich l1as not reached the n inth b1rtl1day, as tl1e one through eight group; to the young persons group, which has reacl1ecl its �i11th . but not its_ fifteenth birthda y, as the "nine througl1 fourteen" group, and to the post-Juvenile grot1p, ,v111ch has reached its fifteenth but not its eighleenth birthday, as the "fiftee11 tl1rougl1 seventeen gro up." We also use the ter1ns "jL1venile" and "youth" intercha1.1geably witl1 "young person," and "juvenile offender" interchangeably with "young offender." 29. See Art. 52, })en. C. There is a 11eecl to make tbe various Fre11cl1 tcr111s used in the Avant Projet and final French versio1 1s of the Penal Code, co11sistent witl1 the Amharic and English tern1s used in corresponding articles. The French pri11cipally t1ses the tern1s e11Jar1t, ,nineur and a[/olescent, while the English relies on "i11fant" (or "child"), ''yot1ng person" (or "young offender" ), with occasional use of "juve11ile delinquent" (cf section title preceding Art. 52). The trans lations are 11o t al\vays correct, e.g. Art. I 63(3) i11correctly translates 1nineur as- "infant" instead of "young pcrso11." 30. Art. 52, Pen. C. Sec also Art. 39(1) (b), Crin,. Pro. C. An1ong the reasons for exonerating i11fa11ts fro111 penal liability are to give the parents a reasonable opportu11ity to correct and edt1cate the cl1ild, and to keep hin1 in the parenial l1on1e, \V]1ich is the most beneficial environme11t for one of tender years. But OJ1e can think of cases where these reasons wou]ci not apply: wl1ere, for example, the parents were obvio us])'. unable �o cope ,vith the child or, as is often the case, \Vere l)roviding the very e1:1v1ronn1ent (1111n1oral, alcoholic, unloving, etc.) wl1ich was drivi11g the child into en1o(iona l disturbance and socially harmful behaviot1r. A11 eq�ally f undan1ental reaso n is related to ti1e l'.)Opular association of crin1inali!y \Vit_h bla!1le\vorll11ness, and the feeling that very young cl1ildre11 are not "responsible" for their ach?ns, cannot_ b� "bla1ned" in a11y serious degree, and so should 11ot be "punished'.' p u� ishn,eot being 1n 1nost eyes tl1e penal law's essential task. !11 a pure!J' rehabilitalive reg 1n1e, entirely de:�t�d to "social . defence", there would be 110 objec tion to lo\:veriog the age of r�spons i bthly to zero, g iven co11fidence in the rehabilitative facilities available. The Pen�l Co_de s treatn,ent of offenders \Vhose irrespo nsibility steo1s fron1 insanity JJrovides a case in point-there the level of respo11sibility is zero, yet they are con11)ulso rily " t reated". , 31. ''Where an ofren�e is con1mitted by an infant, a1Jpro priate steps 111ay be taken by the family . sc]1ool, o: guR�d1ansh1JJ autho_rity.': Art. 52, Pe11. C. . ,· he 11.fan _ t s father and, 10 his default, otl1er close relatives, etc. are liable for any ct\Il I ity riab]� - /le mcurs as a res ult of his 1nisbe l1 aviot1r. Arts. 3 17, 2124-25, Civ. C. I n ex_ trenle cases 0 neglect, the natural parents n1ay be infa�t the of custo dy ren1o ved as guardi·1ns and c e truste�. to a court-appointed guardian; publi the by d p�1osecutor. See !i,rts. 23 1 , 233 and 23 such a JJrocedure �1ay' be i11stitute 4-35 ' Civ · C · . ted post -Jl· 1 ven1 les. These ren 1ed1es of cour se · a 1 so app 1 Y to young persons a11d u11emat1c1pa . . • 1,as 32. Cr1n11nal prosecutions unclerta1� n c e u • fl e \.� aga1_11st paren ts whose neglect, abuse or bad 11�. . a their directly ca used the inf t's n11s etlect :> b ehav1ou r nt. deter.1:e cot1ld co1 a 1 have ceiva�l y f u ture conduct as are!� ee O'}ai/ure 5 e ··1 na; s_ I Code Arts. 548 (i\1a/trearn·1ent of Nf1n�rs)' 62 ( ·gatio n to A1 ai nt ai n) and 6�-6 (.ca, . ,:;- u, e lo B l'lllg Up) . See aIso A s. 807-08 c·iv. C. ,'on the Obl I . . . rt ' d to n1a1nta1n). Art. 548 Pe. n C . an . 15 ,., 6 Arts. : . · applies also 1 n cases of young persons ' and , 1t. · ' 626, Pen· c• m1g I 1n add1t1on 'a p1JlY 111 · cases of post-juveniles. 33. See note 28, above. 34. Arts. 53, 161-80, Pen. c. 1

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS

first been convicted of one of the crimes prescribed by the Special Part of either the Penal Code or the Code of Petty •Offences, in accordance with the appropr1a · t·e · 1es of g111·1t, cau�at1on, justification and excuse, etc.35 In other general par:t pr11· 1c1p _ words, a szngle. si1bs !ar1t1ve !av., . of crzmes applies to aclults a,-zcl yoi,,-zg persons alike but or1ce a crzn-ze 1s prove11 the special dispositive provisio,1s for juveniles becom; e.xclusively relevant for the se11tenci11g court. Before carrying on \Vith 011r disc11ssion of the special measures a11d pu11isl,ments prescribed for �ou11g perso11s by the Pe11al Code, let us briefly coi1sider tl1 e last two age categories. Tl1e age group fiftee11 through seventeen, inclusive, is u11 fortuna tely referred to i11 the cocies only as ''yot1ng persons between the ages of fifteen 36 course, an Tl1is is, of awkward and nlisleacling label. For want eighteen." and of a n1ore convenient substitt1te we shall call then1 tl1e ''post-jl1veniles." Post-juveniles are treated, u11der the Penal Code, as having the full JJri,rza facie liability of persons aged eighteen and over.37 I-Iowever, tl1e Pe11al Code provides that n1itigation of the penalty is always IJermitted, 38 the death penalty may never be imposed, 39 and under certain co11ditions the n1easure or penalty scheme for yo11ng offenders rnay be applied in toto. 40 The last group of offenders is that of persons eighteen years of age and above, in other \vords, adults. Since they are the subject of ordi11ary substantive and procedural la'v\1 no disc11ssion is necessary here. Special Measures

Let us resu1ne our discussion of tl1e Penal Code's special provisio11s for yotmg perso11s Vi:}10 l1a\1e been convicted of a crinlinal offence. In such a case, we have said, the ordinary penalties and n1eas11res41 prescribed by the penal law for the p11nisl1ment ancl correction of adult offenders are not available to tl1e sentencing judge; in their place, the jt1dge may choose from a number of special measures designed to rel1abilitate the youth. Tl1ere are also special penalties applicable

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35. Art. 53(2), .Pen. C.: "No orde r may be made under Art. 162-73 of this Code unless the offender is convicted." 36. See note 28, above. 37 • Art. 56, Pen. C. 38. Arts. 56(2) ai1d 181, Pen. C. 39. Arts . . 118 and 181, Pen. C. 4o. Arts. 56(2) and 182, Pen. C. See Tiume-Lissan Le mma, Sentencin� I-fearing _with Respect to Offenders Bet1vee11 1/1e Ages of Fiftee11 and Eighteen (1961), unpublished, Archives, Faculty of Law, H.S.l.U.). 41- The Pena] Code t1ses tl1e tern1 "measure" in two different ways. V-iewed broadly, a m��ure is any course of treat ment irnposed upon an offender by way of s�ntence arter C01?-Vtction. In this sense punishment is 011ly one of various possible n1easures imposed in the tnt e�ests of crime pre�ention. See, for example, Part I, Book II, Title I of the Pena! _Cod_e, entitled "Punjsbments and Otl1er M. easures ....'' BL1t mo re commonJy, n1easures are d1stinguished from Punishments. AlthoL1gl1 botl1 kinds of disposit ion serve the end of crime prevention, Art. 1, Pen. C., punishments operate primarily by way o� i11dividual �nd general d�terre�ce. Measures , on the other_ hand, are designed to. prevent crime by. chan�1ng tl1� offender s env1ronn1 �nt �� s to redu ce b is opport unities for crime or by chang111g 111s att1tt1des througl1. non pun, v ' education.al processes. See I-I. Silvi11g, ,;The Rule of Law in Crimin . al Justice," in G. MueJIer' Essa;,s in Cri111 ina/ Scie11ce (London, Sweet ancl Maxv,ell, 1961). PP· 103-104. Throughout this discussion we use '' measure'' in the second, narrower sense.

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ay only be ordered ''�,11ere n1easures .. to yo111Jg persons, but tl1ese penal�ies . 4_ . The words. q 1oted 1n1ply that a first have bee11 apJJlied and l1ave fa 1 led.:.!11? : 011ly a seco11d coriviction co11victi on ina)' never result ju tl1e appl1cat1011 of pe alt1e�, � \\'hicli i 11 itself 1night afford evidence_ of tl�e ''f �ure'· of t e. in sttres i111posed �� ; after t]1e first, would perst1n1ably permit tl1e 1n1pos1t1on of penalties. rt afford a v;,ide latitude cou the to le ilab ava ies 1alt pe1 and es sur 111ea Tlie 44 supervised 11t, tme trea al dic n1e education 45 j 1 1 sentencing. Tlie n1easures include 47 a11d conm1itn�ent to a ," rest ''ar ''correcti�e 1e I1on oral reprimaiid,46 scliool or j11stitt1tio11'' defi11ed as a ''special institution for tl1e correction and rel1abilitation of yoting offe11ders," wl1ere the juvenile will receive ed_ucatio11 ''u11der appropriate disciJJli11e. " 43 Orders for n1edical treatment and supery1se? educatio11 _expire when tlie you11g offei1der becon1es eighteen, or ·before then 1f, 111 the sole Judg111ent of tl1e ad1ni11istrative authority concerned, the n1easure has acl1ieved its purpose.49 Tl1e dt1ration of scl1ool or l1ome arrest is fixed in advance by tl1e se11te1 1cing judge.so So, too, is tl1e Ie11gth of con1mitn1ent to a corrective i11stit11io11, wl1icl1 n1ay be withi11 tl1e lirnits of 011e to five years, but not longer tha11 tl1e offe11der's eigl1tee11th birtl1day. 51 Co11ditio11al release with probation is available after one year's dete11tion t111c1er tl1e ust1al co11ditio11s. 52 42. Art. 170, Pen. C. 43. T n other vvords the court is not free, follo\ving a fi . rst conviction, to ter1ninate a measure "in the middle" and substitute a pe11alty on tbe ground that tl1e measure has "failed.'' See l�. Grave11, .1ln lntrorluction ..., cited above at 11. 28, J)p. 148-49, a11d ou.r discussion accom panying notes 235 ff., below. 44. Art. 162, Pen. C. 45. \Vhere the young offender is "morally aba11doned or is in need of care and protection or is exposed to the da.nger of corruptio11 or is corruJ)ted ...." Art. 163, Pen. C. This n1easure resen1bles the "fit perso11" order of English juvenile oft·e11der law. See Chil dren and Young Persons Act, 1933, secs. 57 at1d 84, 25 Geo. 5 c. 12, Jlc1!sbury's Statutes of England (2nd ed., 1949), vo l. 12, J). 974. 46. Art. 164, Pen. C. 47. Art. 165, Pe:n.. C. This. measure resembles t l 1e "attendance centre'' of English juvenile offender lav.r. See Cr1n11I1al Justice Act, 1948, Sec. 19, 11 and 12 Geo. 6 c. 58, J-Ialsbu1)1's Statuies of England (2nd ed., 1949), vol. 14, p. 999. 48. Art.166, Pen. C. 49. Art. _167, Pen C. T!1is cont1:asts witl1 tl 1e law goverau.1g the dtiration of 111easures applicable : 1rrespons1ble by reason of insanity, under wllich ai)proval of the court !o offenders fou�? 1s made a cond1t1on of ter111ination. See Art. 136, Pe11. C. 50. Art. 165, Pen. C. 51 · Art. 1�;• Pen. C. However �rt. 168, Pen. C. authorizes the court, upon recon1mendatio n . _, o� the m.anagen1ent of the 1nst1t ut1on or of the supervising at1thority," to "vary" any mea�u re ordered, an� presum�bly tl:at_ po1vver would pern1it a premature tern1inatiou of the detention, as well_ as its extension v..•1th1n U1e prescribed Jiniits. See note 61 below. Tllis schenl� coi,t�asts �ith the Penal Code's treat111et1t of in��ne offe11ders, whos e comcn� . red itn1ent for cure is ?f indefinite dur. a{ion, with court orde is Rele ase review ever· y t,,.,o years. roore upon recommend at1on· of th e ad1111°:1s a · . · er 1aps · t p I t· ra 1ve approv autl1ori . al. ties, court witl1 . f truIY �:hab·r. I itatt e sche'?e for Jllve111les, od per l too, etern1ined i �t1 1? con1n11 n1ent _u� �er Art1�le 166 . Instead the wou d discar· d jt1dicially pred o1axin1un1 te !m wi 1 � . cou rt onJy a wou set d l ent hm1ts, bu_ t allow 1�r1or release on the adn1inistrat1ve aat� o :� ��espr the of sole discr etion � .' ase d on the1r observat1011s of tl 1e nee the g obv iatin offe nde tl1is r's , By pro gres s 0btain cour.t aJ)proval, unnecessary expense at1d delay could be · avoided. · . rt, . 52 . Art. 167(2), Pen. C. Conditional rele cou . . . the y . . ase in . Eth1_op1a must always be app:.r�ved .b o. ditonal the scheme for ·t veniJ . ompara for t1ve release until tw� 1third� �; �l1e sentencel y len.1ent in that adults are 11ot ehg1ble ff·•c ;e·n. C. has been served. See Arts. 112 and 206

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Jt• \Vill be appreciated tl1at son1e of these 1 11easures miglit be v1e · wed by the . • . • . · ar as 11ts or 1s l n t1v d e, a11 h 111a s111t1cl1 as tl1e res 11 lt in a forced deprinil �� juv� e :p � � . _ per libe so1 B11 rty. t 1t 1s clear that the Code s gtii_ ct111 vat1011 of1· . . 1al g pl,Jlos o . p h y l1ere . . .. · · is rehab1. 1tat1 ,,e, n ot pt1111''t1ve. Tl1e cot1rt 1s directed, ,:vI1e11 assessiil g the seilte I 1ce, to take into acco11n t t. I1e age, c 1lclracter, degre� of 111e11tal a1 1d moral developn,eilt of the yo111 1g offe11der, as well as tl1e eclt1cat1onal value of the meastlres to be applied. :' 53 !o �acilitate �11cl1 i11djvidt1aliz� tio11, it is enco11ragecl to order an expert inquiry into tl1e life and perso11al1ty of tl1e offender, thereby to decide "what treatn1e1 1t a11d 111eas11res of an edt1cational, corrective or protective kind \ VOttld be n1?�t st1ita?le." 54 A ft1rther i11dicatio11 of tl1e Code's rel1abilitative pt1rpose _ is the prov1s101 1, wl11ch \Ve shall discuss below, tl1at young l)ersons sentenced to a n1east1re ''sl1all n.ot be regarcled as ha,1i11g been sentenced u1 1der criminal law."55 Special Penalties The penalties wl1ich n1ay be ordered in respect of you11g perso11s are vastly more lenient tl1a1 1 those \v]1ich an ad11lt convicted of orin1e woulcl ordinarily ·face. And, like the 111eas11res disc11ssed abo,,e, tl1ey are 11ot, as a rule 56 ''tiecl'' to specif ic offenses accordi11g to gravity. A young perso11 wl10, following a11 initial conviction or co11victions, has undergo11e 011e of tl1e prescribed 111east1res, may upon a new conviction for a11y crinunal offence be sentenced to a1 1y of tl1e special penalties provided, if in the opi11io1 1 of tl1e co11rt the prior meast1 res had ''failed." 57 The special pe11alties are fi11e, corporal punisl1111e1 1t a11d i111priso11n1e1 1t. Fines are designed for ''exceptional cases wl1en the yo11ng offe11der is capable of payi11g a fine and of realisi1 1g the reason for its i1nposition;''5 8 corporctl IJt111isl1me11t 1 11ay be a maxim11n1 of twelve strokes 011 the b11ttocks ad111inisterecl ,;vitl1 a cane. 59 Corporal punisl1111e11t is to be used only vvl1en tl1e )'011ng perso1 1 is ''co11t111nacio11s," and the court co11siders the punishn1.e11t ''likely to secttre his refor111." 6° Fine 53. Art. 54, Pe n. C. 54. Art. 55, Pen. C. Prest1mably t l 1e term "protective'' here refers to protectioi1 of the juvenile from a harn1ful e11vironn1ent, a11d not protection of society fron 1 tl 1e juve11ile. 55. Art. .169, Pen . C. See tl1e discussio11 at text accon1panyi n g notes 81-85. 56. T'l,e exception is imprison me11t ordered t1nder Artic le 173, Pen. C., wl 1icb is onJy available in case of a serious offe nce. See t11e disct1ssion belo\.v. 57. It is difficult to see wl1at criterion rnigl1t exist to sl1 ow tl1e st1ccess or fail ure of the measure other than the subseqt1ent behaviot1r of t l1e juvenile, Jaw abiding or otber\.vis�. But if_ �l1at �ere so, it \Vou ld l1ave been 1nore straigl1tforward for the drafters to l1ave provided expl1c1tly, m Article ] 70, Pen. C., that JJenalties 1nay be ordered \.vhenever a yot1!h who had ur1der��n e � meaure was reconvicted. Presun1ably, tl1e11, a n ew conviction was not inten ded to_ be dec1s1ve in itself; a judgn1ent of ''fai l t1re'' is necessary in additior1. Tht1s, cases are conceiv able wh�re despite a con viction subseqt1ent to tl 1e application of a measure, t l 1e court _\\'Ould find _the prior measures had not "fai led'' becat1se, for exan1ple, t l 1e )1ot1th bad greatly 1n1proved l11s general ne 11ot co11nected o r mino s a cour was nce e e off 11ew the of and t1des attit l1is r viou and beha ' . with his previous way of l ife. 58- Art. 171, Pen. C. Btit see al so Art. 710, Pen. C., wl1icl1 seems to co11Jlict \.Viti, tl 1e princ. ipl e fr? n1 tl,e ? f �t. 171 ·in petty offei1ce cases, i11 tl1at Ar_t. 710 directs col lection ?f tl1e fin� Juvenile's parents, etc. where l1e ''cannot'' pay 1t. Query \Vhether there 1s any point_ in such a fine if the pe na lty is ttltimately e11forced agai11st the parents. 59 A t. 172, Pen . C. · J Freiic� 60· lbicl. There is a discrepancy between the En g lisl1 ver�sion <;>f Art.. �72(1), 311� t_I,e a.nd Amharic versions, in tl1at onl y tl1e E n gl ish versio11 fail s to 11n11t tl 1e appl ication of cfr poral punishn1e nt to males. That restriction is al so a feature of t l1e floggin g penalty for adu ts, 10 all the language versions. Art. 120A, Pen. C.

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ch 1 y "vl tna es lti 11� pe e ordered for o tw � ly on lie � e ar nt 11e l11 nis � pu .tl1at 1s wl1ere tl1e yot1th , has and corporal ·· . n m;t nce coi sta cum cir ,.,.u. ted e . on in . ept . exc , S 11 rso pe 1g u1 yo . ble with_ a ter o f r�g�rou s 1111prison1 1s?a 1 pu lly 11a � r1 no is ch h.i v1 e nc e f of s ou ri se a . nt me sh nv1ct1on of sucli a ni Co pu al pit ca th wi or re mo . or . . s ar Ye n1ent. Of ten . .be sentenced to 11npr1sonn1ent 61 111 one of two serious offe11ce renders h.i1n liable to is the san1e place to which ich wh ," on uti tit ins e tiv rec or ''c a i11 s: on trti tit classes of ins a n1easure u�der Article 166 as d tte n1i com be y 01a s son per ng you convicted n or discipline" atio , reg ety saf seg for res asu n1e l ecia ''sp , ere Th de. Co al of tlie Pen 2 Or, if tl1e cot1�t find _ s tl1a t tl1e yo�th is ''incor rigible 6 io1. 11 to lied apJ) ca 1 1 be 1 t1�1 p �r ru_ y c?r ur1t sec 1 ble, trou of se cau �o other s," he a � be to ly lilce . and is 63 11, t10 �on t1tu e11t 1ns det ' y 1ar ent nit by which ''p � n1ay be sentenced instead to a 1 er, 1n sucl1_ a place he e\ How on. pris must Llot nary ordi an is n,eant, presumably, 64 A youth se11t t111der Article 173, Penal Code, rs. one pris lt adu be i 11 co11taot witl1 to a corrective i11stitt1tion 1nay subseqt1ently be transferred to a penjtentiary i11stit utio11 in two cases: where his condt1ct warrants it, and wl1 ere he reaches the age of eigl1 iee11 a11d I1is sentence was for a tern1 extendi11g beyo11d his 111aj ority.6s 111 tl1 e latter case of course, the principle of segregation fro1 n adult prisoners will 11ot apply. It is i1nJ)Ortant to 11ote tvvo facts about tl1e pe11alty of in1prisonn1ent. In tl1e first place, jtisl like tl1e otl1er penalties for yol111g offenders, it n1ay not be ordered f ollo,¥ing a first offe11ce, eve11 if t11e first offe11ce was ho111icide. No penaltJ, may ever be orderecl Llnless one of the special measures has been tried and has ''·failed. " 66 In other words, the serious offence 111ust be tl1e st1bject of at least a seco11d co11victio11. Seco11dly, tl1e pe11alty of in1priso111ne11t is not 1nandatory on tl1e court; even v1l1ere the nevv conviction is for a11 o.ffe11ce defi11ed as ''serious,"

61. The law is soo1e\vbat an,biguous on th e qu estion of \Vl1ethe r tl1e 1Jredetern1ined period of enforcen1ent 111ay later be shortened or exte nded by the court on recon1n1endat:ion of the co rrectioJ1a l authorit es. Art. 168 Pen. C. at1thorizes only the variatio11 of "n1easures'\ as opp osed to "penalties". Article 180, Crin1. Pro. C. 011 tl, e otl1er l1a11d is ambiguous. While it too authorizes th� sentenci11g c? urt to va ry "111easures," it probably uses that tern, in . the broad sens e, to include pena lties as well; s ee the discussio11 i11 11ote 41, above. Its utle, · Jlar�at i�n or 1·110� /ificat ion of ore/er 1·nacle in respeer of young person (en1pl1asis added), would so indicate. f\rt�cle 54, Pen. C. also speaks i n ge 11 e ral tern1s of variation of tl1e "order to ensure be5 r po ssibl e treat111ent": 1'o pres�rve the fle xibi lity esJJecially necessary in th e treatnient of y_oui3g l)e:sons, the �road 1 nterpret at1 on shoul d be adopted. But se e P. Grav e n, An lnrro ducr 1011 ..., c 1 Led above 1n note 28, p. 148, f or th e contrary view. 62. Art. 173(l)(a), Pen. C. 63. Art. 173(1)(b), Pen. C. 64. Ibid. 65. lbicl.

n, ictio Artie!� 1.73(a), thi�d para. �a_Ys that in "sucl1 a case" 5tr �e ut o '',vith 111ust ent sp �ake into a co_u11t . 10 ?et�rn11 n1 ng th e duration of the det the court 10;; t tl1� entio11 to be und ergone, � e Ther 10• the corr ec� e _insti _ . ed_ tuti . n o 1 1d � btai n the res ults favottrable or otl1erwise thereby o . � _ es . here. First, does "such a a.r e t,�o an1b1i:, u1t1 1 ry, or r n1aJo at rs fe s d oes I� �efer als o to transfers for bad cond u case" refer only to tran r tl�e e npow 1 e n ct? S do econd e s this provisio o urt o t � m rease, as well as decreas e, the original tern1 of fmpriso11n1ent accor ding to th� e c .lfe j f any, I, a ll upon th e Y�t1th at the corrective c 1 so ou�h institution? If so n1ay tJ1e court �rns bo � l1e _ ye�rs a re ady spe11t m dete11tion th e re as to bring. the total 'periocl to be served . . r • . inte ins t1tut1ons a bove tI 1e ten ye� r m�x111�um. an 1 uc S ? b C. l l J dica pretation would have t··very. serious 1mplic 1n1posed y Art. 173(2), Pen. . u at1ons, and was most probably not 111tend e d or l egislative cl ar1'fi ,ca ion, l1owever, is called for . 66. S ee text accon11)anying notes 42-4 3, above.

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ihe law still per1nits the court to impose 1 nerely a 1ueasure, or one of the lesser · s. 67 penaltie A senter:ice ?f i1npriso11 1nen.t ?rd�red 11nder 0-rticle 173, Penal Code, ordii1 arily will b :1t 1f tl1e col1rt ''regards it as absolutely of c1v1l r!gl1ts, loss a it \V1tl1 carry ot ·n necessary 011 acco1111 t of68 tl1e spec1al gra.,11ty of the offence'' the Code permits it to order tl1at sanctio11. 1-fere 011e mjgl1.t criticize tl1e law's J1arsl1 c1ess-it is diffic11lt to visualize any crin1e co1nn1itted by a te11 or tvvelve year old \vhich wot1ld 69 l1is rigl1t life for of to hi1 1 1 vote, l 1 f u wit11ess a deed. old office, or deprivi11g j sti y _ 1 a po\�1 er, gra1 1ted eve11 s11cl the 11nlil<elil1ood of its exercise is Giving tl1e court irreco·ncilable '"itl1 tl1 e Pe11al Cocle's paran101111t ain1 of rel1abilitati11g tl1e yo{111 g offender. :lie same. de11 111rrer 111 igl1 t be entered vvith respect to tl1 e co11rt's povver, 11nder Article 173, Pe11a1 Code to order tl1e yo11ng offer1der to serve a sentence of imprison111 e11t i11 all orcli11ary priso11 rather tl1a11 i11 a ''corrective i11 stitution'' of tl1e reforn1 scl1ool type. No 111atter l1 ow l1orrible tl1e crime committed, it is l1ard to accept that society mig11t '',vrit� off'' a cl1ild of ten or twelve years as ''itJco rrigible." S11rel)', at least 11ntil 111icldle adolesce11 ce, tl1 ere is l1 ope that every youth may be salvaged by appropriate care a1 1d discipline. Asst1111ir1g t'he availability in Etl1iopia of tl1e sort of i11 stit11tio11 e11 visio11ed by Article 166, Penal Code,70 that is surely a more proper e11vironn1e11 t for convicted boys tl1an a prison, a11 d tl1e facilities for ''appropriate discipline'' authorized for tl1e for1ner by Article 166 should, for you11ger age grot1ps, easily satisfy every reasonable den1a11d for security. Effects of Conviction and Sentence

In disc11ssi11 g the effect of a juvenile conviction a11d sente11 ce we n1 11st djs ting,:1ish to son1e exte11t betwee11 tl1ose yo1111g offenders se11te·nced to 011e of tl1e above-mentioned penalties, and those witl1 respect to who111 only measi,res l1ave been imposed. Even as :regards the former category, whose cases are the 111ore serio11s ones, the Code drafters atte111pted to an1eliorate the ordi11ary effects of criminal co11 viction in order to ease the yo11ng perso11 's eve11tual rehabilitation. Tl1 is \,,as do11e ·by •

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67 - This is not 111ade crystal clear in tl1e Code, but can be inferred fron1 the use of "may" in Article 173(1), Pen. C. U the drafter l1ad n1eant to bind tl1e co11 r t to order imprisonment i11 such cases, ''shall" would have been used insteacl. 68. Art. 177, Pen. C. 69 · Deprivation of civil r ights 111ay be either per1na11ent or temporary, P.rts. } 23-24, Pen. C., and there is 110 special restriction. 011 the cot1rt' s disc.r'etion whe re yo_tu1g offender� a re co? cerned. Of cot1rse r einstaten1e11t 111ay always be applied f?r, but tl11 s_ 111ay be gi aiited on .Y on proof of having n1et fai rly r igo rous con.ditions and, 1!1 cases serious e11ot1gh to pern1 1� depii vatio11 of civil rights, 011Jy if ten year? l1ave elapsecl since th; penalty �as , tln� ergo�� Arts. 180 a11d 242-47, Pen. C. By that t1n1e..the. young off�nder s opportun1.t�� 111 l1fe _ be la rgelv past and J1 is c]1a11ces fo r full rel1ab1l1tat1on sL1bstant1ally reduced. Gi\en � l1e_ s_pe��l ain1s govern ing tl,e general prov1s1on s for young perso11s !t 1,,�g · I 1t I 1'a,,e been wiser If the 1 Pe,1�1 Code, i 1 1 Article 180, _ had 11o_t exclt1de? imprisoned Juve11lle� fro111 tl1e. bene�.�ts· of �� special tvvo year period \.Vhtch applies to reJ11staten1ent fo r_ other you11g offenders._ As . · · 1 1s SL1c h as 1ncorr1g. 1 tppe Graven l1as w ritte11 · "lt i s · quest1011,a Ph·t· ble whetl1er t I,ere exi· st pe1s0 Ible minors." G raven An i11troc!uction, ... , cited above at 11. 28, P. lSJ. ?O. At p re Ren,ru1� sent there app�rently exists only 011e, tl1e Addis Abab,1 Traiiiing Scl,ool_ alld l-lon1e, which is ge11e r.ally co11sidered quite i11adequate in terrns _ both of phys ical Pan 1 t an staff. Juvenile l1on1es re reportedly planr1ed for Asrnara and Dire Dawa. a •

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ee roc ing�, restrictio11s tl1e to en giv ? ity li pt1 I? on ? ns tio tric res � _ e1 on three devices: ,s cr1mtnal reco d, and easier r 111stat t conditions. 11en r 11de e off � the � to ess acc lic pub . . _ case ru]e Jtlve ill gs 1 eed1 proc t cour � 1s tl;� ap�are11t i �tent of e 1 tl of � . Confidenti� lity b_e hel d 111 private. : his reqtt ire men s l111g ceec ro l1 suc t tha t men tiire req p 's law the t _ 72 but 1t 1s appropr.1ate here to qt1est1on wl1ether w, belo d usse disc be the will e, there is apparentl y plac first the In ns. me thi by aim its ve � .chie a � can law . newspapers, etc. of �he proceedings , nor 00 legal prohibition upon publicity 1?. any la\V forbiddi11g t�e police? the 1nJured party or . tl1e w1t11esses from freel y con1intinicating to outside parties wha t has occt1rred 111 t�e court proceediti gs,73 declari,1 g the unless in tl1e pa.rticular case the cot1rt sho·uld make a special order 74 n and icatio e publ lgenc divt1 It their is evidently g ddi11 forbi and n1atters ''secret'' : . 11ot standard practice at tl1e present time for the court to do this. In the second place, pt1blic knowledge of t�e . proceedi11gs a11d senten�e is likely to be widespread, partict1larly i11 s1nall con1 111un1t1es and \Vhere the court 11nposes n1easures or penalties wbicl1 i11volve restrictio11s t1po11 the young offender's liberty. Article 179 of the Pe11al Code atten1pts to restrict public access to the young offe11cler's crin1inal recorcl by providing that i11 juvenile cases the cot1rt 1nay never orcler the 1neasure of publication of tl1 e judgment under Article 159, Penal Code. It also provicles tl1at tl1e police record of tl1e se11te11 ce i111posed on tl1e jt1venile ''sl1all be n1ade 1nerely for the i11forn1atio11 of the official, adn1inistrative or judicial at1thorities co11cer11ed, 'and that' in no case shall excerpts ... be co1runu1iicated to tl1ird. parties." This provision, somewl1at 111ore protective than the rule governing adt1lt cases, 75 is n1eant to insure that no t1nnecessary publicity is given to tl1 e juvenile's conviction. Prest1n1ably, it forbids ofl1cial disclosure of tl1 e fact of conviction to st1cb parties as prospective en1 ployers of the young person, whether tl1ey be private or gover11me11t bodies. It probably also forbids · disclostire to government lic,ensi11g autl1orities and to tl1e arn1ed forces when these bodies wisl1 to check 011 the background of a potential licensee (as oper,1tor of a taxi, bar, hotel, etc.) or recr11 it. Lastly, the convicted juvenile offender enjoys the right to apply for forn1al reinstatement only two76 instead of fi,,e77 years after78 the expiration of a,ny • 71 . Art. 176(1 ), Crim. Pro. C. 72. See text accompanying notes 180 ff., below. 73 · Ar ti�Ie 179, Pen. C., ,vl 1ich prohibits ''publication of the jl1dgrnent" in juvenil e cases cle��ly forbids ?0 1� the ju dicially imposed 111easure of publication Ar t. 159). A rticle 179 a�so prolubi!s ( _ commun.1cation of "excer pts f ro_ m �he [jl1venile's official police] record" to third parties , bu� th would not seem to cover pl1bhcat1on of, e.g., a newspaper inter view about the case. Thei�for Penal Code Ar ts: 429, 444 and 445, wbic l1 punish forbiclclen reports of judicial proceedulgs, do no t seem o rdinarily a ppl icable to such c ases. . 151a 74 · Arts 29, � nd. � . of the Pena� Code punish there where cases in publicity, etc. y mab couI :t �0rd� r , ,�decision� o r "decla ration'' of Presu n1atter. secrecy wit!, regard to any t1,e court in a juvenile case is competent to pass such an order. " 75 · C ::i��ts �de Arti�le 160, governing ordinary cases, provides only tl1at "as a general ;�l�h ron1 police r�cords are not to be comn,unicate to "tl1jrd parties or to offic es d to t nce exp r�ssly_ entitle?" to have :��si�? guida access to thetn, but refers us for detailed iary Jegtslation which has apparently no t bee11 enacted. 76 · Ar.t . 180, Pen. C. 77. Art. 243(a), Pen. C. be 78. Both the Engli l 1 an to . fon 1 a ic r d F� nc app made "within �wo years ; l1 versions .of Article 180, Pen. C. require �I1e would 01 to be see of the enforceo1ent of tl 1e sentence, but tb1s t rous an error c n are Ar , c t. 243 (a) ("at least" five or te11 years, depending on the ase lJ? h ave ela�sedO since the penalty was served).

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roeas1u·es or penalties wl1ich were ordered. 011ly in cases wliere he was sentenced to the penalty of in1prisonment 11111st he . appare11tly .wait longer , z·• e•, �.1,0r " 1e\\1 . 79 Tl1e e11e er ct of re1nstaten1ent 1s to ''ca11cel'' the years, as n1t1st adu 1ts. seilten.ce which was undergo11e, and conseq11e11tly to restore any civil rigllts which ma have been s11spended, to de�ete the entry i11 his police record, so hei1ce f orwar� 1ste11t," a11d to subject a11y references to tile former to be ''presu1ne� ... non-ex _ conviction by tl11rd parties to tl1e pe11alties for defamation. Th11s far we l1ave been discussing the Code's atte1npt to ameliorate the effects of co11viction a11d se11te11ce t1pon a juvenile offe11der sentenced to a perzc1lty. I11 the case wl1ere only a n1easure has bee11 in1posed, tl1e Code goes even furtlier: Article 169 of tl1e Per1,1l Code declares that tl1e young perso11 ''shall 11ot be regarded 82 u11der cri111ina se11te11ce d bee11 l law." What does tl1is mea11? Bv having as ., w/10 ,n and for 'rVl1at pi,rposes shall l1e 11ot be so ''regarded''? TI1e apparent intent of the provisio11 is to preve.nt a11y stigma of cri1ninality from attaching to the you11g person, i11 order to foster his rehabilitation. Therefore, to tl1e exte11t possible, we ougl1t to i11terpret Article 169 as having tl1e effect of for1nal reir1state111e11t, which we have discussed above: tl1ere sl1ould be no entry in tl1e juvenile's police record, and his conviction and se11te11ce sl1ould be deemed ''11on-existent''; refere11ce to them by 011tsiders should be p11nisl1able u11der tl1e law of defamation. If the o·ffender is at son1e future ti111e prosecuted and convicted of cri111e as at1 adt1lt, his jt1ve11ile record. should not affect the sentence i11 a11y way; his stat11s with regard to the availability of sucl1 sentencing cl1oices as s11spe11sion of the sente11ce, 83 internment, 84 and mitigation85 or a.ggravation 86 of tl1e sente11ce, shot1ld be tl1at of a person who was never the subject of such earlier proceedi11gs. Hov.1 ever, it is clear that Penal Code Article I 69 cannot be applied Iiterally in all instances; if the young offe11der se11tenced only to a 1neast1re sho11ld again be convicted in jz1ve11ile ])roceedi11gs, l1is earlier br11sl1 \vith tl1e law 1nay affect h.is fate. For example, a pe11alty co11ld then be imposed on tl1e ground that the earlier measure I1ad ''failed, 87'' and such ''fail11re'' cot1ld be take11 as son1e evidence 88 " le. rrigib ''inco was he se becau that the severe penalty of impriso111nent was j11stified We tl1us see that for so111e purposes Article 169 does not obliterate the effects

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79. Since Art. 180, Pen. C. does not apply to young offenders sentenced to imprisonment, tl1ey are presun1ably eligible for reinstatement on terms applicable to adults u11der Arts. 243-44, Pen. C. 80. In view of the fact, l1owever, that revocation of the reinstatement is J?Ossible shot1ld_ . the offender be sentenced to certain other penalites \Vithin five years of the re1nstaten1ent clec1s10�, it appears that poJjce record entries cannot really be ''deleted'' until tl1e five years l1ave expi red. See Arts. 247 a11d 245, Pen. C. 81 · Art. 245, Pen. C. 82- Note that the word "sentenced'' i s a translation of the French ''condan1ne'', wl1 ich ca 11 also mean "convicted", a11d l1as often been so translated in the Pe11al Code. Se�, e.g., Art. 245(a) (c), Pe11. C. Our discussion whicl1 follows assLtmes that Penal Code Article 169 n1eans to cancel the effects of co11l'iction as well as sentence. 83 · Art. 19 5, Pen. C. 84· Art. 128, Pen. C. 85 · Where the C. offender was ''previously of good cl1a.racter," Art. 79(l)(a), Peil. al u it b a h 1e 86 · WI1 ere the tl ] or [ s, en t ce d ante l1js offender is ''particularly dangerous on accot1nt of ... nature of his offence ...," Art. 81(1)(c), Pe11. C. 87 . Art. 170 ' Pen . C . 88 . Art. 17 ( 3 I)(b) , Pen. C.

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io sit po of ineasures: rec im e tl1 in ly on lt su � re . ich wh . s ion ict nv ord s _ of uvenile co 1 form . access ��e to the courts,89 d an e ac pl a in pt ke be t us m at of {he sente11ce n. tee e1g of e us, ag Th the � ed n ch eve rea s ha er readm' g end off the t.1 1 · 1east un g th. e e11ect 1n h A:: av as ., ' 1.e 'bl 1 ss of p as ly ad � autom.atic ro b s a � 9 16 le ic rt A e Perial Cod t it does not complet tha see we le, eni Juv the 91 of t n e. tem nst re ly � � and ilillnediate . w la e th of es ey e th 1n m hi ' e' is al in im ''de-cr

Conclusion

scheme of nieasures Tliere are other minor facets to the Penal Code's special 92 but on, g pers y�un icted conv they are not the to and penalties applicable significant. It is sufficient . to _note, ?ef�re passing . on to procedt1ral � atters , that the penal law whicl1 applies 1n Eth1op1a to convicted Y?ung perso�s _1s characte rized by 1nixed aims. All mo��rn . penal law, and pa!t1c�larly Eth1op1a's recently fasliioned code, ai1ns at rehab1litat1on as well as retr1but1on and deterren ce. The extent to wl1icl1, as a wl1ole, one or the other pl1ilosophy is dominant i11 Ethiopia is ope11 to debate. But it is clear that in the system of measures and penalties applicable to you11g persons the rehabilitative goals are more pron1inent tba,n they are i11 tl1e provisions applicable to adult offenders: the j·uvenile is recognized as n1ore ''treatable," and, l1e11ce, there is increased empl1asis on supervision, educ ation, ancl flexibility of treatn1ent. The relative importance of offender rehabilitation as against satisfaction of comn1unity demands for protection and revenge is sl1own by tl1e especially broad cliscretion given tl1e sentenci11g judge i11 deciding on the n1ost appropriate treatment, and to the administrative authorities in recom1nending when restrictive measures sl1ould tern1inate. It is also shown by the special efforts to an1eliorate the effect of a juve11ile conviction and sentence, and to facilitate early reinstatement. BL1t at the same time, we also find strong recogi1ition accorded to traditio11al punitive n1ethods. Juvenile misconduct is generally dealt \Vitl1 i11 the framework of ordinary crin1inal law, by the ordinary courts: treatment can only be ordered after tl1e you,ng person has been convicted of a crime, and it may �onsist of penalties in addition to or alongside of ''c11rative and protective measures," if measures alo11e have been tried and failed. Furtl1er, the use of in1prisoon1ent for recidivists in ''serio11s'' cases for pre-d.etern1ined peroids, possibly exte11din g �nto . . 1naJor1ty, shows at best an incon1plete commitn1ent to the ooal of rel1abilitat1on. It rnigl1t even be said, in s11ch cases, that that goal has been �ffectively aband oned.

89 · Penal Cod e Arts. l ?9-80 ii1deed. d o e,cpressly refer pol�ce er's n d e off 1ile 1 juve to the entries in . �.1th rec� rd of ",neasures a�d penalties" tJ11s (emphasis added). It is clifficult t o reconcile ArtJ�le 169, Pen : C., JUSt as it is difficult to ing quir e r C., Pen . reconcile Article 245(b), delet!o� up on re1nstatem�nt of the offende C., Pen . 247 , le r's Ar tic po wit lice 11 record ent ry, es p�ov! d1n g for .the re vocation of reinstatemen nc e ff . . new o n t certai . . . · o.n the co1nm1ss1 on of within fi ve ye ars, �rb'ich prov1.s1o the n obviously p resupposes the keeping of records a s to "deleted " se.n te ce. here sl1all sucl1 re cord s be kept, and by whom? � . _ 90 111 h rt�d ay a c onvicte d offender is eligible, u.nder Art.· 1 2, �� - �: t�� 01!��ur�; ;�:��i b�i · or yo u.ng pers ons. Wl1ere tl1e cour t c11 ooses to app�Y 5 asu res it would seem sensi'ble t o regard Article 169, Pen. C. as appl icable also. . 91 . But,. tl1en ' neither does ordinary reinstatement. See note 89, ab ove. .. ·92. The se 11· 1c1ud e p rov1s • the • . re 1on f or the . whe ' ns case is "petty" (query. does 1 . waiving 0� the penalty u11d.er cer tain co ndia o s, nce e Off or might so me Penal · Cod 7:s refer exclusively to vio lations of tl1e Co de o� � et ty0O a t the enc :5 as lo qua!ify?), an d a special period of hm1 � �d 115, discretion of tb e co u � f � r t, o l l crimes co1nm1tte 7 Pen . C. d by young person s. See Arts .

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�---------CRIMfNAL PROCEDURE FOR JUVENTLE OFFENDERS

The Criminal Procedu_re Code: Special Prov,sions for Young Offenders W � have . 11o�ed �l1us far that, · up to a poi11t, the substantive penal law of Ethiopia applies 1d �1 �t.1cally to adults ancl young persons: there is no distinction in matters of de:fir �1t1.011 of offences, 11or i11 conditio11s of liability for conviction. But, after the conv1ct1on stage, the Penal Code's treatment scheme for adult o:ffe11_ ders is put aside, and a comprehensive, self-contained scl1eme of special measures and penalties for yo11ng perso11s is used exclusivley. The Criminal Procedure Code presents a son1ewhat murkier picture. A chapter of ten articles93 devoted to ''procedure in cases concerning young persons'' apparently pt1rports to pro,,ide a con1prel1e11sive and self-contained guide, covering criminal procedt1re fron1 tl1e first stages to the last. Complaint and accusation, arrest, investigation, charge a11d plea, trial, judgment, sentence and appeal - all are apparently meant to be governed by these fe,v provisions. Inevitably, such brief coverage has left ma11y n1atters t1nsettled,. and it is often problematic whetl1er and how much of the rest of the Code should be used to fill the gaps. We shall, below, discuss some of these difficulties in a step by step consideration of the procedt1re.

Jurisdiction Let us co11sider two aspects of the jurisdictio11 questio11: what cases are eligible for treatment according to the special procedure for young persons, a11d which courts have jurisdiction over those cases. l. Eligibility for Juvenile Procedure. Article 171, Cri1n. Pro. C., provides that criminal cases concemi11g ''young persons'' are to be tried accordi11g to the special procedure. A ''young person'' is defined in Article 3, Crim. Pro. C. as a person "between the ages of nine and fifteen.'' This language is identical with that used to define young persons in tl1e Penal Code, and is no doubt meant to include juveniles past their ninth birthday who have not reached their :fifteenth birthday. 94 The important question to consider here is: At what time is the juvenile's age relevant -- at the time of tl1e acts with which he is charged, or at the time of the proceedings against him (the arrest, charge, opening of trial, etc. )? Su·pposing, for example, D is alleged to have robbed Y on the !?th of Tekemt, 1958. On Tekemt 18th he is arrested and brought to the author1t1es. He passed his fifteenth birthday on Tekemt 16th, so that at the time o� t�e crime he was . ,, a young person, " but no lon ger is. Does the ordinary cr1m1nal procedure or the Juvenile procedure apply to his case?

93 · Arts. 171-80, C rim. Pro. C. 94 · See note 28 above ut compar: Art. 498 of the Avant-Projet of the Code 95. B cedure wou ld apply whenever the actor ''ayant plus de et moins de dix-huit ans au moment de la pourst1ite''. �rocedure Pe11ale Etlz iopie,1 (Dec. 10, 1956, unpublished, cited hereinafter below as A va,11-Projet.

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wl1ich stated that the juv �?il� c �ri� a neuf ans au monient . de 1 d d)e J. qraven, Avant-ProJet dum�Sol� ·' Archives, Faculty of Law, H. · ·

JOURNAL OF E· THIOPfAN LAW - VOL. VII - No. I

ans er to ,9s any t t giv his not s � �oe � ues de . Co re u · ced q iot . _ 1 1�he Crin1inal Pro tl1 the w1 11g al1 de post-Juve 11ile gro up 56, le . tic Ar . u lpf he is � de Co l na Pe but tlle , . l wil ly de a1)p C? al Pen to an offeiider specifies tl1at the ordi11ary prov1s1011s of tl1e of tl1e offence." Wor king t1m tl1e at ' '_ e11 hte eig der 11n t bu � 1 ee1 :fift r 0,,e s who \Va t for _purposes of applyin g tl1a 56 le tic Ar m fr er inf can we ? 1e, ti11 in s backward ,, 1s 011e who_ was over 111ne a11d unde r fifte en the Penal Code a ''yotlng person d not at the time of the a11 , ted t ID1 com ly ged alle he e enc off . the of e tim the at _ , ncy u�d infa sho ining def be it1terpreted C., . Pen 52, cle Arti . lun1 nst agai s r ding ocee p alo11g the sa111e li11es: an infant for pur p�ses of tl1e Pe11al Code 1s 011e who had not reached llis runth birthday at the tim e of tl1e offe11ce, eve11 though at the tinie of J1is apprehe11sion or t rial be mi�l1t be over that. age. T�1eoretical conside r!1_cle �2. Exoneration of 1n!ants from penal of � rations s11i)port this inter1)r�tation _ . r t1cle 52, they of ds wo the A 1n 111ty: o11s1b 1rresp their 11po11 : is based liability are ''11ot cleeo1ed to be respo11sible for t/1eir acts." (e1npbas1s added). Until tl1e ninth bir tl1day tl1at tl1eoretical irresponsibility persists. It wot1ld be •inco1n1)atible with this tl1eory to allow prosecution· of a yout]1 at a later tin1e ·for a11 act co1n1nitted as an i11fa11t. Give11 tl1e logic of these ir1ter1)retatio11s, the Crin1i11al :Procedure Code terms shot1ld be i11terpreted co11siste11tly, so that age is 1neasured at the time of the crin1i11al acts cl1a rged.96 A contra ry interpretatio11 would leave it open to the authorities, by delay tactics, to convert a juvenile case i11to an adult one. Taking . deter minatior1 to be the tin1e of tl1e criminal acts cl1arged the c r t1cial ti111e for age ren10,,es a11y sucl1 ince11tive for delay. 2.

Courts Competent to Try Juvenile Cases

The ordi11ary crin1i11al cour ts i11 Ethiopia have juriscliction ove r jt1ve11iles at1d adults alike, \\1itl1 one sligl1t exception. That is, all prosect1tio11s of young persons n1t1st or. igi11ate at the wor eda court level.97 But, after ha11dling certai11 prelimi11ary 1natters sucl1 as tl1e recording of the acc11sation, and supervision of the cousse of police ir1vestigation, t11e \.Voreda cou rt n1t1st transfer tl1e case for trial to which ever court ordinarily has jurisdiction over the offe11ce cbarged.98 Of course, the woreda co11 rt will retain jurisdiction for trial over cases of offenoes within its t1s11al jurisdictio11. Tl1is n�ea11s t11at the ordinary crimi11al oot1rts of tl1e EmJ)ire must, in the tr ial a11d post-t_r1al stages, apply tl1e special st1bstantive and procedt1ral rules for young perso �s \.Vlth?ut �l1e be]1efit of any special training or experience. It is i11evitable t� at tbe special a, O?-s of the law . for juveniles ·are less likely to succeed u11der these 01rt11nsta11ces than if the y were 10 the charge of specialised pe rsonnel, alert to the

96. I n . this :onnection, we should n ote the Pro. C. ine x a ct wordi n g of Article 39(1) (b) ' Crin1. wh "'15 under . d • 1cl1 directs the ,public prOsecu tor to forego prosecut1011 ccuse a ,,.,11ere the er n� ne years of age. , It. should read "wa d un ct:s, a nal s ' ge d crin1i ' at the time of tl1e alle nine years of age ...." ion Note a lso that Art 181 p n c . · f co 10··,iss ·, �·1so . _ e111ploys a test of age "at t.l1e time o· n · of the offence" with rec,ar� .to av ailab,hty of tbe death penalty. . 97 • Art. 172(1), Cr1n1. P ro. c. 98. Art. 172(4). The· jurisdiction of eJ du Scbe . First to th·e Crimi nal Proced ure Code cour ts 111 cr1. n1i n a l ca ses is governed by tl1e cce nce charge d . , and is allocated accordi ng to tbe pa rticular o11' (1

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE FOR JUVENILE OFFEN.DER S 99 you 11g per son 1eed o� s. s r �l1rtl1er111ore, jt1veniles tried in the regular ticu par la 1 courts �most �erta1nly 1 11ust be forced !nto freqt�e11t contact with adt1lt sttspects-at the police . stat1011, enrot1t� to a11cl while attendrng the cot1rt, etc. Yet the codes obviot1sly 1nte11cled to avo1cl st1cl1 co11tacts wherever possible. 100 For these reas0118 for deep conce�11 tl1at tl1e �ri111i11al Procedure Code did not provide it is a cat1se _ for a jt1ve111le co11rt to deal vv1tl1 all cases involving yot111g persons, no 01atter what the offe11ce cl1,1rged. In. 111a11y .cou11tries a differe11t system is found ' \Vhere certain "juven,ile co11rts'' are g1ve11 n1aJor or excl11sive jurisdictio11 over offences co11cernincr juveniles. As �oncomita11_ts, jt1d�es_ servi11g 011 those cot1rts are specialised, and other j11dges, 1n the ordinary cr1111111al co11rts, are freed for other business.

That tl1is co11cer11 is shared by those involved in juvenile justice in Etl1iopia is deo1011strated by tl1e a.ctual practice wl1ich has been adopted i11 Addis Ababa. Prior to the enactme11t of the Crimi11al Procedure Code in 1961 ' there vvas 0cre11eral dissatisfaction ,vitl1 the v.1ay i11 which ordinary criminal co11rts, 11ot overly fa111iliar \Vith the special ai111s of the Penal Code i11 treating juvenile offe11ders, applied them.1°1 The gover11me11t responded by witl1drawing from the lower cot1rts in Addis A.baba aJI jt1rjsdictio11 over cases in·volving young persons, which \Vere thereafter tried by a specially co111posed divisio11 of tl1e Addis Ababa fligl1 Cot1rt. W'hen the Crimial Procedt1re Code was enacted, vesti11g jt1risdictio11 in tl1e lower courts for 11on-seriot1s offe11ces regardless of the age of the acct1sed, it is reported that the lower courts atte1npted to assert their j11risdiction once again. Bt1t, by administrative n1le-n1aking (of doubtfl1I legality), tl1e Ministry of Jt1st.ice adapted the arra11gements i11 Addis Ababa to conforn1 generally, but not \Vho11y, to the Code's j11risdictional req11iren1ents. A person witl1 special training in jt1ve11ile welfare was appointed to sit as a vvoreda a11d awradja court jl1dge, witl1 exclusive j11risdiction over all offe11ces ordi11arily triable by woreda and awradja co11rts 1111der the la \V. 102 Offences of Higl1 Court jt1risictio11 i11volving j11ve11iles are, i11 ft1ll accorda11ce \vith the law, tried by a SJJecial, ad hoc divisio11 of tl1e High Court t1po11 transfer fro111 the special woreda-awardja jt1ve11ile co11rt; tl1e sa1ne special divisio11 of t· he :High Court also considers all appeals from that court. This scheme, ,vl1icl1 is ct1rre11tly in e f. fect only in Addis Ababa, is a great improvement over wl1at the Crimi11al Procedt1re Code prescribes. In effect, it establisl1es a

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99 · Furthe r considerable confusion mt1st rest1lt wbere a cot1rt J1as constantly to switcl1 its procedtire �nd at�ospl1ere from case to case. For example, if it were felt that tl1e _"i�<?rmality'' of Juvenile proceedings (Art. 176(2), Crin1. Pro. C.) required the .abse11ce of JtidLctal robes, . or seati. ng of judges and other participants around a large ta�le 1nst�d o! tl1e t1suaJ physical arra n. gements these changes wot1ld I1a.ve to be made eacl1 time a Juvenile case appeared on the calendar: ancl tl1e pttblic would l1ave to be shifted in and out of the cotlrtroom for each change. (See Art. 176(1), Crin,. Pro. C.). lOO. See, for example, Art. 53(1), Pen. C. (yotu1g persons may not be kep� in cuSlody "''! th adult offenders); Art. 5, Crim. Pro. C. (yot1ng persons 1nay not be tried together witl, adults). lOI · This accottn d t of the history and presei1t operations of tl1e juvenile . court in Etliiopia is base upon Mebrahtt1 Yohaimes ''Proceclt1re iri Cases of Juve,ziles ...," cited above a� note 26, PP· 14-1 6. 1-Iowever' the present writer is alone responsible for the comn1ents whicli follow. 102 · See note 98, above.

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OL. VII - No. I V \1/ LA N A PI IO H T E F O L A JOUl<N 104 offe11ces normally triable l na 1ni cri . 1ze by all le nd ha . Wored a to 103 1 • 'rJc be l spec1a1 d 11 ta�es , w.h"rch mus � be face v is d a s d. u o ri se e rn so re a e er th � t u B d. and awradja courts. e� au r1z by l1o un be to la w: it circ urn. s em se � t 1en e11 ng ra ar is th e, ac pl In the first ng w1 dra tl1 w1 . fr ?m the ordinary d ?Y , c tl1e of s ? io vis � pro al ion ict isd � jllr vents tlle th on trial and appell at . bo n 10. 1ct 1sd JUr ed ott all ir the s urt co a · J rad aw e · woreda and · 10s S eCI·fica 1� ar�a11gement confli cts with th· y, ·11 s. son per ng J? you ing olv . matters inv . . . u11ct1on of Article 172(1), Crim. e t d 1nJ an , 1on 1ct 1sd jur al loc � to as s ent e.m uir req the law's . ly, tl1e st at 1ate rt 11e 1n11 of proceedings, en t ? be son per ng � you � the t � Pro. c. tha _ . ts ed) It fl.1c a�d 1s con with appell ate _ ''before the nearest Woreda Court...... (emphas_ 011s are ed s1t1 pos d spo rt sup cou a to be heard red wo m fro eals app ! t tha i11 jurisdiction me ba sche Aba i� Add the appeals from the er und but rts, cou a radj awa . by the c dire y go acit cap rt cou eda �y �o the High Court. JOG wor its in ng sitti rt cou e juvenil Legislative amencl1nent to conform the. Cod� to tl1e practice 1s tl1eref?re urgently required, to avoid the appearance of 1llegal1ty. Sec�ndly, the schen1e 1s operating . ddis Ababa. Reportedly, young persons 1n other parts of tl1e Empire only in A s, often in con1plete disregard are tried. by ordi11ary, unspecialised criminal court 107 Lastly, tl1e scheme d. applie be to still leaves ought wl1ich ules r l of the SJJecia 1nany cases to be tried by the High Court, instead of by a juvenile court.

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Futt1re legislation to widen tl1e jt1risdiction of the Addis Ababa juvenile court and duplicate its sen,ices tl1rougb.ot1t the Empire deserves the most serious consideration. Manpower shortages and the cost of specialised training for judges are obstacles wl1icl1 need to be overco1ne. Pendi11g a11y general reform, it is essential to educate all judicial perso11nel who n1ay come in contact with juvenile cases concerning tl1e law's special aims a.nd procedures for ha11dling them.

103. It is a one-judge court. 104. It is interesting t o n ote that the Addis Ababa ''juveni le co urt" also exercises a civil juris diction over juveniles , by con1nut tiong to the Ren1and I-Jome those wl10 it determines are "uncontrollab le" by their parents etc. See Mebral1tu Yohannes Juve11ile Delinquency in Six 'f:olvns in Eth_i�pi � �1967), (unpub lished, A.r�hives , _Fa�ulty of La�v, H.S.I.U.), Table ?(.V. S io� . u-?c�n�rolJab1hty 1s not a pe11al offence 1n Eth1op1a, 011e must seek tl1e legal basis of t�,s Jt1r1s?1ct1011 elsewhere. Art. 231 of the Civil Code permits tI1e remova l of a guardia_ n (1n clud1ng tl 1e natural parents) wl 1ere, inter alfa the niinor has coirunitted a crin1e a nd 1t app ears that !1i s bel1aviour is du� to lack of' proper care etc. on tile part of his g?Hrdia�; And, by virtue of Art. 214, C1v. C., the court could appoint an "institution of as�!�tanc�, . Remand Home _as t l1� new e sucl1 .�s the guardian. But aJ)J)arently tl1e Addis Ababa. Juven�l �o �rt. �las not bee11 following this procedure in "unco11trollable" cases. The exercise of_ its Jt1r1sd 1ct1on probab ly mus t rest, tl1erefore, upon tl1e "\'agrancy a.ncl Vagabondage Procla mat1on, 1947, Proc. �o. 8�, N�g. Gaz., year 6, no . 9: Art. 8·. (i) A J_uve,ii_le fou11d wandering abroacl witl1oi1 t bei ng in regular en1ploym ent. �nd 00} re sident with 111s pa.rent or parents or lav.,ft1l guardian or guardians sl 1al l . be take . beJore th� court whicl1 n1ay issue an order for his rett1r to the cust ody of bis parents n or guc1crd1ans. (�) If such juvenile is again found left sud} g l1avin t e1nploym en wancleri11g witl1out 0 s sha ll be . committed . to a Ile th reforn1at ory scl1ool u 11t il lie attai11s e age ��g��e:i1 years ?r u�til _ sucl 1 earl ier date as the co order. r11a y ur t iii � e ,! venile 15 �? orphan tl1e . a a orpb �� n1 a11 to hj111 Cou �� rt se11d ay n g� J 0 ( s E o V age n1eans . . f ixtee • as . · . . . U NILE a pe rson of eit11er sex under the 1 OS· w� C f1 l r1 ct �: 6i ;g� �� ge;e�a�y is legt1lat�d by Arts. 4, 6-7, a.nd 99-107, Cri� i p��Cri;;ioal st c e Ie. er, Se R. detat l ed avaiJable: commena ry is t Jurisdiction i n Ethiopia· A �onlm entary,'' J. Eth. L., vol. 2 (1965), p. 467. 106. See Art. 182 (!). · '· 107 . Mebrahtu Yohanne s, Proceclure in - ' P· 10 Case of Juveniles ..., cited above at note ?6

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS

Pre-Trial Procedure 1.

I • ' ;

Complaint, Accusation and Arrest

Under t�e ordinary criminal procedure for adults, a case begins either with. the arres�. without warrant of an_ offender ''on the spot'' by police officer or of the an police. In information witl1 the private c1t1zen, or else by the fil1ng _ latter case, ct1stody �f the a�cused 1s then obtained eitl1er by the use of a sum mons, or by arrest with or without a warrant. Tl1ere are two kinds of information which can b� _filed with the �olice: accusatio11s and complaints. An information filed by the 111.Jllred party relating to an offence punishable only upon complaint 108 Informations s as a cor1' z plaint. in other acci1satio11s. cases are known as known i Article 172(1), Crim. Proc. C. provicles tl1at in cases involvi11g young persons the juvenile 1nust ''be take11 immediately before the 11earest Woreda Court by the police, tl1e public prosect1tor, the parent or guardian or the complainant.''At first glance tl1is language might be taken to mea11 that juvenile cases are never begun by complaint or accusation to the police, followed by police summons or arrest, but that tl1e victim or citizen eyewitness109 may immediately take a suspected juvenile into custody and bring him to tl1e nearest \Voreda court. And, since the provisions make no reference to the Criminal Procedure Code articles which govern summons and arrest for adult suspects, it might be in·ferred that those articles do not apply at all. But such inferences leave unanswered some critical qt1estions: Upon what criteria may a police officer or private citizen ''take'' a yot1ng person before the court - on what degree of suspicio11? Need the ''tal<ing'' of the jt1venile to court be authorized by court warrant iI1 any circt1msta11ces? Need not the police try the summons metl1od in appropriate cases before resorting to the drastic measure of achieving custody by force?

108. For a fuller discussion of tl1e Ethiopian la\V of arrest and st1mmons, see S. Fisher, ''Some Aspects of Ethiopian Arrest L.aw," J. Etlz. L., vol. 3 (1966), p, 463, passi,11. The distinction between complai11t and accusation is discussed in P. Graven, "Prosecuting Criminal Offences Punisl1able Only Upon Private Con1plaint," J. Etl1. L., vol 2 (1965), p.121, n.l. Tl1e terminology can be confusing becat1se the codes at times use the terms "accusation" and "complaint'' generically to inclt1de any information to the police. In this article tl1e generic term ''information'' is always us ed, for greater clarity. 109. The term "complainant'' in Art. 172(1) is somewl1at ambiguous; see note 108, above. if it were taken narrowly to refer only to the injured party in a complaint offence, it migl1t mean that a juvenile offeucler wot1ld be immune from arrest by, e.g., a civilian eyewitness to a murder he con1mitted, or the civilian ,,ictim of an attempted robbery. One might argue that Art. 172(1) does not (exclusively ) govern the arresting of juveniles, but merely e1npo� ers certain persons to present tl1e juvenile st1spect to a cot1rt in the post-arrest stage By this reasoning, anyone may arrest a juvenile under the Code provisions governing the arrest of adults, and then hand J1in1 over to one of the parties mentioned in Art. 172(1) for po_ st .arrest disposition. (In most cases, that would naturally be the poli�e.) How ever . such an in terpretation would still ct1riously give to the injL1red party in (minor) complaint offen�es a power, i.e., presenting the juvenile in court, denied to tl1e injured party . in (serious ) ordinary offences. Furthermore, it is not consistent witl1 tl1e policy, expressed _in Art. 172(1) br the word "immedi ately'', that police custody of juveniles shot1ld be avo1�ed to the max1n1um extent possible: t11e murder witness or robbery vicin1 would l1ave to bring the yout!1 to ,t�e police instead of to court. For tl1ese r easons it seems sensible to interpret "con1plainant' in Art. 172(1) broadly to inclt1de any informant even tl1ose in cases not punisl1able only upon the injured party's complaint. . . . 172(J) Art. of version A ar1c I1 A the that fact nted further by s the e e pr is cation compli I!I . _ omit � the word ''complainant" altogeth er. Presumably, the om1ss1on was an error, and the English version will prevail.

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n. le 1sio rtic 11e1 di1 al on 51 uti � stit con of a e the Re vise d hav o als s ltie ficu dif ese Tli rrested. w1�hout a v1arrant issu be y ina e o11 no � at th ds at1 n1m co ed Constitution 1on s lat ser1o� v1o of d an 11t gr tl1e fl of . � se Jaw _ ca in t cep ex � t, ur co by a � , taking of. a JUVe111le to 0011rt as autho _ UiJ less rized b _ . oiie were to argue that tl1e sta11�ard: n;�s! be re � d into l n ut1o st1t con � the '', rest ''ar an not is 172 icle Art th� , a�111g 1s permissible __ a cl1 wh1 r un ces � tao u1ns ? circ tl1e � i11g rict rest as e . Cod a literal readirig of A.rticle 172 as au.tbor1s1n� t?e JUV�111le s arrest ''in any case" would clearly allow the i11vasio? of 111s const1tut1onal r�g�1ts. �d al�hough Ethiopian law nowhere defines _the term, 1t see1:11s . clear that dep�1v111g .a. JL1ve111le of. }1 is liberty in order to 1nake l11rn answer a cr1IIllnal charge, as 1s env1s1011ed by Article l72(l), 1 10 . '' rest ''ar co11stitutes an If then, the ''taki11g'' of a juvenile to court u11der tl1e al1thority of Article 111 11s provisio wl1ich govern the arrest Code the 172 l;gally constitutes an arrest, and summo11s of adult suspects should be applied to juveniles as well. The prose cutor, tl1e IJolice or tl1e con1plainant 1nay ''i1nn1ediately take'' the juvenile before the n.earest \voreda court only where sucl1 arrest i s j·ustified 1111der those provisions.112 In those circl1n1sta11ces wl1ere Code Article 49 forbids an arrest witl1out warrarit for adults, Article 172 sl1ould be see11 as f orbiddi11g arrest (''taki11g'') without warra11t of a jt1ve11ile. In st1cl1 cases a.11 arrest warra11t 111ust be obtai11ed in t he ma11ner prescribed for adult cases. Tl1e sa111e penal and civil sanctions whicl1 apply to violatio11s of tl1e law of arrest i11 aclt1lt cases 113 sl1ot1ld be h eld applicable wl1er e the rigl1t of a juve11ile are i11volved. Otl1erwise tl1ere woltld be few li111itations on the power of a11yo11e to interfere arbitraily \Vith tl1e perso.nal liberty of juveniles. 114 It should be emphasized, too, tl1at in cases involving juvertiles tl1e police ought to n1ake every possible use of the sL1mmons, in order to avoid tl1e unsavory publicity a11d the ad.verse psychological effects on tl1e juvenile wl1icl1 are inl1erent in the t1se of arrest. Only a.s a last resort, wl1ere clearly necessary, should the juvenile be taken forcibly to court. 11 5 2.

Police Investigation

But, it n1ay be asked, aside from f1agra11t cases which are i11itiated by an arrest witbo11t warrant, ho,v can the police obtain the informatio11 necessary to

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as 110. �rrest is b roa?IY defi ned i n HalsburJi's Laws 1 63 ra. pa 10 l. . Englancl (3cl ed., 1955), vo me;� the ac tu_al seizure or tou ching of a person's ofbody The n . dete ntio I1is to witl1 a view t pron�uncing of words of arrest is not an a arres be t� ght u so rrest, u11less tl1e perso.n . ·it Subnlits to .t�� process a nd goes w1tl1 es defin writer . · eri can · A111 ,, ·Ul�0Iv10g · as "tl1e dec1s1on. t 0 t ak e c ustod� of the arresting officer·" A11 r a pe rso11 suspe cted of crimi11al bel1 av1o . . . •1nal " aLI po ric e d ec1s1o ns to interfe re with cr1 of d suspec te the js free ;a,e,., dom who pers of o11 a d uct to tlie .e�tent of tak La ing hin1 to tl1 e polic e station for some pu rpose ." ��, est (B oston, Little, Brown & Co., 1965 ), PIJ, 3_ 4_ 111. S ee Arts. 25-26 a nd 49-57. 112. T11e juve ile's parents, of course, are not so restricted. � . ber, 113. The sanct1ons which ap I a • . . f1s ainst ussed in d1sc the g r pe a are e rest [an petrato r r ,, of ill PY gal .. "Some Aspect s.. , cited. above at note 108, p. 475 a t n. 5 1. _ : 18, 114. There might still be pe11 al . . . . r See Af . a nd c ivi·1 habi11ty sation. . cu ac false for a g n maki Crim· Pro·• c•,. Arts. 441 and 580 · c pen. c•,. A rts. 2044 ff., C1,,. • ' . 115. See Fisher, "Some Aspec ts ....," cited above a t· note 108, pp. 470-71.

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�---------------CRIMINAL. PROCEDURE FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS ·

1s_sue a st1mmons l J 6 or to apply for a warrant or arrest?111 According to Article 172 the yot1ng l)erson mt1st be taken ''imniediately'' before the neare �t wo�eda co11rt, a11� tl1ere, be �ore the co11rt, the complai iit or acctisation11s agaiiist h!m ,v1ll be reco:rded.. Does this mean tl1at the police ,ni,1st, without prior j 11vestigat1on, arrest a . Jt1ven1le susp�ct of w]1ose alleged offences tliey -learn? },,Ji,st the parent, gt1ard1a11 or co1npla111ant ''i1nmecliately'' take the juvenile before the cot1rt, witho11t a11y prior. gatheri11g of evider1ce to ensure that reasonable ca11se exists to take s11cl1 steps? May 11ot an i11forma11t first approach the police to request action, rather tl1an tal(e it himself? . .

a dec1s1011 to

►

In order to a11s\ver tl1ese questions, we might distinguisl1 between two things: filing a tecl1nical informa.tion with the police, and reporting a cri1ne to tl1e police and asking for assistance. In tl1e procedt1re laid dow11 for adult offe11ders, a person who con1es to tl1e police to report a cri111e is ·by de:fi11ition technically an ''informa11t'' -bis staten1e11t, whether tecl111ically at1 ''acc1Lsatio11'' or a ''con1plaint'', is reduced to writing a11d h.e n111st sign it. 1 19 The police th.en proceed to investigate 120 the alleged crime, and prepare the police investigation report which will be presented to the public prosect1tor for his decision whetl1er or not to institute proceedi11gs. 121 In the case of jt1ve11iles, l1owever, the Code expressly forecloses the possibility of a witness, victi111, etc. filing an inf ormatio11 \Vitl1 the police. Article 16(1) states: ''Any acc11sation (Article 11) or complai11t (Article 13) . may be n1ade to tl1e police or the pt1 blic prosect1tor. An accusation or complaint regarding a you11g person shall be n1ade i11 accordance with Article 172." Article 172, in tt1rn, provides that it is the woreda cot1rt which, after the yot111g person has been brot1g]1t before it, records the accusation or complaint against him, and directs the police to oondt1ct any investigations the cot1rt thinks necessary. Bt1t this shou · ld. not be taken to mean that a pare11t, witness or victim may not (or sho11]d 11ot) i11itially report the s11spected juvenile offender to the police. That is the oot1rse most 11atural for any of us to follow·- in a troubled situation we do not think to seek help at the ''nearest woreda col1rt''. It woulcl seem perfect�y proper, in juvenile cases, for the police first to receive the report - ofte1:, 1n fact, it will not be known at that point whether the suspected offender 1s a juvenile or not - without formally recording it as an information, and without

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r,. 116. A suspect may not be su1nmoned unless the investigating police office! "has reason to believe'' that lie has committed an offence. Art. 25. 117 · Art. 54, Crim. ·Pro. C.: ''A warrant of arrest shall only be issued w�ere the at �end� ce of a person before the court is absolutely necessary and cannot otl1erw1se . be obtained. The meaning of these criteria is discussed in Fisher, ''Some Aspects ...., '' cited above a.t note 108, pp. 469-76.

· ing an me the t bu , n" 118 · Th o 1· sat ccu ''a d . e term "statement'' is of t ea · ins (2) e 172 1c t' · Ar 1 used 1n 18 appa rently the same. In Art. 172(3) "accusation'' is used. •

I!, ,

119 · Art. 14.

120.

Arts.

22-35. 121 .. Arts. 36-39 .

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122 011ce inforn. 1ed of . ort re · n t· o .i · vestlga � _ . the case preparatio11 of a regular in uc� an 1nv�st1gation, 11 c to � ice pol the for per . pro � m see uld wo wher � . moreover, it t e11 ab fic ob suf pr 1s re the 1l1ty �f guilt to t no or er 1 etl wh � e 11 i 1 n ter de necessary, to _ _ 11t. est rra ar wa an for For tl11s . pur pose 1on cat pl1 ap r :, 11s 1 mo sun of a e nc ? justify issua _ e cr1me, . _ su1:11non a·nd 111terview it might be necessary to v1s1t tl1e scene of tl1_ 12 v e ination cal am med of x 12 a i ain the obt or 4 s, che sear ictim 125 t 3 duc con . \.Vitnss�s, ly as per pro n e se. be underta ken by the ld u . sho L1es niq tech e ativ stig inve Any such police in juvenile cases, without spec�al aut�or1ty of the woreda court, but only vl1etl1er or 11ot t/1-e accused r ec1de e polic tlze help to is ose � pitrp jz,venil e wh.ere t/zeir . g, herefore, ! _ shoulcl be taketz into custody. It goes without sayin . th�t in flagrant cases which begi11 with tl1e arrest of the accused, police 1nvest1gat1on may not proceed in the abse11ce of court �uthoriza !i �� oder Art. 172. It is. like�vise obviou s that tlie police 1nay n.ot, on their own 1n1t1at1ve, undertake any. 111vest1gative steps ,vbjch i11volve custody of the accused, such as compulsory med1cal examinati0012G or interrogation 127 of him. For, taking such steps without prior woreda court authorizatio11 woL1ld frustrate the vital and praiseworthy p11rpose of Art. 172-to avoid the exercise of police c11stody over you11g persons. It is that aim whioh explains the rule of Art. 172 tl1at a.s soon as the police or others get custody of a juvenile, by whatever mea11s, they must i1nmediately take him before the nearest . ,voreda court Henceforth, as we shall see presently, he is meant to stay out of police hands.

r I I

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It remains. to note tl1at altl1ough the Criminal Procedure Code prescribes that in juvenile cases ''The court may give tl1e police i11structions as to the ma11ner in wl1icl1 investigations should be made," 128 the court in so doing is not an entirely free agent. It would be ano1nalous to suppose that the court's instructions cottld result in depriving the ju,,enile accused of rights129 which tl1e law grants to

122. !f1is .sug�estion does invol�e the danger tl1at the police, l1aving no obligation to prepare 1nvest 1gat1on reports for rev1e\v by the public prosecutor will exercise an unhealthy degree of discretion in disp�sing of informations relating to jt1v:nile crime withotit ever bringio� il!e cases to the attention of tl1e court. To a considerable extent it seems the police in Eth1op1a do already enjoy such discretion in practice: one study has r�vealed t11at in an overwhel ming per�enta�e of cases wl1ere the police arrest juvenile suspects, the case is terminat ed by police discharge; only a small percentage of arrestees are brougL1t to court. See Mebraht u . Yohannes, Proce�ure .'� Cases . of Juveniles... , cited above at note 26, Table I, at .P• 12. Th� best answer t� this ?iffi�ulty !'Il'ght �e to require the police to report to the "juven.1Ie c ourt on all cases mvolv1ng Juveniles wl11ch terminate in the investigation stage; t11e court �o�Id thu� ll�V: some control over th_e exercise of police discretion, witl1out necessitating tl1e b�ingin� of Ju.ve111l� t ? cour! eve�y time an invest!ga_tion takes place. ·rO• tllis . en�, the req�i.reroge th�t investigating police officers keep case d1ar1es sl1ot1ld apply to 1nvestigat1ons of Juven · crime; see Art. 36, Crim. Pro. C. 123. Art. 30. 124. Arts. 32-33. 125. Art. 34. 126. Ibid. 127. Art.27. 128. Art. 172(2). s 129. Chapter 2 of Book II, �itlc I o.f tl1e Code t l ''Pol1'ce Investigation"'. _ regu a es eas euoc � call ed ' matters as summons and . interrogation of l re 1 iona cond1t the accused by the police, se rch and witnesses and of the accused, tion of the aceused . seiztire, and physical examina a

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CRIMINAL PROCEDUR.E FOR JUVENILE 01:;-FENDERS

adu lt suspects. Thus, althou?h tl1e Code does 11ot so specify, tJo it ,vould be police to interrogate the accused witll out inlproper fo� th_e court to instruct tl1e _ for ad11lt interrogations under t\rt. 27, cautioning him 1n the manner prescr1bed _ . Crim. Pro.�-, 01: to use thr�ats or pron11s�s 1n o�der to induce him to confess (Arts. 31) or to search his . l101ne131without complyi. ng \v1th the req.uirements of Articles 32-33 011ce the Jl !ve111·1e h�s been taken into custody and 00 search an d seizure. presented before the w�red� co�rt, . Article 172 g1ves that court complete control over any st1bseq�1ent JJ0]1ce 1nvest1gat1011, but the i11vestigative steps it orders should be seen as restr1ctecl by �l1e procedt1ral safe �l1ards wl1icl1 apply to adtilt stlspects. If those safeguards were interpreted as apply111g 011ly to i11vestigatio11s of offences committed by adt1lts, we wol1ld be faced witl1 a sizeable gap in the procedure ordained for j11veniles, for Art. 172 js silent on tl1ese 1natters. 3.

Pre-Trial Detention and the Right to Bail

The ordj11ary procedure for adt1lts of pre-trial detentio11 a11d the right to bail is clear. Once arrested, a suspect may be released on bond by tl1e police in tl1eir discretion if his guilt is do11btft1l or if the st1spected otfe11ce is not very serious.132 If the police do not release him 011 bo11d, he l1as the right, guara11teed ·both by the Constitt1tion133 and by the Code, 134 to be brought before the 11earest court within forty-eight hours. That court will either (1) release the accused 011 bail, 135 (2) order l1is remand in custody for tria1 136 or (3) grant the police a renewable fourteen-day remand for further i11vestigation.137 Priso11ers being

130. Article 22(2), introducing tl1e Code chapter on police investigation states that "lnvestigatio11 into offences cornn1itted by young persons sl1all be carried ot1t in accordance v,ith instructio�s given by the court tinder Art. 172(2)." It may be significa11t that an earlier d.raft of tl11s provision read: ''Nothing in tl1is Chapter shall apply to offe11ces committed by young o�en ders." A11 lntermecliate Draft of t/1.e Criminal Procedure Coc/e (1959), (unpublished, Arch1v�, Faculty of Law, H.S.I.U.), Art. 13(2). 131. In most cases a juvenile's don1icile will be that of l1is guardian or of another adult .. To permit searcl1 and seizure of such pre1nises without compliance \-Vith the relevant Code articles would certainly present grave problems of invasion of privacy vis-a-vis the adults concerned. That aJone seems a strong argument for ''reading in'' to the juvenile procedure the search and seizure provisions of the ordinary procedure. 132. Art. 28. See note 135, below. 13 3. Art. 51, Rev. Const.: '' ... Every arrested person shall be brought before th� judicial _ autbor _ity �ithin forty-eight l1ours of l1is arrest. However, if the arrest takes place 10 a loc �.lity which 18 removed from the court by a distance which ca� be traversed only on. foot 1n not _less than forty-eight hours, the cot1rt shall have discretion to extend the penod of forty-eight hours." . . · 1ons " 134 · Art.. 29. The . icat rnun corn and ces stru:i cum c1 cal "lo as far d inso lifie t requiremen is qua � requ1 re, and the article further states that "the time taken m the Journey to the �ou �t sh �l �ot be included'' in the forty-eigl1t l1ours. These qualifications are of doubtful constitutionality _ in hght of the wording of Article 51, Rev. Const., quoted above at note 133. . 1 35· �rt. 59. cr d aile det e vid pr c vhi 79, 63� � s. Art <;> er n : The court decides the bail questio tmd � . Art ria. It is not clear whether the police, in the exercise of their d1scretion under are simila rly bound by those provisions. 136 · Art. 59. • 137 · Ibid. B 11 ut the relationship of this third choice of action to the first and second ones 23, unclear. See the discussio in Fisl1er, Ethiopian Ctiiminal Procedure, cited above at note . . n Jlp. I44-46.

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r 1e he . 1 ot 1 s0 o as re r . fo 11, 139 canno t o, ,vh or 3 s, ce en off � � . e _ bl _ ila ba nt1o _ . _ held for fac1l1t1es a11d t1i1der co nditio 1n n, iso pr 1n ed in ta de e ar il ba obtain release on 140 ts on temporary rema: e sp Su s. 1er 1 iso pr � ed ict 11v co r fo disti11ct fro1n those er lik oth ct . a spe ed tre su be s to re1nanded ly � � mb esu pr are 11 tio iga est iuv 1er rtl 1 . for ft nce 011 the �dminstratioii 1da gi1 ed ail 1 1 det s v1d pro de Co e Th 4 l. � tria in custody before 142 1. t to al an us f . gr re 1 a ba t ns ai ag al pe ap of of bail, ai1d j 11cludes a right we find tl1e ts, pec sus qu.estion treated le eni juv 011 ons visi pro the Ttirni11g to rather scantily: red be sfer to tran or to a stiperior 11ed our adj be to s t1ire req e cas tl1e e her ''W court for trial, the you11g person shall be handed over to the care of his t of a11y st1cl1 i:>erso11 to a reliable pare11ts, guardian or relative and in d.efaul + ing his atte11dauce at the trial." Art. 11 1 ens for perso11 wl10 shall be res1Jo11sible 172(4). Tl1is see111s at first a rejection of tl1e instit11tio11 of bail for tl1e young 1Jerso11 - v,1itl1ot1t rec1uiring 1111n to enter into a satisfactory bo11d, in default of . 11st re1nain in custody, the Code sin1ply directs tl1at tl1e yotrng person whicl1 he m be ''l1a11ded over'' to a pare11t or relatio11, etc. Tl1e n1otivatio11 for tl1is approach migl1t be tl1e wish to e11st1re tl1at you11g perso11s are never keJJt i11 pre-trial custody, not only because st1cl1 ct1stody is t1sually inco1n1Jatible witl1 the rehabilitative ai1ns of jl1ve11ile procedt1re, but es1Jecially because custodial i11stitutions i11 Ethiopia at prese11t lack the facilities necessary to enst1re the segregation of juveniles from adult priso11ers. Tl1is sa111e policy underlies tl1e already-disct1ssed requiren1ent tl1at the police, etc. mtrst bri11g arrested juveniles i1n1nediately before a wared.a court. Bt1t it is apparent that in practice a sche1ne for JJre-trial release of juveniles ,,,J1ich rejects tl1e bail s 1,stem a1 1d does not substitt1te any alternative system of control cannot be satjsfactor11• The yo11ng perso11's parent, guardia11 or relati, 1e may often be totally unsuited to care for tl1e youth wlule ft1rtl1er proceedings are pending: 138 • Offences p unishable v.ith deatl1 or witl1 rigorous in1pri�o1Jn1ent for fifteen years or n1ore, are non-bailable. Art. 63. 139 • Bail ma� �ot be granted if certain facts are fot1nd by tl1e court, s ee Art. 67. In many ca ses . bail 1s gr�nte d b ut the accused is unable to provide an acceptable guarantor or to deposit t he r eq uired security. I 40 · In 1965-66, there wer� 8,713 unconvicted prisoners 011 ren1a11d in Ethiopia's prisons, or over 35(o of t h� .total pr ison population. Annual Report for 1958 E.C. of tl1e Departrnen! of risons, Min,1 stry of In terior, �1pe rial �thiopian Government (1966. u npublis!Jed, Arcluves � Facul_ty of Law, H.S.I.U.) 1:his st agger ing figure suggests a nun1ber of po_ss1ble pr�bl�� s.'. the higl, freq uen�� of prosecutions for 1100.-bailable ofl'ences, l1 break-down, \Vitb urba Ju�atio�f t e etc .. of tl,e tr�di tional systen1 of pers o11al g u arantor s, \Vitl1ot1t any sin1ulta11eot1s _ev?lu tion .• a. viable st1bst Jtu te, and t he extren1e poverty of n1ost crin1inal defendants in Eth1opia coup led witl, a reluctance on tl,e part of courts to release defe11da11ts on tl1eir perso11al boiids alone. 141. ''Art. 60. Conditions of remand"• "�ny ,�rres�ed p�rson sl�all be detained 011 tl1e conditio11S prescribed by tl1e law relat ing e.g., use, t o prisons. This article, whicl1 draws 110 distinctio11 beca custo dy be t ween st1s pects in to m see t herr. offences are non·-b ai·1abl· e a11d t hose on " Jd wou _ f urtl1er investigatio11" rema11cI, 11 ui all r �1 and�d stispects to . be detaine9 in p rison ren1a11d facili t ies. Ho\yev �r, ?� �:1r �� f r t f1e polie . t o ke�p prisoners wl10 �fc� 1� st igauon inve for d l1ave e d . ren1a been n opp � own s d 1 oftee �tat1on cel!s, This �ractice is dangerous in that it allow s ::SioOS• ortu11 i t� fo/ 'tl;� {ise 0 mp op�r 1nterr o re u ec to s See s Fisher "C_oerceJ � �n fe ss1ons andogat1on techniq ues in at tern1JtsJ. Eth. L., vo� . 3 (J 9 66); ·Article 35, Crin1. Pro.. C.," · p. 330. passi�1.

�1·

142. Art. 75.

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'be 111ight be � pers?n whose Iack of interest i11 or co11 trol over tile yotith contribtited 1 1nq e t1e d ncy 1 11 s . s01 lat 11e cases the pare11t iniglit himself pose a c ter tlie to , ear 1 per yo t1n son s wellb. �1n g · g . - e,f!,, where tl1e cl1,1rge agai11st tl1e latter threat to t.he , at1?g \Vith the parei1t in so111e other tt iilawful is incest w1tl1 the pare11t, or part�cip 1 cas tl1� e c, o s_ t1rt u cl1 wi ll w1sl1 to place . tl1e yot ith in custody of act. 43 � �� aootl1 er rel1able pe1s011 , bt1t w11at st1ch person exist? Ai1d is not the use of a bail bond at least.· 011e ,vay to ens11re the _"reliability'' of the responsible party? The sche111e of Article 172(4) see11 1s to provide 110 e1lforceable sar1ction 1 44 for tile youth's fa.il�1re to appear - he is �1ot e_ve11 required to pledge to do so, and it is no_t provided t?at �ustody over 111111 will folio": a deliberate failure to ,tppear nor 1s any sanction 1mposecl 011 the JJare11t's fa ilure to produce bim. t4s It is tl1erefore st1bn1ittecl that Article 172(4) sl1011ld be interpreted as leaving open . the possi?ility of tl1 e co�1�·t's ''handin� over'' a yot111g perso11 to his parent, guard1a11 , relat1,,e, etc . co11d1t1011ally, subject to the sigt1i11 ,g of a bail bond, accordir1g to tl1e Code's bail provisio1 1s applicable to adt1lts.146 The o11Iy clanoer in such a readi11g would be if the courts JJermitted j t1vei1ile suspects to rem�i11 in police or prison custody si1nply for lack of a suitable gt1ara11tor. For tl1at reason, unless tl1e court l1as defi11ite reason to believe tl1at the s11itable pare11t, etc. is 11ot ,:villi11g and able to prodt1ce the juve11ile at the req11ired time, rele,1se sho11ld be on tL1e n1ere oral or writte11 recog11iza11ce of that c11stodian, witl1 no security deposit or third-party gt1ara11tor req11ired. 1 47 But wl1ere tl1e jt1venile's parent, etc. does not seen1 tr11stVi,ortl1y, ancl where a suitable cle1Josit or guaranty ca11not be prodt1ced, then the j11venile sl1ot1ld not be released into the custody of that part-y. Tl1 e 011ly reJ11ai11i11g alter1 1atives i11 st1ch a case are to leave the accused i11 seg·regated police or priso11 ct1stody, 148 or, n1t1ch better, i11 tl1e custody of a SJJecial corrective institutio11 for jt1ve11 iles if s11ch is available. T]1e prese11t practice of pre-tr.ial dete11tio11 i11 Addis Ababa provides an inter esting, if ironic, ill11stratio11 of the u11a11tici1Jated effects that liberal ''refor1ns'' can have in this area. We l1ave already noted tl1at 011ly in A.cld.is Ababa has tl1ere been an attempt to create a special ''j11venile cot1rt'' with exclt1sive crinu 11al j11risdi ction over jt1veniles. I-IoVi'ever, the ''ju,,e11ile cot 1rt'' sits only two days a week, 143. In otl1er cas es reh1rning tl1e juvenile t o his borne vill age exposes _hi!11 to th� yengeance of the freinds and relativ es of the one whom tl1e juvenile's allegedly cr1n11nal _act �DJt1red. Wbe�e a homicide is invol ved, u.oless a.nd t1ntil ''blood m oney'' is paid, t be Juvenile n1ay be 111 cons iderable danger. See note 250, below. l44. Art. 442, Pen. C. ( Refusal- to Aicl Justice) wot1ld pr est1mably apply if the accused were reached by a summons, bt1t not if he abscondecl before then. 145 · Neither Art. 442, ibid., nor Art. 443 ( Co11te1npt of Coi1rt), would apply to the parent or other "responsible p ersons.'' 146- �xce�t for Art. 63(1) concerning ''no n-bailable'' offen�es. All offences sho ?l? be_ bailable for Juve niles, who are never liable to a penalty more ser1ot1s than ten yea.rs Lniprisoimient for any one offence. 147 · The Code clearly permits tl1e bailing of (adult) suspects withotit_ provis_i�n of tliird-,party foresee ons visi pro l _bai sureti s .. See Arts. 28, 63(2). But it is not clear \.vhetl1er the _ ;;;� 7 0 3 7 deposit, 1n such ca ses, of cas l1 or other collateral by t�e tJer,�011 �e1ng released. �rts. . ( ) ,, b osite dei: n bee 7 e l1av 11ch l w s �nc e n1 s cog a 1 PrZ 6(2) spe k of. the re t t1rn and forfeiture of ''re . el him sed · ·t ? accu tl1e a by_ e sam of it o anto dep s to the r refe rs ally cific bu t e sp not do , gu r sum abJy, the court is f ree to. require o r dispense. with the reqt1iremer1t of depoSits, as 1 · deems fit. . ,, and "h to l48. But see the rt u co · e · th s id rb fo l ess expr l Y 1 , · Aml1aric version of .Arts. 172(4) w·l11c · · :· over" the acc11sed to prison custody. · .

