V10(2)

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies Volume 10 Issue 2 (2019)

AN INVESTIGATION ON EFFECTIVENESS OF THE EDUCATIONAL SHORT-TERM TRAINING COURSES IN IRANIAN OIL COMPANIES

ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642

MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION RURAL TERRITORIES WITHIN THE CONDITION OF DIVERSIFIED RURAL ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT

http://TuEngr.com

EFFECT OF WATER STRESS ON GROWTH TRAITS OF ROOTS AND SHOOTS (FRESH AND DRY WEIGHTS, AND AMOUNT OF WATER) OF THE WHITE SEEDLESS GRAPE THE METHOD OF BOUNDARY STATES IN PROBLEMS OF TORSION OF ANISOTROPIC CYLINDERS OF FINITE LENGTH RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACADEMIC BURNOUT AND ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS WITH LIFE EXPECTANCY IN STUDENTS OF SHIRAZ UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES BIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF COWS’ MILK UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF TECHNOGENIC AGRICULTURAL ECOSPHERE WHEN USING BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) OF SOUTH PARS SPECIAL ZONE (ASSALOOYEH) IN CREATING A STABLE ENVIRONMENT USING THE LEOPOLD MATRIX RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