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on T11esdays and Thursda)'S. A yo11ng person arrested by _tl1e po�ice on a Frid station at least ther1, is l<ept . in (often unsegregated) custody at tl1e p �l1ce . u:iii r1 tlus . rt cou I way the governme, t' Tuesday morning, \-vhen }1e can be take11 to 8 } far i11 res11lts worse treatment special care in setti11g up the ''juvenile court'' r hin1 than tl1e Code and Constitutio11 per1nit for his adult counterpart w ho � guaranteed prese11tation i11 court . ,vithin forty-eigl1t �ours_. Of co11rse, the prese�� practice 11eed not 11ecessarily persist. Tl1e best sol11t1011 111 many cases would b for tl1e poli ce to sun1.mo11 th� juvenile's p �re11ts, et�. to tl1e pol ice statio n an; . there to release him i11to their custo_dy, w1tl1 . o� 'rV1tb�ut bo11d, 1f tl1ey pro mise to. prese11t the you.th t� the cou.rt at 1�s next s1tt11!g· Tl11s would e11tail th e police us1ng a power wluch, 1n cases concern1ng adults, 1s g1·a.nted by Code Article 28 Anotl1er possibility would be for tl1e police to take all s11cl1 youths before th� nearest (reg11lar) woreda court, i11 accordance \.Vith the ordinary provisions of the Code_, a11d allow tI1�t _ court to release .the _accu�ed conditionally . under �rticle 172(4) pe11d1ng the next s1tt1ng of the special J11ven11e court. A third possible solution would be for police, acti11g u11der Article 28, to release the acc11sed jtl\'enile into tl1e CL1stody of the Acldis Ababa Trai11i11g Scl1ool and Remand Home for ju,,enile offe11ders, ,vl1icl1 11ot only bas appropriate facilities for keeping custody of the yol1tl1, l)t1t is also tJ1e actual locatior1 of tl1e jl1ve11i1 court. 149 149. We might note in passi11g that there see1ns to be a marked Jack of sympathy on r11e part of the Addis Ababa police \Vith tl1e aims of the jt1venile court and especially \Vith the "soft'' treatn1ent accorded convicted juveniles iL1 tl1e Adclis A.baba Remand Home. Thi s hosti lity is often expressed by verbal and pl1ysical abuse of the juvenile suspect while be is in police custody, and n1ay well result in tl1e intentional prologation of police custody "for investigatio11." The police seem to reason that, once out of their hands, the juvenile will be "coddled," and therefore that it is their task to mete out tl1e real "punishment" in the period of pre-trial custody. This attitude of the rank and file policemen is n1ainly attributable lo their lack of education in the philosophy and ain1s of the special penal la\v regime for jt1veniles, and it can hence be expected to din1inisl1 in future as police cadres are more highly trained. In JJart, however, it is dt1e to tl1e fact tl1at the Addis Ababa Remand Home has l1igbly inadequate security arrangen1ents, and escapes to tl1e close-by city center a.re frequent and not even mildly challengi11g. One reason for th e many escapes is reportedly that the guards provided by the Ministry of Interoir are old and 11ot very agile; the younger ones are assigned to the prisons. Anotl1er is tl1e pbilosopl1y of the Ren1and I-Jo�e staff, wl1ich prefers loose security to the depressing atmosphere of a completely "closed" 1 n stitt1tion. The matter is fLirther con1plicated by the fact the police do not readily cooperate �ith �he Hon1e staff i11 re-arresting �capees, and tl1is knowledge 11aturall� operates as a 1ncent1ve to escape. Plans h.ave been discussed to ease this problem by n1ovmg the Rema n � Home to a rural a.rea. In a case observed persona.Hy by tl1e present writer in Addis Ababa a thirteen year old boy with a long ".record" of convictions for street-boy tl1efts was arrested in flagrant o on a Wednesda_y mor°:ing while picking a wallet fron1 a lady's l1c1:nd-bag. He . ,vas t�k� �� th_e nearest pohce st.at1on_, No. 2, and held for a few Iiours until tl1� s:apta1n arrive sent w1tness_ the ac�user identify the suspect. T.l1e boy, togetlier with the v1ct1m, was �en ddis to Police Station N o. 6, which is tl1e collecting point for all juveni1e arrestees in Awith Ababa. En route, the boy was slapped several times by a policen1an, a.nd threatene d foo 5 ta 1 the At d ire punishmen knife). ts (such as being disen1bowelled witl1 the policeman's , was to . . rt · tI_1e v1ct1m d.1ctat�d and �igned the accaustion. Tl1e.n, altl1ougl1 the "juven 11e cou , not . uld o boy sit on the �o]low1ng morrung, a Tl1ursday, the victim was informed tl1at the . bed in � n be �e present 1n . court befor� Tuesday, since the police "investigat!on" could not �tation, 6 o. !•me for the Thursday session. The boy was tl1en put into a police cell at the N 1n the company of adult as well as juvenile prisoners. Yoh· ht · ra The _ procedure_ followed in this case was apparently not a typical; see Me� ., �resting nt i A . ann�s, Pr.ocedi,re 1n C<:ses of Juveniles ..., cited above at note 26,. p. 13 sed relea but· footnote to the case 1s that tl1e police never did present the boy 1n court, . . e th to him after fou.r or five days in the police station. This seemed especially surpr1s1ns •

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te d ou Fii1 ally, it · should be poi11 · · r t that the Code lays down a sche111e. wh'1ch denies _th� po 1.ice a.11 opportt1111t1�� 1or �ust?, dial i11terr?gat�on of the juvenile suspect: arrest 1s 1� tl1eory,,followed by 111111�ed1ate J)resent,1t1011 111 court, whicI1 is follo,ved by ''hand1ng o�er �he st1spect to 111s pare11t or gt1ardian. This sclie111e is 110 doubt in serious co11fl1ct. ,v1th the dt1ty of . the l )Olice to investigate crin1e, inclttding jtivenile crime, and to discover the 1de11t1ty of otl1er lawbreal<:ers or threats to order. TI1e typical juvenile offence in Addis ab ab� is ''street boy'' petty theft arid purse-siiatclung. In these o:ffe11ces _ the boys_ collabo1�a� e 1n ga11gs, and there is every reason to suspect that adults are 1nvolv�d 111 orga111s111g �nd pr� fiting from these activities. Tli e police no doubt feel , a11 d ri ghtly so, that w1tl1out 111-custody i11terrogatio11 of an arrested jt1venile l1is co11federates are likely to escape scot-free. It is difficult to find a ·satisfactory soll1tion to tl1is co11fl.ict, b11t it seems doubtful that the benefit in crinie prevention and detec�ion, wei�l1 ty as it is, is worth the risks invol,red i11 per1nitti 1 1g police custody and 111 terrogat1011 , generally under inco111n1i1nicc1clo conditio11s of nine to fifteen year old suspects. 4.

► I

The Decision to Pro�ecute A hall111ark of tl1e juvenile court reforn1 111ovement in 1na11y countries l1as been the atte111pt to tra11sforn1 the proceedings fron1 an adversary process to an inquisitorial one in wl1ich the government, represented by the judge, takes the leading part in adjudicating the issues and prescribing the treat1nent most likely to salvage the juvenile. The roles of defence cou11sel a11d prosecl1ting attorney are, in such a system, radically curtailed. Although the Etl1iopian syste1n does 11ot discard the traditional fran1e\vork of crimi11al offe11ce, gt1ilt, co11victio11 and se11tence, the procedure has been greatly influenced by tl1is ''1100-adversary'' tl1cory. We l1a·ve already seen this influence at work in the law gover11i11g police investigatio11, wl1eri11 police actions are st1bjected, continental style, to judicial co11trol. It is even 111ore apparent at the stages of the decision to prosecute, the charge, and co11d.uct of tl1e the trial. I11 tl1ese areas we fi11d a 1narked co11trast between tl1e adversary systen1 �vhich obtains for adult cases, and the relatively no11-adversary systen1 ordained for juveniles. This difference may be la11datory insofar as it results in special protection for the juve1ille, particularly in shielding 11.iin from the harsher aspects of criminal litigation. But to the extent tl1at this protection is bo11ght at the expense of deprivin_g the juvenile of basic procedural rights guaranteed to adtilts by the Code or Consti tution we need to examine the bargain to be sure it is fair. Under the procedure prescribed for adult cases, the po�ice investigation culn1i nates in a report to the public prosecutor, ,vho then decides whether or 11ot . to specrfic prosecu te. The Code limits his discretion quite severely, setting out th � _ 150 instances in \Vhich a prosecution n1 ay not be instituted, and prov1d111g _ . that 0 � ''No other grounds may h e refuse to i11stitute proceedings." The only s1gn� fi? ant discre tionary grounds on· [which] to base a refusal to prosecute are wh�n the· M1n1st:r of Justice so orders in view of the public interest, 151 and when 1n the public Present writer in that tl1e boy was an adn1itted escape from the Ren1and 1-Ioine and ha� stil l to serve part of l1is confinen1ent for a prior theft conviction. The boy . was finally arre:�: d e ret an<l elf, 11ms 00 the streets e. Hom and Rem l the of r ecto �t:ier a few weeks later by the Dir ly ort 1 to the Home, from which, to judge from J1is reappearance on the city streets sl after, he soon escaped again or was released. 150. Arts. 39 42 ' . · s, can .in151 · �.rt. 42(l)( ior d). Presumably the public prosecutor, throug)1 his in1mediatc sui)er itiate and influence the Minister's decision in any given case.

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOJ)JAN LA \V -. VOL. VII - No. 1 · 1ide11ce to e ,, justify , cie11t i a suffi not , i con is '' ' there 1 victi l 5 opinio o s . l. . prosecl1t or is g1�e11 �+or_ a reftis a 1 to prose cl1_te, but d t1n gro er latt tl1e re whe only _ . In cases if the offence complained of . tl1er. ft11 eed proc may y part d J·ure ill. . ?Y 1s .a . . then, tb e on co1np1a1nt . tlle inju lI o n1 a e h bl Y n1s . pu ce en ff o_ a11 . i.e ," ce en off � red ''complairit a pr vate ;Is4 ct condu to l1t i prosec rized autho 1on j 3 1 be s ll w if th .e he part Y, er: ce,'' .he may appe�1 to the court r. · t 011en iOr an order 1pla1n ''co11 . offeIJOe is not a . 1r1ng reqt1 a11d th�t tl1e latter instit ute 1011 �ec1s . r's ct1to prose ic publ reversing the proceedi r1g8.1ss Fo�o�1i11g tl1e de�1s1on . to pr �se�u�e, the J?l1bl1c prosecutor fra mes · a charge and files 1t 111 tl1e court having JUr1sd1ct1011, \Vh1cl1 tl1en fixes a date for trial. TJ1 e procedure for juvenile cases, 011 tl1e other hand, is less clear. We can begi11 witl1 the proposition of A.rticle 40 that ''the pl1blic prosecutot sJ1aII not institute proceedir1gs . agai11s�, a yot1?g perso� ttnless instructed. so to do by tb.e court l1nder Article 172. We n11ght pause here to ask wl1at 1s meant by the p11rase ''i11stitute proceedi11gs''? Tl1e Code nowl1ere defines it explicitly, b11t here apparently mea11s by it tl1e fili11g in court of_ a ch�rge or otl1�r pleadi11g for trial. Turning to Article 172, \Ve find only tl1e 1nstr11ct1011 of Article 172(3) tl1at ''\vhere the accusation relates to an offence punisl1able witl1 rigorous i111priso11me11t exceeding te11 years or with deatl1 ... the court sl1all direct tl1e pl1blic prosecl1tor to frame. a cl1,Lrge," i.e. to institute proceedi11gs. In all otl1er, less serious cases; a.s ,ve sl1all see below, tl1e jl1ve11ile is tried \vithot1t a11y for111a1 charge, a11d usually \vithout the participatio11 of t11e pl1blic prosect1tor. But Article 172(3) does not a11s,ver two ql1estiot1s which it is i111portant to put here. F irst, in the seriot1s cases described tl1erein, by what criteria, if a11)', does the cot1rt decide whether or 11ot to instru ct the p11blic prosec11tor to fran1e a cl1arge, i.e., how does tl1e cot1rt go about n1aking the prior decisio11 ·vvl1etl1er or not to prosec�1te? Seco11d, wl1at of tl1e n1any cases wlucl1 are 11ot serio11s eno11gl1 to fall witllin Article 172(3), and in which 110 cl1a.rge is fra111ecl - by w]1at criteria, if a11y, does the cot1rt decide \Vhether or 11ot to try tl1e acc11sed of the cri111e complained of? As we have see11, i11 tL1e procedure for adult acc11seds it is the public prosect1tor who applies specjfied criteria in the perforrna11ce of this scree11ing function - he l1as the discretio11, s11bject to i:eview, to decline to institl1te proceedi11gs on the grot1nd that the evide11ce of guilt is insuffi cient, a11d i11 proper cases he n1ay also be able to reject a l)rosec11tion on gro�1:1ds of the pul1lic interest. Hav.iJ1g elinunated the public prosec11tor's part in tl1e decision whether or 11ot to institt1te proceedings in juve11ile ·cases has the Code 11ot vested his screening function in any other body? It would be unthinkable to co11clude from the silence of Articl� I 72 tbat trial 0� a jti�enile_ 111ust automatically follow the bri11gi11g of an accusati?n. or _ c i conv n� led 00!11-plaint_ aga111st hJ , even though the_ investigation 111ay h_ave r_evea :u ;� � evi_dei1ce 10 support thereof. Sue}� Juveniles a baSlC sa f�o ·oal to view would deny � uruversally gliara�t�ed �o the cr1n11nal accused - control of access to the cri.� er 0 f• ·, 1 e efor process by administrative and/or judicial authorites. We should ther a. tr1 · pre· . the from the exclllsive powers A • . rt1cle 172 gives to tl1e woreda court in

•

152. 153. 154. 155.

Art •. -42(1) - (a). See note 108, above• Art. 44(1). Arts: 44(2), · 4S; · ·

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· rec 1 e accusatio1 1 or con1plai11t to order tl ord to po we r _ and Sllperv1se · po1-1ce · . ' Sta...,ge · . · t th e fra1n 111g of cl1arge io11s, to direc

s in ser1ot1s cases, to t ransfer or . investigat adjourn the case for trial - tl!at tl1e cot1rt l1as also the duty and power to decide w�e�her or . not a trial sl1ot1ld be held on the · allegatio·ns inade. In 80 dec1d111g, the Jt1dge sl1ould follow tl 1e sa111e criteria which Articles 39 and 42 of the Code . set dow 1 1 . for tl1e 1 �ublic_ prosecutor to follow in cases invol\'iiig adult�, all of wb1cl1 . ar� s�1ta�le :for JU�e111le cases exce1)t .P?Ssibly Article 42(1) (d), allowmg a reft1sal to 11 1st1tt1te proceed111gs wl1ere tl1e M11 11ster of Justice certifies that the public i�te�·est _wottld be opposecl. Bu! eve11 t his provisio11 miglit be aJ)plied \Vithout u 11due cl1ff1ct1Jt1 es of tl1eor)' or practice - in deciding whetl,er or not tl,e juveojle sho11ld be tr�ecl for the alleged offe11ce tl1e woreda cot1 rt juc1ge acts i11 the place of tbe pt1bl1c J)rosecutor, a11d should arguably be bou11d i 1 1 tl1is ft1nction by the Ivli11ist er's assessment of the pt1blic i1 1terest. L-astly� \-Vl1ere tl1e woreda court decides to dis 1niss the information 0 11 the ground tl1at tl1ere is 11 ot sufficient evidence t o j11stify a convictio11 (Article 42 (1) (a)), and the offe11ce i11 quest io 11 is one p'u11isl1able 011l y upon private complaint, he sl1ould be req11ired t o at1 tl1orise tl1e injured party to condt1ct a private JJrosecution, if it develops that juve1 1ile proced11re permits this instit11tion.156 Where it is an ordinary offence, the injured J)arty s]1ould have t he right of appeal fro 1n tl1e vvoreda court's decision to disn1iss the co111plai11t. These procedures, modeled 011 tl1e Code's provisions for cases involvi1 1g adults, sl1ould apply by a11alogy. 157 5. The Preliminary Inquiry

Article 80(3) of the Crimi11 al Procedure Code states explicitly that the pro·vi sions gover1 1i11g the prelin1i11ary inquiry do 11 ot apply to cases involving juvenile accuseds. T11is presents 110 constitutional problems a11d, si1 1ce tl1e preliminary inquiry is rarely 11sed in Etl1 iopia eve11 for cases i 11volving adults, 158 no sig11ific,L11t difference bet\.,1 ee1 1 tl1e two procedt1res result s. �

The Charge and plea

The accusecl's right to be notified of tl1e precise offe11ce which he is alleged _ to have con1mitted, and to be acqt1itted unless every ele1 1�e.nt of that offence_ 1s proved at trial, is ft1ndamental to ,1ny fair syste1 11 of crin1 inal proced11re. Article 23 of the Penal Code, wl1ich certainly applied to j1 1 ve1 1iles as well �s a? l1lts ac�t�sed of crime, defines a ''cri1 11i 11al offe 11 ce'' as a11 act or omission ''\vl11ch 1s prob1b1ted by law," and declares that it is ''0 1 1ly completed wl1e1 1 all its legal, material a�d moral ingredients are present.'' It ft1rther provides that a cri.J.ninal offence _ !s pti111s hable ''where the Court had f ot111d the offence proved.'' These prov1s1ons are rge cha the t h wi ling dea t t ons visi re pro s de' sed Co 11re ced by the Cri1ni 11al Pro . ?u s 111 ordin ary cases. Those provisio11s req11ire that the charge must b� notified to 59 � e. enc def the accused st1fficiently in advance of trial to enab!e l1in1 to I?repare his a 1�d material al leg its d, rge 11 cl1a s 1 d 11se acc the te ich sta wl1 the offence with !tingm st redients, the tin1e and place of its co1111nission, and the law a1 1? article of the law which its com111ission violate d. 160 Tl1e cl1arge must ''describe tl1e offence 156. See text accompanying notes 251-55, below. 157 · See Art . 42 44-45 s ' . 158 S 14 t n. · a P. 467 108, note p at e . abov s cited e s ," · : ee Fi h r, ''Some As ect ..

1 59· Arts. 109, 94 (2) (g).

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and its circumsta11ces so as to enable the accused to know exactly what ch arge as may closei as ow "fol b� the words of h } . r he llas to answer," and must _ te dence at ev the ly if trial i law creating the offence.''161 Ordmar1 . cioes not subs tantially conform 162 to the exact offence charged, the accuse� will be acquitted163 unless the prosectuion receives �ermission to amend164 or w1t_hdraw 165 the ch arge before judgment. Amendment g1v�s the accused an opportunity to apply for an adjourrunent so he 1nay have time to prepare to answ�r the new charge.166 Withdrawal has the effect of forcing the prosecutor to begrn all over again with a fresh charge if he wisl1es to pursue the n1atter. 167 At the end of trial a judg·nient of acquittal or conviction is entere? with respect to th� offence charged, and t11ereafter the accused is protected against a new prosecution based on the san1e offenoe.168 The net effect of the above provisions is to guarantee to the accused that he will know, before trial,. exactly what crime l1e is charged \vith J1aving co111Illitted, so that l1e can prepare his defence without fear tl1at ''new" charges will surprise hin1 at trial. They also require a written record of tl1e exact offence tried and adjudicated, to e11sure, i1zter alia, obedience to the principle of legality. 169 The juvenile procedure, in a11 effort, apparently, to eseape the ''formality'' of charges, is very different. The basic principle is announced in Article 108: "The pro\1isior1s of tl1is Chapter [dealing with the drafting, contents and filing of the charge] shall 11ot apply i11 cases concerning young person unless as order to the co11trary be n1ade 1111der Article 172." Tl1e perti11ent provision in Article 172, to \1/l1icl1 Article I 08 obviously refers is sub-article (3): ''Where the accusation relates to a11 offence punisl1able with reigorous imprisonn1ent exceeding te11 years or with death (Article 173 Pe11a1 Code) the court shall direct the p11blic prosecutor to frame a charge." I11 all other cases, according to Article 176(3), the accusation or comp laint which the co11rt records when the young person is first brought before it 170 functio11s in tl1e place of tl1e charge. With respect to tl1e charge, then, the Code provides a d.ual system for juveniles: the most serious offences, whic11 carry a pe11alty of imprisonment and the possible loss of civil riglits, 171 are tried i11 the High Court on a formal charge darawn 160. Art. 111 . 161. Art. 112. l62 · The tests are whet�er errors �r omissions in tl1 e cl1arge relate to ''esseniial points," whethe,� the accused was in fact misled, and whet her justice "is Jjkely to be thereby defeated. Art. 118. 163. Un_der certain exceptional conditions tJ1e cour t may convict tl1e a.ccused of aa offence with which J1e \vas not charged. See Art. 1 J 3(2). 164. Art.

119.

165. Art. 122 . wilb 166· Art. 120· He may also recall any previously them e exam in s to 121. . reference to the amendment, and call any further examined witnesse Art l." mate ria evidence "which may be 167. Art. 122(5). 168· Art. l� O( ) (b), Crim. Pr o. C.; Art. � 56, Rev. Const.; Art. 2(3), Pen. C. o visi 169. e r1nc l of legality req�ires tl1at convict pro d i � lar, val part ion icu be � viol of a atin g � � � be ,· t h �"" a law, by spe�i�cally alleged conduct and tl1at this conduct not be punis t \\ ice tin er tlie san1e prov1s1on. See Art , · -, pen· ' C· 170. Art. 172(2). discu· 1. 7 1. B�1t only if the !11east1res impose e th . e e S d llowing a previous co·nviction have failed. ss1on accompanying notes 66_69 , fo above.

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( t I

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS

)

· ound iii such cases by by the public . prosecutor. The _pt1blic prosecutor is b al l feg s ua d 1on rd s as to tl1e for1n and contents of the � the �bove-me11t � charge; tlle g1v e11 every bene·fit accorded to the adult. But, juvenile accused 1s iii cases \Vbic h are not so grave, no formal charge is draw11, and the juveilile is treated very differe11tly fron1 tl1e adult . At this poi11t �e sl1oulcl take_ n �te of a se�ious error in tlie phrasitlg of . Article 172(3), _quote� abo,�e. Tl1at . �1 o� ision r e9u1res_ tl1e framiiig of a charge \vhenever the offe11ce 1s _pt1n1sl1a?le w1tl1 r1goro11s 11npr1s011ment ''exceeding ten years or \Vith death'' (e111pl1as1s SllJ)plted), a11d pare11thetically refers to Article 173 of the Penal Code. But t�e latter �rticle_ applies to offences which are ''norn1ally puii ishable \Vitl1 _ a term of r1goro11s _zn1pr1so1 �merlt of t�n years or more'' (emphasis supplied) . 1 ecau B o se deat d1sc the l1. repa 11cy 1n pl1ras1ng, the many offences w � or \\ 1th _ · bjcb are normall)' punishable w1tl1 a maximu,n of ten years rigorous imprisonment such 1ated 172 theft, are ser.ious e11oug� to qualify aggra , for the gravest penalties as . . known to the la1vv for Juve111Ies, yet _11ot qt11te seriot1s e11ough for the adcled protec tion of a formal cl1arge u11der Article 172 of the Cri111inal Procedure Code. t 73 Th.is oversight requires speedy correctio11 by Parliament, to confor1n the two articles to each other. It remains to discuss the effect on juvenile procedure of discarding the charge requirement i11 tl1e vast 1najority of cases - namely, those not st1fficie11tly grave to fall under Article 172(3). As we have said, i11 such cases the Code st1bstitutes for the charge the acc11satio11 or co1nplai11t whicl1 has been recorded by the cour·t: at the beginning of the trial, '' the accusation or com·plaint u11der Article 172(2) ... sl1all be read out to the young perso11 a11d he sl1all be askecl wl1at he has to say in answer to such accusation ..." 174 That· is contained in tl1is ''accusation''? Article 172(2) merely states: ''Tl1e court shall ask the person bringing tl1e yo11ng person to state the partic11lars a11d the witnesses, if a11y, of the alleged offence or to make a formal complaint, where appropriate, a11d s11cl1 stateme11t or co1nplaint sh.all be recorded." If under this article tl1e co11rt si111ply transcribes verba ti1n the story of the ''person bringi11g the young person'' to co11rt, it is difficult to imagi11e that i11 most cases the resulting docume11t will be s1rfficiently precise and comprel1ensive to serve satisfactorily as the basis of a criminal trial, conviction and sentence. Wbetl1er tl1e ''person bringing the yo11ng person'' to court is his parent or guardian, the co111plai11a11t, or a police1nan (in practice it will rarely if ever be the public prosecutor), that person is u11likely to l1ave tl1e legal ed11cation and presence of mi11d needed to give a stateme11t wl1icl1 will satisfactorily s11bstitute for a formal charge. I11deed, it is l1igbly doubtf11l whetl1er a ver�ati111 record of _ any persons's spontaneous, oral recitation of the circ11mstances which led b1n1 to _ arrest a youth and bring him to court will be su:fficie11tly relevant, clear and precise to give the accused notice of the offence with \Vhich he is charged, and to form a record on which to base a plea j11dgn1e11t and sentence. Eve11 the decision. as , 172· "(R)igorous o, e.g., al See . Pen. 635, Art. s." <; year te11 ed exce not l sl1al � t ... men imprison _ . _ �� IY_)' lilJU / ,,/fi, J Arts. 642 (Aggravated Breach of Tr11st); 550(2) (Duels);. 538 (Grave J, (Hostile Acts against a Foreig11 State), a11d many otl1ers 1n the Penal Code, all usii1g same penalty formula. 173· A.s Will be discussed below, the san.1e point ap1Jlies with respect to tl1 e juvenile's rigl1 t to coun.sel in Article 174. 174• Art. 176(3).

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to ,1/hicll, it' any, provisio11 of the p e11al law the acc11sed's alleged conduct h stt1dy �y � person co11siderable req11ire ofte'11 well ca11 violated trained iii la:� such nlatters can hardly be delegated for determ111atio11 by tl1 e uncounseled injured party, parent etc. We encotinter another serious difficult� witl1 the ''charge'' stage if we read the jtlveiule procedure literally. In the o�d1nary adt1lt . procedt1re, tl1e accused has tlle rio-ht to receive a co1)Y of the written charge 111 adva11ce of trial, so tha.t 11 e cai; prepare bis defence with the aid of counsel, etc. But tl1e jt1ve11ile procedure m.akes no me11tio11 of givi11g the ·yot!11g perso11 a copy_ of tl1e acct1sation against bi111 at any time; Article 172(2) provides for t�e reco�d111g of the accusation, and Article J 76(3) provides tl1at at the start of the trial ]�earing the accusation ''sli all be read. out to the you11g person'' who is tl1en reqt11red to answer jt. Tllis systeni wot1ld 1Jose seri�us pr�ble1�1 s of fair11 ess to �be ?'oung a:ccused, whose need to kno\v tl1e charges aga111st l1 1n1 111 advance of trial is certainly at least as great as the 11eed of an aclt1lt acct1sed. A11d while it is tr11e tl1at tl1e accl1sed will be present u1 co11rt wl1e11 th e acct1satio11 is recited a11d recorded t111der Article 172, it \vould be L1ardly fair to reqt1ire l1im to rely t1pon l1is 1ne111ory of an oral procedure wl1 icl1 took place, 111ost likely u11der co11djtions of en1otional stress. Nor will a jt1\1e11ile accusecl lil<ely ·be re1Jrese1rtecl by cou11s el at the initial, court-prese11tation stage of tl1e JJroceedi11gs, a11d tl1ere is 110 pro,1isio11 i11 the Code a.t1thorisi11g clefence cot111sel at a later tin1e before trial to inspect tl1e recorded accL1satio11 or other docu111e11ts i11 tl1e acct1sed's file. It is diffic11lt to conceive of any advantage or special protectio11 the juvenile accused. gai11s fro111 tl1ese pa.rticular cleviatio11s fro1n tl1e 11o rmaI course of crim.ina.l procedt1re. Tl1e Code's fail11re to reqt1ire a detailecl a11d l egally st1.fficie11t charge, notified to tl1e acct1sed well i11 adva11ce of trial, see111s to prej·udice l1is rights for .110 good reaso11. The best solutio11 wot1ld be for parlia111e11t to a i nend tl1ese provis io11s to accord with tl1e safeguards gu.aranteed adt1lt defenda.nts. Pe11ding such legislative correctio11, .it sl1ot1ld ·be the dt1ty of tl1e woreda court j11dge to protect the jl1ve11ile's rigl1ts by enst1ring tl1.at tl1e acct1satio11 is recorded in st1cl1 a 1uanner as to be clear, precise a11d con1prehensive : it shot1ld 11ot co11tai11 irrelevant or n1erel)1 evid_entiary 1natter, it shot1ld specify tl1e p e11al prov.ision \Vl1icl1 allege�Jy has been violat ed, 111e11tion all the material ele111ents of that offe11ce, and specify \Vhetber tl1e accusecl act ed i11te11tio11ally or 11egligently; it s11ot1lcl. SJ)ecify tl1e ti�1e a11d place of the offenc e, a11cl all otl1er details considered necessary for a J)recise · descriptio11 of tl1e offe11ce ancl its circu1nstances. \Vl1ere such 111 atters ,1re 11ot ei11itted spo11ta11eot1sly by tl1 e declara11 t, they ca11 be elicited through careft1l questio11iog by tl1e court. A copy of the accusation sl1ot1ld be provided the accused i11 advance of trial. Adin.itte?l_y, tli e above suggestions accon1plisl1 a near ''reading i11'' of tl1� Co?e's cl1 arge prov1s1011s for adt1lt cases, withot1t st1 )port i11 tl1e text gover11i11g Ju,,entl e:; ) du Bt,t tl1ere sl1otild be 11 0 objection to the uoti1o11 e tl� both tl1 at tl1e cot1rt l1as aod the P�vver to take. gt1idance froi11 the Code's adt1lt pro, isio11 in _this are� ' owe Its duty arises fron1 the need to d eal p � it ed; fairly witl1 tl1e jt1ve11ile accus 5 fro� tlie fact that tl1e charge stage ned desi g ( in jt1ve11ile procedt1re has bee11 t: elatt�ely "non-adversa ned assi g ry" , n and the woreda court judge has bee �un u d ctions nor1nally exercised by the u a 1as erefore J p tl1 bli an c d pro sec uto r ·s ' t · to see that the ch_ a��. e a_gains 1 · t the tl1a fai acct 1s e d is clear, con1ple te, and r -cee·di•og5. . always tile responsibility Ill cri1 ninal cases of the party institl1ting tl1e pro 1

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Havin g co11clt1ded ot1r disct1ssio11 of tl1e cl1arge in 1·uvenile proceect·1ngs, we · 1e 176(3) requires that the acc need ,say very litt Ie . a·bou.t til e p 1ea. . Ar tic usation or complaint l1nder Article 172(�), or the ch�rge t111�er Article 172(3), shall be read out to the accused a_t tl1e ope11r11g of tl1e trial _ hearing, a11d '']le sllall be asked Wllat acct1sat1011 or charge." Article 176(4) pern11·t he has to say 1n · a11swer · to st1cl1 · s . · 1 1 tlle coui·t to convict . the JU\ e11J e 11:3-1n1ec1-1ately if his answer shows that Ile ''fu.ll understa11ds and adnuts the accusat1011 or cl1arge.'' 111 such case the cotirt inu!t record the jt1ve11ile's a11swer. If, 011 the other hand, ''it is clear to the court fron1 \vbat the accusecl says tl1at be ft11ly u11clerstands and does not admit tl1.e accusatiorl or charge," Article 176(5) directs tl1at tl1e trial shot1ld co1nmence.

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From these provisio11s it is clear that the jt1venile procedure bas substa11tially retaine d tl1e ''plea of gt1ilty'' and of ''11ot guilty," but has abancloned that termin ology and s11bstituted tl1e tern1s ''ad111it_" and ''does not admit'' the accusatio11 - cI1arge. One ec1n guess tl1at the drafters' n1ot1ve for changi11g this ter1ni11olgy ,vas to make the proceedings son1el1ow less formal and, i11 the traditional se11se, less ''criminal''. But if that is so it ren1ai11s u11clear ,vhy otl1er, eqtially ''criminal'' and ''formal'' terminology has been kept: ''acct1satio11'', ''charge'', ''judgment of guilty or not guilty'', ''conviction'', ''sentence'', ''Punisl1111ent'', ''imprison111ent'' etc. 175 It 1night have been better to leave in the ''plea'' la11guage, but pay more attentio11 to safeg1.1arding the juvenile's legitimate interests at this stage. We refer to the provisions in the adttlt procedure ,vhich explicitly protect the integrity of the guilty plea and attempt to make sure that a co11,1iction will not be based on a miscon ceived plea. Tht1s, Article 134(1) states that the acct1sed may be convicted on his plea only "''l1ere he ''admits without reservatio11s every ingred.ient in the offence charged," a far n1ore rigorot1s test tha11 that of Article 176(4), quoted above. Article 134(2) provides that even after the accused has pleaded gtulty, ''the cot1rt may require the prosecution to call st1cl1 evidence for the prosect1tion as it considers necessary ancl may permit tl1e acc11sed to call evidence.'' The exercise of that power can demonstrate wl1etl1er, guilty plea or no, the acc11sed is actual!J, gtulty of the crime, and it ca11 also provide the cot1rt with sufficient backgro11nd information on tbe nature of the offe11ce to enable it to use its sentencing powers wisely. Lastly, Article 135 provides that even after a plea of gt1ilty, if ''it appears to the court in tbe course of proceedings that a plea of not gi1ilty should have been entered, the cot1rt may cl1ange the plea to· one of not guilty," and in such case the conviction, if any, is set aside and the accused is tried. It would see� that _ _ these sa.feguards provided for adt1lt defendants are especially needed 1n Juverule proceedings, where the accused is more likely to plead guilty ot1t of fear or ignora11ce, and is more in need of special protection, than his adult cotmterpart. Moreover, as we shall see immediately below, the juvenile i s less likely than the _ adult to h�ve the advice of counsel when pleading, another reason for surrounding the guilty plea process with special protections. cle. Arti 18 2 r s, case esu nile juve in e y, t1ag mbl lang a'' e ''ple enc of ite abs desp the � _ pro�ibits an 011 sat1 accu the ted mit ''ad who e enil jt1v eal a y ion app b vict co11 inst aga _ �gai� st him, and, as i11 ordinary cases, restricts his appeal to the ''extent or the gality of the sentence '' . rojet, -P 175 · For the drafter's view 11t va A , en v ra G J. e s place, e of such was out terminology hat t Texte Definitif (annotated) (1958-59), at n. 1 to Art. 154.

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The Right to Counsel 1at l t_ tees ran gua every accused pers tion stitu Con ised Rev tl1e of . Article 52 . on ce the assistan of counsel for l1av to ... t righ the e hav � all ''sh a iopi Eth in his . the .same by his ow11 efforts ain obt to ble una IS d use acc the if , who , nce defe or _ vid pro d to and ed tl1e accused by the ign ass b ll sha ds, � fun n o\v liis � ugh thro court." This article does not restr1c� the_ benefit of the right to co� 11sel to persons who have reacl1ed majority; the 1uven1le. _accused has as unqual_1fie� a right as any adult defendant. But the Co�e s prov1SIOJ?-� on ,,the procedure In Juvenile cases I76 . Article 174, ent1t1led You,zg person ,nay be assisted ht rig his y seem to qualif by cou11se/, '' states: The court shall appoint an advocate to assist the young person where: (a) no parent, guardian or other person in loco parentis appears to represent the young person, or (b) the young person is charged with an offence pu11ishable with rigorous imprisonment exceeding ten years or ,vith death.

Tliis provisio11 is objectionable for a nu1nber of reasons. It 1nakes 110 mention of tl1e basic qualification for ''appointment'' of counsel \Vhich is specified in the Cons titution - that the accused is unable to obtain tl1e same ''by l1is own efforts or through llis own funds." While it is true tl1at the overwl1eln1ing majority of young defenda11ts will be indige11t, and i n need of appointed counsel if they are to have any legal representation at all, it is not true that every juvenile accused will be too poor to retain his own lawyer. In cases where the accused is not indigent, A.rticle 174 as presently worded may be 1nisleadi11g a11d perhaps irrelevant: where its criteria are satisfied, there may be no need for the court to appoint a lawyer (and it might be a waste of valuable public resources for tl1e court to do so); w·here its criteria are not satisfied, a vital questio11 is, wl1ether the accused may have the assistance of his own lawyer in the proceedings, a11d that question Article 174 does not answer. Is the intent of Article 174 to exclt1de privately retained lawyers fron1 juvenile proceedings except i 11 the relatively rare case where, according to its criteria, the need is overwhelming? One must assume ''no" that the drafters did not intend to wipe away the constitutio11al right to retained cou11sel, a righ_t especially vjtal because the enjoyment of so many other rigl1ts d.epends upon 1t. to right the \Ve if ,,en to interp et solely Article 174 as bei11g addressed _ � � appointed counsel - leaving untoucl1ed tl1e juve11ile's constitutional right to reta11ied counsel "'!1ere he or his parents can afford to IJ�:iy one - tl1e pro,,i sion _ raises problems in two respects. The first which we have alluded to abov e Iil our djscussion_ of the charge,177 results fr�m the discrepa�t wording of Criminal Procedu �� Code Article l 74(b), :'punishable with rigourot1s impriso11ment exceedin� te� years, t n sonm � 1mpri and Penal Code Article 173, ''pt1nisl1able witl1 a term of rigorous h whic , ancy of ten years or n1ore'' (emphases added).17 8 Because of this discrep

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176. �Y c?ntrast , J,. Graven's Avant-Projet, Art. 822, autl1o o n e nt riz d the a pp oi m t of ec satt e un;s�e;, Juvenile proceedings v.rbenever tl1e "re wer tn1e nt le,,a nt app oin gen era • con for l diti o�s • . 177 . See text accompanying notes 172-73• a. b ove · · · 178 C 74 s pr dec;:5sor, �- 152 of J. Gra,,en's. Al'Oltt.-�rojel 0 �� e code' e ft_ ��;�:�J) whi�tch says mo reclusion 1,our dix ans au mo1ns ou de

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most likel� results fron1 an oversight, a juvenile . can face the maximum penalties under Article 17�, Pen. C. a11 d ye t have 110 right to appointed counsel under Article 174(b), Crim. Pro. C. 1-IopefulJy the Parliament will act 80011 to rectify this inconsistency. The s_econ�, and n10,st fund �m�ntal o?jection, is tl1at Article 174 purports to limit the Juven1�e accused � c�11st1tutio1� al r1�l1t to appointed counsel. Under Article 52 of the Revised . Const1tt1t1on the Jt1verule a_ccused has an unqualified right to the benefit of appointed counsel v..:11enever he 1s t1nable to obtai11 his own lawyer "by his o:"n efforts or th�ough 111s O\Vn funds.'' This means he has a right to representation by_ state-appo111ted �ot111sel 1-vhe11ever l1e and his parents are too poor 179 But pr1va Article 174 would permit the court to restrict that tely. one hire to right to two instanc�s: (I) wl1ere the offence charged is very serious, and (2) regardles s of tl1e seriousness of the offence, where he is not repesented by his parent, g11.ardian or other person in loco parents. The constitutional right to ap pointed counsel is theref· ore reduced to tl1e level of judicial discretion in those cases where an indigent juve11ile accused is cl1arged \Vith an offence 'not serious enot1gl1 to meet the test of Article l 74(b), a11d l1is parent or guardian is in court to re present him. In such cases, �he Code seems to allow substitutio11 of the services of the parent or guardian for those of defence counsel. Is the substitution fair? Can the juvenile's parent, who will often be illiterate and almost never familiar with legal proced11res, properly safegt1ard the rigl1ts of the accused? Why sl1ould a parent, wl10, if he hlmself were accused in a cri1ninal case would ha\1e a reco gnised need for tl1e assistance of counsel, nevertheless be considered co1npetent to a.ct as co11nsel for his child? How can one explain tl1e drafter's adoption of this dou·ble standard? One suspects that the curtailment of the juve11ile's rigl1t to counsel - lil<e the similar tendency already noted i11 our disc11ssion of the lav., of arrest, charge and plea has b· een influenced by the ''no11-adversary'' theory of j11venile proceedings: it is not that the juve11ile's parent can be an advocate, b11t rather that somehow the juvenile does not need an advocate. The casual11ess of this procedure is rooted in the conception that because tl1e purpose of juvenile procedings is rehabilitative, rather than punitive, the proceedings need not be as adversary as ''ordi11ary'' crimin al proceedings. The tl1eory i s that we do not need to be very concerned_ �bout protecting tl1e juvenile's ''rights'' because there is no ac!ual thre�t to_ _his rnt :rests: the state is motivated entirely by the desire to achieve a d1spos1t1on which will favour the best interests of the yot1ng person. But as we have remar�ed before, it is difficult to reco11cile this theory with the penal theory and operation of the _ Ethiopian la\v we have been discussing: the proceedings are p�e�ssed up?n the belief that the accused has violated the penal law; the court adJudicates guilt, �onv!cts of cr:ime, and sentences to penalties wh.ich include, inter alia, flogging, fines, imprisonment, and the loss of civil rights. And so whereas the proc_edural law presupposes a benign non-punitive purpose, the substantive law appl�ed in the end � an ? e harsh and threatening. Th e res11lt, one fears, may b� p �nishment of the Juvenile under a rts cou The ts. righ his d rde gua safe y full procedure which has not

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e ti l p e o c to i IY mai? s refer bly hras e in Article 52 "by his own efforts'' pres uma �1!e � �� P 179· � r s un o s tive cases, where Jawyers might be reluctant to accept a private retai ner . le� i by t�e c ourt. T is is an exception.al circumstance .not specially relevant to Juveni1e pro h CCcd1ngs.

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should avoid th is danger by appointi11 g c_ounsel wh�rever his ser_vices _are requested by indigent defer1 dants, rather than 01tly 111 tl1ose circumstances 1n which the Code makes appointment 111andatory.

The Trial 1-Iearing Perh.aps the most marked influence �f tl1e 0011-adversary theo�y is seen in the procedure of the trial 11earing itself. Article 176_(2) sets_ tl1e to11e with the general ad·monition ''All proceedings shall be conducted 1n an 1nforn1al manner." As we shall see below, the Code is 11ot always specific about the implications of that policy for particular trial proce dures. T11e Right to a Public Trial 1 80 e v 11, c rsio hari the Arn 1 1 i , tion guarantees Article 52 of the Revised Constitu . to the acct1sed in all crimi11al prosect1tions th e rig h t to a ''pu blic trial''. Presumb aly th at rigl1 t belo11gs to juvenile as well as to adult defendants. Bt1t Article 176(1) states: ''wl1ere the yol1ng person is brought of the Cril1 1i1 1al Procedure Code 181 before t11e cot1rt all the proceedings sh all be held i11 chambers. Nobody shall be present at any heari11g except wit11esses, exP.erts, tl1e pare nt or guardian or representatives of welfare orga11izations. The pl1blic prosecl1tor sl1all be present at any l1earing i11 tl1e I-Iigl1 Cot1rt." This provision was probably d esigned to lin1it tl1e publicity of juve11ile proceedings in ord er to safeguard the young person's rept1tation from dau1age tl1rot1gh press and radio reports, gossip etc. 182 Restoration of tl1e juve11ile accused to his cou1n.n1t11 1ity, wbetl1er he h as bee11 found guilty of tl1e offe11ce ch arged or not, will ofte11 be facilitated by ensuring t hat tl1e proceedings are kept as confidential as possible. But, on tl1e other ha11d, if th is provision for in ccLmera l1earings is desig11ed for tl1e be11efit of the jl1venile , it sl1ould not be worded so as to de11y hin1 any choice i11 the matter. In the e xercise of h is cons titt1tional righ t to a public trial, th e accuse d or l1is parents might wish in some cases to have the proceedings open to tl1e public, or to have prese11t certain persons otl1er thar1 tl1 ose named in Article 176(1) (whicl1 list, incidentally, omits to mention the defence attorney). The publicity of criminal proceedings serves valt1able functions in society, not least among wh icl1 is the pressl1re arising 011t of publicity for fa_ir and equal treatme11t of the accused. Furtl1ermore, secrecy of tl1e proceedings the event"s CT will often encot1rage the existence of ill-founde d rumours concerni11b . • 111 qt1est1 on: as a matter of public co11fide11ce, justice should be ''seen to be done. �d public proceedings give an opport1.1nity to tl1e Gomml1nity, particularly to . the InJttred party and his_ relatio11s, to give ,,ent vicariot1sly to tl1eir hostile fee�n gs towards th e acctise d 1n an orderly fashion· tl1is outle t is beneficial for society. d al goric e or he cat se reasons, it is :egrettable that the Code lays d own a !? � � inflexib]e rule of secr�cy, \v1 thout preserving to the jl1venile and I1is representative s the freedom to exercise the constitutional rigl1t to a public trial.

180. See note 10, above. . , fea � 181. Gaz ticle 14(2)(e) <;> f the (Suspended) Neg. Courts Proclamation 1962 Proc. No. 195, , � no. .7 pr ovides, l s explici tly than the Code h th� court sl1all sit "in c ��ra , t at oro of a J�venlle . c as es. In e_s ,vis light of the Code's existing rule it is difficult to see the . ' en�cting this superfluous and confusing pro vision. _ th� er ord 182. This policy is lso e videnced by Art. to court he t 179 r � P i ds forb n e C wl1i· o c 11 , rec ' · · · he measu. r e of publicat·ion f t h e_ Judgment, t0 t · and res � t ricts publ ic use of and access of the ca . se . See th e dist1cssion at text accompanying notes 71-75, above.

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of Witnesses on ati in am Ex 2. Following the acct1sed'�. �ailt1re t0 '�ad11tit'' t�e accusation or cliarge, · the Code asce1ta111 the na1�1es of witnesses who ''should be ca dire cts tlie cot1rt to 11 e·d t 0 · · c 1arge, �n or '' o 1 acct1sat1011 d f defe11ce w1t11esses, an d to stinlm the port . on tllem: . sup pers�11, his represe11tat1ve., or advocate 1nay cause any witness to be "Tile yot111g183 summoned." . �his appare11tl� es\abl1sl1es the rigl1t ''to have compt1 Isory process . . . for obtrun111g ,v1t11esses 111 l11s favor, at the expense of Governn1ent'' which is guaranteed to every · acc11sed l)erson by Article 52 of the Revised c011stitution. A11otl1er ft111da111e11tal rigl1t of tl1e accused gt1aranteed by Article 52 of the Constitt1tion is l1is rigl1t ''to be co11fro11ted witl1 the wite11esses aaainst him."The· riolit to ''coufrontatio11'' here n1ea11s the right of the you11g perso11 to cross exa,ni,1 e· th� ,vit11esses testifyi11g agai11st bi1n. 111 the adversary system, wl1ich Ethiopia has knoyvn traditionally184 and which is r�affirn1ed i11 the Civil · Procedure a11d Crin1inal procedure Codes, cross-exa111i11ation is viewed as an essential tecl111ique for testing· the veracity of hostile testin1ony. Article 176(6) gra11ts that right, by stating that "al 1 witnesses shall be exa1ni11ed by the cot1rt and may thereupon be cross examined · by the defe11ce." But Article 175 provides that the accused ''shall be re1noved fron1 tl1e cl1ambers'' wl1ile evidence is given or comn1e11ts made ''whicl1 is undesirable tl1at tl1e young person should hear." If tl1is provisio11 were in terpreted to authorise the accused's re111oval during the trial testimony of \Vitnesses against him, it \Vot1ld result i11 the denial of -I1is right to co11fro11tation; obviot1sly, he could not cross-exami11e a wit11ess whose testimony had bee11 received in his absence. But tl1e drafters t1ndoubtedly did not i11tend. any st1ch de11ial. Article· 175 was probably inte11ded to save the j11venile from havi11g to hear co11ficlential matters regardi11g his fan1ily or otl1ers, \vhicl1 information wot1ld be relevant to the <;ourt's decisio11 011 disposition of the juve11ile, but not to the prior q11estion of his gt1ilt or innocence of the cri111e charged. The article should the.refore be. read as giving the co11rt at1tl1ority to order the jt1ve11ile's absence only clt1ri11g parts of the sentencing proceedi11gs. I11deed, for sim.ilar reasons, adult offenpers are i11 some legal syste111s deniecl access to the so·�rces of confide11tial pr�senten�e reports to the court abot1t tl1eir character, etc. · Although in the procedure for adt1lts it is specified that all testimony mt1s be given u11der oath or a:ffirn1atio11, 185 tl1e juve11ile procedure is silent 011 this• matter. Although one could infer from the command in Article 176(2) that all proceedings ''shall be cond11cted in an informal manner'' tl1at the oath require1nent s�ould be discarded, that migl1t not be the best solt1tion. Since tl1e testimony of_ witnesses can have very serious consequences for tl1e juvenile, there is as n1uch peed here for the solemnity provided by the oatl1 as there is in �dult proceedings. Another question which arises is whether the ''informality'' reqirement means that the co urt in juvenile proceedings need not· adhere to the sam · e. rules of evidence186 183, Art. 176(5) . 1-8�· The righ . t to confrontation is apparently of· long standipg: "[IJt is not rigl1t that you [the jt1dge) decide against one unless both appear togetl1er, because if yoti give your decision in l1aste, on the ba:sis of wl1at only_ one of them said when tl1e otl1er party was not present to defend · l1imself, you will ?eserve the sentence you passed .... '' Fetl,a Nagast, transl. Abba Paulos Tsadua, edited by P · Stra uss (Addis Ababa, Law Faculty, II. 1968), p. 258. S. I. U., 185 · Arts· 136(2) and 142(2).

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y, the fo�thcoming evid ull pef 11o s. ult a g vi vol 1 i1 � es cas l ina crim in � lied enc as are app e at 1n tl1 see 1de ev uld nce ruJe s Which law will answer this question. _Meau\\,J11le, 1t wo d are use acc 110 lt adu less 11ecessar;y to the of n t1o te pro the for ary � are necess . 1ie b to ld ou s so apply. The Code d an 7 e, ? n1l ve � Jt1 the �1 for al tri r assure a fai . en y giv o11 t1m tes all of e ad 11 1 be d or rec a at th does provide s arise s esse witn from Article 176(6): of y mon testi the g 1 rdi1 rega 1 t poi1 l fina A . ''All \Vitnesses sl1all be examined by _the cou� ·t _a11d 1nay tl1ereu�o11 be cross-exainined by tl1e defe11 ce." In contrast to ord1na.ry cr111 11nal procedure, 1t see1ns that all wit nesses in juvenile proceedings, wl1ether called in support of the charge or in defence are treated as ''court witnesses." The cou� t, in every case, co11 ducts the direct exami11atio11, and tl 1e defence 1nay cross-e_xanu11 e �;e11 . ,v1tnesses c� ed at it� request. Is the resuJt that tl1 e defence can ask its ''own w1t11 esses lead111g questions, and also i_m1Jea.cl1 tl1en1 - tactics ordi1 1a:ily .fo�?idde11 _ in direct ex_anliuat� on? Presui nably, follow111g tl1e defe11ce ''cross-exam1r1ation of its own w1t11 esses the court may re-examine the wit11ess co11cer11ing matters brought ot1t by the defence in its examiJ1ation. S11.ch a proced11re nlight ofte11 be 11 ecessary to ensure that tl1e testimony of defence witnesses is subjected to the sort of rigoro11s a11 d· aggressive crossexa11tit1atio11 wl1ich tl1e defe11ce is _u11lil<.ely to provide, ,L11 d \Vl1 ich may be necessary to u11co,,er the trtith. Tl1at tl1 e court, and not the p11blic prosecutor, l1as tbjs fur1ctio11 i11 juve11ile proceedi11gs follows frorn tl1e fact, previously 11oted, tl1at juvenile proceedi11gs 1111der the Code are largely no11 -adversary. 188 Tl1e leadi11g, ''i 11 quisitoria.l role of tl1e court and tl1e corresiJondingly di1ninished role of tl1e public prosecutor are 111ajor eleme11ts i11 tl1e distinctio11 betwee11 juvenile a11 d adult proceedings.

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1,l1e Role of the Pt1blic Prosecutor, Defence Cou11sel and tl1e Court

The distance wl1icl1 in jt1ve11ile procedt1re tl1e Code drafters l1ave come fron1 the adversarj' system ca11 be measured by recalling tl1e respective role of tl1e parties ancl the cot1rt i11 ordinary procedt1re. Tl1ere, tl1e prosecution a1 1 d the defe11ce each decide what witnesses, if any, shot1ld be called in· su1Jport of tl1eir side. 189 Each party condt1cts direct and i11-clirect exa111i1 1ation of its ow11 wit11esses � a.nd cross exa11li11ation of tl1e other's. These rules are qualified only in tl1at the court may call additior1al witnesses ''i11 the i11 terests of justice," 190 a.11d niay ask questions of \.\'itnesses ,vhere tl1at ''appears necessary for the jt1st decision of the case."191

186. There is still no comprehensive law of evidetlce in the Empire. However, it appea rs that t�e courts do ap_ply son1e r�les ?f evicle11ce, generally drawn fro1n co1n1non Jaw influe nces. Tl1e codes contan:� �ome ev1dent1ary rules, and i111ply the existence of others: thus, Arts. 144-4? of the. Criminal Procedure Code regulate the admissio11 into evidence of �ecorde?, pre-trial depost,ons, and Art. 146 provides for objections "to the a.d111ission of a11y evidcn� An exan�ple of a generally applied exclusionary rule is the 011e excludin g coerced confe ssion, from evidence. 187. Art. 176(6). bot h . . . 188. lt is interesting to con1pare 111e cod e, s I)rocedtire for ure d the proce for ,v1th JL1ven1les . . . Iti• . adt1lts a�d Juveniles in J. _Grave11's Avant-Projet rs rafte d of Co tl1e d e. Although the u of . nJatel� d1scarde almost ent1relr the contine1 1tal, q st s s en of Grav ' y �mhis elem in ial ents � uisi tor pre-tr1al and t! ial pr?cedures insofar as adu fie n1od 1 the y ed, lt con cern acct1seds ,vere syste1n only shght]y 1n tl1e sections concer ning JUv · . eni·1es. 189. Art. 124. 190. Art. 143(1). 191 . Art. 136(4).

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t_ r ial is proc at as eedi n�s fallows: tl1e prosecutor's opening speecli; 192 of ord� r Tile _ _ prosecution w1 tensses . by . the prosecutor, cross-exam.i 1.J ation by tlle · of 1011 x nat anit e defe nce, an�! 1f 11ecessary, re-exam1nat10!1 by the prosecutor; 1 93 acqtlittal. of tl1ere is not sufficient evideilce the accused1941f, at t�e close of the prosect1t1 01 1 case, 1 95 ; spe ing ecl 1 tl1e . o� f ope n def e11c e; ct statement of the accused if convi to 196 exa1n1nat1 on . of def ; k a e sp ence \Vit11esses by the defence, cross to es he ,vish a11d, 1f 11ecessary, re-examir 1atio11 by the defence-' 1 97 exanu 11atio11 by .tl1e prosec11tor, 9s . 1g speecl1 for the defe1 1ce . 1 99 and J·udgin t c l 1; c os11 ee I g 1 sp 1 c 1 os 1 ' s or t1t ec os Pr etlt ' ?QO . e sentenc and In juvenile proceedings ,v� fu1d a radically different system. To begi 11 with, ex cept i11 trials befor� tl1e �I1gh Co11rt, the prosecutor ca11not eve11 be prese11t_20 1 It thus falls to tl1e Judge, 1n the great b11ll< of cases, to perform the functions tl1at the prosect1tor wo11ld otl1erwise perfor1n. Put another ,vay, it can be said that n1ost juve11ile proceedi11gs are ex parte: only tl1e defence and the court ha,,e roles to play. Tl1t1s, ''prosecutio11 wit11esses'' are c,1lled 1 1ot according to tl1e \visl1es of the prosecutor, bt1t on the decision of tl1e court after ''i11qt1.iring'' presumably of the inforn 1 a11t i11 tl1e case - ''as to what witnesses should be called to st1pport the acct1sation or cl1arge." Tl1 ere is no ope11ing speech by a11y party; the co11rt, not l)rosecutor or def e1.1ce cou11sel, cond11cts direct examination of all witnesses; ''defence wit11esses'', if we 1nay so refer to those wit11esses called at tl1e instance of the defenda11t, are 11ot cross-exa1nined by any prosecutor; 011ly tl1e defence may deliver a ''sl1mn1ing llp'' speech. •

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It is not eve1 1 clear whether the order of testi111011y is s111)posed to approximate that of aduJt proceedi1 1gs: prosecution witnesses, followed, if the offe11ce c11arged has ·been proved, by \Vitnesses for the defe11ce. The Code blurs, or even erases, the distinction betwee11 the ''prosecutio11 case'' a11d tl1e ''defence case''; there seems to be no point at �1l1ich the defence advocate can 111ove for a11 acqt1ittal on the gro und that tl1e ''prosect1tion case'' has 11ot been proved. Must tl1e clefence, then, put on its case regardless of tl1 e weakness of tl1 e evidence in st1pport of the accusation? Indeed, tl1ere is 11 0 express prohibition against calli11g the defence witnesses before any others, altl1ough this wot 1ld of course be a 1nost unf· air tecl 1�iq11e. Perhaps 111 vie\v of the Code's lack of precise direction i11 tl1ese 1natters it would be safest, ancl fairest to the juvenile, to fall back upon t�e procedt1re for adults in order to ftll tl1ese gaps. If that were do11e, then the Judge would first call witnesses i11 st1pport of the charge. If, after l1earing tl1eir testimony, l1e 0und that the charge had not been proved, he would acquit the accused. Only if he found that a case for conviction l1ad been made out, would he call tipon

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192- Art. 136(1). 193 · Arts• 136(2)(3) an d 139. 194 · Art . 141 . 195- Art. 142(2) . 196. Art. 142(3). ed in 197 · Art · 142( n1 xa · -e ss o cr e b y ma ses nes w1 r t d 2). The Code does not expressly state tl1at e1ence aoct re-examined, but this is clearly implied. Arts. 137, 139-40, 1.:i2(3) · 198 . Art . 148( I) . 1.99 · Art. 148(2) �OO. Art . 149 . O l · Art . 176(. I) .

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the d.efence to answer the charge. St1c� a procedt�r� seems_ desi! ·able to avoid forcing the accused to defe11d needlessly aga111st a cl1,11ge wh1ch 1s not supported by 'Sufficient evidence. We I1 ave tt1us fa.r seen how the juvenile trial proc�dt1re differs considerab ly from t11e adult procedure, particularly i11 that tl1 e public prosecutor does not t. ou th But, as we have noted by ed u111 ass are � ns ctio fu11 l1is and <: all, � at e pat tici par _ s t1on t111c al d1s i u ced ord acc pro ng · to tbe � p 1·eviously, tl1e •Code does make some _ ile. Thus, we 11ave seen that botb Juven seriousness of the offe11ce attributed to the o ?e ace.used in a formal charge tl1e right to appi11ted counsel and the rig�t �02 draw11 by the public prosecutor attach n1ainly- 1n. serious � ases. Another dis tinguisl1ing feature of ''serious'' cases is tl1 at, at hear111gs l1eld 111 the High Court 203 However, it is not clear . t'' presen be ''shall \Vhy, i� utor the public prosec such cases, the public prosect1tor should be present. Has l1e any functions? The Code ·provisions 11either specify nor even vaguely l1i11t that l1e does. Presumabl y, the ''no11-adversary'' procedure of Article• 176 applies to juve11ile cases tried before tl1e J-Iigl1 Court as elsewl1ere, and the tria.l judge exercises tl1e f11nctions usually reserved to tl1 .e J)ttblic prosecutor. But tl1en \Vl1y sl1ould tl1e latter be present? 011e can 011ly guess that Article 176(1) requires tl1e public J)rosecutor to be present at High Court trials of jt1ve11iles · beca11se tbe offe11ces witl1i11 tl1at court's jt1risdiction' are the 1nost serious a11d/or the most comJJlex i11 the Pena.I Code. 204 Tl1erefore, we can suppose, the I-Iigh Court may wisl1 to co11s11lt with tl1e public prosecutor ancl to receive l1is advice a11d opinion 011 i111portar1t questions. But tl1is explanatio11 is somewl1at disturbing because of its implications for the juvenile's own needs i11 tl1e High Court. We have see11 that only in ''serious'' cases has the indigent yot1ng accused an absolute right to appointed counsel, a11d 1nany High Court cases are not sufficiently ''serious'' to qualify 11nder tl1e test for counsel in Article. 174(b) . 205 And in sucl1 cases, also, the juveriile h,ts no rigl1t to be accused in a formal charge drawn by tl1e public prosecutor, because the identical test of Article 172(3) �1ill not be met.206 We thus· confront the irony tl1at High Cour t cases are co11sidered sufficiently i111portant and diffict1lt to demand the presence of the public prosecutor, but neith·er s1rfficiently difficult nor important to ent itle_ tl1e juvenile accused to st1cl1 pasic safeguards as an a.dequate charge and a defence lawyer. It can oniy be hoped that until this a11omaly is rectified by legislative revision, in the interests of jt1stice the courts will o-rant these safe guards in Hig11 Co11rt cases eve11 though the Code does 110t explicitly so require.

loco 202. The ri_ght to apJ)ointed counsel also attaches in less serio in n perso cases y,,}1ere no us parent1s appears to represent the juvenile. 203. Art. 176(1). e 204. See the First Sch�du le to the Crin1inal Procedure Cod . B virtue of A rt. 106 y e (Cha ng d. re Venue�, cases wl11ch are not ordinarily of I-Iigh sfer tran be jurisdictiot1 inay Cour t n estio qu the High Court. Pres�mapl y ho�ever, on l y ·cases w l 1icl1 e 106(b), present "som Art. unde r , � of law of unusual difficulty will be taken fo r· tri a·l by th e High Court . ack· 205. Fo� examp le, the offences of usury (Art. 667, or C.) 668, Pen. Pen (Ar . t. ext C.) ort , ion b�ding e mail (Art. 669, _Pen. C.), none of wl1ich are exc ent onm pun isha ble wit l 1 "rigorous impris ten years or with death." 206. Ibid.

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE FOR JUVENILE OFFE NDERS

The · Role of the Accused J11 Eth. iopia an adult accused's ro le at his trial . is possibly unique irl contemp.te1ns. A ppare .testify . . _ _ sys 1 201 11t Y, 1e 1 n1a y al leg no t orary as a 1-vztness _ i.e. lie may . . not be s\vor11, qt1e�t1011e? by defe11ce counsel a11d cross-examined by tl1e prosectltor. The Code see111s 1n tl11s r�s1)ect to l1ave cl1osen the continental rather than the roodern208 co1nmon law �PIJroach. !low - e':'er, unlike the regin1e in continenta1209 sys�e1ns, the acct1sed 11eed. �19t subn11t . to qt1es!ioning by tl1e court or prosecutor silence a11cl . of refusal to be questio11ed. rn· . _ be has a11 absolute pr1v.1lege of . wed. Apparently, tl1e sole aventie of this respect, tl1e co111n1011 Ia,:v has bee11 follo participatio11 ope11._ to tl1e . ac�t1sed i11 Etl1iopia is to make an u11sv,1orn state,ne,1 t, st1bject not to cross-exa111111at1011 but only .to clarifying questions from tl1e court if s�1o h are 11ec�ssary. 210 The 111otivatio11 :for disqualifying the acct1sed as a witness in his ow11 bel1alf ,vas apparently to reinove the danger that he would testify falsely and tl1ere by co111mit. tl1e offence of perjury. 211 Tt1rning to the procedure for jt1veniles, · we fi11d no gttidance at all on the role of tl1e accused; there is 110 l1int as to wl1etl1er he n1ay testify as a witness or not, or as to wl1ether or 11ot he ·may n1ake an t1nsvvorn state111e11t. 111 this sitt1ation it seems rµost logical to apply the adult rule, si11ce tl1ere seen1 to be 110 policy considerations n1ilitating for a disti11ction betv1ee11 adult and juvenile proceedings in this respect. . .·

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Judgment and Sentence

After all the witnesses ]1ave been heard in jt1venile proceedings, and tl1e defence bas bee11 give11 a11 opportt111ity to sum ·up· its case, tl1e Code directs that the court ''shall give judgme11t.''212 Tl1.e term ''jt1dg111ent'' is sligl1tly ambiguous. I11terpreted narrovvly, it refers solely to the court's verdict on the cl1arge: ''gt1ilty'' or ''11ot guilty''. But it is sometimes used more broadly, i11 the Code a11d elsewl1ere, to refer botl1 to the verdict and, in case of gt1ilt, to . tl1e se11tence. In the Code provisions goyerni11g tl1e adt1lt procec111re, tl1ese two co11cepts are kept fairly distinct: Article 149 is e11titled ''Judgment and se11tence," and deals in ttirn first with judgn1ent 207 • The Code neitl1er explicitly disqt1alifies nor permits him to testify; tl1e onl� reference to the accused, Art. 142(3), states: "Tl1e witnesses for tl1 e defence may be called m any order: . Provided that, wl1ere tl1e acct1sed wisl1 es to make a statement, he �hall speak first.'.' _By contrast witl1 otl1 er codes wl1icl1 · I1ave obviously been const1lted by tl1e. d�afters, t�1e . omis�ion to specify tl1at tl1 e acct1sed n1 ay give testimony under oatl1 seems to 111d1cate their 1ntent1on. Compare Sec. 181, Crin1 inal Procedt1re Code of tl1e Federated Malay States (Ktiala �tmipur, Governn1 ent Press, 1951); Sec. 272, Gl1ana Criminal Procedure .cod� (Act. 30 , 1960). Cod,e -Arts. 85 and 86 concerning tl1 e prelii11 inary inqtiiry hearing, l1kevv1se contrast tl1e acctised s "statement'' witl1 'the ''evidence'' of ''vvitnesses". However, in. light of the fact that tlie courts, · either as· a carry-ov er fron1 the era of Britisl1 influence i11 tbe jt1dicial �ystem or fron1 cust� m�ry practice or both, seem generally to permit tl1e acct1sed to test�fy, perl1aps tl1e anibi guity in the Code will eventually be interpreted along common law lines. 208 · In England prior to 187 8 tl1 e accused could not give sworn testimo11 ty in l1is own behalf. · rpora te the I • · 209 • s0me former }· · toco 1 1tc w Commonwealtl1 countries, sucl1 as Incl1a, l1 ave. codes co�ti�ental · practice o· r s11bjecting tl1 e accused to judicial questioning. See Sec. 342, lo<lian Crim1nal Procedure Code (Act. V, 1898). 210· Art. 142, para. 2 . · ,ner2 1l . See M A v'," av · L il · iv C 1e · tl ·n 1 100 t na · r1n11 -1nc . e lf . Pieck, ''The Accused's Privilege Against s . lea,! J. Con1paralive L., vol. 11 (1962), IJ, 586; A. Vitu, Procedure Penale (Paris, Presses Dniversi taires de Fra11ce, 1957), p. 212 . 2 l i · Art . 176 , . . (7) .

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JOURNAL OF ETHJOl'IAN LAW - VOL. l.VlI - No. l (i.e. verdict), then sentence. 21 3

The correspondi11g 1,ro�ision �11 tl1e juve11ile preced dure, Article 177, is somewl1at less _ satisfactory. Entitl�d � Imply ''Judgment'', it provides in sub-article (I) for the verdict and, wl1ere guilt 1s found, the sentence. Sltb-arts. (2) and (3) then speak of �e�ri11g wit11esses �11 tl1e ''character and �11tecedeuts" of the you11g perso11, and sub-art1cle_(4)_ state� :. , Jt1dgn1e11t shall be given as in ordinary cases. The court shall explain its dec1s1on to the y_oung person and warn him agai11st ft1rther n1isconclt1ct." An t1nwary reader m1gl1t co11clude that the verdict may tl1t1s jollolv, t11e taking of �vidence as to antecedents and character, . but a closer a11alysis re� eals that tl1e � 1tnesse� h �ar�, under sub-articles (3) �nd (4) are heard only after a 1udgme11t (ver�ct) of_ , guilty . It would clearly lJe unper n1issible to prejudice the case by hea.r111g ev1den�e on char�cter and antecedents before tl1e cl1arge bacl been found pro.ved. That 1s wl1y Article 55(1) of the Penal Code declares that the cot1rt n1ay require tl1e st1b1nission of st1ch evidence ''for the puqJose of assessing sentence," and why Article 177(3), Crim. Pro. C. provides tl1at after tl1e testimony of the character \Vitnesses ''tl1e defence shall address the co11rt as to se11te11ce." 214 It is necessary to stress tl1ese points because, unlike the Code's provisions for adult trials, 215 in the juvenile provisions there is no express prol1ibition against the disclosure of the acct1sed,s antecedents to the court before co11victio11. 216 Followi11g a jt1dgn1ent of acqt1ittal, tl1e jt1venile accused mt1st be ''set free fo1-tl1with." 217 Followi11g a j11dgn1ent of gi.1ilty, the court proceeds to sente11ce him .2 1 s B , t1t, as \Ve l1ave j11st 11oted, prior to doing so the cot1rt is empo\vered to take evidei1ce 011 tl1e cl1aracter ancI antecedents of the convicted accused. If expert opinio11 is cleen1ed desira,ble, tl1e court n1ay first ''orcler tl1e young offe11der to be kept under olJservatio11 in a n1edical or edt1catio11al centre, a ho111e or any other st1itable i11stit11tion''219 Subseque11t expert testin1ony on tl1e physical and/or mental conditio11 of tl1e yo11ng person is, insof,tr as it co11cerns ''definite scie11tific findings," binding 011 tl1e jt1dge i· n deciding upon the appropriate disposition.220 Wl1at proc cedure is to be follo\\red in all these proceedings? Prest11nably, because it see1ns that the prosec11tor is given 110 role in the process, the decision to commit the accused for pre :sente11ce observatio11 \vill be made by t11e jt1dge on his own motion, or 011 motion of tl1e defence. As for tl1e ta,king of evidence on character and antec---·--

213. Bttt the term ''judgn1ent" is t1sed again in tl1e broad sense ir1 Art. 149(7): "After deliv err, of judgment tl1e prosecutor and the accuse d shall be inforn1ed of their right of appeal. 214. Emphasis supplied. 215. Art. 138. 216. It is reported th�t in practice the pre-sentence report is prepared prior to trial, but n�t consulted by tl1e Judge unless the accused is found guilty Mebrahtu Yol1annes, Procedure'" Cases of Juveniles ... , cited above at note 26, p. 19. 217. Art. 177(1). 218. Ibid. 219. Art. 55(2), Pen. C. free : _220. � rt. 55(3), l'en. C. This provision l1as been court the leaves criticised because it nore , in tl1e !g . words of ,, the Penal Code, "ll1e appreciation of the expert as to th e Je!dIntr 1nferences to be dra\vn from tl1e definite . An n ve ra G p sc1e . �t·fi I c f:iin dings: . . . duction ... , cited above at note ?8 .p 1'0 · ci o e should be u d J tl1 e ::, . V more - , · .., • A ccor 1ng to t l 1e cr1t1c1sm . b ound•. . ·in e ffi ect, _to delegate tl1e sentencing function to the expert, wl10 ,viii kno\ . tion about Juve111le delinquency th an th e lu so t a th J·udge• 1n a pu re 1y reha b'l heme . c . s a e ' 1 t1v 1 ·t . • trong . . m1g · l_1.t be :fi ,. 1ne, b �.t it is hardly consistent with ns reta i wh ich sys tem , the present .�exp a ert • pun1t1ve eIement; in that sphere, the judge is the by defi 11ition more co111petent than

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edents, the Cod e expressl)' gives tl1e col1rt po\ver to call wit,1esses before it to so er tl1e se ''af ter a11d ify, _ � _ �� l1ave been l1eard� the defence inay reply and call test bis w 1t111esses a� t_ o cl1aracter , these defe11ce w1t11esses are ''itlterrogated by the court."22 Bt1t 1t 1s 1 1ot clear (a) wl1etl1er the defe11ce 111ay ''irl reply'' cross exrunine the court's character witnesses, as it 111ay do ,:vith regard to witilesses called in suppo.rt of t_l1e cl1arge, a11cl. (b) whetl1er or 11ot tI1 e defence character witnesses are, either prior to or followi11g the co11rt's ''iiiterrogation," exainitl ed by the defe11ce. Presu111ably tl1e defe11ce n1ay exa1ni11e botl1 categories of wit11esses. Otherwise, there ,:vo11ld be tl1e da11ger tl1at val11able i11for1nation in tJ1eir possession would not be bro11ght to tl1e cot1rt's atte11tion. After tl1e co11clusiou of testi inony the defe11ce ''sl1all adclress the court as to se11te11ce. "222 The Code tl1e11 pro:ide.s tl1at juclgn1e11 t shall be give11 ''as i 11 ordinary cases," ,�ihicl1 phrase no dot1bt 1s 1nte11ded to refer to Article 149 of tl1e adult proceclure. That article requires tl1at tl1e j11dg1nent be ''datecl a11d sig11ed by the jt1dge deli vering it," tl1at it ''contains a su111n1ary of the evidence," ''reaso11s for accepti11g or rejecting evide11ce," ''tl1e provisions of the law 011 ,vhicl1 it is based ar1d, i11 tl1e case of a convictio11, the article of the la,:v 11nder \Vl1ich tl1e co11 victio11 is n1ade." 111 the case of a11 an acquittal, tl1e jt1clgtnent n1ust ''contai11 an order of acqt1ittal and, ,vl1ere appropriate, a11 order tl1at the acct1sed be released fron1 c·ustody." These requiren1e111ents as to the form a11d co11te11ts of tl1e j11dg1ne11t are v11luable safeg11c1rds ,vhicl1 n1·ust be strictly followed in j11venile as \.Yell as ctdult cases. We l1ave previously discussed tl1e dispositio11al choices available to the co11rt in sente11cing tl1e co11victed yot1ng offe11der. 223 We 11eed add only a fe,v re111arks here. Co11ditio11al s11spensio1 1 of tl1e penalty as provided for ad11lt offe11ders 111ay also be applied to juve11iles, 224 tl1e 011ly difference being tl1at i11 the case of 5 22 years, tl1ree a11d 011e e11 juveniles tl1e period of probation n1ust be fixed betwe in contrast to the ordi11ary li111its of two to five years. 226 Tl1e court also has tlie special power to ''warn, adn1onish or bla111e the parents or otl1er I Jerso11 legally responsibile for the young person wl1ere it appears that tl1ey 'have failed �o carry out their puties.227 Furthermore, \vl1ere beca11se of s11ch perso11s' ''failure to exercise proper care and guardiansl1ip'' the court com111its the jt1venile to tl1e care of anotl1er perso1 1 or to an institution, the forn1er 1uay be orclered to be,1r 228 Unfortu11ately the �ode g. nin trai ll . and o p a r part of the cost of his 11p-kee does 11ot indicate wl1ether tl1e persons affected by sucl1 an order 1nay part1c1pate in the proceeding: May tl1ey present evidence on the question_ of fault? Mzty �hey appeal the court's fi11dincr of fault or the scope and d11rat1on of the reqt11red contribution ? 229 \Vl1at if they are 'f ina11cially u11able to comply with the order?

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221 · 222. 223, 224· 225. 226 · 227· 228229 ·

Art. 177(3). Ibid. See text accomJ)anying 11otes 41-67, above. Art. 176, Pe11. C. Ibid. Art· 200(2), Pe11. C. Art. 178. Art.179. In an earlier draft of the Code tl1e t)arents, etc. were given the rii:ht lo appeal. See '411 11 ote 130• Art. at e ov :ib 111termediate · Draft ted ci , 9) 95 t/1e Cri1ninc1/ Procedure Code (1 of 1 57(3).

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------------- - � JOURNAl� OF ETHIOPIAN LAW:.- ·VOL. VII - No. 1 · enil e proceclure i s silent on the questio v ju e th · n of costs. > L. as r· ly, s t s d co th f· prosec ution are bo e an , ies · I p ap e t1r ed � o pr y 1ar 1 or · he . t � rne ;, presur11 ably . s ts ha ve b een incurred ... for a r co l na tio ep e xc ss le un t en eas o 111 n r• e _ b tlle gov p ers on of property," in whic� a 1s he d an n rso pe e d ict nv co e th to _ altribut.:'lble 230 o e . s pr th ion ut ec of rt st pa co or s all th wi him case the court ca11 tax

a1thougl1

Appeal and Other · Post-Sentence Proceedings

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The juvenile procedure does not men_tion the questio11 of . app_eal, but it_ is clear: f• rom otl1er Code provisions that the r 1 ght of appeal applies Just as i 11 ordinary cases.2J 1 Article 181 permits appeal from a11 y ''judgment of a crimi11a l court whetl1er it be a judgment convicting, discharging or acquitting an accused person,,, and Article 185(4) states tl1at an appeal ''by a young p erson ... shall be through _ his legal represe11tative." B�t what is not clear 1s wl1ether th� non-adversary aspect _ of juve11ile pre-trial and trial procedure carries thro11gh to the appeal stage. That · is, are criminal appeals from juvenile case verdicts ''advers ary''? 111 appe als by the you11g perso11, js tl1ere a respondent?232 If so, who is it? I11 High Court cases wl1ere the public prosecutor has participated, i t would see1n logical to give hi� sucl1 a role 011 appeal. But what of all ot�er cases, whicl1, a s 1vve hav e noted above, · a re tried ex parte? S11rely the trial court judge is not supposed to appear and argt1 e a.s respo11de11t. We 111eet tl1is issue a-gai11 whe11 \Ve tur11 to ask \vhether th.e gover11n1ent may appeal i 11 st1ch- juvenile cases.23 3 If so, who 11ndertakes prosecution of the appeal? Or should we co11clude from the ge11eral non-adversary natlire of juvenile proceedi11gs tl1at tl1e governme11t has no rigl1 t to appe al, at least i11 cases bot tri ed ir1 the 1Iigl1 Co11rt? Presu1nably, there is an equal need for the rigl1t to sucl1 apJJeal i'n juvenile cases as in other s - to correct errors committecl by the trial court - a11d so the best solution might be to prov1de · for the pubHc prosectitor'_s pa rticipatio11 at tl1e appeal stage, as in ordinary _cases, e·ve11 though li e did not particjpate earlier. Regardi 11g pos t-se 11 tence proceedings other tha11 appeal, we · shall discuss two types :234 variatior1 of measures and penalties prior to their normal expiration, and re1s tatement. ,

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We have 11 oted before that the substa�tive p enal law applicable to juvenjles allows the co11rt a certai11 amount of flexibility in the treatment stage: the court· � as a ge,1eral power to. ''vary or modify'' its sentence235 at any la ter time if th.e interest of the young perso11 so re quir es. S11ch power includes, but is not liniited · •

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230. Art.220. 4),_ 231 · Crimj nal appe� ls a�e considered in Curr ent <196 v l ol L., Etlt . ," J. Issu Ap e, pea "C i nal rim ls p. 349� and in F isher, Ethiopian Criminal 17 · er · Chap 23, e t not Proceclure, cited above at nt. 232. n o rd1nary case s appeals are adversary, ume ar g nd tl1e respo11d ent n1ust appear i n ora l a e1ore the appeal court. Art 192. · : . . 233. � di r s e s _th e prosecutor, _public. or . private �� tl1e case n1ay � e, bas a �igf t e�� ;l �! � �� in o s P d y n o a c u tt l, dis cha g e uac adeq f n i t th o gr nd 1 r e or on e o te nce." A�t . l8S( Z�� r 3r t f q i a ly 234. Other sorts sucl1 as rev·s· mab resu e r b a i Y Cl11.Iot, ha beas corpus, pardon , a.nd amnesty, · �sher, , Eth· availa bl e t; juveniles on �� Fi iopia11 Cri,nina/ Proced ure ' · cite�anle terms as they are to adults. See, generally, above at n te 23, Cl1apter 18. � 235. A rt . 180. This l as wel . n al a o er appar en tly. t nclu� e s the power ·�t<? va.i:y penalt es �onvi cted measures, arici .ev:: :i su bs t� een, 1tut e a p e11alty for has · i Juye nLle , the f a rnea ui' e . . mor e than once· See not e 1 s ve 6 , abo .

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CRfM[NAL PROCEDURE FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS

of ti111e lty pe11 i1 1 to arrest,2 36 to shorteii or extend a conver· to � power _ � to, tbe 237 to order COilditional release 23s or 1 1npr1so1 1 e11t, omm1ttal est, ar of � � � a period fro1n one type of 1nstitutio 11 to a1 1otI1er 239 atld to rev�ke Juve111le a er transf to prob ation i1nposed pl1rsl1a11t to co11ditio11al release or to suspensio;1 of tlie penalty. 240 What. I?rocedure is to be fol �-� \.ve<l i11 . s �cl1 cases? Book yr, <?I1apter 2 ,, Proce Code dl1re , entitled Var1at1011 of Orders Conta111ed 1n Senten of the Cr.1D1111al ces'' provides a . P1:oced11re for Sl1cl1 cases. t.i.rticle �17 provides for an applicatio11 by the party w1sl11ng an order to be varied, 11ot1ce to ,tffected perso11s court directed inquiries into tl1e facts, a l1earing, and recordi11g of tl1e proceedi1;gs a11d of the cot1rt's decision. Appeal is expressly de11ied. Article 216 i 1 11pliedly invokes this proced11re :for various types of situations i11cl11di11g co11ditio11al release a11cl revo catio11 of probation. B11t doubt is raised as to the applicability of tl1is procedure to juvenile cases by Article 216(3): ''Orders made i11 respect of you11g persons may be ,1 aried i11 accordance witl1 the provisio11s of P1.rt. 180 of tl1is Code.'' Looki11g to Article 180, ,ve fi11d 011ly the state111e11t that ''any cot1rt which l1as se11tenced a yo11ng perso11 to a 111eas11re 1nay at any time of its own 1notio11 or 011 the applicatio.n of tl1e young person, bis legal represe11tative or tl1e perso11 or institution to ,1vhich he was e11tr11sted, vary or 1nodify st1ch orcler if the i11terest of the yo1111g person so reqt1ires." But of 11otice, i11 vestigatio11, l1earing, recorcli11g appeal, 110 gt1ida nce is given. In s11cb circ11msta11ces \Ve 011gl1t to fill i11 tl1e gaps by applyi11g the procedure of Article 216, wbicl1 seems q11ite as suitable for jt1ve11ile cases as for others. And, l1/e migl1t add, the j11venile's rigl1t to co1111sel ot1gl1t to be asst1red at this stage as ,veil as earlier.

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IIi

We have already disct1ssed241 the availability ,1nd effects of rei.nstate111e11t. The Penal Coc1e directs that ''the young offender or ... tl1ose havi11g ,1t1thority over him must apply for reinstatement to ''tl1e competent autliority,"242 bt1t 0111its ft1r ther procedural gt1idance. The juvenile provisions of the Crin1inal JJrocedure Code are completely silent. 111 this situatio11, as ,vitb applications to vary or 1nodify the sentence, the procedure presc1·ibed by Criminal Proced11re Code Articles 218-19 for or _di nary cases should be fol10Vi1ed: the application should be made to ''the cot1rt having passed the sentence the cancellation of which is sought'' (the ''competent authority''); it should be in writing, give reasons, and be acco1npained by docun1e11ts _wl1ich enable the court to judge tl1e application; the court may order the proclt1ct101;1 of further infor1natio11 a11d it decides the iss11e (in a hearing ope11 to both parties?) sitting in chambe�s; the decision is in ,vriting, n1ust give reasons, and is not appealable. An application rejected on the merits n1a.y not be renewed before two yea.rs have elapsed. There is one aspect of the ordinary reinstatement procedure wl1ic� perhaps _ shou ld not apply to j11venile cases: publicity of the court's ruling. Article 219(4) requires that the court's decision on an application for rei1 1state1nent ''shall be

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236. 237 · �38 · 39 · 24o. 241 · 2 42 ·

Arts. Arts. Arts. A.rt.

171(2) and 710(2), pen. C. 54 and 168, Pen. C . 167(2) and 173(3), Pen. C . 173(2), Pen. C. Ibid.; Arts. 176, 204 and· 211, Pe11. C. See text accompanying notes 76-81, above. Art· 180, Pen. C.

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. per spa a in new '' ed lish pub e b_ In . the first ll sha and rt, cou n ope in out read any sens� a! all 111 light es ma� (4) 219 icle Art ther ,vbe le nab stio que is it of place, 1 s1der the appl1c�t1011 _in co1 to rt c<> the ng uiri req in ch camera, whi (1), 219 � Article for ecy secr 11eed 1n re111st atement tl1e vr1th y 1 patl sym ble nda ersta und an shows ady as alre e o serv wh ? ap , ant . pli� the ? the pen alty e aus bec so is s Thi gs din procee 1 . t?e mu into com 11ty, might ted a gr_ 1nte w�L ly fair be y ma and e crim be for bis 111al c�n_duct. A differellt cr11n past his to :1 ntlo atte lic pub of val revi a by ed 11arm situation results if the court grants reinstaten1ent, because publ1c1ty of that fact may have a positive �ffect o� the offend�r's rehabilitation, a�d in any eve.nt may ne him by a.ny ''reproac h be necessary to give third parties due warrung not to defa1 243 Therefore ce. offen able a the publicity �Ulis ," icti�n con� � referring to an old ordained by Article 219(4) 1� defensible 10 tl1e . case of . �n adult o ffender 011Jy \Vhere the i11 camera proceedings have resulted 1n a dec1s1on favourable to him and indeed one suspects that tl1 e Code drafters failed to provide tl1us by oversight'.

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in tl1e case of juve11iles it W<>t1ld be wrong to allow even grants of reinstateo1e11t to receive tl1e publicity, inclt1di11g newspaper publication, tl1at Article 219(4) reqt1ires. It is 11ot rea.s011,1ble to pt1blicize the offender's reinstatement more widely than l1is conviction, and, as v,e have seen, 244 tl1e law allows strict limits 011 tJ1e exte11t of tl1e latter in juvenile cases. Publicatio11 in a newspaper of the young perso11's rehabilitation co11ld tl1us defeat the policy which n1ay have originally preve11 ted publjcation of l1is co11viction G11 court order. Therefore in juvenile rebabi� litation procedure publicity even for st1ccessful applications sl1ould be ordered only at tl1e offencler's req1.1est. Bt1t

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Special Proceedings

The Role of the Injured Party: Private Prosecutions Cla.im in the Criminal Proceedings

and Joinder of the Civil

111 ordinary crimi11al proceedings u1der Ethiopian law the inju.red party may have th� opportunity to pa_rti�ipate in two special ways, aside fron1 parti?ip �tion as ,l �v1�ness. I11 a . ,,ery l1m1ted class of cases, tl1e i11jured party 1nay 111st1tute tl1e cr1m1nal proceedings as a private prosecutor if the public prosecutor refuses to pros�cute.245 An_d . in all cri1ninal cases, whetl1er instituted as public or priva te prosecutions, tl1e rnJured . party246 may ''apply to the court trying tl1e c�se � o� an order . that compe11sat1on be awarded for the injur)' caused."247 In Jttven_ilc � cases Artic�e l:>5(1 )(a� xpressly forbids joinder of the injured party's civil claim 7 together with the cr1m1nal case. Probably ' privac te prosecutions are forbidden as well.248

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243 . A.rt. 245(3), Pen. C. 244. Se text accompanying notes 71-75, � abo\e. 245. Pr 1v �te proJecution is authorized only wl1 e

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re t he pub lic prosecutor refuses to instituted pthr�� ce ed 1ngs wit,1 regard to an of fenc·� tln5 • n ··· gro u e th • · 1a on le 1 · b n1pla1nt, only o . up o n c � ed . p cifi the re is no t suffi c1en e s • t ev 1 dence t? _Justify a conv ic n certai t ion. Arts. 42, 44(1). In ioD, case omeone other than the lnJure ecu t pro s d Ptr ty l1imself may init iate the private I 2s Art.s 4; , 246. Or tho're claiming under him I ' Arts. 100, Pen. C. and 154, Crim. Pro. C. I 247. Art. 154. .24S · See the discussion below.

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• CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 1::oR JUVENILE OFFENDERS

It is di�cu!t . to �atl1_on1 th e .d1�aftfr's. n1otives for no t allowing joitlder of the jured _ par ty s c 1v1 _ c 1a1n1 111 tb_e. cr1m1n_a tr1 �l. It wot1ld seen 1 that all the arguineilts 1 in f whic h �u�ti y a 1low in g. sueh JOinder 1n trials of adult accuseds apply to juvenile cases: JOtnder save� ti��e an d expe11se to the stat�, tl1_e injured party, and the to settle all . tl1e outsta 11d1ng issues wllich ha accused by attempt1n� ve arisei.1 out of the alleg_e? crune. !t ca11 co11tr1bute to tl1e guilty defendant's rellabilitatioil by making pro. v 1s1on for his reco111pe11se to tl1� victi111 of his crime ai1d to society simul_taneou_sly It_ al�o serves tl1e ��tren1ely vital_ �unction of providing a11 outlet, sanct1on_ed 1n EtI1;101?1a by long trad 1 t1 011, for tl1e 1 11Jured party's passion for partici pating 10 the cr1m_1nal ca�e ..To. tl1e extent that such participatio11 allows the in jured party to subl1111ate his 111st 111cts for ''blood revenge'', its value is inestimable. Juvenile accuseds tire apparently by ·no 111eans im111une fron1 in,,olvement in the 250 me. dro feud sy11 d bloo the It cannot be objected that introduction of tl1e civil clai111 migl1t co11fuse or complicate the cri1ninal trial, beca11se i11 a11y case wl1ere tl1at is likely the court always can (and sl1ould) de11y tl1e applicatio11; in tl1is respect juve1 1ile and adult cases are 11ot distinguisl1able, and tl1e criteria already established for adult cases see1n perfectly adeq L1ate. Therefore, it n1ay l1a,1e been 11nwise to deny the possibility of joinder i11 juve11ile cases.

Because the Code no,:vhere expressly settles the question, it is not absolutely certain that the Code forbids private prosecutio11 of young persons,25 1 bttt it would be diffic11lt to justify allovving it. In ordinary procedure, private prosecution is only possible for ''complaint offences'' (which are relatively minor), and even then only if the public prosecutor has declined to prosecute for tl1e reaso.11 that the evidence is not sufficient, in his view, to support a convictio1 1. Private prose ecutions are permitted, within tl1ese strict lin1its, 1:>robably for two reaso11s: to provide an outlet for tl1e injured party's desire to see his alleged assaila 11t punisl1ed; and to check possible abuses of discretion by tl1e public pro.secL1tor. These aims are admittedly of great importance in all cri111i11al cases, and, as we have seen, the first has apparently bee11 sacrificed in juvenile cases by forbiddi11g joinder of the civil clain1. But permitting private prosec11tions also has 11egative aspects, which are perl1aps especially importa11t i11 juvenile cases. Crin1inal prosecutions, whether p�vate or public, bri1 1g great diffict1lty a11d e1nbarrass1 ne11t to the accused pers?n: h1s life is disr·upted, he is subjected to severe emotional stress, and l1e acq1:1res a stigma of crinunality wl1ich, regardless of atten1pts to keep the proceed_1ngs "secret'' and even if he i s ultimately acq11itted, l1e 1nay not lose for some t11ne. Where a young person is tl1e accused, these effects may l1ave a particularly severe -:-----

249 · �f the defendant is acq11itted or discharged the criminal court may not adjudicate the inJured party's civil c laim bt1t must refer him to the civil courts. Art. 158. 250- See tl�e homicide case discussed by lvlebrahttl Yol1annes, Juve,rile Delinquenc;, in_ Six Tolvn: _ d �) 1arge dtscl dant · · •, cited above at note 104, pp. 137-38, wl1ere tl1e eleven year old defen the co urt was afraid to return to l1is village because "blood n1oney'' l1acl 11ot be_en paid. See also the other cases discussed by .Mebral1tu Yol1an11es, id. at pp. 136-37, Piib/,c Prose• cutor v. Aberra La1netcl1a (Higl1 Ct., Addis Ababa, 1965), Crin1. Case No. 533-57, unpubiis hed, Library, Faculty of Law, H. S. I. U. . . 251 · T�e Code's failu re to deal expressly with tl1e question cont�asts w1tl1_ �ts clear appr� v� �f private prosecution in petty offence proceedings (' 'Tl e public or J?fl_val e pro�ecu �� - h l : . . �Pp_ly..." Art. 167(1), and its clear rcft1sal to permit Jo1nder of tl1e 1nJured part s CI\t1 c1ain'l-_ m Juvenile criminal proceedings (Art. 155(1) (a)).

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. VII - No. l 1ances of suc�essft1l adj11st1ne11t to life . To Sttb cl his 011. and biin inlpact ject . 111 to these strai11s in cases 1-v/1ere tl1e JJL1b/1c JJroseci1tor l1acl formally stat ed ti . h1 t . 1a . . . seem oo s 1; 1s i1tio 1 1 n f 1n Jtivenile cas ify a _prosec fl1e al,ailable evide,1ce does . 11ot jttst es . . 2 tl 1an I s . 1·t serves. 5'private prosec11tio11 could Jeopardize greater va ue of role the private prosecutor co uld how ine imag to t1lt diffi.c is it too, e11 1 Tl 1·e edu ' proc ary' vers n-ad prescribed for juve nil ''no ial spec e 1 tl 1 i1 ted 1oda 1 111 1 be acco trials. TI1e Code provides tl1at_ tl1e private prosecutor ��11 have all tl1 e ''rig ht: b11t as we li ave seen atlcl dtities'' at trial as a JJt1bl1c prosec11tor wo11ld have, i,1 jtive11iJe cases not tried i11 the Hig h Co _urt (and �as�s . s�rffi.ciently minor t� ad111 it of pri,,ate prosecut!on are never of High Co11rt Jt1r1sd1ct1?11) the . public protec11tor l1as 110 duties - 1 11 fact l1e cannot even atte11d the trial l1 ear1ng.2s4 This togetl1er with the fact tl1 at the Code's j11ve11 ile provisio .us refer expressly to tb� public J)rosecutor but n� ver _to tl1 e pri,,� te :pro� ecut�r, 255 bolsters the view that tl1e Code •does 11ot per1n1t prlvate prosecution 1n JU.ve111le cases.

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Petty 0:ffcn.ce Procedure

J11st a.s tl1e Code provides a special procedure for cases in,1olvi11 g juveniles so it provides 0 11e for tl1 e trial of petty offe11ces. 256 U11fort1111ately it is not c lea; whicl1 special l)rocedure applies whe 11 a j11venile is acc11sed of havi11g corrunitted a petty offe11ce. It wo11ld seetn that there is no possibility of co11flict insofar as pre-trial 1Jrocedt1re is co11cer11ed, beca11se tl1e petty offences proceclure is addressed 011 ly to tl1e sta.ge of i11stitutio11 of proceedi11 gs a11 d beyond; i 11 itiation of the proc eedi11gs ar 1d tl1e police investigatio11 stages 1nust be cond11cted. accordu1g to the regt1lar jt1ver1ile procedure. 257 As for the trial itself, it wo11ld at first blush seem se11sible to apply tl1e petty offences proced11re, which differs fro1n ordinary proc edure cl1iefly in tl1 at it is less formal, and that the accused can plead guilty in writing a11d thus avoid a court appearance i n s1titable cases.258 Such procedural sl1ort-outs ,vot1ld be wl1olly appropriate to the trial of petty offe11ces if tl1e relatively 252. The fact that the private prosecutor n1ust be ar all the costs of the prosecution, including, \VJ1ere the co_urt finds tl1at tJ1e cl1arge "was not made in good faith," JJossibly all or part of th� costs incurred by th e accused (Arts. 154 a nd 221), would seen1 to be neither a very effective deterrent to bas eless private prosecutions nor ade quate solace to the acquitted accuse d. 253. Art. 153(1 ). 254. Art. 176(1). 255. Arts. 172(1), (3) and 176(1). 256. Arts. 167-70. 257 · This is not stated exJJlicitly. But we can infer it from tl1e initial provision for sunJnl oning of the a ccused on application to tl1e cour t ''by the public or private pro�e��it�r" (ArJ � 67(!)_. \'(e know th t th er� cannot be a . ''private prosect1 tor" until after t l1e 1nittation : ce mv estigat ion stages_ (1.;on rru11g a "con1pla1nt offe nce") I1ave b een conclt1ded, and. the pu:ic r pu prosecu!or has decided_ on the b asis of tl1e IJOlice itu�e �� inv estigation report not to in st proceedings under Articl e 42(J)(a). TI1erefor e 10 � · • t he Code chapter e ntitled "Procedure 1 f _ P�tty Offenc �" chronolgically prest1ppose� o t prior and the conclusion of all stag es :. es uding the public prosecut or's d ecision whe r p muSl u th er to ins titu te proceedings ' a nd we · ns (Th " umo1 0 ab ly lo ok t 5 e t h or e d' in ary Code provisio11s for regulation of those stages. • ·the issu ed. bY t�e court un�er Article 167 is ·a ser and n appe veso the a r for trial, summ to o s ct1on t s t l1 e tr cha�ge Ill regular procedu re ( Art. 167(2). Tl1is is in clear con a �vern � ur '� lapt er . rocedure � Cases Concerning to nt me a arl y e cl Yo ung g oJice sons," which is and !Ilatte �s f! on1 the earliest stages, and includes proPer the case of n init iati o for visi on · · p 1nvest1gat10n. 258. See Arts. 168-70.

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE FOR · JU.VENILE OFFENDERS

· scheme of the petty offences Code2s9 'appli'ed 1n case ·· ·l·ouoctio11s· ·meas11re/penaJty seems c ear 1t t hat ut 1 · • 1t · does not apply. The G. eneral part. B ct1011. convi Of · · ct · · al and exclusive i11g prov1 a 1n e, speci d C o Pe11al set of nleasures and of the · · ct d Jt1ve · n1 1es exp�es�ly 1nakes tl1ose treatment provisions applipenalties: f �r con�� . . � ov1ded tl1e b by Cri11ui1al Code or the Code of Petty Offe,1 ces'' 260 ca le to offences p1 aiid_ �rti:le ,, 702(2) of tl1� Petty ,?ffe1? ces Code sp_e�ifically reserves the applicabiity of Jtt_verule f or111s o .f pl1n1slm�8:nt. Article 696(3) of tl1e Petty Offe11ces Code providiil g that the petty· offence_ pr?�is1011s ''_sl1all also ap�ly_ to young perso11s,"t61 seemingly refers d11ly to tl1ose prov1s1ons \vl11cl1 defi11e cr11n11.1al liability for petty offences: Petty O.ff�nces Code treat111e�1t provisio11s 1n11st give way to those prescribed for juveniles in the Penal Code itself, 11nlesss they can be reconciled with the latter's scheme. . Th11s, Articles 702(2) and 703 of the Petty Offences Code, which together make arrest ''the 011ly penalty involving deprivatio11 of liberty v1l1ich may be i 111posed in the case of petty offences," must r�fer to the direction i11 Penal Code Article 161 that \Vhe11 a yo1111g perso11 com111its· ''an offence provided by tl1e ... C(?de of Petty Offences'' ''tl1e Court s/1all order 011e of the following n1eas11res ... " which category includes commitme11t to a corrective institutio11 for 11p to five years. And because that category also i11cl11des corporal pun.isme11t, that penalty is arg11ably available even thotigh Petty Offences Code Article 702(1). expressly excl11des it in petty offence cases. Article 16 7(2). A preferable view is tl1at A.rticle 702( 2), read together with Article 702(1), does not pernlit coqJoral · p11nisl11ne11t beca11se it is not a ''special form'' of one of the· penalites permitted by Articles 703 ff. \1/e can easily reconcile Article 706(2), Pe11. C. (Code of Petty Offences) (arrest i11 j11venile cases shall not exceed fiftee11 days' duration, etc.) with ·Article 165, Pen. C. ( duratio11 of arrest shall be determined by the court ''in a ma1111er appropriate to the circumstances of the case ancl tl1e clegree of gravity of the offence committed''), since the former article expressly refers to the latter and is n1ore specific.262 Likewise, we could read A.rticle 780, Pen. C. (Code of Petty Offences) as limiting the amo11nt of fine \Vhicl1 can be i1nposed on a juvenile petty offender to three. h11ndred dollars altho11gh Article 171, Pen. C. only directs tl1at the amou11t ''be proportio11ate to his n1eans and the gravity · 0f the offence. '' 263 . . ·. s eeing that the ordinary meas·ure/penalty scheme applies generally to juvenile offenders, whether the offence is ordinary or merely petty, it becomes clear that there •is _no justification for an ''abbreviated'; procedure in petty offence cases: the proced11re should match the aims and possible consequences of the proceedings, and these do not differ substantially for the juvenile accused. of an ordinary or petty crime. He is equally· liable, ·for·· exan1p1e, to corporal punishment and to

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�59. See Arts. 702-20, Pen. C. (C. Pet. Off.).· 260 ·· · Art. ' 161, Pen. C. (emphasis supplied): . is; neot �rro 261 · �0.te incident rir cl is 52 Art. e Cod . al Pen to (3)· 696 . ally ti1at th� reference in Art �� 1s irrelevant. It 18 Art. 53 . wl1ich defines ''young person''. Art. 52, which defines '� 11:;a�t , 262· Although abulary voc the 1n t res ''ar and y, 1alt pe1 is a es enc "arrest'' in the Cocle of Petty Off of juvenile treatment is a measure, tl1e two are clearly �quivalent in st1bstance . and should be so treated to as 263 · e have s ion ect dir er 1 otl een _alrea �y pointe� ou� the fundamental inconsistency betw };' . e or Juverules contamed 1n the Penal and Petty Offences Codes; respectively. See note 5°8· sabf ove .

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years.as i_s tl1e jl1venile cll a o 1 tern 11 '' for io i�ut i11st tiye rrec ''co � a to rged comolittal � 1 1ly tl1e penalty of 1mpr1sonme nt (aJ 011 g 0 11e; cru s iou ser re mo h With with a 111uc 264 1 rt. t co e Therefore tl1e juven tl1 to 11 de id rb fo is s) ht rig ,il ci, of deprivatiorl ile , should always govern tlie tri· ure ced pro es e11c off ty pet cial spe tlie 110t , ·e edw roc p a1 . 1e. 111 cr tty pe of d se ct1 ac ns rso pe 1g u1 yo of Thjs conclusion leads tis to question the _wisd_on1 of . Article 698, Pen. C . (C ode of Petty Offences), wi1icl1 directs that the exp�r t 1nq111ry . wl11cl1 the court is e11couraged26s to uiidertake lJefore sente11ci1 1g �t convicted JUve1 11le, sl1011ld 11ot be ordered in petty offence cases unless ''tl1e offender's �-esponsibility cannot othei:wise be decided by tlie co·urt.'' Tl1js wot1ld n1ake �ense 1f �l1e offender were subJect only to the relatively 111ild measures and pe 11alt1es prescribed b1 the Petty Offences Code, but n1akes no sense in juvenile cases \1/here the possible co11seq11e11ces of the court order are i11deed grave; tl1e co11rt should. not i11 sucl1 cases be encouraged to niake jts decisio11 as to treatment ''blindfolded'', as it were. But 111ore ft111darne11tally, we should seriously question the Iegisla.ture's decision jf s11cl1.' it vvas, to aJ)IJly ti1 e Penal Code's special jL1venile treatn1e11t provisi�n� to )'OL1ng petty offe11ders. Is it not unfair to tl1e ju,1e11ile to subject ]1im to a ,possible pe11alty of co111 111iti11e11t to a ''corrective i11stitutio11'' for tip to five years266 follovvi 1 1g a convictio1 1 of s11ch petty crimes as stealii1g fi·fty ce11ts267 or defacing a parlc be11cl1 ?268 .,\n adl1lt wl10 com111itted tl1e san1e acts could 011ly be punished witl1 loss of liberty for fifteen da_ys i1 1 tl1e first case, 269 or tl1ree t1rzo11t/1s in the second. 270 It can be objectecl that in practice a court would never i1npose such a gra.ve sentet1ce i11 st1ch a n1.i1.1or case, and that 011 appeal the se11tence \vould certainly be reduced if it did. But if that is so tl1en it is st1re]y appropriate to ask why ,ve gi,,e the col1rt sucl1 a broad discretio11 in tl1e first place vis-a-vis the ju,,enile petty offender ,:vhen ,ve refuse to allow it vis-a-vis the adult? If we are willing to place ot1r trust i n tl1e good se11se and restrai11t of col1rts, wl1y do 1vve set limits tl1rol1gl1out the Pe11al Code 011 the ,tn1ou11t of per11 1issib1e pe11alty according to tl1e gravity of the particular crin1e? Tl1e answer is Sllrely tl1at \Ve do not ''tr11st'' tl1e courts to sucl1 a11 extent, and tl1 at we feel it is rigl1t ancl fair to li1nit n1axi1n1:1n1 penalties, at least i11 part, accordi 11g to tl1e degree of harn1 threatened or achieved by the offe 1 1der. How can we jl1 stify taki 11 g a different course ,vbere juve11iles are concer11ed? vVe st1bmit that this ca1111ot be j11stified on any basis otl1 er tl1a 11 a deni�l that coiun1itme11t for five years e.g., to the Addis Ab,tba Re111and I-Io1ne, 15 ''really'' ptinishme11t, because the legislature's aim i11 such ca.ses is to refor1n, not h �rt, tlie _ac�used. Bt1t, as we l1ave already 11otecl, this view partakes 11eavily _of w1sl1 ful tb1nk1ng. To take a misbehaving ten year old boy from bis home envir,itted is 264. � ecause the p� na lty of imprisonn1ent may n m co ce en ff o onJy be ordered wl1ere the \\11.11l n�rrnall y J?Un1sl1able wi.th a term of rigorou in1 r 0 e or m s prisonm· en of ten years or · t capital pun . 1shment." Art. 173, Pen. c. 265. Art. 55, Pen. C. 266. Art. 167(2), Pet1. C. 267. Art. 806, Pen. C. (C. Pet. Off.). 268. Art. 811, Pen. C. (C. Pet. Off.). 269. Art. 806, Pen. C. (C. Pet. Off.). 270, Arts. 810-1I a11d 703, Pen. C. (C. Pet. Off).

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS

onroent and p11 t l1im i n t�e. custody of a state i11stitution which he n1ay not leave with ot1t gove�nn1e11t per1n1ss1011 111ay be . wl� o�ly justified as a protective atld betl efi�e11t deed 111 :n1a11y cases, bt1t . t? tl_1e 111d1vidual boy, his_ family and his friends, bene�ole1 1t a111 1s 011 his behalf do not it 1s surely p�1usl1111ent. .Tl1e �tate _s sincerely _ : tha1 sens . he e bein s 1s boy g forcibly deprived of l11s 11ormal life 110 matter erase the how impoverished or har111ft1l tl1� latter 1 nay see1n to 11s. If nothing els�, tl1e high escape rate of Ren1a11d Ho111e 1111nates sl1ould satisfy us as to that. But even as viewed by tl1e state, it is difficult to 1naintai11 that in society's eyes the boy is not being dealt with as a ''cri1 11inal'': we l1ave acc11sed him of violating a specific provisio11 of the Pe11al Code, a11cl l1ave ''co11victed'' l1i1n i11 a court of law for this offence. He l1as then bee11 ''se11te11ced'' to serve a nu111ber of years in ''corr ective'' confine1ne11t. Even if we call tl1at treatment a ''measure'' rather tha11 a ''penalty'', tl1 e a11ra of pt1nisl11ne11t perists. After all, we p11rport to i11clude ''rel1ab ilitat.ion'' and ''correctio11'' a1no11g our aims i11 locki11g up adult convicts too,271 bt1t we do not for that reason de11y tl1e treatment's punitive 11ature. Forcible deprivation of liberty pursuant to a criminal co11victio11 simply cannot escape the }able of pt1n.isl1n1e11t, nor sho1 1ld we per111it it to.

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If ot1r cliscussio11 so far is based on a oorrect reading of the la\v, then it must be said tl1at this state of affairs illustrates all too well 011r ce11tral theme that the Ethiopian legislator's worthy efforts to provide a specially ''e11ligl1te11ecl'' and protective sche1ne of treatment for the j11ve1 1ile has led, iro11ically, to a smaller measure of j11stice for 11im than is accorded his adult counterpart. J 11 the effort to distinguisl1 the j11venile's case from the ad11lt's i11 order to alleviate t11e raw11ess of criminal justice, little care bad been taken to assure him eq11ality of treatlne11t with regard to tl1ose rights and safeg1.1ards we dee111 absolutely esse11tia] for tl1e rest of us. 3.

Default Proceedings

As a general r11le i n Etl1iopia11 Crimi11al Procedure tl1e accused's presenc � at trial is a requiren1e11t. In exceptional cases, wl1ere the offence cl1arged is very serious, the accused ca11 be triecl i 11 bis absence a11d a judgment ''in default'' pro11011nced. 272 However, the Cocle specifically excludes j11venile accuseds fro1n the application of those provisions which allovv default proceedings. 273 Therefore, it would seen:, no juvenile 1nay be tried for a cri1 ninal offence in his absence. Sho11ld he fail to appear 011 the day fixed for tl1e hearing, the proper procecl11re is for the court to s ecure the attendance of the person in wl1ose c11stody the juvenile was. released under Article 172(4), and require him to prod11 ce the juvenile. Should he fa1! to do so the appropriate remedy, if any, is co11tempt proceedings, unless a bail bond � exists and can be levied upon. 274

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rt. I, Pen. C. But compare Penal Code Art. 86, which refers to Art. 1, with Pe nal Cod 1 Art._ 105, stating the pLtrpose of simple imprisonment as "a measure of safety t o tl1e. ¥en�ra public and as a punishment to the offen der," witl1 no refere!lce to re_f?r� o r rehabilttation. Art. 107, Pen. C. (rigorous imprisonment) does however mention rel1ab11Itatton. See A rts. 160-70. Art.160(1) See the discussion on bail at text accompanying notes 142-48, above. ,

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Conclusion

Ethiopian law treats the juvenile offend_er am?iguously: in _part, as a crimin al meriti11g punishment_ ; in p�rt, as an .irresponsible ��11� needing_ gu.1dance a11d support: _ This an1biguous attitude 1s not un1q11ely character1s�1c �f ?th1op1a - other countries liave been struggling witl1 tl1e san1e proble1n, often 1n s1n11lar · \Vays. As urbanisation rapidly increases in Ethiopia, juvenile crime will increase� a11d public demands fot actio11 to curb the depredations of ·''street boy'�• gangs can be· expecte� to exacer� bate tl1e punitive attitudes of law enfcircernent perso1�n�l. Ir! sucl1 · an atmosphere i,t will be easy to Jose sight of the need to ·treat _ th� Juvenile a�cus�d with strict justice, but we must not let that happen. The Cr1mrnal Procedure Code's special provisions for the trial of juveniles are generally· unsatisfactory, �hiefly_ beca-�se they are too sparse. Too many gaps· have been left. Hopefully, 10 1ill1ng them, the Code's ordinary procedure for adults will .b e.. taken as a model. · -

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But a more basic problem is . that th.e . proc�dural rules wlucb do e:tist seem to presuppose a benign substantive . law, whereas, in effect if 11ot d�sigri, that' law is ofte11 severely pu11itive. The legislature might reconsider this procedure from the poi11t of view of giving justice to the juvenile accused· , paying particular at tention to ways in whicl1 the present ·system· may unfairly deny· him basic con .. sititutionaJ ri ghts.

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APPENDIX CODE ARTIGLES A:PPL,CABLE TO JUVENILE OFFENDERS '

PENAL CODE Tl'fLE I

Sectio.n TI. -, Infants. . . and Juvenile Delinq�ents •

Art. 52. - Infancy: Exoneration from Criminal Provisions. • The provisions of this Code· shall not apply to infants not l1aving attained the age years. Such infants a.re not deemed to be responsible for their acts under the law. Where an offence is committed by an infant, appropriate steps may be taken by tl1e family,. school or gt1ardiansl1ip . autl1ority. . . Art. 53. - Special provisions applicable to young persons. (1) Wbere a0; offence is con1mitted by a young person between the ages of nine and fifteen the penalties and ineast1res to be imposed by the CoL1rt shall be those· provided in Book, II, Cl1apter IV of •this Code (Art. 161 - 173). Young persons sl1all not be subject to tl1e ordi11ary penalties applicable to adults nor shall they be kept in c11s�ody with adt1lt offenders. (2) No order may be made . . under Art. 162 - 173 of this Code unless the offender is convicted. Art. 54 - Assessment of Sentence. Iri assessing the sentence tl1e Court �hall · take into accou11t the age, character, degree of mental and moral development of the young offender, as well as the educational valt1e of the measures to be applied.

The Court may vary its o_ rder to ensure tl1e best possible treatment. (Art. 168). Art. 55 - Expert evidence and enquiry. (1) For the purpose of assessing· sentence tl1e Court may require information about the conduct,

education, position and circumstances of tl1e yot1ng offender. It may examine his parents as · well as the representatives of · tl1e -school and guardianship aL1tl1orities: . . The_ Court may require tl1e production of any files, particulars, medical and social reports m their possession concerning the young person and bis family .. (2)-Tbe Court before passing sentence may order .the young offender ·to be kept u.nder obser vation in a medical or educational centre, a home or any other suitable institution. The Co11rt may require the production of expert evidence regarding the pl1ysical and mental condition_ of the young person. The Court. shall put such questions as ma.y be necessary to any expert for· the ptrrpose of informing itself as to · the pl1ysical a�d mental st�te of the young person and inquire wl1at treatment and measures of an edqcat1onal, corrective or protective kind would be most suitable. · (3) In reaching its decision the Court shall be bound solely by definite scientific findings and not by the appreciation of· the expert as to the _legal inferences to be drawn.

Art · 56 • Offenders over the age of fifteen.

(1) If at th · r:r d er was over . e t 1me. e · OJ1en r:r ce th · o f the 011en

fl.fteen but under e1'ghteen years of

age he shall be tried under the ordinary provisions of this Code. .

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JOURNAL OF ETI-llOPIAN LAW - VOL. VII - No. 1 TO YOUNG PERSONS LE AB IC PL AP S IE LT NA PE AND ES UR AS Chapter IV. _ ME , Section I. • Period between ages of nine and fifteen Paragraph 1. Ordinary Measures Art. 16I - Principle. e of Petty Offences Code or t!1e In all cases where an ofl"ence provided by the Crimin.al ages of nine Cod and fifteen years (Art. . bas been committed by a young person �et\veen tl1e having regard to th� general prov 53) the Court shall order on.e of the following _measures, t. isions defitling the special purpose_ to be ac�1eved (Ar 54) and after having ordered all necessary enquiries for its information and guidance. (Art. 55).

Art. 162 - Admission to a Curative Institution. If the cond.ition of the young offender requires treatment and_ where �e is feeble minded, abnormally arrested in bis developn1ent, suffering from . a men!al_ disease, �li11d, deaf and dumb epileptic or addicted to drink, the Court shall or?er his _a_dm1ss1on to swtable institution wber� he shall receive tl1e n1edical care required by his cond1t1on. I-lis treatment sball wl1ere possible include education and instruction. Art. 163 - Supervised Education. (1) If the young offender is morally abandoned or is in need of care and protection or is exposed to tl1e danger of corruption or is corrupted, meast1res for his education under supervision shall be ord.ered. 1-Je sl1all be entrusted eitl1er to relatives or, if he l1as no relatives or if t11ese have proved to be incapable of ensuri.ng l1is educatjon, to a person (guardian or protector), a reliable family, home or organization for the education and protection of cl1ildren.

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The relatives, person or orga11ization of a public or prjvate nature responsible for the education under supervision of the young offender shall undertake in writing before the

Court that tbey will, under tl1eir responsibility, see to the good behaviour of the you ng offender entrusted to the1n. Tl1e local supervisory authorities (A.rt. 213) sl1all be responsible for the control of the measure. (2) Specific conditions sucl1 as regular attendance at a scl1ool or the obligation to undergo an apprenticesl1ip for a trade, the prol1ibition to associate with certain persons or resort to certain places, tl1e obligation to appear personally before, or to report on certain dates to, the supervisory authority n1ay be imposed. Such conditions may, according to tl1eir nature and purpose, be ordered either in respect to the young person or to tl1e persons wl10 voucl1 for his good conduct. (3) A recall or a formal adrno11ition may, if necessary, be sent to sucl1 persons by the supervisory authority or the Court. The c�st 0? Y and education of an infant may at all times be withdrawn from the pers on ?r organ1zat1on entrusted tl1erewitl1 if Uiey prove to be incapable of d.ischarging th.eir tru5I m a proper manner.

Art. 164 - Reprimand ; Censure. (1) Wl1 en such a course seems appropriate and designed to produce good results the Court _ and tl1e may reprim young offender. It shall �irect his_ at�e11tion to the consequences of ilis act and appeal to bis sense of dt1ty a.nd h!s determ1nat1on to be of good behaviour in tlle ftlture. n ref?n (Z) This measure may be applied alone when the the for t it sufficien deems Court ious ser of the you.ng offender, l1aving regard to l1is capacity not the g and tmde rstan din of nature of the offence. If expedient, it may be cot1pled with. a11y ot1er I • penalty or measure., Art. 165 - School or Home Arrest. • c�: J In cases of small gravity or when the yot 1e t , � rm refo to days may order that l1e be kept at school or 1ng offender seems likely hou holi or rs free in his _ his perform a SJ)ec1fi c task adapted to his ag e and homcierc durin es. umst!c llis

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.. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS The Court shall determine the duration of the. restraint in a manner appropr1a • te to the an e case t 1e f h l d d egre t o es e of msta nc grav ity of tl1e offence committed. circu It shall order tl1e necessary steps for ens tiring strict enforcement under supervision. Art. 166· - 1-\dmission to a Corrective Institution. Where !l1e ch�ra_cter,. a11tecedent� o� d�sp�sition of tl1e young offender is bad, tI1e Comt nJay order bis adm1ss1011 into a special 1nst1tut1on for the correction and rehabilitation of young offenders. TI1� young offe?der shall tl�ere teceive, under appropriate discipline, tl1e general , moral and vocational education (apprent1cesl11p), needed to adapt him to social life and the exercise of an l1onest activity. Art. 167. - Duration of the Measures. (1) Meast1res for treatment (Art. 162) and supervised education (Art. 163) shall as a general rule, be applied for such time as is deemed necessary by the medical or ;upervisory au thority and may continue in force until the yot1ng offender has come of age (eighteen years). Th ey shall ce ase to be applied when, in the opinion of the responsibl e authority, they have achieved their pt1rpose. (2) The sending to a corrective institution (Art. 166) shall , as a general rule, be ord e red for a period of not less tl1an one year nor exceeding five years; in no case shall it exte·nd beyond the coming of age of the young offender. The judgment sl1all fix tl1e duration in each case. Conditional release by way of probation after detention for one y ear may be ordered under such general conditions as are provided by law (Art. 210) and subject to the ap1Jlication of rules of conduct and submission of the released offender to the control of a charitable supervisory organization (Art. 213) during the fixed probation period. Art. 168. - Variation of the Measures.

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On the recommendation of the n1anagement of tl1e i11stitution the Court may vary an order made under the precedin� Article when st1cl1 variation will benefit the yot1ng offender.

A.rt 169. - Legal Effect of the l\ileasures.

A young person in regard to wl1om 011e of tl1e aforesaid curative, educational or corrective measures has been ordered sl:iall not be regarded as having been sentenced under criminal law

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Paragraph 2. Penalties

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Art. 170 - Principle. The Court may sentence a young offender to 011e of tl1e foll o\ving penalties, after l1aving ordered such enquiries to be mad e as may seem n ecessary (Art. 55), where meast1res u.nder Art. 162-166 have been applied and have failed. Art. 171 - Fine. (1) In exceptional case s when the young offender is capable of paying a fine and of realising the reason for its imposition, the Court may sentence hin1 to a fine v.1hicl1 shall be pro _ portion ate to his means and the gravity of the offence. A fine may be imposed in addition to any other penalty. {Z) The ordin.ary provisions gover11ing tl1e redemption of a fine and the consequences of non payment (Art. 92-94) are not applicable to young offenders. Should a young offender delibe rately fail to pay tl1e fine within a reasona�le time fire� by the judgment the fine ma y be converted into .arrest (Art. 165) for sucli time as s 1a be fixed b y the Court.

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAw - VOL. vn - No; l . . . . A · rt. 172 - Corporal Punishment. rt _may, tf 1t consid ers corporal pun Cou the ous 1aci n u on1 c r is e en d off g n yot a i ish. (l) Where t. en hm nis pu ral po oie n t is likely to sec ure his reforrri, or d.e r cor Corporal pu.oishment shall be i nflicted only with a cane a nd . the n umber ?f strokes shall not exceed tv.,elve to be administe red on the_ buttoc�s. Only youn g offe nders 1n good hea lth sl1all be subjecte d to corporal punislm1ent.

(2) Tlle Court sllall de termine the degree of pu11isb1ne nt takin g into account the age, develo pment, physical resistance a1;1d the good or bad nature of the you11g offender, as well as the gravity of the offence committed.

Art. 173 - Imprisonment. (1) Whe11 a young offender l1as committ ed a se rious offence which is normally punishable v,, jth a term of rigorous imprisonme nt of ten years or Q1ore or witl1 capital punishment the Court n1ay ord er him to be se nt: (a) e itl1er to a corrective in stitution (Art. 166) wl1 ere special n1easur e for safety, segregation or discipline ca n be applied to him in the general interest; or

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(b) to a peniten tiary det ention in stitution if l1e is incorngible ·and is like ly to be a cause of trouble, insecurity or corruption to others. Tl1e principle of segregation shall be applied in this case. (Art. 109(2) ). (2) TJ1e Court shall determine the period !)f dete�tion to be u11qergon e accordi ng to the gra\�ty of the act committ ed and l1aving regard to tl1e age of tl1e offender at the tin1e of the offence. It shall not be for Jess than thr ee years and n1ay exte nd to a pe riod of ten years . When the offender was sent to a corrective in stitution l1e shall be transferre d to a detention i.nstitution if l1is conduct or tl1e danger be co nstitutes r ender such a measure necessary, pr wl1eo l1e bas attained the age of eigl1teen years and the se ntence passed on him is for a te rn, e xtending beyond his majority.

In sucl1 a case the Court s l1all, witl1out restriction , t ake i nto account, in determining the duration of the detentjon to b e . u ndergo ne, tl1e time spent in tl1e corrective institution and the results favourable or otber\vise thereby obtained. (3) Deten tion shall take place tinder tl1e r egim e of simpl e impris on111en t (Art. 105) and conditional release may be granted und er the usual conditions provided by law (Art. 112) if the young offend er appears to l1ave reforn1ed.

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Art. 174 - Petty Cases; Waiving of Penalty for Definite Reasons. When six months at least have elapsed since tl1e offence was conunitted, the Court n1ay order no measure or penalty if it appears to b e no lon ger necessary or e xpedient. Sucl1 shall be the case in particular whe n educational or corrective measures or suitable punishm ent l1ave already been imposed by the parental or family a11tl1ority, or wben the you.ng offender is of good bebavio11.r a nd seems ·to b e reforme d and no longer to be exposed to a risk of relapse.

Art. 175 - Special Period of Limitation. . . (1) When. I1alf the :norm� period of limitation (Artie]� · 226) I1as expired si nce the_ da_y on whic� , the . ?ffence �as �omm!tted, the Court n1ay, if circ11mstan ces see1n to JU� tifY su chces decis!on, re�ounce imposing any measure or pe nalty exce pt in tl1e cases of serious offen mentioned 10 Art. 173. • ten ce <2) In such cas�s tJ1 e general . rule s gover11ing the Ji1nita sen the d n a ution tion· of the prosec shall apply subJect to reduction by half of the o�dinary a11d absolute periods. Art. 1 76. - Suspended Sentence and P�riod of Probation. . In case of pros��ution t�e general rule s r�garding tl1e suspension of the_ sente nce or e�� . ,t_s. enforce n1e nt w1tl1 subm1ss1o nder u 1on. n for a spec ific t ime . to pro bat of a period the s t 19 -20 5) shall, as a gene ral rul e , rema d en of l :; in applicable to young :onc er· ��i��. : for t t e succ · ru ess. 0f such a measur e -s eem to exis . ect to the subj n d a t · n1ng serious offence s as defined in Art . 173_ The duration of the period of pro years. e thr e and bation shall be fixed between one

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Art. 178. - Preventive and Protective Measures of a General Nature. n1e provisions co1 er11ing forfeit lle! .-�o the State (A �t. 99), t}1e _seizure of dangerotis art icle ;f as 1e \.Ve 1 t h pro 1t10 as 1 b 11 ) f r91 11 resort111g to certain places (Art. 149) shall s (Art. 144 be ers. end ng off yot1 t� le applicab The Court n1ay in addition order tl1e expulsion (Art. 154) of an alien under age ,i.,1 10 proves to be unan1enable to reform and dangerous for the community, at the end of the period of corrective ioternn1ent or detention. Due notjce sl1all be give11 to the appropriate gt1ardianship authority (Art. 158) of all measures taken and .Penalties imposed upon young offenders. Art. J 79. - Publication o f Judgment and Entry in Police Record. The publication of the judgment (Art. 159) sl1all never be effected it1 respect to· young persons. The entry in the Police record (Art. 160) of the meas11res and penalties affecting them shall be made merely for tl1e information of tl1e official, admi11istrative dr juclicial author ities concerned. I n no case sl1all excerpts fron1 their record be communicated to third parties. \.

Art. 180. - Cancellation of Entry and .Reinstatement. . On the application of the young offender or of those having autl1ority over l1in1 the competent authority may order tl1e canceUation of an entry i11 l1is personal Police record of measures or penalties applied to l1im, except imprisonment, witl1in two years fron1 their enforcement if the normal conditions for reinsatement (Art. 242-247) are fulfilled.

Section II. - Period bet\veen ages of fif1ee� and eighte�n . •

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Art. 181. - Normal case. In the ·case of an offence committed by a young person belonging to the µ1tern1ediary age group extending from the end of crin1inal minority (15 years) to legal majority (18 years), the cottrt applying the ordinary provisions of tl1e law (Art. 56), may reduce the pen�lty within the limits it specifies (Art. 184), if the circumstances of_ the case seem to Justify such a reduction.

In no case may deatl1 eighteenth year of age at In the carrying out of (Art . 109 (2)) shall be

sentence be passed upon an offender who had not attained his the ·time of commission of ·the offence (Art. 118). pena�ties entail)ng·loss of liberty the rule of segregation until majority strictly observed .

Art· 182. - Special Case. I

(l) W�en the young · offender is t1ndeveloped physically or ·mentally for his age or did �ot com mit a serious offence and, according to expert opiqion, still seems amenable to curative, educational or corrective measures provided in respect to young off�nders _(Chapter l) tl:e Court may by stating its reasons therefore, instead of n1itigating tl1e ordinary penalty 10 ac�ord�nce V.:itl1 the preceding provision,, _order one o! th� �for�said nieasures or . alties, in particular his despatch to a ct1rat1ve or corrective 1nst1tut1on, or corporal P

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d 2) he curat v xte be orle e s tane ums circ no er und J e, educational or corrective measu.re may b eyoTnct legal majority (Art . 167). e ou.rt may, before tl1e end of the tern1, revie\V its order · wl1ere, in view of the lenTh tiary n e it n e p gtb. 0Cf the penalty a in ton t. ete!1 e� d ?r d . imposed, it appears expedient to est·abllshment (Art. 173 (2) ) t1pon release from the corrective 1nst1ttit1on.

- 169 -

-!!!!!!!II---------�--,--� JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. VII - No. 1 Chapter Il. - LI..\.BILTY TO PUNISHMENT Art. 696 - Punishable Acts and Persons. apply also shall nces e off petty to ing relat s ision prov The (3) n1ean.ing of tbe Penal Code (Art. 52). . Art. 698 - Measures for Purposes of Clarification M.easures for the taking of expert advice and tl1e carrying all s d 55) 51 � t. (Ar s nce e off inal crim � y inar ord to ect resp as to the offender,s responsibility cannot otherwise be decided TITLE II

RULES

to young person s within tbe out of enquiries provided in be ordered only if questi ons by the court.

GOVERNING PENALTIES

Chapter I. - PENAL'I'IES AND MEASURES APPLICABLE

Section I. - Principal Penalties Art. 702 - Exclusion of Ordinary Criminal Penalties. (2) Tl1e only penalties which may be imposed for petty offences are those specified in the following provisions su.bject to the special forms o_f punishment applicable to military offenders or young persons. Art. 706 - Methods of Enforcement: Special Case of Members of the Armed Forces and Yoong Persons. (2) Yot1ng persons sentenced to arrest shall t1ndergo their pu.nisl1ment either by school or hom.e arrest under tl1e conditions provided for their case (Art. 165) or, when tl1is is imp racticable, ttnd.er the supervision of an institution, a charitable organization or a reliable person appointed by the court. Arrest in their case may be served at different ti111es: Provided tl1at no period of arres.t shall be for less tl1a11 three l1ours and tl1e total period shall not exceed fifteen days. Art. 710 - Recovery o.f Fine: Special case of members of the Armed Forces and Young Persons. (2) In the case of a young offender tl1e fine shall be fixed by the court within appropriate limits, taking into special account the gravity of the offence, his material circumstances and the greater or lesser need for the warning constituted by ..tl1e penalty. Where the fine cannot be paid by the young offender, his parents or family shall be answerable for the payment in accordance witl1 the ordinary rules of civil law. Where the you.ng offender has neither next-of-kin nor sureties wl10 can answer for him the court shall convert , the fine into arrest for young persons on sucl1 terms and conditions as it shaJI consider a.ppropriate in tl1e circumstances.

CRIMINAL PROCEDU'RE CODE BOOK I JURJSDICTION OF COURTS,

I (

Art. 5 - Persons to be tried . (l) No young person (Art. 53 Penal Code) may be tried together witl1 an adult.

Chapter 2. - POLICE INVESTIGATION Art. 22. - Principle. shall ey (1) Wheneve_r th� poli�e know or suspect that th been committed, has an off e nce proceed to investigate 1n accordance with the provisions of this Chapter. nce rda (2) �vestigat_ion in!o offences committed by acco out in carried young be shall person s with 1nstructtons given by the court under A.rt. 172(2). Art. 39 - Closure of police investigation file . · ubder is (1) • Th.e public prosector shall close the . (b) : d se u acc po e er lic h e w · e I f1 1nv es t· 10n 1ga t· rune years of age. •.

- 170 -

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS Chapter 3. · INSTITUTION OF PROCEEDINGS

Art. 40 - Duty to institute proceedings. (1) Subject to tl�e provisions. ?f Art. 4� , the public prosecutor shall institute proceedings in accordance with the proYis1ons of this Chapter whenever l1e is of opinion that there are sufficient grotinds for prosecuting tl1e acct1sed. (2) The public prosecutor sl1a11 not institute proceedings against a young person unless instructed so to do by the court under Art. 172. BOOK ill PRELIMINARY INQUIRY AND COMMITTAL FOR TRIAL

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Art. 80 - Principle. (1) Where any person is accused of an offence under Art. 522 (hon1icide i11 the first degree) or Art. 637 (aggravated robbery) a preliminary inquiry sl1all be held under tl1e provisions of this book: Provided that ·notl1jng .in thls Article shall prevent the Higl1 Court from dispensing with the holding of a preliminary inq11iry where it is satisfied by the public prosecutor that tl1e trial can be l1eld immediately. (2) Where any person is acc11sed of a11y other offence triable only by the High Court no preliminary inquiry sl1all be held unless the public prosecutor under Art. 38 (b) so directs. (3) The provisions of t]1is Book sl1all not apply to offences coming \Vithin the jurisdiction of the High Court ,vhich have been committed by you11g persons. Chapter 3. - TI-ill CHARGE Art. 108. - Principle. (1) No person may be tried for an offence other than a petty offence 11nless a charge bas been fran1ed in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter. (2) The provisions of this 01apter sl1all apply to all charges framed: (a) by the pt1blic prosecutor, whetl1er the case is to be tried by the 1-Iigh Court or a subordinate court; and (b) by tl1e private prosecutor, ,vl1ere he bas been authorised to conduct a private prosecution. (3) The provisions of tl1is Cl1apter shall not apply in cases concerning young persons unless an order to the contrary be made under Art. 172. Chapter 6. - INJURED PAR1'Y IN CRII\illNAL PROCEEDINGS Art. 155 - Application dismissed. (I) Tbe court shall consider the application and shall of its own motion or.. on· the request of the prcsec11tion or the d�fence refuse tl1e application where: (a) a young person is tl1e accused; TITLE II

SPECIAL PROCEDURES Chapter 1. - PROCEDURE IN CASES OF DEFAULT Art. 160 · pnnc1p · . Ie. • (l) The provisions of this Chapter shall apply \.Vl1ere the accused fails to appear whetl1er th0 Prosecution is public or private but shall not apply to young offenders.

- 171 -

JOURNAL OF ETH10PIAN LAW - . VOL. VII - No. 1 · . Chapter 3. _ PROCEDURE IN CASES CONCERNING Y.OUNG PERSONS Art. 171. - Principle. l be tried in accorda11ce with the provis ion shal persons young Crimina l cases conc erning s of this Chapter. A.rt. J 72. - Institution of pro�eedings.. be take1.1 ·immediately befor e the (1) · In any case ·wh e re a young person_ is involved, h, e shall nearest Woreda Court by the police, tl1 e public prosecutor, tl1e par ent or guardian or the con1plainant. (2) The court sl1all ask the p erson bringing the young p erson to state the . particu lars and the witnesses, if any, of tl1e alleged o�ence or to make a formal complain�, where app ropriate, and such staten1 ent or_ con1p}run� shal� be_ recorded. The court may giv e the police instructions as to the manner in ,vhich 1nv est1gat1ons sl1ou l d be made. (3) WJ 1ere the accusation relates to an offence punishable witl1 rigor�us imprisonment ·exceeding ten years or witl1 death (Art. 173 Penal Code) tl1e court sha ll direct · the public prosecutor to fran1e a charge. . (4) Wbere tl1e case r equires to be adjourned or to be transferr�d to a superior court for trial, Lhe you11g perso11 shall be hand ed ov er to · the care of 111s parents, guardian or reJ ative a11d in d.efault · of any such person to a reliable person w l10 · sl1all be responsible for ensuring his attendance at tl1e tria l. TI1e witnesses shall be bound ov er to appear· at the trial.

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Art. 173. - Summoning · of young person's · guardian. \Vhere lhe young p erson· is brougl1t before tl1e court andhis parent, guardian, or other person in loco parentis is not present, the cot1rt sha ll immediately inquire wh ether such person exists a11d shall su1n1non such person to appear without d elay.

Art. 174. - Young person may be assisted by counsel. The court shall appoint an advocate to assist tl1e young person where: (a) no par et1t, guardian or otl1er person in loco parentis appears to represent the young .. person, or

(b) the young p erson is charg ed with an offence punishable with rigorous imprisonn1ent exceeding ten years or with death.

.Art. 175. - Removal of young person from chambers. Where any evid ence .or con1n1ents are to be given or made whic.h it is undesirable that the young perso11 should hear, · he sl1all be r emoved from the chamb ers while such evidence or con1ments are b eing giv en or made. · Art. 176. - Hearing. (1) _Wl1ere the young person is brought before t l1 e court all the IJroceedings shall be held in cham�e.rs. Nobody sha!l be IJresent at· any hearing .except . witnesses, experts, the parent or guardian or representativ es of w elfar e organisations. The public prosecutor shall be present at any l1earing in tl1e lligh Court. ' (2) All proceedings shall be conducted in an informal n1anner. (J) Th e accusation or complaint under Art. 172· (2) or the charge unoer Art. 172 (3) shall · be rea.d out to. the young person and he shall be asked what l1e l1as to say in answ er to such · ' accusation or charge.

s (4) If i� is clear to tl1e court from \Vhat tl1e accus Stand under fully :� ed says that l1e . has admits the accusation or cl1arge, the court shall on pers you . n g tl1e wha reco t rd and may convict him immediately. (5) If it- ..is��le ar to the c�urt from what the accused says that he fully underst�nds andh�: t ses it the � e or �� c!�: t o accusation or charg�, the co.urt shall inquire as · to what witnesentativ support such . accusation or charge. The young person, bis repres advocate may cause any witnesses to be summoned. · · ed bY i a (6) All w1t Qess y5 sha_ll be_ examined by the cou ross -ex m n rt an . d .may . thereupon be c the detience. AI. I d1spost1ons shall b e recorded.

- 172· -

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CRIMINAL PROCEDURE FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS

tl1e defence n1ay sun1 up and tllereafter the court shal1 conclt1ded, is e evidenc the (?) When . give Judg n1ent .. ent. Judgm 177 Art. (l) The judgment . s11all specify tl1 � provisions of tl1e J�,v 011 wl1icl1 it is based. Where the young perso� JS fot1nd not gt1ilty,_ l1e shall be acqt11t_ted and set free fortllwith. \Vllere lle is fotind gt11lty, the cot1rt sl1all 1n1pose the appro1Jr1ate n1easure or penalty under Art . . . de l Co na Pe q. se J 62 et (i) The cour� n1�y call ?efore it a11y_ person or representative of any institution with a view to ob1ain1�g 1nforn1at1�� conce�n1n� t!1e cl1aracter . and antecedents of the young person so as to arrive at a dec1s1011 wl11cl1 JS in tl1e best interest of tl1e young person. (3) After these persons l1 av � been l1eard, the defence n1ay reply and caJJ his witnesses as to character, who sl1all be interrogated by tl1e cot1rt and thereupon the defe11ce shall address the court as to sentence. (4) Judgment sball be given as in ordinary cases. The court sl1all explain its decision to the young person and warn l1in1 agai11st furtl1 er misco11dt1ct. Art. 178 - Orders "'hich may be made against parents and guardians. Where it thinks fit the court may v.1arn admonish or blame the parents or other person legally responisble for tlJe young person where i t appears tl1at they J1ave failed to carry out tl1eir duties. Art. 179 - Cost of upkeep of young person in certain circumstances. (]) The parents or other person legally responsible for the care of a young person may be ordered to bear all or part of tl1e cost of his upkeep and train.ing where owing to their failure to exercise proper care and guardianship the court has ordered the young person to be sent to tl1e care of anotl1er person or to a corrective or curative institution. (2) The scope and duration of st1cl1 obligation slJall be specified in tl1e judgment. Art. 180 - Variation or n1odification of order made in respect of young person. Any court which bas sentenced a young person to a meast1re may at any time of its own motion or on the application of the yot1ng person, l1is legal representative or the person or institution to whicl1 l1e was entrusted, vary or n1odify such order if the interest of the young person so requires. Art. 185 - Appeal against conviction and sentence. (3) An appeal by a young· person or by an incapable person shall be throt1gh his legal rep resentative. Art. 216 - Principle. • • (3) Orders made in respect of young persons may be varied in accordance with the prov1s1on! of Art. 180 of this Code.

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= onu,t,:J--ce• rPtr 11 l}•).:J-9'1·,1 : (1(1JJ�"} l lt;: ilt\"'/"�(l(? rl-- : it 00t'l;J1--0: ,i1<? : 001/W•flJ1': 12 fttPt..,f-'l/'1."- : ;J,t\. q' : DD11f: : il�"rl\;!�ID-:: hf·f.U9° : n;\I\: fPt,. rf'71": ...,...i,f- : r _;;1... :,:w-1, : 'JI/t;:;J"';:)"" •1· : l?° llD· l i',J'..�.il : (la 01/1 (l��r:.1 : OD�ffi : ', (lltD·"} f� cc; : r�n4'n:i,1'l° = °1m1hc :-e=ODit;.. == ,eu11-9° = t,,til. f· l•«;,(l,f,(lm·1: �f,A [JD/flODC : l\Ul/ilf1f : f1'?.f:'i' : i',..1.c;.{l:i,1, : Ol/.. t{l--f;C : h1f: : i',{l;:J•t,«J! : J° c f, 11 ro ho"1.-t : tt*!l:(JJJ I ' : h 0JJ.,f; : OP' Ir : l\,e : fl� Oln:,, : ro�,:,-- : ,fifr : 13 tlCTic.'1'1: (l6C� j\ODLIJ,l,{l : 1'!'-.A:: ••

,• .,.. ..-- .....

I II

n,tl\f,� n>i);.il t,nfl n+"'I = rP't .. ,:,,c;1: = 1\fGf,l,ovt. = n.-t.r..-- ; hlPt..,t-1 "'l1�nc = roY.mn�,}- = rt-'?CJ.l':":f- = 7,fOnl\.. ,; = 1·hh/\'i:m,1 = oulJD P'l•1': i(JJJ�. :: 001/.1fl: .ffA,f'Y..�7{.: fFir : 0'/,r?° : i',.e:01/?>:l-.. : 011�:uuc : tth�(l- ,-:,,c;1: = OD?°lll:,.. 9° = tr�-

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•r

11 lPk,t·f o,1,.,0r.-1� = r = u r t.. uo�e_aut,.rOJ• ;:1--" :1, �":J ii: r. ..( i ll 1 8 ·: (1 ,f-?f7it'lOJ• : fi't_:,,r-A·..r : ,111 : :,W'}'?P':,.. : .,OJ. :: 9°19° : i,'}l).1- : 11CO ,. --0 · l\ = 1 = t,. • : :f w-1 r°7.l� = f"'iinc ttil4'1 ti ° 'l rr:� : .. �"1 ,1 ,: 0J· � H (IP/,\n = ftt:far Y:c.l>:·Y··1.. = "h1•'l...i:�{ID• n,..e..14c?° 1 _e,u11 1\1�__..r.e..r.,.. = = f i\.O D'r".- = nfPt..,rcf:1:9'° = tr� noo1°1P'•1· i',:,,cp� 01Lfll:f-1t r�ar ,11 ,,11 '1! : f « 1 1'i' i" ?°'l:1,: Ol/"1:1 --1 : &.1'� : 'I OC ::9 . t mC1 D I� ,. · � O :J' lD•fa .. � m h·A : O � .. : tih u.•t9):J••8�ro- ;JC = >,h·•A = <fi,OD(D• = f''7.htrh�n:t- 01•10 : tP�.,.1f:1'1. li if?- f LI-' t• ..,..7,_o :-f : fl«J;-'P ;J· : (D .C'... : '} "J,IJ.' : ', 1P'·I: : fl,,..,., : OD'}GJ JP,,.. : /\f 10 0 c: == ., 11�,1.-n = �1.e....c;.. = n 't,P,. n n>,1: :r

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S. f+ifl\m--'} OD1'?F;f.: '11<1•K" �% : .,e,oui\h:.f:A 9· Ff.'/° h'?H.i't1l,-h,.C 1 'hl\.,e, : O'?C"J. : °1il7m'if : cf?. !{ • f.,,.m<f'fl • 11i' 1 Ir.-Ii :: 1/' IO. f,/,\ITTJ = :}.,e,1r 1 '11tac = t\.oc = �·�h,,t:il • J-t.1 : J-t.:i•r·*f , (Iur.�/i = '¼ ' 'I° = fA:J•-f•OD • .,..;}.JP. t!r).ncfl.:t • ,n°l :,.;ii.:i- 0011111 = 0,:, -. f"'l.1�), 1K" li- frL · tJ , �•tft.'r"= = f..�0- : fi'tLPt'j : lPt:, f-� : 1•P,f, : OJI}� : (lCX.' : Jt()t\ I c;:far II ll. f�r"f•m-flch.C: ,n°I : •h. f7f.�fJ.�-!lif.%fU :: . f�Tth I 11"1.C : ,n°I I ti!. gf§-9.fif� : firf•i\.,e,9° : •k. §f.%1 .,e,oui\h:tA ,. 12 13· f :,. • r-tt "'41 k • • -rowt.1:r.eoitt\1>:i· tiOl/.�t c, 1.»1-x: �nc hnhr�t-ii'il 1 (t7i.flA. 'RA&. , :,., ,, OD,'? • :i• ,,1,,., • , 11-, = .r 1·r-* fJ-t.: I z ■ :c o = �ilr1 :i• % , t,x.,1 •�c'I! . .) ,11'l =(r;, .1i,.1t = =>, :l :1ux (1IJ!x2 n•u=• 14 1 ' P'f..'J° 1/'h'?tl.i't1l"t.C s 'hl\.e : O°IC1. : IP/il:J·w?f I cf?, g f•,.mcf'{lar 1 1fi" 1 f];s lS. tfh 1 'h'\.,e, ' 0°1C1. 1 "?il7ro7t' : cf!.f: frf• m•l•{lar • 1K" = § 11

m.11

11 tf<' : (l 9':f : fIP &--..,... �1 : Y..' C :�::,..". : OD{l :,-. : ODm n :,, : f 07.l.� (IJ• : lPIr..,.. �(D•"} : ,(1:-J! : ftf,tr'} : lfl:,,l\i\lD•"'} : fJ-1 1t,f:'} : fi'b\lc•'f 02. : J',;l '119°9'° : (1DlJ'�•1' 14 .:f•·1�nrr:,- :: (lOD;Jfl 1·· : roe : ,uriio : q = 9° 0,7,"l: 'rit\.;:J--ro«f! fiP t,•l'� .tc:e;.fw1�- : fi'm•llJ �- = (1lJt 911«: ;, ,-;iitr = t,1 = ti·CJ.·} f9171",1 n(1JJmhA = n00 +fine i\ c9'1�· i\..m/l.t;. = f<J1l1:t\-n:,..1 = tlYn = (\.oorofr1-- = n1t.1;.il t,nfl m•il'l' : \19'3fltnc: : il-On'l : nY..t.1" :: ro,c;,froc'J° : n:t-AA:,, : h·fl1.fsP·:;�. : t&il'l': 1ltt·: (lf\ 01/'I! : (lAC:.l-'i' ¾ f P't. : "'/,f,9° : hY:O'/S111· : h.-,..,.e..t,1-- : {l�.I\ : 15 , . : 001/."1'1'/\0r: '}OD ,}• : <?Aft. : flJJ>lj : h�..,..,; : ftPt,..,f·7f>"f : {l,O(lfl : ,,1.t.1 ::

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u : . q : fl'l':,,9°:, : (DC_: !!1-f2� .: : :9° . _9 nc .: £1;,,.l: .: ,Ohl�:,. :: 'tf. :: .fl�OlO�· -- & : , 1 f 16 � 1.tt fhLPt'i' LPt•+ 1--P.: , .: f:1;J1, -0 1-- .,., ·: �,r--1: ·-= ;J . t J: � m111 :: rtt. v'J° = 1:,;,.:i = 'P'i. = '¼l\11'/?-l- i ·fttwt·'i· = ,fwt-- ...,--;.. .tl'/1flf!1::f-- : _.1,;1ce, r °tir�n -¾ 0011;J :ftD·"}'i � °IYo:J·"TlD•1 : n, :r-1c; : fOl/..{llJtf·J�(l:'f•"} .: P'Cq:'f• : /;\� : 111/llJ.C;: (lwt--+V-:f-c; ;. 011.LPt.9'f ... : .-UDUhA : �DI/.. 'l"tlD• : hchc : f"?. ,,. · : 1 : P,:�n:,.."} : H� {llJJ.!_"}1'?'i' °7.tfl,f:C : ilftouw )·C!' Of:'l t ; t\rh1l-fl'P. 1,1JLrmn1 = P'A':'1 = 00P'm:i• : �n�:: l:J--'f! = fP't-- u•t: r911· � �1-n fl°2. 4''rt\a>• : qoo:,. : ;rcl\Ul/lD' : f,iJ'}�.: f:"};J1, = �1 li : O"'lififA s fhwtc;: 17 i 1 : :: 4 f9° : i',a>fl}lD• nw• : '¼ou1, : 1 , P,f, 1\o htL t.,t•1 0°2. it'P't:: : w � : .. -- = · :J· oitllT?- oowl:J--'C = fP't-- v..>, ?J1 1 000lDo1 = �1.-n = i1�..fw11J : 01• t 00 : , C : : : 11,h. ;,.,,.. l\f, r- flh,f:'1-1 : t,'} (lmro· : P'AtlJ'} : ODLP(.T ; n�:,--d P.1�· : h1+i":f· : O"'lififA'i : ,,.f.. GIJ,111/t.9° : 001/hA : f,U1�- : f..1•(1 : ;,,roll) :: 18 TILPt-T�l• : (lh•A I frf'f..l10r : {llJ14-�,:,, : OD"}OJJ" rJ: : h'P1},.'} I h1�.J' lD'1) : t}!.,l,1--•l·• : 'J°tJ'},('rf-.1• : fl"}};. : .-(1.fJ! : ',lIJ' :: 9°"}9° : h'Jl}.'} : J-1.:, , •r-kf : hIUfij : '¼ : 'J° : l'J°C: : fl¼t\9° : fwt-rf--1-i' = 0'/1l1C : i', f'lA. : ·0-rlf1?1' I n.e.1•o ri·..e..t..i. = rt,wt 91·:;..c; = ,,.,t--...,..7f1· = OI/1n e1:f =19 11t\OD 'it-��m· n ll•n (l(]w· : ro·ll'r : rf--qtj..f, : /\{1Dlf1 : i'iA:f!l\:t,r : �OC :: ni't�tii = "1,n1·C: {D•(t'l' : flPt-rf•� : ,11°1 : flbf\T : tt.TV·ti,.f : .-fi:J! : (lov(i''}tplj" : htD•611" : t,1c: f0'J.ODm•:l..1 : f"'l'�llC : ont,�:1·• : ,.,,tp.-(lt\OJ• : fOIJ..f ta,1,c;dJP,.. t; 1 (.11,f•oul}l}f, : 1�P,� : l\f , : rarz.mff. : ftll/'�OC : oot,9'':-f : itt\OD'fC : h1.t·L : (D� f 1.lt : Ji'1 20 tifL = 1--�f- = tr'i = �nc tt,1.1--r = ooro•ai:,.. = lb" ,,..,�11'/-t = 9° n11+ = flf�lD· : hODl\lD' : '¼1\ 9° : f'LJ.'.�rr7f-1· : it'},y_,�:,.. : J.':C)!-�- : (J-1.1"1'C'i7i'it\ =

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<1J11:,. 1,1-�n· q, 'l'"r /JS.• 1:,. film• 1 fh. 1'.t;.il:1-t , �,'>:Pil:J>t'l. = fl.'it.m·'l°: 0·1·4'}'l0t.: fP't•: 1, ti¾S.·: t.1.f.· = flf,)· =.(!fl= 1,}llil .rti.lD4'i, 'lv -�-?1': 'LtL 1 {l(lu,t-,.•f•7,0 fll<D4 : ih°I : 0J/;\?; : ill\/;\11'� : J-1,C--l·t--1' : 01 1.tJ : 'r'i:1- : lD4ilT: hl\il1{}'}9° Ii fiiJ.X!J. : O,/'l°Vt.--1: : fi'.,C;l·t-- : ('wt-,.•1·'1'�1- : i't1't1Jn1C : h'P� : {IDLJ.11.:J·'J! : fPt. r U•);;J• $111·1' � wt-•l•'.-;:'} : oo,f,trJmC : fU?.:FA{l:,-·} : �1' 1l'i : f1,wt?1•1·'i: \11Pt,,f•'t;;.:-j, : D1JUOC':Y•1 r or1 .ov111 O•o:1-1 : P'C0,,1· : >,!1!!1!00 :: r t.. c,)·&- : ;, f·J.ll) : p/;\ i9'°: 3·: •I!. 7: :: fiiJ.f!l� 0,/'?Ul•I: I f�:1·,h·O,h.C : ;1,°l"i" : fl.Hf:ll: : "i/'l°Vt."l: • fi'twtc; r,,,t.•l·� "l·�J!, , .e..-1:,1, : rmm..)·, lbc:i•t--: t-(1.1: ",.f·I\ : t}Jfl,J!,•J: : 1..:1-r·A·f: ;JC: 0,1111'::,.: (Otofu t, ·li1): ocr.:,-'ico:,.: m:P�•I llll}Ol. v •fl·l:<r = ,l,1°1· h"}�n-- 1 \111.·1-r-A-.r il11":i· 11''7.'lt\••'f: lD4il'f' •f•oo�n'PA :: roo:�:ovt,.f : �1-(l:J::,=m- : fh.C•1•t-'} I llt\Jf. U : .,.,.,. : hC1,il·l· : 1•Pr\'-1·1 : \' U?.m•l•f.\ll•:1ftPt--•l·-1 : lt•l•llJmC : Jt'l>�". : 1'Ai\'l,m•9° :: illl1tr>1 t 'i : wt--t·'1 : "l-·P.J!, : fmll)m• : h'P�, llO'i" : l11'19°ilr1• : ll9'''}:J •:1- : (l�I\ : fOJIC)(I)4, : rt..c:i•t-"}'i' : r 11. ·1·\'-A•.f"} : 1t1�--,:,. : foow l_,f·•OJ• r 1'l•lP : 'i"IP':J·'P. : :1-6 111-f : (:,-t,1111 : •I!. ?ilo : 1.iix:ll: '¼/9°/ 'l;,t:,- : :,uni : �gi;: 1 o,on:,.: ,f!'f'C : t) : 0,-.,c:1-t--: il1'1°:1.: I\J!, : .filtt--1•/lCD•: OJ•m.:,. : 01/;\K' : 1,J!,.e.ti.cr :i -l''J'fto9"1 i't'P�-. t illl P't- : O•).:J•?'-,.1·: �l.;:f: froll) : i'1 'P�'i: fwt\'m m,:t·: ;,,1;1. a (11'wt'i"=v1 : �1'--0 : 01..c:1-t-: ..,-t.. 'JU?.,�:,-: O.'it-:t=m•'l°: )t{lcl'.e:qo: ti.w t-·I·� I ·I·�= : OD1Pt::J·'P. : }',on:E: O•).:J•SJ>",.f.•} : f,flm•: f}04r,..,•"}: ,l11"..'f-'i": t\,ft..:f-19° : ,l1 ;J'P.: .e.;/;\S,.·1t :1-: 7t'}.l'.·f•mfl•l:: f0'1.J!,'j,f..: ]ttj":J,7t:,.: 1100111:r-m•<r: ll,I\: \'rJ.16,.rf•�: h•l•trJmC : J-,'PJ)_":.: f"'l.}ti=r-m-1: 1->;r-1· I U·lt· : 1t.eout1.l1,J:9° :: t,c : 01l 1il : ''f1yfj 0,/9°/ f1..C ·l·t- : flJ.16,.•f•� : ltcf'llJmC : h'f'�::'' .r >,.:, .. ;,,.., : _on1i·t1.. :1- : {.;,;:: ;i/;\i?°: (IiiY.tii) 1g•: f�•f.: {lJ,P,C: CDC: 'iiif:f; I 0,/9°: rm:PltJ'. 1 1'.'l.'i!.O.·l· • r1..c:i-t - 1 ftPt---1·�= 1,•l'trJmc i't'P� O,l1"J}:t- f"'IJ!,wt-- ool.f't•1' = fl.O,f,1 1 .eu 1 1'mt.t1Jl, : V-).:J- : r,1·m1.e. : OD{lfto : 'IOC :: lllt.:,·r·A-.r : OD"}"JP':,. : llt\ltU't'i : 1.Pt•l·� 1 ltili·Paf.C • fcf't.O • t--;rc • hl\f, : 001/il:J·mi\' : •l�TC : i·f : f--l•mcf'(l : "IK· 1 JI (llf''}'l° : •OJI• : fh.c:1-t--: h�t9>",.f. : f·O,h.t-'P.lD4 : ,l,"J : hoo-;tq ,f: s OJ,.:,- 1 {lt\rf•cf•m?- 1 1 IP6 •"l'if1' : f01J.}1,f•/l•;I. : fLJ.16,.rf•?;'",.f,1 -: h"l>llJmC : i't'Pj?: ¾ h1·1.f : m.J;.V : ll -t·4•m�·t. : �d/'T° --Od1.t-'P.a>•'} : ,l111· : 001.f�-·} : h,.}S.· : \'LP&,,,f•7f>':J .. : 01/tJOC : 'lftP'AtrJ1' : llH.IJ I ?.ti,&. I }'? C::J·/;\:: ll�'i" :,- : h,f•ODl,m-:i•: tlf'},V,'},);. : h ·'l1 ',f : a>·ilri• : illl1'4'�1,11C : f,f•(l,1�·1· : oP'1t\'6J.9'�1- I ml1JC� lt\1'4' l l•r: i m('9>�f-: (1"1,/;\: 'P'Cd,lD4{l: tll1.:1·r-A·f: lD4ilrt•: (1°7.11-:.: 0�(' i't ll . 'l1 : t : • • -:, . .4 =

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° = ro(l = = A,t {l OJf,9 . ' � t1. 'J 1 t&itT = nrPt(l)c = · t\..h�t\c& :r . = � m of (11'1�1..0"1- : t,11: : "aoro11 : OC(l..: n1A°lflo:'f•t; : OC(l•: out�:,.: p1�lD"1 : t\"'lh'.lD'} : °l�;r : f1'1n:,. : (Oct\_ : �(l)c :: foa 1'?P ':,. = rPt.+?f--:Y.'i = rf•4't1Jt?11· = 00 1°1P':'f• = noi1tiiP. :fw- = r1 . 01 = f,'J° t t ri, 1>; .. = ro•ilT = f+rP"7?- = tiArr� = n�c = h1·1.v.= rt:'f· = P' . .?J"f , = ,: 61 34 :t-C'l'9° : fD•{l'I' : ,;:(!ro• :: ° D• f0'/..4''1't\l : :'f·C't-9 : f°t17l& : {It\ : hlPt'i : lPt.+'1 : 1.. P,f,: flaJlTJ(D• n'P� = (Iflt2i = '¼ = 'I° )= 1,'i = ill\ = 1.P&-. rf•i.1 = 001.Pl:J-- ce = f P't• = 1r1;1-OtDllJID": �1.-0 : (I!i!2i : q : 'I° :) (J}•it'I': �ro-:: U•t\r�'J°: :i•c1,qo·:;.: (l,"f-c<i: = rr : 1.P&,. rf-?f- 1·1 : 11:J! : "If,(]''} ! OP't-: itilh fOD1'?P' O'/,IJ'� : .f��:,, i n.�..� f h�C�...,.. • 01-�llJllJt � r1• : ro .e 'J° : f }'t"} �-: i',lPt : m h.A. : flOD(]' "} : frfc<l'ml : "'l'>�lD419° (l(J)c , rn.:,. = h7ihc1 1 ht,Fc = f°7..f1(1• = �l'croi = 1P&.+7f:f... 0°11.:,�n:,.. : 1tct1· : ro«ll'I' : foY.IPt-1 : f1'C7f : lDf,9° : fh1l:'f·: 1'Cfl:J'• : wt.. 35 ��19° = hTC't-OIJ:fw· = ro-611- = ,,.c,,...�A :: f h (l,f•P, -� C : lJJ(,.+?f1· : h..-),c1..on• : W•61!- : {IDf...l'? : hhlPt 'i" : lPt ,,..�: ��f,: itcr;e. : hltil+P,F..«;, : tJ<j:t\ : ro·'P.' : ftr�:,-1 : LJ.J&,.rf•?'f1· : 'l'�'J° : ODffiO:,,'i" : (litlPt'i : wt-,f•;;: : ootihA : f°t �tiro•"} : ncnc : f ouro (I"} : ODIPl;l''l! : l}l\"'I : ,:JC : 1-illP/ort. : �ro« :: f,lJ,.''} : 1,"}J{ : f,tJ : A��:,- : 0.�1fl:i: : l\f, : +&.1'"7.. : ·(l.lJ' 1 : it1Y: : h1°1P. : �1C : ,f•ttml :: 1Pt-,1·'1ro· : rlh1f-fl : (lt:;f\...,.. : fl(]'�.:,- : <f>'f1· : F,.ooro1f : (Lh&.fllD« : rit{li•P,1..C : tPt-1•-;: : °11: f,U : ou{l:,. : filW·?° :: rPt- ..l•L';tD- : h1..10� : f P'&-.: 1_11,ar : Ot\f,: ill\ aiwt-.(Dc: P't- : lthcf,&.A'i : n"l'J°'}:,- : W"il'I': i11:,, : (l�..,. : ODP't•"T' : h"}� "n,r : O,"h'?: frf,ro(l� : (l_lf1: t\>tilrl•�f..C : lP&-.+�: °11 : flLU: �f,� rr: Y:1 .;Jt: ft\m·�:: 1\1>;..rJ,r'J° : 1Pt -rl''1llr: hltili--P,f..?- : tJtj:A: fJI\P'A."11 : -�A:,,: 36 33

•

OCh,} : ft\ :

f'¼ODT : i.:J-f:'

: }'t{\(Dc ::

9°t;Aq:,. : f,U : 1,l\ODiltJI/UJ/T : t\..&..mc : f :J!{\ro• : f nrPt'i : lPt. ,f•'i: = 'Mt : h'P�: n+1t,;1J!n.-l· : '!.l·L } n;,,°I : ltC.':P4!tD• : OirA O�fll(J)c : f'1'1 .Pt 31 �Y:t\:,.. = ta�lJ'1 nf-+ c?° 001Pt.;J--'l! = f F&-. = u• 1:r?Jif-1 1l1.tm il'l = i\OIJ.tilT?- : frf--(lmro.. : P'A"11 : h4>tro « : fl,'P>f.. : l}i\"'1 "'lilT ' fi\lJJtt; = IP&,.+<'; : nchc.11" : f OIJ..ro(lJ'l=rro•1 : ar>"}1f-if- : OD�mC'i = fitrPt ?J"f : "1110£!':f'i : flPt,rf•;;: : 01/,.,nc.11- : f°t0DH10"' 11'UJ«1 s u,>,;J--?11· : OD(D ' (l }: ;JC: n�g..']°: t,.e{lOWJUCJ'J°:: '1°1'1° : h1\l.1 : ,"11'? : itC:J>4!?J;f.: f,U"} : �"}

l ' )

I'I' i

33.

f'i_:::._m1lth.C • th"? : cf?'l'C ' fif..{;f!f: :s fltt..1·t.�1n"°" = fm:,,l\.e, s 1'1-tP ' }1F.."f· • �/0-:t- • 0!.Ut:li; - "1/'r r n�.e,(l.: 'P:,,�&,.'i: fl"?COI/ : }1&.: ODt}hA o�ot.m- r hChC r ".e, f(lmm-1' W-ft�: 01-,..:,-��,: frh-?: 0Dfi"tl1. :,.: iiA�9°: § 1 1?i": {:'� • _e,ODi\ h:.t A :s f'i::1·t1t11m.c = ih<? • +.Tc fif..?;fIr: == ill\ s h1Pl,'i' , w&,..-f-� : ,,..P,_e, : fOJ"JID- , h'P� r �l?'l'C : l(t.) ftPt-�'1 , oowt.:J·'l! • v,.>,;t- , .e.111 • cf?'l'c = r(li) :s rI UJt.+� I f°7.,i\m- : :J>A : Of..1''14: D>-il'l' I h1'f..,f•m«f'(la>- I ro.:r- r h 7ihC"if°·1'i I oc?f • •Fi f+fl°7c;.:,.,- ' (ISJ>�-. ' ili\°7.e,a;i.9°c • h�ILU?'° = fl\:fm- = on11:r- , o�:,.t1111th.c • "1'1 r..,.,. 1

34. 35. 36.

�

37,

�11(1).

1)� :

�(I)- rt

lttt>tlP�'j J r.,,t,.,i..� :

1�P,.,e

fro") J l1'P� I �'l'C - 183 -

r ("7)1

.e,oni\h:f:&\

;J"L = r ,Lt{llJ,,_:,.. wf.. &,,)· = n.P't.. 0-1:r?J·:;. = l\f. 11 °�Y.. l1� - t'lw•rp = r m·il'r r; cl\'171 = llfA,,.4' = {JIJ"lflT = fl tl'Jilm1Y: = CLir1?° 1 Oi't'P�. = m•llT (l•f-{JIJt\t-1,f-Ol• : n,nfllr : fLP�+;;: : ,l ··C1·?° : {JDfPl-l· : f0?.til-r?- =.P'AflJ'} : f,f--ro(l'J :01Jlf�!'1 : flf'l1'-:,. : f,{JIJill\A :: ill\1'1.IJ: 0 ° 2.til;l.'r : fro·,n.:1.: fJ»t. : u->,;t-9':l�- : ft'i::,--.t11 : ,,Ot11:. �- : ;,,"l : w·il'r hi�UDt\h--1::,. = .. m,,�. rPt. = u->,;J--9'1• : .eA�' : lJ•A1.J-L : r,,..OJ(t'J : +t.. ?.02.'1·1· : IL'f�:,•m•: f.1'lA::

= =

= :,..

!,,..

¥'il1.··'1m· fLPt.•·I•� c,,...?° roi1,0r = OJ.11£:tl = q = 'l° = ilfl J»t.: u-�;:J--9l1·· : ..e..l:4 : nmllJm• = t, 'P)!- ro·il'r = 'llD· ,e,u = :,-c1-'l° = r it {lrf•P..�c = u,t,.,f,'q-1•1 : h-l·c1--oo• : UJ-{J;l : '1t\'1'i�l7- : ·nflrrf-c cf>C J fh.tJJt'i : lPt,.+�: ·1· •P.f. '1.'P,: = m·il'P 11�2:1·�..(l)c :,.c,,...9° = ;,c = it1� =_l¼f.'1:,.. = 'lmc 38 fP't.: Q,a),;J--9'1' : f.. ljf: t,cpy_: : '}t\tl'J: fh..1�il:,•t,: lP�.,.t-'?f•:f•1: ,.e,.11',:t-,;: l111�T: t\{JlJ{nfi:P: }\"}J!_oDlf)•: OD1111 :t-c1,oo«: fOIJ.e.aJ.'J°/.(Dc: h.1J;.il--1--t: UJ•il'I': 39 fatJf.(l�.. :1 1: o9'-:f·: 11:r: ill\lf'I : 1·nht\'1: �m-::

=·

�c..(· = n...f.:f· = t\ '11'1.tJ = ,l,;J'e = :,--·c1--'f'l:f. = {i:.:f = /\ODil,n:,· = oY:A = ·1n,-io:i. :1:q)A == fih1�· = n:,,c,n = ,.,., = 01,mn'l = r�c..(• = 1•P.f. = ro•it'I"' r h�,,,f(l)c =

rny:,.: t,7ihc: 9u :1-t1 : 111,..n :

hP't.-: il/\,f•(l'i"{l,f•: rmr,.f>m•1: h.vlt. I f1'1on:,. : l,.:J'Y: : ,e,ntt/\� : fl\lD•1'i : hP't-. :i}OD()',11"1: : 1, {lcf>�-qo: 07illll1cf',f!f: ft.(tm�: .e.·1 fl: ., nc : ,.f/\(D•"} : flj::'f•,f,:rfl,11:.C:: ,),7..9°: tr'I ill\lPl""";;: = ODIPl:J-- ce = rFt. = o•).:J... = fm£1Jar = f..1"n = ltO..'.'f· ,-.·nt1c = ..,-�.?.°'1.91:}.._ = t.J!,f../\--9° = Otl'Jt\.'.'f• m•..(•:,, = i'tY:C1o:rA:: 40 .e,u w•lt). = f+ftft,f• = f.ODilftA �C..(' fL,f: Of..1(lc ro•il'r = roi11m•1 ,),c1-r = nri:"1·t1t,flt1u'r = ,)1'? : (D"il'r : Yil"l'l�· : (lf..1fl• : m•il'r: f01l1")'m• : :,,c1,r : f 0'1.f"lfl"II\W•: 41 = h1·1.fm· i..e..1n· m·ilT = 'Im· r°'/.nw..1 = d,t."l = flt\a'lil+'PA 'Im· ° 9°19 i,1ti.1 nc,::,.."' ..n,,..."" "•"' nfL:,- = i't7ih�1-- = r,,.. t\ r = n �A n." t,TlD-9u f .eu : h�A : (lt.lPttD« : f\J!, : f--f•l\� : 0J�;r?11·1 : f.611110:r A:4 :. � h 1:{ = rci.:,. = t,"lih(�:f•"t t1m:,'f\l\m· ;J'L?J':.f:· w•6£b: t,ff...C;J:fro·9°:

�c..�·: CL:,-: i',1f.':

= ,n;1

= = =

= ..(--"}

�

't.1Jil'r:t: = i'l.LPtPJ-:f ,1,m_e.,1,llr : (l(lm...l• : ouf.\{l: OUIPlT: f4'1 LPt r . r 11 + 'i: atJ" :, n4,1 n+"} ra1.. &..t\a 1 fl A IPt• n:,.. = ,1 1 r..."°11 fII'/t: O•flt\,}• : t}t\,t\0i: : 4>cpmJ. : IPt,.+'1/'1• : },h•A : ,r:,,9° : ft..<11� : J-.f.1•&\�:: f.U·1 : 1'1j)� f4'1 : 1Pt,..,,,;: : 4,cpu7_ : 1Pt,.,f•i1 : t1<PJ.f1;;::r-w· : 'r�''1°1· = 'l'cf !,,y,;�1: CJTJ°l"f ,}- : .e.1,ftA : il..A : h<t:1--�w• : �c�- : n.:,.: n,e'i ht\:: fh1�: '1.ro-t- �·: �CY:: '1.'.'f·: t\'1.1 Y: : f,J,"}: ,,,t,.,t-'7 : ft\ n,t: 9°n1f 1· : hP't,: ilfloo(lt;(l1:: f1't:..-,·m: ,f1,l1:.C : ;,,01 : 'l>"'rC: ca..U l:Vi!'f : oou-•l1": fflf� ...- -....

..... ,.

38. ill\ = P'tr. = 1r).;J• ?11· = f..t."Jf = rwll) = "'''>!- • .,!'J·c = r(!!) u 39. ill\ : P'Ir- : 1r).:J·?11· : f..t."{f : fWfl)lD• : 1,'P)!- • •l!'J'C : ii : 011 V• : h'P� : ,j!'J'C I f.(§) I Uoi>'l:,• I, u,t.•l·7f:f-:fw• = ''·1·•1'11J�'' = au()f.\. : fOl/.'l'l:fw •·} : '1t·}P.'} Y.· : Y.·c·�·f·�·- hhAfr • <fJ"al. .('f..C;J1:'Pf.\. ;: 40. .e°l'l� : q_e : :f•J../r ODhrf:: OD,:\il: {l6J.b : f.\.'J!{): tj:rf•-r-(D-: 'i!/0.;f• : :[Jift ",/'J°/ ft;::t• ,h: (h "' 1 �ll:� �� •l�'l'C : f:!!!/:f; • (ff.\.;J•rf-au) :: 11/t"li : h(l•..} 1 o�:i·,h-0"1.C �:•L� :�.e°!�� #! re = !tfi.?if.�h � !tfi.l:f<:i = "oC," = fif.�f{fji l&J!, • DDJ>'C..Y· : ttltm·tr."I{ li!/o.:i· ' ,i-,.lO , ' 41. ' -----O�tJ : f.111 : lD-il'I' : (ji ) : rvt...,.� : (L'lf.\. : - '' fp,lr,rf•� : OOtPt.;J'-£ I tJ•t:J· I ,e.1-0 -4!'1'C : r,. :: 42. f'i!;l•,h1l"1.C : : h-1?-rc �O.if!i : "nilh lif.ifc : Y:t.lt J!,oo •

•

••

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- 184 -

(thj:t.\.

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1ti:

-01 , : : · · · : 11 11 : fh'i: r;;:(D• : Ii,:(:� (b:t 0 1 �-.e.:,, r P' 6 • : W•/,\ : ro i er G(I)•: no� h /\ l 1 &: : l\f.: i,1 �:: P'lrm•: ' t: ( J!..dD(D' J it; lD" llPf.0,• P 1 � J · L · 1 : : ttfl 0 -l foo f�-1: 1At'il.lA :: O ,t1J, 1t9° : fh�,J·«;:m.: �C� : a,:1. , 9°"}9'1 : },1t l h oa < 1� : : {l ;J : : O,.<f, {l Of J, J,� .. l C?° ¾ P OJ•/;\ -,f .. rf'r : t• !. : ' f : tJ.1 -1 f : P : r o •} : l ) • ( fO f llP'I� IJc,. )(j",(l l.. "'J.< 11Jw•: <l?TC: i7L.U l:ri!1f: i'tl ? ,Pt-1'�(1 1: tT'J*l'P: . : i' ,'J 01/f_il,;: () r "t avtint\ '�"1·9": AV-',:,,: i'i�t.'rC9°: 11ii;43 'lt\ • ffli : < : 9 11 :,. : 111-'-'?: frf•(D1�: 'r <l'"}: : h"}.r fl\O tl.LJ : lD·l ! � l\tl.l J (D•(ll,:, .. : I! ' f : {l 0 v : 1 f : tPt---t·�'} : l P't- n°••0J1,� : l} 9 11 .1'll1}• : or1_f:/."1, : r(l,r : (}f,lf" }: /,'}.� tt,"(l }- t11' P'11J. 1Pt.. ,1•�9° = J»t.. = 1100.,. =c:·i-10°:1"" ll 07.o.,11 aJ• 01/'i:fm--?" "'" : 'f�9° : .-o,f? : ..rf.C1'PA: 11' //l1• : �OJ• :: t\] ,J ' �l-f.U : q,e',:;.. : 'ro/'11):i·.. : "lt\ 0:,.. : l·f {ll)"}: c1100:,.,, ,, 1 ){ : '' m •(l�: ,fl'I? : (t{IDlf"}: fOIJ.Yll/...f,\ 1ro· : ''f 1A ro7.cf,f,0"1·'' 'LIL : �t�f.l\'l° :: i'lt\f· f.lJ : fll'1,11'i" : 'l.fL : fi1'h;J·:J·f, : fl,J,1 =P'lr : (J}•&\: f1'l: it" }.�·: f�'}: lPt..,,..::;: : i\1,1Pl,(D• : y,{l: ,.: me: ri't1A�•1ft�:, .. : tt{/!}1= .e� lq1 t\ IP/ I\:,. 'lro•

norz.4\.en•),: ,.C'l\9"n,.r:,.

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• hil"l',,rr:,.. : '/'1°,,r: P'lr: l\ 0 1p_·,1�-: llfl,i\�·-1·•: h1-P.1J:": f\lJ.'691:,. ·. : fi(t{(l"l·:: 4>q107.: l�'-'lr 1''?1·· : i\t�·A: 'fq'9°:. ll01JdJ"r;:,. : 1,.e1•t\·'J° : f,1l\" :: 9'1"}?": .,..�:"}: ,;..,� h' }-';\" } : r�:i-•ri1 : rfl,lh C : ,71'1 : 4?'1'C : �7i.tJ i\lJJ/,,lj' bf;ji : {i,ft�:i1 : : . rtPJ.l/Dftn,f!,r : 'k' PC:71"·: /\'1°,.r : P'lr. : ,f--&.?i'PJ.?J":1".. : },iJ?..OIJ.tr�• : £L'i"'lC9" : 1".';� : iimt--tvJt : ilt\U, ., : i',IP/,$1->1-- : .. ,-, ...cJ,t-i ·= hchc : tJ fl /l q'/.•fl : ftf {11•/l:fOJ• : i',�cl'C9°:: 44 1

fl;;,Jf.:f.. :

h;,t..·1r1i : i',t..,J: : ili\111/ �-:,:. : i',1.V.1"9° : f.'1°11 : '1�t1�/\1 9 ° :: l lh�fl-9'' : OfiJ9° 1 h',{l',rf't.1 : ',OJ•:_ : nr·LU : u-1;1-- : OlPlrrf"'i:: f..ODW1·i : I\�: OD,Plrl::,.. :

r,,..

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h.�t ➔•ooAfl = hti7i J!'1). --1·hti7i = (11r,:--r·�m- r,�/o.;,. Iilf9?; = o,/9°) !_?:!._t·r-�, 1 . OD1atli.T : 'ft Af.'J° : .......f- : 1�· : oriJ --·-- :: 44. hl}7i : fCP/,f•arJ.f : 11:'f· : wt.•f·7f>:f : "'/tJOC : rf•hti7i : fd'J--l•arJ.f : o.:,-' I 'll\'}•Ol;I. 1 (:J•tJ t>ff-" • tr : 'J.fif:i?I : "t/'I° : f1,1P6c;' : IPt••l·� : {lC.�·) :: fl}',w6'i' : 01t.-- l·'i0":i·: OD'1l1A : f"'J..,(t,. I hc hc-:r,,; : flC P,.'/° : rn'IJ:fa,. : lD•f\)..9'":i· : l\",J!,.,:,• : ·l•ODCmlD· : f•r·,nt•·••C,O• : 1·P.f·:f:: = inrt fh.:t·r·*·"---; h1P69'":i· atJunc !v.r.�fi o,/9°) f0D111-0 •h'l'C § 1,ct'Jll➔: 1'1"°1..fODt\h•l·lD• : l)•I\• : OJJ�',l1�• : fh1P6c;' : wt..--1"� : "l·P.J!, : net.·: l1(lma>- : art\). : t\'¼ ?-_-, .r ftJA. : 1',mC : 0d'J..(•l'1 : hmt.:l''I° : .r.r11 : 1'.1� : llC� - : a>-1\).. : f(lmfl:fa>- 1 : 1"P. r-f V-t\· 1',Y,ai.'/°c'I° : l\"t/!,.,;l. : f ·f•ro(l.<;.:1· ·1-Pir·":i· = f·f•aolm·:,- Pc,&;. = m-lt).. hflm '1:f-m- = hc hc-":i· : o•tt- m•il-r: -,m- ,eu'I° flf.,fl-1· 'l°h1. r:,- ill\ Cle�. = arlt)..'i' =O•f"/\ f�: 611-1l(ll:f: I\J!,'I°: ilftarJ.{t'lJ:fa,. : 'l°h1.r•f·":i· : .-J•rot1Y, : f"'7. lf1 : i',m:J>I\J!, : '1'1-0 ' l\CIJf°l};J- : .,(D• : •{lJJ• : 1•P.\"l• : •f•UD/}/}J!, : 61!-rrO,p : lDJ!,'J° : 61!'•0(11:f• : fl\: tJ>- : h'JF,.(f., h.,co- : 1,1�. : -0;1: : l\",J!,.,:,- : rf •UD Ctl}. l,\ :: fCT'/. 1'1''1"/:fa>-1 : ,11,:J'l! : OD1f'J(lif• I ttm1111 = t1.&;.1t\K. "'lt.·t..'1 = n•nt1· h1P69'l· = 111� f,f•I\UDF. = ill\All'., = fJ-,.:tr-*.r 1 t · : d'/''10C : OhCtJt;. : a>-il'P : f f·:J·1 : 1',AatUDlllr'J° :: Ohd'JC� l·"J.:.,: Y: f ": · : h1Pt?J"f il'J° f : · . •, f {)mm- : UO•(\•tD- : fW-1\)..0J• : :J•l,\: lltt.. •l\•°'. OD p66f: o.;,. : l\..1� : . e":i•l\l,\ : (lCP,. : l1(l11J i-m-' m-tit?J":f·: f; J�,, -aolD4: J!,tJ : 1 1;1: : (L. lf"} : ttmF.k;I. : ftuu;J•,f•'J° ,ft$IJc t'Jf.•A 0"!: : il 1 : fl.If"'} : 0 ':.'f• I\A : �,"'10•1: fh .h."'I. {lCf.• : f(lmm·1 : f1,.f1P,1 P, 'J : a,.{}). : :P.� l't I II • , • ,..I.1l. A -, I": "11 'J'} : f\f_, f a>-: m : flf.lJ : qj!,-,,f: 1 ; lD•f$.. : (l•Oil{l : d'Jf\,f•no•: O(lt--•I·� • !l. � 1C � . A :1 ° f . fi ?. ilh:,·t\m-: :Pio�: f--1·.,'1: fh.l'1P.1�'}_: h , h. OD ' / 1\1' •. d . l\ : J!,,f,�:-�� mF..&. :,• ntt.u rhchc n'l°:f:,• m-il-r ·"" 1-.t;J!, (l.m•l•il farJ.(lfT!ar • ntr'l°� I: 1 'i 6 r , f• : . , ., f 0"1r>' ""hao ""�'i· � ¾ m•{})..OJ• : 9' f ·f•ODfth-t·m- •• oh • f.-J · (lmO ohch • \ • ,.. • r "V" \ Ch • ,.· •• 117 . �u,t-, ,.if1 " = outihA: foiJ.t.mC , t,t\oudJ'l'l•l· s 'h'i : Oh'l°:f•.-J: : a>-iliJ' 1 ,ft\a>- 1 foPll'Jftl ·'PC 1 11:r : -,w. :1 43.

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flj::,"',h : ·fldt.?- : ,l1°1 : .r:1,:,1,'11: t f,.oPlD1'1 : hr,,.h&._/\ : f"7.,m(l�: r,on ' T c: tt:i,_r:1 : foP{lt\ : oP.-fl:'f•, /\f\"'l;l..'f : hf.flm·9° 1 "'lt\T: �w\'t;::'f•,h • -Odi .'r • ch"I • llm-11:- : l\.e, .' h+lllll'r:'f- ' \'wt-+:;' , "11.:l'�'f. , 00 f,,."� = hrPt(IJc = r"'l.&.?i"'lrro• , /l,t\n�• = '?.. e.,;t-sP9f-1 = .e 1Pc:J--A u h�n. U9° : '?Yo;t-9':f-- : h1F..�lD· : iPt-+�(Dc : itil(l : lDf,'J°: ll:fA+��:,. r mt9°: (}f\oom1+:,, : llitiPttD• : Ill, : t\°J.ff..C.(llD• = 1-..v,:,. : 'h1f..P'&. : 'Jf,�T t; 1 f01 &-.+"1(IJc : r:,,'J°uc:i• : J!.l�'i : 1•fto;J-- : ht\k : oor,-,. : ',ti)« :: 45 h+t11f�:,, : h·'l·}_r91:f.. : '?"77f.. : IJ.'t,.,f•7f:J!:,:m. : n:fA,f•�.,,.,.. : I (luot>Jtf9'-:f· : ltf, = 1\1..l()•:'f- : 1•�({:,,C = 9°Th : lDf,'J° : h<i:f = ftmf.'h: U•ft�· 1 Y'ilrf'� : fGl/.lf �T : J!...°l'I° : 1,1f..1LU : '¼f,',,f:'} : h�f : f°2.mf,+.:,, : w&.,t• 7f ?"TlD· : hlD·4' (IJc : 1'f..l(le:,- : 1..� :,.. : ·fl:F : OD lf 'I-"} : ft ODt,..�:,. : ,,.-:,�!t.A :: ll-t\ T : �--c�:,,y..:,y.. : f.°l'I° : t\'h.1f..1LU : '¼f,',,f: : '114':,.. : fo:PW-1 : 'P,:1 : h"?l'l h& ..t\ : f,t\:,, : wt,.+7f:F:t:OJ•1 : n:,,llJ,}- : 00AtJ : f,f•ro(l', : 11H,f} : filh� �.r'PA 1t1X: t'l,I\ 1:c)!"-r F-'1'1° = 1--�:,.. = rf.t.(lfl:'f· = o:t- = w.e,'J° oo.,, tf = fl"l9', : ar f.• : houtr-,. : f.l. .. 'llt : (lrPt-i·�tn· : l\f. : h'i: : flt : f11H·1l : . : '1°1'1° : '¼f.'1:'f- : h'i:f : Jif,f..l.°l'l°: o�1 : f°tff..C(l•(l:,.. : outri,. = h .fwl.?1m rDTJ.A = arti� = t,llllr == "1,: = n-'11, ..n;: = v•A1.1t = f"?.filh�l\m• = 11n11 = 1--.�:,. r�l(ln,1-1 /J:l' ll07f1�..1, = mJ?,'I° = lltll/h<J>fc hoit.�:a,. 11n,n = f�(l = outr"l-1 = 1A�.A ro-z...rilh<;:/lro• = .,rJ;,(1•1 = 'P,:, tif,ir1 = f1il1tt<D·1 = oft> : 'P,;J : 11;= : �(IC :: h,1•f·kftD•f"}'i : fOJc{J;l,. : h1C : �c�,f1· : U·tr'l°: O:fA. ..ri�:,. : /lf..l(lllr : ·1--�:,-- : (l.mf.«h j 'l'Pt�;r:fmc : h,TV-kf I lD·il'r : flf', : ftD-611> : h1C : f1"1� : Y:C;e,-f-1• : °11 : 'h1f.tl.V : '¼f,�,f:1 : 46 f : mf,ck"r h"1Dl/7i : n:t 'f : f"'l.tr�:,.. : -0;: : 'irlir :: nli=f = Ol/c

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1\,1\ar : fwt-+� : 1 Yo;r : f.aiqo : fP't-m•1 : it&.�?.9° : ftJll{JIJfthrf: ' fhwtllr : :,--/J111i·f I\CD•/t.• : ll,n•1,'j : /lODt\.q'J° : m()f, : it1Pi"f?° : ,t:Pt t ).',,}- : h/l,1\:1:ro•'i : 1,'lli.U"}'J° : OD&.ft'l° : hf.,:J : f'l?.fODfTJ: lJAlf.,: ,r/Jtfi 1= 41 au,p A = .,wJ!., u 9" = °1 ll:,-- = IPt- +,;:OJ- = +,1" ro• = :,.tJ tt11 = 111-tt 9°f. = P'?.tIJc : ilf. : fT0DlJ.'(,.rt-tD•1 : 11:f- : "lf.tr1 • tit\flr : P't--. : OJ� : t\,I\ P't-' ll"l. ttm· = wf,'J° n+ <r D?• .,:, . = +.,OJ«� = oo Ft- ·1·1 'J° : �?°c = .,aJc r1t IPt 'i ' 1 r wt,. f'�: : 1--Pif,: (IC�: ff...ooro11 : /llD•'r'J°: (f', : f°7/Jl'? : A�',,)- : fll,t\OF1 1 · fP't- : /llD•'r : fwt-+�OJ c : itA.4'tlA'I° : °11\•r : v•t-,.,f•�a,."} : ft"7{1CDl1J� 1'1f..(lcf! : 'l°n·11:,.. : .e�,nt,.A. : ,(}t\n : aJillfitt\ :2

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f�:,•dt1lth.C I il1°1 : 4:"J'C : t7f.l;ff;'§ 11 1,11 = hll:J·,1:ll,tti'l! =Ai�•.,.= O"I?° =:,-A:,», �m- rt x2 = 6.505, f = h.02 f1'1f.\ ss t,u?°, "'Ill:,-, h'}1'tLtJ, ffl{IJ-, f.\f.}.-"f· , oh:,"1ot 1 film- • lJS:t\ , fim>•f· , m-ll"I' , hv•tl,r : �H. , .r�fl , _�m- rs 47. f'i!:,•J.11,11.c ,n°I = cf!"J'c = �7f.�flli: h'i I t7f.�ft.·� " 1 '1/l'>,alrl' 1 48. ff.\11.ll': 1X:U'i: OD !!-: 1 ��..,-;,p:f, "'IUOC: h'17i: 1,."}.(- r fA1lll 1'R"lJ'i" :;��ctieif, fP" ,f·hti 1i 1 (�th{l. : r;·{; r !.. fft:lu : f1tlP�Cj: {lC�) 1 r l'trv/,'i' r LPt.'b 11111 : cf?"J'C • 8' § u 45. 46.

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7''}�.IJ9° : fl.CIA : h1Pt9'1 · : V'6'+t;0:F:fro•"} : J,"}f,&.4>�:fw• : hF� : 2 t . : ODI\ {lJ 1' : y;:;..I\ I\• : "'(\ ,,), : 11 f_.f...l\ 9" � ntl u : on,,n ;1--:fll)• : I\ f., : ' P y.. � � tf1·9" : 11,flr : 1'1/t--(): fro· := tP ,, = -tj::'f -th fl,h» 1 C = ;,, .,.. = ODO' P 1,.:,• . ,., I x. 6'• t ;;: = n.r.1,.jf = mf..9° nf.ODro1-,= o . �l .. 1 t. : ro· : : P,t\ P .. , . 1 'fi: � 1' ,P, .. v-, nf.."IY-.. D : Y:'J° .I 6' 1, P 9° (l .. .. ( : P'lr ,. : 1Pt . , : :,, ,, r = P'6· = .e.nAlf' h� = 7/(1)• �+111l nYil = �0Dm11 = film• = 'h.">�tr1 = 11 , 49 J" 1-(Tl)01 T = I\ CJ1J'?1 = (JlJ,, n ,1· = it ro ◄ 11 �u1 it., ;, = tf>,i•; J-1c n t : hm = } � y, � r= 50 h ,l f = = n · : ��CD' tJl/aJ l-lr': • P'6i\111/fl'. : 9° h1.r:, .."J flc ! oul .. f � : n : f : 1t1..e...,, � cl'mt.,�·"} : h<;:+� : Ollti�h : f : 1.tL }trPt o:,,c,n : n1•fln;J-- : "7aJ·l· : r..,.. � : -: 1 1 : : m· f f f\ A f.. ,-. fl 'i" 11 .. :�: roY.. : 11:,, ..,. �: : P' �t.. : tJTJ i\..1·· ?°: , : l P t.' L h : '1 � . .. 00 m,,1 = tt . r•1ro•1,.w• = itf..:.l-.A'r = °11\:r = mf. = lPi-r = oiratn'l.."J· = nit'lil1·'1 = e.. : Or � , f,V1 · : h1�: : t,1..e...· : it1Pt : ,,.,�,,..�OJ-"} : fl1·H'P'P6 : OD"}•11: I 11i(JIJCD1f'i" n.r..t.:'}· 11:,, = llf 1. c1m· = f..1-.. f\A 1'1\f.. = 1'1.r..1...,1 t.ro· = ?/Or: (lP't.-: -:£-1\�:rar : ,,flcJ?: lf'i : tiA..,..1,· : it lPt,(Dc: flcf!: ?°h1f;I.. : llt\l\UJ": hP't.lD· : /L,,P(l'j",f11·· w· : _e."..ff\A :: rt,IPtOJ• : '?Yu;J-- : itilcf,Y;qo : CJ1/ilm1 51 r �a>· ::: t,il4' f..''I° f,t"ro(l�OJ•?° : f(lllllm"tcf cf!f: 1.. lf. : +tf : {ID{l,n- : (1 1'1,&;.'l°i\ h {lci',:qo = fil-O n:rA httu = n:\f\ = 1'.1�1'i = .eu1�- lPt....,·'1 = ft1f:,,,f'�CD" : P't• : '1.1� : itl:..il : ll..cf>'l'lm◄ : f,1•1\/,\ :: il/\f·LU : h1,,e...-- : lP/rT �, : 11:t>+� : f.ODOJ1f = rof.GYJ...ro'I' = P't� : h1�.et\ro'P : f"?. <'11 ff OJ•: ;,,°l , " 1 ��9° = ().e tr1 = t11Ptm◄ = ttil&.c\1.. = �1e:f1 = itil4 .. e:'I°= h1-�..&.�"'l° = y,,e...c ' 1'PA 1,1.r..rtu•?° = r++mlw• IP/.,..,,,. . � t\P't--ro · = n':l....ft ;J, "'l.,{l = •fief?= lf'f: '1.ts.{ID17.-f:'} : tll/tir:,, : �,'i" : &...�'}}. : htr � : _e"t1ro· : V'/.,.. rl•'ti: : /bi\ : Fir = ° : tJl/iln1"}ci'cf!f : oo i)n1:,.. : 'i":fa>· :: : ll.llci' Y.-'1 1Jtt. A '? h r�:,--tl,: ,OJ.,�.. : m°l: f:"};J "L: cJ,tp;J": .."J·C1·9 ° : f02••l1{lh.."J ..t\CD•: t\,i\(D•: arm.T = �'?'I° = tt1Y..· = l�T = OILtitn = r'F'i;ro-1 = oiz.tiln 2 P� = flt,1Y-- =. (tq�.. 1 fUA = 1,1\\1 = fl. 1Pt.. = t\H••rm• = t\lP6-n.."J· t\i'11f..• = (lq.. l- ·z.rt = f0'l.. tC(l(D«'} : ff,lDl/D1f : 6l1Jl11/ t : ll.f'li:� : f,1'1'PA : tJl//l:,.. : ',OJ• :: ) OP't.. : '\fr : (l.m·A ¾ �u : {'.,4>/.\: {l�/,\: ,1..r.1--9° : �1": fft,l\lD4: f,lf'i"A== h'Pt-r: h·'l"}.r?J1· : OilTi'C :: /\,l\. i: : it11: : lPt..,,. .� : 9°1 : P'lr : "h"}f.ffl/.. ,,:t. lttt.00°1tt1':fro•1 i niti..n = Ft• w•il'f' = ft\w-1 = ;t-1\:1, = -:;..°le = J,c.,=· f\'L H.m•: Wf,9° : l\.Ht\cJ:;J---m◄ : {1°7tfOJC : ot•llllt\ : .<11\{D•"} : /;\f,.�:,.. : _eu : l} f, �-I: : hTl?,1°9° : itf,1�Jl- {l{D•9° :: 9'°'i"A'l;l,,9° : lP/r1·'10J• : /\"LftW• : (DJ', ' 11:,,..1';;: n: r = +•1m•e hi t.. P = fou1.ootfw◄1 = t1�1-- '1w·1 = J?..(1D(1)Ji•'} : 1 h �fllJ'i" : OJ$. : 1,:,,,,.. 'i: 9° : F'�t- : ,f·t\lD•(fl : l\"Ll-f,{lJ• : (t.(lt.. : itlPtlD· = ( {JIJ,,{l:,.. = ODtnn�, f,"l � h�+c;:m"• } = J?..00ro1·1 : 1'1�f..ht\hl\lD• : fr.Pt.,f--7,:w..

= ..

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: l-tt\0)": fh_,,,flJ,nc: lJ•}', J.. : .. : (l . , : "l !LlD· ,, ;, 1,1:{ : U•1 .1 }! lf'i :: , A f ; :JC. :: : f : : � . l � : � � lD· ,�, �/ I\ 'Jf f-. "I· : (l.lD�f..(: : Cltl i'lt\ : f..oPOJ'll : 1-�.e : hrl•lflfck:,• : itilt- : ilJ.!"ll;l. : h•- 'l'Jf.?>1· : Ur il' ' : l h"}P,-. : ff_{llJlD1I : - f:&\1:IA : f"7. lDil �lD· : {lf'}oo.-f:: Olll/.Y..t..1m• : ff..oum 11: r 9°Co Pt- : It� : ',tD• : ,fi�.A :: t,il� =. Y,{l f: : Y.'?'l° : i',"} f: : lP�+,;: : mf._ : 0 -c 1-,:,,,,,,.;;:: (l;J": ,f•JftJJcC:: (1_,lPt• : f_ODlDf-f•"} : 1,"}f.. 'J� t,"}(t«(l:,•c;: (l:'•.1\9°: aJf..: h�,,,,...�: ,,.,�t- = (l.nm'P = nI� = ,�1 = 1'ilh = i't'JY: = q'::,.. = noi�cil r,ro•ht" = 1.tt: (1:\1\ : fh<j":.-f'�:OJ•1 : />'/": �ODlD1f : 1'")Y.OIJ.(lm..,:l.. : ,f..'i'°ll<J>A :: ()(D'• :

t, 1f...' : h·'l:t,.C' : 11;: : f,l11--'J : _'3't\ = O:J'A : :, ..�1--9° : Oou h+t\ ·) fl"l . r 1 00 . f·LlD· : rof..h<i:"f'� : P'� : .,.. 1m•l0J· : t\iP/..LP'i-- : IJ!� ,,7t.:1; : f1' m11 : {Jf:1�-: t\11.•rro· l\ ,,,,-.m (l '1 m· 'L1-1. f111/.(l 'P an If 't-1 = i', l,'J°I '!LA 52

"" 1 9 .f>t\(}cf!: 'h }_r:,-: llP't.. : oo(lt;(l:,-: (li'tv.•t«;: u.•t.,t-i1;: hct:A: (D•{l'J' : "•0 11ii:ro·1 1.11. roicJ>c,o 1'1n...1:;J·· = 'lcn• == 53

fLPt-·l·�:m·" } U•).;J· : ll1(1Dt\h;l. : 1'.'JY.f·f.U : °ifi.'IT : tJ,t'.;J� : <JD/..lll«r : rOTJ.f(lJ!,1�> : �1C: i',f,Y.t\'l° :: i',1f..": lJ.'�rf·•�: h""'"''"�: (l:\t\ i t,LPl,(D•: f'¼OD:,-- "'·-cJ" f.• mf,'J° r,l,o0'J" = t..:J'y__-- = rhnht\aJ• = h1Y.lf � hi'"'1r m'l':f 54 -. 0 ttit,Pt'i : 1P& P't- t.:,.. = flo tr1 i\:J--t\nu• = noiA = .., 10. = lj":cu:,. 1 55 : rf·� h�A : 'lf-.: i',0....1::J" : i'lf'1'C·fl: f,,cf>�A :: 9°'.'"A'1T9° : f�ti.tJ ' : cJ>'i°f=

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t!A ::· (I C�· :· f�:--1·,h � �ndb�; � ...,l1.'? � � hii."1°�� ,.,,, : fit'}�' : me : ; -t\;J A :: OV-1\ ..l:9° : u->,;-- 9':J·. =. l\f, : �10· : hit'}� : tJOlDlt'} : '4'1-0 '= (lf,'i 1. • .-· a,tJP:t- : (1,;J :f : l\1t\1l\ : v,t,. f·� : hP'/r. .= (lou(l'j(l.-J: : fOl/.(lmm.."} : fh•.,.lt.: _ ' } -1 : . 11 : ltfl{ID au-O:t-: t. 7 {IIJ tf·fl fil&.A;,/A ::

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- 192 -

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4' : f&..:e.: hchc : <n/,,f.'l'?: h9°0.: 'h"}f.."7(\:,,:,,.,-.�1'�: fl<f! 'If 1-4!. : ;,C: ()a1•9° : .-f•1l�l,\ :: 74. i',,.,.,tw• : ,.,.,t-.,,.l'V>�"} : Ot·LU : f,1 : fir °h f\.l1'1 it : 9 1 : : CD(l"} f /\,/\0,:1...: oo..n:,.. : ill\l\W• 1 IJ.Jt,.,t-�ro•"}: l\.f-. {\ .f:l\.:flD· \\� lrfr : 'h : 1 h e..c1ar · = nc,:::,..,.,1 fUCJ.J.',. ¾ -n,11,.c , ;,,1- : f ;:J•<f>,,�: ''lfYo'' P'tr(I)• 1'1-'t/\:,, : h 75 f, = 1 "1,,P '11,,.,:,.. c,::c� 11:,.. : 1,9°0.;:1,w..: 'h i\ 'J :, = f,U·'J 'I 1," ,n )t , :: ° /\ : 0 :,-nn/\?1 = htr'I = n'h9°fi."1,,;:.,:,.. = 1ro-16= -fi:F = hP't-. = foum1Y...- = nt 9° n' J.<1:'f·= ° 0 :: }\9 -0/\ Wfl'fi',f,\ fi.;:J··ro•: :,--nh/\� : ODlf"}: aJf,9° : /\.t1'1: t,.Y,l-A 9°: hf\DPl.1'.,..,: fODCD(l},: 1.. �f,: '?"}: fC,::C.f.': {1,,.f: : 'llD" :: P'lrCTr : Ji"}J.1..: ,111'1 : P'lr: '}J!,'1-1...: lf'f: /\1.tLro·: ,,O:-J!: fOl/...,�J!,: lllf'l'i f rPtr-t7fl· 9° = f•t <f>m�...:,... = .r,u1�- = 000111,,,fi = o.lf"} 1 rFlrlD' : 01/1\�' : '" c c tro- : nt : "1/ilm'J l, f!,.f'i : ro•/\:"1 : i\fllll/Y..fl : fief! : 9°h1,,f:,.. : il/\lf'I· 1 1-t•>t: ft.••f1"f.: nJ!,1flTW·9° : -Of\� : fi',v.•t'i : 1J.Jt,.,,.J,'1: {lC�·: 01,'i°i'tt\.:: 77 f,U 9° : 11ft I f--t-ro(l', = P't-1 = ll 00t.?.9° = f\,l'f.l1 m-t\. = fiil9°9°'1;t-: flf',ro« pt,.: 78 lD h,,.,..&..ft{ID : 01/ 'iT (D• 9°: Cfl/fl;:1, cf!J.' : i',fl&..i\ 1.. : ,.,f_,� (\9°: nOl/..l\aJ«'i : ro·ft.-: 7'1Jt;J--�(l : l\i','h9°� : fief! : flf'l : 9°h'Jf:,..: 'lA.-J--11 : 1.IL : i',,.,.,tm-: fro(} 79 .. = i,1�/lro· = tr'f = f,100;:1,A hOIJ.. /\w-: r�:'f--"1 = �0r = m-ti� = fief! 9°h1.. r:, 1ldh�: m"l : J.':"},:J1, : ,:JC: f,(lCfl/(111 IA:: .eu,,: 'h,j{: fi',,.,.,t'i = v.,t,.,,.,...�: 1-�f, = flC� i i',1.� = f,1!,,: wt,..-,.. D'/ilm,,f><f!,,f'i: hP't•: n..n'i'fi;I..: tiv-1: f,1CJw·: mf-,9° = i',.e1C1m·: 1,1Y..tr1 : (\ODlD(l"} : fJrt1A"1/\vrr : f·fOD'}: c1100:,-, : foo(l(\(D•"} : fP't,.lD•"} : ,n�'i\i\: '1\iflfi. i hJrt'JJ.':: fl;f--: OJ�: /\, i\: {1;:J...: 1,f,,.t-lf'Pml: hi',tP&m-: ,,?(:: wC•f : h'}�lf� f 1\'i : faotio/\:-:,.. , : u,i:J'!P-:,_:. : 1rfl� : Jtfl«I' Y:'I° : rorz.oot.'J°C: {/lJlf �'} : itfl�m«!f:A :: 80 f.,U : i'1 V-'t•C : r�:,...,11 : ·fl,l1.C : dl'? : htPf..�',«?1m· : 01\t: J!,1l�A :: fi't 1A '?i\�:,-- : l f· OD"}: oom"} :- J-1"}y_, � wt.. ...,...c;: : ,rf,�;J'?'I°: r,,.. cf'm l O :'f,: 1..tL: ,fl Ifr)• 'i": footi(l(\� :,.: l)•).:J--9l':-f : ro·it--: 1, 1J;.:J...•'!.ll: i', (l &.. I\1.: r .,, � : ft...f CrT f"?... l.__/\� : ht a, t fi,l! i 9°'n,J.';I.: I\..C:-c: i',J!,1-..A'l°: 0'1/\1--: ',ro•:: 0h"}�J·L U : o,f, ', :,..: U·).;:J··: fl c,:: :,..,11 : •fl,lb C: (11 "1 : l1F-' t,. : f{llJlD1f..' : ti v11 : h1-'th�A: n.,,,rY.c"l: m·/\:·: f,,.l'm(l-,: 1.1·L: f07.., f,J!.,: fltJDlf�-: '?1 l',fl«f,f._--qu: hlPtaJ• : 0'/{lm"}cf>cl'.f : }\"} ..t;.(l'P : i',,,f(l•1J?;f.. ro•9°:: },"}f..J·LU'l°: lJ''f : i',"}� :

-;:=

,,I.

•

74. f1vt.,J·'i°1· : l1IJtJnc : hti7i: J-,1J:!.· : r.e.·c1;,f: : P' &- : 1't ll l1.f1; : rf•h'17i: 1,f\f, : 0°1 ll;J··m7f �'l'C : xf : r,t-m•l>(l :: �7s. fwt.,f•'i°1·: IIIJtJOC: h'17i : 1',1.<'..·: fOI/ODf\fl7f: h·'l1f: .-J·hta7i: (f1'tr>'t,'i": r>'? ,,l·,;:: 1•?.f, : = c i•i = •�iJ' , = 111 OD11 e!"1· ticti = ,.,;: r>'?,, = r = V'l,'i" , ,= ) = 0,/9° :u �1 = = !lfi nc�) (l).. = Ir 1 f 4!'l'C: = eif.7:rr.":;: = 1,1J!..:,- = 'lt1�,,-,,,-t.1° = f{J11t\tJ;J·A == = ftj: ..)•r11 = 1lm.c = 76. t.(l : (f,f;f.\ : f,OJ(}� : (}f, : ,f•t:� :··;;;.�:'}'} : OD(.\{} : (1 [.b : (fm:J,f\f, : 11•r>' : 'J1P':,• : fi:/0..:i•I IiiY.=tfi : 0,/'? : rri::,.,h,fl,l1.C : f,°l'l� : 0Dlf11l : •l!iJ'C : 9.f.tlil:ifi :0,/'l°/ (J'f.\;J•,t-oo) :: 77· flPt.•f·� = ,unc = hti7i = ri1,1'l = P'? = .r..-c1;:i� = •l·hti7i = (fJ-,V't,'i" = r>'&-,t•;;: = 1·?..e = flC.�-: '.�f: : · � J:!. : P'? 'l: cn1 f C i: l1'17 : : OC OI/U ·;;:: 'PC t;· =Iv.f.:lii 0,/9°): \'4,f,f.\: •t='f'C: I'l: I f1J.1?,1 ,f•hfl7i: (f.hr>'/,'j": IJ.'?rf•,;:: 1-P,f,: flCJ:!.·: �'}fl,1•: �: 4,1: Iu'f:lii : o,/'J°): f1'tr>'/,'i": rJ'&.,,.;;: hchc-1• : r1-.f,A : 4:'f'C : 11. :, 78. f�-rm1l,f1.C : "1°1 : <l!'J'C :: =ia. ?if tt: 79. hn..rm- = . . ( C ii) == = �«t�f �� <f!if' . .... - • 80· 1 • i �r f'C : <f: tIJtf il;.f O"? 1i fwt.+c;: : IIIJ10C: hta1i : 1',11: : fF? • rf•!lf&- 6f.b = •f•hta : 'hf\f,:

'''°'

f+m<J>(I

� 193 :-::-:-

r1 r111a = Q;t,C(a= t\,I\ 2 _ P'1,.=nui = lf� f -t*t-61b >iwt r;,11, =Ft-= .r"l 1.H. : lP6--t"1w· : fOIJ.lP&,.lD• : P't- : 11:P1 : A(l'i : +_t : h1f..+f..lw., 1 r l\� : 'h1JL:J--f.il : llt1l,'l°C: = 114! = 9°h1 f iiA,.,t«179 ° 1 .,,qo .. , : : J!,'J° a OJ .,-,. = 11t = ll = (l'i11:,u.-otr> fl 1Pt..r1.,"101·1 hFt-w· rn111- :r--= h') = = "'l = -t � /\OJ« : f,�mt-A ::

n:,-. :

"r :

b--l·mr+.:,-. itiPt9'-:f- ti=1100,r--w-= (tj%)= f11f=P't,.:f(Dc=tt.+n f,U?° : ?°h'Jf�· : :,,11 : lP&,.--l·?'fl-·1 : f°tfilmm- : oor.rt;:fro·"} : 1A�'PA:: IP/1\:,..9°: r1aif..•: Pt-: oocf>1'1cf>1f: lP6-"l..�1=l\"'liltDtlJ:,,='h1f..11cl!: 9'1 h1fT: J!,cf,mC: , elf"} : mr, : f°ti\OJ« : 1'f4: /l1l1-,-..= 4't1Jt9':f= 11"19° ii'1'1(l : t�"} : : rPt-: "'lfl'il1T : lPt,.--t «�m• : roi f,lf'tA :: "}'"'Jf: : 04'1f4'1f0T 1_.J·L lPt,.W• : Pt• : n:,,1 : Afl 'i : 'h1f..4'l : "l'cf>1'C: : (lei! : 9°h.}f:,. : f.,'i t.A � mf,'J° : f..°1'1° : f'J°lf..'" : ooct,114'1'1 : O'h1�il-l·tlD4 : lD·il1' : 'hf+ f..;1100 : f"'l ODflJ : 1--/{f, : �(D• : lJA"} : (De{\�"} : {\"7&,.ff9° : flfth?°C: : (lcf! : ?°tJ'JfT : itA·f·1·'i·9°c; : 'h'Jf..04!: 'J°h'Jf:,-« : f.c�mt-A : O"'lil-1' : ll00ht-hc : f,:J:A : f,r.rc;A r,n,,�-1='l°n_,.r,.,-,,. = (}{\ODOJ{\;;r fitlPt'i= ,Pt--t� 1--J{f, ncJ!-- = n 1·1.u- = 9'1 1.<' :,.. = hPt- = il --1'fl c;11,,.,-. = lPt---1-- --c;: 82 ntiv-1'i = 1101/ ilm14'cf!f 9°19°: 'h'Jl)."}: i't lP6(Jr: &.."};r: f11l11l: h�.,<': 'h'J�.f..l°lll-1·: Wil'il\:J A (loutJ(lC: }tf.,;J : ltf, : ll..ms..-..:,, : n_"..-f,A'J° i {l��-9° : (\ootJ&.A : .<' /\DD7-/\•') : 11/tl;J"Jm : Oil1'4'C t i\1Pt- rl•'1m· : f01/ilm14>cf!f: 1_.l·L : 1,'JJ;.flmm· i tJP't-: 83 f .,,- oc;n ,f·(l:,-«"} : lJv1 : 'h"}�.ht;:l\lD· : f,11.J{A :: 'h �tLU : ro,1)1911: : htiw &m· : f,A:,, : wt..-1-- -�:m•"} : l1A;r (){l.. : mf,9° : {\ODOJ:J--.-), : hi't:P'J° : (lf\f, : hlf)· : i',;JtlJOIJ.9'"..-f, : {\ODtifthA : f ;J•p�.. : f_,OD( lft{\� ::

i\ODf.OD&f: 1.1·1. : O.;rf.. : ft;:Tdt : 11,li.C : ,11<'1 : cl!1'C: gi( U?;f�t: he;: gif.tJt.fitr: �"1;J1.9'-:f·: h+.'PC: g7(U �f <:E : f:1,;11.91:}-.. : ;JC: ff\:flIJc: Av.�:,-. = nt1J�= :r17i = �w• f+.1'c = eitubrex = ri1ait\ 11�m- :,,l: Ji lP I, : OJf.,9° : IPt-.,,..�OJ«: OJ«{\--�} : flDI/t;: lil : {l <I! : 9° tJ "} fT : ti/\OJ«: ti'/ {l lll1c#'4!f: l)f,()1' : f pt,.(Dc"} : OJ·A : lDJtfm·� : ''cpt,'' : {\01/f:l°l: f.,1•f\A: f,I\A = n01J. 1'1 r,t· 00t.ODl=i1.e..tr� = ai1 , f,u = oPODl)flA=ll.ftill,r rai "':fA : lf'i = (l(J-.{\ rf: cl?1'e1-- : ODi}hA :: J1 l\.OJ· : <pc,· m · : Av.�:,- cP. rC = itt.�fitr : m•/\"1 = fi\= 04!='J°h'Jf:,- :: (ncf�1'C :: 1'1f..1--11t?im•:) n .&.(:il= liwt.ro·9° , tr� = ,,.,6-.,,..�m«=tiv- 1=ll011ai,· :,.. = y,:f--tiA="'11\--t:=�mu•i\-t�m• 'Pc;w..= Ar..�:,- = .e..oiqo =''nt : sron1 .. r:, ..,, : (l<k1'C= gi'L�!�t : · PC=nm'lO : f--1"'1/\K : aolf). : �m- :: 9° '1A'IT : f..°l'I° : nu•t\«: fO/\mlD :,--A+.: Af-�:,-- : fi\lD•: OJ•t\«"}: 4'&: llUl/f..'l°l : ''llcl!:: 9°ti1 f:,•'': 0"71,'iC

(D•

r-.

�n.�x�t :

.... ,,,,... ....... ,....

l I

= =

N= 23 u f°7.1o�/r'} • °7llG�9'1·: ill'\"1: 11H·ro-'}: "Lil.: fOD•f·W-, {lf\y:)�1-1 • Ofi§,J:' t}.(}'}f9'1· : V-lr : l'\.e, : frf•ODIPGrf•: >..e..e../l'J° :, f,f·m(l,.e..a,. : -l?'J'C : 11"3·§ : f',fl ' flf� ' 7'1� lf','i' : '11/',fl.'J° : flX-,h .�- = f'\.e, • °IAX- '1Alf', : i1..e.. : (100%) : OD•f· : ht}.f : ,f•f.C,,..' (',f lD(tJ!.a,. : <h'l'C .e.1/l1.A 82· fA-flil: ilt..:i• : V'�,f•?'f".f-: '11/UflC : h'17i I h1�· I fA,fi(l I ilt..:,•: ov..e..11c: '1/l1-0l:,. I ,t-h '17i 1'1'\.e, : fl°1il;:1•mq' : <h 'l'C • �I • frf·m+(l n I I 83. fu,�..,..'lf"! : '11/UflC : h'17i I fDDCh,fi : h•fl'}f I +h'17i I r>.w�c; : V'�T� I ..,.�� (lCf: rti--t:i• = r 1 .,..,., 1 Ifif!li 1 �=9'° 1 rhw�c;: fw�+� • hChC:1": f4-f.A , -1?1'C 1 11 ,,

•

81.

-194-

-= :,.. .rt = A +.'l 'c = s = i'it �x it c l&' 1 = Jttj: t--if.. n»-1 <r'P� = "" = "�lon :i- = 0 1-'J;:,.. = v-tt- = h..,,, t-- = oo &.A = t," n :,.. IP/",i: ,, (I}« == -- 9'1 = ro•{l'1' = na:J? TC = e 'if. l: r c.1 F = � f\ r 1 = = c1 n = ,l, T o . 1 1 .. ,lh ?°I 'h. °' tj::,-C"' n = n �il'l'= noiz.11m· = ''n a:�: 9° n1,T. "h.c; = na:f!'l'c = 1n.?;t{:t = ro« {l'}' ,,:,.nnt\�: 9°h'Jf,1" , • out-ittA · 9°19°: Ai'IT: ff\?° :.: f,v--1 : 1,1){ : ;,11-- : -- =f&.l'J 1 < �n:, fl 1. t L: v_ r,'<'fw ·= �:�c;: on�n«r-: fU''lro•:fJ-,�c�:ro«: a:f' oaoiootf = 84 ,, �C1--'l° : OtLlJ : 1--�,,� : f\.l�"} : _e, l..t\ t\• :: 0--1! : 9°h'Jf1· : t\UC/.1\W•: ,l1l--?: ftl?'l'C: iil..?.;f{:C : "h.c; : i'it?;f{ft : f '11P/C'i:ro•c; : f &.l'Jv-1 f,�m· : n�f\ ",,f-.. : A :: (la:f!'l'C : f,f,,na:�(lro .. : ''fief! : 9°n1.r:,..,, : f,,,_l\f� : �t\•l· : .. �tl'P O'i?'l'C : g'it?;f{:?.; : P'C : f\rf-cllllf�,..:1.. : U•�:J...91:1·• : f UC/.,,r1l\.--?A: r,w•:: fia:k'rC : -r (l n1 = = f+m n :, ''?11 a,. cJ1 '' (ht·Lu = O?.t\ '',rhn/\� 9"°n1 eiC.?;V.?t a:t « ,. fT'' : hf+flt\ : f°1.,m4'(1a, ) : f°7.f1/\--?/\W· : b<f?'l'C : �n:�f.G1V. : J,{lh : jiL�!iri : P'C = f\rf-cmcJ,(I«,}- : V·t:J--?11· : ',ro• :: fif·LU9"° : 1.1-1, : ro·�"} : n,k {\IP/(i:t.{l = f,:J:I\A 'PC 1n.?;xt:i = 00rPt.T nn<I!

=''

�7f.�r.(:r : =

I I

I: ,,

�·

1 !"

= n"nt:;iro== 0

= 9°n1.r:,.. =

Ofi:-l-th : 11"1.?- : ,n--? : ro•{l'l' : {lf\: P't-.. : ro·A : fi'll/.'i"1t..ro.. : h�A : -?°h'Jf:'f--'' f aiz.tiroro·il'l' = .el\OJ" = t,'1,;11c i,1Yw.oiftifw· = it�;J'lC : f°1..f1l\.°ll\l&' : h<f?'l'C : .....(?fi./;f /\rJ"Jfltl ,.._ ......-- ... : P'C : ......�eiJ ..-- : J,{lh : i?a.l:riri? v->,:J-?Jl- = 11:t- = f,UD{lt\A {l)•/\•1 = /\OTJC,:t.{l = "1-- ht1/\� 9"°n1.r:}, = �:,. nf\ :f"'l.flt\tD· : fl,>;.. : ro1"} : n,f! : flf'l: h'l�-- : ftD·A : °11,,;J-- "} : J'tfl(ID&_. 85 1'9°: (L;rf,: 11:J!: ',lD• :: J'trPtW•: tD•/t-"}: 0°1..1fl : U•t;r: <t,t: I\IP/f:l--?: foY.l-flro« : LPt�+�w« : (lt,.(l• : '1'�:,..: OOJ.JJt,.:,•: frf-c/t',ro• : h"}�tr' r J 86 Wf,9° : hwtro.., : f\001--�:,.. : -0:J: : (LA : 0£n°l : fi,,.f-cht\ht\: f P't-.. : 07/1,9°: J-t�-- IJT/ : 87 W-/l'P: f1fl : h 1Yw.tr'1 : •O:J!: ',ro• :: OrPt,.,f-c�tD• : On«A : �°lqo : i'trPtlD· : fhol: w.e9°: t\UDh&.A : .rA:rl\ : 1,'JFw.tr'l'i : rPt-..rf•'1ro·9° = l\f\.e.oow1-,. : 'PilT'i": fmf :l':t:ro . : OT/l,:J16liJ,?J:f.. : 04! : Otr'l: 1..tL : ro•{lT : fA,,.l"flm « �-- : 88 1''11'11'1: (I}«(\«"}: (\OT/(i:l{l: :i--nnf\�: 9°ti'JfT: 1,'ilPA

,,:, nnt\� =

�

,84. f�:,-th, -Oth.c I ch°I = cf!Tc , i itGf�f. = r&.t.1ta,,e.?/m- = :,,� • 111J;.o = ,,e."A ii fhOI/C?fm- r TC1·9° 1 f..OJqt' : 1 "1 .e-t. 001J 4'& = = r1 m-1 = mv,& ''tt = &-h."I � •in.f.ifG"r • hP'&-- = n01Joi.n:i• = lltt01J..0T = {J}« fflf,'/° 1t".e-ll9° : 001/tt:i· : ,,e.01 : m-tat : O°IAK" : f01J..fl;J°IT : 0-1! : 9°h1f,l· : fll,fl h1f..lf� • V'/r,f-?/m- r ,f•10. : rtr� : h."llr : ltOl/°11:i• : 00-0:r• : i'\fta,« ,, f,I\IA :: =le patr � !11et .fin f�:i•t1trflmdl.c = ch°I , cf!TC = l'i'f.�x�t , r&.t.1ta.e.?fm- = :,,� =. 1'1�0 = ,,e.1t� Indeminte de licenciement . ''L'employe a droit a une indem1nte equitable, s1 ? , decision. , 1

au contrat ou. refus e de le renouveler sans une cause valabe qui justifie pleinment cet te fh°1C?fw-

85. 86. 87. 88.

:1-C1•9°

f..OJqt' u

r l 9°h : � l\?f nn · :'f : l.ll OD'i! ''ft :t : (.rf ODV, (ji) : : :,. 7i� Llr � v: : 4! =tn.l;f�t fl 1 A · r w> {D« P'lr = flT taf, f : . -1>4! : lm1 . "'ll ?/m ,.v,&,. m,,e. : • &m 1:, = f'it. , 7'1f..lf� , J\v, 9° 1 l. fL : t.1.e: "Jo -f•C noo : ,n°I 9° ' "t-1 -0"1. •,h 'i!,l : I IA: f,I\ '': f ID-'lfm-� I 4'& I lt"'IY..;l.°I' ,,e.-:fl\A 1 m 1 O 1 n �.e.�m- :,,� r f\.t.� : (lft01J..l•AO:'f· : 0011.e- : :q: 1 i'"=I:'iii.:f� '' it'PJ �! � �°I : /!' !.Jlf.:l'!< q 9° i'C1-9° ('i!Tch) on..:i•r-A·f'' : rl\.:i•r-�, fch°I' oog-,-h.:,. (l/.\i!-9° 1 K' 1 ff I f,oofth�A rt f�:,•mrflth.c • ch'1 • li'C.Gf�il :s httf� I �TC I f'i'f.�fir :1 htt.r� I �TC I l'i'f.?ifirli rt htt1m- • cf!Tc • fn.�ifi :1 1

(1ft : a,«ft• :

- 195 -

r : o = nt.l1'"tf.'1a : :P1{9l-:f av,1.:;, = 04?Tc = l?t?;rc-- . tD·'i ll°'IC� n O"'li\(Dc = ..--l.°l ; m ·il 'l' = OOl/..110>· : ''arA,. = 4't = 671 n�itl:ve5: : 'h 'i : gif..�fif•r : n,,..fll4'(lllr : ''(D•t\'} : 67�1.il :'' nail\� : d;l.;·;;;;tihA : A�',:,• : OD'i�'} : 0,e.fl A'I' : 'h11:'i(D•:,, : _e,t,.J',..t;f;\. :: f°?.f,e, {l-r : 1.tl. : fArf. .. tD(l', : OJ•A: floov.,l,� : +'P'PV-:f: : ft..4'�. :,.1 : fUA : 1 tt . : rOl/..4> ,e, : lD'A: 'IOJ· :: _e.v-1 1,11{ 67il,1114',:l!..r = 1,1-'t(lT = n,l,°1 : r+mtt� rl0 ' : } :,: ,Y. l}f,',. O .. : :,-: .U I 'h'JJ!...t· : f:, } "ti" \ -:f : 4't : lltll/1:l°l : O+&.t\1 : 1.lt n 9 OJ}tfOJ•'I- : 4't : /\.If).. : h_{\ou;r f\:fOJ•"} : filt.Pr'i'A:: lD·i\ -- : 4't : fO-Z..tr�w- : . 9° � il:-f! = ',m• :: nttu : <,�l\?o-r = fTa>O'J(D« = f°'lil,n'J4't:l!f = 1.1-1, = o..&.� f"t4' f,Or : 1..11. : '1A;t·m4' = OJ•A = l\_e. 1 4?'1'C : gif.�tirr: f01J..f mtiw-: J\ }" J;.. : m11: /\t\,l$J)c: "'lilm14'4!f ti_e.(l'I' fP't--OJ·"} = °l"},'.-,:,.. : (fP't. -: I\!!, : �lD· :: 'h1f-J-LU : q_e.-, ..1:: lr�;r : : J!...C'?O.)• OOIJ..f (J)ct:$ O•�;J : cf>t : m·"} : -i1-r..,:,..1 = ''"'1!1:l'l''' = '"11{ = ''DP&.�9°'' = /\..'lA = t,!!,�A9°

=''

ml'?�

= s,nn1.. r.-f1-- = h.'JJ.1...�01- = n'il = 1.,-i = roiz.�_e.n:,.. = ,__,.,, = fA +m(l', : m·A = ,, l\ : "'lilm'J+cf!f : 'h'i : 'h1f...t·LLJ·9"° = '1'4,...1.. i;m• = lPt-1·'1m• : ntr'ln:,.. = 'ltL = fl\ = ti"l = (J)c/t•t = OIJ(i':lil = .e.:1:"A == rnnl\;;: = 9°n1.r-r = r/bt\ = t1,.tr., = 11]"} = n<1?1·c = iif..l.;fifr = ODv.,t.:,.. = 01-A = "'�t.7i = o+<r'Pv.= h:,..nnl\f?J:f: f

l\f,: t\.f.l.(l{l:,- : Ol/t;:fm·9° : ,,,P,.)• : h."lt-.: oPlJt.A : it/\.flT :: f,U 9°: 0?ft,r: }'t"}f.' : wt.,f·i; : l\'t,lPtaJ• : hilt.l\'L.OJ•"} : 01/ilm'}<J><f!f : l}f,(l 'l' : {l(Jllc�.eo-r: 1 .f·L : fA+m(l'Jm·"} : (Del!\ : llft.Cil : h.11-'/.W•: Or-LU : ?°ti "}f-1-- : f°tf.Cfl n:,..1 : h.vlt•: U·lt- : flll/.h(i':A : oPlf'J."} : OD1'Jlf•{l : ,.f7fA ::

"' : <f?TC �fLt.;fii E : I\A..-1,m(l', : 'ltl. : ro•A : flll/..f11\"J/\(Dc I m·ll·: 01/ilm -"}< #'<f.!.PW •: 110?.<'Acrn:, Y.. <J> itil it: : .. tp>: ft..l.(l: l,'J.f.lf',: oPlf'l-19°: 01/il:t ' l • mil : ,,filt. l,\,:JI,\ :: {lfLU : U•);:.r : OJ«{\�"} : <J>t : f0?f . ,e..c1m• : itwtlD•: O.lf 1c; : film·: ''{l<f! : 9'1ti'Jf T'' : h'Jj:( : : 9°h'Jf.)• : tJAlf', 1 fv.•�,f• �m- = h.Vft. 1 °11\:,·9° = 001/ilm'J<l><l!f : 'l.1-f, : t,..'J;t- : f...ODUJ1f : O'l!'l'C = !li'L?;fifE ' OD1P l-'I· ' f"7..!'l"S : ODlf �9" : OD:1-01:,, : hll 0-'I· ,, '11C. : "11 ' hrP tm· : ar1t-1: <�t : I\Ol/f:t."1 : ''(l I< ! : 'l°ti'Jf.)--'' : hl\,/\OJc J wt..-,•r-(lr : 04! TC = = hr; : {l<l!'l'C : en.2:virf : P'C'I° : ti"l : /\tfl/"]7·:,.. : farJ.1•/A : f, OD{ll\l,\ ; f,,r"} : l,"}j( {ltl.U : ... en.t:t-irf.: oPlJ.' 1.:,-. : flfl/.1J(lr : l }"i: < fl h'f'C : li'L�J�r : P'C : {lOIJ..'l'iOJ·: 0 h."lt-. : r.-,•<J>',(l : tlffi{A :: rlll/.�f,n:,.. 1 'ltL = f,1-- m(l ', = m•A = flf '1 = i1 f...lf'I 011 1 r+mt'l�lV' 1 1.r-1. = h°1t\<h I n�:,.. = w•tt·'J = °1ilm ""t<l cf!f = (loPilfl1:t- = <J>t = nD'f f..•l"l {lfltPl :]!/,\{l,}- : tr );;r : 9°19" : ftft°l : 1-'"},:J1, : f/\9° :: ilt\tl U : fOIJ.,UJ(l�lD•: "l'f'1•: n;,,1.. = ODlPt.:,.. = 'h'}f...ti.u = q_e.-,.-,: = :r-tto;-- = ill\lb� i u•f\rf.;9° ..,.tptpt"f: (lr/t- : hiltil\4' : 'Lf-L : f.."lil : 1�;1--:f(Dc"} : oPt.'/i'I° : !!,1'1:f'PA : fO'J./A I (JP(f'}• itt\{l.)-- :: J-,1f...i;ar : m11 : llr/t-"} : (lOIJ.ft.ciln:,. : 'Lit : ·rtitJ/\� 1 9°ti"tf1": ht\/\: t\,l\ar : m1"} : {l«f!TC : e7i.2:v1rf; : au wt.,.)• : /\f...t..(lfll, - : '1--Pr� 1 h. "I� 1 il..bfi:A f,1 'l'PA f,u-1 = i1j� i...iiitLU = qi, r, :,..: 'l°ti'Jf:,.. : t1'fl I O�fl•

:,--nnt\'1

gn.�x�r

=·

niTc �

'1'}.i;m:--� �

- 196 -

I 1

l 1 t-1 r h'});,tiLA'i": hil4'Y:'I°: "'lilm?4'4!f I h1�0'r s (tf ll t. A °l 9• ° 0 < Ji't.\} 'J 1 tL-1/.,.: ODtiLA'i" = 7ilm '} �4!f: 00itm:'f· : tafil LA'?: m·t\-1 1m }lf � 01 . 1 +t r lllT'/Y:l'? : f.:J!I\A:: 9°19° : 'h'}\).'} : flD•t\-: (l�Y:: lD-t\-: +t: t1aolf� • n&.:,..� IT'/��;+tf!f = i1�o'I' =f .ilt..A,;,A = ctAV° i n�:,..,11 = ..0"'-c = m"l • O'k'PC: ifi..�f.n� : ODtPt,,.:,..: /llP&,.1:�(Dc: f�(l: '1':t'9° : f°!fl'P: rPt.: 0>•/,\: 1rlr: 'P;>: fl\,t\lD•: il/\l f�: tPt,...-f"c;-w,: f-,U'}'} : flD• A: j>A b : h'JJl(l .. ,flC: h�1 . f..Y:9 ° :: 'hi\� = o..-t-m«f>(l«:'f• = .r:1;>1,?"'1· = 00tPt,,.:,.. = hP't.= o.w1Y:=h01J.Y11(1}«: n"f'i' : h"'I ilm14'4!f = 1..r·L9° = 1\,1\ ; w-l\ .. = o.*l'r : ;,,1Y: : wt..,.. . � : f+mt-+{ID : fOD:,.. : L:J>J;,.'} 1 r P't.m•'} : O,f-,�"rt; : OP'/r.(1}«: r�ro-1,1 I 1..H,: fhO . 't(J}«'} = il9"'i": it�·t.71" 1 wt.i·�ro .. 9°: (l.�A'?: ill: \ m 'l�: roi1 /;\'G: f9"iltiC: m1,,.4,:,..: 9°11.f·L9° : f°1'?1:,..: ou-0:,..: i'til lD· :: 91 fiO l <I! : r1n11:,.. = hFt.. f•f m ' 1J!.. = n,,.,t....,..�1- "'l�nc = Pt. = m"ilT = roiti..,..� : IP�+� : hP't. : h"f"lD1f..fiT: cf,'} : l9°r:: J"/r.(D«: }, ilh"f'OD(\(tfi:,: , +1 1 92 -= = 1 t\.. f 1'1 Y-.{IDmH fl\tJr'J e111q>A Oh.rP tro .. �o-9'° = rir� = hP't. tPJrim1Y: -:f,�;t- = i\f-, = fl\m• = 1f..-09" = .. eu= -0,: = �m« == wt-+;;:1: hP't. : ill\ °1illD1Y: : fl\ lD• : ,'h.'? : fTCDlt(tfit; : '?A?; : fA 11'�: ODlJ'.,.'} : il'i"f-, ¾ fitLU : ""'P,f-,: f\f-,: htj:: fil: it l\ODOJ{lll..-),.: OD'j�. : itfil ,.: a,ou:,.. : O;t... ,n: hi','}� f.1:,, 9° :: ft-fl:· fOIJ..lil"l:?-: f'} 1·: h lt\°lil :'f,: film:• (lro·: ro·lt·: taf-,;t-f..il: fl..+c : rof-,9" : (lCDcftD• : hP"t-ro · = o.m1f:: t1rm+. : . : •1..P,f-,: {lCf:: I\A"i'OJ(l� : 9°"}: 'h1f.."'ll1'1: itf-,1A1"9° :: fhlPl'i" : lPt. ...,.;_,;: 'l.tL : ro·A : f°1ilm"}cf'.:f!f: 1.f·L : ill\ °1il&. l\""' : 1"'P.f-, 1 f"i'f..'11llJJ• : f-,UDil 93 I\A:: mf.,9" = f..'?'I° : r�:,..J, = ,n,11.?-1 = ,71'? = n�c.e, = 11...,-.1.. = m·ti). = il°17i i'fA: itllfl : f-,tr'i"A:: il/\1•P,�: Of.9"•0: or,ro :,, : r01J..1'1m·: h�A = J,'Jl;l1 . : "I� (L1'1t1r = hlP69°'i" = n.f.'i"1t--:fm· = i't..<'ilf.1:,,?° 94 & >< t l\•'J s 4-t : l\lT'/Y:l°l = ill\ Ol/.. flmm· = "7ilm14 f!f: h+mf'I!:,,. 1 it,,., t?11�: 2:t : {lou,f,: ,111--: fOl/.fl-flD•":} lJ•l\• : ua�?itPJ:fm" • } itl;J°lm 'Pt\:: gr,v,,l.:,.

= ..

90. fa;l.C:J>mc:,» : -..-otti : wt...,.?f-":f·= "'/�fie= h'17i = f4-1lttiro- = ltil--l·Pif..C= +h'17i :: (fJ-,.,,t'i"' 1 w t..-,.� : 1·?.f. : fl CY..· : 'I':,.?°:,• : I� : 4;t'} : J.fir.!1% : '¼/9°) : f/tiPt'i' : rPta>-.i·,;: : hChC"�· =': f'f.,f,A: <f?'J'C: b :: fo,oo:,.. : L:PJ?:: ITl/°110:,· : ill\"'l.:J!t.\O:,•: V•);:J•: f{lC.';.: /tt : 1tmt.l1Jt • .:J>Y:: f,oofll\A :: h1t1i· : o,ou:,.. : O;l·°:f· : l\lPt. : wt.--l·� : Of·L� : oom'} : f"'l.rf'}: fo,oo:,•: J { : ilto:i• : rPt.,f•?f-";f: "'itJOC : h'17i : /t'}J?: : fA•Oil:-- ilto:i•: ODf,.1)C : nc�.: ,t:,»J.'�A :: fl,\,fll f'll\11ll;f• = +hlt"li : "hl\.f. : 001/il:J-ro,f : <f?'l'C = �Ji = f--f-m•f>(l = 01\.1\. = {l,::1 = °11 = f'¼OD.:t•' J.:J>/:: flt'}J?:: o,oo:,.: h"IA°lfr>:,•: tiA·"l·A.?.oo: Oili·� C: Jtf;{l'J'?°: {Lt.\: a> ilS:t.\ :1 htLJ'a>-'1 .. fwt.,t·� : "'i--.oc : h'17i : lt'}f..· : fal.C,4•al.Ccf> : 4-0 · tti : i·hlt"li : (fltrPt'i' : tPt.,.?; 1--.1;,e: £lCY:: OJ'}{l;f. : ?!V. : •J>'} : !iif!l!i : '¼/9°) : f<i.f.t.\: <f?'l'C=t :: 91· r�:r•d11l,h.C: m°l : •�'J'C : i'if.?;f·if� :: 92• f 1 C: 'l/\1'1llf >-t..ctil : 1'0'1 : fl,\•fiil: (tt.,9'°:f· : 01/��oc • h'17i : }','}J?: = fl,\,fl{l: ilto:i• : oof,.) hl\7i : (fhrPt'i' : wt. ..,.;;: : "l•Pi.e : (lCJ?: : ai,.r11f : .C : �'} 1 !Jlf!l% : o,/r) fltrPt'i' : tPt.T� + hChC":f : 4-f;t.\ , <f?'J'C : f :: · 93• --f: = P't.' •c� = f ..( 1 O h'17i = c . O "'i-· -?fl f -= t a>· fw m•l•(t o+ = . �l\f. ""iil;l·ro?f : 4?'1'C ; :i:f : = tti 1-1l = c:,,. a;i, C:J> fQJ. • h ro) { m•l;t j Oi· : 'C : 1 4!' : : ·a>if il;l 'l O" �: "h1'Ji , 7i ' 1 'h.'i' i·h : hil .f� wt.+V-":i· : "'1--.oc : h'17i i f4-1lttilD·: ltll--l·Pif..C: ..,.h1' 7i : a,«(l'J' : 0--f•tf'P'Pt : OO'}"IY: f,f F,.1t,. I f; OD{ ll\A 1: 94· 1 -a> f = IA ' t. · l·"ifl P' wt. •?1:f: f f • ' 1\-r«j":,. : 0--f•oolm•-l- : Y..·c;(:,..Y·:.1· : a>-il'I' : f"'l,tP ?-,: • f11 · I\A+m(l� : 1.11. : il/\rY} : frt. : "'/.f,OIJ.Y : "'iilm1'414!f = oo{lm•l· ' f{l,t/A;'JIA = 1

- 197 -

00h+lt1 : = : f h ,l '1 -1 · � 1. 11-: L ro1 to (l : JJ it-O : OD il � : /.\ "}l: :( i1 : f,0•1 00 1Ah = f°t.ftar·J: = = 'lrf: °if, IJ e, f...1·L == '1.'1 ' 'il'l° m:, it,, = 1 ). J f:,-'1ro·'1: :ti'? : ODl w == �(I). · l . ,;J,.. •1 1 = h 1.1.. •t·A ruaz. :,. = = {/IJ -O:t = n'P , .. ,'h1 = -A = � fln1Pt9':f oh -- : {\rPt-+?'f:J·:f-to- : TC : {\OD fF"}: t...lA 1llJ« : l}f.lf"} t 1 t9' itrP : ' f,U?° : f(f',lD °tf -: f h-A : :J..1:"'1:fm« : 'P'itIJ. : 1 n flnrPt'i : IP&-T� : 1 �f, : l\f, : 0"1 ' ,..l·· = m•ttT rm = = -9 9' n.e .. 1· n-0t . ° . t 'h'1J = 001, -:,-:."le = 1..nro = nODlf) = �ror r ,-,.,:,. = ilflODrPl.:J''l! = Ft- = u-�: froaJw· (IIJ7'·,1,.:,.. f..1i1A 9°'i' At1:,:. f,U : OD/All: fl1· �� : l\f,: f /\:flD•"} : fl\lT'/lD:t : {\ODO&.1 : f;rtf,f,. : iLlf"}: f,':-f •/\A:: -- = .f:cY,.:,f1, = ro • r'1: +t = f6tlf).:, ., f t (ll},f: : t,Fth"'IX·t.;,far : = hOD • : .. u = ro c = "'I llm1+ 4!f = 1.,-1, = r°7.(l m - = OD rrc;:fro-1 = t, 1..;1, .. I\.:, il"' ,:qo = r n m'PA:: hP't- : l1mm-:,- : 1Pt,,f'?'fif· i',•flll�9':fi hi't1X" = qou:,. : f.OAT: i't1 A"ll\�:,. : i'tl\:flD' : 11/\.1 : 11119°:,.. : ro,e'J° : ..e...aiqo = '1ilh = ijt, : �t..il : f',fl�T h "fltf'19':i: = ti(t1-- = fl}l"}f...fL · u·: '¼f,',,.Y,:,5 = IJ:'t-irl--�1-- = r+t.n· = Qlf).: f,U : OD/A{l : hlPt9':i: : ,111•"}: {lODh6f•A : ff..l.1•:,,"} : tJDch/r : /\..fl}f"}: f,1• /\A ::

u--l\:,• .. e:c1:1-...:.1: OJ•h·1 : 4,t, : (\.tPJf:l"l : tP/il;rlD4!f : ll(JIJ{lm:,- : f.,A:,, : fY'il-l· : 1.11. : OI/llm'141"l'.f : /\.fP& -rf•�(D- : f0?,1Pm-: ODlf'i:fro•"} : 1A i'PA :: �·"}9° : }l"}� "} : }l1f,.fLU : '¼f..',•l: : "'lilm14'4!f : fl,l 1 1--: ,,CAA,tm,cf>(t : 1 0 fi.lf1'i : h lil:J-- m"l!f : Jih·A : f°7..�,nc : 'lf,lf"}?° i fou:e.outfm· : f11/ilm1 "l>"l!f: f,f•(lmfl"1..: 4'1 : fOl/il;J... mcf!fm•"}: "l..lt : f..1_'1°�-A: -flt\., : t\(Jl}h?hC: fl"I! 9°ti"},:, .. I\..V'"} = f,1·1\A :: t�f-lU : J.':C��,.,y.'f : hDDlODtfm-: 11'/il;rlD 4:f : 0?.I\ : "ll-f.m• : hOD�'l.O• : n&..:1- : fPt,.,J-�:m•"}: i't.roc;11,f:9° : fOIJ..f(t1: � 1C: tifl OD'i"r9° : t\,t\ ! 11'1 il 4!f: fOI/ ll;r m "l'.f(D•"} : qt\ "7: IL fu:t" : t,f, l·A9° :: ft11/(l:J·•m,cl!f : "ltf. : f01J.f'11\"ll\lD• : fPt,.rl--�m· : hFt-- : ni111 : h OD(l 'j'fl-t' : n il"" -�'1° : ,,., t-- : {\ ODt. I\.°I : "l.,.,. : 1,"}�-(},nm· : �m· :: 07 ilm14' "l!f "11 iPt-+'1m - = m'1�'1 = 1,'1�.fif7iA : f°2.(l r : ai1ilt.t-tf : (L1f1' 1 1Pt-1--'1m· = mll�1 = tiif7i'l\ = nv--�,,,J,w•: f\f., : l\.lD·'r : IL 1� : OD:J!/l•") = f{llJ l\tJ:J--A 1'1�.U9° = lll\lf'I = lPt-'1--'i:w, = t\,I\ = P't-- : r0?.&..A1m· : mllf..1' t\l\Ol/?fil"A: fm(l',: '11�1.f�: •fl:J:: ',c0c::

ffi'""

(

}

•

i'11f: : ti-fl"}f : 11;:f. : flDl/il;J·m"f!fro• : "l.. lt : 1P&--,,.l·�m- : hP'lrOr : 1'f 4'l : t\,I\ : P't- : 'h1.';,t ..A"l : :'f-1-"li : 1.. ff· . : f,(ln1'PA :: f,U•"} : 1\1:( : f,tJ : J.':C�:'f- : r.-f--f1,f--l\m« : frf·•/\oof.. m·"} : fllll/ll;J--ro"l!f : "l.lt : t."};J·: tDJ;.flD· 'I-: f�ODOJ11· : n�.r: fODilm•)""} : 00"}1.f.': : �m-:: f,U9°: r,,..fltiat: IP�,,..;;:: OP' = t 7 0 fl · = t--m l\f, = f, 1tiA rf--'?fJC : 1,1�.et.?.'9° : f\.ouhf\hA : 1,1-'tl� " (1�t&

:: 95

{ !r - 198 -

96 m : = il f : : == "I ;r «f! r .. "'l "_e. ooF..'i,c o"'l.(lm(l)c· i\(D« -r : �m• 'l°'iA. : '1 : l irfl : i\OD�'} : (Lft- : bOD:t>l : f'9' tj: J: X,-: fb.-,.. at�'} f,b•'l'ft: C : f,lf'iA:: : t : ,fl 1'"}JlflD·'l°.: h,.,: : x--c�:,.. : i\lLlJ, : ��y: : 'l°n 1 firf:1: lt.f-m.e.:t>: OO•t\�m«1: ti"I: f {IDil,n:,.. = A'l°X-- = it i\lD" Oib"W•'l° : ro 11: F.."l'l° : lP�+�m-: lt(lt tD-1: t\{I Dn (lit ,.r At...i\ 1 = i 1F..tr� i ro .e.sru = �c� n.1: : t\hLPtro« : f t..l.F.. ll�: 1' 1f..tr� I i\tJCti?- = ,.rro m.:,.. 1 : roai.. : 1'.11..1,oof\(l : ill\ <.PJ..,f,'f' ?--r'i : {101.(IDtf : '1"f : it t\ODti/..f-t : fl on lili1 l.7i : f "'l m:,,"'IT(D« : oo tr� 1: {lOD11 H-0 : hP'� : i\"7.f(l 'i•O :t:fro.. : lP� ,,.t-'lf:J::fw•: 1t 1�'f9° : li"f : f01/f,h�t\�: ,:c�.r:f = it i\· ==

iii\ : P' � : oo«b� i 9"1'1°: 1'.11;1.1: f 00·h� 1: 1.tL : hF� : l\f,: f01/'Pfr: ��_e.: fnrPtm«'i= : 11th.?-: ;,,"1 : Otl.lJ : ,,..�_e. : f v,t,.+'1 CD- : f"l A : ��_e. : O.tr19° t f�Tth 97 "11: f"7..flt1f�lD· : lt�"};J1. l\f,: }i")�'}X,-: OD/, : Ult{l1•'} : fcl'C'lA :: 9':i5: rep�� ro«: ·l·c1,9° : it if"7. : ll.lf'} : oo:f-ft- : �m• :: <f?'J'C : -(?fi.l:f1� 1 "" ''f,tJ"}") : U•).;J : f"7.fl.;J"IT : �..d.. <t: : ff\,t\ : 1'1f...lf� : Ooo•ht, : firf'cf>m lOr I IP&,+�: f\Arf'UJ(l�: 1.. f·I,: Jt1f..i'cf>ffil. : .e,�mt,A ,, f,I\A :: ,,e.u9°: "'lllT = floo- h� = ro«A = f+�t... = OTJl.;,1tifi/, = oo'fc = 1tfln:,.. = 01/t\:,- = �CD-? mf,{l : f.."l'l°: f�h� : 1..r·L : O�A : f+�1l. : htr� : aJc/t• : 1'iltiA +w(l�: 1.1 1.: f"7.,f,f.,: �ro·: "'It\:,.. : �m·? foo«ht, : 1.l'L : 'P'im- = 'l':,,9° = "'lh:J•mcf!f : t\ODilmir'i : h."f� : t\DDti..tA : ti.e.1f.� : 1Pt,•t�ro-1 h.P' �Or : t\01/LP'iO.-,.. : t\"7.-:f-t\m• : nlPI, : �m- :: fltf,'1m· : :,,c1,9° : ;l'titJA : blf� 1 01&,•t-'lf:f.1 = ,,rll 1,1�1.. mblJ. = O..tt\1m· = 1.1·1. = t\01/(l'in,1, = ilt\iPJ.. "fA = ri'�..t = m·A: 1,flOD'ft;. = f\it(ltm· = h� ft\ = 'l':,�9° �m- 01/t\ir = �co•== >irfllf�:ii = fFt1 = m·ttol... = n�A = f-'I..Y-l.� nootr'i:fro· r 1,1Ptm·1 = '1.1\t... �� : f{lcf'�-t\;}1/;\ :: {l{\, I\ : Oh·A : "11 : nooiootfm· : :,.. c�9° t ODIPl;I.. : hIPtw-: f lD"1 : f OT/ it;J--OJ cf! f : 'I.f·L 'i' ¾ ti.,., : f "'/ "1·r :,.. : ,fl:,, : fl �h : nou:J!fr : 01.,:,.. ; rP'� : oo•nt-ro·1: ro·A: 1.1·Lm·1: lilil,9°C!1 : n�·,1,.�: 'h1�ff...C"l: f,1F..�A :: f,U9° : nil,,.t -ff").. : 'P'iW· : f�:,..,1, : ,fl,fh?- : ,11"1 : ql\"'I 1 01/ll:,..9° : flP� ...,--�m-1: OD•flT : t\ODtnO� = ti/\m· = '¼i\OJJ = ;JC = fiP/.. il"'l"'I = f,OD{ll\f,\ == 1,ith = hu-1 = S:l.il i = t\cJ?Tc = �n:r:t1t = :,-c1--9° = ft'lt1r0-r : ro« ti).: it A,,.,.. 11·9° ::

..... ,.._

IP�,,.,.�

OD(�

.�ar��-

ft t}f,'J:,-. : fl..-t-m(l>;.:,.. : h«'l1f?Jl· : /\ ODlP,:,-.. : 1'.1F..:J!A 'Im· = flf (1;}1tD• = fo»«ht-.tD•: 1.lt : hY'ii:, ... : 4,1: hilh : it'}X--: '}DDT : �l(l: f i"t\ff : lf'f 1 h'?1 -t'l'PA :: itt.,1: : h·'11S?Jl- : fOD•ht- : 1.l'L : nA'lnt--:i:ro·9° :: ��, : fl"'lhl\:,-. = 'h1,tOD-:f-: fOD•hlri: 1..r·L: fl\:fro· = ,1,-01\m· = 'ltP'� = (l'l-r = �c�,fl-= 1 : h�tt:,-. +h�t\<f>A:: y, im·9°: l.y':9°: roo-h�: 1..1t: (Y'il:,..: roe: mf,'l°: fO /\,n) = 11\:fm«'i = i't 6LhC = r�h� = 1.1·1, = (hY'ilT = roe = f'l{l) = fl\:f(D« .,-... ,nt\m·=

96· h�c �-f:ri. wl\ti = >.9°ll:,• , ooo-f-a,. = (r..("c� -r-:r: , ,0,1-l· ODu,t_:,.,, : 001/1\:,· a ODfA{l'f'IA sJ 97· f�Tth1lt11.C tn°I J 4!'1'C : hfitlifl� : hilh fitif I

- 199 -

1tf. = lf'f) = N = 23 • ''Otlt1' 1

',(1J:• : 9s hP't-= v-1\:,.. : 1:t1:·f-..'f·: t.1:9"= fFt.-: oo•ht.-: 1..u: fl 'i t..=I:(l)c: h9°il:,• : . ,:c�.Y.7£- = J.!.'1'1°= r'lnt..:flD' = 1..1-1, = h6J!»C = 'Inc== :, . 117i =h-'11f9',f = n1t..·?D -- = f = 1..u'> = t,61!'c n11J9" ,m�l\ mf,9" =· 9"19" = f P't.- = 00 ·ht- : 1.1·1. = lif.'i� 9 = l»4 T 9": � n:,--AA<J?:t: = 1:c:e_:,y..:f.. = hau,r.. = rllll'i h 1�- = f °tlf).:,.. t..1':<r fao•ht• : 1..tL : o. 'i t,.:fro· I h,}-"}"} r:i: : '11 : t1au,f-- : '/,,f = f°tlf)..:,.. : 11:F : • : :,_.. AAf:,:: � t..1:9 ° : fao•ht- : 1..rt : ', nt..:1:roc :: J!,IJ : Ai',,).. : f,ft.mllD• C -1:,,,...-1. : f1-7fI\ : fltiPt-C = P''I = Fe'¼:, = lll\l\:fw· i w.e'l° = ,"h1-- : 'h 1f..ori� "14.:flD· : fO/\m : lll\tT'J.ffDctk : /\.If'} : f,�:I\A:: n;1t.-1f"'i : n�m'I' : &'l 1f : ootihA I f, "tilD·'J°: nAf.. : A� : ,-,,,�,f : n+ft·f• =h·'11f9'1·: lDf.'J°: fit rPt<; lJ.1t.,t-i1 = tJIJ,.,n�l.. = n,1: -!f:!f:{]D«(}rw· = h·'11f 91'f = w· ll'I' f hlPt--c Af..',,}- : JtA,t-119 ° ::

9'-:f

l\h�.ll = 1 = lPt, .,t--7/'-:f = t.1:'1° r P't. {]D«ht,. = 1..1·1, = tift:fro• �c� ,y..-:f : lJ"'{\" : f{JD«l1t-ro·: 1.. tL : O.f A;J, : n,f.. <J,P,UtJ. : f P't?. : tfl/(l<;O:f.: Ol/il;J--m 100 . , l '1 : : : • : }, "}f-" : y {l ,J:- : fOl/.lf) :,.. i :J: CT.lf)•'J° J,"}1;). I f,U1 : 4!f : f(lm·T -: f/\'l:ffDc'J°'i : f,tJ"} : fUA'J° I 0011:J•:fro· : ltfil � '1fo:J l\OI/f-'l.."l : ;,1,:1'C : 1�, = hf,<l'C'J° n� ,,,.�. : ro·ll'I' = r'1-- m <l''J°1q:1:w, +/\'P'P6Ib u-�:J--511":f 011.•U : hlPt-C : ,;JC : 'J°"}'J° : 1f'J°f:'i : i',l\ltf..'J° :: hr t--m4>(l «,}-: y_--c�,f-1-- : ro· il 'r = hov»f- = ilY:'1 ftPJ.lf., .:,.• nP' t,. : oo•ht-w· : 1..1t : /liPt-rf:lf;=:fm• r,1,1-1,n aqft:,-- 1 = ,1,.ti•a = fltj:/\'P:f'PA == h'lti.tJ'l° f."'CJ!--·f---:,--.. v-f\,f: n,,..bL}, "1t il1J.1t- ,1-- '1w· f,)10D'J° = t.._cJ,y_-- = o.o m• I u--n:i-- = lbl\�1-- = J.!."l'I° = '1"1AK": hAhll'PA :: lt"}f: : Y:c�::,-. : ,n:J! : wt-,l. --'1W" : t\l\ : 1..tL : f0l/.f1�:fm·1: 'r:,,qo7f : u--� : fiP't-: ao•h/r-lD·: "l.f·L : 'h'JJ.!.°tfi1 : 1A!lA::

�ooro11

= ill\orin&..Aa:,-- = 1.1·t ==

f�;!,,h: •0,h»C: ,'h"l : <J!1'C: g7f.�£qjit : (/i): {lrf-dJ' lG: /Jf_• : 'P1 f : l\°tV'�,: v'. t-rf•'q>1-- = nr>iFt- = i','J°ilT = <1>1 = rof,'J° = ni-LtJ = 'l'lo = 1..r·t = 1t1Jtl1itl\ :f ro· J!,�'1°1 ,.? A:: /\'}f,',:,.. : n,J-.ro(IJ;.:,.. : f: C,:,f--1• : lPt- ,f•7f1' : },,,fltfi19';f; : flTIJ..rP�-1• : - ,t- �-l- = f:C '1 1t• fi:'11' : f l\ro- : fh� : P' t- : ',ro• :: f,u ..'J : 7'.1:{. : ;117·1: f,th _ -� f:t· .. : Ul\ · :,• : Y'il'l-- '19':f: : •nY: : c;:fro- :: {11Pt- rl--� : OI/,�nc : P't- : /;\'J°f: : fl\TW- = h1-Pi1�' = f:C�...y..�" · : ill\: wt-,t-'1: tJl/'�nc: t1 °2.fro«<I!:,•: ll,fr"1": 101 ,. : f:c�,y :y.. : "11-- "}: /\ODti,f-- A: ffl/\m : 1f"}{lt\, : i',l}f,rf•'PA:

- 200 -

f;,.1111 = nq":,.. !

lit\: ,n1·1•n ! 0(}1\:,..'i'": hl\iJl\1--= hm-f:: O'¼A: i'1h'lnc: flD")(Dc: fiiJ\iujj:: ·'¼ I 9°: it'P�= 10� {\1J.1t,.. rt-?'f"'f: 1, U•f:}'i " : n1-1c11c: frf•'.'}t\�..: nP't-- : ni�:; q 103 , :,-1 : 1'"}>tfhil?- = 01>-fl-l•: h01>flm ..-f:9°= 01\f,: 0'11·1.u: 4,,;,)•: J,1,�,f,LP?-9°: /l tlt\tit\:f 'PA:: f,U : f..'"},;J1,: f0?f-0Dt\brf,ro:· t\ ,),,e,w:,,: lDf,']°: t\,)1 11-n: h1 ,,l', "lt\ � = ttil = tTJ t.1\ 9 ° 1. = � O rtr = a; .. Pt-- fOI/__ lP'(..:,•1 t'l!P:f, n� = .,(De 1'.'ltt.. A 119°: ith&.1\1. = f+'ll\-:,.. = P't-..?>•f.. = 9°°1 .. fl'i: oum'l': ou'if,r :- °1�'lO " 'i: DI/ff ;:,'f::,. tOOJ-0Cc;: /flt.. : I\�-: 1-->; :,.. : t\ °1 _e._... lil: fOT/.7ft\ (D•"} : />rt•: DIJ m c;4,:,, i ·fih 1f-0: tJl/{lf..(lfr: P't-,?>,1-- ·1 OD,.�;}).:,•: a,:f,l·O'i: f,)1h'J°'i: P't--: fout}(l 104 " - :1: : hODP' t,.:,.. : .,, : fl.If�?° I (lfl lrT : c;:fCD· :: : "1,;.. : 1Pt,....-J-7t 9°}9° r' OD LPl; + � = I! fP't.. u-�:J'• = ,.e,.1,,n W'l'•f, t\ i'tLPt!P:f-¥(Dc 1'hhu, rPt I\T: roe: t\1/l1it·: LPt•·l·7t:r.. : bi'f·fll'I?-:,,: 12,,� : f;,,11-0: fl'}/\ :,,: a.. f'Jil : /\ilY:il�: <J,c;:,, : 1'.1Jtht.t\;f!ro:, J,ilnttr-..l1n:,.. : 1.11.: J!'lil: i',1J.Jt!P:1"-.. : t\lP O'¼I\:,..: ,1,'f:)--. : 1,1�.. h�t\ 'P:f-ro·: i','1� �+7f;t!:f(Dc: I\AIP ?-'l:fro·: f,l 1 11fi: " 1 05 :: 1,', 1-1.u : il f: il:i• : {1(}/\;I. : 01',LPtOJ·'i' : 1·9° : °Ifo:r : i',A',Ol'l:i:w·r flrPt-+'1(1Jc: il 9°9°'1:,• : fOTJ.ro(l�: «;: fro·:: Oi',,f:: f,)1 11· ..fl: nqA: cl 1: Ohti'l (liD' : hP't- : fon�,1..:,,1: ll1'lt\,: t\D?ilro1Y..': (l.. 'lA i f},q>�:: 'l!'rC : j: 1-0·il= cf?'rC: i rt\= Ft..= hOIJ.hLA0·1·= f ,l11a,,n= O'¼A= 4,1= n&..:i--:ro,e'J°=O:.\/\= lPt----1- �lD' = hitLPtlD' tifil"-:,,f: = ft\9°n1.r:i-- hFt--ro· = fcf>l = 1,1-f,,.tr'I h,.,., tlD' : f\1P&-.i''1lD' J O'lt·LU : cf,'i:,.. : n.h�ttro· : f(ll/.1'1ro·'1: •Lv-1 ,, n : 1,'1�.ht\ TIA 1 0011:,--: .e.om'P A:: (l<f!'l'C : fOI/.IP t--'i' : 7,}" P1c U·'J° : f,.OD OJ ,.,. .., : htDC : f LPt, = nq":,... = fl�n = -i.1-L = ro·il'l' = fOIJ.h&.A= ,,.,t,..,,..c;: = o•t\-- = n,1,1,,,n ". : ro·il'l': f11"(Dc: ro,,e 'J° : -1 ,J,tf":1 t-.. .. P' : : O'lfl� f : :, Ok:,• : : 1' �U''I hfl'¼l\-- h· A: ,f'Q11..f·: nn rf '1�: , Oi' 1 itOA: f(l'¼-l·: 00,.e,,.0'1: :t;: : · f'-"l.1'10J /\.f ° r -q,e',,f: = LP&-. ... == A 1'1. U9 L 1Y,h/..t\'P .. : '¼A cf>1: l\lPt o,), = t\.r1�1.-;.. = (lq:, : +,;:: hY'hT: (lq:,.. : f',{l: 1.tL: 1,'1�.LPt..: f,f- ,,f.. l1: 1,'1,,l7,.IJ'', I flODf,,.0'1: rnq..} = 1tnl\- = ODlPl:,.. = t\Y'll:,-- = (lq:,. 11oiz.h1..t\m· 'lti,,n = fl\'l(l .en&.. t\ 106 :: 'PA ,r,u9°= Ol/t\:,.. i ,.e,,.01Jro1-r = n,,.z.ht- An:,-- = r,"h11-n = O'¼A ,,,1 fl.Pt, .. 0 1'1f. (De t\ :, A = f 1 <1 OIJ ,.e,,. 1 ·•1 on ro 1IP t-+� 1 n,,,. lilil, 1 t oo ,.e,,.n� = rcJ>1 P : lP f > " : l : fOl/. 6' 6' ILU : tiAl ', : f... ooro·tr : Olll/.h&.An:,--: f,nll"fi: nqA cJ} +,;: 1 nttu• cJ>1 = n��9'° = P' t.. = tiAlPt.. = rPt, ..,--�1. roi1r t\m• 0"101/.ii 1 +1• = �ouw11 = ilA.twJ. : 11:F = Y,lf'iA:: time ro,e,9 , = h1·1.f Ol\.e. = t\lf'I 1

= ..

= = ..

- 201-

L,,,

= =

= ., = =

i.tt =1-oom11 = roihLft:faJc = rPt.+?'fl· = y,v = tJD-0:,• = fl\:fw•9° == 101 r ,,�flu (19'-:f- : {llP?9° : flf,v.•?-9° : OOIJ'i':fllJ•9° : fl'}/,\ : 9°h1.fT : '!'lLt"'Jt : �(ID, 108 tD1f : hf.ht..f\TlD'"9° :: f,lJ'"} : i1�: : fl(j::,-,,. : -Odt.?- : ,'h'? : °lit��:,. : fl\aJc : P't• : l\°tlP?- : (19'-:{- : f_ODlDtfTlD' : OfhP't. : it9°il�- : +1: ffl�9°: hH..tJ : fl�(l : 1.r-L : h. 1-JthLl\:fm· = f ...J-�LlD" = 1:1-;,1, 1 v.•t.+7tr. =htt.u = -tt;Q. 1 09 "7t : J.'..ODtD11 : 'l':,,9° : h1-�. tiLi\• : h f:C�:ftp A :: - aJc : (2/3�(l}c) fl'}f,�,l-: hi•OJ(lP,..:1-- : f'}'?f: : 01/10{!'-:f- : (J•/lT : Y'il1'1 : .. 0,),7-: n+Hlll�:,-: flhP't--=ht.i:9°: r,1,11--n : O'¼I\T: l\lPt. .,-7f:F:f �: l}� w?:f,oom11: 1'1-f.."1.htj:t\•: hl..�°lm'PA :: ;,,--,.. =fOl/.fil1Y:f..W-'J =lt'iil,,,-,;:: h�f: f(l� : ht.,r : 1:c,:+-:i.�- : --n:t- : ',fl� :: n 1-f: = f'}'?f: : "710C : h,n11,0: O'¼ l\,r : h'J!:19° : 4,1 : l\rPt.+7f:t: : /tf,lP� : f..oow11 = h1-�AhLf\:fm• : t,9° 'i.A :: 9°19° : h_"}\;). : f1f.' : f'}'?f: : "710C : rPt.+?f--:f- 1 nlPtfrm• : tft1• : .,-7i�hA : --Ofto : 'l°l�hTlD'" : O,"hlf--0 : fl'}f\:,.. : On 1-�:,:ro-9° 1 +1 : /)�IP?- : .. J.1..o om11 : fAhLf\:fm· : ODlf�1 : 0..f l�°lm•?° I ltrPtlD" : OOh-i\:- : °11 : flfl �-il:,. = r,'h11--n n'¼tt :,. = +'fl· = f llP't-- = rhLti:fm· = 00 ir�---} = ..t-c;oiett A 9°19° : h1-\;I. : ,,_,1,, ...1-?f:J!:fm· : fllP'lr : h°2..ht..AO,r: r,'h1f·fi : n'¼A : tf>" } : fi�,}-9° : If', : n:.,.l\ : flftlD• : fP'lr: +..t : fll?°ti1-,.f,r: hP't- rm·: fl..tf,�9° : 1 (1 /\noi\:- = +1 = r 1:1'l:fm·1 = 'llt1l fOl/.htj:!l:fro· ootr�-1- = hrtm� = f1"JX• : Ol/10�1-- : n<f,c : {lOD•/\� : hl� 0llll'PA ::

ilftP'/r-: (l'}:,•c;

OIJ..ht.A : i',OA I

fl(\ : /r 1 l\lT'J.Vfl.e..'}n,;:m• : fP'/r : (l'}" )' : fif\f, P'/r-: : 110

,,ilh = !.i!f21 ='¼:'I° : .e:l..il : h..e..1-n�ro-: fP'lr: (lq:,--: 01\� : (\°1 '" V-J/r : P'lr : ilt\OIJ..ht.. A : itOA : f�Ol..m· : :t,-? : °IIA� : fIAlf'IC. : i',·'1 1 17.:9' :f:9°: rP/�rf--7f"f : hil(lm• : TL�°t: IL,,ff.c1--: fOlJ..1"..1\... :,--: hA�nt..9°:: r�-rdt I --ll,l1>� ,-,,"I itV-Jtar : (lm•t\-- : l\f, : h--t-nr>l\h.,.1--m· : fP'lr : (lq:,. : fli\f, : h'J�. t--...,-. ;;:m·1 = CPJ fl 1?..e: lP 1r .. = 1\ 1-..t;."f A (l_&.� f...--" :,.. = n + {J;}.t11/t = rai.w 1r� = 1.rt : hf..'Jfl?,:ro.. : rP't- : (lq:,.. : 01\,e : r 0i,.1-•tr : pt,. : ...,..,ol\� : -1--a1'1'/t : 111 f.U' }"} : ...,..lili\.0'1t : h{lA : f(Jl/'?"�·•t: : j?..OD{D1f : 1,'JJ;,hi.Afl-T : !11 tf/,\ :: '11C : /\i',11tf,;:9':f. : V-Jt.r t«7f:}4.. : or>1:J"' : :f 1c : J!,J.'l'/r/A :: ooi{l1Jtf ¼ }l.LPt (D•'j : lP/r"f--;;:lD• : fllD•i\- : (D•i}I}' : {1,ft - D(l�. : fP'6- : (l'}rf-.:f : l\J!, : f<ffJ..{1°1(10' o :,, =1.1·L: fl11J9°: J','lil .,t-?,:: ',m•:: U·l\.t-. 'i:; '11C i 1J1/r•l·�m·: {lrf•m(l� : fP't-: . f 0 -r (lq f:"f·: fl .. il 7CP/'l°i {1,f ft'J° f..: (D•i\-: (fl?°9° ',,f:): f°'lf..l..1m•: {1:J>/,\: (l{l1J( �: fl'j: CY:: n,:,, : fi�ill�: /\Ol/l�"l'I' : flllJ?°: hfl:f�t : tr'f: J!,1?,:IA:: ill\fl.lJ: O·f•t\ 9° f.. 1 V-1/r--l--'i"<D- ., itV-Jtm· : f mf1:,,ro•" } : (l'};l . : U·fr : V-JC --f- i ·f--lJJ,t11Jt : }l.(lt\:

= ,,_,

107. l1,t•m)•T I x· c�,r-il: = h1J-;f�ar , fa.C"c; : r-,.1 : wt--,t•?r-,1· , {L'io;. , u•tt:-'1° , J?.(1PCD•1:fm-'t' 108. 109. 110. 111.

fOl/.ht.ft-OT : 0011x· : om:,,1\1\CD• I h1X:' : q.e,}:,. I }ro• SI fv,�,,�?; : oPIPl;J•'f! : V•).;r : .e.111 : «J!"f'C , j.(f.) 11 flj:rf•,h : 11"1.C : m°l : cf!"l'C : ('it?;f©U : (ii) fv,t-,,,,.?;: ODV-'l;J•'f!: V·1:J": .e..111, OP'&-. ;I\,.: f'Pt\llr ,. ;rlJ"IP', 1.t-t 1 .,,1 , 'i'jifjj•'¼•9°' ., �oc " flj::,•,h : 11"1.C I ih°I I cf!"l'C : iit�f 'll� 11

- 202-

, -i-c7i)= rtPJ.f1 1·0r= nttv.,tro· : : fc'l:i- : ,,n;. = 'Inc== 1'tv.,tm•9°= hf..1-n«;=-e&= (· 't (lq:,- : nl\ _ f, : il" : P 'l,. : ttnA : {\outJt.A : noi/ t A°ln:,.. "Lf·f �v. ,t,. : . : fP . . .: •

)

-: f ,, f : 7''}t,I. ! �Q;t"1/�� h'f OIJ..:J nirnn:i- : {l,)1'1·: r,,-(1,nro• : OD9°tf : JA?i· : JAlf�= �nc llft1Pt-"1-� = 000,l:r'l! = fr1,. = u-�;J--= rw 11Jw•= .e.111 hf..1-nt1 : rFt-= . : : l i' , {lA : t ill\lP/.v.•t,. A 1'tl '¼:,C 1\f, ':t,. : 4 r+if t\«.· °IA? : : . : flf'I , 0 (t : {lp-'l,.9°: l\f,: fLOr A : rUCJ.rf•A : Y..'"},;J1, : {\OD�lllC: r;J--(l(l : ',a>•:: ilt\1·1.. u : ° ti1 "'l : rr1,. :: �q:,.. = Olt?°'J:1- : h�;'!: : (lq:,.. : OD{lt\'r : ft\ iPt,.+"1 9 : m· ' ll 11 3 hf,'Jnii·ro·: rFt,.: (lq:,.. : Oi\f,: ,,ilh: ?117iirf:: J-,t,.:,,: 0'1'9": (LA: OJil$:A:: . . c� r (l'},r : f:lil : l\°1...rJ..• l, : ,} : ()q:, : Fl,. : U·il-- V-'l,.irf't1m•: nr.1-n«;=w-: P'1,. (D« : n n q:,- : f IT'/..ht. f\w· : i', n il-- : n i','J ..�· : i'1.t,.,,,..-;;: : 1..1-t. : ,f' '1.11 fa : n :,._ Ct;: : t\ LPl,. (l:,._ : "l.ti. : ,eh t.il ' PA :: h9° "li•'I: : i't I,.:, . : (I'}")" : hilt1 ¼ "},;J rl: : 1 {! : -l : a>·il'r : f r f•O''i• c� : (lq:,.. : Fl,. : f..°1'1° i V-'�T l'¼,r ()t\m« r:, .. tt : 1 : : ( �OJ•: n,e.1-n�w-: Ft.Or : (l(l'}r)•: f°1.ht. f\W•: i'l.(lft- : Oi't'JX': rf--h·A: 1.U: 114 . V-' n = 1. +q 11,,y.. n :,.. ct;: 1,., ,), ,.,=. ,.e h ""il q,A

:,..

nq" = .. ,..,n "ar n,,,.OD.e..n-:,.. = f_.{IDm'll rorz.h&.A 'l :fro· = r ,n1-1,, n fO'¼I\:,.. = +'i:,.. h.e..1-n'1ro· = rFt,.= (lq:,..= nl\.e flLPt.= v.,1,.,,,-i;;: °11' = n..e.. 10'1w- P'trw· ilf'J�'J�.= (lq:,« r<PJ..h&.t\m· = i',nt\- nu-t\:,.. --f•h·A 115 1.tL ,:f•{l1f,f--= .eh&.f\ cp A .eu-1 = J,"}�: r:i--c� (lq:,.. = F1,. ,t--,PtfoY.{)ttro·:. nti'l°'J:,--: h?it : 0'1·1· : Oi\..e : ft.wt,. : a;w• : ,f--{lt\� : ilfl"1,rf--t.1°'l° i hhth.� : nil+tf>c : r,'h1·1•n : fl'}t\"} : 'ltlt\ : (1}',"}Y._-- : 1)9°'}:,--: lD·il'r : hui:i: ·- : (lq :,, : (1ft.e : t\ ODP'I,.:,.. ¾ h..'J.,e_, : lPI,. 1" '1 : hth•4X' : cf,"} : · OU•t\--: {/DFl,. r)•: h. t\ n-l- : mf_.9° : �°1'1° : fie,,<;.:,-. : 1't9°il:,C : ,:f,if1 ro·il'r : Of1-�"}P,:,-:ro. : hli m1 n q:,. h· A n I\ ,.e.= o° Ft-:,...= .e if c n;J-- A nti, u 'l° = u--i:J-- n r,,, �- = ft11�: ()q,)..: rf--h·A : r:i•c� : (lq:,..: P'I,.: J!,'il'Pf.\: 0 1 (\,).. : 'Im· :: J,"} .e.tLU: '¼t�-t r1..,-1.= OD}'lnc= •n.1·J-• = 1.1-1,= fL!!..cil= 'lt\(JJJ:J:t\.. 1 .eu hl\f..= r,,,..,n 'PO(D• : i'tOA : rui.r,:J'rllDlD 1,;�°l : },AC: : i'l.A(;>. : ',m«::

= =

�

= ,,.

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t\qy..�:,..: hrf--cn(l,<;.:1...: fi°IY:: 0'1"1 fic.'':-}4...= h°1°1"li: f"1.. 0Am•:i•: O{)'J°1:,..= ,i: (lq:,..: fFt,.: (lq..y..•f: .. (L��:fro•t ft\,t\v:f:: f..°l'I°: htLU: .f'JtiA: mf,'J°: ifil;: (lq:,.. : J!,U'c;A :: fl'ltl.. tJ : O·i\:,.. : '¼,,e,'l;I' : f'J°lf: : 0'110�7£- : 0Dt}\1A : ° : {JD•/\· : : f,9 lir : :,f-. :t, OIJ. IP/ "li : OJ 'P1 : fl {/D 'P 'i W• 1! °1 if>"} : 'i A ' : A �:,.. : � : ft\ P't.;f--:f(D« : l\f, : �ro◄ :: h,:Jl,."tr:1: : @j : {lO D,f--(D• : -n;:1: : �,.�oi : ,,,.,.,. : {JD•{\-- : w l'l. � f h00m'P : h 'J-'i-il:l't91:.f : °11 : ii--i : nou-f,ro· : :,,,�oi : ,J,�-1 : (JDc/r : twt.tt-:: f..U : f ll;J::,.. rttti ll : t\f-.'IT : f;_ftir'J : roi:1--t\w· : 0;Jt-1f : m·fl'r : ft\lir: r/»I,. : (tq:,, : -0Jfr)• : OD(I)']' : }1,"}>',-- {l•1•t911-- : OJ•il'r : t}{\W• : r/fll,. :

- 203 -

--· ---------- 0q:,,. : 01'tf!,f: : f'lll : tJDtf-,..1 : ..�m· :: ;,t.1r:f.. : -n:t- = 'h11-00mc;:fm• : f'tm � 1'?- : (n. '198?-) : :,..AA:,, : ,,.,t.1r�-- : n:,-117i : ;,t.,r1-- : f.A:,, : it 'lil+t1: rtir . 0 1 :,,. = fP't. 01 ..r-:r r 11 tif:i• = 111ctfl, = :rf,..f-'IT'PA == n:i-11r¥« = ;Jt-'frl = V·l\t: Y'il---�-1: f"tlf .,.'T : :,,�oi : +-,..1 : OD•(\c : (t, LP?- I hTAA�:'f«: .'1 &- 'Jr"f: 6 . P = = 1t1�:fm·9° : :,,�� = +-,..1 : tJD•f\c = hJ!,L �-9° . ffll\O,+. : H.°l'I:,.. : n:,,�ai : rP'b• : (tq:,.. : l\f, : A�.,,.,..: f 00t1JA :: fit1c+ r-kfm·f1'i : h.:,--r-t;f : lD"il1' : 'l'P t : (ltf).:,.. : f1'1 ,_.. : °71nc»:Y.. : ID•{ltp : n1t1,: = Y' il+c;:01- = (�/r'2'fm-) = w·il'P = -,1:i: = r"'I. LP "rT = LPt.i·?f� = :,,�az : 1101:,,. = n�ti = n..lf')· i rro-� = 1t1c = tt°l'IT = flti:fm· = .e-c�+:f = (I}cflT = fDY.v.•?- : LPt..,f-7/'"f : °11 : {J•f\c9° : :,,�oi : h(lq:,.. : (l�.i\ : hl\ODJPt.;J--fm- : 111 . ��,.i ,f-l;J"l {l). A:: "' cl'AllJ4-: flf', : fLPt..,f--� : "1/,n(]C : OD'iC9° : llil9°1:,.. : fP'&- : O'¼-l·: C1fOD:t• : l\f, : ..,..?i"l»'f : 'h"}�l\OJ• : ,J--19°:I;A :: f LP&.,f-� : "1/UOC : '11\fm -: 1t..:,. r-k1m-11c; = nt1c:,.r-k1 m-il1' � 'l'Pt = ntr�- = f1'1Y: = IP/1n1:1· v-� t,1J!..•: 11:J!: :,,�"i : tJDcf\-: "11 : lJ.'t.,f•?f:f.1 : (l.fLPt. i fLPt-,f-� : "7Ufle!11' : h/b!)... :fw• : f1"1..f.' : °111fle!'':-}._ : o-l\:,-- : Y'il,f-- c;a,., : LP t.. +7f:F:fOJc1 : �,�oi : :: , • •(r flJ.' t. : OD : .l\ I y,{ l:,..: h·'11f9'1': ..o;: : rPt- ---�7f?f.:fro•'}: n:,-cr,: : "Llf..,<1Tl1Jc: hwc+e&: hl\"'IW:PTW-1 : (1.. 1f.\ft.. ! i'tP'&. : i',t..,,f: : (lllJ9° : :,--17i : f'TC'i� : (}'¼-l· : Pt.. : f'PJ.f w<;.. : ODlf'i:fOJ·1 : 1·'i0l l'PA :: hv-l\◄9° : fOIJ..(]Ama>• : fTClj: : fl'¼-l-- = Pt.. = r.-1,11·ro• n1t1x.-- = ra0m1' = ti--•ntti = h•fl"}f -o;: = (Ltr"t r J!,1i ro·9° = h,111 f =n+1 =.,1 =ht..-l-- = 01:,-- = /\..LP&. = roi":f·l\ar =111001: nttfllf �OJc = 1. 1·1,: Pt..lD·1 f"'l.rhc."ro•�w- = v.,t.---�7/':f:"}: Ov• l\---1•: fP't..: "Ltt.9'1· t)r,:(\o : ODDl\'PlD'l' : h"}f..tr} : 1A�.A :: f,tJ9° : l\f'}�'J-� : o•t..+� : fl"1"t : ttt..:i• = r:i•cfi:: (lq:,. = Pt. : J!,f..Cfl'PA: "1/l\r1• : }lD4:: /\ODJ-'-'t..-l': noi!f-flOr f'TC�: t"l'¼:t" ="Lit: i\J!,: ro(l1 : ff..l1": lJ•l\:l.. : h·ll'Jf?J":,f•: .-n;:: (l..lf}, • (}fr I l\--1:9° fl:J' = J?,u = tir,:+'1ro• = r:i--c.'i: = (lq:,.. = P&- = r1·.e..�on,1- = "Lit flt1J?° = '1'4!-l' : � (D• :: iltt:i-- cr,: = (lq:,. : Pt.. : J-1hti-t.A : h1Pi':.f·9° : n,...,t. : i\J!, : f'Pfl : aa_e. n�: Fe'¼:,. = flt = JtJ!,00ilA9° l\:t•c� = (lq:,.. = P't • = 9°19° = 1tnA = r01J,eh�tr h1�1Y..": f1"1Y.': "7"',nt::f: n.'f?- I 0/bl\ro•: nti·A: f..''l'l°: l1or1J.1.f1'1lD·: f{ll}•r= \· : · ltflA : Y'ilT : }�1'� : f"2.hC,:ft- : f"}"JJ!.." : 011ne:1·- : f,1�/\- :: h--1--0DlOIJ?-� f1"1f: • "1/'�nel-: ill� noo.-f,ro-: (©� nt): ,l11": h0'1.a1.e+m·: fli\J!, = fTCtj: : t"l�:,.: Pt.. : JtnA : J!,hct:'ll\• :: 119 if11--i : ,f--h'Tl\ID4: ftJlf.hlj:/\.. :,•1'.: ;,,,- : h"tf nw· = r nl\,n = f°7.hct:tr:i•"} f1"1Y..": "'11flc�1- : ilt;m.�x.·c:;: novm1c.·: nrtdJ�:,. l\f, : .-n»· : A��,f--1·1 : A1 00l\h;I-- : }\1:r•'ll\1 :: :,..AA� : r1°1Y:: 01/1f1C'1:: l1r,: =fl\ = r'1-- cli: = (lq:,..=Ft-=i'tflA"}: f\ootJ&.A: fti:,:ro..: 1i1'1�: h:,-.117i

= .,,

= }

118

L,,,

= I

116. X2 = 3.491, P <:.10 117. X2 = 5. 390, P < . 05 118. X2 == 2. 741, P <. 1O

= =

1'.l;\"'�=

119. N == 20: ll+w(l'l- = ll:i•cfi:•1.H.•F&. • h,;:,r s fA{lm• •,,.fl:,.• h--11119'� • ih"l-1 ' h1J!+h•�ft· •f•.f>Tt.'PA rs 1

- 204-

•

f«}OD:,.. : t,.�J,J!: : : h lj,.e._OD (lJ ft• . : (\ lP t-T�m· : n ,"11"J : f,f •(t ffi : OD"fi1' : f'} {JIJ :, : flf�Or : f�:,-0,J, : "Od1.?- = ;,,.ii : h;rrol = m)tu : �cu• :: i'tLPtro· : ''lP t..,,,?;: 122 : : ar" } : (IDc/t.- : 1.tf, : m,e,'}° l1·1.1·LCD• q>a;.;;: '1:'·1 : tiC,::A'': n °'l..flPt-n:,.. : 1..r·L 1 LJJ�-,f-�ar : hi't1X' : '}OD:,.. i (lf\f., : li1l\1/\ : (1:.\/\ : fqou:1, : f/Jl�1": &.:J> f:: oo{lmT'i': i\/Jl�"r : (1°1,.(lmm·'J° : "LtL : .�ODUJtf·•"} : out,&,.A: °lYo:t-m·: 'IUJ• :: lll\ I.Pt-+?;: ODlPl;r'l! rPt- u-).:J-- rm£1Jm· .e,.1..n f/Jl�--1:1 = 1.,.,, it1Y:: o,uo:,,: 1\1/\1/\: LP t---1--'1: ou.e,.� ro-"} _: f'l,Ft-: ht-1": (I2 :) cf'"}: /Jl lj:T : b�f,.ODUJft- I hY'll1" : '}on,}- : f(lt\m'i' : hii9°ll'1": qou:,, : f�(l : 1.,tL : l\1fl1l\ : tPt-1-'1 : OD,��m-"} : i',P't- : llY:llr : ,,,1 : /Jl�:,.. : h�Y,.oumtr 1 hi',9° ilT : a,{JIJ:,.. = fO/\m'i' : t1i'tP'C : qon:,-- : ,,r'l(l : 1.t·L : l\11\1l\ : lPt-"l'i.1 ouf..� ar"} : f'/f : 4'1 : lJl�:,. : h�f..OD£DJ-t• ¾ "n.'i' : hi'tFC : '}OD:,.. : fi/\f,: · /\1/\1i\. : LJJ�,f-� : OD-��W-"} : 1/,,f : Jr,9°itrl.. : <171' : 6l'i�:,, : h�f,.ODtDJ-r : "n."}P,.f1:� : 0°'1 f:l'? : f:C: : f�(llW·"} : "Lf·L : h� : i'tf:C1°:J... A :: 123 f Ft-m· : aJct\ : '1/\<f' : 'I.It : lPt,."f'�:(D•"} : t\itLPt,lD• : (l'}on,f: : CU.-{lT : fLPt-(1:,, : 1.tL : ,f--19°•f... : f0t 1 124 & : • 'lt '} f/Jl�:,.. : 1..lL : fffl/°11,)-- : on,fl,'}, : 'l,l\m :: > J!: cJ t...

ff,.'}{t : �'PC : {:: "}Q"(l : tf?'J'C : f: (lf'}ODrf: : ffll/,. (l'}' : f/Jl�;,.. : &,,..,4'�""} : 00 \14'&.. A"} : mf.,'}'1 =·-1\ 1\,I\ : 1.lL : aill"l'I\I\ �"} : f,ht\nl\A :: lf'i9° : A� : 9''h1fT : '/,.,"J'P'l° : itiPt,w-'.· : LPt-i-=1m· : f'}onrf:"} t..:J'f: Y'll:,.. l\f., hij:fto : (\OD(D«(l�-- : rof_,9° : hit"}�-- : '}on:,.. : t\ff'/f,(lA'I' : 1..1-L : 1,1�.rf'I\I\. � : -hll'/X l°I : f.1'1\it- :: f.,u,"} : 1,11( : (1�1'th : ·0,h»'r: ,"l,°l : 'l?'PC: 17i.. lJ�f:E2: ODfPl:,.. : 0lJ.1t._,t--'1w- : '1'!4: : ,,n;: : rqon:,. . : f6l�:,.. : &.:J'f:"} : 7,ftt4-&.t\- :

- 205 -

° :,.. : hOl/..11ro·: flil+�C t it"}f: : 1Pt-.,f,t7: : : fi'?9 'l;J1C h'i!'PC: �(r) Jt 1 r r f'¼oor : fol�:,- = 1.1·1.a 1 = ,, 1Am(lf. = 1'.1..e.tr'I = ?1- 1 : ,,,.,:,.. = v-�:J· : h1� °2.t..mC : fiM1· : ro·fl'I' : 1'tA'l'1t�9° :: hf·LIJ : 4?'PC : h'I:J1C : °11 : f'}ou,}- : folii::'f--: �.P f:: ,.C'IA•f"(D(lf_: 'Jl."}f..lf', I ou,fi,f:: J,"}f..°7..;J--aJ: 1A?t: 'lf-lf'}9°: flODl�:, .. : },"}:f•l\fl"} :: fftWt'i : wt.,.,1-- � : 1"".V.f, : flCf: : '?"} : fi•W(t',ro« : f'¼ OD:, .. : fOl'i:r : &.:I',... : 'lf,mf:,,s,n : OD,fl,f: : hflh : ODhLtl'ifW• : ,f/lOD;rllJ 126 lPt--+;;:w-: ,,rlAmfcl>lD•"} : fqou:,.. : fol�T : �:J>f: : ,f:"} : 11:/! : taJ?.tr"} : 12 7 r ,r t\Wt- l•7f:f: : OT/h/4--&.A: hlPtllr : "J Fo: : }, "}P,t\fi-l" : lD fl�IA :: f1Pt.,f•f : ODlPl:J-'l! rPt-: U•),:J-- 9'-:f: f01/J!,',mcf!: on,n,y..:.7.. : 'i:t!m·:: ,.f!,1)9°: i't ta'l",,('f1·: fhlPtc;': wt-,,-� : {lC.�': h"} f.:.·: w,.:.. ,.,,--;;:: {lwt--,.,, ..,;:: OUlPt.;J•'f!: fP't--: tri:1': l1 'I ft : u,),;:J-- : m·IA : ft.1l1 : J!,":i:IA'J° : .-fl flo : hw (l ,)1°1 : m• il'P : fl.. , ..(lm• 128 rc,::r•,l1: irflJbC: 4!'PC; ,,...eitl:r.,;e: ',(l)•: - ,,,.... ......... h"l"l.,,1°9°: ;JC : f<PJ.ilUI/OIJ: ',ro«:: 0

·r :

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111--i�--: IP/...,fle!'r.: ft'l: (ll),}: {lOD,f,w•: (77��): ,111--"}: i•n:,--j\ar: OJf,'l°: ;,,1-:

hOIJ.mJ!,«l> W-: flt\f,: f'¼OD:r•: fol�:,.. : &_j> f:: J!,{lfl)ft:a :: 129 {l,)1 1': h1-m(l',w◄ :

O;:J-::f. =hnm-:,..: f"}"Jf:: OI/'�llC-1": ro•il'P ;- y,{l,f:: f"l·m(I�: 1..lt9'"f"}: (l.(lm• 1 n"}P,.. : f..'?'l° : fl{){\"}11l1: : lth+ffT : oov.,t.--l-- : f"2.il'PlD'P: 1.lt : f-{lllJA:: ll,l\ro• ,n1" = l10l/.m,e.,«1>m· = !'lfl : 1.. 1J. = f0tfl'P = f1°11: � OI/'�llc = f..'?'I° =t-fr fmaiw• flit1t\'?l\"" :,.. : Hoo"} : t\J!, : r,,..oolPl•I· : LP"}mt.11· : i'tl\lD• ,: hT11 'r:f. = f1'?f: : IP/1flC-:f : ,.et\:,, : -l--At\4':f. : f1°11: : Ol/...,OC-:f : ,)1'1'"1 : t\oP h i'A: h'i: =fl\: lf"}(lfl,"}: hti.e--,,'PIA::�0 llU•il--: 1 : q.e.,:,-.: i',."} P,.. (l,,.)--t9"'"f'r:

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n,-1� = Ol/'�nr.1:f.= 1 ti 1 =

-n:F

= rol�,,r=

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hlr'l'Jf9l:f. : "1 °'/if. : fqou:,, : fl»l�:,..: &.:J f,:·"} : t\lbt\ : 1.rt : CPJ{l,,t-1\ 1 34 r "�' = .eL:,,.9,1 == 11.,rr·k,,r(Dcf"}'i = nh.:,--r·A',r = ro·ilT +4'(11161}> = htr� = f 1"11:: Ol/10C':f: f,t!\.:,, ¾ flD·'W- : n1C: f'J"lf-..' : 01J1fie?':f: &..:J f..'1 : CJl/{l,t-1\ 135 ,.. t\f.. rnll,n = 111'1/l, i'tltf.. t-'PA :: "� = nt]IJfi:+f: 1

h1"1f: : OI/1 OC':f. : "l"77i : f"'l... lf'1-:,W: nqoo:,•: &..j1 f:: &.. 1:J--: 11 H·O: f°t ,,. ti<t:f\c: n.lf'l-1 o--t\.-}: f'J'?f: : IT'/10C'1·: n,l'f\f.,,: f.,,U }: t,hti- &.A: 1'"}f..: ?t\k �T: "'/{lCD17f: i't f..'C1(0•: 1,11tf'1W·'J: 1.Jt: f"'l..mcJ,{JDcn:,--: ODlf.,.."}: 1A�'PA:: >t1f:: Y'i'l•t- �ro·: O&.:J'f:: &4 1:J..: 11tl·O: r{Jlz.h�tr-:,W: frPt-,,.1--'<;ro·: n�ou:,..: f�l<t:t = 1..1-1,m• oow l:,.. t\h·'l'Jfw« i'ti l&.t\1. lf'i = n.1� •n:J! = (I. tr "} , 136 Y'ilt=f1"1f:=01/10C'T=�"l'l°:''i',f,:rA'J"'': fOIJ.fA: ODl,\{l: 0 4'T:J..: (IT-i--'PA:: n,"h"I ro f., 'I° = A IP/.e- = I\ w�,,.,..�:w· = h..,..(I,n-,,.-,.. = T �, qv-:,·.. = h1, c il 1 h"1" , 06l�-l· : &.. "} ;f': it O A : fOJJ.h&.t\lD·: wt.. ,f-� lD·: I\ h·'l1fro«: hil &.. 1\1, : Olf'l: i.u 111 = r,m- = fOJJ.t\ro· = A"?�-- i n,w,� 7i = '',,J?,:J! A'I°'' = hoil\m- = ODA.rt -'C: t, 1 f: : t\.lf"} : f,1'1\A ::

= ou"

l't'lfl +� n-'l'Jf9l:f = 11,111 = t\n°n&..A h"1-- A A:1, = n-'l1f9l1: = .enA'r 137 &.:J1�7rl- : 'i:fro·:: .. : (ltrrJ"}f : noo,f,ro- : 11ff•{l : (Lll hha;il •I'�: h·fl'Jf?11� = '�tr I ht1�+� = h·ll,,r?1:.1. ro·il'r r01J..n�1r:,. hOD..f-- t,P't- = il'1°1+- = 'i'fw• :: l\JtU'J° : 'P'iro- : 9°ti1 ,r,,.7..: Il"r'J"} 7i : h·'l1,,f 9l1: : h.:,..v•A·f: tD·{lT : TT"'/6111 : hlf'I-T : fOJ•'W- : i't1C : h·'l 'Jf?11�- : hODirf, : (){l: {l'J°"},f:: 1"7ff,fi :

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(l,llt;:t\- 1 hi',.rV -k fc& f"}'i : hro·6J.b : it1C: f,tJ"} : f°1f f..C1•T : tt.'11.r91 .. : 1 13s r fi'¼(JIJ:,.. : iJl�T : f1: : 11H1l : f n.1 ..f:: f'il,,.t-�ro·: •O;f. : 'i: ,!ro-:: 13 °7., h�l\CD·: 1',"}f.. : f:C�i: : oom"}'i : tL'?'l:,• : f,ooltl\A:: c : h oo:,, : f t.:Pf: : l\f, : : q + l: 1' 1'1\f., : 'h"}f.+m�OlD' :i f l\rP� '1lD' 40 h+ 1 :: ',,) : A e, '? '¼ t\ : .. 1�1 1 , ,'h : · ?i •fidb : :,f� 11 , : ii '1 � f., "}?, m t,"} �-9° : cf>"} : 'h .. = 1 • t;J .. 11" ,,., :; fL ,e, AT = ,h1-«'J = h l\ n t- ..,-� ro· a11-1 = (l.-;.:,.. = ,, ii:,. !ro, : t\�'1:,.. t\. f 'i; hr -ODl\ frf : : f, foom«: fODhrf•" A: 111'1/b : t,i\f,rl"'Pt\ :: 1'.l\ ! lD·9° :: f f l\: : .. �:, }� <'}" : f°t1.. /t- : ,r>,;J--9':f : 'hfi.tJ : 9°19° 1

n n

141

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ni1 .e..,, H.u : qt-,,:,.. = 'l'1n1f..f..:f = "ai..e..t."I : hP't-- = {TO:,,,l:,.. = rIPt-+�:1 =

f.. ODm1·1 : OD &. A: ,11 ,,'J 'l! : "I f.o ;1, : '1,e'iC'/'1 : h,"}l,\"} ¾ h"}"J Y:: DI/'�{1 £!1:P : U·ft•1" : 'l'il,,.1-- �ar: t..411;."}: h�-�oum1·1• : ,e(tnJft-:: h'lf·LU: f"}"Jf: : Ol/1f1£!>°f: U •ft,,.l:: l..:J1 .<;..1: f(ltn·:,..: Oh·'l1.<'m·: i',il+ffr: ftl . f"} i 'l'lti:: f"}"J,:: 01/'�0 (':1' : Y..°1'1° : hf..ODOJf·f • : ;JC : hOl/c(t,nro• : &...<J Y: : ft,,/\ · % · 'l,"} .e...tt.U· : 'l''P.� .. : cJ:,cr:f : 0�'7 : f.t..:,,.c;h.. :: U•ft:,.. : f"}'?f; : OIJ'\fiC:1' : f."J'l° : .<'ft : �{JIJlD1l : fou{lm:,--: Aari.e..,: i'tl\Tlir:: n{J}-6Ih: n.1C: f"}0JY:: "'l'�fit:!'1" ! f,t\�'' t.fJ1 i'1.Tf'°A·,,rm•f1t; : Oi',.rf'A· f : m·llT: ,,-,J,l11/61J, : rtr)•: f"}"Jf..': Ol/'�OC:1·: r;J 143 0 , n;:=: l..fJ>Y..' : llf..ODWll : ;,c : f0 ila1:,- : 1l"}Q{b : ilta�i-'PA ::

�':

= I h�:,-

t-u = iltr1 = r:Fttm· 9"t;A'l-1 .. = i�1-1.u = faJ•611-: t,,c = f1"1Y: Ol/1flt.>l

On.1t•Tl1r: f;J•{17: &...cJ>.�•: n•ntt:,..: f,f... j\onf_.: �,c: l}j\ODlf )·: .elf'i"A:: r- A· ,,rm :f1c; = i',.:1-v-1.·f = ro·il'r ,,.,,.,,,,"'Jlif!-: hlf�.:,-- : rm•li/� : h.·1c = f1"lf: = "' n a71 c:f : hou ..y.. : (tOI/"} f : If m f.. : f;,,{l;r : 1...:l" f:"} : (t.(l,n• : h m- "1!' :

138.

139. 140. 141. 142. 143.

x2 = 3.821, P < .os flOIJll;rwif : <P-TC : @ : fi· m •l'(lro-'} : _e,onl\.h:.t:A :: OO!Jil;rwif : <l?TC : f?i·r. 2 "-"'l·m •f>(lar : fi•(l m ar'} 1 OT/il:J"'Wif , .e,aol\.h�A rs N = 18 : (,011.."f· : It) :: f w&--f·� : ouu,�:J·'C : v.�;:I" : .e..•-,.,o : cf?TC 1 � (ii) :: X2 = 3.258, P < .10 - 208 -

" •• fi�d)'"" o.. : "'I'� n�:f = h1f..;tLU q .e,-,,1:1 = �. �h °' : r "t(l,� : hou,y.. : o ;, -� h • C : ,o:J! : 'i:fOr :: hC.ll flDt\.Y: : t ..,«J, f: f

t..�;

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t\:} ff " }: f°7..(l'I' : &.:I>.f: ;

i';,-Of: },"}f...OIJ..(l'f': t.:J Y: : lrir: ilt\lPt- ,.. .. � : OOlPl:J...'C: fP'lr= o-�:J.. : fmt1Jm.. : f... 1--0 : t11Pt-,,..�m· : ''CL--f"fl·O'' : it1� - : fl'l°T : 0111/..t\f.0-r : l . flf' t.:J" f..' = :,.. 1.H.9° = f..ouan, = rOIJ .e,;r(l lt\ nt = = ''Oi',h9°ci = ai'J°:,. 1 145 m 1'1�.t'l m- : f1llfA== flAUIJ�-- : h1f...OIJ.;J..fro· i fv-1 t-i"�W·=ft-ft .= ''CL,t-(l•fl='' 0 " .. 'i: l,U·Y.."f : 7ft1''1° : Afl_1"'i : OIJ.. {l,}--; f t\1'1 : hlf., : h'i"T : hllT : tD}f:'1°1 1 '1TID4 :: {'ift(l,,ft -:f: /\.HODJ!.1--'i: t\�Y..7/>1.. : qo,)· : n,'h.'1: f,,..(l)(l', : '11C: fft?' l .. : ftfl/.11 ·w.. : t\;}H 1: 001/.fl'I': Oih1--'i : OAOI/�' : aotihA : :,.A:,:, : A�':, -- � = = LPt-,1 m·1 = 'Im-= .1,.:J> f: 1t_e -,ro- 1,1·1.u = t\f. = A�-, ..,: = rorz.m�ODm• ri1cr ?t1\\1 = "1 ;J'P. = a,,,e.,;1-- = q.e,'ic?° i t\°i.e,'1:,.. = tt,,..mo.�:,.. = r 1'?Y: = -- (l,fi : t,'1 6: '11/10(!':f: Ot1J9° : h.•fll·J't1-:i5:;: noo-f.. : (lUIJ"}r t\(1,f {l 9°" } f r :: : . � 'I°:,.. : hY' il:,.. : },ilh : i'tt-,), : 4" }" : ,... lil : 1..:11Y.,.· : h.,f...OD llJt,.. : ,e,(l t1} I\- :: h'}'?�: "1/1(1{!1�: °IOI/fr': f,dJ'fP J /\.(\:,fl ",f,: tfODJ!.T: qi>:,-.: hit"}f.' : 1',{lh: y,{l:,..: "11 : t..:J>Y: : },ilh : Y,.ODWII'" : (Lflffl'" t h9°{lT : h .. f1"}f?>1-- : f.°1'111 : Otl. lJ : �,e,�:,.. = u..�;t-?11-- : ll..e, : &.:J>�-- : f/\. : ,.e.oom11 : fOJJ..flm- : oulf'i:fm- : ;-..ro• � ° *A n�.e.. � = qo,}.. t.:J>�-- = h-,,.e.oom1r = f°7..fl l1l4 = lr'11 f9>1.. = ti? il = 11:F: lt.tr� • ?t'lli V . 9°: t...P�.. "}: fOIJ..(lm-:, .. : h .-fltfc;=(D«"}: 1.tL: ilit1f:: <f""}: -0 ,e, m 9° i''f>,n� : JP'l = FCOT : -O;t! • -,m. :: itt,T : f"}"lf:= "'/1 C'1 l,•.,'1' f:= o o �l\f.. m11 : f{, lllJfr t y,{l :,-- : Y:C�,,y..-:f : f...'1 '1° : t\1'.1f...H.U : q_e',,f: : o-t;, : ��9°: &...:J>f:: ftJIJ.e,(lm- : oor.rc;:fro•"}• 1A?.'PA:: 1

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t\rPt--+� lD' 1 O.-f•(l-O : "'1A , qo:,. 1 t..4>,: = r"'I f,(lT = r1"11: = "'l"rnc . 1 1t11: = 11;: = a,ro, == rrtu , n-'11f, Jtftk?'l·, 'h1f..,t-'i1?-:,.;: nu. u = n--�n1= �-41,:: 1..P, _e : ft f, : wt.,,t-7fl· : '1f..l1 "T : '1'1'111 : ff.\lY'I : '11C : 11ft : fl\&. : AID/,:: ilftl\TlD" • r--�H"} : /..:J >f;"} : ll'l�t--fr' : t\DDhAhA : ou1J?..?,:,•ro•"} : 1AK-Pt!\ :: rrt\T: f1"11:: 01/"'IO�l-: t\::}f.. «1 = qo:,.. : "'l'i:t:ro·19°: q_e-,:,..: /.. :J, J.':: ft.htthn-- • h-, rtrr : 1t 1f..«1OJ-: I\,., {1IJ y_, : qo:,. : t.:J>,: : _eh t\ A :: \le{)"}.('?11· : r(ll&T'}: +'f1· : roil-,"} : fltJIJ(l -0 : hf..DDOJft: ;,c : ro f,9° = fftf.. ouro11 = f''7.,(l1': &.:Pf:: -) { : : : J'tffA qo:,W r-f : '1''f1 ¾ /\ft,flo"f : Huof.."f ( OIJ � hl\t f : +."PC I t\ L-f.. 11 4'"} : llji-j1: 4,t;"f: h'i: /\::}f..7f1·: �-�: tf,'f"f : ODIY)-"} : +lf:,t-'i/;\ ::

/\:,..9°tJCT : il /\OI/.(lT : t..:J>f: I

ill\ : wt--+� : {IIJIJ.Jl.;rtf : rP't- - : V•).:J• : (lOJm •T : O"'l'i Tllr9°: ·"'' }{lf: I\ :,-ruc:,.. 1 fOIJ..(l"f : /. • .:f'f: : Jtf.\+m4'(l9° :: /\ q_ea,:,. : hrf•m r'k:,.. : fP'&.. : "t°lf: 1 tJl/10£!11•: hY'ilT : i,� 1 rr/\--1: 2 /\T9°tJCT : t..:J>f: = t, f,(lm-9°: mf ,'J°: • f..' : 1, /\ouil m+.'J °: fltLU 1 1 ..P, f, : l\f, 1 9°19" : q_e-,:,.. ' 71\..(L: f l\:f!ro«9°:: /. •� If', 1 7--1\.().. : ,.f/\OD'f-'r : 'l°'if.\ff:,.. : +DD/t/tf, : rrra,w-1 : U•).:J-- : fOl/.1/;\.'/i : f,1f'iA == f1°11-.. = 01,,�o?- = 9°19° = r:i•'l°uc:,.. = 1..:1,f: = fA(lmfl.. -,.. = 9°n1.. = lt,;JllJOJ/.. : U•).:J"' : ill\l\,:Ja\(IIJUJ• : ',OJ•:: f,U9°: 7/l.{l. : f /\tD•9°: "'II\:,..: .,a,.:: . : h1°lf.." : "'110£!1:ii : ]"�fl:f. : OP't-- : f.\'l°'J"f: (:,Wruc:, ) : 'TC:°lt•'P11' : l\f ,: --1''14 - f,: /\If�• : l\'1'4!:,.. : V-'�•+7f:J::,:ro-: f\,f'ro(t-, : 1..f·J.: 0�'C0 · : t.:J'f:: 1 P (1 ri..' A: lDf,9°: (l ouil m:i•: l\f,: r.:f!ro· :: 11-,r-l.U •!/' f P't--: 1°11: : "'11llc»°1•: 1t 'I° il,1: : TAA�, : ;, t--1rl• : 'i :,!m· :: h1J;.fm·9" : :,..f.\A:,, : .,."J t-- ·,-r-:[• : t\ '¼f, -,:,. : h--l"mfc}?:,.. : f"}dJ�• : 01/"�0c•'f : h1trfltf�?1:f5 : ;,c : (t.OJP..e..?- f ;,t,1r:,5: cJ:lPJ.. : flf', : rrl·9'1UCT : /...:J>Y:: uP{ltiliJ, : 7/l..(l. : OJ.er : /..:J>�"t : f{JIJilffiT: 14 ll1fffb: (l f,OA'l': }, l\;f:CD" :: ; ft:'IILU• : h -'11f?1:f: �ro-+:,..: ,.rl\:far: lP t. +v,-:;.. : 1\1 J!."7il/../\.;J;fro· : ou m"}'i : fh •'l"}fSJ):f."} : f1"}ff, (l : J-,*9'1 : (l.ODI\ l\h--1:. :,.. : f,tJ : J',il1t--oi : ll..lf1 : },.,e'fA'I° :: 1r'i9° : /\:i•9'1UCT : (lnt(l'l' : /..:J'f:: 1--P, f, : l\f, : '):OIJ.: 7/l. .(L: ff\:t·=m•: &ff"}f9l:1�•: Y'il:,.. : -fl:J! : f,OD{l 1\1\...:: h'11lrr9'1 : ro•il"f = 01t1J!.�(D« : h ·'11f : ftJ,fll.,1' : il9°9°'1:,• : ar il'l' : irf·�·c:: f,1 �A ::

r:,..

h Ft-- = ;,c = r--,..,,,,. = t,J!.,:1?1l·r. = n7i:J--?11.__ i

-1t11-· = = nr1t--m• = 9'1ti"}f:,- = l\lPJ...J!.C ilO:,.. : 1'!!.;J = m,,e,'f° = n·�;:1 = : Hf.. : (l�:'f·tl1 itV•- tm•"} : J',l\t.. : 00'/Y:l°l : v•t,. .. l}• oaz � >t : : : r .f1 0:, 148 : .. 1 }flJf/ : • t\ lD' ,l1°l : == ,(l,.Ji.?,, : }irPt,lD : hltl\/...',:,.. : ft:ODP," +ouP'Cj:A o•t--i--;;:

,..�a,..

" ltf . ,:JlD" : OJf,9'1: O''li;J--c&: hrP&...,.. �ro·: Ft--: ;,c: 9°19° : "111"--'I:,•: ft\,t\OJ:" ODlf�-"} : }if .,;J(D• : a>f,'}": (l7i;J- -ro• : fJ!.l.{)(l:,.. : (l(D• : If"}- : -flft: l],e..t. 1lD': 'r'l-:,. : ODlf�."} : hJ!.,:JCD• : lDf,9° : (l7i:J·•ro• : fJ!.l.(l(l•)" : rPt-- +� : (1"71,\�"149: (lt)tf,.� : f,f..(l mro•"} : :i•6•111 : (luPrf•l\/\f•: uPIJ '�-"} : fl.fil l.Pi : ,(1:J: : ',(1)• :: 0

147. X2

= 4.261, P < .05

"'°'

148. f�:,.,11 = -nt1..c , : 4!-rc r !f'if.?;f�.ii .. 149. hrf.fro· = <t�-rc = !?.if.?;f!lf_ • 'h'i • fif.�f!li? u - 210 -

I l

(

1 tJDfPt.,r = (n,i..u = fl:\I\ = f 'hTc = 1n:u1:ru;e = ""'-":,-. 1 t 1 1tl\k'l-l· ott. J9" t {D• : ill\ : mh 'l°'.'i : htl.. U'J° : ) : h .f,lll"1'1A .r '1t\ ' . lP 1 <1tf• it/\"� : }lf tJP:J'-OC : P'Cq..y..:f : ltit&..1\1.. : ilt\lf):T : {DQ;)__?J�'J° : 61h9°C : hl\k 1 'J,,(J)c :t ,\ ,iP��lD' : &..?t.. 'l° = /\00Ft-.:i-- = fl"'l f.:Y.An,} : v-�;J.. = l\_e. = n. 1� : i',lPt(Dc = . .,(',.OD(IJf.,.1 : {IP:, 1 (l{}: h'J°ilT : (lourf•: 'h'i : lP/r+�: (D.. : OP'/rlD• : f q : l\n1 1: : qoo:,: : i','J°it:,.. : +"10l/t : itf-'C"lo : 'h1-'t noo ..y .. /\ .(' '}�'}>; t\� -l" : . ffi : taJ!, e u : h'i=f : h �£ : (r�:,-. : ..-nc) : /\.OAT : 1t_e.-:f : ° := lf'i'J ij:/\ OJ • , f,1.,{',.�A : fl itl1-i-..&.A = f°t"f,fro• : fPt,.-J,'<;ro• : /\1.tL(Dc : fP'lr : : .. ooro11 ° : ff : 9° f,U : /A'J °ffr';J--llr1 : ,,fflJ : 'h'}f..lf'l'i 2 fi .fltf : /\lt"}Y,; : '}oo:j.. : ,fl:J! : 'IW• :: f,U9°:1.1·L : p r ..1 P' r t-,. :.1:ll ; = om:,,1\1\ro· = �1 : fUA = 1\1Y..tr'l : li/\4' : n:,,11\ = f1J.•t,. �'1ro· = 1,1 (11J;rt\ 01-1.u'J° = 1.. 1·1. = httf.;,ro· 1 ro ,,e'J° = 11n7i;.t·ro· = r..,.. ,,,,_, : h°1DTJ7i : n:r:f: 0J = 1\'Jf..lf'l 07 .. f fi',V-•tw· '?�:J P-:f-fto;rlir'J = cTJ °1 f,.:l'C/\:J·A = 1 : : f 't• i 1 : mt'J0 : flOIJ.flA'r: fP'/r : -:,_:/\.,;J"" lD•1: fi6Lbt-,."1i: ftTJ : trlf: l\.1�:;: J-t,p tlD4 /\LPt....,..c;:w·'i = 11ti/\ = 00m1 = 1\1\F..t.(l• = AA:r: = ftf'/\,o 0011 &.A 150 r "l�:r : f,'fCO; A :: f,U'J° : f°tlf'llD• : lPt ....,..r;;:(Dc : h�...� : ffOD,,t;._ : 1'-tfl. 151 : : ]\C�:J" : /\ITl/'?1T f4'/\•fl 'J(D• :: : f l\.:J!/\ 1' : e_ f.Y'J f,U1 : ]\"},, : fl

;,c;

== =

: P'C q..-f1" : i', {t t..I\ 1. : /\ DI/. IJ' 'I· ,), : wfiJ!»91:f : i',lJ.' tm·"} : it I\ k: r h"11.("lcTJ = oil+4'c = t:f!TC = ,,e'n.Ubrutu ....... ,... - -.... = v.,1 ..�'i1w• = flqo:,-. = rl'tlPtlD· • .. tttt.t'l:i-- = '1°1 1,1Y..tr'l = hf,11A1i.. r t:f!'rc = !{7f..u?;r.2t (l!) ,Pt.•1..�(Dc = rFt• = 1•fr';J•·m·1 : 0611,�•ii : jll) : If', : n.. 1� : t,1P/,(D• : /\lPt-"'l'�W-: i',ti/\ : ODffi"} J ftftf.lt'l· : A;e.:i: : ,rf,{\,fl : 1,1?i.h<i:t\ : ll/\"7...fit1f..'f. lD·'i : f1Pt ...1"'10r9° : qo,)·: flA1� : f1.,. : .r UA : 1--P,:,.. : h1-f..°7.f ith;I..A : {t{\ OIJ.. "f,fllC : f,U : 4'.'l'C : f'l°:,.C 2 11f..;J1'J° : fOIJ.tJJ,'J°C : lJ''r : ooro(lY.... : f,1'l'PA :: i'11J.'tllr: 4,/\..-n : }\"}.�h�A : flP/."lf..Y,;(l:,- : /\9°1 : flJf,\ : 1.tL : },"}"If', I tD(l') : rt\lD•9° :: {l.{\f-LIJ9° : i',wtw· : flt:IJlt\,..(l : ..,•.:,,qv•:i: : i'tS".S:C : l\f, : t\lD •"r I 1,ilh : .�l(t : Y:lit: /\9°/tll,9° : AJ!;t: : hil l\ : oom"} : o.ff,c:(l•: OJJ!,'J° : f,f,'1° .. -:� 4'/\.ft h1',�(l&.l\ 1.�..-f:= �ar I oar : l\.'fP.-"f- : rof,9 ° : o, ..,.• : nfr: :t\c�;J--: t1.r1 ° 9 : • 't: lt.4''1(1 lD�'J° : 1,ith : 6J.llt-1i:. : flao--f\c : /\. .:pc : f,·:;· i\A :: flP h1.,r:1, : floY..tco• : hf..;,91-:,_:.r, : fl"ii:J--911·: '?fo:J· � rorz.. 1fl·: fh..1il:t."}it: h·'11,,C'?J:l� l,U"}'} : o,,e'J..-t:"} : i',01t-c : i',f,h.,1 -1\•9° :: h;J•• f\t\:,, : r h.1-n•t..1-(l : h·f11!9'l· : ontihA Y'it...t: = J,ith = i't9°ll:,.. = qUD ..1• = ,e:lll'i = i,ith = rt1...:1--v·kf $ @n.. u= . . ,, rm : f,°ll/°: : i' , l l"'i:lD (O ,;. fi'1.:�: $ �£) : ftP/.f..C{l : ;r/L(L. : (l,'ft-;f:ro :;: r hY'(l:,.. : '}au:,-. : 'r "I!:,.. : (1 /\'P : t\ Ol/. t\ : 1.. ti. : ..-(l;F : '?Yo:J" : fOIJ.! it1 '1 : 7ft.o.: }tft m• :: .e.u� Oh.1-'ifc&.'J(l• : 7/\..,.(l. : ro·{l'r : ,,f/\•:,..1- = J.1..1n :-1,,. = /\0'/m:,, ,,<'/\1- 1 �ft'lo:,.. : l\i', tiPi°2.h : 'r'i:,.. : ..o;: : itf,f..il'J° :: h '}Y: : IP�,,,..� : OP' &-lD· : l\f, s '1ft = fl°tY..cito:,- : i,..,e,.;, : r1- q_e'J,r .,e,.1-11 = 1\1�1\:fm· = n+mr+..-"f-= hlPl?J:Y, : oolJhA : hY' {l,f: : fi.:l'c : fl,t\P :t: : (loo·/\• : /\ff.U : f"'l.lf1 = h..1 fr' "}(l : t. nft "} : n.1\- : ODf.\.(l'PA :: fh.1-'ifclr1lt:fro•·} : ;rtt.(t. : 9"1 : 1'1-f..lf'l: /\ OD:I',fl C

= =

- 211 -

f"?.fh;rmft-'1°= O"J'l°='l'tf-1•: 'i'TOJ•:: fi•/lODF.lD•'}: :rfLft.: (Standard Policy) 152 . ''1t.10•&. 1il= .e,hij:AAfA''= n"'i.A = 1''1°'1:,-= Jtwt?Jl-=..rll'lTm-,= 00:,"1•1:, ,;: "1'1f(D•'}'/° :: ltftk'IT: hlt1'9°C1ltrw- : film1J;.. : f,ODfll\A:: i,�,,.u : film-: -: 1''1°'1-l· : 0itiPt9'l· : H'JY: : (l{l&,lD• : 1-tfllill f,. t..{l : h '11: = wt--+� : h."}� tr.'Jlt : t101J.(l,11t0- : fllllm : {/D11:,. : f ilOJ" : 00 lf't·'1 = ll00 "1ll� = itwt,n."} • or 9° r : :: f,lf"}fl;t-A ltl\1·LU lif l.UJ• : t\,ft{&: OD1 i\tfl/ftOD"} : flt1J9° : ltfl:t!;Jt : 11: : 1. tf.'i' : 1'1H-0'1 : m�oY.. mc(lw· = ro� = ij:Cf: = ll,-l·· = lDf,'J° = fh. wt'i r UJt.,t-f = ODFtf = lL:,. = 1t11-l-- = °7ilT = ..nr- = '101" == (14?. �7LU�f2t: (�): ODIPl.'r : m�'I\I\ : f4'i\1l = ovn&.A: "1�:J-- : f°tli t.m· I IPt-+f(I)• : hn·ii;t-ro- : lDf,'l° : hit�;J(D« : r,, . .,,.,., : "1"'17f•"} : Wf,'}° : f°1. 0Amar "}: fP'tc:· 1'i\ :J--w·"}: f16lbt'r7i: fflJ : lf'i: (l.. ii : ',(De:: .eur : t}_B. ',,f: : fP'/r. : Hfo : n1\1Pt9°: lf', : lDf,9° : (lwt.,1•£j(D• : l\f, : 1'-P,,}•"} : /lJ.'OD"J f,:l"·I\A:: Ofbl\: flh·A : i',t.,J: : fit. '1fr't.'1lt : rtLn.9':f-. : f4'ilfl•"}: lih4-&.A: f°7. m fl).-l•: fl}'lf-;JtD•: 'l°h'Jf:,.. : fl+t.ml.tD•: lll\'i!: rFt. l-flo:J··: f"'illJT: f . : : fl : ArrA. (l, .. 7/t : 'J° ). : fJif.;, : 1,.<'"}P,"}.'; TC(l"},1;,: : oum"} : ',ro•:: '" '¼f,',,f-1,1 : f°tlfl1f?a'i : t\}\f"}P,"}};..'J°: 7..t\.n.: f°7.ht.i\tD•"}: Ar- : /,\� : rir� 153 flif.;, : 'P.. � = ft:PJ.ftif., : 1P1tnl�r : J:.l\m· :: hu.. fr'l° : 7ft.(l.9'l- : n,e, OA'I' = f0'l.tll1IC 1P1ml1-r : ft\w- fit'JY: t,.'Ja•t...'Jlt : h·fl'Jf flilP' /,\11)"} : 'h'1f-1t\8lD•: Oit"}�-- : IP/r.,f--� : l\f, : r�t..(lro• : itf-;, : OrP1mlW : I\y, = h•1--ou"ti ,1: :,. = 1, f-... "J9'-:;... = rfl" n1 = ou lf .,. , = r;,,n 'l°,; = 1,'Pt911· = ti l;, 1m-1 h•'l"}fa>•: fO'J.ht;:t\aJ·: 1'1Hir(l : fl,hh.. '1°:.,... : 'l°hC : (1/ti·(l) : O DIPlT: ',(De:: hrft.(l.9':l:: oul}tJA : y,fl,f:: IP/r. ,t-�w- : il1.1·tro« : i\DDf"t�-l- : n:rmh fl-l•: 1. 11.:J:.,vt,ro• : h'JJ;.ht;:t\ro« : roi1f.f-<D·"}: f-UDlD1f : ir(};J! : ,,e.nt;:t\•;f'"A � 1Pt,,1--fw• : flfl.U : n,t-ro(l',ro« : 1.f·L : CD•il'f' : h'"'J.(lmro· : f-ODaJ1f : '?DI/it· : irfl;r : ,,e.b� .t\ 'PA I 'l°"}V° : t'1\\ '1 : ,-,,,,. : i',v•. tw•"} : ht-.1\k '1-r : '19 = fOJJ.f f..c1 m • : hf-;,m• ro,,e.'l° 07i;t-m· = r..e..t..(lfl-l-- : wtr.,f-� = CT'?A� = fl�-- ,�t;:: f,f• (ln1tD-"}: TlJ Jf1f: 0 ODTl\fl lj:: lD f., "} '}°: /tf.;J (IJ• : (lJ f,'l°: 07i;f"' llr: ff-t..(ln-l- = (lro• = lf'J = -Ot\� = 'lf-l1m· = 'Pei-:,- = ..n;: : fl.lf'19° I l1rt\..ft?1:f. = U·ll+- = hf..,,?ro • = mf.,'J° = fl7i:J�ro- = f�l..(lfl,}- : flv,t.+�w· : :fA',,t-:t;',:,• (l,.U''J : lt"tw·, : it.f.ht;:t\�'l°:: 0(?�. ro· : f,f•ffllfl : fk'}'if..t--"}il : iih-1-t.A : oo'fc : ,-.P,:,.: t\f-t.{10-r : lPt-+'1 li'Jf: = l}f,'l:t· lt01 i\0'1"1,:t-: },'Jf-°tflt:f.t\£D': J:.f.,mlmC 9" :: -- : 9°h'1f1-: t\ : l : )· fPt,.,t-?f>l: fltl·?>:,5 r:iJ 'f -tt· 1 "r .. :J 01'-P,1 P't• f , : : t.fm• : " . l1"10I/7i = fll\.f. : h00 f,A:,, : h"1°77i : n;J··l· : ilt\°7.U''J ·I nit. 1n·t?i1'il : .. _ &'l'J.t19',}• : roiz.lP t-fl,)• : A� : A� : flf)• : flif-;, : 0Dffi'f1' : 1fC11C : ,n�: 0

tr, :

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f�:,-,h-; 11,h.C : if1 °1 : •�IJ'C : �7f.?";f!l!{ :: ilft 'P'I,. : U•'i.;r�:.f.. : Y..t.:lf : fCD"J : }','P� t }',14��• : ?;(t) :s 1 {t.OC 1 'tti, -1,� C 11 If�i£W-"'1 1 1 4-.h-f•C(l 1 '1'i: , "fL!"P.hrf:ii'.t r >i..1 : }',�tti : (lt1f..1 h. 1 (ltht,. 1 I� 1 'h·l·9° ' 1 11 � 'i J. 1 ro-1 . 11 , tti 1t� • �1ilt:i•w---:,. : c;:c , ,f:htt1A : i--1.-,r�·li1 1t.1 1urt> , 1 � , �r.�-�xr. ='

- 215 -

'l'-0:,, : f(J'},': ;,,1ol-1 : fi"'ltD•ll):,-i; : fl"'lil&.._K9° : fh�;, : m>hl\hf 1 'r'1:P«J:SJ>l-'1 : 001/..1'1 : OP't. : ·l\f, : /l"'l'f'A : f,:J!I\A :: f�:,-th . , 11,h.�: rl:'1 : ( : ,l .,e,m:,: {JD•/t.« IOJ•', '' fil'}',,J:'}'i J f�A 'i I tPt,.-,.i1m•'} : 1 ·,l,'? : f . "' = (r'l°t.A) = n·Otr'1 : n{]Dm·n�, = l11. i',LPtm· = llFt.m� = A� = v,.),:J.. r ..,..,fl z ft },:i-1 = '1''1.P<f:�l· = �/\• = ·Ul/f:l'? = i',lln:,...'' == fl"?/\ :,--; 0"19° = "lAK ' fAIY�- = fP't. 1 P;J-- : f'1''1: J>4: f..l'Jf'1 u-),:r f,fl"IA 164 ht\ P't- �),:J.. 911-- = f..l'Jf · 'fmllJm• = ti.'f':e,9° ilfll'l..u• = 1..�.e = -f-lJJ,"'lt OD°lt\filiJ. = 165 fH..U?°" �;, '?A?. . : flJ'', : f..l�· : . il/\DD'iC : foY.&.. 'l'l(J)c : 1'0/C I i'lf,(l'l''J° :: ti.LP t9l:r: 9°'1 = i'1f..01/..mn:,, '1 :fm· I\ "'Im�., 1t /lOD :FI\:flD" = ,. ·Q :F ti_ew1 i ml\:,, : .fll : :,..9°uc:,-. : 1\/bl\:f-lD· : f1Pt.-ti1 : "l--�,e, : .-l•q,11Jt1Jt911«.. : fi't 1 � ') � frt, : lJ'),;J-- : fif..1-0 : {JDC?°� : /\ODtD(l'} : ";,f'?C : OD{j:mt;. : ',W· :: 9°19 °: h1-�1 : fi'lrPl.'i: lPt,.,J·� : h�A : f-i·if.>"ll1Jt9l:f:1 : f P'/r : -:f--1\n;J-- : f..l.�: fl 01/ ?f ?f A : 'I'l:,.. : fl "'1J-7l'? : /\,e : {l 0' 19° i fl <f! : 7f fl. ;J-- : fI\:fw- : 1P t- ..,..7r"f : 166 --= r,1.u : '¼f,'l,f: = 1 oic = OD'itr 'h.f;J m,,., 1 Of,OA'I' i'tt;1: hillil1'1 • r�r ll.f..Cil : n01:"1�A():flD· : h..'});.{l:t-t9l"f· : ,h 1�1 : (/D'fC : fOl/:1 '1:1-:(J)c'} : n.e, OA'I' : °IA?... I flf)· : f'1'1:.l'�I: : f..l'Jf91";,}4.. : f°7...1A?i' : .�"}-fl : O,l11f()4! : �{!1: >,f:1,l·'i' = fOl/10&.'I! 1·-�f,: OIJ.til,t;C: l\(ltiu--1= Jt/\oow•llJ,f! f01J••rti11 1: ',m•:: 167

9>+ =

== = =

. nn7i:J-- = 'l°n11:,. = :

h.11.· 1Pt--,1,'c;= = l1'1 = -01to = 11 ..�1..1w· = taf,ll''J = hP't• : O.;J--7oA : flf'Jil : fY'il:,• : me : h"lA°l./\":I.. : f(lm : hlf� fn Ft-- : h,t..:,- : +1 : °ltllJ"'li : �OD(Df·f4"} t l\i'-111: : '¼ODT : lDf,'J° i hlU': 168 t\ O/\f, : .r11l1l\ hlf�· r m c = f..ooror·t•1 °101/71 : ft11J°l1:, .. : oo.n:,- = it OJc:: �1c °I'} = h.h4 -&./\• fOIJ..if.>f,n:,.. : 1.r·L = t\1if'1�'J, '}. = qOD:,- = wf,9° t\1,f1� 1-.<;.. = rn7i:J,. 1.tL l\ODlJ'}, i rct::,...,1, = ..n,,LC = ,1,1, 2 oiA?t = ti.f,,f. t\9° x ,eu1 19° roi.r11t-t- = r �c� = CL:,• = tD-lt� 1tllt1t1•1 = ti.t\.-J--{l,n'J° nt,v,t9'1·9° Oh·A : '?tJl/if..: ii1.<;..1-: (LhTA.: 101f..(l, : f..°l'l°: t\,l\tD•'} : il--t-l:}19°: f,hr,-.t\fr:: f,tJ'J° : i'lnA : hf.-t-h&.l\lD" : flll/.(lmro- : f ,110D9° : t.__4,y_-. : 1.ft : l1t\4' : n�./\ : 1P&--,t-�ro- = ro·tr h'll/l\<k = n&..:,.. fl\il.Ot\ = {lt\O?..(lmro· = f"1(JD9° 1 t..4'f: : f�:,..d1 : 11db?- : ,11'? : 'J°"}'J° : i',f,,1/;\?.'"'l° :: tr'f9" : ilt\LPt-·1· '1 : 00 IP l ;J--' £ : rP't-:r = rmllJ lD" = .r.. 1 •O :; ti.wtm· = lP t--i"'lfl- = n,'h{]1J9° 'l°h1 _r:,.. : h P' t- : fcf>'r•'l:fro-1 : 4-''f: f : U·/\• : P 'tr- : }\'} .V,!I:lffl4'1:f tD· : 4>'i°f :

= =

= ,,. )..

164. f�·1•cft : 1ltfi.C : "1°1 : cf?. J[l,;f�i :: 165. rf•m."7& = flf)•-r : hitt.1\1..: �"JC"l· 1 <<fl�•c�--I: 1 ro•il1' , l\CT'f.r.P�:,- 1 J','tl/\ , oom1 , Jl\f..l.fr' IJ\lf.":f-Cj = t't·f·l· 1'1�. V-9'°: �h-"71' : l\lf�: (l9'1·: ]\f..;J : 1'1'.';,ef..Cil'l:fa>·: IA�, 61'1:f'cf:'i' ODhi\hf =>> ]\IP&llr : 1'1'-'t!f..C°I : ill\ : P't- : V•).:J·9'1· : f..t.jf : fa>l1J }t'P� 1'1 cf>fi" : I II 166. &;re:,. • .-JJ = 11 • iii'c1'"7.1'-r • ,..� , h..-rr-*.r 1 ,..1 , /\.flc 1 1\$:"7..,_il,1·&.7i"> , hl\.e , a"'lll ;J-ro'if : cf?. t;·r. : f,f-mcf>(l , "J?i" : §fgjj u 167. ill\ : P'b -: v-t;J-9'1·: f..t.jf : {ltDtl)llr: h'P� : h1'4>?." -: , (F) Ci : ill\ : Jtp,l,Cj : i>'&-,f•�1.' ,,•.q,e = orotl)llr ' 1t'P� = "1cJ>K" r =(ii)= o:i,.,.,t.T = °t.,_• r!J,.� ; )t�r1.u1 , f..1P* = A"7iD'/JJ' ' P' IJ\11)'} : ]\ {\a>• ,, 168. f�.:'f·,h ' 11"1.C : ,l1°1 •I!. Kif.�f�I :s

�(D• ::

r•

- 216 �

: 'l° :, h1'�,e�m c:: . (IJf.,'J°.: -�qOD:,.« : h OIJ,.(lll};f!mc : r6lti::, t _!I>f_:.. I\ . : .. ttY C "1� (l 169 : -= l. h U : ·n& == h'\ :, t!\ · ,eh t .. t\ n .. 1,m : ! l >(l ro• � .-, : : ;�,e. _: 9°h 1 .. �l, 1 'h't lt\ t : '1 h� ·= fT i 1' .eh �.{\�: {l"1J(\..,,: '11�(>_..: IP/r--l--,;:: h t'� . 04! = 9° �11JU·: i --c 1 11 = cr'\ f, : v. .. • '1 rm · . ti: � = f1·l : ,9°19 °: IPt,� t<; : m P :,, : � : (h tiif..) : � n ,e _. '\ l • 1 11. f · q n·'1 = · f t\ { m· . ., � ·· P'tr ·· +cf�Tc: = t\ODFt..:,- = n.:Y·A9'1 =1' 0 · 1};) ■ P't-OJ« : 9°h1f·r : {l,.P.l(l n:,{l7i:J , : r�i;f..''l°UJ• : Ft-.C&1 : DD<f>mA : O it/\A1il : ,etJ1'19° : r;:c:� : O, .t;. : nI� ! : 9°h1.r:,.. : IJ''f : lll\1"fm• : fhtia-1 : 0 'f'f4: : ti,e"1(1t\CD: : t� >C::tt!\ :: .. e.u: 'i:C:f.,. : roiz,oonn--l"(Dc : f lP�rt-i.';� : 07i:J" : lDf. : kif-- : it1A'?/\0--f:1 : 1,1P,f,(l'r : 0°'l •r.e..c1 ro• : 1.l·L : },1� : • V'&-�� : 0"7119° : l\f, = 'lf\ fi,r : 1.1·1, : n1.v t-. : lll\ (111llmfCJ:I.. : 'itf.itt 'J° fl.fll,\9" : V-'t--- 1--'i:lD• : l\,l\ : '¼f,',:,-■ P'lr _: 'hl·LflD• : (\oop-1�:,.. : Q1•t\'J°: 00 1"f:'f·: (\}\ IP(,(D• : -:;:.a1c1: 0°1. .-t'rCO;I.. : 1.lt: U•h-= � : i't/\ Pl�--t•�(Jr : OP' fl -..1\IA r r oinm·1 = i't {1.-f-fi(l.-O = (<t:t\ll�'i')= � = 't llw,q:, ,e":J. l\OIJ .. ��a l1P' 1 V • fO'/.f..'?�: f,OD{ll\A :: foifil.�1 4>llr = I\ q ,e., :,.. = h.,. ..ro nJ;..:,.. = r1"7,.{>_-- : 01/ 1n[!>':-f ai OIJ 7.«:f. : ,11,.. hoiz.&.:,,.e.m· = r ,nDD'J° = &.,,cJ., � = f{lt\m = OD{lm:J•:far = ',ar IJ''f'J° : h'lrl.u• : f111..· = 01J1�nc?1-- = DD'1ht!\ = u--ilr-1: = "71�m-19° = &..cJ>Y: nOIJai·,;:,.. r1-,1�r; \ flrf\1' : °illD:,.. : h1t!\"Jl �:, .. : _e.mf,.�'t\•:: i'1 'Jf: : y-'{l.rf''i: : fCJ?.IJ''J.:,.. : f'}OJ_f:: "?"IO�t-: n,7t"7 : hOJ/.t.cJ>.e..w« : f',(l: t..:J> .,f;: f.(lfl)(\• :: h'ltLtJ9° : f'}cJJf;: IP/'�O�t- : i't1�i';ro· : &..:J'f.' : ftJTJ.(l,n(l}c : },1Ptro• : (l,. t.A°l : 11:J: : ',m• :: �-c;11i : h·'l1..<'9>1' : ,-,,,, : hOl/.t.:,,f...lD· : ,,f',(l : f,l1DP?° : &.:.J, y_, : rn°llm1' : fi:ti1n:r r;1,rq:,! w,; (l.tr1 :ri\t\:J> = h·'11f?J1.__ 011 rnttm t.:J'f..' f DDilffiT: 111'1/b : '11\:fOJ• :: 171 ■ 0 fl Ptr+"lf 11nc: = OD'iC'l° = nt1.u• 7--Pi.e = l\.e., :1--A:1, ,1•(l<PJ.'l:1- = 1 : OI/U{lc?1-- : f 0?.1,-fl:f<D4 : f1°1f.... : tll/"'10[!>:l... : hftUJ• :: :}f.l\,;:: flP�..,--7.;,:.... -- e 1:m·?° . h ° 1 1};) , 1 ¥° 9" :;: = a1 7--1 = t\ODh ,. .. A = rnt\n1 t.:J...e..�.,:,. = 'l.e;J . q: 112 -' -m1• = hOIJ.�:,,.e,.m• = fnt\m = r,l1oo'J° = t.:J'Y: = fDDllm:, = �l\ 11"1 = flJftt- == Ot\a\ : n h·t\ : "71 : 9°19° : OI/Unr.-1-- : fl\,t\:f<D4 : f1'"71.... : 01/ "�0[!>:f : ,l1 'I-- ' 173 hoY.J..:Pf..� : f(lt\m: &..,,4> Y.-- = fUDfl,n:,..: &..:J.,��.,:, ..: OllJ?°: 11:1,: .,,ft\: 'tmfh1J!': 1J.1t-.,f-'i: : fP't, : ro·A: (111:,,t-:'f,): nou!':ltn·: nt_.:,.. : fflitOA : . e, m ilftoY.fl ro• : ,f-Gf.bfll/l : & :J.,.e: : tl17-- : °It!\?,· : 1'1�1\0Dlf� ODtn1 = t\°i, -,:,. h+m fcf!T: r1oi1: : Ol/"f(lC: : }i1Pt-C9°: t\Arf'W(l', : 1.. l·L : &.••�' ,.....: hODitffi T : hillt : 9°19° : +a;bo'/t : &..:J> ,_... : Jtf\oollmT = foY.fJ!.Cll = t!\�-,:,.. = ;rf,1:A:: h�,J:: fll',1J!': we: ro,e.9°: ht·LU : t\',(l : 1.tL 1 ltt■ f:: l1it1'Y:: J.illh: Y'ilT:

tt! �

ti: :

:,:

= =

- 217 -

me I ll"'i.1..Cil 1 1.rt 1 Y'ilwf: = hY'il+ =1'ilh = ilY:il+ = we =fl"'l.1-Cit : 1.ft'i =

ht�wf:: 1.."l'l° : 1\/,\,t-m(l'I : 1.rt: L:J>Y:: f,(lllJfl•:: /bir'1· =tt�:,..: h·ll1.P?>f: '?"} : fOIJ..(lmtD- "}: ft.:t'Y:: "l.tl.: An : nwt,..,..�(D•: 'lf,6iT: oowt.:,W: hw tw.: h"}}tOJ (l "} : P'AllJ"} : f,{l llJ/r :2 f,IJ : '}f,',,f: : ttwt--c : flitu1 t01• : H"}f: t ODml\:,.. : f,f-ct.LtD-"} : wt.+i1 : fflti-1 : ll"7ilOJllJ T = f°7. fil1'"/A : (\.tr"} 1 fOl/..1Pt.fl-r9° : {\ff..(}•: f,OD{ll\A :: ht,nA =;1c =ft110D'J° =t..:t'Y: =l\"7'?·,;:,-. = htt'JY: =P..n+c = 1Pt--+�(Dc = f;roPoP : l\oPlf� : f°tfl;J '?'I' : mt.+:i• : "7�l-O: filLIA"l'PIA :: Thh/\c;:: fAlf'I rt11h. 9° : mt.+-r ="7'?1+ =fl llJ'l° =4'ilA = n 00 tr� • 11,-,.. =itwt9'1,: 04! : 9°ti1f-r = fl\m·1'i : ffbl\01•1 = w,t.,t-� = l\"701� ='h'JF-"'l.fil:f'?t--f(Dc: 1A.?t'PA :: fitLIJ'l° : 1.tL : fi+l\f, : f,tJ"}"} : q_e',,f:"} : 'I'�:,.. : flTl/.&.'l,.''l°: fh 11:: lfil'C:rA: il'l°: m �n'PA :: it'JJ;1Y:: lr'l'Jf ?':f: ft,.c\:fm-: ?-h+c-:f,: n!l..TlD·:: f.,U'l° : itwta,-"}: rtftOD'J°: LIPY:: n:t- ro+: (lro- : firf·(lm : nil+.rr:r-: oPlf�"}, l\07l;J"l'I': f°tfil1•1\0J•: fl.If"}?°: tl,n.ou:• b+Ll\1. 01-: 01\f.,: 'l°Coot..: l,1Jtff..C°1'i : f"1J..(lmro•"}'J° = fL,,4>1: : 1.1·L: ll&. : h1�ff-C1m- : hl'tLPt(Dc : ntrA : ;:,_e.n7/ : rf•'l,.'iJ'i : 1,1Jtf.. ciln:,.. : l\. ff.C"lOJ• : f.,TI\A :: l f'i'l° : nn fl"}.fro• : f°tn'I' : ,),ti'l°'i : hfbl\ � l\h 1f:'i : llrJ•I\ :,.. : +1 : 11:f. : fOI/.� f, : 07i;J-- = n.r1·1ro•: 1.tL: lPt.+7/m·: fd,\1. 9'1 =ml+:,.. : l\"7°1i'T: hu- 1\:,• =4'1• 174 11 · f.ODUJtt : f Oilm : lD6ih: '1f:l°l: f\. 'icn:,, : ,_,:fl\lA ::

_e.u"}"} : hlPt9'l- : fl tril"C:J ""t\ :1. : l\f., : fw',Jf?o•)•"} : V"'LT: l\tll/l.;J1'1': O.'lA : h1f-'" : (lro· : l\t, 9°ilT : 4>'iT: fl�f,/\7/ : ft--il: 'l°:J.. :, .. : :r'I°: OfLT: (D•i)'f' = r�r : r;Jt.1f : wt,,,,�: = (oiti�n) : {lOD'J°{lA : rm h.9° = m1.4>:,, : h1J;.n1_e.:,, : flhJ;.il : hflfl : CD-il'I' : roY."'l."l1.. : v.1 t.. irf•?'f>1· : httm•:i•lm· OJ�oY.Y.};. .'l :f- lD· = Y1 il:,.. : tr il"C;J--/r•·:;. : ,,-.. A ti : 'I nC :: h 'I t Lu 'I° : tr ii7;;J--l\ 1· : h"}J;. =,flit · : hLPt91:f.. : f,hh.9'1: w1.,,,:,.. : O«f'i\/r: l\1Pt..,1•7f1·: _e.oniA 1 r OI -f J. tt :i• tril"C:J"'A = �nc n..r1.v,1>; ..s,u : tril"C:J -A = ''aiti�h·'' 1,c.t;: s '" : : f'l--f. l"IUJ• h'JJ;.n1f.,:t, : h?-ni- C!':-l.. : /tf,(f"} : hibt\v1, : htril-C1 ...A lPt-i o , 7,_ :f : � nc :: nov�: OD t,,C'm• : lfil1::J.. A : '' 02.til h·'' : n,,..(D (!�{\:,.. : f4',nf!1 : (lq.:,.. : hf,n,t-�-: ;JC: 7'"}P,,,e 1'i"� : }t"}f:: flfit•·c;J••f\• :: l).tt,.,j--7/ : h/\ht\a>· :: ° m f1-(lmm·9° : 9°n"},.r: t· : f-.tJ,f--�.. : P't-. : {l{\(ltfflT(D• : 1.lL : fl\:t! - 9 � h"},f.. 9° : i',A;J-- ov'J°)l9°: f0'l./:\: �flC:: fl'P'l!"1·: 11-lf·fl : '?1: {li',"}�: (l(f{l'.C :J"I\• : l:..C9° : I\J!, : ''Dll'1ttt.'' : 0�1,/\'1 : t,il : 9°;r:,, : 9° h1.('-'l• : 0,1 ,(ID l\l\7i : (l�,j•7f�,} : t\o'l:1- : cl>"} : fl lfil'L::J·� : o..:J- h?° : �f,·f--1,A: fOI/.A : �·Ji.ij: : {l LPt,.,f--7/ro· : ,f- t.C'I° : t\..llmw• : :-1"..n,,.i'tA :: '" : 11 f (I.:,. : 1,il;J'lPJO'l'i : i't"}f-· : lD1f. {l(J«f\ rl•7 m- : l1 il"C;r /:\ : 1,1.';.. : : U'b-1-7/ : oo1_ootf: ?-t,,,-.� .."} : 07r:,. : h")P,{\{1:,--,;: f..tJ,J--?-9° : :J·"J._IA �� ° ,f lti't9 il : : 'l''i:, .. : t..:P.e..· : J, 1J!..D?.f1'7i; : I\''wlti� h·'' : 11\f-.l\:,,.:: 1t1P t?1·'fr : = -(lflJ9°: OD'f'G: : lfil'C;J A : �(D- : •fl/\ro•: flOILDDl\hrf: ,l·: {ly,i),t-7,:m,: tfil'C: A 0 r+1'i·'iro•: fl,1&..:1:ro-1 : *1!1: : ,n;: : l\"tC.-1?-: p.tJ•f•�?f: Ot ,ll '' itith· '' : 0

.,... .

174.

1,0'l : roi11-:i• : 11lfc9':-f: : lfil1;;J•t\o°;f.. : t\000011'10 ('C' : l\'J°C{/Pt. : fOl/••f'llhfi:"4:,• I 111111 : "1'4!:,· : fl.ti'"} : •fl tf•tD•"} : ,.,.,. : Ji I 11C : 11;: • � a,- 11 •• fli'tJ;.il :

- 218 -

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n,b'? : hOl/..mf�T: h.'\ : >twt?J:f. : fa.fP /rrf,7f:f-:fro·: f" if·f• : 'f':,''1°1&1 : ° } " 9° , :: t\� llJ l 9 : h "}\>. "}: wt-,,,�'?"':f- : 1, 'i ·1 ";ft"}: ,,{1 fa.OJ•: f01/f ii (l• :,,.: 'r :,,9° 1 f{ ' • t\°i,e�:,-: h rf"mfcJ!:,. : f"}"Jf..' = "'1 �(1{�1--: hODrf: ll.t\ti: Y,{).rf: : /\IP ()f,tr} �·l·7f:f-fro•: r+,nc. : P''i: 1-"rc.q:,,.: (D6l}-: f,hC,:l\t\�:: '? 0'17':f.: (lfODrf! =�cif: f,{lllJft- :: 11f-t-9l:f.9°: nh• 'l 'Jf?J,frrlD·: fD'f.. fl�.:,,."}: lD J!,9°: f0?..0lll4l•" " }: 6.4>¥1 1·: n:,,,;"ii : 'P;., : fa.1J.•t-r1,?'f:1=:1:(D.: .e.,illJ/t• :: 1 ,} . u,r: fP't- = A_,fi{l : " t f,{lll)ft-:: l\l¼J?,',:,.. : tti•mf4?T: f"}"Jf..': "71ne;f,: IJ,(\r)• : Y'il+'lf:f. : lPt-,,.,,. 71':F!fm• = t\9'1 il hc.�:,, = w� = �c..� = CL:,,. wf,9° 71\.ll. llJ n.f = ,ti.� l:1'1: hF..ou0111 : ;JC : J!,(RIIJT'PA :: il,fto":f- : 'If : 1,9°ilT: {lOD•f· = f..."l'l° • 11s lft�oow11 : flf'LU-- : ...,._�_e, : &� .. c.PY: : J!,(tllJt\• :: 1

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« : '11C ' m " } ilf. «f' foY.f : htt.u : nl\J?, : fJf.t."lr,ro• : 9°C9°C : i\f, : 0"19° " 'i: {l{). ;J•til··th· 9° I fm(lf_.--c;:,: ro« : Y:c;e, ..r--"':f- : �'l'C : :,-")7i : (llf} 176 : : f : A� t\� , ,.l:: ntit° f' --: lffi•:, °1 e.. . .. n OD nr 9° '\ hrt&..1\1 .m•: 7l'"l.f: : t. C : 1 I (\(Tl1', >t : lPt•L: tD· :t,1\. : : 1\ il ;r i m f''PA Y..1 f,r $11"f l\.f, 11H· : A�'Jr � : :: l : f . 1 : t\f f = c rf •1· 00 � ht\, : u--i;r °! : : t,.:,. >t1Y:9° /:\. -Clf/ frt w .: f, lf'iA: f 'lA : ,.t- mn h : . A��:,.. : nl\ltf9'1:: nu,t\"�: "i't.1�-i1Tt9'1,.: ootihA: ..rttm«9° = t\�r,:,.

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l = r1'?J.>..': "'l 4'lD' mf,9° h /\,�:f:= _�nl::f·= nt1J?°= f'l(I= tr'i= ,,t-1:-,;;1:t\ h,,;., 1ltti9l,} ...: {JDtihA: 000 1/t: flt-: t\i',�1. {1;.,t,.11•:f'i": oou,nT: ti-'J°: lD' : . ,,. f.fl:flD' : y,{l:,.. : o-�:J--9 :.1.. : {l)•il'P : -V• t\ l; : n;.,t.-1r:1, = l\f,: ..ny: : f;J--� : -·(Llf�, h'tti.LJ-c9° : i't'JP,..: "111\T = ill\:, 9°uc:i• = foY..(lmw•= t.:J>Y:= hP't-.m•= ·A f. : +&..TC!': f,t-',lt : ',W- ::

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1f1'lt\1: 0i'trPt9>:.1:: tl1f..': f,&..mt-A :: O,f•Q;l.111/t : fP't--: 1&tf.: OD1n'}: },"}f.. : h"}.t;.(l:,,t;lD" : qf_,',:,-- : ft.If"} f r;,,ua9° : &,..,<J> Y: : ODffi"}: f..d/'l° : 1''}�: 'J d/Y: : 0'110� : :,..A:,,.,:, . : �m· :: 9'°19° : h "}l,i.1:··. ill\ : qOD:,..: &••4' Y: : f+f. � 17...:,-1= f..1fl1•= ODm o:,, = h1d/f: °710� =:,--A:,,.,:,.. = ;.,c= _r111 n..ir 19° x f"'l10C : DD'fC I m.e,'I° : ,f--*ct?'T° : OD'i!lil : hv.•t9'1· : 1,'llL · U1: �'} {l'f'J" : llt\ : f.,.ODtD1J= i'th4-t.A: f..-f--ro(l�.:,--1: ,l11n1--: h'JJ;.h•tt\• : ,,fJ!.. C.,"Jr'PA:: ,e,u9° {JlJl� = r,1--n ooOlD" : i'tlPt9'1'= ht"llO.:fm· : ODt\(11-- : l\f., : flODlf� i .,. ·"11 ,0r.'1·· = ooiz..1·1--q:fw·'i' 0°1 J?,11-'l.:f-m.. : f1'1Y: : °1 �0C!'1-- : i'tLP�C [IDlJ 11Jt r f,1 A�,,:, A --Otl" i't,nl ... [ID{ l .. tL. 'f = /tA C ODf.\(11'-: :: f i'tLPt5Pi:9° : ll i\lD·• h:J--� f ft11/.,.,0C 00t9':r.., : (loomr�, : h C"l,n�: ',,f:"} i\"'ilD:,, f.,11\A r. 1-t11..= :,--AA«r,:f. = f1d/Y:= 01/.,.,oc:-:r•= rm·6ll- = i't1c.= r1ai.e.- = 011oe1:1·· 9° ilt\ P'lr = U•�:J·9'1."· : from-,)--"} : f.."}{l1• : Of,0/.\T : fooh,I--A1: 11 1'1(1,: f ft..ftt\--:: 9°19° : 1'"}l,l,"}: flt\ : IP&---1--� : ODIJ.1l:J""'l! : f P't-- : l}•�:J-- : OlDiTJlD': r 6 0 1..1-0 nt,"}cf>,r= l;(r)= n .ht\hA?° 1 rro• J.b= ;,,•1c= r1°1Y:= 110£?'f= f'}{]V, ·t.:J>Y: : "'imlr4'9°1 : font;�cJ, f_· : 1f1'lt\, : (lf,OAT : f.,;J..f,'lr' I' A :: Om� 1 .,. �: f 0 i't1c r1ai1: OJJ ,nc:-1· Jt6Li.c = Ft""' •= flD"tif1' = ·trt (Ltf m· f t\,:.,,n :1= : t.:t> Y:= t\ 00 hm:,,= OJ") : l,'J°-tl ., 9° : &.. .«J>-�7/'-:f. : it ,e.f,t\· 9° :: f'¼ 0111• : t.� Y:: OOIJ.n,n•O-l· : '1.lf .: i't OA : fooh&..A : 1f- "}'lt\,"}: Of,OAT : {1"'/tif1•'i. t\ •1"C� (lq:,, Pt- J?,OA'r tl 00h&..A= .t.1Y:: 01t1c: m·ilT= ...,--4> "'1t>f!'= fl/' -,.:,..: fm·6lb: i't"IC: f1'?Y---: 01/"'rflC-1··: f+/\�: tr'lm·: ,f-1�,f--'f'A :: . i\'1°•1� : 'tt.!•.-"J : 1.11. =.. OOl/..nmro- : &.,,<J>J.'..' : Od')11•'i" : 0i'tLPlr4r - : {IIJtill� : • IP.&.. = Ar..'1:,-- =tit\== = �'r n · = u-t\ = f'1'1Y: = ,ry;.,nl!'l· t .:J'�') b_1t t!\ e-119° ,:JC : (Lnm• f 0,111--: ODlPl,).. : °11: &..j> J',-. : f.� •: : . :· .f /\JtO A : � (I) ' (lmw .

r,,..

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't : f:f-fllD' : 9°�A'lT : f":T : ·ttf:.? : O it.Tf-A·.rt&f"} : 'lUA : hCl tl' -�c ' O(]IJrf� ' f,rf'iA ,, (\,(lo* '. 1';,,qo,f ' ff.ODW1f ' T'l'C '} ' flwt-+�t ; ,t-ll"'l"'l 'i = '1'tf>'lf,'1:,.., = 1\ 1>;.. f-1� = ft.rf..c1-- 1 it 1�:fro•9°: n..�illir f, .-. •1 = 0 , :h't� : h 'l� : '11C : flP/.�f, : 'la1A "} I itf,ooflb,J:'J° :: : r'& = ti'J f.} 9 n·li ;.tmt,'J° : tt..e..;1 : ff:lflfl:fro, : wt-i. : ° O ·7":f. : 1' �:t•:flD41 : o,n:,'""(1)• : ni' ,.17i·•lrc 1il : h-'11.<1?1�-- : ".e : OD"]t\ : f,'f Q 9° C .:f'f A :: 'P">'l° : 'h1-l).: = -n11 ·m_-1 = 1.1·L «f,"} 9-'c; = hlf'I i'twt = .eA:,, : hit.'J'i): t.'} (ti" : ftt,e.,;1 : l1"f } : IP/"li:,.. : �1,1\A. : • Olf1 9° ¼ nof.(l<i: : flf � : f .. . it .'>7f •t- "tfl : ;rfl.(L9'1·: fho1 tro·1: ;,,;,er. : �l\k'l·�l.. = noo •fl" : m;'J,A flro• : /\ODtJ&. A: f,04!9° :: 01-(.l;l,"'it : fhwtt; : wt-71·�: : 1-- �_e : nc.e..-- : it.. 17i t- 1o• : · Ji ft01/f,{Jl1t\hi.--tD·: it,f..,:J : hwtro•"}: b�"&,', r)·· : .,, : 1\1f...'-'Ycff...C1w·: 1AiitA:: ■ --e,1)'}'}9° : ttfl&.1\1.. : f Alf', I 1·'?C : nwt.,f �1' �- n�c� : (11':} • .c; : Ohl.Pt', : ��-r� : ��f, : {lC�: l\f, : t\.t.'PC: r:1=/\w· : hP't-- : ;JC : «'];·7.'t:,-- : fft :r-0r 1 n7i:t·9'1" foY•r • tiv.. = 1-Jc11c = i',flDD' f C ¾ ro.e,9° ''01» t-- 9°h1.r,r'' .. : O'P"r : u-�;J-- : 1',fl.DD1/\?t"" : 'tar:: f{IDll) : 07i;tc : OT/fl:,-C : '1° 1 : '7'/i\:,,. : 1,1-J?lf� IP�..,_..;;:, = hr1 t- = ari il ro 1 � f..«' l'l° n..enA 'P = i',t1t--tit x 01.JJt--,1--7":f, -i', = = f = n.enA'P titin. UCJ..; y, = fl.ir1 1 n,"h1--'J° = ir'l = n�c� = f T?° ttil tf tr'i {11'•1••:(Dc/tt: (D•{l'J': 011,\?t": f f,\lf',: 1 - �.e: ',aJc::fwt--,,,'q'>:f;: OD•fi:,-C: (\0Dffifi�,c; : f"1/10L!'1--"}: t\ODtnn:,,: f,lP, : ,.,,.,_, : OD'J°tf : 'h1�.'iC: (l�ft..9°: nllt.'\1..: ',a,. :: ti(i:A : ....e -:

OD**"°:

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f,l} : n�A : O�/\T : 10,{t : h�/\ 1· : f,htt"A :: foolout. rroc : n�f,\ I Ow�,t'lj»"fc; : hwt?11- : O'?A. : h'"'?.ftl;J�:,.. : fbt) : hrJ·i : fll\ 0'l."li--:,• : fhcnc = Ol/flro1� = OD111-1- : (t1�?1:f) , fl/\1·1.u- = fi\(Jr Jtri,1,_rf:,-.c; = mY.. t. .:,C: t\.. ff..C1--: il.fl "t;ril--T : /\ W•(n-:f--: fl.flDlt:;l)•i\'l'.;:w• : n�f,\: ,.e...«']'JP: h1JJt$111· : fl/\ : wt.,f··�1�- : fl\:fm-1 : i',{\,f·lt(t•OC.- : LP t-rf'7r··r : {l{\Ol/"10t!' ;J!fe&'i : lll\i\1Pt9':J!:fm • : f":f�1 : i', il'1"".rf:,- = f,ODl\.h:J-- A t\H.U9°: h�A : f"tfilt.A1- :i-- : ODl.�?11· : f,f--(t(l(t{l•:,-- : '1/\&.llr : tJ�/,\J lt'¼.e,�:,.. h+mfcJ?:i• = f1"1� = IP/ �0�-:f-- = J'tLPt?11· ¾ f"'l...,nc ODt?J:f·'i 1 n h- f l1,91:,; 1& it 'P = h °1. w�:,.. = wt--,,..7t:1-:. i 11lb f\o1· = fit u- 1c; = f4' Y..''111 1 • .111/t ' f111J1nc oot?Jl- = ;1c 11,,--.e.1.1.. :,.. 1�,r1:,; : ovA(l:f, = .,a,c == nirttJJ 01 ..�nc 1 (1t . tJ.1.Jt."'/.) 1 = .. .,:, 1t,� f · 0 '1·"lf1 -k = , hit..:i :, +1� = = • r .r = t-onl�,i:,: h�:,·V-kf = i\wt9'1-- : 0•11oc.c; : hou 1 °1F:,... : 'lflP'A "lif'f = 'l lD' :: nm�'ft l\m• hY9°'1 1 Ol\.,e : f°tlf � : Ty� ,:c; : ovA(11-- : ,f--f.C1'PA :: : : } ° . if... }t"}� t:9 · J fl : ' ft 9 · ?t l &.W : ° 9 ° h1 l;l,"} : i',1-�"}f :i: : i',{t,f--ffirf,.1' : f t 1 ' r+mr<J?:,.: (l9>:f.. : it{lirf•,,-"f,f,.�: 0• u>••._7-ao:- 1• t'I. •r:,: ro ·"}: ,,1:r-: ti,e.lf"}: 0?."1 &.0J" : f\_e, : f , 7I l{JIJlf"} "" • ( : .. • . '. '\�ar"} 1,9°',,)· = 61,b'J°C : /\ 7.,11 &.� : fl OD'? fl?. = t.:J e... . • > it hf :, t11+.Pr:,. 1 f(lm.:,.., = fl?1--:f = il.9° : "il·OD"Jil?t' = (t.'lA = {/Dl�9':t: ·1· 1� : 0001/\tiliJ, : i',f\ou{tm,f: : m.. 4'0?..: 1111·c: : ,J'1'J°,,f•hA ::

= = =

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}t"}f: : wt--+� : Ohwt� : f\f,, : :,,fu:J' : O --f-fl0'1lD · :·1.IL : fr/rt Ji�:,. r. ° = , '11?-"} = 00+l& I hlPtm. 1 t '11�-:f 1 : f"'lf.•ldJ : 9'1C� : h/\lD• :: 1' '1 Cfl·9 "'l'l,:11c i hwtro-1 = or,.:c,: = 11:,-- = ODt,(!ll 1 mf,'J° = :,,1o;1..(Dc1 = ll:t.1t'lt 1 )we=i1:,:,-c; = f°710t--'e= )we=1--Pif,=01J..t{l--1;c: = 01:,,l-O= 'i'!f!w·==-ot1•(Dc"} = i.tt= llP" t,(D•: ltf,: flt : LP&..i--�:: hP'/r<lD': 'h"}P,J!,OJflJ = OODr,.:t.:,--: 1,lPtl D•"}: O'i: CX' : 177 lLT : 1t.el1flil9° : lDJ!,9° : :,,1o:1-- �1 : /\OIJ..til--1;?, : li.P<l'C-fl9° :: hlPtUJ.9°: 0«1>1ttt- : ,i,4>f °t c; : �,n- = htr'l , /\nLPtro· = 'h1\;\ 1 '1.fLirl::rw. 1 , /\"'I-Pl-0 : f.,/..t..A :: hP't..� : flD flJ : LPt---t-ti: : °11 : h'1.V-'/,(D• : ,:JC : film -: ai11·•.,:,.• = h.P't- m· = ODDro•flJ� = 9°n1..r--r = 'P,:1 = fl\� = ilt\Alf'l i i't1X' = h'I',:JO. : lD"flb:'f•"} : /\"'l°li·:,.. : h/..t\1 : 1--P,�"} : lD1. : C,.:Cf..' : 0.T : OJf_, 9° : m1. OJJ.tilirf:?o = UDlD"(tf: .e'fcn:J,.A i'tlJ'1 = f'J°"}{JIJ/\h+w• = Ou•fl--h = lD1'r"f : il/\°2.11,:J��:,-- : rhchc : {JD(D(l� : tl,.e.»9'"f : t)f,,lf"} 1 O<;:Cf.." : {L-r'i": n,-,.1,'l'e )-e }\J>:-1:,--c; = r"'l10t..'£ = �e = 1--Pif, = "2..til"tc = il1t1t--:1-- rnch c: t, aJ /t (l"}: 0--),;J--?J",,f : ',(D • :: 1--P,�"}: nUDiUDtf : lD ,.<'.. : �c,..-- : o,:,.. : {\(1DaJ•1)f: : f"2.. /..A°I : lP/"rfw�: : 1--P,f.."} : >,,�DD/\h --1·· = .eu : rari,e:,:1tm· = DDfI'�-1 = m,<;••<'m·)· = J!,lPiA flt-�.il: i'lO'l : hw·t..>f : t;.:Cf..' : n,:,-- : fV-•t,..i,7f"f, : hO, •t::J,. : f'P/.<1'0/\tD• : 1--?.r. : {}OD "'f..UD�f = 1t,)11·1'1'e = �-e 1,..e..--,:,..c; fOl/"�Ot..'1! = �e , ..P.1, = "7..�il--l:c = r«J>lO=hlf� ..f1:J!= �w- = flOT/ft,l· = V-'t..i..�;,•:;:. = :1,1o;1...:1=m·, 1Ai'PA .eu 9° = :1,1o;:J--178 rtt�.il = hflfl : hmt..�· : t;.:C�" : fl.-r : '1/\P'AflJ"} : fllf'I : (Im-- : --1--t.,..?�?(l)...l,\ :: fl(l;r:f�: . tj::Cf." s n,..y..",,f- 1 flPJ.fil�/\--,l-: n1 �1f.--: P.7?1''1°: .,,uotita f,: J',i}irf',rr:,--: itl\1! m:• J J!,U9° : 1,ll..f-- ti(l,fl : fitV-•t'i : w&.. .-1--c;: : "J..P.f, : i',.'P:P: : Cl"2..tll,t� : m·il'I' : roi ii: rnchc : OI/0.0J'l'Jf: OD11 .. �: (llfo) : illt�:�:OD : h1 f..': wt..orf--�:: fl"l--�V.: ootj:::,--d1,m•1 = (loo��ODt.f: 0Dt,l\0J: f01/..1'1(Dc: fl"2.lil1:�: m•il'f': 'iW-: fll111.A 1 h'l°'I:,- : lt,,e : f,·f-- UDlJ.11.--t-: J!,OD{lflf,\ :: 'l'i m·',,l-: lllf'l I Ol,wt.'i : v.•t,..rrf--f: 1,P,f,: ro•il'f''l° = tr'i fl/bit ,l1°l ,,eu,"} f°2.f DDttti:i-- = :1,11i fi:161l' = >,'}l).1 = ti.� 'fc t f,U = �J!,'irf:: = 'h9°'1:1. OD/..,n?o f0£J.fil•1c'l° : ',w• il 1 f: LPt-·t--� s nro•A : rarz.11-rw- 1 : OVrflrf:.}. : hOT/llh(lC : fOT/.f'?�m- : ',·1c : 011'11�:(0•9° : ,'h°l : m•il'f' : 1,f,"1�9° :: 'h.1.';.fW•'J°: h'P1}. : faJfl}{D•: Oi',v. ti;·: 1Pt,..,f--"; : (ll)t} ht\: O P't..(D... .• : },f:1:,-- ;'. 'h1:Pil:J>fb'i : i',/\UDOJ{}(l:,--, : OOT/illD1f... : l'lf.' : /l"t t.mlW· : ,},°IC : ,,..,nl\ 'l· W • : }\"}j{ ! lP&,1•�(D• : fl·,1• 1?, : {JD�:,.,,.. ·l (llflJ if:,.. = f1tlD", "° c6liJ, = 1tOD w (t, = i',1,1.1t9 ° i o OT/1tT = fn�::irf• � w· t;:I t1·r ,,e,U"}). : itIt,fl : it�f:�:J"'A :: r19

= =

�

hftrf::J-- m--1: /l,)1ll fl'f!2 ��= },f:1,},c;: f"'/"�0&..'e= )-e: 1•�f,: ""l..til·tC= roiz�f «1>c•n1 LP&. .+�= 0°1..%ili:�- 2 it,.. r: n�A = or.ra;w-- ni'tv.•t'i·= ,P�""� = 'P'i= {/OP'

I [

...

177. 178. 179.

hD'/ll::f'lDq : <k'f' C : j§ .;JC : f°'1..11a>-"} : K",h-«i: , ,.eoutthj;A llH..U9": hw&--c: fOl/.,(lmm- 'Pt;a,.: 9"h"}J':,- ! U•ft.,f:9" lD1'il·: {tl\01/'I!: CDf..lf', '{19"?°�:,-, flch11 'l'I! 1 }{!" 1 l>Y.-1:,-,; 1 fD'/"'lfl&--'f! 1 1-�.e : °7.tilrf:C I a,.,{l'f' 1 (loo..('�it I t\hit I f"'l..flD{fl< 1

:,."} I

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J'{)�&-,.ft-

f°l,t\

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01/'1° I ,.e"}(lC(l� r h'17i I .ec,-. I '100 I ,f-h'17i I (fhtj:,f•;;=a,., I �c.e- I ;,•., • ODK"m.T • ii'A r b • 1K" 1 uio -SJ

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{Lr°f• I !iif!li) I . fh.:t".

: t�: lPt--+� I ,,,,�,, : h�A: 14'C'lA:: t--fl·1= 11 : ' I h ' OJ1. tD·il lP I · · (1,r ? I � "' :n • O hv. t'i · v,t,.,t-c; = 1--�f., = nc�-- ,; = nJ-tv, t,; : v.,�1-� • 1 01·**{/IJ(D • "fll .. ,e=)lij:A={/DtihA= ili\l\ro• 2 A�.,,-,. : OittPt9''f,; = n.ent!\' 1'9° : flv,t.....t-irl· : � 11 t\ :: 11 01/�llc»:,: : fOl/.«f>Cll· : heh _ tTPtillA : r-fitf' : Jt/\(JD"Jfl'l:,.. : 1/\ : f.,ooili\ « : f : �1": O·lt- I n{/IJ1.{1Dtf 1.l·L Ol/_(loo ;f�: Oi' 1v.•t«;: lP�T�: t ,..�f_,: h�A:�a,«:: r 1 ,fl;r : ',m· :: i',1�· : }i_ll, ...l:;J-: 01/il; 1 ,P'/;\l1J1 � t\ lj l.:,, 1 : t1,J>ln : n t\ : 9° • tJ f ? P,\!i I ffllJ.(]Dt\h•·f•lD"'} : /\,i\lD•'} I OJ11: il/\1--�� : {1 111/i);J--ro:p: ni',1�· J nrt 9 ll}(l�: 4'1: htic;:I\... : �·lil : 1 \1,c;.,1,cr-n : f,mf,<l>'PA :: P't!\"1'1·?11 : 01/i):J--l�' : -01: 1,1.e..(]DtJ'}: OD,11"} = 00'1'tfm• = f0'/i1•1f..f: = :}f.,A: f/\a>•9°:• J-,1f:: ftLU: ll�A 1 ,,.,�...,..� 1 7,1-f .1/\iro· : 111rw·1 2 1.. 1-1. : u-•/\,..1:"} : ro1'fl-- : /1.01/il:J--l� : 180 I il00 Ttfro· = 00 Art = 'IA ...,"flm = 1.t1. = Olbi\ 1 [IP'ft fOJ• = 11:J! = nt r,ro• 4' 1 1 1'1,'t4'C11 : /\,f\ : 00 Ttf 2 f,i\tiA :: IJ•il"·f:9°: OJ"l'ii· : 11 ...,...,,,,. : li.il:J--� 0'J{ll�9'":f1 = h i·4'0 /l = n"'" 2 il.01/rt<PJtTCJ:i-- = f,'l°ht-A m • 9° "}9'1 : °i.er,:,... t · i)9"9°� "r : l\f.,: tiA+_e..l(l 2 /l"l·�� : h'J.<! IPJ."l'l : hf:C"lo 1 ,"h.·1--1: non+c1or • 18 1 .._ l' 9 � : f01/ : ..lf'i•"1"1 Uti{l:l : f'l CflA :: ltfl °'l° T

v«/\1: : ro·1c:1.·· : {19°9"',:,.. : lltTC/_e.e..cfl-n:,-- : 1..f·L : f}',wtc; : IP�...,..;;: : 1-Pif, = tit;:A = Ft• = f,t..?i 0 '1A == .eu = noilf1n:,- = 1c1L = i'tn,,1:;J-- m·1 y,J> lfiCD•: fi't1.e-: 01/111C: i't 'lt!\ : .fAlf'I : wt--,,.1-- '1 : hlf'l : 1--P,�1: m�: <i�C�: 0.-r : 0DlD"(l.e- : .ec:cn;J-- A :: ill\ : 1--P,f-. : f0'l."lA?.· : .e,•n�o,9 ° : hh<t:t\� : '11/"1 7T: f,;Ft\A:: llli.1 �: 01/"1 nc : f<ll' l«O : 1--.v,_e: htr'l : "11: /\t,wt-c;: IP�,,,--;;: :: 1-�f, : flC.(1; : {111:l>l...fi : i'tilO:,• :: (lC. ';.9° : l\01Jil01J0'1:,.. : f1"�l"llD" : (JD•h� : nt : DD{l/\� : tiA;J--f ro• : ,..��1 = 1,1F..1c; : ro.e.. : i'twt«; : ,,.,t.,,..;;: = 1-P ,f,: tJtj:A :: f\.DDA(lro·: _e,-:,··i\A :: 1''}.';.nt<f>{JD•n:,.. : rf"r-(lt\ f-i·*�l:ODi\i!OJ•:: i',wt9':.l".«;: ,,.,t--...,-7t:f: ntt rJJt,c; : lP�"l"'i� : ,-...v,_e : tict:A : 0'-"l.ti¾.e..ro· :: foo{l0'/01/;I": F'l : P'C°i:l" =it!!,= 8 ? 1: '¼f,'1:,-0 = J't{l,t-ff:,.. : h.i\:i!w.. ?

f ,

fh�� : f{1D.q 7:,--,; : 0J"'1�ro«"} i f0'1{l&.?t9": P' A"11: 01/"1:,• : 'rf<I:: 'l<f'l ,fi'}f\fm•: i',v.•t?J:f,;: o,t,.,t-7,0::;.. : tl'J�--: ,f".�"O>·'l°·}: i',{l',{l�A :; ;,,7·1 = i'tfOJ• -:,,va I OJ•/ti;lD•19°: 0'1'•0� : i',fil&.?t 9°9° : f"tA.: m4�ti9° : +fl11·f �O;J"A :: r = f'-"l.t\m• = i'tt\O : P' ·:,A"11 tJ<,::t\' : {]DP, ,1--9'1 r ,, f : f�fl«;� m<J>ti : 9°h1 1 . fi·l\l\+ 1'.9°'1:,-.c; : i',1Pt?'1'9"° : tr) · : v,t---t·ir:f.. = 1-- ,q ..r:fro·1 = fl.ft\� = «f>T+c;: : OtJ'',t; : <l?CT : 'lt\ : {IIJ1"l.. r: : l\OD&.7i9" : ft\:flD• : �t\�,:,.. : . f'-"l.. 11a,« 1 �t0 l\f,tr1 : i',f,4l'C9° :: 9°19° : 1,1�1 : flODmc;:,- = i\f, m l: OtlU : hCtiC : ooro(li1 : 00"}•1�--: i\.e: i't'JP.1�: /llD'"(O":f·1 : fOTJ...f. e.. C"I: fi. tY19° ., f.,U : h'i'=A : ,,f/lw« : ft1'/il; rl� : FAt111 : 9°'.A 'l:,.. : 1,1P.t\ :

)

- 223 -

f,4,f, : J!,ll''ilA :: i','JJ?: : fhlPt'i : 1Pt,..,f•'1. : 'P'i : OJJP'tf : n,:,.. : htj:+;;: r : 'lt\P'IAllJ'J = t\1.,11l.ro.. = 1,1�1"1.,o• = f"ttil,t-�- = 'P'i = 1,9°�:, .. = hncnc floaloatf : ll"'lil:r l�: 'i>'r�9° : i',il"lP.�":. : 'lAlf., : 00 111: : t\on1'l1A :· oatp>hC : 'J(IJ« ::

=a&.:,.=

182

lln�t\• : fou{J;l.t,.'lf : lD•'ii : h t\OD(lm :,,: it"}· fP't-· lD· : DP1n+T'i : . P,"}�- : hlPt9'-:f: t\il-O(ll} : i,1 ..<;.1"'f. : fOIJ.S!.l'?ll:1:a,. 1 : 'rt : Tl\ : i1 .';.ft-7":· hf:C:}T'J> A :: fl�Cf: : 11,:,.. : >'-tilh.h(l(l• : Y:lil: 00mCl�19° : f,oncn1tt-:: hil+'i(l'lTW-9° : itil;J.. /rcf!(l}« : t\.,(l, : CloY.il"'l"'I = 00 11 1: : Qro{l'Jf\:f m•9 ° 1fl�Cf: = '1:i• DPh(l'iTro· = lit\"" f,«t>c 1· h .,c(t-9° = rn�t\•1 = OD'f'tf = 'flt ; fl"'lt\:,-: -,.. P,.,r:fro-1 : (}•{\:,-: 1.r·L: r"'l:,1 lll''J : ll}ll) : lLfil4>�T : f,ffttt-:: --'?C'J : t\"'lilro1Y: : : : f,f--ron1'1 : 'lf,lf "}9°,. Ttitl/\� : h.'J� f'?f: 1 ro-ti1ro.. : llf, ,t-tJJ,"'Jt = :Y.0Jc1 : +m"'lt : fP'lr = DP1oi·T = (l1Pt, .. +�1· ho-z.r .. o oll):f(Dc : t\Cir(fl"f: f,t..Tt--A :: flODl«f'� : I\J!, : f"t11(1}« : it'Jf..�ro•: il"'lil;r l:,1 : fl°7..f...l1W-: il•(l(lq: 'lf,: U•t\i:9°: ro1'i1' : fl'?1o�: 1' 'J .';,1-r,.: "7 �·l'? : ',ro•:: f,U9° : hP'Ir = f,f•ro1�: iPt--+?fl- : ou•ht--Tar"}: f!l:CllJ/l• : fl"2.A : }\'/°',:, .. : ro.e... : il•fl(ll]lIJ• : t\OD9°ll}•r : f"'lf,&.A1ro•"} 1 hLPt : (l{l,fl(ll}(D• : h"}�.11 : lL..ff..C'? : f.1"1\/A ::

"'°' :

fl�Cf: : f1T : 1\ 'JP,J!,hil : fl oohAhl\- 1 it'J J?: : hP't,..ro• : f,f·m1.r... : rJJ&. +� : 'J°'J'J° : '¼f,�:,-: ro·'ii : f"'l'?i':, .. : +ilti, : 'if,'i t..m• : ll"'lil:J'l� : {}OIJ.. f...t.1ro -: ou•ht-- : 11:J! : ,fl1f• : "I.It : fm4-A :: P't-. = lllbllm• : LPt,..i•� : {l}t1P f°1..flll>/6J.b'i = 9°19° = l,1� 'J t'i = L,.,1,-.,1,� = n<i:A = roi.rm4-ro- = · t.tL fnrtfOt\1': fl..lf'J: :,..A:,,: 1'Pr:,..: 'lf,lf'JflT: f,1--1\A:: l\'tS!.: iJf:IA: lf'i : ll,t\: P't-- : l\"l"f : IJJ/r,t-� : '?1 : f,U : f P't,.. : 001°1-:,-- : OD,fl•f:'J : ll'"lilh{]C : f futf'?f..ro• : J!,l 'iA :: 1- P,� : flitLPt'i : LPt,..irf,� : (lCJ?: : flOl/.:J"f,flT : 'LU = }ttPl,(l}• : P' 1,-.(D-: J, 'JP,;J +:i• : {l..ff..C°l : m«l}1 : hflh_(ltp : f..'l.fl : LPl,-.T �(D•: 183 00 f.. mH·'J 1'.'J.�.f1� nc>;.. : roilS:A lf'i9° : f,U : ro·'i1 : ClhLPt'i wt,.. ,,f-- � : 1'Pif, : h�A : t&{llf' : fOIJ...f..C(lro•'} : 1'°1C : f"'l..f:J>A A : mf,'J° : flit{l,f•P,.e.? -: n�A : t\CTtf,C(lm•: fP't,..: 007°,,-.:,..: oot}if : /Llf'} : hf,1·A'J° :: fi',{l;J-- t.cJ!?'T-: ,)11'1 : i',flooa1c: ·l·6UOI/t : 1•01c: ODfi:ffi'r: hf,'1.(--'J°:: it 'J ,._... it LPt = 1\ 'J f..1 t\1. m •'J° = ii il;J--t--cf!?J :,: = uo a1 t.. if : ,.r '7;, 1?- :,--1 m11 ' f,f..'?4-� : 1l!lA :: ° 9 9°1 : h1�'}: fU•/\i:19'1: m-,c;:f.: it'i-0: fl'r'l11'i : ou{l"'11.: : /ltfl/ll :J"l.:,, : fOIJ...l.Pr : fl.lf'J?° t· i',il:J"t,..cf!m· : ffi't"}P,'}.<; ..'} : ro1'J : Jtti,fl : '' h'J°'r: . : frf··«f>(lll'' : OD(f',.'J : lbi\�m-: W" l'J: fl.{)OC/: >'-t9°}•)--'J: ll.fllJ'i : I";,:, � /L'l 'lro-: f,1·i\/A:: 9°�·/;\q:,..: itil;J-- t,..cf!?J:,5: f,J--:J!l\:1: ro ,1: fUA: ,,eJ>..noo-: f,lf'iA =� = lf'i'I° = i', lP t 9' 1, 'I° = flLP t--- .,.. ..v»:1·• it il .,,... r :,.. = it il;1--1" t 9' :f. =

rr}

- 224 -

(

,n,,,..,

.=.

u lJJ'tf?:,•9° m e. A m 79 : J °h1 ..r:, - t\.h...l'i\:•1· = i'l. e&.A 1,?11 e 'l : . cf> ? e t,,, ?11 : , u ,·I'ff T : '1/\P'AIIJ'i-l-- : hm : ft" 1t ro1 lf r : (t f: 9 ° • LYtii:,, : �--rnu:,-- �: r A fo -- {/lJ = mflY, = ·fODa,{J;l, = 'Im· ==. :19 ° = J\11).1 = .eu = hil..-1--,,rf:,- : :,..t,n"A = ;1 1,. lf1 : fL1"A9° �- �lP/,c; : lPt,.. ..-J--<;· : 1--,v, ,e. : h�A : CP :J , -- = /\.o 'lJ:fm• : ftf, . oiJ.'lPtJllD· : ro1'f,l· : H1 .r...' : hi\ODaJf.J?:1 : h-)·· Cj;A :: o ° o• P t,.. ..- 1�:lf:1�?1 J' 'i :f l = l = · 9 t 1",U•1 : !:�wt,.{l,)•, : fJ',1J.•t•C : II� : 1t "h1�07�CD,c;..�c; = o�tt'iUCJ. = t.1 .r...--9° = Ot1-•t-- ,,.t-7i",l-- = i\.e ,,...�:,-., = f«£L rODm = n aolf't-"}: fL.C' ?°�·0·1·9° 1 r -z.'l..il�� : pc; = 1\9°•,:,. 001° = &.:J>f!...�'I:,.. nc t1c1 : OfJ{lOJ'l,,�' : ill\lf'l _eu1 : r1"1V-'t--C : Hfo : {lar,cl,,nA : U·fl..-J:9° : m1'f".-f. : 'P:l, ooc'} : h 1-�.l-�..:,.. : 02.J?...t.01 : UD{J')-"} : /\ 1�.. : f°!'l..fl--1:� : h'i:..-,--ij: : flft ,.. ° : � -�., �',:,-. 'A J A,. :: : .A 1 'P/. 'l.. : il. ll 01 l � 1 fl : ncne1:1: : 1\ 1,'tro1,�.: _e1 : P - J!... 4-4- : �lf'.. A :: lfC:-9° : Oltwt�· : wt--,,.l·'i: : 1--.Pi_e : tJtj: A : f1·1.u : q_e',..-J:1 : f1t11-'t•C : H� : '1'�'9° : °1 il., ,.l..{Jl/-r : 011 : 1tA,,.l··til-i9° :=

r..

ht\,e : 'h.1Y, rf·1l\7'W· : 1"11�': f wt- .,,.1·'1: °110 C : Ohwt'i': wt----l--'i:: -,...v,_e: n�A 0''11..0niro· = ro·ti� : lt'I';JO. = ro.. m:,-. = '1f1� = (Lcl'C = mf!... : hlJ.'t'i : wt-,f·�1.. : -,,., v,,,e, : flC..(7 = i'tO,rf:;J--lD·1 = OD(D•Of.." : .e'icO;rl,\ :: hODl,\l-}:f. : Jt'JY: : lJ.'t-.,,.t-i1 = hlf'l = °11 = 01-1.1= f..t.� = ,,rttro· = /J..(7A = ..., ..Pif.1 : �cf..' = (1,r : IT'/:,,l,,O = 11:J! : ',·� :: il.t\ : J-,wt'i : w/,..,..6·'1 : 1-.�_e : fUJ"lOJ•: i','P�: lt'}cf,f;: Il(U) : ti : l\flCP,- : <<f P' lr-: hChc.'1-- 1 : l\°1f;l .. : ,,.,..ht--ilt?J"f·1 : ft"'lil;rl:P : flOD1i\1A : O.f il.t.A°19° : fOD�l7i : m•ti), : l\ODilm-1...>> : P'A llJ'}: f,(lmtf't\ :: fH..U· : Jtq>:� : i',14'?; : §(,,.t-): Jl.'i: (,,.�): <<f P't--: hCtiC>> : . : hWll;JO. : '11C : U.. t\. : OJ-1ivt'i : wt--,1--;;: : OD\-}hl,\: flftm•: h'JJ.1."'1;.;:a,9° m�•t\t\ "11r-'1:1.. = i\.e = f(Jil. '1'1 = ncnc = 1\1f..lf'l .e'i1t--n· r+1'4•-1' = ,l1"l ,;J,r : hi\,e: fr(l�llt.lD·1 : 0Df-9°f.."7.f : Yti•fi : Ocf>'l';J,i: (0°1/,\� ·): fOl/,,e (lf,.: {IDl}'t;:far : Jif,mt.mC9° ::

n�1-Lu9'· = 1-1 fl:f. an1Pt.:i-- = flcJ;.. = i',1f..,. = ,,.,t.. ...,.;;: ilt\P't«(D« u->,;r = -- �: = 'h'P l:,. = o· hlJ.'t.•1 r tt/\ , P'A"l /:1, ::J-1 ..n l\ODil.Ol i' = 1 = r01J..r,11c nro· t > 1 ..: rrf'�l} f},wt'i : wt-.,f--� : 1.. ,�f, : 'P'i: OOP't,,r: (1,)--c;': f}',lPtt;' : lPt,. f,' : -rf;:J : � ,,:1.. : i'1fl, : -:,..; rorz.4,cn : .. : , .. lPt, "J,J;,e nc�.. : 71\..0, : fl°lA : (OJ-1 1..r...·) : --'1 : ..1-.V,_e : flC.(.7 = 1 w1� : fhwt'i : ft.oocf,�(t ou•nt-. : °1.f:t.°1 : O.lf19° : h�ttu1 rODtiot\"':,.. 1 = 1--.v,r-:1.__ = r 01r:,- = FA"11 = 1'1?.nm· n. f'l°1 ; ;,,1.v, 1 �-- = 1.1'1,9° = f+ODl\h;r:fm· = ·1--.V.f·-:f- = i',t\-- := flt1�: P' t-. = �c,::i-- = v,t--r ·1'7rl i',t\n,f! = rn1t1·= hP't-. = ,1· m°lF-'iA = -Ot\w· = nil. = flc#'t.n· = 1.tt = tttt nt �h1.r:,-. = hP'I� : r..-J,ro•1,;.. = lPt-,1--?t:1.. = tilt = t\.f1,-. = ltl\Ol/.·111 i ,eu 'l° = · t r t, . : � U•),:J--?J:l ..,,: il./\lf',t;: OtLU9° : i\f, : f"'I. '1ft : hCtiC : ''fP't-- : n(: '' w he'': flt\lf',: fltwt'i: lPt-.,1--� : 1 •.V,f, : flC�: ,,P,U 1 : 1--?,f, : l\UJ/f:,.. : P't\"11= i'1 1 � = Jtv,t = ltft.m• fl. A : fm�'/\f.. : ,1..fP : 'l1P'1· : ij:C�= (LT = &.Cl,....A lJ } ' : T: hP't-. tJTJi}(D{ : 'q>if1' O't,....-J-a ' : /\• {ll-J h f; } T&.. : lJJt,..rl'� : Wf,9° : : f : fwt.+�:y,.1 : OI/UOC : 09'119° t 001 1..(.7 : f°t 'lit : Jif, lf19° : OU'/ ft:,.. : ,,f'11lO 184 ' } Ur hchc = lj:C�.. = £Li: = 1tArf•'l'Ol\m•9°

- 225 -

hht.. :,.. : qOD:'f-- : O�l\ : Oh1f:: itrPt'i' : o:t •i"i1 : oi:tihA : 01•f-l1: rFt..= ro·tA = l\.e =n+'l"i = ticnc r h1f:= r Pt..+i1 = flPt,....,,�.. = 0'1",nc= l't'lA: {}Alf', : 1.1·L: fitrPt';': IP/rrf-- '1 : 1..,v,_e : (lCJ!• : 1--P.f.1 : f0000Ah-l-- : P'l . 1 \ .. = f</>f:qo= ITJ"t : f/\lD49°: (LA: r,n:,,l\.e = "t --v• = 'l"IP':,.. = t;-:c1:= o, -,. 1: (l}ci}).1& 185 :'f--17i: t\lD'P: hf:C==lA== h'IILIJ = U•t\T: f�Cf:: 1--P.r·:f: Oh1�',,)•: {t;J--� : . ! -htr l\T : '11C : h1•�-1 : °11\T: ht\f1i lD4:: h1f..�:a, : :i c1•9°= fOl/"10c-'f1 : r o r f..U1'1T: fOl/.'lti: ro_e1r: t\.'lti: L:fA: fP'lr: hChC: noiz..r.r10:,-.: 1.H. 1 fhv.•t'i: wt..1·�: 1--Pi.e: £1Cf:= 1--Pif..1= fouaoAh:,.. = P'�llJ1 = itl\m•: f°tA : .,(l}c == hl\fll\1·1.1 (ro.e r) r1-,v,r. = 6Lbrrfl'P = t\°11fle':1, 1'U1'1:'f-- = fUl/..fft;J -- � : , m " c hl\ A Oi'-11 e,: f : '.': tv•tr..., fltfl/'�O .. 1 : f°2.c/ 'C0 ·: t.n. : 1. 1· flAfli : '11C t . '" ,f::J'9'1'1 : f},wt'i : iPt..+'1 : £1Cf.· = fovouAh:i·• : P'IA"11: ()f,',lw-9° � lP/r ..t-'1lD4: 001/"lflC: 001/.0JhAflT: "L f·L: V•fr: 1--Pif.1: fODODAh'1--: P 'A"J1 : i'-tl\m· : UIJf\,f: : _elJ''iA :: fm:,,l\_e : 11-- IJ.' : '11P':,.. : �CJ!' : o.:,..: f,U'}: lD4/t�lD41: fOIJ. OD l\tt+lD4: (lC� : flOl/"lflC : 001/ .e mht\-- : hi'-t1-V,'} X' : wt.+ roY.hl\n A = 1t1:c1 = .. 7fl- = rori. <f'cn-:,--1 = ·1-- Pir·l· fl(i:1.. r = h1Pi.e 001\h-,.. UDIJ '�-'}'i: lll\l'l.U : i',rf-- l..?,1°9°: ()�Cf:: (l, ..,: : i'-t'l/\vl•'i: fl,n11'l'P.: ).{!': 01.-- 1:,-- c; : f"'l"lflt..'C : � -(� : 1--,v,_e : "t�ll'f:C : outihA : m-_e_e:,.. : (lonf-l"l : ltf, : (IDIJ'�-1 : l\tl..U : ?.,hk : hOIJ.t{l,f:?- : +1Ait\;J-- A:: 9°'}9°: h.'}i).'} : rrfl lf•lD41: 1.1·1. : 1-Pir -1-- : flODl ODt,f: fl}11Ptt;: wt-+�: --l : : 'P il llr : :11 flOl/.f..l 1lD· : oo-- Ir : fl.;J, f.9° i i', '} P, '} X" : "l tt : (l;J 01/ fi: A t\ h . .. . fhlPt,t; : wt, ,- ;;: : ..,..,v,_e : nc..e- : 'l·P.f..1: flOD1.0Dtf : 1,t-,,- : OJ{lf. : f"'lil ;J--l :t, "} : P't,. : f., IPIr/,\ ::

(

f}t1Ptt; : lP&-+'«1 : 1-P,J!, : ncY.· : P'AITJ1: (It.. : �m- :: rOIJ.iil"l:�1' : 'P'i' : h9°�T : n(JIJh rf--A : "1'i:f!m•'}9°: q_e.,:,-. : ro-ti� : hODilmrrf: : n&.,r : tr t\"l: 9°: ro1cr:f, : 001° : L:P f: : 1''JJ;.:rl.<h : I\ 01/ ..e-t..'? : f,'l°ht -A:: J?,U9° 2 q_e,-,,t: : fOI/il;t-l:,, : 00·h&- : rui�t.1ro• : fl(lCf.· : fu"r : -0;: : /tf,lf' } : U•ll 181 1:9° ro1cr:f = Af..,;t-:fro-1 1,'}J;.film'?� 're/!:,-. = 1.1t : f,(lllJ:,:'PA == ·h&- : flCll/..�l'?fl-r : "Llt9°: ,.,., : m.e9°: hlLf: n:\I\ (lCJ;.: t\"'lil;J--t.:t, : T"l{t : ilt\Alf., : rr &- : ht.�K?° : f°!4'Cflm•"} : OTJ'i:fm•'} 9° : }t(L,f!;r : . 001/.ff,fl:,.. : "l�tL : <<°h1�H.U : fl\lD41: hL�K9°: /\ODftAhA'. : ,e,u•}� : ·t-"l 186

185 . .e"l'l� = q_e. = 1'. O.ilc; : h·'l'}fw« 1 ODt\i\:

= '1:-T�,f-il: (fm.'t. 'I. ct:C.l�;: o.:i·: Iitf!lU

t't;:r --1· ,h1lth.C : .e"l'l� = 4?'1'C: iiif..E�i/:iU): (ft\;r,f•oo ): f w�,f•Tl· : 07/UOC : J-tllt\ 1 'IA',{l�, : 0°2,illl: b'T'�.f·ll 1 1t..e: fh1P6C, : IP�,,..;:;: : "t-P,.e, : {lC�·: P't\"1)•'} : fODlP/.,f•tD- : ftl,,rt''P' P'� : �hlP6',:,•: lll\t\lf'I : 0},iP6'i" : w�--1·"1 : 1-P,_e. 1 h'P� : }t'}�?.· : g(t.) 1 UoiP/.:J· ' '',v�,f•<';'' : c;:,:a,- 1}(\o : fl(lmm- : w«/}l:, : l\.e : (l.lf't ; f,U'Jo • U•/l."l•�{l)• : ooA{l (l611' f'lo-..:,- = ' lt\O.;t-:f m- = °1'> = 1'w6 = ilt\lf'I = oc'l:fm- = l\.e, = flcP,. = P't\"1't = ft\�9° , t'l.A ' h(lmm- = m-'ll:. = ;,c = f,'1'/0�t\ :1 fm.'}.',. --'i!C�·: 0.·1·: °11' : P't\tl)�'} foow1.,1·w« fhlP6C,: IP�--,-� .-,...v,.e,: nc.e-' 00 'fc = f 1''}�· t = rv�,,..� = n..:c� = o.:, - = fooh(lil I oo,o:,. = 1t.e•f''}(lm·'J° = O°'lt\:1• , o>i'Pt • 1''}4'7i = @f. = i,c; = (h"?ll;t-mif: -h'l'C : {tu ;,c I fOIJ 1'im-1' = 1.·t1,.t;:: _e.ODt\h:tA) , { lt;:c.e-• . , 1 w O..f•';f = « ll 'I' ilt\ = rv�..,.Tl· = .e = rcnz.ou/\ h--1: = r..,."-¥- = hct:fr>l· = 'h1'�-"*4?"° . "�c.e- ' oY.iil.-"f·c = P't\11J1' = 0(1,nm- = Olt'}+fi : «n� : l\.e, : 'Im• 1, 186. ill\ = "V:6c; = w�.-1 -"1 = 1-Pa.e = fm11Jm•"> : 1'.'P� : cl?'rC : I • J.',OD/\h :tA s I . 187. "?'"IOC • hfl7i 1· r mc,:1> : me:,» 1 -s.1161-t I i•hfl?i = (f1trv6c; 1 iPt.+� , .-,.J;� = nc.e , ODiltt�'l° IK f Ifif!lu) : fP'� hchc-';f 1�.-;_e. +.'l'C ti'?; {l6J.u

.-,.P,

- 226 -

•

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J •

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ouilh:r¥ro•1' = (l5J>:f = ro.e'J° = Y:c�,f,1"... = ilOI/H1'1 =>> oc: 'h1-'t"l'lD4 = -,.,v,v. : ftPJ.. r

' 1111 = 1\/\.(JJ• == f°1ll: l'k ao•ht,. = ti.etiti (l.cf'c9° = rP'tr = hcnc:i:1 J" t\ O , : lD•l}i; : Wf,19° : 11.e,1 : fL(l'I' : y,:fl\A :: 19 : ',:, ° '¼Y .. "?1'1(JJ• . : l\h:, f"'i.O <p�(JJ" 2 f(lC� 2 P' A"11 : f°1.1"'f (1Jc : Of·LU : Ooubttl7iro• : P'AlTJ�: 1 = r;,1•nl:,-. = ll9°9°�,f,1..__,. = "-1,�i·,r, = 11;:: (JJ• FA"1� nc,<; 'l' 1,u = , .. == ', il � ttf,lf1 : (10Dl4':,, : l\f, : 'l il" : fll9°9°', .-)• : Y: CY..·cl· : ro•ll'P : i',htrtit : OU' .,_�: h.14'?-"f : l\f, : OJ•lti; : 000ll,n:,..: :,.. C1"°1: fw•1 � iL,,fl;J'?'P : fll\"?.fll1' {\Or : ',lD' :: '11 Y: 1 rJ-twt'i : w tr,t-'1 : h�A : fll\P'Al1J1 : 'h1�1(\ -�OJ'9° : ill\ tP t,.T7t1 : P't-- : "?:P9° : ilro"1m· : '1'11:,, : ;,1'? : q> c;m- , 188 · 'h"}f.'1ilP'A"1�- = itll ..t-ti(l•n = 1JJtr,1--7f":J."-« : rP't- = r1n11:i- = Y,tJ = 'lw == v·t:J':flD' : 'h1-'t7i7iil◄l\:fro· 1 il°1Y:l°l = ;}.el,\ : 1,1-J;.'f t-:fm· : fl,f..&.l\1fi 1 "'" : OD111: : h�I\ : P't-1 : fOJ/,f,'f° : 0011:,.. : h1.';.'i/r1'W· : OllJ?° : n.fl&. 1\11. o.1r1 1 fnrPt'i = IPt,....,..;;: = 1--Pif- = ncY: = n °1�nc:r--�- = nn.1Pt?>1"-« = ootihA : 001/..&.�ouro• ro·A : l\f- ,,rt\m• : f,U : P'Al1J1 : fP'tr : OJ/,f,'J° = 00,0:,-1: hfl&./\1.. 'IT: 0"1'1°: il.+'J(lw·: 1"!1.A:: OC'?'l''l° : Otl.U : n.ilTl't(l•fl : 1'1f. r11r = OJ/,f,'J° = m.e'l° = 0011,:,:,--: ,,rtt• = O'?A =f OILwfl); ..: n.fl1?.� =fl.I'�= rn ctic = '1'/flm11f HYo?J:Y.. = n,t-:J!t\ = ODm1 1,1.�..'l''lfl· ,,r{l&.A;iA t\'/°'1/\, = u"t\ ,f:9°: lD1'i1': {lt\�OD<D1f : '1f,ila100•: i',1'.e.<;(l}c: 7-P.�1= t\(lC� -: iLf+{:•n: f_;:j', tit!\== PC};.'/° = :,-htil\� = m·lti; = t\ooilm:,·• fD?• •fOj>ro• = r1111-nc; rtbP'iOI/.. ODl°A" : 'lf,'ilOJ· t f}trPt,.m•1 : f11'll•fl : i',:,,q>'J° : f'ptffll.J; : {11J�lf1·fl : 'h1 189 01 1 th11c n.lPt r = ;,,«11 tt r = Y: = 1 f,U'J° y,:f•/\A = ft.f11 '"cf>c•fll\,r 00111•{1 : 0'1.1-Y: : fOD1'?F:,- : 'll\P'/;\"11 : ODP'tf : (1,,r : h1>'1..{llJl{llJC : "'lf:l1--: t-(l• : i',rPtm« : 1-�f-1 : O"lA: 1,1�.&.�"'l° : ,e,1?,,.4,.q>/,\:: Of,OA'P9° 1 ,e,1, = 'lt\m- = r11 t111 = v-�;t- = l\.e = r,1,ouwl ...t-ro· rnc:1." m·ltl , ..,:,-c = nrr� °11flc>:i·.. ro.e,9° = i'-tlPt?'-:f = n°t4'°cn· ...,..1n. = 'lAU'�· = 'rf,J:9':f9°ti'}f.} : ODbLbl7i : h�t\<D· : fF&,. : lPJ,f,,9 «; : 1,"}};.. 1 : h•'l'}f : \lOD11;J:, : r-t·if t\ ti.ell'1 = tt.e«f,c'l° hl\.f.. : hTm.Yfl•:,.. = P'A"1'f:1: = ni·bLbOI/t rlll:,,l\.e, = 1-1-- IP = '11P. 'T �c,: r1:,.. nc� = i,. J.', = c,::c_� n,:,-c = r 0t�lllcc; r�cf..' r1:,-. = P'A -190 : 11)'} h'J�(\ID· : lDilS:A :: <,-:cf." : n,•Y..1· : OJ•t'l i;f:f-lD·1 : O°'lfh&.7' oo•n:i-: 00 1 1 f: : t.rfr : flC�-9° : m·ti�?J:i51 : tl.fil&.� 'l° : y,·,1•1\t\ :: 9°19° : )\1'�•} = 91 .. h'P� : }, � tLU1 : f�CY.." : it&.f,�9° : OD"}-1j!..-:j-- : (1'?A?.' : n.�','?;J1'aJ-9° 1 nc�: h'J�+**{IIJ: h'll1.lJ1 : Y."1;J"L?'1: : 'll\P'A"l�1- : ,...1,'tfh{l�:f,01;921 tt"'IY:t:, rlll:,,l\.e, = ,.�,,., = .,, Fr = �cY.-- £1,r = m-'1� = fil&.A'? = ., nc

'' I

I�

•I

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hwt9'l- : Oi't\f-9° : On?C =-·tD-il1' :, .. ++"7611- : flf). : fro•61}- : t,1c.: nrPt9':f : "1/10t!'1'1 : h"tmt\•O'T' : .h1f.. 'i·OJ• : 9°h1f:,,. 1 {l1P&,..-f'?f>:F:,: m. : l\f, : fi\lD• : m�I\I\ : f1'C"1&, : (/D1Lil = '6(1Dill\lA == 1llr9':f: = n1Pt?Jl t 1,11-oitt-:,.. = h 1-f: = wt,..-t-� = A � = F-l� = 11.-t-nmm- 1 t\9°l\/l,9° = f"710c : 'T&,H..Pi1T: {llf1: mf,9°: Ohc'l1fOJ•: fh'?C: \\{l: lr�1: ..,..�, 'P t-: Qlf"} : ° 1 lDf,9' h+fl/b(IJc : f.-f:ht h : :,-9°UC:T : l1T : );,'?t : (f9 {lhC : OJl+:, ·) : n..<>1� = 11:,,..,-.,;: = Fir = (ni:e.: fOI/.IP&-. Fir) DDP'lrT = fD?..11Jmc = n,e,OD{lj\(IJc9° :: 9°19" : h1l..\1 : f,U : '1 (l-f•l}(l1l : Om�l\t\ : :,--hhtt�: fl.elf 19° • nh. 1t:t = 11uA = f1'� = Fir = r1,c;+ = ODtr-,..1 = (l. DDt\hi:.-,.. . = imc�+� 1,:,.: Jt/l(IJc:: 200 h.v.•t9':f: ll;,,OD'J° = &.:J'f: = flODllm:,--'i = no, ..,-. = (111 = rocfl'I': f°tF..C(l(IJc1 : fqo:,.. : nF..,:J : hC'?mc1 : 'ltD• : ,flftW• : •flit" : "Ll 'L : t\OD'f>OA:· }tj\OD�+P,:f(IJc f �U1 : {lh.1Pt$1'1· : H1f: : fOl/..11'(IJc'} : f'PCflJ&, : OD"}�fl: fODflh:rIA:: f,U: q,e,1,:,..: ,f·. .4'&-t:Jtil+ltfl-0: OtJwh-9° =h. 1Pl.9':l··: H1f:: h f,i19° � h11:= far 61J> : '1 1C : h·'11f: /"'/,-. : itllh••f,: : fOl/.f,,"J'PoPW.. : 'Pt;'(Dc : °fdJC : Ow t--i·7r:f.t; : ,f,«f,flJflJl. : Olf).:,- : f(IJc61J' : n1C : n9l:f. : 00 tthA : film• : hft{ID "1 11 'l:,. = n{JI) tr-,.. 1 fh·'l1.rw-1 = IP1r+7f:f = n00•h- = t1..:,-r-A·f (lJcf1 tt II'/ 1: l"l : O�f,A : {lOOflJflJC : l\f, : 'lW• :: t\,l\lD• : �"1'1° ! h1Pt,..-f•7r:f. : :JC : :f-.°1C1 : I\ t\OO(i:mC : fl. A : wt,.+?f:1: : fOl/◄ f+C'J. TW•1 : 'P ft:l:91-:f : 0 -fltfT : floo+OA ! f,&.? .IT'/ A:: Otf..U : h·'11,,f : lD·ll'P : "t-*t:i!'l° : f'l0/.(Dc : 111/"JOC : : hh 1X : me : n�\I\ : fLlflm· : Ohr.Pt(Dc : -1·:J>e&'l° : ltf,lf"} � nt : wt.+ ?r1· /\IT'/UO� = �l\1:,- ti.e,'f1,.1:ro.. il/\+l: ODtri;..1 = 001111--n = J!,:J!I\Ar.

�

)

.-f 7/"l- : OhrPt.91:f· : "·e, : fl\:f!a,c : i'til+yr:,-- I

IPt.. --

Oh.. :i--r-kf: lD"il'I' : Ohwt.5111--t;: v.•�+?f:f : outihA : f/\m• : dJ"}i--}:'f- = 'P 'im· 111'1,e, r,,.,t. ..,..7r:f = hF1r = foum-,,: t;:c;y:,. �m- ,,u9° OLPt.+ �m· : m:,,1\1\ : mfJ.e, : lt,e, : :,.. A:,, : ·l--1'..iJ'i : h llW• :: f.,U : �c'J,r : l11ltl': r°'l�lnc: 00tY'1''.': hU·ll--9°: IP/r+7f:r-. : ,:JC: n+Y..l.1(Dc: 1',�1:t; : {JlJt\{l : fl"lAYt" : roi:J • .e : �"IC = �(De :: l\1•lftD•9° : 9°"}9° : 1'1\\ : f"'l"IOC : {/Pt ?11-- Ult'1:f0r1 = h00"1tt?. fA+�mn· = n.rr-,..9° I 11H·!P:f. = ,,.,t---t"lf7i� ' f"'l.'i'1?-:,.. 1 flh.wt!P:F:fm· : f.,f...Cltt\ : -Olla>· : nour,:t,. :,.. : -n;: : ti.elf'} • ll/\: P't•: U•1;J·: h(t(Dc: ,;JC: OD',,.':J"l�: 11:F: hP'lr : (Lf{ttIJ"JF.."} : J!,°fl\A: 11/\(Dc: ilfl"'lt .� 1 fl1'�fl·: Tft:f:: "1:,,l1l: O trJ9°: i'tll1:,,"Jt: �OC:: h11: 1. hlPl.: wt,.+?'f:i: : OP'&-- : l\f, : fiU1)•flT : 1..tl. : i,1Pi,,l1,'l,,"J1?,- : ODhA hft• � -i·1A;.A:: h'1wt9'1 ·: ;JC: 0 .rf•f...l1(Dc ·= w• f,f_,:,•9°: oP1J.•t,.:,•:;: '111:: LP&.-l'� - O H· = 1 .1-i = nfi..rf:;J• = fOtJ..f+c-n = nrr� hFt-- = 1,11..01J.m1,: , - 0·1 1'?1:fi tttP l.?11-- = "1 00 '.':fm• = ,-u"} = f v.•&-.·t-'l'f:f.. : 'i:C 'IT : ouv.•t.:i• : f/\ OJ• : ff..C1' PA" l\,I\ : P'lr : flT'/"11:,.. : 111:A : 'h1f...OJJ�ft·'i' : P't-. : t.. :,.. : flf)- : rP&•,f ?'f;f- : 1'11.. 00 "fitf;r:(-(Dc 00m1 : f,U : hFt� : fODlD1f: : 07i1L&.tf : 201 4 ' h(t ll11)9" . '4! I �fl)< ,. fltt-9':Y· ' room '!' I 'i,fltti 9'"f ' 1,.'}�11\g..-,. l hh

' (

200. "'lil:rm?f : «l?TC : g; : .eoutth:t:A n 201. "'lil:J·m?f «kTC : !ll;"} : ,.eoufth:tA :s

•

. .

'19° 1:'f- : fl�(l : 'LtL : tD• ll'P: ��o-:f-· : (r9>l-1 : 0 01/(lAm1 : lP�+ ?f:f. ,1: : ,t + n« : 1 1' : 1f .. ° tt:: h.9 & _ .. 1' f\• 'f °'i"A.{}, },: h 1 f::. f;J�1f: Dll.il 1 : 't _;f (l}' th : " ' :,.: :,..1'1i = fii:f'11C = �rrc. A !''i9 ° 1ltt- : :,.. c;17i : ;,t..1 r-:f •:· 'h'>f..1/\ ao 9 1 : • fl\ro• = oittith: fP't;... • A9 fP : ' f + J\ " } f: • : lr ° 1 0 : 'l'fl: ' : hl\°t+ �-� -:flD4 : hP't.lD' = = oitith = fl:J- = _ fOIJ..,t.iti : f 1Pt..,,..� O l\ = 1, 'l'l-r = c . . · f /l: f,oPlll\t\ :: nn::,•v-A·f: tD·(l'P : ·fll·t-!P:f: : P't..91-:f : nt : :,.. 9°UCT : fOT/ ft A? r-0r·= n�•r•,-i; = 00 1 r 9 = flt A =. �U:-"}. = ,-,lPt9J -:f = n&../\1-- = 1 ..tt , ,li : ° f: 4'1\ . f = . ,. 1Pt-1"?ff:f0r1 : hP'lr • >,1,t;.•fllrom- : hil·l !l.."f'PA :: f,IJ'J° : hr't. : f01/ llW1J!: : "1 llt.(,..t,. :,.« : lPt..+?r-:f· : '11 ,;J'f! : ou,n;t-:far"} h't�.em,e,4! : m.e 'l° : 01/,.,nc : 1'1,�f*!l:oo• : 'P'i" : ODtil\hf: . f,OD{ll\A :: tfl/11 oc: flt\,/\0:'f- = fP'/r = 001..' C�:t- f°tlP�- = iPt..+7f;f.. : l\4'lOl\:far : 'l'f'I: : �.{IIJAfr : f"'i1nc:: hl\ *9:'1° = 'Pc;'ro·: 'l°h1 ..r:,, : f,nm·: hP't..: f0DlD1f..' �t-:1= : (IPlJ'}-1 : (loo•� : 1AK'PA :: ,)11·'1° : nH.U : 1-P,f, : l\_f, : l\lPt..+t'f:1�• : fO'f.{tmlD' : f:,:J� : '}\cf!"r : �lD4 :: i',"} f: : lPt..rf''i: : hP't.. : f ,,..m1f..m· : (llPt-,. t'1: tJ1/'10C: P't.. : W4ll' P : ,,..tJ'i ..,e : noolf} . : 'l°h1fT : UDlf}."} : 111\hlP, : o"1c rof. Ft..(D« = tL00i\il = 'il.f,1·Ar f nlPt'i' = ,,,t...,. .. 7,: 1-Pi.e = flCf..'� h')f.ro(l�t»·: f/\04!: 'l°h1f:, .. : OOIJilmllJ;J... ;ra,. : ti 01 : l,1J;..h't-:/\• : non1f.f:..' O,f,C : hwt?11.. : ft...i\•1,:,.«1: LP(,_,,...«;:: hP'lr: i\111/hW")T: on•(\--: ou.n:,- : hi\ 202 :fro· r. o•t--+71':J: : f 0'l.� T : hC'11'1' : hlf� f •ntt- : hlPt9'1.. : h1f..'1: 01t ,�c;: hJPt.. = O°tfilmill"OT 1...1·L i ,eu1 til>f : il/\0?f,t1�t\" : wb'.-,..�m- : '1�\!1 : CDS!. : 1\lPt'i" : LP&,.,,.,...;,;: : 'P'i" : ODP't.f : n1' :,.. : 1'1,�.m{l f,.' : fh1f:J;.. :J't\ '2 lf'j9° : lPt,.r,...�(lr: \-ti>f(lr') : 0..J'1�'J° : h1ta."} : f,IJ: 11Jf•{l : IJ'b'T�UJ"J P'lr: �:,-. s lf'i : nat",eo,l-: 1.tL ·: ,,fi\n:,-1 : CDtif.b: (loo•�: f"'lnct:1/\,r: lf'f: h1,;rf.,9°::

n..., ro,Y-

=·

', l I

I l (

! •

;

frP�+?f"f, : 111/10C : lli..**OD : (l�l\'l° : 1'1ta. : n.lf'} : 1vt-,.,t?f1· : :Ji.,'J 'I! = ou11 :J··:fro -1= i\"1'111:,.. = i\ oit.ff.. c1- :i.-- lJD<' h,,,t 9' :i: = {JIJ (l A = ou rr t;far'}: lP� T?f:J:: f'/°'i /l• :2 ,etJ'/°: ODlP/.;J·•'J!: flf}:. fP't.. : tJ•),:J'?J:f•"} : O°t 00 tth+. = 1-Pir--1· 1t.e = 111- 1·ro·1 1.tL = 1'.llr�:,-- = (l.tr11 n,,../\.e9° = �"l'l° = r1•nl:,- = Pl · ODI ro·: ,..OJ(l� .. h °� : , ° nt111 .. · :, �9°9 T1: 1\111/1:l"l : o»•ht:- 0"7..f..l.'11n : m,e9 : ;r'f!: 0011:,..: O+lXl.Ol/t: l\,{l i"-: OD•n,r--:f: OOl/.mfcl?O T: 'L,f·L: lJ"t\": :,. .nnl\��,f:: d JAg" 1\1.';.m n�= n C 1fl1• e. . ·f•:f : .f:C,: 1ri\•'l° · tt· f'"lfm�T �m :: O = fP't..: = <,��-: .(l l,'1� : h-'i� n�·t -L:i>f..?f1, : 0Dlf'i"Tllr1 : fl .. 1A� j fl'�•fll,,.r : h'J°'l°�:, : l..:J,f.?fl : >i.ef..tt-9° :: i',1Pi1�� : OhtPt'i" : lPt- ,,.,--<;: : 1--P,f, : {lCY.'" : tiA,,.. 0:i:'l° = f1"1"1«r 1: : /l,/l. O :: 'l° ef..tt+ h -:f .,�71' &..:J l). : 1'' C : } : . (\CID�;J1 : c flt 'If..� . 00 00 f. C : h{lh : U•{\7• : o,oo:,, : .f:lil : ft..1100..:J-·A :: hLPt9'f' : ,.., �... . = 0 . l Pi � �rh-� = h1�lf). , f1t:rro• = �"1:1.. = 9° 1 = ,,ruA = 1'1f...tr = f\(JIJ :,. -: 10c>1� m•il'f' = ilil� llr1 :,-- f'�-01.:,-- = il9°'1°� .. i b' (JJ•'J = = {JIJ'f "'Im:,, : .e, :I' A :: 203 -0tf--9' : f"�"fl l:,. : ii9° 'I°�,y,.1' : ;,,1' : h D'l..m,e� OJ• : ..

\ °' l

= nt.. =

'in

r-:i·- = -0:r

•

_ ··235 -

!�:

= npr1r.

wt-+71':t: :

.,Y..�1-- : il,I\ 00 11 ro· : : h"7.f1 -1t f llk,. 1 :-,.. = OJl,'J° : : {l,f•�'"lt : OJ• ,f f wt,9' : hH.U : q_e.r,.,: t ftPJ.fll11-lt:fOJ• : 1':,,qo-:;. = 1'4!T·: {lOOIJ''i;f ,j Jt. J ll'l°'l°'IT = OD7i7i = 'h. 1J.1...Lt\;1:fro· =.. r'!'1P't-:,� = '17'1: ·:fm· = >\1.v,_e,r1>r,{lqf(l}c , ODLl\;J:(-m-"} : f l)f I,\ ::

llhC°l1' : wt-i·71'1-- : llltrPt9':J::,:lD- : I\J!, = .fl\:'f:m. = t,il+ffT : nm:,, 1\1\ : ODIPl:,.. : .ft\lD' : Jt.P,J.'...(\.'J° :: fJ.'...ODOJ11 : �OI/t : il°1Y:l°I : t,t\oo&.fl"I : {lo,t-+�ro• : .f:'19° : ll"1·1·fro· : ro-m.:,. : ttu•1 : h 1'1..f11ro• : ·fl� : TC<;: {l,f,Q;1tfl/t : t\°1°11:,, : (L'lt\ : lll'trPtro· : fOI/..J.'...l°I : 1'lT : lfC:- : f.:rfA. :i r+m-,..:,,. : "'i"lfl£!>1' : h•'l"}f(l)• = 'J°"} = fU/,\ = t\.h�l\:fro• : 1, "}�0IJ..1-A : fl°7 01:,, : ll l\h•'l"}fm· : f11H"fl : i',:,,'P'J° : ,,<'J!...l"l·T = 1''iT : llllJ9° : .r�o : 011,'J° = h'l61,bt-7t'· = t\Ol/.f:l°I = .rA'l°h?, :;: J!,ooflf\A == tt1Y.' = rP� = x--c r'lti" n = OD1110·1 1'.1JtODilh+. t\1Pt,rf·7f':ii OIJ1nc = o.n'P x f°7 ')(1� : TfutLP,"}:,, : h.vft,. : rf'1)t\o: f-tODH1(1(1)•"} : i','J°'i : {\ODcf> fll,\ : /tf,&. :Pf: : cf>Cj:/.\ :: 9° 19° : 7,'J\\"} : f'lti-0 : i't'Pcl! : oo:,,mc : fllt"}Y: : Ol/10C: h'lY: : ooa,r-,. : ftJl/')(1�."} : t,!1:9° : flODaJ(l"} : J!,U : q j!,lj,f : : hlP�C : ltilr ;JI, : {l lf"}'J° i "1'10.: (:i--nnfl�): flf'I : 1',,fcl:"}: t\Ol/:,>l "fi : OD "}1.f;. : ,e:firo-: -0:-f! : 'llD• ::

,:,-,.. =

1 (

f l't1Pt,9'1-- : Oll-O(l(}: l\f, :, t\OD17·:,,.: &.:J>F.�: }'tflODlf"} : f°tfllhTt\l&: "{lil61,b,), : ilfl : :,,cct: : f fllD• : rrf--l) l)+ : hl) "{l'i : r "'ifl) t f (I)• : If fo : ,,,..�f, : h'J�..lJ--9° : 1Pt-,f--'lf:1: = · cf?llJT(l)•"} : hOl/'1fT : l\OD°l:J'T : flllD• : :.r--oic : 1·� = r01J1nc ODt?Jl-1 1'.r,1:t,:fm· = o+:,:t\ = �1''1:,.. = t\"'lilL'A'l° n.tr : l\'h.c:P bODcf>ODllJ:fro· o&.:i• rFt- OIJ$'1° .= i'tf.'"'11 = 1,1�0D"ttf hf: C10J· : h'J�.mcf>o o •{l:,-- : ltf.'C,,T'PI,\ :: J!,U'J°: '}f,',--1: : l'tcf>t-l"fl : 01/10!!11•'} ·: 01',rPt?J:}a..: H'Jf:: 1'.'JP,f,ro�J;.: 061/f."t."l'i = >tLPt9':.r9°: wt-+7r1'1: hP't- : flOI/ilW1f: : flcf! : 9'°h"}f,1-- : 1,1�.'ft..:,:m . : 0"11:l°l: llH..U: cf>.P...9°: h(lmm·= ,p:,�'J° : f,A:,, : 1--P,--f: : 1't OD'}f S:A ::

"°�

I ,

LPt-,f·"if1-- : ilfl : Ol/"lfle!11--: f!l.:fm- : t,fl,f--l )(l(l:f• : flllJ9° : f+ t\ ,,<'�: J 'i:flD•:: fll't" }.e: : 0h«A: " Otl·: lPt.,f""if'-:f- : ht\ : 1Pt-,1--7t:y. : 07"1flC : on!f:!f:9° : OD:J!A 9°1'1° = f(lfl•n:,. tt,e,oafl/.\9° :: hrf--mfc1!·1· : o,t- rf--7/>l- : 0ri11': -Ott· SJ):,: : h "} f.1fl1..:,, : flOILIP�(}:fro• : Y:C�irf,1-- : lD•il'f' : "'i �(1�;fc : ft\,�-r : °1�9° : (llD• : f(lflfl:,. : (} flODIf-,_ : � W•:: }'1"} f.': f cf, f:' 1° : }'1,."}�..fl:i·•l,,: IPt,.,t 'lf-:j-- Ol/"lflc ODt = 1\1f.1t\iro•'J° = f{)• = 0•11oc: t\.&.cil = r:J!flo:,. = 'P'ilD4 9°h'JfT I f1Pt--tf : Ol/"lflC : t\.,lPt- : ilfl"7..",ft\m- : '11C : lPt-T'lf:i: : 9°'}9° : { i,(&cf>T: flbl\:fro-: OODlf�. : 'llD- :: fl/bl\ : Ohc/,\ : f-01'1'1 : b--1",nfcf?:,. : t\,t\"1": 1 , rPt-,f--'lf7f· = ODl}hA = "flH•9': i : fLPt-,f"V--:i"- : Ol/10C : I\',()• : m:POWZ. = 'h11-lf� : 01 0 : Of."}-0 : i·111ffl'PA:: ilfl : /1flC : 1':,>9° : fl"'iOJ:,, : lj:l\1T : fl\T(l)c 4! { LPt-,f•'lf-:;. = n"'i,e,1·ifl:1.. = "l.H. = °11 = -r9°uc:,,. = t\0Diln1.:,.. = il/\'1'/f,:rA ' , °71n� 1 = rOD ct: t..il = tJ,_..A = f'17..f;, 1' ODro• = . tr c: = 1,:1--fA

m'Jtit- : 01/10C : (L**'J° : llcf! : t;:l\1T : lbfto°f : f1Pt-,f•?'f-1· : fJ-c),;J·•!Jl-:f- : t\111/1(1� : OD�lll : - 236 -

1 " : a.1�9° 'l,. )\1. 1. 'J°h"}f:,• : lf�lD' I

,,,,�ft�== l(

--OD n D 1 = = f � t ,1Y: = fUC/"� c 0 6 h ,.. lm = aJ�fw•�· = n-nir?'i: = ttflt\11f : H 1 Y: : fUC/ f,;J... OD"} : .. t'lf',· A :: f,IJ?° : 'rClTJ/o : f°t&.'Plm• : o11

'/ 9" : fD'J10C1 : 11H•n : ni.�.. : .r,.�l1 : (lm• : ftll/f .,;J,on"} : (lr o« : ODlf1 : /(1)4 �-- 00?.. A J't{l,f·ti(1:n 0.111 _;_.,, n..-1--t\.e .eu =�,ea;...,: t,il ..,..rr:,-- = nSJ01Jtt\n �'r: {]D"}'JY: : 11HO · : '1'�'9° : l\f., : -�<pf;\ : J,"}.�t\n:'f, : 011'/fm•'l'lD• : , qf Pt--i·'1 : l\f, : t\ .&..nlC: _e:,·•l\f.\ =: t\f·LIJ? D : f}\9 :, .. -t.. : 1 °'1 : "1tr J:'f-- : : ,f -: (04!) : 9°n1f·l·: t\.lfC: .e1•1\A:: nou,n"}: tfl/l\1· = '?1 : 'r� � P,'} 1..1t : : . },'} 10C : /\"}.<;,tfC : t\�Y:l.'? : i',f,m�'9°9° :: )\1�.fro•?° : :r"1� : '1t-: � 1 m ftf� : (l?J�·: f01/"�0"r : OD/, : 1'"}P,f,U''1• : ,.r ,,e..c;1A. :: -Oil": 1.. tL9°=t\tl.. U: f7,9°'1 '1...: 0"lt1J;l..: ?°n1 .. fOl/.tr�ro-"}: f01/ }n�: O Dt: h1t,,,t?11· ;,c m .�:e;-;:,"1 = OD P'C-;tA = f<PJ..ilro· = 'PC"lto a;m.. nn,f! ?°h 1 et: 7'1l),1 h1 ..r.· ODt = f •flf·,.?1:f:1 1Pt.. ...,..7f'1.--- 'Pf'li = flOl/.j'm?°n-1-- 1...11. �h•fl'}.fro·: t..fr"} : }\ "} Y..7i m : hY:C1lD· : f,,f,'J'�--:J-- /;\ :: ho• : {1.{.,'1-.. : f'l Olm«: lflJ6 : 011.tJ : '}f,',, J: : 9°ti"}f:)-- : ll?'AlTJ�- : ODW•l-�-,: r,,..(JDt\hrf... : i'," }f:: '? t..ro•- = ,l· A:,, f Y..ODro1-J 6f1'arit IJ'.<'cf: I\ .r, ht, f 01/"I nc {/D t ., nari .e.. � V'tar ;,c 9°19° = q_e,-,:,... = il9°9° '1:1.. t\ 07Y..'l'? = itf,&.:1,�.. r1{JD:i,t.1--'i n1r�i: i\,e,: fhlJ.'tc;: lPt ◄"l...'1 : 1w/1f,: nc�-- : (JJ•/t�: 1,'JJ;,O.'r(l-1--: 001/.(.1:l"l: O"'i"IOl,,,..c;v:r: : lf1Y: : {lOD c"} : t\OD,n{lq, : :1·,�A :: i'11'f: : i',lPt.9°: f,U : f1'9°�1' : IP/fl):'f-- : f11 •nl:,.. : {l9°9'1',.).- .. : l\f, : flP/..f .�C1lD·"} : "}'?'?C: OflJ9'1 : r t.1n:1-- 1 = 9° 1f:,.. = 0.1A�.. = ODt ?J:1i = ni,..r1111 .t;.. = 11-Pr .e I\J?, 'h1.i;,'Jort·:,W ,e. "'11f1C,f'�;f: : f 01?;�4!f : ro·tii'.. : ,,"},c;,om •O;I... : OIJ.e:l"l : ilt\'IOlfl:i�m· : �w· : {l�A :: h�ll.U19°: 1".."lr:1.. : t\UC/illD"1 ..f: : f°tfili.. A1lD· 1 f'P/"�{ll,f'��-.. : t,Ccf,: hil+<J>�'l1" : rfl:f- : ta.elf"} 1 f.,IJ : qf,',,,.f:"} : f },9°',;f" : OI/trJ-1•: :.f,"lC: l\.,*'k 'J°<; : hll-'t9'1·1 : i',il &..l\"L : (,,....,n.) : f/;\(}'�- : 'r_r,,:91:.1·-1 : fi OD(l lf:,, : 1'1,i;,fmn·: t\°'lf:l'? : t\ : ODt : a7"�0"r : J\1-�'fllD': tT'J�·l'? : ',lD•:: n�OA'I' n'r:JO. m-m:i--1 = ,,r i11•r,". = 0,...�nc:.1'· i,1-Y-11\i.:1- =rt,,.�.. = °110C: },()A: hUJJlf'i"r(D• : r,,...,ti : fi'1 '}Y....,,:,. : (l.lP/,,1-- : ;-,�·r:'l:f-,p/;\ :: 'J°<;l\{11•9'° : h6Y:C: 204 OD"}t,{l : frf'',lt : }\C{l : (1(:{l : fODlP,,�;,, : <;:l\');f•: .Pf\fm•: �ODill\A :: "11 : ,,l', IJ : ti fl,f--tt(l•fi : hi"&..1\ ..1.. ro· flf\J.1_., flP't.. i\f, = ,tc&f,\ : f,1--1\/;\ :: •flli·9 ':f: : f "'/ 'rO C: i',ctt\�:t- : n11r-1•0 : fOlJl,�.v,:1,1 : h"'I�, n� 'P'i 1--'?flr:1-- = t,1,v,... = t,Y:c1(J)• iln'JJJ.ODt\h•l:·1-- 1 .eu qy_,•, ..,: = ttilrf' l\(l,fl: f•Otl·?>:i:1 : tll/"'10�:}"..: f11ll11 : i',!f:9u: lt..f(FIJ'J'}°',OJ•: f10lJ:f.tr9": {11\f.,1 'P'i?>i:1 rt11J1nc ,,,...aictr::r. = n oi·,ct t\UCJnc;-011 ilt\hA...,..,.l\ "'l"'lnc,>:t: f 0 .: : (l "}.f: }tl}lt tf : 1': i'� "'IO {lOl/ lD": ;rl\.r i',l\ il\• l OD J»tr V--).;J,91:.1-1 : t\.•rt'f7 : lfS:A

nn1.e"

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I 1:

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i:,

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roiz::;...

= =

= O't--,1 ·7/'1-- = ;,, 1Y:a;:,. h (l,f•ff ,1� I

= ll'i�,nc = I\Y, = .

<'l\:fm..

1'· : n -= r.' 1· °'"' ,,., t.. 1-1t v �-n:i rir q ;,, = = A 1--1,= ;,:1. i't f.."'1 = O',,�nc = ,n;t- = r,m.. .·• = lPt-, = 1 :,•

111n· <PJ...., n r:1-hm:J>l\,,e = "71nc = fh.:1--r·A·f 00

= =

!111J"rnc = ODt?J:r.. = ntt..:i,r·A·.r

r,,--

r:,.:

= ..

- 237 -

h"'l'lOC : {1Dt,91'f'i : ho•t.,,t'?f'f : 1111' : +10, : f'!''l-'i : fAlf�. : m+ti?J"f : "' f,f...C(l•O;t-A:: .eu : 'l''iT : 0:J l\l\:t, : fJP/,- : f:Cj!•1·l· : W-il'r : f°7..17•�"} : I 1 O "'l'lOC-1: : illl"'lf.'1ili9' C : h tLU : cf>'l'ir' : f L•!'ilD· : itil+ff-r : f:.r'i"'i7i : "'l"rOC-1'1 : 1,"},{ : f V·/\....}9° : 01/"IOC : aut,?J-:j• : i't{l,f--ff:,...: '1.e�?°C9° u -!m " f rri:r = h�H..u "'l"r n�'f = r"'i.1 f.'1:1 -- · P't,.. 1.. c�-r-l- = Oi't..-rr-t.r • �ll'I' n•n.,:,,. foi1;,.:,,.1 = i't...1-�ll:, 1,911• = roironll· = llt\tr., = r-,(}.1 1tll&.f\•1:,:,.. = 11:,, = nf:C"Jo = {ID(]Dt!\h:,.. = n.e:,:A.9° i\"'l'�Oe-:F:r:m• f.u ,.,:,,. 'i : ODq?f IA : hit.. IP. h• "'· lDf,9° : ht\/\ : f:;,ct: : {l61]» : f:c,::,- : tc '" 9'°: f "rOC: 00 "} : : : (IDIJ'�"'l°li"T : 0"1 9'° : iiilttl\'1.. P,;ttJJf l}•i\ t?l1· : fi--ll"'I f?,:J"'i-�t\ = °11"F�:,- : i'tll+ti 01>'-fl:,.. : f,ODill\lA :: i\v--19'° : f°t11·ro· (l"fi : h"}f: : f"'l'lOC : OD/, : hi\o•t.911· : ;,c.: 1,"}�f,1'i1 : ·Otl· : "l..lt : 'h"}:,» ti.. :,-. = .etr1n;J·A == n...1'i:Jj?1• = 1,1�1 = hi\rPtro· = ;,c = n:,-.nhA = floo.,.,1c : 1'°1C : .e1'l'oo'PIA :: hll9'°9°-,:l.. 9'°: f+ f...l(l: 1'"}J.'..lf � : OILV-- : -,1C : l\f,: he nc = OOIJ..., tin:i-- 1..1t = llt\il9° 9'°.,,f: = ft\m· itil+ff:,.. = 1·"1'1.e-,:,.1 tt11 . � = 'h'Jf...Ol/"} f,U--"}: 1',1� a, 9° : ++"1t : ouf,n �9° == /lll{IDc: f"'110C: out,: ?i'i' rP'A"11 ..,..1• tc = oolf-,. = nY,+c 9'° n,1·t\f. = f;,1,..11· = LPt-+?f":f· J ODt,9':F:f� ht,011,9>:f-:fm·: ;JC: O'htrA .,:,.:. f...l'lf= ,f..+9° m�= t\OD.,,:J'JC= llft1t ° Ft. noo"'l�'i: r i\(l9°1''PIA== f. O A'I' = :. f .. = t\9 f: = O."'l"I I ;Jm"'l:fm·: °lc = m+ti: J'l: I n..-,•fl l..,.: (10• 9°: m·ll'I' :: hct: : fl\: P'lj:I,. :: lll\l\lD• : h"}f: : fi't•. lP.i't.OI/. 'lllP'A"l'J: 1,-,J·f.U"} : U·h· : h "}��-f::f. : 11..!l:!l:9°: y,":i·I\IA I fi\011,c; : lPt,.+�: 'P'i' = oop-11,f = n:,:,-- r 1,.11>.1 hi\1� = rtJIJ1nc = ODt :J'IA f,A:,, rtt1� ri't•• rJ.J. 1,.. ffllP'A"l'}'J = :l'IA = nooc1,nA n.enA'I' = &..,,<J,f.."'1 = hiY..lf� ;J--�!l:A : : f,U: fi't... v.•. it. 'fr/. h.1'i�: lf'f: oopt,.:,.. : '?"}: 011J9'° : h'l� : ftr',-,l•"} : --., ■ . ' m+ti91 1 t\..fllh:,..An:r 1�!\.A rtt... ,.,.,_ t,. "'· h Jf: = Ol/ .-,nc = l1itLPtsP1 1 ;JC. Cfllm•: 1-Pi.e = OT/..-,0",.."}: OC.°1'1' : i',.elP.9° I (1�1'.,:,-.9° : hi'tLPt9'":f· ;JC : 000ll0'1"'1rl- : r-,c(l, : m1"} : f,tr',.·A f f<T'/.A : •flJ-t• : m411'1 : ..,.(1"}11�/,\ : n,1··at01 t?° = tti't1,: 01,·,nc ODO)•�:,, = 'J>'i'(Dc = 9°n11:,-. ri't •. lJJ. Jt. otJ. l\'J°l°lC : n-1--+mlOr : cf>"}: nl\OD1"�·:,.. : 1'"}f...lf., : 1--1/A�.A :: ,,.,tLtJ"} : tJJ"1lt 9'1· : ,.r {lh..,.t\·:,-- : .,1r:1� : n.. e..l(t•O.!'f· : 1.lt'i : hlJ--"}9° : rt,... OJ. i',.. "'/ . fD'J../,. r"} A1m·"} U•h- = ttooP't-T : 04! : rP&-T� : ft\ro·9° :: fi...lf.}9° : it·O•f�a 1.lt (I}«1'i : U·O .-J:1 : f try__QJ, C(l.. :,.. : ,-,..I\ IA'�";,fc; : ne- nA'I' : ��fl7,: : flf -,.:,.. : OT/. .-,OC':f: 'i':fm· :: 205 9°19": 1,"}�"} : 0:,-0ntill � : fh»lt'f'''l.. : hll1" lln11 = .eu = foY.Y..1� fi...lf19° ,;10 : 01,�O(�:-f,1: f ,, .,:,:1-:m. : OlJl/'� · :J-lD' 'J:A u-tt-r = r,,.. ,1,r'k:,.. = r"'l..-,oc = 001,91-:,: : "'i..-,n?i = ic:-�:J-- r-,&.;1:flD' ODI(.,_, >tf9°'1· 9° == -011·?1:f:r nnchc •1.. t1, : 206 Ot\l\ = 'J°l°IC:1·- c,· "110 , 1 0 "} : ' -C-:-f• 0"1/!l.>!f:?° : l1 � : f}'t,. .l>'.i',.. -,. hC�;J : f(llT);flD• : OD(/ �•1: •J/,\ft P/,\ ' • . fi',,. 01· ii. DI/. O"'l!OC = t\..-,. f-.lr--':e : fo•&.. ,f'� : :}.eA : f01J.(l,nOJ : h.C Q fl>t1 .v, 1 �· = "1J,., n c��. = "° :f. "f,ll' , = n OIJ..., n c r ,,..f...t,.l = r•J.' �..,.�

°'·

. '� =

= :,.. =

- 238 -

: : tP/. "} ;J1 : � '0 1'°1 DOJ C • '" f "" : f °1.0D t\h,l-- : ',a,. :: fA,t-cry� U• itf : /,\ ,pf, 1�'f ,f?'l'C: OD : } : ilt\ irfilf, : Ol/'�OC: A'J°!!:: Olbt\O:, .. : '1,l, A: m•il; /10l : 111 ,0 : 7l"}P,,e, lP&-- • ,.f�C1'PA •• °1 �01..,1---;o:.J• : 0"110C : fl , J!./,..l t\ f01-1 : : :t-t� ;. 01/"�I}� (�9°"} : OD"} 1f: : ttl�:fa,. : },"}f..<PJ::;../;\ I ,,.,t,. :},e,A .� : , , f r t\ . : P , O'/ e..t..-? • _ "1 -1' • c :, titl � : 'I f p q ,c; }i"}Y,.-- : cry,.,nc : O�"}irfi : : � tiC • tiC {IV,,., �:,-. : . 1i 1-"i...,... /.\ = f 0'1••r ii&.A 1ro-1 = .e.. 1irn = nocry c ,r.,,,, c q :f cp A rcry ti. 1 ° 0 ° oc: aot9'T : f,U"}� : ,f• l'lC: t\ODJ..?t9 : o,f! : ;t--? uc:,. : il/\.lbt\:faJc : F/rmc 1--7f'f: it"}�'',:, ... : '"/1(1C : l\f, rV k r>•t f: : f._.c11,:_cJ,A :: lltl. U'J°: l1Y:: Oh: fn.• w. t,. 111/. t11'1P'C : f'"l.. OAm • : t\U·t\ .. ·l -� '19°1;.J -- :,-: f,r,i : fcf>"} : (bDt<i� °f'i 1 'tt.P' t• it&--:,- = f 0'LV''l- = fOT/;t- = t 1c(l,1-- Offl;J-- ro• =t\°'l.. 1"}:. rcry..•,nc : ,,01 -� '}'· = nm:,,l\t\ : J.:',U"} 7t. (1Dt'JJ1": 'tt.tf,:J �"f' : ',{lC:: - 1oOT/"� {lc : ODt,9',,• : 1,C-�;.t,: t,il ° r :: f : no<,�: 1,1,<;.;r m :P'i.. : l11/10 l+ e, '"lt9 t.f\'l.: 'tt.f:C'llD' : . oof\t1,J:; t\ fl, -al, 7f":f-'1" f'tt.1 �: :,-A:,,= 1,1:,,ll:f'(l, = it11A f 00 U'1 ilOl/.,,l-- = },1-'tf�--c'l:i� m.. : '"11nc = il O A = 0 m h 1P. .. · o'l?11: = l\f, = i,1..<;:1�1\:1:m. : J.:',t.A:itr 'ft.. lPJ. fit.. 1,u9° = titt.U Q;L:,,I\ = S:c;�:,- = f oro· 1 ,An:t--1 fOl/..m f,:,, n .lf1'J° :;: 01/"�n �"fc; : {/1Jt9l:f:,.:ar : fllll?° : fOl/.&.A,,...:, .. : '11C 'llD" :: n+(,J;l.0'Jt9°: ft,..:i--Y.A·f: 1P�,, ..7r:1·•: >,1S:'I:,.. : '"/"�flC: ill\.: i',tPt'i: IP/r t� : fmm•:t-1 = ,l1"Jo1.. 'i = it,.,.,t.. c 1,.fm 'i ill\oY.Y-..t..1ro· = /\OJ·'I' = Ji ti•n = .. r+ C'lA:: "1/1(1,;.. : 1,t..(l• : 7\1,.e..«if'J'''llD·: nm:,'l\t\m c : t100"} 11IP'ror: ;JC: ,f'iJ. 111/'J°,f ,erPtrA m:i'"" = ftr'lw- = f 1-1-J t.. = 07<Y>'l° = oo•ht• hl1if&.n:,-- 1.. 1L 1.'rr: h{/IJ1°1F,f: ;,c ft\w··} f1Pt--+?fl· �y, = i',A1�--n:,. 9 ° 9 ° 19 ° 1,'} \;I.'} : f,U : '¼J.:',',i:: : 7"/\.,.0. : it"} �'}�- : fi'1.- IP. }i. IP/. 'l/\P'AflJ'i':f.. "} : foo"} "IP'T m t1.�1..._ : f 'P/.A : il ?° O.f(lflJ:,:w·9° • .eu i,�9° = t\mf"t.,t: =m::l'oY.. f\f,lf'}: 'ft.f,,J,C9°:: /\f-J.IJ : ?td1 &,: }i'} ,.f.;.· : f°1..�ilrf:�: 'lt\P-'AflJ"} : 'h."}f.1/li.:,-1 00 1"1P'1' : (101/,.,nc : f,f·f...�,: : fo•� --,--�: : ;!,f, A"} : 0"19° : illloY...,cJ'OJ'}° : fh. . IP. h• Ol/. ',� : ,nt\o : {l01 /r : 'ie!' : hill-tu•"} : n&.. lO : ',(IC:: o,,.. (;f,),OtJt9 ° : '" : 1ttv, flt\P'AflJ1 : ]l"}f...1/\ft.. :,,. i fi'1. - IP. J-,. '"/. fm(l. e..m• : ootiht\'1'i "'i.tl'i"'P. : flf'I : JilP� C: i\..f1:--ii : f,1..._A : h'I Ola>- : f Ot\m = f.'..?'t-- = h 1,tf1� hil"fftu;.f' A:: ios

l f

t l .

= = =

= ,,..

= =

I ,

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�<; A{]:,0 : Oil•. IP. i',. "'/. l\f., : t\OI/..O'l tl lW·: t\l·LU : U•/\.• : m,J,ti : 'P<ilir: 9°h'}y:,.. : h"/11·'1-l· : '"l'lil : f.,IJ''it\ :: {lflD�• : }, f ;J•,1,00 : f 0'lOJflJ =ODft'di.T: Q'ilW•9°=hilh=�C•O =1.tL=f.'lil: t\"'11 {l{!':f--: ftPJ.;t-i:,--1: -:;..,.,{!'1•"}:J-,f'lti9°: ., nc:: '"l"IOC-'f9° : n�lln'iOIJ.. : t..1Y :: �ti:fro•"} : /\D'J7i7fA'i : ;!,J.:',l\:t:m•"} 9° : illPJlt r:,..: �•lJOJF:,..: fl\TID"?°:: f ...,.. '"I?-: '"I'�Ol-t7,o-:j-. : h 'lt\ : oo(f'i:ftlr : nhkA?°= Qtr1 "'11n c,f'7i":f.1: rof.&..,).. =h°tf1;:,r:'P:, 9° =_e,A:i"=fl1.1tf'I! = �r:,,qu:,-.::,,_e; : °'I.! h1Jtft'!l.:fw•: Jt�--c�A:: rJ-1•.1P.1t.0 /.°11: nouatt..'q: f'll/.11<IJc"}:ro•mT= Tt\� : . hf:C1o : {It\Ol/..ff ro· t· {lf.,OA'P : rf•°l '14- : Ji�·C1o : f"'l.tJDt\h•l•Or : Ol�oo : O"'l(lirfi : lDf.t..:,.. : i\Ol/.,&.?t(JD• : O,l\°1¥11� : OO/J.'t•T1 : ',tD- :: '"11(1

- 239 -

------------� �l...=f fi•• lJ.'·"·""1,1c.1 = Y::i� = i\1Y-oit.. A1-- = o•tr • rt1.. w. t,. 01J1nc9° = rh

-- : 1 : A •: A10J 1'" 'h Jt:J.. OJcJ?: IT'/f:l"l'i: ODOJ()q 7''1tLU �',·f Y;.,?� =illl"'lfil& C.(l .. : ', • :,-0"}9°: {ID�mc: nilttl\1..: ',OJ•=� 1Pt --l·'lfl· : �a11nt--TlD" : �0'ltaf,',:,.: 9 °19°: -: fl\fl:J : (101//l..'l': ovn&..A ro•"}: f01J1fll,f-�'IT : Zti1l : h 1 1p:,,9°: hl\11'19° o .. -�"11,.el1�/\• : U·/\• t fhe:,-.f-k, : IP t... ,..?., 1' : h ').C': ', :,, : "71 nC9 ° : n 11. 0- : 9°h '} 209 ° . 9°19 = 7\"}�1 = fi',,:,.. r· f = IPt. --1·?f1.. = f:,- = f11.u = q .e,., :,.. = 1·°1 c = nl\ n -l' h_"}f,;',:,-0: "'/�1 {1C : 0Df;\t)9°: 0J•((11'"}: fl"7"J"�'T: {lrPt--,f•�:: 071fit>:'f": 1"�f-1": I\,,: m1hC: fl\: h!l:9° = ovOJ(lf:: .f/l01-- = 0.ff19° I /\1·1.u•: f1P&.,1,'q>:.f.: f.:;J�= f il&..A1 q, A== ovA ta 9° = "l11,., :,... = h 1t,l\9° = ..e u"} = ..e::i � = fl.,f tIJ = f,lit A ::

I I

•

- 240 -

ETHIOPIAN LABOUR RELATIONS: ATTITUDES, PRACTICE AND LAW by

LJ11111

G. More/1ous*

This article is the result of a rese�rcl1 project on 1a·bol1r relatio11s in Ethiopia. 1 Toe purpose of the research was to discover curre11t e111ployment practices and bo\v these practices compared vvith legal reql1iren1ents; to a11alyze the 1nachi11ery provided by the go,1ernn1ent for tl1e resoll1tion of labour-n1anagement conflicts and attitl1des to\vard it; and. to discover the attitl1des of the two principal participants, employees and employers, toward eacl1 other a11d toward tl1eir i11stitutions. In order to accom pHsh these goals while keepi11g the project to a ma11ageable size, primary focus was upon t\:vo industries, their con11)a11ies ancl tl1eir e1111)loyees. The two i11dl1stries chosen were the beverage industry, mant1factt1ring a11d bottling soft drinks, 111ineral water, beers, wines and liquors; a11d tl1e garage indt1stry, devoted prin1arily to servicing motor vehicles. Before discussing tl1e results of the researcl1, a brief overview of the develo :p ment of organized labour . in Etl1iopia is in order.

GENERAL BACKGROUND The Restoration of tl1e E111peror in 1941 brought a political stability �o � thiopia �heretofore unknown. With it can1e increasing indt1strialization and the resl1lt1ng increase 1 n wage employment. I11 1965 there were arot111d 300,000 \Vorkers in tl1e modern sector of the econoiny. 2 . As a result of tl1is growth of wage employme11t, workers began to rec_og?-ize the1r opportunity for mutual benefit thro11gh group action. Howeve�, associations 11 for mutu al benefit were not new to Ethiopia. As perso11s began moving to .11rba _ areas they sought institutio11s that would replace certain ft1nctions of the traditiorlal rur al society. M1.1t11al assistance organizations like idir, eqi1b, a11d ,naredaja replaced the

; LL. B. Nort hwestern University, 1969. · . · · 1 o ect 1 J r P_ l aut earc _Res ity vers U11i tern ort hor wes !-7-N HSl tl1e of "Yas a_ member . J;e 69 a d this article is tl1e third publ1sl1ed. ash a result of tl1e proJect. See J.Eflr.L., l · 2 · Seyou, n ns o tz · . la . re . r u o 1b l, z tl vi 1 d e i.R. � G. ebre Egziabber, Tlze clevelopment of so,ne 111stitut1011s conc rne . . Eh:;P . ia BL S t Eth10Pta (1969, unpu lisl1ed I-ISIU, Library), a11d Labour Lau, and pract�e 1� s in ta b n d c 1 r r . y P er t a: o No. 2�8 (U.S. Department of Labour, Nov. 1966.)_ The pap_ b .irs�:i_��nd o bserver f a andexceU��t discussion of tl1e developmen t of labour la w 111 Ethiopia by Part1 c1pant.

t� �;l�� f:

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ers n i 1:1b ir me tb ed tin1es of need. 3 aid d an ies cit the i11 s t1p � gro p broad kinshi . h wit s ling dea ect dir no had s ion zat a11i org se Although the _ernpl?ye rs, some were ph c gra geo s. line t1lon 1 tha1 er rath Even those rs orke co-w ! ng amo � ed . form _ , ty l1n1 s, c 1n1n line on n l1ad tl1a ther r no es, loye en1p ow relation fell � ng amo � ed aniz org . ped l1el to 1on zat aru org orrect the imba nce ista ass l tua mu ese � Th . ? yer plo em the with _ . lances cal1sed by employer favoritism, uncompe11sated acc1de11ts, d1sm1ssals and illness. At first wage Jabour was conte11t with its wages a11d benefits, feeling it was ions of the ''good life" better off than its non-wage brethre11. But, rising expectat 4 s. This attitude created a oyer e1npl their led the workers to den1and more fron1 cli1nate receptive to u11i• onization . D11ring the British military presence following the Restoration, formation of a trad.e union 1novement was fostered, which eventually resulted i n the formation of the Franco-Etl1iopian Railway Workers' U11io·n. 5 Further e11courageme11t of trade unionism 1uay l1ave been provided by tl1e Factories Procla1natio11 of 1944, 6 which established a co1nmittee to direct and co11trol factory inspection a11d gave tl1e Ministry of Commerce and Ind11stry power to make rules governing healtl1, safety, and conditions of work. U1lfortunately, the law was largely ineffectual and seldom used and was repealed in 1966.7 Tl1e first req_l st1pport for the for1natio11 of labour 11nions was provided by the Revised Constitution of 1955. 8 Altl1ough 111any worl<-oriented self-help organi zatio11s were e11couraged, the lack of e11abli11g legislatio11 and guidelines created besita11cy, cautio11 and s11spicio11 on the part of both workers and government. 9 In tl1e absence of any for111n for resolutio11 of disputes, the employees l1ad no alternative but to march to tl1e Palace to 1Jrese11t petitions. 10 Tl1e Civil Code of 1960 with its minimu1n co11ditions of employ111ent 11 and provisions for the registratio11 of u11io11s as ''associations'', provided a breaktbrougl1 for t11e v,1orkers. r2 Tl1e workers bega11 flexi11g tl1eir dormant m11scles, forming new 3. In. an idir, men1be rs make monthly contri b t1tions to a comn1on fu nd, portions of \�hich are paid o ut to m embers on the basis of need arising from deat11, illness, loss of job, imprisonment, et?· Tl,e maredaja 1J as the same p ur1)ose , b t1t tl1e funds are colle cted as tl1 e partic ular need a rises. The eq_t1 b is a _force d savi ngs asso ciation wl1ere periodic contrib utio11s are n1a_de, the . ,vl,oJe sul!l being 1n1me d! a�ely payable to one me mb er cl1osen by lot. That p erson contmu� to �ay, b ut 1s. n o longe r el1g1 ble to receive. D.N. Levin e , Wax a,1c/ Gold (C11icago, The Uruv� s i�y of Chicago �ress, 1�65), pp. 278-279; at1d A. Zack, The Ne1v Labor Legislatio n in Etluo pia (1964, unpublished, Li brary, Haile S ela ssie I U11iversity), pp. 1-2. 4 · Co�pleme_i,ting _thi� n1otivat�on n1ay l1ave been tl1e exaggeration of {)refits of Etl1iopian com panies whi�h e xist in . th� n1111ds of even e du cated Etl1iopians. J.A. Lee, "Develo ping Ma.nagers 1 n Developi ng Countries , , flarvard Business Rev. (Nov.-Dec. 1968), pp. 58-60. 5. Z-ack, cit ed above at note 3, p. 2. 6. Factories Proclamati?n, 1944, Proc. No. 58, Neg, Gaz., yea r 3, no. 8. ards 7. Seyoum qeb regziabel1er, cited above at note 2, PJ). 10-12. ReJ)ea Stand r u o La b led bv the to n�e. Proclrunat1on, 1966, Art. Proc. _No. ?32, Neg. Gaz., year e refe.r ture n o. 13... All f u 25, !he L�bour Standards Proclamat�on will not be footnoted u11Iess to note a particular provisi on, 1n .wh1cl1 case, only the ·name wlll be used. ' 8. S ee Rev. Con st., Art. 47. 9. S�youn1 �e bregzia�hei, cite d above at note 2, pp. 13-16. . La;, 10 i1l a Ji ilu_, Unfair Labour Practice i11 Ethiopia of lty Facu es Arc (196 l1iv f 8 Unp ubil isl1e f d . r Boa a1 e e ass1e I Unive rsity), p. 1. The author ns is a �e mb er of tl1; Labour 'Re latio 11. Civ. C., Arts. 2512-2609. 12 . See Civ. C., Arts. 404-482, and espe cially Art. 406.

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-belp associations a11d begin11ing a reorie11tatio11 of the existi· o no ones. In order . . se lf . reIease ? f e11e1�r, trie M"1111str� of Com111erce and i_ s h � n ne l ch a. Industry establito com h n11t ,v1.1 tee, 1c vvas ab le to settle a 1111n1ber of d · atio n med i a d he 1sp11tes dur1. 11g s . nce. 13 its existe As labour activity increased, pri�narily in _Addis Ababa, classical tinion activities beoean to en1erge•. · Tl1e adve11t of ,v1ld-cat strikes served to broade11 the awareness of thls new• act1v1ty. Ma11y gro11ps t I 1011ght that organizatio11 and protection of . 011ly benefit the workers bu t pro111ote national economic develo labour would not 14 In Marc� 1961 leaders fro m . wel l �nrecog11ized workers' organizatiotJs . pment a� represent111g ele�en companies n1et s�cretly 111 Addis Ababa to disc11ss a u11ified froiit. A series of strikes and den1011strat1ons followed at the larger co1nparlies and later that year an open n1ass 111eeting was held. 15 In Octob�r 1962 the Labour Relatio_ns Decr�e was promulgated by the Emperor during a parliamentary recess. 16 Its main f11nct1ons \.Vere to establish a new proce dure for the legalization and registration of en1ployers' associatio11s and labour unions, to define their rights and ob]igatio11s, to set up confl.ict-resolvi11g machinery, and to grant the Minister of Natio11al Comm11nity Developme11t po,ver to establish, by regulation, minimum sta11dards for labour conclitio11s. The next year Parliament passed a slightly an1et1ded version as the Labo11r Relations Proclamation. 16 Tl1en th.e following year, tl1e Mjnister pro111ulgated the Minimum Labo11r Conditons Reg ulations, adding to and modifying so1ne of the mi11im111n standards set by the Civil Code. 18 Pressure fro1n the ,vorkers was 011ly one factor tl1at moved the gover11ment to enact the Proclamation. Although a 111ember of the I11ternational Labour Org anization (ILO) since 1923, Ethiopia had 11ever been able to participate as a delegate owing to the absence o:f orga11ized employers and labo11r. 19 I-Ier existe11ce as the only African state witl1011t labour legislation and tl1e conspicuous absence of labour leaders to meet with their counte1-parts visiting from other cot111tries

13· Labour Cooperatives, Social 'ff?elfare a11cl Cornmunity Develop,nent in Etlziopia, 1957-1964. (Ministry of National Community Development, Imperial Ethiopian Governm�nt, 1964), p.9. 14· Seyoum Gebregziabher, cited above at note 2, p. 28. 15 · Zack, cited above at note 16, p. 4. 16· L bour Relations Decree' 1962 ' Decree No. 49, Neu. a ;;, Gaz., year 21, no. 18. · · 17 · Labo �ir Relations Proclamation, 1963, proc. No. 210, Neg. Gaz., yea� 23, no 3. This refere?ce contains only the amendments to tl1e Decree. All future reference will be to the Proclam �tion aoct will be footnoted only to note a particular provision, in whicl1 case, only the name will be use61. 18· Minimum Labour Condition Regulations 1964 Legal Notice No. 302, Neg. Gaz., ye�r 24, no. 5· In Ethiopia, en�ary regulations promulgated by' a minister can apparently amend or repeal parrl1 am ocl matio 1ese _ eg u 1 ation � tl to e renc refe re futu All ns, r. latte the Civil Code being .one of the. • P� a . d • e us be Will 1ll ,v e r m be t · na e th 1 ly on h · case, . 19 · A . e 00 noted only to note a particular prov1s1on, 1n w1 11c rticl 3 of the Constitution of 'fhe International Labour Organizatio11 requires delegates fro01 r per pro employers and e hav to ber mem a for � s labour in addition to government delegate , b e 1 en m a as s . · sent ar r ye y rt at e fo er in h PEth· . ton at the annual General Conference. For tb e fi rst t·1me . ' . . 3nnounced 10 1 1 ere Ethi opia Tl 3. 196 e Jun as in res ion rep gat te dele arti ented by a full trip aw her Patifi f Von ra 0 . e rg eo G . ILO Conve11t1ons, 89 d an r .·cat:· on of four 88 11 , 87 , N os. 1rst: fl l1er . , ,, J. Et/1. L. Vol. IJ (1965) p. 109. 13auctissin, An Introdu ction to Labour Development

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20 ern nal I�t tio th m fro nfe re Co ssu Pre � . der atio n ent sm ras bar em ual tin con ; a s wa 2 gn 1 re1 est 1o 1nv ote 21 nt om ne pr to 2 provided ed ne of Free Trade Unions and th e added ince11tive. The Civil Code, the Labour . Relations Proclan1ation, the �inimum Labo ur related closely of procian:iat1 Conditions Regulations, a11d a series 011s and orders came quickly i11 succession in the 1960s.23 T?gether t�ey established the principal part of the national labour law for both public and _private e�ployees. ! his articl e _ will be pri1narily concerned only with those laws which regulate the private sector of the economy. I.

PART I: MINIMUM LA.BOUR CONDITIONS AND PRACTICE

Introduction

In ord.er to stud.y employ1ne11t conditio11s in Ethiopian business, twenty-four firms were chosen from the garage and beverage industries. 24 These particular industries were chosen, after consultation with the staffs of the Co11federation of Etl1iopia11 Labou.r Unions a11d the Federatio11 of Employers of Ethiopia, because the companies in these i11dustries ranged in sizes fairly representative of Ethiopian firms, and they ranged fairly eve11ly withi11 each of the variables listed below. All busi11esses were located i11 Addis Ababa and its vicinity. 25

20 . Seyoum Gebregziabher, cited above at note 2, pp. 31-32. It has been suggested that Ethiopia also wanteq to make an i1npression on African leaders meetj11g in Addis Ababa in May 1963 for the African Summit Confere11ce. Berl1ane Gebre Negus, Tl1e Labo111· Relations Decree (1964, unpublished, Depa rtment of Public Administration, Haile Sellassie I University), p. 8. 21. Berbane Gebre Negus, cited above at note 33, p. 8. 22. Labour Cooperatives, Social Welfare and Commu11it)1 Developn1ent, 1957-196L�, cited above at note 26, p. 9. 23. Cei1tral Pre�onnel Agency and Public Service Or der, 1961, Order No. 23, Neg. Gaz., year 21, no. 3; Public Employment Admi11ist ration Order, 1962, Order No. 26, Neg. Gaz., year 2J, no. 18. Public Employo1ent Ad1nin.ist ration Regulations, (No. l). 1962, Legal Notice No. 267, Neg. Gaz rear 22, no. 5 _(No. 2), 196?, _Legal Notice No. 320, Neg. Gaz., year 25, no. 24; Lab?ur Rela!1ons Proclamat1on, 1963; M1n11num Labour Conditions Regulations, 1964; Labour In spec�ion Service Order, 1964, Order No. 37, Neg. Gaz., year 24, no, 4; Labour Standards Procl�n�uon, 1966. For a. �hart . sun101ary of each of these, see Report 10 the Government of £tl,1op1a on Labour Adm1111strat1011, Report No. JLO-TAP-EtJ1ioJ)ia- R.9.(Geileva, r11t'I Labour Office, 1968), pp. 6-8. 24 · Th� idea of a. random san1ple of businesses was discarded since there was only one li5l of �us1ne�se� and it wa� fot1nd to be both incomplete and lin1jted to one province, albeit the most 1ndustr1al�z�d one. _List of. ! 798 Busi,zess Estahlishme11ts in S/1oa Provi11ce (Manpower, Res earc: and Stat1st1cs Section, �1n1str_y of National Com111unity Development, Iinp. Eth. Governm�� October 1967). Tl1ese d1fficult1es would not l1ave bee11 insuru1ountable, but it was reabz . t e t�at a prop�r ran �om sample_ wot1ld have been too large for the present project. Conc n �o t1on _on two industries was d��ded as an alternative , of busin esses so as.n selec tion with the g w1 obtain a range of characteristics along eacl1 of f0Uo text 1·n the t d 1· tl 1e e 1s , .· . bl es \aria note 25. , eX mpl 25. Altl1ot1gh the Province of Er·itrea, l. co 1·ke Shoa, l1as a well developed, sm�ll in d us tr·i al · ,vba t e it was decided to elin1inate E t ea from tl1e som ad. a ondfdons has scop h it use of �eca y, this stt1d different evolution of organi;�J labour and tl1e e c present laws relating to employnient a re somewI1at uncertain.

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The compa11jes were categorized and their praotices26 compared to one another of the following eac. h to variables: ct respe in (I) Industry. Th e labour co1�ctitio11s provide� by the companies in the garage indu str� w�re co111pared with tl1ose provided by the beverage companies.21 (2) _Nat1?nal1ty o.f Control. Each fir1n was pl a� e� into a category reflecting the nat1o nal1ty of tl1e perso11 o� �ersons exerc1s1ng controlling j 11terest_2s The categories \vere lab�le� ''Eth1op1a11''; .''res�de.11t foreign'', those foreigr1 ers \vho had resided in Ethiopia 1110s t of their lives; and ''foreign. "29 The perfor-

Tl1e Eritrean En1pl?�n1ent Act of 1958, Eritrea,, Gaz., vol. 20, no . 5 (Supp.), established minimum Jabot1r cond1t1ons, a system of labour inspection, and provisions for the registra tion of en1ployers, associations a11d labour t1nions. Tl1e Civil Code, 1960, and tl1e Labour Relations Decree, 1962, botl1 enacted during the Federatio11, wl1ile Eritrea was on autonomous unit federated with tl1e rest of prese11t day Etl1iopia, fell into the class of purely Ell1iopian Jegislation; there [ore, their broad repeal provisio11s did not affect the Employment Act. tl1e effect of the Imperial Order of Unification, 1962, Order No. 27, Neg. Gaz., year 22, no. 3, coming five weeks after the Labour Relations Decree, essentially preserved the status quo of legislation in Eritrea. Latter legislation, tl1e Labour Relatio11s Proclan1ation, the Labotir Standards Proclan1ation, and the Minin1um Labot1r Conditions Regulations, applied to Eritrea but contained provisions saving legislation a11d otl1er legal arrangements tl1at bad created conditions more favourable to employees , and tl1ey did not cover all points dealt witl1 by the Employment Act. R. Means "Tl1e Eritrean Employment Act of 1958," J. Eth. L., vol. 5 (1968), p. 139. This confusing state of affairs was supposedly settled in November 1967 when tl1e Supreme Imperial Court ruled that tl1e En1ployment Act was completely inoperative. Report to the Government of Ethiopia 011 Labour Acln1i11istration, citecl above at note 23, pp. 8-9. However. this writer has been informed by an official of the Federation of Employers of Ethiopia that many Eritrean e111ployers simply apply the Employment Act to employees hired before tbe national legislation and apply the latter to employees hired after tl1at time. 26. Most of the data concerning the en1ployn1ent practices in each of the sampled companies can be found in L. Morel1ous, Data on Conclitions of E111ployme11t i11 Twenty-four Co111panies in Ethiopia (1969, unpublisl1ed, Arcl1ives, Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University). Copies may also be found at tl1e offices of the Confederation of Ethiopian Labour Unions and the Federation of Employers of Etl1iopia.

27 · 28 ·

Except for the information contained in tl1ree collective agreements all information was obtain ed through personal i11terviews. In a number of cases employees of the company_ were also interviewed. In many cases the information obtained from these two sources differed; how ever, not being able to vouch for the veracity of one any more than the other a�d realizing that "splitting the difference'' was no solution a decision to use one or the other in !he analysi s of the data l1ad to be n1ade. Since employees of all sampled firms had not �een interviewed and all questions had not been asked to all emplorees interviewed, and since . many employees may l1ave only a limited view of tl1e overall policy, _it was. deemed beSt to use only the employers' responses, unJess tl1eir responses could be clarified with an employee. � hi� c�mparison was used to determine whetl1er there migl1t be any difference between a r:,- ice industry and a mant1facturing industry. . . bl� ne , � foreig v_ariable was chosen since it was l1ypotl1esized tl1�t. the foreigner, residen� � �m: th10P an having different backgrounds and personaltt1es, wotlld handle their labour t , 1 7 e ent 68 , note at P· 6 ab?ve cit�d relatio P ns differently. See Seyoum Gebregziabher, �� s ifies employers labour rd towa t1des att1t tl1e1r to ect resp 1ps grot with four into � N tion . ahty differences can b e seen in tl1is classification. � N1ne of d an s, er n ig re fo t en d si re b d h t e Y · e ·firms were Ethiopian controlled, te11 were co11tro II five, were fore ign controlled.

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re we ries compare d with each ego cat se tlie of h eac in ies pan com mances of the other to determine the effect of nationality of control on employment pract ices. (3) Size. To determine whether the size of a company �as any relationship to ies pan was com r -fou labeled either nty twe the of h eac , ons diti con ent loym emp dred hun empl?yees or less. one h�d it ther whe on g ndin depe ll; sma or e larg The labour conditions in the large comparues were compared with those in the small firms. 30 ( 4) Employee Organization. Each firm could . also be pla�ed into one of three categories reflecting va.rying degrees of potential employee influence on the firm' s policies. A presently active union reflects the greatest degree of potential influence. Three of the firms that fell into this group had collective agreements. The former existence of a union, a ''defunct'' union, represents at least some degree of union influence. Together, these mak e up ''union experience." Never having 3.1 . ence influ Labour cond ntial pote of ee degr st lowe had a union reflects the itions in each of these oategories were compared to determine the effects of employee organization on such conditions.

[

Since the sample is quite small, it has been considered essential to subject all cases in whicl1 employment practices appear to be correlated with one of the above variables to a test o.f statistical significance before a conclusion can legitimately be drawn. 32 The result in many cases has been that no significant difference appear s, whereas, if a larger sample had been used, more of these differences might have been significant. What is an Employee ?

One of the most important elements in any study of labour legislation is the definition of ''employee," inasmuch as only persons who fit within this category are entitled to the benefits, and subject to the obligations, provided by the law. The word ''employee'' has at least three differe11t definitions in Ethipian labour legislation. Although 1nost of the workers in the present study were ''employees" by all three definitions, the differences cause difficulties in deciding .wh.ich piece of ·30, The num�er of. employees in each co�pany ranged from six to approximately 245, the _m�n and me�1an being 97 and, 96, respectively. The average number of employees in the Eth1op1an an� foreign rrrms were �bout the same, 126 and 114, respectively; 11owever, the average for the resident fore!gn compa.nies, at 53, was less tl1an half the average for the otl1er two. Also, the average 1n the garages was l1alf of that in tl1e beverage con1panies. '!he ab�ve shows that the variables of industry and nationality are 110t totally inde pendent of size. This dependence should be considered when analyzing tI1e data. ·31 . S� firms had a�tive unio�,. only one of which was in the beverage industry. The member ship of. each uruon .was llillited to the enlployees in that one compai1y. N ine firms never had uni�ns. All of . the defunct unions resulted from t1nsuccessful experience with a genera l trade union, or horizontal union. ·32. Chi Sq�are (X2 ), a distribution-!ree statistic, i.e . the use of wl1icl1 does not rest on assun1ptionf o test c?n�rn1ng the form of popu�at1on distribution, l1as a e wl1e r case significance was needed. ?wing to the small size been used i11 all datsa was reduced of the sample all . us two-by-1'!0 tables �efore �hi square was applied, was continuity and for Yal cor e's rec tio� . by From chi square 1s obtained the probability p ) red . occur 1n the data (. • that. tl1e frequenc1es . · chance. See J. P. Guilford . 6), Fiundian1enta/ Stat1st1cs zn P syc/20/ogy and Educati.on (New York, McGraw-Hil · l 3rd ed., 19 5 , chap.

11.

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ns t�e. oa_se of any particular employee. The. definition • gove r on slati legi 10 the Civil e l. 1v of al Code is the most 1nclus A contract of employment is a contract whereby one party, the emp1oyce, undertakes to ren d�r to the ot her p �rty, � he empl�yer, under the latter's direcrm1n�d or_ undeternuned time, services of a physical or int tion, for a dete elle _ cons1d erat1on of wages which the employer undertakes to pay ctual nature, 1n hi m. 33 Public servants and state employees, except those engaged in commercial or indus trial undertakings, are excluded from this definition.34 The next definition is found in the Labour Relations Proclamation and the Minimum Labour Conditions Regulations. They begin with the Civil Code definition and exclude not only public servants not in profit-making enterprises, but also managers, directors, superintendents and other agents of an employer; domestic servants; and agricultural workers on a farm having less than ten permanent emplo yees.35 The exclusion of management personnel was appropriate for the basic purpose of the Labour Relations Procl_amation, to provide a framework for the promotion of methods of . protecting the non-management workers' interests and resolving worker-management conflicts. But, when the same exception was applied to the Regulations something peculiar occurred. The worker is now entitled to be paid on public holidays; the management is not. He is entitled to a maximum work week and established overtime rates; the management is not. The worker is also e.ntitled to more generous annual leave than is the management.36

This discrepancy would seem to result from an oversight during the drafting o .f the Labour Relations Proclamation (Decree). The one sub-article granting the Minister of National Community Development the power to fix minimum labour conclitions 37 is totally out of keeping with the purpose of the rest of the Procla mation, i.e. establishment of conflict-resolving machinery and guidelines for th� registration of labour unions and employers' associations. Although it would seem the drafters included this provision in order to bypass Parliament in the event of future changes being made in minimum labour conditions, they would appear to have overlooked the limitation on the Minister's power created by the more narrow definition of employee found in the Proclamation. Therefore, labour condition� fixed by the Minister must always have a more restrictive application than those fixed by the Code. . The _ third definition of employee is found in the Labour S andards Proclam � � tion. It 1s the same as that in the Labour Relations Proclamation, except that it does not exclude management.38 Considering the purpose of the Labour Standards e ger Ge 33· Civ. C., Art. a rm Gi v. a gir aq W ile Ha see e 2512. For an interpretation of this articl (�up. Imp. Ct., 196 5), J.Eth. L., vol. 4, p. 77. 34 Civ. C., Ar · t. 2513. .· 35· Labour Art.J(l). ns, atio gul Re s tion ndi Co r bou La Relations Proclamation ' Ar t. 2(0. Minimum 3 6. Sin b egory at c . . e th m o fr d d u e 1 xc e wer -� s ker oth domestic servants and certaLn agricultural . wor . · them by � f en giv 0 employees" as de fin ed in the Regulations, they too have only the rights the Code . . . . Lab Sec 37, our Relations Proclamat1-0n, Art. 3(1). 38. Laho.. ur Stand ards Proclamation, Art. 3(4).

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to provide for the safety a11d health . of all those persons in industrial es ly on lud exc rt persons who do e aus beo e, abl son rea is io11 i.nit def tl1e enterprises, not work in industry. 39 ive slat legi e thes defi11itions. In a t rpre i11te to n asio occ had e hav rts The cou recent case, the High Court refused a dismis�ed _ I1ouseboy's de1nand for dismissal compensatio11, dismissal notice a11d pay1n�nt 1n lieu of _a�n11al leave u11der eyithe r C i vil Code on the grou tl1e or ions ulat Reg ns · ditio Con ur abo L 1 nun i i Min nds the 40 that these provisions were i11appli�able to do�e_stio serva11ts. T?is decision would seen, to be wrong. Tl1e court applied the defi· n1t1011 of en1ployee 1n the Regulatio ns to the Civil Code, ignoring the- caveat restricting the definitions to the Regulation.s.41 Although the Civil Code contains a special sectio11 for domestic servants, those a11d do not exclude do mestic articles impose additional obligations 011 the employer, 42 s. ision prov ral gene the of fits bene servants fro1n the Proclan1ation,

There was some feeling a111ong a n11mber of tl1e e1nployers i11terv.iewed that a daily worker, i.e. 011e who is paid after each day's work and custo1narily does not receive wages for days not worked, is 11ot entitled to the same benefits as regular en1ployees. Tl1e High Cottrt, l1owever, has determi11ed that a daily worker is e11titled to at least so111e of tl1e benefits of ordi11ary en1ployees. In affirn1ing the decisio11 of a11 awradja court awardi11g a daily worl<er compe11sation for dismissal without ca11se under Article 2573 of the Code, tl1e court said that tl1e co11tract excb,lngi 1 1g services for wages exists- independe11tly ot· the tin1e for which wages are fixed. It also said that eve11 if the contract ,vas co11sidered as bei11g re11ewed each day, Article 2573, penalizi11g the e1nployer for dismissal \Vitho11t cause, makes no disti11ctiot1 between failure to re11ew and termi11ation.43 Tl1e tl1rust of the decision would seem to e1 1title a da.ily worker 11ot 011ly to dis1nissal compe11sation, but also to benefits for which there is a prerequisite of a particular le11gth of service. Many provisions base eligibility for benefits only on ''le11gth of service'' and not upon the le11gth of any ''co11tract period." A d.aily worker wl10 l1as had 11i11ety successive ''contract periods'' wo11ld l1ave been in the ''service'' of l1is employer for tl1ree months. Son1.e of the e1nployers interviewed also felt that apprentices are not entitled to the sa1ne benefits as regular employees. Eve11 tbo11 oh Article 2597 of the Code expressly applies the other articles to apprentices, the�e l1as appeared to be enough doub � on the n1atter to warrant employers argui11g the co11trary before tl1e Labour Relations Board.44 _ Four of _the garages either did 11ot 1nake a11y regular wage pay ments to apprentices or patd tl1e1n only mi11imal atnot111ts. I11 tl1is situation, the 39. Article 4 of the Labour Standards Proclamation excludes fron1 its scoJJe certain enterprises ,vhos e workers are "en1ployees'' by the definition in Article 3(4). 40. 53 .. 1:efera Mekitie v. _Le:-vis (Higl1 Ct., 1968, Civil App. No. 164-60) (t1npublis h ed). The nt 1 ad brought suit in the Awradja Court tinder Civil Code Articles 2561, 2571, 2573 �� J� 41. ''As us7ed in these Regulations ....(1) 'employee' sl1all 111ean ,, M1'n·1·n1un1 Labour . Conditi ons _ ... · Regt1lat1ons, Art. 3. 42. See Civ. C., Arts. 2601 tlrrough 2603. 4 3. Kidane Temelso v. Shebiru Gegnie (Higl1 Ct. , 1963) ) J.E111• l L ., VO1 • 3 , p. 411 . . . . 965) 44. pr• t w k 0 3 i 1 ltin _ g ber Pre ss Owner (La �our Relations Board, Decem _ l�aba: A �:!�te °<lol �;�,;�; � i�b��,,� D1 s p u_tes ancl (Add1s ws the the Ruli ar ng _ of Lab our the Bo d s Tl1e Federation . · of Er:{ployers Of E"'t h 1op1. a, circa 1968), Case No. IV. As tl1e title 5 h 0 '

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h are based on a worker's wage, e.g. wage co ic h w s n io is v ro p nti 11ua11ce during Code become inapplicable. leave, t1al ann Obligations of an Employee b e C�v!l Code . establisl1e� certain oblig ti ns that a1 1 em p oye ! � _e owes his emplo � � . yer 10 add1t1on to any establ1sl1 ed . by _co1 1tr,L �t. 0 1�e st1cl1 ob1igat1011 is the liability 11?,loyee_ 11egl1ge 11 tly or 11 t 11 t1onally c ses e1 an dam age y an his employer, hav �� for �� . ing regard to the 11ature of the work, J1 1 s tra1111 11g a1 1d abrlity.45

Half of t!1e co111pa 1 1ies i11terviewed cl1 ar �ed tl1eir workers repair or replacement costs fo� negl �get1t damage to tools a11d eqt111?1nent, wl1ile two-tl1irds of thein charg ed for 1nte11t1onal da111age. T\vo fir 1ns provided for pu 1 1ish 1 11ent in the 11ature of fines rather tha11 charges. A11 other added the caveat that no cl1 arge wot1ld be 1nade if the equipment was so exp �nsive as to i 1 npose a large debt 0 1 1 the worker. Q 1 1Jy one company offered tl1at tl1e1 r cl1arges for replace111e11t were always based 011 son1 e thing other tl1an f11ll cost of replace111ent. It used the deJJreciated (straight Ii1 1e) value of the equip1ne11t. Tl1e difference between the policies of Etluopian and foreig11 firms and those of resident fo.reig11 fir1ns is i 11 teresting. All of tl1e forn1er charge or punish for negligently caused da1 nage, wl1 ile less than l1 alf of the latter do.4 6 Anotl1 er employee obligatio11 is to carry ot1t all vi1ork ordered by the e 1 nployer \Vhere st1ch orders are not contrary to law or n1orals and do not e11tail da11 ger.47 Th.is apparently mea1 1s that an e111ployee 1nust accept not only orders within his normal range of d11ties, but also tra11sfers to different d11ties on eitl1 er a te 1 11porary or permanent basis. The Labour Board has held tl1at reft1sal to accept a ''lateral transfer'', i.e. one involvi11 g 11 0 cl1 ange i11 ra11k or salary, is good cause for dis missal.48 Conversely, employers also l1ave certai 11 limitations placed t1po11 their transfer employees fro111 one job to a11otl1er. 011 its face, the C ode is clear an employee cannot be assig 1 1ed to differe11 t work tl1at involves a reduction or salary, and if assigned to work carryi11g a l1igl1er wage, he sl1ot1ld

45 · 46 . 47 ·

48 ·

right to enotigh: in ran·k get that

book is a collection of summaries of a samp]ing of decisions by tl1e Labour Relations Board and does not include all cases decided by the Board. The sample was chosen fr_om all. cases decided by the Board to be representative of its rt1lings and reasoning. on a va�iety of issues. Where n1ore than one case presented tl1e same issue(s), . oJ?ly one was included 1n t11e s�n,pl_e. The Federation of Employers of Etl1iopia (FEE) has ehmmated tl1_e name? of the I? arties 1� the case names, since n1any employers are 11ot accustomed to l1aving their . Jegal dispute� � . may be obtained at the FEE matter of public record. The complete decisions (in Amharic) office. This is the only publication of Board decisions. To date FEE has received a. copy of every Board decision, but this practice may cease because of certain disgruntlement 1.n the Labour Department over the publication of this collection. . AU future reference to cases containecl in tl1is collection wil l give only the case name as nunl ber e cas tl1e and �t appears in the , tes spu Di r bou La n, isio collection, tl1e forL1m, date of dec in the collection · . i C v � -, Art. 2524. ce n re e f if d is . th f · o y it il he ab b o pr i f d1f e T ·erence is statistically significant. x2 = 6. 505, p < 02, z.e. th ace . urri·ng by chance is less than two tiines in 011e l1undre d • C1v· C·, Arts. 2523 . an d 2525. · 3 ' !967) t guS Au Lauoctry Worke ard Bo ons lati Re rs Union v . A Lat111clry Owner (Labour

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wage.49 One result of a literal interpretation·. of this pro�ision seem� to be. that _ . 1s not qua lified for the if the employer has decided that a newly hired sen10: mechan1c ng be a _ _ good cause_ but at10 c l1fi qua of lack the ? � him iss dism can he job,so he cannot transfer him to the job of assistant mecharuc, with. its resultant decreas e Ill pay . Nevertheless, an employer can demote such an e1!1 ployee if _he . uses a circuitous method. As just mentioned, if the worker is not qualified f01:" hi_s Job,_ the employer may dismiss him with good cause. The employer's. onl� obl!gat1on will be termina _ 10 advance. The emplo time tion notioe, 51 which he can plan to give the �equ1s1te . yer might then rehire the same worker at the lower Job. Therefore, the prohibition against assigning an employee to a different job paying less salary may not be absolute, but· may only make the employer fulfill two prerequisites, both reasonable: be able to show that the employee was not qualified for the work he was doing and give the employee the necessary notice so that he may look for another job if l1e wishes. • • Another result of a literal interpretation of the Code provision is that if an assistant mechanic does the· work of a senior mechanic for only one hour, he should see the increase in his pay packet. In practice, this literal interpretation would be absurd. It takes no account of the lack of precise job descriptions in all but a very few companies, of the horrendous accounting problems that would be involved, nor of the very big differ ence between a temporary transfer and a permanent transfer. It may very well be that the worker should be protected against loss of salary for temporary transfers to a lower job and. against refusal by the employer to grant a wage increase when transferred to a higher job, but the present law exceeds the present level of sophis tication in employment. •

Of the sixteen firms that responded to a question concerning their policy, one stated that salary adjustments would be made only in its annual salary review. Thirteen would not decrease a worker's wages if he were demoted but would in crease them upon his moving to a job with a higher wage rate, but only after a probation period ranging from fifteen days to one year. Only one company appeared to make wage increases for temporary work, thus folJowing the literal applicatio n of the law. 52 Dismissal

Dismissal from work without good cause is the most frequent complaint filed with the Labour Department.53 This is not surprising considering the position of •

49. Labour Disputes, Case No. XXIV. Ci v. C., Art. 2527. 5o · Di�mi_s�al is ror good cause when the empl oyee does or ledg e kno w l mic a suffi tec not cient l sho · w rel1ab1l1ty. C1v. C., Art. 2575(2). 51. Civ. C., Arts. 2570 and 2571. 52. This company also provided that if �n employee , �a� s y thir t for tbe wage became permanent, and his wage co u rem ained in the higher positioner leve l. l d no t be reduced to its form ·- .53. Tuer are e� sta tistics prepared on this matter pres the fro m and to prepare them � w fcf b ; o e ��j�ri�y �7 cas� � d:�:� es� �aaltetask. The �onsens�s among Department official s is that around ninety percent are dismissal · cases.

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•

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he is em p!o ye d , he If ee . . pl oy em an �ay _think twice before complaining to the ab ou hi rtm t s e1nployer s fa1lure to give him en t De pa r . ou · Lab an nu al 1eave or sick no 011 w1 t 'th t 54 d an . cau se, , th,at he will be fi·red and th I eave ' fearful row . n 1.n · to the I d oye . T 55 e h nemp e fi w of d a y s pool sa la ry such complaints represent � large is n o t on se qu po en c ss ce ib s. B le ut , th e th e worth person who has already been dismissed _ from a job has noth1ng to lose. Unless he 1s lucky an� qui�kly finds new employ ment, �e can . well afford th e fe w days spent prosecuting h1s claim and may gain something by 1t. For purposes of t �rmination of employment, the Code divides employment cont racts into two categories: Contracts· of fixed duration, i.e. for a definite period of time or piece of work, �nd c�ntracts ?f i11definite duration. 56 When an employer termin ates a contract of 1ndefirute duration, he may l1ave two major obligations: Under Article 2570 he generally mu st give 11otice of a stated period; furthermore if he lacks ''good cause'' for termination, Article 2573 requires that he give the empl oyee severance pay or ''compensation''. The notice requirement is also imposed on an employee who terminates a contract of indefinite duration. When an employer, without ''good cause'', refuses to renew a contract of definite duration, he is also liable to pay compensation under Article 2573. Finally, Article 2583 provides that a party who terminates a contract of employment unfairly must make good any loss suffered by the other party. However, u.nder Article 2578 a party shall be relieved of all the above obligations if he can present ''justifying reasons'' for his termination of the contract. The requirement of compensation is imposed by Article 2573 in the following language: The employee shall be entitled to fair compensation where the employer terminates a contract or refuses to renew it without good cause justifying fully this decision. While some persons have argued that compensation shall not be required of an employer who simply refuses to rene\v a contract of definite duration which has expired, the phrase ''refuses to renew it'' seems �o make clear that contracts of definite duration are · included in the term ''contract'' in this Article. A contract of indefinite duration, unless terminated, simply continues without neces �ity for ''renewal''• -Some have suggested also that the ''refuses to renew'' phrase is intended to apply

54 · Apart from prohibiting dismissal for union activities the law does not force an employer 0 conti� ue . to employ a person. It only sets out an amount of mo_ney the employer_ m_ust P Y for d1Sm1ssal without good cause. Getachew Berbane v. Commercial Bank of Ethiopia (S�p. Imp. Ct., 1968, Civil App. No: 256-60) Union v. Air Lines Company (Labour Relation ar _ o uly 19 , 1966), Labour Disputes, Case No. Vll_l. This is t!�e even _wh�n emp�oye� ��: J �, B disIDJssed for claiming their rights under the rnirun1um cond1t1ons legislation. Ii ·• d Ababa Tailor's Union v. A Tailor Shop Owner (Labour Relations Board, July 7, 1967), Case No. XXIII. 55. Again, · no . . . . e consensus of th is t · en stat1st1cs were a, a1lable of unempIoyrn rate high but a very . everyone intervie e rc fo our � b 1 your of n portio_ l substantia a wed. "If . \_Vere to be replaced In response to the qt1estion, would take to recruit andtor train replace it do how tl1ink you long .s • ments, ,, the median ' er sw an ve ga d ir thirty d ays. o ne th was time =21) by employers (N given d Sec Ser�;;r • cant; �� er two weeks. The Addis Ababa employ111ent office, run by _the Emp)oymeFt its i f nt the r P -six twenty r Labou only Department, managed to place � in �9� 9 f r· te is in M e th to 1 E.C., epor a . Annu a considerable improvement over form�r years (labour Department, r nment, _ _ Gove l Etl mp. I 1 en, lop� Dev Ministry· of National C?mmuruty � 1 960 E. C.), and other unpublished figures obtained from the Secttion. 1

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ress an s ain exp o11t c ch whi n atio dur nite defi of ts trac con to only .option allowing d e h e C o t ut b conta111s no language act, r t_ con the nd exte or \V re�e to ee ploy 1 .. tlle en at all to support this argument. Thus� Article 2573 req_u11e s the employ er to comp ensate the employer w11e11ever be ter111111ates or reft1ses to renew a contract of either definite or indefinite duration. The gu.idelines established ?Y Articl� 2574 for de�ermining the amount of compe.. nsation due a11 employee entitled to 1t under Article 25?3 are vague? making it difficult for even the honest en1ployer to calculate what his employee 1s owed.57 In fact, the Code assumes a court will decide the matter. 58 Although no information was obtai11ed on this, su.ch a cumbersome method n1ust have led to many inequities and u11necessary lawsuits. In any case, the Minimum Labour Conditions Regulations simplify the calculation: after one year of service, an en1ployee is e11titled to one month's salary increased by twe11ty-five percent for every additional year of service.9s Althougl1 this Article purports to supersede the Code provisions, 60 it neglects to state what should l1appe11 in the case of termination with less tl1an 011e year's service, nor does it i11clude the case where tl1e co11tract l1as 11ot been renewed ratL1er tl1an simple ter1ninatio11, matters \\1hicl1 were botl1 dealt with by the Cod.e. Since tl1e Regulatio11s are effective 011ly so 1011g as tl1ey create co11ditions more favourable to e111ployees, tl1e Code provisio11s would appear still to govern th.ese matters. 61 Tbe Labour Board a11d the Supreme Imperial Co11rt have handled dismissals with less than a year's service in differe11t ways. Tl1e latter 11sed the same reason it1g as above and· allowed. recovery. The Board ignored the Code and awarded tl1e pro rata portio11 of one 1no11tl1's salary. 62 It is i1nportant to note that in neither case were the Regt1latio11s considered to have removed tl1e right to severan ce pay for service of less tl1a11 one year. CaJct1la.tion of the le11gth of service has bee11 l1eld to begin at the time of the 111ost recent hiri11g where the employee has been hired several times,63 and the notice period sl1ould be included as a part of the service if tl1e worker remains e1nployed duri11g that ti111e.64 . What is and is not good cause u11der Article 2573 is a 111ajor problem beset ting the courts a11d the Labour Relations Board. The Civil Code makes a slight effort at defi11ing what is good ca11se. Thus, Article 2575 states tl1at good cause is present

56. 57. 58 · 59. 60. 61.

62. 63. 64 ·

Civ. C., Art. 2567. See Civ. C., Art. 2574: lei., Art. 2574(1). "In fixing tl1e amount..., tl1e court shall take into consideration.... " �ini1num Labour Conditions Regulatio1 1s, Art. 9 The SLlnl is subject to a maxi1num of JSO times the average daily wage. See note 18 and Minimum Labour Condjtions Regulations, Art. 9(3 . ) the by lb., Ar_t. 10. Of course, the Civil Code still governs tl1ose en1ployees n red cove . ot Regulations., See text acconipanying no te 38. : 3 vo Compare . Yesur�vara Je�op1e L., .. v. Gashaw Bezza Zerfu (SttlJ, Imp. Ct., 1965), J. Eth �5 : , 19 p. 32, wit_h Tailors Uruoo v. A Tailor Shop Ow ) Board, Apri1 t 3, ner Re (La lati bou ' ons r Labo11r Disputes, Case No. IT. on lJoj Union v. A Manager (Labour Relations Board see V but No May 1966 Case ) 6 . v. A Contractor (Labour Relations Board July utes Disp , Lab ;u 5 ' 1967)' 'c ase N'0· xxr·r ' ' C se · Id A E ployee v. A Pharmacy Owner 967 (Labour R.elations Board. December 11, 1 ), a N; . X�V�

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be reaso11able to expect tl1e co11trac not d wou l t ' to be extended or reere . h w 65 natu e t re of to the ·h rega rd wor k. ving Good cause also ex1s · ts where . newed, ha c1e1 1an 1 dl 1t 1 e Y su his ffi • can work becal1se of a' lack of k now 1edge, not loye e emp . . . . . or co1;1-sc1e� • t1ou the 66 · snes s. FI owe ver, . tl1e Labour Board llas said that bil1� y relia , peed s. s1tt1at1ous \Vhere tl1e e111ployee is merely on bad terms persoinclude . not s doe . . th18 67 e poor quality of tl1e en1ployee must be in h.is work Th oyer. . 1 emp his with nally Code furtl1er allo\vs good cause whenever the employee'� The perso 11. his in not _ 68 l1. 1t od fa go 1n d he is ol ab is job There are also certain ''justifyi11g reasons'' listed in Articles 2579 through 2582 that must also be good cause, for they wot1ld see1n to be quite serious breaches of the empl�yn1ent relation a11? tl1t1s certai11ly seem to come withi11 the general terms of Article 2575. These will be covered 1nore completely in the discussion of liability under Article 2583 for ''u11fair term i11ation." Beyo11d this, tl1e cot1rts and the Labour :Board n1t1st decide i11 each case, witl1 only the few legislative gt1idelines, what is good cat1se. Following is a discussio11 of some of the areas in which this decision has been 1nade. One of the most surprising sitt1atio11s whicl1 has been deemed good cause has been in the area of work-connected diseases and i11jt1ries. \Vhere a work-cot1nected illness bad rendered an e1n1Jloyee unable to conti1111e his previot1s job, although still en1ployable by the sa111e con1pany in a different capacity, the St1preme Imperial Court regarded his reduced capacity to work as good cause for disn1-issal. 69 Sucl1 f ied by deciding that i11 st1ch a case it would 11ot be reaso1i justi be could a result 70 I11deed, although Article 2580 specifies d. extende t be to contrac the able to expect that illness is not one of tl1e ''jt1stifying reasons'' earlier mentioned, it nlight be read to carry a negative i1nplication that sick11ess could be regardecl as good cause. However, since the worker was still e111ployable, it wot1ld see1n that the good catise should have been considered st1fficient 011ly to assign l1in1 to a 11e\v job, even if it carried a lo\ver salary.71 re Chronic absenteeism' 011 tl1e otl1er l1and ' would seen1 to be 011e case whe . there is clearly goo d cat1se for dis1nissal. Ho'rvever, tl1e riigl1 Court, i n affirming a decisio n of an awradja court, l1as condo11ed the view that 11on-p.ay1ne11t of w3: ges m eeis ent abs d ishe pun the ce, hen , the a11d t, 1en nt ishn t abse pun cien s Slrffi day is ?n 1s no t good cat1se. 72 • Reft1s al to obey employer's orders wo11ld also appear to be good cause give11 the mandate of Article 2525 tha t a11 e111ployer follow those orders. Wl1ere an emplo yee re·fused a lateral transfer O'f wo rk, goo d cat1se has been held to exist.73 It has l·t

65 · 66· 67 · 68 · 69 70·. 71 · 72 ·

Civ. C., Art. 2575(1). Id., Art. 2575(2). U�·ion v. A Manager, cited above . at 11ote 63. Civ. C., Art. 2575(3) . . e p l d) ub ish (un 9) 3-5 59 . No et ar Negash v. Assab Refi11ery (Sup. Im p. Ct ., 1967, Civil App. Y b :k S ee C1v. C., Art. 2 575(1). s ee te t x accompanyi11g note 51. No • . · 'P AI vil Ci , 68 19 Te·nague W. Kiros ., Ct 1 igl l e Pla11t (Ibr Fi ian op hi e th Et of er ag v. an M 53 ·60) ( p ublisl1ed). un 3 73· Lauodry Workers Union v. A Lat1ndry Owner, cited above at note 48·

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also been held, hoVirever, that a twenty mjnute arg111nent witl1 the employer sho uld 74 bas yer emplo the absolut ee not be d med such a reftisal. Si11ce e right to �� _ Fe not a r e is n1anoeuv er," pros arrange his staff in t11is maru1er, such a tra11sf cribed 75 by the Code, comp elli11g the employ ee t� quit. But, the �lI�reme Imperial Cou . rt for ground d1sD11ssal sufficient 11er se if h e ld that r e fusal has is 11ot the refusal is justified. 76 Tl1at determination is apparently for a •court. W11ere the work is of a r elatively temporary nature, e.g. in the constructio n trade,77 and where the employe es were hired with . thjs knowledge, !he Labou.r Board l1as l1eld that severance pay is n.ot n ecessary since the completion of the work 78 w e e th ren to e r ract failu cont for . e caus d goo e This e and ci 11t otic is n. suffi itself decisio11 is consjste11t with the abs ence of a11y legal notic� requireinent regardio.g tl1e end of a contract for a definite piece of work and with the Code provision allowing good cause where it would not be re aso11able to expect the contract to be rene wect. 79

However, the Board l1as said _ that it �v�ll look to a� circumst�ces surrounding the en1ployme11t, e.g. le11gth of service, re-l11r111g from proj ect to proj ect, to determine whether a constr11ction employee should be considered as a p ermanent employee entitled to notice a11d severance pay. 80 Tl1js approach goes beyond what the Cod� requires. If length of service, freque11cy of re-l1ire, etc., are r egarded as making it reaso11a·b1e for tl1e co11tract to be renewed, the11 good cause does not exist. In such a case the Code requires severance pay b11t still does not requir e notice, since a contract for a defi11ite piece of work does not require it. Even so, ,vhere the emplo oyer, a contractor, does 11ot ha,,e a11y new work at the time of the completion of one project, it may be said the job was abolished in good faith or that it would be 1111reasonable for tl1e contract to be re11ewed, both good causes.

(

Sinc e twe nty-six percent of the employers stated that duri 11 g a busi11ess slow down they woulcl djsmiss e1nployees,81 tlie question of wl1ether this reason is good cause becomes important to a fair number of e n1ployees. It might be argued that lay-offs during a business slow-down are really equivalent to jobs be ing abolis b . ed i11 good faith, or if slow-downs are periodic occurrences in the industry, that it wo1Lld be unreasonable for the co11tract to be extended. \Vithout expressing its rationale, the Labour Board has, n.evertheless, awarded payment in lieu of noti�e and severa11ce pay to an employee who was dismissed for this reason.82 Even if the en1ployer is facing bankr11ptcy l1e n111st give 11otice a 1 1d severa11ce pay unless he can

74. Union v. A Contractor, cited above at note 63. 75. Union v. A Tra.asport Company (L.abour Relatioiis Board, Jtine 21, 1967), Labour Disputes, Case No. XXI, interpreting Civ. C., Art. 2576. 76. Ras Hotel v. Tefera Mekonnen (Sup. Imp. Ct., 1967, Civil APP. No. 461-59) (unpub lishe d), 77. Un!on v. Building Construction (Labour Relatioi1s Board, January 27, 1967), Case No: XV; Uruon v A Contractor Company (Labour Board, May 12, 1967), Case No. XVI, Labour Disputes. _ 78. C1v. c., Art. 2567. 79. lb., Art. 2575(1). 80. Union v. A Contractor, cited above at 11 ote 76. · (' ing infor· 81. N=•23. Often percentages will O0t b e base d . due to mJs.,. on t no mat1on, e�c. Wl1en the nun,ber being conside all twenty-four companies Is and this -fou red r t'Ne nty are than less apparent in the text. The nun1ber tl1at eq uals 100%o .w1·11 b.e . given. : • u 8..,,.. . Ta1·iors , n1on v. A Tailor Sl1op Owner, cited above at note 75.

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� l

): 1l

83 The se d · · do e to so. l1nabl ec1s1011s seem to be designed to i11sula is e h why ow te sh e1 t 11p a n e h h lo t ye er r fr o m u11predictable ·forces or tl1ose beyo rath yee lo emp nd the control. On first glance the provisio11s of Articles 2578 and 2583 are only a little d.ifferent from Jbose reg�rcling Article 2573 liability. Tl1e E11glis11 versiorl o f Article 2578 itself states t�at e1tl1er tl1e en 11)lo�ee or e111ployer 1nay ''cancel'' the con tract ,vitllout prio� n�t1ce wl1ere _th�re. e�1sts ''go od cause'' for caiicellatioil. Upon further anal�s1s tl11s appare11t s1.1111larrty 1s . fou11d to be 1nisleadin.g. One of tlie major differences IS that Article 2583 allows eLtl1er the employer or employee t o recover for ter1nination witl1ol1t ''good cat1se'' as defi11ed in Article 2578. An other major difference is that ''good_ cat1se'' u11�er Artie]� 2578 is 1nucl1 more narrowly defined, and probaly the 111ost In1porta11t d1.ffere11ce IS tl1at \V hen tl1ere is n ot ''good cause'' for cancellation A1iicle 2583 111akes tl1e ca11cel.li ng party liable for all losses sl1ffered by the other party. The English tra11slatio11 of tl1e Code makes 110 c] ear distinctio 11 bet\vee11 ''good cause" referred to in Article 2573 a11d ''good cat1se'' referred to in Article 2578. Ho,vever, both tl1e French versio11, the language i11 which tl1e Code was origi11ally drafted, and the A11tl1aric translation , the official version, l1elp i11 tl1is matter. 84 \Vith respect to ''good cause'' both tl1e A1nl1aric a11d t h e French versio11s use different tem1s in Article 2578 from t11ose ltsed in Article 2573. Th e ''good cause'' in Article 2573 refers to tl1e circu1nsta nces set Ollt i n Article 2575. Tl1e ''goocl cat1se'' mentioned in Article 2578 (herei11after callecl ''jl1stifying reaso11s'' i11 order to disti11guish the t,vo) r efer to the circun1sta11ces, ot1tlined i11 Articles 2579 to 2582, in tl1e event of which a contract may justifiably be ''ca11cel1ed'' t1nder Article 2578. From the lang11age t1sed elsewl1ere in t his area of th e Civil Code, ''jt1stifying rea s ons'' would see1n to be lin1ite d to those circt1msta11ces co11tai11ed in 1\rticles 2579-2582. The 011ly reasons which justify either party i11 cancelling a co11tract are "sufficiently serious'' n on-performa11ces by the otl1er party. 85 Ca11cellatio11 by an employer is jt1stified whe11 the employe e is pre ve11tecl fro111 working dl1e to his ow11 fault; 86 and where the en1ployee partici1)ates i11 a strike either declared to be un awful or instituted with the sole i11tent of i11jt1ri11g the en1ployer. 87 On �he employee's side, failt1re by a banl<rt1pt or i nsolvent employer, to provide security guara11teeing an emi)loy ee 's wages gi,,es t he e1nployee jl1stified reason for cancellation. 88 . Both the French and Aml1aric versions of tl1e Civil Code also provide additional :?sight into the distinctio11 betwee11 ''termi11atio11'', used i n Article 2573, a11d !he cancellation'' in Article 2578 In each, the terms used ·for ca nc�llat� on a11d 2583. connote an actual breaking of a relatio11, while the terms t1sed for ternunation

83· Union v. A Shipping Company (Labot1r Relations Board, February 21, 1966), Labour Disputes, Case No. XIl. 84' For in�:r to aid an as ode e tl1 of u disc s!on r ve � . ssion conce rning tl1e use of tl1e French _ � , _ _ ��e��t1�n see G. Krzeczunowicz, ''Statutory Interpretat1011 1n Etl11op1a, J. Eth. L., vol. 1 (l9 )

�- \ !!·

}

87 88·.

Civ. C . Id., A.rt ld., Art Id., Art

Art. 2579. 2580 2581 . 2582.

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p. shi on ati The significance rel a of 1g 1 i end re me the te no con 3 257 le tic Ar under of . this difference will be seen shortly. . ct a! tra l. con wil a But the provis.. ally 1 e11t ess is ion rat du ite efin ind of ct A contra at� mn to ter1 er ord such_ a c ontra ct in 11 give be ice not r prio t ions requiring tha to e �n com ed not 1mm 1ate ter s doe t trac con the t tha . ter, l mat lega a as min n, mea , it her s Rat end . e lnat terfil only after the to re desi e 1 tl . of ion ress exp the n upo n atio requisite notice period begin11ing w �tl1 st1�I1 an exJ?ress1on.. .. . With respect to contracts of 1 ndefin1 te duration, Article 2583 liab1l1 ty seems to be dealing with the situation �here one p�rty . end� th�, empl_oy�ent relatio ns hip witl1out giving the necessary noti�e. Such a s1 tuat1on 1 s a breaking of an existing relationship and not a mere endmg. w·here one of the jt1stifying reasons is present, tl1e contract of 1 ndefmite duration can be ''broken'' witl1out notice, and where the en1ployer is the actor, also witho ut severance pay. 89 But, where no such justifying reason is p_resent, the ''breaking" party is liable u11der Article 2583 for all resultant losses incurred by the other . It is interesting to note that this appare 11tly means tl1at, if an employee termina tes l a contract of i11de:finjte cluration without givi11g l1 is employer the requisite notice, be is liable for all losses suffered by the e1 11ployer 0 1 1 account of his failure. It should also be 11oted tl1 at Article 2583 will apply to co11 tracts of indefinite duration 011ly wl1ere tl1e co11tract was termi11 ated before the end. of the notice period. If the e111ployer is the 011e who ter11u11ates in this manner a11d has ''good cause" bt 1 t not ''justifying reaso1 1'', wages in lieu of tl1e required termi11ation notice, the employee's 011ly loss, would be recovera'ble under Article 2583. Where the en1ployer does 11ot l1ave eve11 ''good cat1se'', the employee apparently can recover t111der botl1 Article 2573 a11d Article 2583, but lus dan1ages t1nder Article 2583 will probably be recluced by any recovery under Article 2573. In tl1e case of employn1 e11t co11tracts for a de:firute dt1ration, tl1 ere are no provisio11s fixed by law tl1at allow tern1i11ati11g the contract before the agreed time by simply giving prior 11otice. Presun1ably then, if no provisions allowing early term ination are put i11 the contract, both parties are obliged to continue tl1 eir relatio11ship / t1 ntil tl1e agreed tin1e. 111 the .. event tl1at one party breaks the contract, the ot her I may claim dan1 ages t1nder Article 2583, if there was 1 10 justifying reason. However, if tl1ere was st1ch reason, tl1e contract cot1ld b e broke11 im111.ediately, without lia bility �nd. witl1 out giyi11g effect to any contract provisio11 requiri11 g notice for early tern11nat1?n .. Even . 1f _sue? � provisio11 pt1rportedly requi1·es prior 11otice in the eve11t of ter1n1nat1o·n ,:v1th Justifiy1ng reaso11, it wot1ld not ha,,e to be followed by an en1ployee, since Article 2522 voids all contract provisions less favourable to e11 1ployees. In addition to the r�ght _ to notice a1 1d severa.nce pay in accord with the rules . note1 above, upon_ term1nat1011_ an employee is alwa.ys entitled to accru ed a11nual _ e o leave plus a certrficate show 1 n the 11atl1re of I1is work, tl1 e length of ser vic , 1 the na.111.e of th e employer, and 1�f requested, a testi 1 11011iaJ.9t I

for ble 89. Since a "justifyi.t1g re as?n" is also a "good cat1se lia be " l l1e e1npl oye r woLtld not , se verance pay under A.rttcle 2573. See text fallowin g note 68 90. �xtil M s u on v. Tl1e Manage ment (Labour R ela tions .Board, October 24, 1��), Labot� 1 �ase io � h,spu es, . I. Tl1ere seen1s to be so me doubt in tb e Labour ec1s1ons a stbaD Boa rd D · . w en annual leave accrues· It. ha' s award d Jess · fo e eav r 1 e a ual t ann proport1011al pa.rt of ye . 5 one year's servi·ce' Tailors' union v. A and 7 no at Ta1lo r e Sl1op abov d ci te te Own er ' ·s co· h •d 1 e e tl t n vi al eave _doe s not be com of ser No� )(X• year t1 t; full i l t l 1e e n d e t �:: �; : �: � � �� ex0} e M ill n le 1 . n (Labour Rel ations Board, JLtne 7, 1967), C ase .91 . c·IV. C ., Art. 2588. '

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An employee wl10 is engaged i1 1 11nion activity a11 d is disinissed \VI·th011t good . prese1 · l to · .d ro wag 111 th a es . e d o e f f t · • 1 d I · t · o c e 1s111 · ent1t 1ssa 1 s 1 u se t ai l to re ·in state1neut,9,,oa· .rem t be1n . . . on 1 ·h e t Y g restr1ct1011 on a11 emi)loyer's absolute • e11 i req u this _ rigll t to dismiss. vVitli �be _ complexity . �11d so1neti111es va g11e11ess i11 the provisions dealiil g with dismissal, 1 t �s . 11o t, s11rpr1s111_g to _fi 11d a tre111e1 �do11s lack �f understaiidiiig in this area. The M1n1stry s reg11lat1ons tl1e111selves 01 11.it a11y n1ei1ti on as to tile effect of either failure to re�e\.V a contr,tct or disn1issal after less tlian a year's service The Labour Boarcl e i ther see111s confused as to tl1e necessity of 11 otice to ter 111inate a contract of indefi11ite_ .d11ra�io1� :-v11en tl�e,;e is goocl ca11se,93 or simply cliooses to amend the Code prov1s1ons Jud1c1all)1 • W1tl1 sucl1 co.11fusion in the bodies that are supposedly knowledgeable in this area, it is 11 ot surprising that employers, too, are conf11sed. Regardi11 g ternli11 ation notice, 94 fifty-eigl1 t percent of the e111 ployers respo11ded that they gave wl1atever the law req11ired. I-Iowever, in. 1nost cases tl1e respondent did not cite the law, b11t simply stated. tl1at the law was followed . This response could reflect a sincere effort to abide by the legal provisio11s, not necessarily out of benevolence, but beca11se this is the principal area in which en1ployers confront the la,v on labour conditions. I11deed, a pan1phlet on n1 111im11111 labo11r conditions published by the government was visible in ma11y offices. T•his respo11se, J1 owever, might also be a cloak for a lack of real k11 0,vledge in what the respo11de11ts know to be a11 important area. Seventeen percent of the fir1 ns stated tl1ey gave two 11 1ontl1s' termination 11otice. Assuming that most dismissed employees l1ave l1ad over one year's service, or, at least, that most suits (often the law's pri11 cipal teacl1ing process) i11 the past i 11 vol ved such employees, this respo1 1se see111s to reflect an attempt to follow tl1e law. Two firms 111e11tio11ed that their policy was to give three warnings rather than termination notice. AJtl1011gh not prescribed by law as a substit11te for or the �quivalent of notice, if the first war11 i11g js give11 the required period before dis1nissa�, It could be arg11ed that an equivalence exists. Aside fro1n the fact that tl1ere 1 s nothing to insure that these fir1ns do not dis1 niss 11ntil tl1 e required time after tl1e first notice, \Varnings do not f 11lfill tl1 e n1ajor purpose of 11otice. The 11otjce period f�n c�ions to give an e 1 nployee some ti1ne t o find new work before he 1s act�ally dismissed. A warning is i11 tended to coerce the e1nployee to change s0 1 ne be�av�o11r, aod r� sts on the assumptio11 that s0 1 11e change is possible . An �mployee .is likely to begin lookin g for a 1 1ew job after the fi1·st warning 0 1tly if he 1s determ ined not to change his behaviour . Only one company l1ad an official policy of allowing employees s�me time u ff fr o t, ob. B ew a J n for look to in work i r orde od e during the 11otic per m ? 10 fac t, this firm followed tl1e prevailing practice: inID1ediate payment of wages 92· Addis b · 13, · l ri p A , rd · oa B s 11 io at el A aba Tailors R b our a (L Owner, 1965).' L our isputes,Union v. A Tailor St1op Cas e No. III. � IJ_ 93_ lr:n . Mil , . Ui1ion v. . . ls hed tile Tex Ill In and 63 e o not Uni n .v. A Manager, cited above at Th� Manag ement, cited above at note 90. 94_ It w nite efi d in f o s t rac cont .uld er ut1d seem mos t of the employees i11 tl1e sample worked dura�ion; therefotl1at re, tern1ination notice woLtld be proper.

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in lieu of the notice period, giving avoidance of sabotage by a disgruntled worker as its reason.95 There appears to be a considerable dive :gen�e . of practice rega�ding severan ce 1 lar to tha t rega�d1ng t�rmination s1ID on fusi con to due bt dou no is this of e pay. Som notice.96 Many probably try to follow the law, at least . to _ avoid being called into court. In fact, one firm has the policy of always giving full severance pay, regardless of cause, to avoid going to court. On the othe:f . hand, other\S take what might be the economically rational position of nev er giving severa 1 1ce pay, calculating that the expenses of litigation i n some cases would be more than offset by the severance pay saved in cases \vhei;e the employer do_es_ 11ot bothe� to sue or where the court decides in favour of the en1ployer and deciding they will be better off in the long rw1 to withhold the pay. Probation

Altl1ough its implementation is left entirely to private arrangen1ent between employer and e1 nployee, the Civil Code .lays down certain guidelines for periods of trial employment, or probation periods.97 Unfortunately, it is ambiguous concer ni11g its most important provision. Article 2598 states that '', unless otherwise provide in writing, tl1e employee engaged on trial shall be regarded as having been employed for an indefi 11ite period." Does tliis 111ean that a written co11traot is prerequisite for a probation period or does it 1 11ea 1 1 that a probation period l1as bee11 established in an oral contract, it will extend indef initely? A probation period is pri1narily a benefit to tl1e e1nployer, who duri11g this ti111e may ilismiss the en1ployee \Vithout notice or severa11ce pay. If the latter interpretation is proper, then it would be to the employer's advantage 11ot to have written employment co11tracts, since he could always dis1niss any of l1is employees at will without inct1rring any liability. The fact that the vast 11umber of e1 nployment contracts, such as they are, are probably oral would negate n1ost employers' liability. On tl1e other hand, the first interpretation would compel the e1uployer to place the tern1s of the probation in writing, presum aby including its length, as a prerequisite to restricti11g the en1ployee's rigl1t to dismissal notice and severance pay. This view would seem more consistent with the primary policy of this portion of the Code, to establish and protect rights of employees. No jud.icial interpretation of the language of Article 2598 has been found. The lengtl1 of probation periods in the san1ple of compa11ies ra 1 1ged fron1 three days to_ one yea�. Four had_ none �t all. For the purpose of analysis tl1e seventeen firms with established probation periods were divided into tI1ose with long perods (thre e months or °;lore) and those with short (less than t11ree inonths).98 Twel ,,e firms bad long per1 �ds and five had short. Sn1all coinpanies s11ow a sig 11ificant prefe rence for shor� per1o�s or no1 1e at all.99 Ninety-o11e JJerce11t of the large firms l1ad l�ng periods while only twenty percent of the small firn1 s rud. This di.ffere1 1ce may simply be due to the son1ewhat n1ore formalized conditio11s found in th.e larger companies, or may be due to their greater awareness of a11 advantageous law. No tice. n Ei�hty-eight pe rcen t (N = 17) of the fi rms had a practice of lieu ?, of giving payment in T� irty-five pe rcent (N =23) of the firms responded . by saying ''according t o the law C1v. C., Arts. 2598-2600. indication of Two firn1s hired only apprentices; another said only giv ing d t hat its lengtli va r. ie ' t he range. These were not used in tl1is analysis. 99. x2 = 6.685, P < .01.

95. 96. 97. 98 .

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found between garages a11ct beverage were practi ce in s nce a-,ere con1parues, among • 1 • . d1u co111pan1es • wit • h varying degrees of am ong or ies, nali t tinion experience. n atio Of all the firm� l1aving _a �robation_ period for new employees, 0111y one-third _ too 1 f o d 1s1n1ssa d notice ur111g prior the period any Eve11 thi's number ma y · ga Ve . no 1er 1s e 1 1 ega 1 t o .c 1or bl'1g�t1on to do this. None of the var le, ark ab rem . be iables sho ,ve d a� y a_ corr�lat101� with this IJractice. Sixty percent used in the nalys1s of the gav y e paid_ pt1bI1c l1ol1days d11ring this period; two included the firms ment1.?ned sick leave, while two other specrfically exclt1ded it. Only one firn1 said that all benefits were available during probatio11. Period of Pa)'Dlent Article 2539 (1) of the Civil Code req_t1ires that employees who do n1anual work be paid every two weeks or mor e . often. Tl1e majority of the employees in tl1e sampled firms do work of a pl1ys1cal 11ature. However, only two-thirds of the firms followed tl1e law. Firms with some union experience sho\v a significantly greater tendency to adhere to the law in this matter than do tl1e firms who have never been unionized. 101 Public Holidays

The Public Holidays and Sunday Observance Procla1nation of 1956102 not o.nly granted most perso11s the rigl1t not to work on Sundays and on fo11rteen listed holidays, 103 but actually forbade them to. Only persons e11gaged in ''essential services'', such as food, agriculture, medical services, transport, and entertainment, were excepted. 104 Althougl1 employees were free from working, there was no obligation for their employers to pay then1 for the absent days t1ntil the Minim11m Labour Conditions Regulations granted employees covered by that regulation, who have worked for their present employers for at least two months, a minim11m of six paid public holidays, excluding Sundays, of the fourteen Jisted. 105 The particular six were left to negotiation between tl1e employer and employees. In order to avoid an incr:eased number of absences around a public holiday, with the consequent har� to prod11ction, Article 6(i) allows an employer to refuse payment _for the h_oliday if the employee is absent without a valid reaso11 on the work1ng day either before or a.fter a paid holiday. For work performed on any public holiday, including Sunday, within t�e re�Jar hours of· work, an employee whose pay period is shorter than one month 1s entitled lOO. The two firms hiring apprentices were included in this analysis. IOI· Eighty-seven percent of the frrms with u1lion experience followed the law versus only thirty eig1'it percent of tl1ose without x2 = 3.860, P < .05, N=23. 102• Procl amation 151 of 1956, Neg. Gaz., year 15, no. 9. . . 103• New Year <llng of the FiD 1e 's Day and Eritrean Reunion Da y (September 11), The Feast of t1 Tru� Cross (September 27), Tl1e Coronation Day of His Majesty the Emperor (November �), C�r1stmas Day (January 7), The Feast of tl1e Epiphany (January 19), The Feast of S�int Michael the Archangel (Januray 20) Ethiopian Martyrs' Day (February 20), Comm_emor�tion t ty aJ of the Battle His of urn Ret ay, d 1;1 Mo t�r Eas ter, � ;� of d Friday, Eas u ( J the Emperor to Adua (Marcl1 1), Goo Y eror Emp the Jesty Ma His of y hda Birt Addis Ababa (May 5) The e east of the Assumption (Augu�t 22). 1 04 Th F � -., Arts. 3 and 4. . 105 ·• · 101 mum Labour Conditi�ns Regulations, Art. 6.

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for te r rly bo every hour workea, ry ina ord his es tim alf � e-h on � d . ail to 011e Wi th _ to6 es t1n1 e his thre to rly al hou equ day the . rate presu,m. . i1t for . .. . amou . a m11· 111· num , 111 a dd.1t1011, get bis ou ld h s h 'd e ay, hol1 ic publ paid a on cs worl orct·inary . i he abl y, ·r . ay would ks 011 a pat'd publ'1c h ol1d r wo o wh son per a ise erw otl1 ; rate _ ont daily e111 w fello his loyee tl1an off who di, d llot Wor( r bette pay p daily his alf be one-h are who paid 1nontl1ly or Jess often. 1 07 those to d �xten i1ot_ s e do . t i be11ef i This day. at tl Ios y tl1e e rk r etb wo wh pay or nal 1t1o . add not to d itle The req:uj. ent They are 110t _ 109 howe at st d lea pai be rs rke ht l wo tnig nua for ma t tha ly, de Co the of rernent ver' . inst1res they will be entitled to tl11s extra pay. Two-thirds of the sample gave al_l fou� tee� bolidays with pay; only four _ d 1t 11ot utte d1 ad give firm any public holidays One � 1n. imu min the � e gav firms off with pay. Employees of a11other said th�t their employer had told. them the _ holi�ays with pay. law had been repealed, although he ha4 cla11ned he. gave six All b11t oj11e fi.rn1s w �uld pay employees who had ?ee11 absent w�thout a good reasoi1 either the working day before or after tl1e holiday for a l1ol1day that was otherwise paid. No relationships were found between labour practices with respect to public l1olidays a11d the variables beit1g considered. Hours of "'ork and Overtime

Until 1965110 legislation regarding overtime pay was vague a.nd, practically speaki11g, u11enforceable by the majority of e111ployees. Tl1e Civil Code allowed an employer to compel lus e1nployees to work 1nore l1ours tha11 had been agreed in the contract of en1ploy1ne11t, tl1e difference being defined as overtime and requiring add.itio11al pay.1 11 Tl1e diffict1lty i11 obtai1ung this extra pay \Vas two-fold for most en1ployees: first, seldom wo11Id any specific number of ho11rs have been agreed upon i n the contract, and, second, even if a specific n11mber of hours had been established, tl1e us11al oral agreen1e11t wo11ld l1ave been hard to prove in court. In practice, the11, an emJJloyee worked. whatever holrrs he was req11ested to, additio• nal co111pe11sation co1ni11g only fro1n the ge11erosity of I1is employer. Even when the en1ployer wished to pay for overti1ne work, the law IJrovided 011ly vag·ue guide• lines to calculate the additional amount. 112

The Minin1un1 Labour Conditio11s Regt1lations sought to create a 1nore enforce· able standard for overtime pay. Tl1ey establisl1ed a n1axi11111111 work week of forty· eig.ht bours113 and provided that additio11al hot1rs or overti1ne were to be conl· pensated for by extra pay calculated as a perce1;tage of the 'en1ployee's ordinary

106. Id., Art. 6(4) a11d (5). d ao e offic lO? · As a general practice, it would seem from botl1 tl1ere are wl1ere tl1e samp le tl1at rn�n �al employees, all are paid in tl1e same n1anner. 108 · �•n1rnurn Labour Conditions Reg ulations, Art. 6(3). 109. C1v. C., Art. 2539(1). 110 • The effective date ·of tI1e M ILllm . .. 30, 1964, D ber · · .um Labot1r Cond1t1on ecem was Regu lat10 . 11s s 11 J • C1v. C., Art. 2528. eed · agr 112, Id·, Art 2528(3) " ;..· A dditiona the ·· l · remu neratio11 ... sl1all be fixed l1avi11g regard t·0 . .· d .to all cu·cun1stance w�g� a.n s of tJ1e case.,, · 5 No 113 . M 1n1n1um .Labour condi · , yea r ' t1011s Regulation, Art. 7 Legal Notice 302, Neg. Gaz. 24tll 1964.

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befo�e t�n o:clock P.M., o11 e a11d one-qt1arter sal ary ; of rat e y ti 1 nes tl1e rate; , hourl m . to six o clock A.M., one a 11d one-half ti1nes cloc P.M k o ten fro the rate.114 and perfor.1ned 011 a pai d pt1blic holiclay e11titles the worker to t rk Overtime \\'O . . \VO d . · · · · 115 1na1 rate y . . owever, s1 11ce overti1 ne is defined as fl and one-half t11)1es h.JS ?I work j 11 excess �f . forty-e1gl1� l1ot1 1�s per week, to work more tha,1 forty-eigllt hours in a week conta1n11 1g a pt1bl1c l1ol1da� otl1er tl1a11 Su11day, one would 11ave to 'W·ork either all day St1nday or n1ore tha11 111 11 e a11d 011e-l1alf l1ot1rs per day for the other five days, one and one:half l10�1rs ea.cl1 day al_so bei11g overtim.e. Becat1se such a com biilation of hours 1s 11ot likely to occt1r 11� 111any cases, this rate will seldon1 be used. Over l1alf of the sample l1ad work weeks of forty-eight hours, the bala11ce \vith forty-five hot1 rs or less. Tl1e pri111ary difference between these two groups of firms is whether tl1e e 1nployees ,vork all d. a y or 011ly l1alf a day Saturday. 011ly thirty-six perce11t of tl1e garages worked all day Saturday '\:vl1ile eigl1ty perce11t of the beverage ·fir.n1s did. A]tl1ougl1 tl1is difference is not statistically signi-fica 11t, it does reveal a te11de11oy for work l1ours i1 1 garages to be slightly fewer. ·when garages alone are co111pared by size, large garages show a much greater propensity to have shorter 1t\1ork ,veeks tl1an the small garages. None of the large ones worked all day Sat11rday, while aln1ost two-thirds of the small 011es did.1 16 The nationality of control also seen1s to make a difference in Saturday work hours. Employees i11 011ly one-third of the Etluopia11 a11d reside1 1t f· oreig11 firms had Saturday afternoo11 off; aU of tl1e foreig11 fir 1ns did, 117 tl1e ma11age111ents of ,vhich are probably 11ot used to worki 1 1g on Saturda.y after 110011s. The prese11ce of an active u11io11 also seems to be a force i1rflt 1encing ll1e length of the work week. Only 011e of the t111ionized co1npanies worked all clay Saturday, while two-thirds of tl1e firms prese11tly witl1out unio11s did. 1 1 8 Only three co1npa 11ies clai111ed overtin1e work was never done, although fourt �e 11 said only a very small a111ount was . Tl1e most overtime was from one bottling compa ny, who reported its practice to be, for 1nost of the year, to emplo� only two shifts of workers to keep prod11ction goi11 g twe11ty-four ho11rs a day. This am ounts to a pheno111enal four J1ot1rs of overtime per en1ployee each d�y ! Only . two companies place a limit on the a1not11 1t of overti111e that co·uld be put 1n. I11 neitl1er case was tl1ii 1naxin1u111 ofte11 reacl1ed. . There seems to be no standard practice with respect to con1pensatio11 0 r over tim7 'work, with rates ra 11ging fro1n no extra co1npensation to three times the _ _ 0�dtnary hourly rate. Of tl1e fir111s for which the re is data, thirty-five percent gave �gher ove �time pay tl1 a11 was required by Iaw.119 Comparing t�e. firms_ that follow _ in he la\v with those that ces eren d1ff g k1n str1 are re the , law tl1e n tha pay 111ore

14. ; 15. l 16 117. 118. l• 119

Id., Art. 8(1) and (2) . Id., Art. 8( ). 3 2 � = 3.491, p < . 10. .3 < .05. 90, p J;22 = 5 x = 2.741 ' P <..._ . .lO . N ed er id ns co e er w es · · ===20· T nc ta 1s un rc ci · wo companies who did not pay . overtin1e in limited to be follo\vi ng tl1e Jaw.

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both size ana nationalities. Large firms l1av� less prope11sity to give � higher rat had saml?Ie a practice. of_ pay e than small firms. Only one of the large_ fir1ns 1n th� ing . more th.an the law. An even greater difference exists w1tl1 respect to Eth1op1an and foreig11 firms co111pared with resident foreign firms. The latter ba.ve a much gre ater 120 propensity to give high overtin1e pay than do the others. 011ly _ten percent of the former did better tha11 the law, while eighty six percent of the res1de11t foreign firms did.121

Annual Leave

Annual leave with pay became a legislative right of e1nployees with the Civil Code. It becomes the obligation of the employer to grant sucl1 leave after one yea,r of service whe11eve.r the employer uses the ''main or whole time of the employee."'22 The Minimun1 Labour Conditions Regulatio11s i11creased the amount due a worker each year to fourteen consecutive days for one to three years of service, sixteen co11s@cutive days for three to five years of service, twe11ty consec·utive days for five to te11 years of service a11d twenty-five consecutive days for 1nore than te11 years of service.123 Where employme11t is terminated, the worker is entitled to his proportional annual leave for the tin1e he l1as worked that year. 124 Article 5(3) of the Regulations for bids the division or accumulation of annual leave except in ''exceptional'' and limited circumstances by mut11al agreement. But, Article 2564 of tl1e Code allows a11 employee, on his i11itiative 011ly,. to take h is lea·ve a few days at a time. This article seems to protect the employee against his employer's forci11g him to take his leave only a few days at a time. Article 5(3), then, appears only to restrict an employee's rights, directly contrary to the provison of Article IO which says tl1at 11othing in tl1e Regulations should be deemed to restrict any other legislation more favourable to einployees.125 Since the Code protects the employee and tl1e Regulations are not effective when they restrict an employee's rights regarding division of leave, Article 5(3) seems to serve no purpose other than confusion. There is nothing in the legislation to suggest what happe11s when an employe e does 11ot use his annual leave, except a11 implication fron1 Article 5(3) that it \vill eventt1a.lly be forfeited. Tl1e Labour Relations Board 011 the other l1and has decided that not only is annual leave not forfeited if the' employees do 11ot 'ask for it, 126 x2 = 3.133, p < .10, N=l7. ;�2 = 6.869, p < .10. Civ. C., Art. 2561. No judicial interpretation of "nlain or w lio le time'' lias been disco vered. Minimu°:1 Labour Conditions Regu lations , Art. 5(1). Tl1e an1ounts establ isl1ed by the �ivil Code sttl l a.pply to employees included w1der the Code and excluded by tl1e Regul ations. These �re ten days for. one to five years of service, fifteen days for five to fifteen ye.a rs of . service, and twenty �ays for more than fifteen years of ervice. Civ. C., Art 2562. All s periods are for consecutive days. 124. Civ. C., A.rt. 2563. our 125. In i�s. grant of power to tl�e Minister of National Ja fix to b ent Dev elop m Community conditions, t. l1e Labour Relations Proc lan1ation al o sho uld s ion cond it u s ch r be l �ss favourable _to tl1e empl oyees than is s provides t l1at no . u Lab Code Civil tl1e o unde prov r ided · ReIa t ions p roe lamat1on, Art. 3(i). 126. Union - A Textile Mill, cited above at note 93. E said a! oard abo ur B 1e ugh t l ven 1o �h t l L giv e armua l �eave do_es not mature until the comp ed vi_ e w inter l etion of each year, one firm a pro rata portion to en1pl oyees wl10 are dismis sed with l ess than one year's servi ce.

120. 121. 122. 123.

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. a11 u11der is obligation to employer set up a the plan ' to d"1str1but . · · · · e th e but that 121 n u e . T h 11 s 1m r r t1 k e m o labour co w . is h nditions would appear to be o n o ro a e . , � eav l co11s1ste wit nt view t h h e Boa.rd s 111terpretation of Article • . . • a righ ts, nabl e lie 2522 of ina 12s ca1 111o per con t son tract for less than that given hiJn und a tha t ode , C er the the . e f w th o la s rd a d n a st m u im min Seventy-seven perce11t of the fir111s either followed tl1e law with respect to the 129 or l1ad n1ore t1s leave ge11ero annt1al s. u be11efit of Of the firms that nt amo . gave l�ss tha11 require�, three ga,,e _ set a111ot111ts, 011e gave variable anlounts at the discretion of the O\vi:ier, and tl1e otl1er had a scbedt1le based on service tllat gave for t] 1 e larger firms fewer d�ys than req11ired by la\v. Tl1ere seems to be a te.11dency 13 t�1e tba11 law �he sm�ller to ones. losely c _ 0 more TI1ere were no app re to adhe arent differences_ 111 tl1e _practices_ of tl1e t-v,,o 111d11str1es nor amo?g the types of ownership. Ho,vever,_ e�per1en�e with a t1n1011 clo�s l1ave son1e effect: 11111ety-three percent of the the law, while only fifty fir111s t1n1on1zed either prese11tly or rn tl1e past foil owed p ercent of the fi.r111s having 110 tinion experiet1ce did.131 Thirty-two percent of tl1e firms reqt1ired that the days be take11 co11secutively.132 Although there are no consistent differences between firms tl1at reqt1ired consecutivity and those that did not, it is i11teresting to note that three of the seven firms \Vll.ich required consecutivity have collective agreements. These compan.ies, wl1ile attaining a high state of structural developn1e11t in Iabot1r relations, adhere to a practice that 133 rs. worke the of 111 freedo the restricts About half of the con1panies allow some acc11mulation of an11·ual Iea,,e.134 Nationality of control is the only variable showing correlation to tl1is practice, there being a greater tet1de11cy for foreign firms to allow accun1ulation than Ethiopian a .ad resident foreign firms.135 Almost half of tl1e firms gave payme11t i11 lieu of ann11al leave, two of whicl1 said that this was the 111ost co111mon method of relieving tll.is liability. Over one third would pay only if the con1pany needed the employee to work, while three firms ga,,e an outright ''no."136 From the standpoi11t of noting the benefits to which an employee is entitled by law or practice, payment only when the company needs him to work is tantan1ount to ''110." Smaller companies are significantly n1ore willing to give payment than larger ones.137 Eighty percent of the small fir111s gave payment, while only eighteen Addis Ababa Tailor's Union v. A Tailor Shop Owner cited above at note 63 . Union v. Building Construction, cited above at note 77. N=22. · y-io c ent °f perc N'inet. y-one percent ur stxt y onJ reas whe Jaw the d , owe foll s of tl1e large firm the small ones did. The difference is not statistically significant. 131 x2 = .1 , . 3 6 P < .10. 132. N=22. 133 · The erson eived rec ly ual act s yee plo em th t tha d sai nel officer of one of these companies p � changed ny ipa con �reate r benefits e TlJ ed. ish abl est re we s condition um nim ore mi the bef ts. e ben t policy in al fi tot ng uci red s thu , law n y b n set conformity to the co ditio s 1 34 I s 19· Included is on e company that allows accun1ulation onJy when tlie lea;e can.� ot b� · a �� p oyees em e t to ct pe res ith W . rk wo u ca to be se the company needs th e employee · the · 1s · Voli·tion · -, th1s . at1on I mu accu ing allow not same as 135 , . . . 3 136 xN2==== 046, P < .10. 21 · 137 · :ri == 5 7 • 37, P < . 2. 0

127· 128· 129. 130 ·

�k

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. VII - NO. 1 1 1ed by the p�ten�iall la� exp be y ma s Thi . did s one er larg � gre ater perc.:iit of depletio11 of tl1e work force due to a11nua l 1,eavetak1ng a� any point 10 t1 me that t t gl1 cen y-ei per ent Sev . ues 1 of the resi npa 1 co ller sma the by ced 1 1 erie exp be _ could 1rd h -�h eac one ut abo of the Ethio ly 11 0 s, rea whe t, nen 1 r pay offe s firin n eig· dei1t for _ 138 Likelil1ood of paym:11t �n lieu of a11nual leave so. do 1s firn ign pia11 and fore 1 ty of co11tr ol. 139 al 1on nat and 1 firn tl1e of size of 11 ctio fun appears to be a As 1ne11tio11ed above, the Civil Code provides tl1at no days are to be dedu cted 140 Three-quarters of t�e sample followed the e. }oye enip of the ve itiati by the i 11 law,14 1 the garages showing a slightly greate! propensity of adherence. There where 110 correlations with any of the otl1er variables.

t11e

Marriage Leave

The Mi11 i1num Labour Co 1 1ditio11s Regulatio11s forbid an employer to consider a.11 en1ployee's absence resulting fro1n the marriage of a family member, presumably i 11 cluding tl1e e111ployee l1in1self, as an interruptio1 1 of service. 142 111 effect, thi� would appear to give 1111paid 111arriage leave to ,vorkers covered by the Regulations. Althougl1 no li111itatio11 is placed 011 tl1e n11mber of days wluch an en1ployee may use for this purpose, surely it was not i11te 11 ded for tlus leave to be unlimited. A r11le of ''reaso11ableness'' 1nigl1t be applied here, tl1e actual lengtl1 being determ i11ed by such factors as tl1e dista11ce of tl1e weddi11g from the place of e1nployme11t, tl1e role of tl1e employee in the n1arriage cere1no 11 y, and other factors determined by custo111.

)

111 spite of tl1e lack of legal obligation to co11ti11ue an e111ployee's salary du.ring su.ch abse 11 ces, t,vo-thirds of the firms gave s0111e type of paid leave. Two of these firms gave leave 0111y at the discretion of the company, and tl1ree allowed days off without pay in additio11 to tl1e paid leave. Two firms had the policy of giving only lea,,e without pay. Etl1iopian a11d reside 11t foreign firms show a greater· pro pe11sity to give 1narriage l eave with pay tha11 do foreign firms. 1 43 Tl1is 1 11ay partly be due to many of tl1e latter's policies being generated i 11 cou11 tries where 1narriage leave is less common. Eighty-nine perce11t of the Ethiopian a11d reside11t foreign firms gave so1 ne ·for1n of marriage leave, but 011ly forty percent of tl1e foreign firms did. '

Maternity Leave

provides for 1e 1 11ontl1's leave witl1 11 alf pay to employees ivil Code 01 The � . .dur1ng their confme111ent. 144 Ni 1 1e fir1ns in the sample either had no female employees o� ?ad no reason to give tl1is leave, priinarily due to age factors. Seven of the remaining firms gave ,vhat the law reqt1ired, the otl1ers givi11g n1ore. The comments of employees of two compa11ies are significa,1t t1ere. One said that the 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144.

x2 = 3.821, p .05. See note 30. See text following note 124. N=18. Minimum Labo11r Cond1't1'ons Regt1Jat1o • ns, Art. 5(4). x2 = 3.258, p .10. Civ. C., Art. 2566.

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l1er company wa s without pay, altllotigl1 the in e lea v y rni t ma nag ement had · ' 01ate ra 1a , a11 t ie · tl r than 1ose �l1e wages, most wo d tl ·th . pay w1 was it d n1en rett1r11ed sai mo l 1a11 011e week. While not clenying the l re t e lttt a aft er k wo r stated policy to e111ployee . o.f tl1e otl1er co1npa11y said t]1at a woman the firm , the 1 1as t o argue Of . . receive payn1e11t, so 1t 1s usually forfeited. to n111c l1 too beg and

Mourning Leave As in the case of 1narr��ge leave, �!1e .Mini1nt1n1 Labo_ur Cor1ditions .Regulations in effect guara11tee 011ly a reaso11able an1ou11t of unpatd leave for abseilces dti e to the death of a ''family'' ,n1e_mber. 1 �5 In J)r_actice, a ''family'' member is regarded as one fro1n the e1nployee s 1111111ed1ate fa1n1ly. There are 110 legal provisions with respect to deaths of friends or otl1er relatives. Mourrri11g leav� sho\VS by f�r tl1e greatest difference between the law and practice, in this case the d1ffere11ce serv111g to benefit employees. !11 spite of the lack of legal con1pulsio11, the vast n1ajority of the sa1nple, eighty-eigl1t percent, 146 gave three or more days v.1ith pay for deatl1 of a11 i111mediate family men1ber. Half of the firms gave between one a11d three days with pay for tl1e death of other relatives, \,Vitl1 five companies granti11g leave \vithou.t pay i11 st1cl1 cases. 011ly five con1pa11ies gave paid leave for the deatl1 of friends, usually one day or ti111e for tl1e funeral; four gave leave witl1ot1t pay; a11d three stated that 110 leave \Vas give11. Only one firm did 11ot give a11y leave for deaths of i111111ediate fa111ily 1ne111bers. The company's represe11tative said tl1ey had l1ad too n1t1cl1 past experience \Vitl1 employee abuse so tl1ey now denied 1n.ot1r11i11g leave altogether. Two firms denied any such leave for frie11ds, 011e of tl1ese also denied it for otl1er relatives. The average mot1r11ing leave, with or withot1t pay, given by co.mpa11ies ,vl1icl1 so specified (including tl1ose wl1ich give 11one) ,vas 3. 2 days for i1111nediate family, 1. 9 d.ays for otl1er relatives, a11d 1 . 1 days for friends. Educational Leave

There is no mentio11 of leave for edt1cational pt1rposes i11 any of tl1e laws setting minimu m labour conditio11s. Two-thirds of tl1e firn1s sa1npled either do not provicle for educational leave or have n o policy i11 this matter. ''No leave a11d 110 policy'' answers probably reflect essentially tl1e same policy. The firm gives 11one becat1se i t has never l1ad the the occasio.i1, i .e., i t has no policy. A quarter of the firms are curr��tly giving or have rece11tly a li1nited a111ount of leave for son1e e1nployees participating in training programs. Five of tl1ese fir1ns are large garages. In _ fa�t, when large garages are compared with tl1e bala11ce of the sample, tl1ey ..have a �1g111fica11tly greater propensity either to have a11 establisl1ed policy for allowing edu?at1011al �eave or_ actually to give147 it. This is not sttrprising, considering tl1e necess�ty for htgblY, �killed employees in these compa11ies a11cl tl1eir relatively_ large fi1:a11cial reso�rces. nly thre e companies, l ona cati edu for icy pol l1ed b11s esta an e l1av to 1ed seen l1owever, leave, one having that policy written i11to its collective agree.ine11t.

-1

45· Minimum Labour Conditions Regulation.s, Art. 5(4). 146. N::::::. 22 • t 47. . �l ::::. 4•261 , P < .05.

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Work-Connected Injury and Disease on whereby an ati co ns pe n's me rk wo of � tem sys a ted titu ins de Co vil Ci e Th an s if age y dam plo em ed cifi spe ee either 1 tai1 cer for le liab tely olu abs is employer · · f o n his wo k · 148 Th e on , y · I defences � . suffers an injury or contracts a disease ar1s1ng � � se 1sea did not arise from or r 1nJu tl1e ? t tha are d itle � ent is er loy to which, the emp al of act ion e11t 1nt the employee, the to e du is e eas dis or ury inj t the tha rk, wo the 's yee plo e111 the contravention of was ase dise or ry inju the of se cau the t tha or 149 . 11· latio regu en writt wn) (kno a Under this system of liability (l1ereinafter called Article 2549 liability) the employee is covered for all his medical _and related . expen�es and funer�l costs. While tl1e employee is unable to work, b1s employer 1s _obligated to continue his salary at a rate of 75% plus 5% for each year of s� rv1ce t� the employer witb a maxi1num of I 00% or E. $ 500 . 00 per 111011tl1, wl11chever 1s the smaller. This salary continuance lasts during the period of ten1porary complete disability, with a maxin1u1n of 011e year. At tl1e e11d of this time an assessment of the employee's permanent capacity to work is 1nade. If his capacity has been reduced by less than fifty percent, the11, tl1e e1nployer's obligations cease; jf fifty perce11t or 1nore, the employer is obligated to provide n 1ai11tena11ce 150 for his former employee and l1is cluldren, unless members of the employee's family ca11 asst1me the burden.1 51 Apart fro111 funeral expenses, Article 2549 liability makes no express provision as to the en1ployer's liability for the employee's death. Since Article 2558(1) creates an obligation to support tl1e children in the case of per111ane11t disability, tl1is provisio n should be take11 to include the case of death, which deprives the children of parental support as effectively as a permanent total disability with respect to them. There is no limit set on the the duration for which the employer is liable for maintena11ce payme11ts. Since specific time limits are not used, it is reasonable to conclude that the employer is liable for maintenance until there is a change in status, e.g., the cl1ildren attai11 majority, the injured for1ner employee dies, or family st1pport becon1es possible at which tin1e the 1naintenance payments would either be reduced or elimi11ated, accordingly. The insurance compa1ues who \Vrite policies to cover obligations arising from work-connected diseases and injuries are not \.\1illing to follow this open-ended approach. Policies of tl1ree of the major insurance companies cover only up to a maxim11m of five years and a max:i �um of E. $3 0, 000 (E. $ 500 per month). A fourth company sets a maxin1um benefit of only a little more than three years. This interest in tl1e provisions of insurance policies is more tha11 acaden1!c. Whe� asked what provisions were made for an employee who was injured while . that r cove working, all but three en1ployers interviewed said they had insurance to Few could remember any of t �1 � provisions of their policies. It appears .that .emp!�Y s 1t1e liab1l ers pu.rcl1ase the standard pol1c1es, i 52 then proceed to put all their possible .148. 149. 150. 151. 152.

Civ. C., Art. 2549. Id., Arts. 2553 and 2554. Maintenance is defined by Civ. C , Art. 80 7. . . 1 82 Id., Arts. 2556 tlrrot1gh 2558 Tl1e order of Art . . fixe by d · . 1s y 1· 1a am1 ·1 b' 1ty 1 I' f 1e t among I . : ted R.d .1 ers co er_in_g, up to certain dollar limits all of an employer's liability for work -conneo � disease an inJu.ry are available, but the . ext�nt to which they are purchased is not know n

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, tl1a ''1n t nt y con fide insu ran ce d cov ers min ' · that · , w·t 1 h th·1s att out Of it .. u d e wou oyer 1 s, Id ·t p b 1 e l ero 1ard 11g . for an injured emplove • amo e t J o pre Valent . convince . gre I t er d a 1a · e 11g 1. t t1 h s t at 1 h 1an the insurance WOltld pay him. . . _ his employer _t this Th e to 1s go to case COli rt or to the Labolir Dep artment, a cost1y . only reco urse 1n . cess. g ro 1n p 1n u s n co e .m ti and of ati 1 obli n1ai11te11ance does not arise unless the the 558(1) 2 � Article � � r Unde _ cl1sab1I1ty perce11t or 1nore, wl1en, fln obligatiotl apparent! fifty st1.ffered has e _ mploye _ e ma111tenaoce. In_ cases w�ere the disability is about fifty precei!t total e prov1 � to es aris to u11Jt1st be ca11 acl either r ap e1n plo nothing ! ? � all-or. �er or employee, depending this _ below or above that 1s crt1c1al d1s,1b1l1ty line. On the other hand the the on whether four insura11ce . policies base 111�i11tenance pay1�1e11ts 011 the percentage of pern1a�ent disability resulting from tl1e accident. Eacl1 policy contains a schedt1le of disabilities with a rate established for eacl1.153 A11 official of 011e insurance co111pa11y, \vl1ich, incidentally, bad tl1e 111ost comprehensive scl1edule, stated that if medical authorities establish that an individl1al e1nJ)loyee's disability is greater tl1an the schedule reads, the con1pany ,vill pay benefits based 011 the 111ed.ical advice.

Three of the policies covered the employer to tl1e lin1it of his liability for wages during the period of temporary total disablement. Tl1e fourth paid 011.ly one-half wages during this time. Although tl1e la\v releases the e1nployer from l1is obligation only where the e111ployee l1as co11trave11ed a written regi.1lation or l1as intentionally inflictecl the i11jt1ry, t,vo of the policies will not pay benefits wl1ere the employee bas merely been reckless. The existence of wide-scale i11sura11c e co,1erage no doubt makes it easier for the injured employee to receive s0111e con1pensation. Tl1e t1se of a scale of disabilities by the insurance con1pa11ies serves to benefit a greater nun1ber · of en1ployees than the all-or-nothing approacl1 of the la,v, since 1nore e1nployees are likely to sustajn less than fifty percent per111a11ent disability than are likely to exceed tl1at amo11� 1t. However, for those \Vl10 fall i11to the latter category, 11ot 011ly do tl1ey not receive the one hundred perce11t 1nainte11ance tl1e Code perhaps ltnfairly entitles tben1 to, but also their maintenance from the i11s11rance co1npa11y lasts only five years, where as the disability will last a lifetin1e.

. . , r s 1ntent on

Where the injury to the employee has beei1 caused by the employe � or recklessness, the Civil Code provides for compensation t1nder the rules governing extr�-contractual liability.154 Under this theory of liab��ty, the � mployer bas_ a . myriad of defences other than those from Article 2549 liab1l1ty, 1nclud1ng comparative not negligen ce. 155 are ility liab of ries heo two e thes that � Article 2559(1) implies -

I I

. . from ed ri va d an . 153. The rates varied h 1 t gh a r· . f O oss 1 e.g. pol1c1es, . se from · isea 421½% disablity somewhat among the four d to e du g rin hea of s los te ple com no coverage , to to 60% disability, a11d disability. 50% disability, to 100% 154' Civ. C., Art. 2559. Two of tl1e policies do no t cover injuries restilting fronl the employers reckle ssness. A third one probably does not include this case. . er tt . la 1e t1 155 Id. Art . victin1, . . Of tl1e lt au f the · to partly 9 2 due the 1 h.cl 1 w sh'a ll be 0e 8.• "(I) Where tl1e dan1age 1s . to t n te x e e · g th i in nt itled to partial compensa�1on only. (2) In •fix da m e s�1all be made good, all tl1e c1rct1n1stances of th� case shall b taken into consi causing to ed dera�gon, in o�tribut c e hav committed lts fat1 tic par the ch to whi nt ular exte the th · e dam age and the respective gravity of these faults."

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0111y 111utu:1lly exclusive, bt1t that whenever . th�. injtiry has ·bee� caused by the recklessiiess of the employer, extra-co11 tractt1al l1ab1l1ty 1s tl1e employee s only re medy.1s6 Under ordinary circun1sta11ces tl1is view does not restri?t the rig �ts - �f the emp icle 9 Art 254 er und l1ab1J1ty do not y ver reco ry neta mo 011 s ion itat lim the e e sinc loye apply to extra-co11tractt1al liability. A diminution of the a!11oun t. or recovery may occur, liowever, when botl1 the e1nployee's a11d tl1e e1nployer s 11egl1gence have contri buted to the injury. Tl1e result of red11ction of da111ages by . c�1�parative negligence n1ay lower the f111al award based 011 extra-c?11tractt1al _l1a?1_l1ty to a11 amo uJit below that wl1ich would be obtai11ed under Article 2549 l1ab1l1ty. Faced with this situatio11, the Supreme I111 perial Court has i11terpreted _th� . law to allow the i njured en1ployee to take l1is choice between Article 2549 l1ab1l1ty and extra-contractual liability, on the grou11ds that the law could 11 ot have i11tended an injured employee to receive less where the employer is reckless th.a11 under tl1e absolute viability of Article 2549. 157 A more recent case tl1rows so1ne doubt on the co11tinued viability of this i11terpretatio11. Where a truck driver, sixty percent disabled, appealed a 1-Iigh Court award of n1ai 11tena11ce on the gro11nds that it was erroneously based on Article 2549 liability ratl1er than 011 extra-co11tractl1al liability which would have allowed hi 1 11 dat11 ages in additio11 to n1 aintenance, tl1e S11preme I111perial Court, finding botl1 the driver a11d bis en1 ployer at fault, red11ced the award of the High Co11rt. 158 Tl1is decisio11 i111plies tl1 at wl1enever the e111 ployer is reckless, extra-cont.r act11al liability is tl1e only proper remedy, regardless of its effect on the injured person. Tl1e essential element, ''arisit1g fron1 work," appears to l1ave cal1sed little problen1 in cases of pl1ysical iJ,jt1ries arisi11g from accidents. I11 most cases there is little doubt as to wl1 at the acc.ide11t ''arose fron1." Most occt1r at the work place of the empJoyee, wbetl1 er tl1at is a factory or a truck. The Code also in cludes accide11ts arisi11g duri11g rest periods and while tl1e e111ployee is e11gaged in any activity in the i11terests of tl1e bt1si11 ess, ,:vhetber or not tl1e en1 ployer ordered that activit),. 159 In all those cases, however, it 111ight be said tl1 at the e111ployer could have foresee11 that s11cl1 accidents were possible. 111 an action by a deceased's survivors cla.i1ning con1pensation under Article 2549 for deceased's murder by shiftas (l1ighwaymen) while making a trip for the be11 efit of l1 is en1ployer, tl1e High Court held tha.t for�seeability was a prerequisite to liability. Tl1e St1pre.me Imperial Court reversed, sa,y1ng that foreseeablility of tl1e occurre11ce is irreleva11t to Article 2549 liability since e111ployers are strictly liable. 160 The court said tl1at all acts Sltrrou nding a11d pro111oti11g the activity ''arise fro1n the work''.

011 the other ha11 d, liability for diseases ''arising from the work'' is almost a dead lette:. To prove the 11exus i11 court takes t11 e testi 1 11 011y of medical do�t�r�. The patictty of doctors in Ethiopia and tl1e relati,,e poverty of n1ost plaiot1fls nal ntio 156. lei., Art. 2559 1). "Where the acc ide11t or disease inte an by of the en1JJloyee is caused ( the recklessness of the en1ployer, the provjsions of Art. 2557 and 2558 shall not

!;1i.�,

157. Hajoglott v. Tl1e Imperial Higl1way Autl1ority (Sup. Imp. Ct., 1961), J.Etlt. L., vol. :t, p. �5�� u J 58. Derso v. Enterprise Razel Freres (Sup I m 5 0 5 ( No . ) t Ap p. p. C ., J 967, Civil . iii�[ �� 3- 9 p ) J59. Civ. C., Arts. 2550 and 2551. vol. J 60. L., a 1a g �, ;· �f• �- \ ;, M ess�s. Z_a�ula and Con1ussa Co111pany (Sup. I111p. Ct., J 966), J. Eth. 1g 1 Cou1 t op1n1on at J . Erl,. L. vo , l . J ' p. 1 -04.

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of proof a l1nost inst1rn1ou11table. The Civil C0de lem . . prob the . , recog1112111g .Ill�ke b m, provides for a 11tl1orizing a dmi1u stra tive regulatio ns 1hat · wou d1 set · th15 p r ble irre · · 'blltt ably pres u· m..ed t o 11 av e ar1se11 f·r_o1n part1ct1lar k i11cls ases dise 16. 1 · f o k wo r for th s Proclan1at1o n 11 1a11dcttes tl1e Mi11ister of . ard Stand r 11 o Natio Lab nal C . onu nu : nity T be · s to '' est abl pevelop n1ent and S oc!· a 1 Af5l:a5� · i� h 1·1 sts ,�[6,, profe ssio11al diseases .. witl tin c l e 2 - of tlie 1· 1v1l Code. t 1c A f o. To date 110 such l ist ha s 1g eru1i1 m the been made. . ployer'� i11st1ra 11 ce covera ge ren1ains the 11 1ost practical For these reaso11 s e u1 en1ploy e ver, of the f I· I ees. ow most . ot1r policies exa111ined. one did for e rnativ alte 011e of tl1e otl1 er three si1nply i11sured ''per sonal injury by diseas e. t 1 1 s ag:: 1 i e 11sur j not 10 cle fi11ed occup a tional Tl1e otl 1 er t� ,vork." from arising disease a11ct indtist disease 1, a s diseases wl1icl1 a re botl1 peculi ar to the ctivel) e p re s disease, 11ature of the rial work in whic l1 the e1nployee is e11ga ged a11d are co11tracted in the course of employment. Since tl1e Co_d� n1akes no 111e11ti�1 1 . of the require1ne11 t of ''pec11.liarity'' of the djsease, tl1 ese pol1c1es are more re str1ct1ve tha11 tl1 e Code, u11 less ''arising fron1" is said to u1 1ply ''pec11liarity." Tl1 e latter two policies also placed an obligation on the en1ployer to s pecify wl1at diseases shall b e dee1ned to apply to his busi11ess. Officials of tl1 e two co1npa1lies explained that a11 employer's fail11re to f11lfill this obliga tion v1ould not prevent an en1ployee fro111 co llecting his be11efits given the proper medical evidence.

The frequency of work-connectecl injuries a11d disease i11 a partict1lar enterprise is a function of tl1 e avera ge te11 dency to accide11t s by the \Vork force, the safety preca. utio11s ta.ke11 in- the establisb1ne11t, a11 d some consta11t factor deternlinecl by the 11ature of the work. Tl1e latter ca11 be cl1a11ged 011ly tl1ro11gl1 11e w technology and is not releva.nt here. Regardi11g tl1e firs t factor, i11 gener al, the Ethiopian \Yorkers are probably no n1ore or les s pro11 e to a ccide11t s tl1a11 a11y otl1er 11a tionality, althot1gh relative unfan1iJiarity witj1 1n.oving 1nachi11es 1nigl1 t 111a lce tl1 em especially �.r11l11erable in their early days of employ111e11t.163

l' t I

Safety precautions, on the ot l1 er b a11 d, are a factor wl1icl1 effective legislatio11 and enforcement ca11 pron1ote. The Civil Code establisl1 es 011ly a vague standard of �aintaining tl1 e co11 ditions of tl1e pren1 ises ''in accorda nce \Vith tl1e general practice and tecl1nical req11ireme11t s'' to safegt1ard the life, �ealth �ncl _moral standarc1 s of the employee s. 164 The Labour Standards Proclamation did little to enlarge �po,� this duty or make it more explicit. 165 The la ck of clear standards niakes it difficult not only btlt l, then of d e ct xpe e is t a wh w kno to for 1nany e 1 11 ployers also _f?r anyone but highly sopl1 i sticated and trai11ed_ labo11: inspectors to a sess tl�e � e .the1r 0nd ns properly s to llpgt ad rt �.ffo 1g k11 ma 1s 11 11t D e rt1 L epa r o11 gh ab ou e tl 1 lth A . f •tio 166 e problems s e th of ect t ligh 111 rs \v s 10 . 1 ll n p o , they do no t hav e persons of s11ch ski .

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161 . Civ. C. . , . ' Art . 2552 • · 162 �abour Standards Proc]arnation, Art. 5(2). · 163·. �'1te 111 on C · s1 1s n 11 n o st In r: r u o b ' a L rica . f A 1111�11 ractors of Proc/uctivity in Africa (Lond011, 1·11 t·er3. 10 1 _ 1· 0 , 196 pp ed. e 1111cal , . ·· T cl Cooperation in Africa, Soutl1 of tl1e Sahara, 2nd 0) 164 �r 1v. c., A.rt. . 48 C . :011" 25 . I6s· . protect1 and care .. s ecial · The on}Y add1t1on " s e d _ p . s, were in reql1iring tl1e e1np loyer t� provi pr&ctice 11ealtJ1 to m· ors, . 'aild 1nstruct101: in sa ie·ty wom lar regu ure n, S e11 o t a11d , bled tl1e disa e and �O Post 10 · t\rt. n, o aniati Procl clear ards Sta11d ur ing Labo warn notices . 166 R ,- 3, P• 36-· te o n · e v o b l Gover1 · eport to 1,ze CI'ted 'a · . trat 1011, 11ne11t of Et/1iopia 011 Labour Ac11n1ns

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m ity lop 1un eve nm Co e11t J? na ti Na of r ! and Socia l t nis Mi the °: t tha te u11a ort � unf it is e cis pre re ety mo saf ng l1 b 8: standard s, at est s t1o ul reg ed iss � er nev � � � Affairs has 11: least in the more accident prone 1ndustr1es.

Sick Leave An employee with at least three n1onths' service _ is entitled to half pay for u p intentionally not contracted and up to to fourteen days of absence due to illness one month if he has served for one or more yearS. 168 The Code leaves in doubt however, whether the durations mentioned in the p�ovision are .th� _number of day� for each year or the number of days for each illness. �� Jud1c1al decision has been found that clarifies this a1nbiguity, and employers are d1v1ded on which view to take.

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After the period of paid sick leave ends, the Cod.e makes no mention of the amount of u,npaid sick leave to which an e1nployee is entitled before termination of his employn1e11t. But the Minimum Labol1r Conditions Regulations do prohibit an employer from regarding absence due to illness as an interruption of employ n1ent or from subtracting those days fro1n the worker's annual leave.169 In a case already mentioned, the Supreme Imperial Court, faced with a request for severance pay for dismissal without good cause, denied relief on the grounds that sii1ce the disease (work-con11ected) l1ad rendered the employee unable to continue l1is previou.s job, althougl1 he was still e1nployable in another capacity in the same co1npa11y, tl1ere existed good cause for dis111.issal. 170 Altl1ough the court's decision may be intended to be lin1ited only to the case in which the en1ployee's illness renders him unfit for future service, and not intended to include dismissals during the tin1e in which the employee is recuperating, the fact that the plaintiff was employable tends to indicate a philosophy that would allovv dismissal whenever the en1ployee's unavailability for work inconvenie11ces the employer.

Surprisingly, l1alf of the sample reported they offered 111ore generous sick leave than required by law; althougl1 among these were two firms requiring service of one and two years in order to receive any leave. Almost one-third of the firms gave less sick leave than required. Included in this group is one company which grants i� only at _ the discr �tion of the manage1nent. Small companies have a grea�er propensity to give less sick _ leave than the law requires, while large companies demonstrate a tendency to give more than required.111 Unionization has an important effect on sick leave be11efits · firms with active unions showing a sigi1ificantly greater propensity to do better tl1an' the Ia,v, altho�gh they do not show any greater likelihood merely to adhere to it.112 Firms which

•••

tion, 167. The Minister has power to issue tl1ese regulations botl1 unde ama Proc l s Stan dard A �t. 5(3), and under the Labour Relations Proclamation r tl1e Labour , Art. 3(i). 168. C1v. ·c., Art. 2 542. 169. �inimum Labot1r Conditions Regl1latiol1s Art. ( 5 4). , e . th g 170. � �!� �rek Negash v. Assab Refmery, cited abo wio ve at note 69. Also see tl1e text fo)lo

ant 171. f=2 2, For small_ companies, x2 = 3.352, P ific sign call 10· the difference is not statisti y < . 1 1or arge co1nparues. 172 . x2 = 5.854, p < .02.

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11nions, on the other I1and, show consi·derabl had er nev ha.Ve · Y less propensity to 17 3 required. an th ore .m r offe In -�eeping with t�e ap�are11t uncertainty _of !l1e law ,:vith r�spect to the length _ pay V:It bef �ou ore t lea ter ve 11111 nal at1o n, the practices of the sampled ti? add i of � . l11111ted leave t o no ex t1a .leave. Tl1ey we 11n fro � ed var i re fairly widely distr firm s 1 11g 01 1e mo nth or_ less, f?11� fron1 011e to three o.ff er fou r ed, moilths, three from ibut three to six mo11ths, a11d fo11r offer1�g u11I11111ted leave. Four con1panies, on the other band, left the amo11nt to b� deter111111ed by the quality of tlie worker at the disc retjon of management. Th1s approach can be 11sed, as i11deed it seems to be intended, a s an easy 1nethod of dismissi11g witl1out liability an employee who has incurred the dislike of management. In aln1ost all cases wl1ere paid sick leave is available, a prerequisite is a note by a doctor confi.r1ni11g the f�ct of �he employ�e�s ill11e�s. A number of employers complained that they l1ad a drffic11lt t1 1ue asoerta1n 111g which \Vere valid excuses since they believed it was q11ite easy to obtai11 false certificates, n1e 11tioning one hospital as a particular o.ffei1der. S01ne companies retain tl1eir own doctor to exan1i 11e en1p loyees. A1tho11gh tl1is gives tl1e e1nployer tl1e assurance of a kl1owi1 appraiser, it may subject tl1e doctor to press11res fron1 tl1e en1ployer to be overly conservative about diagnoses a11d the amount of leave 11ecessary. Ho\vever, if company-spon sored medical service is not available, a 11 illness which lasts only one or tvvo days, might cost the employee more to obtai11 a doctor's certificate than to suffer tl1e two days' loss of salary. 174 To detern1ine the validity of the complaints of false 1nedical certificates, a research assistant went to three hospitals l1eavily patronized. 'by workers i1 1 Addis Ababa, posing as a garage mecl1a11ic who l1ad been ill at home for tl1e past :five days with a bad headacl1e. One was tl1e hospital that a number of employers had pointed to as freely givi11g illness certificates. In eacl1 case, the ''mecl1a11ic'' so11ght out a hospital employee otl1er than a doctor. In 11one o·f the1n was a doctor actt1ally seen.

In the first hospital, a staff n1en1ber wo11ld 11ot let the ''n1echanic'' see the docto� at at1 appointed tin1e, sayi11g that the doctor was busy �11d that be_ was not sick. A small sum of n1011ey obtained a statement 011 a hospital form, signed by the staff member as a physicia11, tl1at the ''rnechanic'' had 1?een 11nder treatment for a chronic headache for tl1e past seve11 days as an out pat1ent. In the second hospital the ''1necha 1 1ic'' was informed by both a ntirse and I1 � male employee that h� w�uld f assured that was but doctor, fi r st have to see the l if the doctor felt he was ill, he would probably get an excuse for the full five days. " In t_h third �he rs, loye emp the o� eyes the in hospital, the 011e 11otorious � echan ic , met a patients and the foreign een betw lated trans male loyee who en1p m dOctors w bo only speak their native la11guage. Even a·fter mucb P1eaa·ing, the. ''n1ec. hawe" . • s. es ln il t as p r 0 was unable to get the doctor's aide + 1' se u exc an t� give h'11n . r flowever, he the · l, pita hos the at ) 2.00 $ was told tha t · if he would register (E.

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---173 .--=--x --2 -

174, M - 4.91 I,_ P < .05. vo t, y ll a u u e fe s n 10 · t na m1 o · exa do f1� � sp1tals in Addis Ababa ]1ave a small registration and rs

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. VII - No. I II , ex use i.e. te e sta anc adv n nts tai me ob to that the � � aide wotild help him in the futt1re 1 �tay to s e day hom ny 111a so and rec ov er. patier1t is sick and shou1d be al_lowed _ 1 1flu�i1_ce over the 1 of l d�a at gre a l1ad e rud the felt nt ista ass doctor The research freely g1v1n� advan ce exc ile Wh . bl�m pro ge gua lan the to t par ge r la. a in use� dlie h arc rese tl1e t stan assi wa� rt 's impression , ure ced pro lax a ect refl rily essa nec 110t does tl1e to tor doc te ruca llnu coll more suffering ht mig aide t, the 11 e 1 n pay a for that, tha11 was the case. Fron1 this s111all, and not necessarily representative, san1ple of Addis Ababa hospitals, it wotlld appear that tl1e co1?plai 1 1ts of the en1ployers �re 1 1ot without ju.stification. A novice was able to obt� 1 11 an excuse �t one l�osp1tal and might have at ar1other, if l1e l1ad followed 1t up. At a tl11rd hospital he learned the 1uetl1od of obtaini 1 1g advance excuses. Surely, an experienced worker cot1ld do as well.

f I

Other Benefits

E1uployers give 1 11a1 1y be11efits apart f ron1 those req11ired by statute. Although I1ot a be11efit 111ost e111ployees look forward to, the fu11eral expenses of employees were paid for by sixt)1-three percent of the sa1uple. One-l1alf gave an annual bonus. ·Many allowed discot1 uts 0 11 1J11rcl1ases of items produced or sold by the company and furnisl1ed worki 11 g clotl1es for e1uployees. Two-thirds of the sample allowed en1ployees ti1ne off with pay to go to co11rt or police stations as wit11esses; another twenty-five percent allowed leave without pay for tl1is purpose.175 Summary of Practices

Probably the 1nost s11qJrisi11g rest1lt of this survey was that even with the small sample a11d appropriate correction i11 tl1e statistical test, 176 significant differences were noted i11 be]1avio11r based 11pon the four varia.bles chosen. No single variable showed 1 itself to be a better basis for predicti11g behaviour tha1 1 the others, with differences l betwee 1 1 the two industries bei11g considerably less either than expected or tha.n the differences wjthin any of the other variables. Indeed, of the three instances i11 \vh.icl1 there w�s so1ue 11oticeable diflerence between tl1e behaviot1r o.f garages and beverage con1p�n 1 es, t�ro ce 11tered on large garages alo11e, one of tl1ose, educational leave> resulting fron1 the peculiar nature of the work. . The larger firn1s appea�ed to l1ave more established policies tha 11 s111aller ones . This appear�d 11 ot only with respect to a te 11dency to adhere to the law more closely, even wl1en it 111ea 11s di�11in�tioo of be 11efits to employees, bi1t also in �e les�er . freqtlency . of respo11 ses 1nd1cat1ng manageme 11t discretio1 1 a11d i 11 the readiness with whJc h ; tl1e q11est1 0 11s were a11swered during the interviews. All j 1 1 all, it would seem t�hat / the labotir policies of tl1e larger firms are 1n11 ch 11 1ore standardized a11d less subJect to the whi 1 n of the ma1 1ager. e e e c than Tlie _extent of en1ployee organization created less difference . xp lar t gd� !' The relative 1 1�wn ss and weal<.11e_ss_ of u 1 1ions and tl1e existe11ce of _a relativel � k la � s thi to te sclie�ul� 0� legislatively. c�eated 11un11 nw!-1 labo11r conditio11s 111ay co11tr1b � :o, j. ven of d1st1nct1on by prov1d1 ng a co1 npell1 1 1g infl1Ie 1 1ce other tl1a11 a 11111 011. E

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?8-30, 175. For the variety of extra be,iefits off .� pp , ered, see L. Morehous, cited above at note 26 176. See note 32.

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active 1111io11 in tl1e compa11.y tend s to produce a an of nce rese shor ter wo rk the P · g en erous s1ck 1ea ve than required by law mo re and , alt ' llotigh . the f orn1er 1s . . ek ' vve . dust..ry and t11e latter 1s also related to the s.ize of 1n the to ted rela tl1e firn1. . . . . a. lso re , u111on e xp e r�ence , 1.e, exp er1e11c � w�tl1 an active or 110w defu11ct 111 n1� ther fur 1io11, procl11ce clo s_er adh ere11ce to the a1111ual leave provisioil s and the to like ly ore m is men s fo� pay per1?c�s_, altl1011gh. agai11 the former i s relat ed t e 1ir reqt l to the size lega e re 1s a po ss1b1l_1ty tl1a t, s111ce �l1is clata is taken only Th m. r fi the f roin the of ' s�s, a great_er . d 1ffere�1ce doe s. exi st b e twee11 practices itl 11nionized pon r e s rs loye emp firm s and tl1ose 111 no11�111110111z�d f1rn1s ow111g to a greater propensity for truth from the form er, suspe cting tl1e .1r respo11se 111ay b e checked \vitb uuio11 officials. Like tl1e larg_er �r111s , the foreig11 :fir11�s. de111011strated a slightly greate r te11de11cy to follow the leg1slat1ve en1_ploy111e11t co11d1t1011s. Altl1011gl1 acc11mulatio11 of an ann11al leave seems to be f orbidde11 by Article 5(3) of the Mini1nu1n Labour Co11ditions R eg11l ations, th e foreign fir111s sl1ow a greater te11dency to allow it. \Vhile foreig11 firms uenerally l1ave a shor ter work week, they are also less likely to give 1na rriage leave. Resident foreig11 fir111s show dis tinctions by tl1eir gr eater te11de ncy to offer pay111e nt in lieu of a111111,1] leave and to pay a greater overtime rate. Of all be11efits covered, the practices witl1 reSJ) ect to 111011r11ing leave sl1ow the greatest difference bet\vee11 la\V a11d practice sinc e aln1os t all firn1s offer leave with pay whereas tl1e law req11ires 0111.y u11paid l eave. Tl1i s behavio11r probabl)' results from the importance of mo11r11ing i11 the Etl1iopian cult11re. While the othe r benefits may make wage employ1ne 11t more tolerable, 11one of tl1em to11cl1 s 11po11 sucl1 a salient feat11re of tl1e society.

Employees ,vitl1 work-con11ected disease or i11j11r.ies are al111o st entirely at tl1e mercy of tL1e inst1ra11c e co1n1)a11ie s. Altl1ough ins11ra11ce may ofte11 n1ake compe11sation more ava•iJable than a tigl1t-fi sted e111ploye r wo11ld, the sta11dard policies do 11ot ft1lly cover the employer' s legal liability. F11rtb ermore , it l1as been r eporte d tl1at it is a practice of the Labo11r Relatio11s Board. to relieve a11 employer of all liability beyo11d that covered by in s11ra nce. A proble111 placi11g an 11n11ecessary burden on e mployees, the courts, and the Labo11r Boar d alike is the absence of a scl1ed11le of work connected diseases or even a good defi11itio n of wl1at it n. 1ea11s for a d isease to "arise from work."

The area of dismissal re1nains the most litigated, the mo s t i1nporta�t �11_ tl1e eyes of e1nployees, and yet the 1no st conf11si11g botl1 legisla_tivel�. and Jt1dicially . Some guidelines are ab sol11tely necessary to i11s11re greater pre d1ctab1l1ty, to pr otect employees, and to protect unio11 for1nation.

PART Il LABOUR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS Introduction

1h s part is divide d into two se ctions. Tl1e first considers tl1e present conflict i es 1 : � vi'ng machinery available outside a11y private arra11ge1nents b et\veen wor�ers e ctioii d o11 sec � e 1 TJ s. ge plo an ch e yers, attitudes toward i t a n d po ssible fut11r dneaIs em _with attitudes of employers toward labour a11cl of workers to\vaf<l their own ' organ1za t·ions and toward employer s.

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The data for this part was obtained fron1 interviews wi�h the employers sample d 1 11ployees 1 e d n those a leaders 1 1 unio co1npanies, wit iii the previous part, with � h n1embers staff w1tl1 of and leaders, the union past and present other Corlfederation . of Ethiopian Labour Uiiions (CELU), the Federat10 1 1. of. Employers of Ethio pia (FEE) and relevant government bodies. Al!og� t�er over f 1 fty 1 1 1ter�ews were conducted. In order to assure the anonymity of the 1 nd 1 v1dt1als _ who were k111d enough to share not 011 ty their time but their confidence with the writer, the sources are not identified. Conflict Solving Macb.inery

e111ployer: four courses are _ Whenever an employee has a complaint against his open to hin1: ignore it, go to the employer, sue _ I11s employer 1 n court, or take his con1 plaint to tl1e Ministry of National Commuruty J?e_velopn1ent and Social Aff airs. A worker who is still employed will often be unw1l11ng to file a court action 1 77 if l1 is employe r sal; dis111is of fear for or a complaint with tl1e Ministry, is quick to take offence, he n1ay be afraid even to cornplain to him. An en1ployee who has already been dis1nissed, however, will l1 ave to go to the courts or the Ministry to obtain any satisfaction, si 1 1ce effective personal contact with en1ployer will probably l1 ave ceased to exist. l-Iere the co.ncer11 is witl1 conflict resolving mach inery other tha11 that established betwee1 1 the parties; therefore, 0 11ly the alternatives of court and Ministry \Vil] be considered. An en1 ployee who chooses to take his case first to the courts may find this route blocked wl1en he tries to file his complaint. E 1nployees have con1plai11 ed, and the basis of tl1e complaint l1as bee11 verified by an official of the Addis Ababa Awradja Court, tl1at it is tl1 e practice of that court to refuse to accept employees' complaints until after they have been to the Mi 1 1istry of National Community Deve lopment.178 Reportedly, some j11dges in the lower courts also feel this way. This view seems to be based on the belief that because t]1e Labot1r Relations Proclamation established dispute settlit1g n1achinery within the Mi11istry, an e1nployee must first purst1e his remedies there. If true, it is interesting tl1 at tl1is belief has been acl1ieved witho11t so much as a hint in the Labour Relations Proclamation or any other legislation. There is nothing in a11 y legislation restricti11 0 a 11 employee from pursuing his. ordi 11 ary contractual rigl1 ts. 11 1 fact, the High coirt has co 11 fi.r1ned _tl1is �i�w! saying that the Proclamation was enacted to deal with general diffict1lt1es ar1s1ng between employees and employers, such as progress of work, advance111ent and settlement of misunderstandings, and does not restrict a.n employee's choice of reme dies.179 An employ�e wh� �ri11 gs a complai11t to tl1 e Mi 11istry of National Com munity Development will file it 1n tl1 e Labo111· Relatio1 1s Section of the Labour Depar tme nt, a division of the Ministry. There see1ns to be n1t1cl1 co11 fusion a1nong emplo�ers, and . even more ainong en1ployees, as to tl1 e distinction between the Labour Re� a�ions Sectio? and the Labour Rel�tions � oard, an a11to110 1 11ous body itl 1in the M1n1s t�� _ a All disputes brought by un1011 s will first be heard 111 wer s po Its tl1e Section.

177. See text accompanying note 34. e· oev ty 178. The main reason given for tJ1is practice is that in the f National Communi msel ves _ Mini o stry the lopment the parties may be able to reach a peacef . save thus ul settlen1ent and the trouble and expense of litigation. 179. Mamn10 Yinberberu v. Yirgu Abebe (Higl1 Ct., 1963), J. Eth. L., vol. 1, p. 36.

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. c tly conciliatory. After a complai11t is filed the Section notifies the ot her party s tfr 1 that requ l ests appe ar �t tl1e Section on a cer ta1n . 1e n a11d actio _ the , . date. In • i o . . . · · co11 n iato c1 s ry ect1o pow . . S ers, tl11s notice t1as no power of the with g e pin com pu 1 s1on. ke . n . • . . . I · I t th 11o e ce 1a t � a1 �11e 1s ofte n s u:ffi�ient to obtain a settlement. 180 If Sectio personne state t otice . vv1ll be sent sett111g another date. If n other n a . e, resp ons o • n is r e a 111ee t1ng t·be· · e1 • 1 1c e a11cl attempt to ind.uce a settlenJent. nc 1·i_1ator vv1·1i l�ear t l1e .�\'IC o c e th , rs u c c o fortl1co111111g, he will s11ggest tl1e ter111s of a settlement pri· 1s men t o settle n mar1- 1y .. If . . . ' . · based 011 bis ,111terpretat1011 o f t }1e 1aw as 1t applies to the case at hand.1st

The functions of the Labour Relations Sectio11 come to a11 e11d wl1en it fails to bring the pa!ties to agree1ne11t .. At tl1is . poi�t a11 individual worker not reJ)rese ented by a union n1ust purs11e l11s remedies 1n court. A letter from tI1e Section explaining \Vhat has take11 place 1nay be . obtained. A union actio11 on the other band, may proceed _to �l1e Labour Relations Bo�r? , . where it is subject to being sent back to the Section 1f the Board feels the co11c1]1at1on attempts were instrfficient. How is the conciliation procedure of the Labour Relations Sectio11 regarded by those intended to benefit fro1n it, en1ployer a11d employees?

The Sectio n's lack of adjt1dicative ancl enforcement power� brought objections from almost all en1ployees a11d employers i11terviewed. It l1as bee11 accused of not knowing the la\v and of being lax i n tl1e enforce1ne nt of its decisions. Tl1is latter accusation seems to be enge11dered by botl1 the mistaken belief that the Section bas adjudicative power and by tl1e stro11g desire of both en1ployees and employers for an early, straightforward a11d fi11al adj11dication of these 1natters. Altho11gh a draft law, currently u nder discussion i n the Ministry would n1ake some cha11ges i11 the conflic t resolving machi11ery, the conciliatio11 portion will probably be retained. A high Labo·ur Department official bas infor111ed tl1e writer that the overriding pbjJoso ophy of the Mjnistry is to promote conciliation first, then n on-compulsory arbitration prior to litigation. D elay182 and tl1e lack of finality i11 tl1e Section encourage some en1ployers to ignore the co nfere11ce notices; they prefer to wait u11til they are sued in court. Their feeling is that if the conciliator decides in their favour, they wil.l be faced wi�h a lawsuit anyway, so they migl1t as well avoid having to present t!1eir case twice? WhiJe this is a rational decision and 11ot n ecessarily one designed simply to avoid liabilities, the increased delay sin1ply adds to an employee's problems. One change the draft law may bring about is to provide for compulsory attendance, to be used only as a last resort at conciliation conferences. This wo111d, at least, as sure the presence ee loy emp d isse dism his es hop who yer plo n em of the recaicitra t . \V1l} gi ve up t rying.

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180. No reco rds have bee n maintained regarding tl1e 11un1ber of disputes settle� priva_tely between the Parties after t b a p be wi ined obta be, t mus tl1ey h ��: one notice l1as been sent. Altl1oug gr a of . menal amount of effort there are no data concerning the frequency and nature ment s reached at varidus stages. A sligl1tly different procedure of record keeping wouId ake this information readily available. •i·tat·10° · 181.. ; ci con the the labour dispt1te involves a major issue an assistant minister will l1_andle ' , Report 3 3 e t o n t a e v o b a d e 1t c · • r0 the Gover11ment of Ethiopia 011 Labour A dm11· 11s1ra1zon, p. 29• .I 82 • No d ction, e S r u o b a L e th · k ata too . ID · but it w as available on the actual length of time a dispt1te was said by the personnel to be a considerable amount of time.

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Preve11ted from first sui11g in court, the dismiss� � employee 1nust suffer the delays of conciliation before eve11 hoping to have. a decision. The �nemployed worker may find the time spent sitting around the Labour Depa.rtn1ent annoying and frustrating but he can probably afford it. The e1nployee who has been fortunate enough t� have found work, however,, is u.nlikely to be able to find the free time and is therefore likely to have to give up lus rights. In the analogous situation where a.n employer bas used delayi11g tactics before the Labour Boar?, the �oard l1as awarded an einployee bis salary for the interi;111; 183 however, tl11s_ solt1t1on does not help alleviate the much greater problem 111 the Labour Section, or compe11sate for ordinary ad111inistrative delays. The lack of legal training on the part of the conciliators no doubt serves to add to the frustrations. One employer reported tl1at the co11ciliators seem always to take the side of the last party they have see11, switching positions with eacl1 interview. Although giving eaol1 party a sy1npathetic ear may promote co11ciliation, when a party learns that the conciliator bas bee11 ''convinced'' by eacl1 side in turn, he may develop a certai11 sense of i11security and distrust. The conciliators may be trying their best, but botl1 e1nployers a11d employees are left with the feeling tl1at they either do not know tl1e law or, for so111e u11known reason, do not wish to follow it. This negative attitude is compou11ded by what botl1 sides perceive to be rude11ess and arrogance 011 the part of tl1e officials. However inacc11rate these perceptio11s n1ay be, the Labour Section has left an unpleasant taste i11 the n1ouths of many of those it is trying to l1elp. Wl1ile acknowledging that 11either e111ployers nor employees like the present procedure and that employees may suffer econon1ically thereby, a high Ministry official l1as stated tl1at volu11tary settle111ent of disputes is a pri1nary tenet of the Mi.I1.istry and that it will be co11tinued so that parties will be forced to learn its advantages. The Ministry ma.y co11ti11u.e to push for a voluntary approach to conflict resolt1tio11, but co11ciliation i11 the Labour Sectio11 appears to have failed as a teaching device. As mentioned above, while a ·union which oannot obtain satisfactio11 i11 the Labour Relations Section 1nay proceed to the Labour Relation Board, the individttal worke rs only recourse at that stage is the cotrrts. Tl1is conclt1sion certainly does not follow inexorably from the written laws. Article 12(a)(i) of the Labour Relatio11s Proclamation grants the Board power ''to consider� conciliate a11d arbitrate labot1r disput es'' and ''to isst1e decisio�s and awards." Article 2(j) 'and (k) of tl1e sa1ne proclamati ?n defines ''labour dispute'' as any controversy co11cerni11g tl1e terms of tl1e entir e �eld of relations between employers and employees. Fron1 tl1ese pro� i�ions it would seem �hat the �oard 11as tl1e power to a.djt1dicate any individual , employee s compla111t concer111ng labour co11ditions. Altl1ougl1 ·because of the lack of . perso1111el, 1t has bee11 the official policy of the staffs of tile Labour Depar tn1e nt ai1d the Labour Bo�rd to discourage con1plai11ts brot1ght by individuals, nevertl1eles �� the Labour Board felt 1t l1ad the power to handle these ca.ses and occasio11ally did so . While the Supreme Imperial Court l1as not gone so far as to hold that t�e Labour Board bas jurisdiction over all disptttes betwee an employee and his n 183. Addis Ababa Tailor's Union v. The Owner Se rd, Bo �=�� ns Rel atio of � (La a bou Tai r lor Sl1o p ? ber 1966 .), Case No. XIII, and Union v. B s tion Rela r (Lab ou A Brick Making Firm July 12, 1966), Case No. XVIlI, Laboz,r Disputes.

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tha t tl1e Labot1r Board does }1ave J'tiri'sd'tc held I1as . . . it er lov • · 1· to p n o ver 1nd1 v1 en1 - ' a 11n1on 1s tl1ere a1nong 1 the 1ere \-vl s e1nJJlo yee case s s4 Tlle Cot11·t re a soned al . . dt1' · • . 1·nct·1v1·dt1a 1 11nton 111e111bers co11Id 11ave f o al d1sn1 1ss e C' siiic a ' weak e • n1n • g e f' 1ect that . on . . . · . e1 d 01 to 1n 1 e, oste · f 1 who a tl1e l1sl1111ent and growt1L1. of 1abOllr . . · estab the union as . 101111 ct s l d 1 oa 1av r e J11r B 1 or a b ictio?- of individual cases where the L th � , � ons � uni . . 1ne111be fl1t s r. rea uni so11 on 1ng 1 111 gl1t be easily extended to inc a 1s yee nipl o . · 1tide e • . cases wI1ere the co111JJ 1a1n1�1g e1np 1oyee 1 s 11ot a t111ion 111 e111ber, btit where the eolployer n1ay be 11s1ng 111111 ,1s a11 .exa1nple �o eitl1er weaken a11 existing tinion or to frighten e1nplo)rees fro111 for111111g ,t 111110n. Four years later, the S111Jre111e Cot1rt, l1avin.g before it iss11e of the Board·s jurisdiction over a11 ind.ivid11al case wl1ere tl1e e1111Jloyee was not a 1111ion member and t11e dispt1te ,vould not effect the 11nion's welfare, held that the Board had 185 Altl1011gl1 consistent w.itl1 tl1e prior l1olding allowing tl1e Board ction. jurisdi no to hear individ11al cases wl1ere tl1e en11Jloyee is a 11nion member, tl1e cot11i placed a lin1it on t h e Board's .i tirisdiction. So11rces in tl1e Ministry l1ave inforn1ed tl1e writer t hat tl1e St1pren1e Court sees its decision as an absolt1te proJ1ibition of tl1e Board's handling cases of 11nrepresented individt1als and tl1at tl1is interpretation is currently 11nder discussion betwee11 1nen1bers of the court and tl1e Minister of National Commt1nity Development. Altl1ough t1nion n1atters ust1ally JJass thro11gl1 the conciliation procedures of the Labot 1r Section, tl1e Labo11r Board has occasionally take11 a disp11te witl1ot1t preliminaries, bt1t tbe11 st1bjected tl1e parties to its ow 1 1 conciliation procedt1res. The powers of the Labo11r Relations Board are broad. 186 I11 keepi1 1g witl1 the philosophy of tl1e Mi11istry, before re11dering any decisio11 it first e11cot1rages the parties to reacl1 a voluntary settleme11t. Not 011ly are Stich conciliatio11 atte111pts made \.Vith t11e parties before tl1e Board, but the parties 1nay be se11t away for some period of ti1ne to try to iro11 011t their differences. 187 During conciljation or com J ]1as the po\\'er to iss11e an the thereafter, Board i11ju11ction wl1en deali11g '"".itb � _ laints of u11.fair Jabour IJractices, enabli11g it ''to prohibit a11y s11ch practice a11d, �n conn ection tl1ere,vitl1, to· direct 11a1ned persons, gro11ps, or organizations to ab�t� in therefrom." When conciliatio11 fails, tl1e Board has the power to re11der a decision or award concerni11g a labour disp11te. It is within tl1is last power that 1nost of tl1e Board's a11thori�y lies. For, .by . . . ttiJs power, the .Board 111ay not 011ly ii1terpret provisio11s of an ex1st1 11g collective

184· Sera Mi.kael Brick Factory v. The Association of Demissie Eshete (Sup. In1P· Ct., 1963), J. Eth. L., vol. 3, p. 13. 185 59) 341 o 1 App. v . N es il Ci .19?7� �� e C�., B s and In1p. P (Sup. v. ny ��i� Compa etratos · hsbed). The Labour Board bad apparently accepted JL1r1sd1ct1on over the cas� of Mrs. p . . not a union member 011 the basis of l1er determination that l1er work did not pla�e h� 1� , management and the�efore was an "e tnploye e'' tinder the Labour .Relations Proclaolati�nto e �(f). her positio� was in �ontrast to that of l1er J1usband, a co-party, wl1o was foun 10 m anagement · and 11ot within tl1e Board's jurisdiction. ·ct· t11 at g in i v ro p · · · · n · o ti a m a cl ro P Th.e Supreme Court based its Jt1r1sd1ct1on on Art1� · I e 33 Of the , th . h�. t'O su e in court · e existence of the Labour Board does not r estrict an e,nployee s ri� 0 f Justice to er (see t�xt accomp t in,s M tl1e ing not e 192), and on Article 34, ma11dat1ng any establish labour courts. 186 e e. Labour Relations Proclamation, Art. 12. � 187 · Case , es ut isp D ur bo La ), 67 ion 19 , 22 er A ext ile Mill (Labour Relations Boar d, N oven1b T v. · Nno. XXV •

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but also establjs� t�e t er111s of a disputed provision i� a ?raft :ol1ective 1 1t official cite this p e rt1n pa D r ou La e On . on 1 1at got e ? � � 1g n 1 oi erg ower und agreement _ . I88 ce pla on 1 1 t10 ike 1ta str lim � s. ict str the ind beh e al ion rat He as the principal feels that, if no other means were available for employees to improve their condi our Lab e rd's th Boa but l, ntia power to e ss e be ld wou ke stri to t righ the tions _ un1 ?1 1 �n d management greatly e stab]ish the terms of contractual rights be twee n reduces the need for the right to strike. Indeed, by this view the method of reso lution by private coercion (strike or lockout) should be curtailed as much as possible. If the parties by themselves cannot agree 01 1 wages, for �xample, then either may present thjs dispute before the Board. If the Boar d feels 1t does not have enough financial and economic facts before it, it can st1bpoena tb.e employer's financia l records. 189 The mere possibility of having his books delved into b y a government agency may be sufficie11t inducen1ent for a recalcitra11t employer to settle the matter privately. Most important, the Board's decision, ideally based on a reasoned finan cial analysis, wot1ld be better than a11 endless strike a11d the closing of a compa.ny resulting from the excessive de1nands of a st11bborn unio.n or tl1e recalcitrance of an equally stubborn employer.

agree o1 ent,

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Ii1 addition to the powers 11oted above, the Supreme Imperial Court has reco gnized that the Board has all those powers inl1erent in a judicial body. 190 The Board enforces its decisions by the sa1 ne mea11s as are available to the courts. Although the Proclamation clearly provides for this n1 anner of enforceme1 1t, 191 in the early days of the Board a decision of the Supre1 ne Co11 rt was necessary ·before enforcen1ent a11thorities would obey these provisions. 192 Although tl1e staff of the Labour �oard claims an interest i11 the publicatio11 of Board decisions, to date the Mi1ustry of National Co1nmu1iity Development has made no attempt in this endeavor. There is some feeling i11 the Labour Depart me11 t that not all of the decisions sl1ould be published, si i1ce they have not been written by legally trained persons. However, it wo11ld be helpful for potential litig ants to know tl1e reasoning of the persons in a11thority, from tl1e ,vriter's own observations, it would appear that sucl1 publication will be a long tin1e i11 coming. In the meantime, litigants 1n11st rely on private publicatio11s. 193 Both e1nployers and employees have co1nplai11 ed that the Labour Board does not know the law. This criticism may not be gro11ndless, but tl1e prese11t 1uembers of the Board ar� probably as well versed in tl1e law as an)ro11e \.vho co11ld pr�s�ntly rep � ace them, given tl1e dearth of trained lawyers i11 Etliiopia. 011 a11 i11d1v1dual basis, there has been son1e atten1pt to gain for1nal legal tr�1ini11g. 194 188. See Labour Relatio1Js Proclamation, Art. 2(s) (i)(2). 189. The Labo�r Board l1as broad powers of subpoena and i11vestigation under the Labour Relat ions Proclamat1on, Art. 13(c), (cl) and (f). 190. Fogstad Wood\.vorks Labour Union v. Fogstad (Sttp. l 111p. Ct., 1963), J. Eth. L., vol. 1, p. 185. 191. Labour Relations Proclamation, Art. 12(b). 192. Sera Mikael Brick Factory v. The Association of Demissie EsL1ete, cited above at note 184. 193. See ab?v�, note 44. It sl1ou_ld · _be noted tl1at selective reporting is follow�d by th� Jou � ;� . . of Eth1op1a11 Lau,, wl1?s� e_d1tor1al board comprises law professors and 111gb offi cials f the courts and the m1n1str1es. I ssie Sella 194. On� m:mber of the Labour Board has received an LLB degree from tl1e Haile Un1vers1ty.

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y be far fro111 obJiective, freq·ue11 .. . Union lea·ders, w.hose opi11ion• · s n1a · tlY cr1t1c1ze the d a. n a11 t1-u e n10 11. Ioye he en1p T ant1 1nost serious conlplai·11t rais as ard · · e d • . g1v • t 1s Bo e h e en to t1n1?11 1 a ders. The B?ard's reported tendency to allo\v rity secu of tack dis. er son1e bel1av1our can be considered goo d catise, nev whe · ·ssal whe tl1er or not 1t . . ro1 . . . act. t1ally n1ot�vated tl1e dismissal, has given pre tha t ha v1o t1r b the � setlt and was . e aders a deep sens e of 111securrty. I-Jere the Board's l un10 11 tial actual prac t·ice • • · • • ' ' • . POten · i:- 1t �s 1ts perceived 10� . pra , rtan ct1c _e wl11ch affects the einplo)rees' seilse 1-?1p � o ot n is of security.. By 1nst1r�11g . that 110 011e l11des bel1111d the cloak of union protection to avoid disnussal for_ JlIStifi. ed ca11se, the Board's decisions I1ave, no doubt, frightened a,va y some potential!� capable l eaders. A nt1111ber of e111ployers agreed with the union leaders' con1pla1nts that tl1e Board tends to favot1r employers' positio116. Several persons int��,,iewed, fro1n ?otl1 labour and 1nanageme11t, felt that govern mental control of dec1s1ons througl1 1ts three represe11tatives 011 the five-man Board \vas not desirable. It has been l1i11ted that tl1e draft law in the Ministry may pro,, ide for elimination of two of tl1e gover11ment representatives. Some u11ion leaders and e11ployees 11a ve also accused the Board of being influenced by certain po,verful men, who reportedly own stock in i11terested con1pa11ies. Althot1gl1 this allegation has not been substantiated by evide 11ce, the existence st1cl1 of a belief tends to taint all Labour Board decisio11s in the eyes of those ,vho hold it. Some Ministry decisions, ho\vever, do appear to be subject to certain kinds of influence. One official of the Mi11istry i11formed the writer that after the employees of a certain governn1e nt-ru11, profit-making enterprise had gone through ,111 the formalities to becon1e a registered labot1r union, representatives of the enterprise encouraged the Minister of National Commu11ity Development to deny registration. Subsequently, registratio11 appears to have been withheld on legal grol111ds, altl1ough the prevailing view in the Mi11istry was said to have bee11 that these employees did have tl1e right to form a labour llnion. 1 95 The provisions of the draft law are inte nded to modify a11d clarify the wl1ole field of labour law. The co11:flict-resolving macl1i11ery may well be modified as a result of these discussions. 011e st1ggestion has been the establisl1IDeot of specialized labo ur courts to l1andle adjt1dication of minor labour problems.196 �lthougl1 o�e �mployer mentio11ed tllis as a preferre d alt ernative to the Labour Section! . a . crl1c1al issue would be whether tl1ese courts would have jurisdiction before conciliation _was attempted. Another suggestion has been t o have the Labour Board operate ft11l-time, ratber than the present two l1a]f-days per week, enabling it to handle all labo�r cases. This approach cot1]d place the principal b11rden on a group of already experi enc ed perso11s. However, the right t o appeal to the Supreme Court197 might have to be altered to avoid swamping that Court with petty cases.

l 95. Po • ervants' S c li b u "P g ·n E . w se e, • WI , e · r a d.1scuss 1011 of tl1e right of st1cl1 workers to organiz R Tight to Organize," J. Eth. L., vol. V (1969), p.573. . .1sl,1 196 · he L bl a t es to e f J ust,c o er t · is . in M 1e · ti b d dat our 1na ady f o � � n io is iv d e _ d1rect1 n l bour a courtsRelations Proclan1ation has alr� o t tl on has been_ tl11s 1n a (Art. step only tl1e 4) bt1t 3 . rd a o the Supreme . B a , ons lati Re our Lab Imperial Court I1ears all appeals fron1 tl1e 1 97 . Id., Art. 19.

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Attitudes En1ployers' Attitudes Toward Workers and Unions The einployers s an1pled were, for tl 1e 111ost p a�t, agai1 1st tl1e for1 11ation of unioiis e y e1tl1er tole ra ted wl1a t was perceived tl1 s case e som i11 ugh ltl1o a s, e s i11es bu� r thei in tl1e eve11tt1a l fo rma tion of a unio n t o be an u nfortu11 ate situ atio11 or look ed upot1 as in evitable. This is 11ot surprisin g cot1sideri11g the �radition o� master-servant relations r with those that still pr edominates in Ethiopian labot1r:ma11age1;11ent r_el at1ons togethe _ j 11 ot!1 er areas of the world. Employees either avoid asking for their legally entitled ber1e·fits or lligl1er pay, or, if they do a pproacl1 tl1ei1· emplO)'ers they do it with the t1t1nost l1umility. In many cases the p rese11ce of a u11io11 does c ause 111any more l abour p roblems, and thereby 1 11ore di·1?-c�lt?' for tl1e c?mpat1y. �n o rgan ized body has so111ewhat 111ore self-co nfide11ce tl1 a11 111d1v1du als. It 1s 1no re likely to d em and that the e1nployer follow the law, to request lligl1er ·na ges a11d better worki11g conditions , a 11d to resist en1ployee dis1nissals. Si11c e tl1ese are all i11fringe111e u. t s of tl1e employer's absol11te sovereig1 1ty a11d, at tl1e v ery least, are tro· u bleso1ne a nd timeconsumin g, objectio11 to u11ion ization is a11 u11dersta11dabl e positio11. S01ne co1np anies, usu ally the 011 es witl1 u11io11s, see t he t1nio11 as at least a pa rtia l be11 efit. Seve ral re port tl1at clisciJJli11 e of the \Vo rkers l1as beco1ne easier, since it is cl1a.11.n elled throt1gl 1 tl1e t111ion l eaders. Th ey 11ote that, wl1 en a dismiss al occt1rs, the u11io11, kno\vi11g of tl1e t ra1 1sgressions of tl1e work er, is m11cl1 111ore likely to support 11 1.an age111e11t. Others see a u11io11 as a 111ea 11s of pron1oti11g a p articu]af policy tl1ey wot1Id like to in itiate, sucl1 as e111: ployee education. The most frequent reaso1 1 offered i11 favour of 11n io11s w as havin g only 0 11e · body to deal witl1. Many co1npa nies see111 willi11g to give up p art of their sov ereig11ty to gain tl1is 011e advan tage. I11teresti11gly, 1 1atio11ality differer1c es do appe ar to 111al<.e di.ffere11c es in the e1nplo yers' attitudes tow ard orga11.ized l abot1r. Altho11gl1 their loc al ge11era l 1na11agers do not 11ecessarily agree with it, the official policy of all s an11Jled foreig11-ovv11 ed comp _ anies is to st1pport organized l abo11r. Tl1is JJolicy 111ay · be d ti e in p art tl1e official governroe11t StlpJ)Ort of orga11ized l abot1r, o r to ,1 r elL1cta11c e to de::11 \Vitl1 individual work ers in an 11n fa11 1iliar cou11try. Pri1n arily, tho11gh, t11is 1Jolicy see111s to r�sult more from tl1 e existence of 1na11age111e11ts experier1ced i 11 a tractitio11 of organized labour. Fir111s er . Etl1iopian co11trol p rese11t a11 a11on1aly. vVbile so.r11e of the most und _ .. . v1c1ous ant1-t1n10111sm h as come from tl1ese fir 11 1.s, 111a 11 a ge111e11t perso11nel fro111 n1a nY of them see the role of 1!11ions as P. rotecti11g the erllJJloyees fro111 ma11agem ent abuses. They see111 to perceive .mao a ge111 e11t as tJ 1e 11atu ral e r1e111y of the worker, the l atter 11eedi11g so1ue p rotectior1 fro1n the arbitr:iri,1ess aJJ<l doini11ation of the for�11er. How ever, s011:e of tl1ese s a111e people, IJlctced in their role as 1 11 a11agers, hav e ac tively. prevented t1n1011s �ro1n for111i11g in their enterprises. They eXJ)ress a str�ng . . at1on. _ antago111s1n to strikes, wl11ch they see111 to see as an i 11evitable rest1lt of 11111on1z �t titudes toward labour 11nio11s also se e1n t o be deter111i11ed by th e degr ee of e go 1n.v�lve1ne11t of tl1 e 1n a11 ag er i11 11.is btlsitless. The gr eater tile involve1n ent, the eren g ��ater . JS tl_ 1e tl1reat to the ina11 a er's ego erf i11t �; e bl ta inev i of unio the � 11's . the w1tl1 his will. S�veral of foreign firn1s are simply branches of mt1oh larg10 _ d corporatio11s. Wl11le tl1eir loc al general manag e est r inte er s, all for eig11ers, are - 280 -

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wl1ich \Vil•l deternline their real n1easure of. t , pro fi .e . a cr s1 1 n cc es s, z. . tI1e1r 111aJU ::, h t e 111 1 t cen arg 1e1 1 er . . adv an . co1 1)o rat1 011 of tlle y ty wer b ' i' l i e . no . t ra1sed 1n- a . · ' poss1 crea a 01 e tec . 1 at1:.�,. 1or1ty, 11or pos1t1or1 .1 1 . ere . are wh the ir eoo re s bOU 11d Up 111 b cuItU . . . . , tbot1g}1 t·}.1ey 11_1ay be 1 11 its sticcess• 11 1 c0 firn . 1 , al tl1e of ntro l co 11 t ra st , 1na11y tbet·r . . f res1 er1t •ct 01 e1gr by ers 1 own ed a11 cl so1ne Etl1iopia11 firtllS are s firin the , f c: a11 o one-1n ' . . . _. . . . ego ate s s crea })at t of tl1e bt1s11 1ess. A li..rnitation 00 the tor creations. Their will per s so1 a 1al at_tack ?11 tl1e ow11er. Tliese matlagers beco111e seern to of the busine�.s perceive a u11101� 1 1ot ?11 1� as � s01 11et111: es_ 11�co11ve1 1ie11t force witll vvliicll to deal, but also as a direct attack 011 tl1e o,v11e1 ship itself. . The responses of a good 11 u1 11ber of -e1n1)loyers tl1at do 11ot I1ave lltlio11s reflected a belief tl1at . tl1e employees l1ave 11othi11g _abot1t _ wl1icl1 to co1 nplai11 , si ii ce they are given everytl1111 g tl1ey wa11t. . �l1 ese self-serv111g cla1111 s are 11ot often. borne out by tlie admitted en1ployn1 e1!t co11d1t1ons, 111ucl1 less by t�e res1)01 1ses of tl1eir employees. One respo11de11 t . po1� 1ted out tl1at, altl1 ot1gl1 a u,11011 l1ad begu11 ir1 the co.111pa11y, it dissolved pr1111ar1ly because tl1 e workers \Vere 110 better off after p,tyi11 g dues than, they l1ad been before. Tlus wot1ld seem to be tl1e case in 111 a1 1y i11stances \vhere t1nions l1ave for111ed, tl1e11 falle11 into i11activity. The 11 11io1 1s' lack of g�ti11, no do·ubt, l1as been partly due to a11 ir1ability to bargai1 1 s11ccessft1lly rather tha1 1 onlv• de1na11d. Howe,,er, inflated clai1ns by tl1e leaders or otl1er factors often lead the men1bers of a nevv 11nio11 to expect i1n111 ectiate rest1lts. If c:1 co1npany is i11tra11sigent, tl1e unio11 1nay go 011 strike to e11force its de1 n,inds. Ust1 ally tl1is re,1ctio11 leads 1 11anagen1e11 t to resort i1n111edeately to tl1e Labottr Board. Since a11y decl,:1ration of illegality \Viii e1 1title tl1e 111 a11.age111e11t to dis111 iss all tl1e stril(ers, 198 tl1e e111ploy ees have us11 ally rest1n1ed work im111ediately i11 tl1ose i1 1sta1 1ces. In a 11t1111ber of cases subjection to tl1e i111 1ni11 e11t risk of dis111 issal l1as n1 ade tl1e \Yorkers lose faitl1 in their leaders, rest1lti11g i11 tl1 e dissolt1tio11 of the t1 11io11. If, i11stead of striki1 1g, the u11io11 cl1 ooses the legal ro11te of tl1e Labottr Board, tl1e acln1i11istrati\1e clelays may surpass the in1patie11ce of tl1e n1e111bersl1 ip. As 11111ch as tl1ey 1 11ay believe tl1ey d eserve more fron1 tl,e co1npa11y, 11 1a11 y e1 n1)loyees are 11ot \villi1 1g to sacrifice very 1nuch. to attain it. TJus i1111)atie1 1ce pla)'S direct]y i11 to the hands of tl1e employer, wbo often f:i11ds it a ratio1 1al J)olicy to be st11 bbor11. 1,;

�1e extent to wl1ich s01 11e co1npa 11ies l1a\'e go11 e to th\vart a 1111io1 1 �a11 be s�e n 111 tl1e following exa1nples. 011e bottli11g compa11 y reft1sed to recog1:1ze_ �l1e ri �ht of its \Yorkers to form a t111io1 1 u11til a short strike was staged co11 1c1d1 !1 g ,v,th a visit to tl1e co111pa11 y by officials of the Ministry of Nation�[ Co111n1111 11ty �evelopment. Followi1 1g a tactic freqt1e1 1tly 11sed by ot�er con1pan1 es, tl1e . sa i,,e ompany later atly 1 ne1 1t, tlntil tl,e ee agr ve 1 t lec col a ard tow ate oti d to 11eg t1se ref fl matter \Vas take11 before the Labour Board. _Decla ring tl1at the 011 ly reason l1is ernployees formed a t1nio11 . \vas that it_ \vas fashio _ nable, the ma11aging director of anotl1er compa11 y freely ad1111 tted tl1at if t�e ll 0 P\1 sh \Vt 1,e , 11t 111e ree ag ve cti lle co ,:l t te �s tia h, 11c a1 . ?o m 1 ds to 11ego 111 i.e de , i � %PfY dtsm_1ss it s leaclers. �ne garage l1ad an i11teresti11g a11d sopl1isticated n1etl1od o f avo.idii,g 111 1ior,izatio11· Fe ar1ng th 111 b e o h v \to n ,e n e re th e f ormation of a u11io11, tl1e O\V11 er brot1gh t 1· n

19-- --8. Id A rt 2 1eraJ Ethiopi an Gei v. t )(ii )(2), Civ. C., Art. 2581, Workers of Etl1iopia.n Tra_nspor· r;'ansp o. (s(Sup , Jn1p. Ct., 1968, Civil App. No. 311-60) (unpublished). rt

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sub-contracted all bis work. Tl1e former employees wer� divided . amo11g the three. The workers were told that si11ce they were now working for �.1ffere�t employers they could not mix, the one o�jec�in� e11:lployee was summarily dismissed. Th� manoeuver successfully nipped u.11101uzat1011 1n the bud. The manager of one foreign-owned firm gave some insight into t_he motivation behind this kind of behaviour, saying that wl1en . he suddenly received a draft collective agreeme11t from the union, he was surprised and resentful, feeling there was no justification for this manifestation of �is efl:l�loyees' unhappiness.. Fortunately for this union, the manager soon changed lus op1n.1on and began looking forward to tl1e opportunity of clarifying the rules betwee11 management and labour. It would also appea.r that in this company, in the eve11t of any unsettled d.isagree ments both union and management intend to put their positions before the Labour Board: and not be governed by i11transigency or strike. When asked l1ow they felt about a union in their company, a number of firms responded tl1at the reaso11 they did not favour unions was that unions did nothing but 1nake unreasonably l1igl1 den1a11ds and cause trouble. While it is proba.bly true tl1at 1nany of the unions surveyed have made high demands based simply upon mere desire of the workers, witl1out any consideration of the financial circum.sta11ces of tl1e companies it is also true that ma11y employers have not given and do not intend to give tl1e benefits to whicl1 their e1nployees a.re legally entitled. In this respect, the tmio11s l1ave ''cat1sed trouble," i.e. encroachment on management's prerogative, but tliis is only the proper role of unions. If the Labour Inspection Service fu11ctio11ed 1nore efficiently and enforced the 1ni11imu1n labour conditions in these b11si11esses, 199 it too would be ''causing trot1ble," but 0111y the trouble that is its duty to cause. The four firms volunteeri11g their criteria of a good unio.n, all had ta.ken strong anti-unio11 positions. In all cases tl1ey stressed tl1e duties the en1ployees 0\1/ed the firm, feeli11g tl1at the unio11 should be an organ to promote such behaviour. The view that a union should exist 011ly to aid 1nanageme11t \Vas carried to an extreme by two companies, one looking upon a u1lion as a 11sef11l device to help relieve his burd�11 . of compe11sation for work-co11nected injt1ries by a union contribu tion to the v1ct11n. The otl1er saw a good 11nion as one wl1ich will relieve him of tl1e burden of disciplining workers. The other two were 111ore moderate in their views, seeing_ a good union as one with whicl1 a good. grieva11ce procedure could be established t_ o _botl1 weed out_ trivial con1plai11ts a11d to settle other con1p]aints n1utually, thereby a,101d1ng waste of t11ne with tl1e Labour Departlnent. Mtlcl1 of man�ge1nent's clislike of 1111io11s may restilt in part from wl1at . seen1s to be a ge11eral d1str11st of en1ployees, partictila.rly aiiiong the resident fore1�ers. M�11y ma11_agers feel tl1at once an e1nployee is given so111e special statt1s , be 1t t� union preside!1cy, a place 011 the compa11y football tean1, or 111erely a degree fr? a local t�chni�al school, he 110 lo11ger feels he sl1ould do n1anual labour. �ow1.n� for certain bias and lack of objectivity this complai ilt does have some ring 0 trulh wl1en consider�d ii1 light of tl1e dultt1ral dislike for n1an11al labour. 20 0 The s· nini Ad1 199. To tl1e effect that it does not, see Repo,. t r Labou on to tlze Gover11111er11 of Eth1op 1a . . · 1.,a1 101 · 1, c1·ted a·b ove at note 23, pp. 25-27. 200. See note 2.

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ETHIOPIAN LABOUR RELATIONS 1i�ests itself in tl1e e1nployers' frequent refusal 1!1� 11 also . to believe e1nployees' . distrust t d ea 1n h or . f; t h ness e ll 1 amily. ing claim s use exc Not all employers have this 11egative attitude. One manager of t rei. tg l om Etl 1iop ianize the con1pa 1 1y, fu1ding one �f his bi; g � to har d g tryi n is y es prob�e ns pan c between reside1. 1 t foreig11 st1p erv isors and tl1e workers. Another repoi tcts onfl i be , to r . . f o 1 1s 1 oye ell;1P mo e s st 1 requests st1uply to avoid trouble with his edly give s 11 1 to tl1a t1n1 t on a last 11ot ed 011ly 011e mo11th at this latter company, ed be ma y t . I Staff . . ' e 111 oye 1e p 1 r s oppos1t1on, but rather because ·not enough apparently not . becat1se o.f tl . d te s e r te e r in e w rs e rk wo

Workers' Attitudes To,yard Employers fear of clismissal is probably the do1nina11 t characteristic of e1nploy111e 11t relations in Ethiopia. Its influence is all-pervasive , governing al1 nost all of the en1ployee 's behaviour. This fear per111eated the interviews with 1 nany union leaders, and every employee. Indeed, altl1ougl1 tl1e 1111 io11 leaders seen1 ed to have little l1esita11cy speaking their minds, interviews with employees we re diffict1lt to obtain as most wer e frigl1te11ed not only that what tl1ey said would some b.ow ge t back to tl1eir e111 ployer , but that the mere fact of discussing employ1ne11t conditions would result i 11 dismissal. One employer ,vas reported not eve1 1 to have allowed discussion amon g en1ployees at \Vork. From interviews with the employers, it ,vould seem tbat tl1e workers' fea r is often \vel1-fou11ded, several employers OJ)e11ly adn1itting that a11 e1nployee who complains too much will be dismissed.

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Dismissal is a particularly l1orrifying tl1r eat because of the lack of en1ploymeot opportunities a .nd the vast n·un1ber of une1nployed workers. 201 Most of tl1e beverage companies claim they could replace and trai11 tl1e n1ajority of their productio11 staff in less than a ,veek. It would see1n slightly 1nore diffict1lt to replace a gara g e mechanic. But, 111any s1uall garage s report they r eceive abo11t 011e job reqt1est ea_cl1 day from an experienced 1necl1 a11ic, so there would 11 ot appear to be a11y scarcity of replace ments. Ma11y jobs i1 1 Ethiopia re1nain relatively unskilled, �11d. replacem�nt appears to be quite easy, tht1s a.ffordi 11g n1 ost e mploye rs tl1e luxury of d1snussals at \-Vill. The threat of disn1issal see111s to be a most effective defe 11 ce against en1ployees d�manding their legal rights or attempting to forn1 t1nions. Ev�ry employee inter vie,ved from a non-u11 ionized firn1 cited tl1 is fear as the principal reason f?r the lack of a union. The laws give little l1 elp to en1ployees 01! this_ matte�.. _Unless the e mployee can prove tl1at bis dismissal rest1lted from h1s 11n1on acti viti es, he . cannot gain reinstaten1 ent. 1 otl1er cases, as the Labot1r Boarcl �as saicl, employers 11 er have the absolt1te rigl t prop to only ect subJ , 1 wisl they ne anyo . 1 to dismiss arbitrarily severance pay if , :re tr is rt o p re e s 202 ye lo p em 1e tl at h If w many employers good cat1se is lacki11 g. · 1e of d'lSffil·ssal, forc1n ° 0 . t1n the at se refu to 1 ake tl1 ese pay men ts n h.e �orker to lilS t� ob yee plo em the if 1 1 e ev go to th e Labot1r Departn1e11t. IIo - wever, �i smi�sal c ompensation it appears tl1 at this is less than enougl1 to cover tlJe ti me h e will pro bably b e o�t of \Vork. r i . e th t c . . u tr s b o s r Even 1·r a unio e y lo emp . n 1s for1ned the worl<ers still fiee 1 t·he atterup t i 111 w en ev te ra i ct ac 1 te1 of to g a in their legal rigl1ts. Wl1ile this feeli11g is s

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. See no te 55 · nion v. Air Lines Compa_ny, cited above at 11ote 54.

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respect to iniiu111um Jabour co11clitions, it is n1ost accurate with respect to eiorts o11d tl1e bey t . ues req legal n1.inimUtn er oth a11y or t 1e11 ee11 agr ive Ject col a toward Ma11y firms procla.im tl1eir desire to have all r11les laid ?ut clearly, but most ar� reltlctant to put tl1en1 in writi11g i11 the for1!1 of a collective agr�e111�nt. Some have to be forced by the Labo11r Board to 11egot1ate; otl1ers delay �eg111n111g negotiatio ns for as long as two years. The stre11gth of the _e111ployers' de�1re to have rules in writi11g can be seen by the existe11ce of ?11ly eighteen collective_ agreements out of 113 t111io11s. 203 Si11ce 111a11y of tl1e collective agreen1e11ts offer lJttle 1nore tha11 t he law requires or wl1at the emplo),ees had previously b�en receiving, the aversion of employers is see11 prin1arily as a rel11cta11ce to have tl1e1r freedo1n of arbitrary action restricted. Of course, 11ot all of tl1e 'A1orkers' attitudes toward tl1eir e1nployers are well fou11ded. U11willi11gness to give a wage increase is viewed only as a11 attempt by tl1 e en1ployer to squeeze more of an already 011trageot1s profit fro111 tl1e \1/orkers' toil. The unio11s st11died appeared to l1ave n1ade little or 110 attempt to s·ecure comprell ensive 1i11a11cial a11alyses of tl1eir fir111s i11 order to decide wl1at the co111pany could afford to pay. Wl1ere 011e firn1 offered its books to the unio11, tl1e u11io11 president chose si111ply to disbelieve tl1e loss tl1at ,vas registerecl. Altho11gb this method of .formulating a t111ion positio,1 is expe11sive if the u11ion 111ust hire a11 accountant, it is bard to see any otl1er n1ea11s by whicl1 a 1111ion ca11 ens11re tl1at its request will be reaso11able. Partly due to frustratio11s resulti11g fro111 111a11age1ne11t refusal to meet a11d d.iscuss p· roble1ns, l Jartly fron1 tl1e 111.isco11ce1Jtion of profits a11d hovv tl1ey are a.scertained, and partly as a stop to tl1e 111ilita11cy of the mass of 1111io11 111e111bers, 11nion lea.ders often 11se strikes to press tl1eir de111ands at an early stage rather tl1a11 first sitting dow11 to 11egotiate. This bl11dgeo11 approacl1 l1as in tl1e past often ca11sed 1nore harm tha11 good, alie11ati11g 111anagen1e11t a11d giving good ca11se for dismissal of workers.

Workers' Attitudes Toward Unions

The attitt1des of ,;vorkers toward labour u11io11s vary co11siderably. At 011e end of the spectru1n, it ca11 proba.bly be said tl1at n1any v;,orkers have not given any thougl1t to the possibility of a labour u11ion. Altl1011gl1 the degree of this _is n?t k11own, a 11u1nber of employees interviewed stated that tl1ere was 110 uruon 111 their fir1u beca11se no one had ever thought of it. A fornier leader of a horizo ntal, or ge�eral, 1111io11 cited the lack of knowledge of the futictions and achieve1nents of tiruons as one of tl1e 111ajor reaso11s for the failt1re of his unio11. On the other ha1:1d, otl1er employees interviewed, t]1e majority, were well awa.re that a Iabo�r un101� could be usef11l to tl1e111. Wl1ere not e11011g11 en1ployees are eve11 i11tereste d 111 lear111ng about the 11sef11lness of a 11ru011 however a tlnioi, would appear doomed to failure, since u 11io11 educatio11 cannot 'be carried 011 without workers' willingness to atte11d. a1 to wor s Evei, �here an effective union has bee11 for111ed otl1er e111ployee attitude k \v r . ber num tial its . destr11ct1on. Ofte � almost_ as soo11 as they elect a leader, a st1bstan e�r fi a by union members begin to d1str11st l1im. Tl1is distrust is often engendered . Developn1ent 203. <;ELU has 113 member unions; however, the Ministry of National Commuruty lists only some 63 registered unions.

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ETHIOPIAN LABOUR RELATION S

1no ney must be disl10 1 1est, especially dlin g han ne iiyo bec aus e the average tb at a o \vorker pr obably has � o con ep .t·ion of l1ow · the mo11ey n111st be spe1 1t. The lack of trust 1 d or 1ea goo so1 b 1, e b 1 ut t 1e f requ e 11cy of its occ ur1.ence ma y ally ion . S . occa d o , e s 1.1ttle . a 1 1. un1 R . th e 0 er, 1 es 1t h , co . d. 1s c a ourages 11011est persons fro111 b. eco to encourage 1n1ng union leaders. O�ten this �ack of trust is also :based 11po11 a belief that the leader is becoining too frien dly w1tl1 the n1anage.1ne 11t. Wl1enever a leader opposes the demands of the majority, even 011 son1e rea�o11able gro111�d, the workers accuse him of sellitlg out to the co111pan�. Aft er see111g the previous leaders reinoved fro111 oJfice for this reason, one �1 1 1100 leader refu se d to _co1npro111ise an otitrageous wage denland \Vith \Vbich he disagreed, but ratl1er \Va1ted for the Labour Relations Board to rule against the union, tl1t1s pres ervi11g l1is image i11 tl1e eyes of the members One n1anager complai11ed that this lack of tr11st considerably delayed J1is collectiv� agreement negotiatio11s, because the 11nion officers l1ad to obtai11 membership approval at every st ep. To overcome these problems, a u11io11 1 n11st have 11ot only a11 enl.ighte11ed 111e1n bership, but also a leader who can cope witl1 thjs see1ni11gly i11stinctive distr11st a11d yet preserve a reasonable attit11de in 1 1egotiations. The more successful u 11ions report a certai11 se11s e of co1111nt111ity engendered by belonging to the organization. Tl1e members appear to l1a, e a feeli11g of 1nutt1al help, possibly resulting fro111 tl1e eclir tradition.204 B11t this ap1)roacl1 ca11 be carried too far in practice. Many u11io 11 memb ers consider n1utt1al fina11ci::1l 11el 1) to be one of the main functions of a u11io11, and this pl1ilosophy has cat1sed st1cl1 l1eavy drains on the resources of several u11io11s that• the n1ore classical u11io11 activities were curtailed. Then the members ,vo11dered wl1y tl1eir u11ions were ll11able to i1nprove their employn1ent co11ditions. 1

Union Leaders' Attitudes Toward CELU . The Confederation of Ethiopan Labo11r ·u11io11s is tl1e 011ly associatio11 of !a_b?ur union.s i11 .Ethiopia. It includes registered t111ions. It dra\vs a great deal of �r1t1c1sm from union leaders a11d e 111ployees; s01 11e seen1i11gly j11 stified� so�e 11ot. Since tl1e scope of this researcl1 did not include a study of tl1e uruo11s 1n the very large enterprises, the following may not reflect the attitudes of all 1111io11 leaclers, btit only t�ose of the smaller unio1 1s. The i 1 nportance of these, ]1owever, �l1ould �ot be dJso_ou�ted, for tl1e firms these unio11s represe11t are probably fairly typical of Ethiopian industry. All union leaders see1ned to agree on one point: su_pport from �EL� or somewhere else ilS. UilIO eir 1 tl of s gres pro 1d a 1 e lfar was essential to tl1e we !Jie . continuing master-servant attitude on tl1e part of 1nany emplo�ers often 111akes � difficult for a union leader to n1eet with 1 11a 1 1agen1ent. If a n1eeti11_g d_oes occur, cbe ?, m y h ve di culty re 18 e � 111s 1 0 pr_ com a if ; 1d 1 a reasoning with 111a11age me11t ffi a h�18 �i of it ng rIJt ,ce . coi ses ari te pt1 dis a the w en wl1 s e ved e nt i ttleme may no t be bel 1t o svp�ite of his title' the unio11 leader ren1ai11s a1 1 e mployee, atld_, coilseqtiently, h· e subor ct· • l11p co1 y arl cul 1 t ' · · par ers, k wor inat e 1n an authoritaria11 cl1lture. The garage ain ed of dif· ficulties their leaders had i1 1 atten1pt.ing to talk witl1 n1anagenlent as -----�:---- . !04 See

note 3.

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JOURNAL OF ETHIOPIAN LAW - VOL. VII - No. .I

equals. With more education and experienc� and a l1jgl1er social status, the CBL lJ official cru1 more easily overco1ne these barriers. Even the Labou� Department repo rtedly is n1ore willing to accept tl1e word of a CELU official than that of a u11ion leader. However, this function of CELU as an intermediary has earned it some of its most bitter criticism. A number of complaints have been leveled that CELU d.oes not really l1elp a union in its dealings with the employers, that it gives in and sides with the employer too soon. In addition, a major reason for the demise of one union has been attributed to CELU's failure to attend union-management bargaini11g sessions. CELU was, and still is, short of manpower to do all that it would Like. Mucl1 of its time a11d resources is taken up by the larger and more 1nilita11t u11io11s,205 and rational economics would dictate that a large portion of resources be devoted to them, but some lack of concern has been noted with respect to the smaller unions. Not all u11io11 leaders i11terviewed believed that CELU had failed the111. Ma11y cited i11sta11ces of CELU's assistance at the bargaining table, 206 in other negotiatio11s, and in 1111ion for1nation. CELU's co1.1cer11 with organized labour extends beyond helping individual unions, and deals with problems affecting organized labo11r as a whole. Tl1e existence of a largely u11educated 111e1nbership witho11t a u11ion tradition makes it difficult to operate a labot1r u1tion effectively. The 1nen1bers must be educated and drilled in the history of orgrutized labour, in tl1e knowledge of what a union can do to help the111, in proper bargainir1g proced11res, and i11 tl1e discipline necessary to function effectively. Si11ce tl1e tt11io11 leaders ordinarily do not have sufficient background or training to t111dertake tl1is task, it falls to CELU. l11 this regard, CELU has conducted more tha.n te11 two-weelc daytin1e sentinars for u11ion leaders and fourteen All union leaders feel this evening courses i11 various parts of the country.207 help is necessary and. ma11y eve11 would like to have CELU representatives attend union meetings, botl1 to 1nake its presence felt and to in1bt1e in the \Yorkers a sense of bei11g a part of a larger movement. This n1ay tax tl1e manpower in this fledgling orga11izatio11, but it is somethi11g whicl1 the u11ions a11d their leaders are demandjng. CELU also fu11ctions to study labour legislation and practice, making suggestions for change. By its ow11 admissio11, however, it 11as ge11erally go11e along with the government, and since the threatened general strike was crushed, it }1as not pushed the case of labour vis. a vis the governme11t. Althougl1 sticl1 a policy has earned s0�1� o.f t�e CELU oflic1als the name of govern111ent agents, this position of watcliful �a1t111g will probably pay off in the long run. An official in the Ministr y has 1nforn:ied the writ_er that there remains a considerable ao1ou 1 1t of oppositi�n t? orga111zed labour 1n the govern1nent, a.nd that if CELU 11ad been more active, it might well have been dissolved. He added that CELU's moderate and judicious approach has won for it far more support than it otl1erwise wou.ld l1ave had, �upport that will eve11tually aid the cause of organized labour.2°s

•

205. Seyoum Gebregziabher, cited above at note ? p -, • 60 • t 206. One employer re�a.rked tl1at better progress was i nin collective bargai g w tho� mad in his e t 010 tl1e presence of etther CELU or the Federation of h u , altho g Eth iopi a Em of ploy ers employers wottld proba.bly prefer the moderatin g presence of CELU. 207. Seyoum Gebregziabher, cited above at note 2, p . 65. 208. CELU ha s a large l1eadqt1arters on land do nated by tlle Emperor.

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I I

l •

ETHIOPIAN LABOUR RELATIONS

for rea suc son l1 widespread criticism o f CELU is . pri ma ry th � be a lack May . _ It does bav: a 1uont!1ly newsletter, but until recently at least, ation _. ruc rou . 0f. eom tl1 the w1 dea p l obl to em s perceived by tl1e u11ions. Tlle latter. 1 a rently failed · app . this · em se ve I th r s ett · ec b to o1 10 111 1c partly al ly and l )artly Just to flex tlleir � atient, inlp re a . a rtly because of tl1e1r .la ck of ed11cated 111embers tl1e u11io11s tend to subord. rous c1e5 ' p to t_l1e 1n1111ed.tate bene·fits tl1ey expect actio,1 to bring. goals n1 ter long : . . te 11d, 1s �1ore co11cer11:d . w1tl1 1011g term goals, priinarily h r oth the � : 011 U, ��L ach1eve 1nent as 11lt1111a y1eld1ng greater be11efits. Com·municating te tl1e1r sees it Use eca b . i:r : • • l , esse11t1a 1s lllerences · f or d C ELU these needs g the . support_ of the rstandin unde and latter need CELU. Already CELU has had difficulty 1n colle the as much as -008 . �Xi g dues from 1nen1bers,20� appare11tly for the s�1n_e reason the u11ions themselves . _ have this difficulty-no perce1vecl ret11 �11. Altho�gl1 1f 1t 1s _to achieve su�cess, CELU must someday take a stro11ger stand 011 1�sues fac111g organ1zed labour, �t must l1ave tl1e backing of the \vorkers, a support 1t ca11 lose no\v unless there 1s proper communication.

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�09 -· &y oum Gebregziabher, cited above at note 2., P· 60

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FACULTY OF LAW - HAU,E SELLASSIE I UNIVERSITY

NEW LAW PUBLICATIONS Consolidated La,vs of Addis Ababa, ed. W. Ewing

Feth,a Negast, ''The Law of the Kings'' English tra11silation by Aha Paulos Tsadua Fisher, Ethiopian Criminal Procedure Graven, An Introduction to Ethiopian Penal Law

Krzeczunowicz, Law of Extra Contractual Obligations

Paul and Clapha111, Ethiopian Constitutional Development Vol. I R,edden, Ethiopian Legal Formbook · Redde11, Law Ma.king Process in Ethiopia Sedler, Ethiopian Civil Procedure Vander/i11den, Introduction to the La,v of Persons Berhan.e G/1ebr&y, L'Organisation de l'Administration Local en Ethiopie

BOOKS TD APPEAR IN "1971 The Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia

Paul & C/aphan1, Ethiopian Constitutional Development Vol. II site oppo see For LAW PUBLICATIONS ORDER FORM a11d pRICE LIST Please pag e.

NEWII AIA ...AIL JOURNAL EDITIOH JOURNAL OF

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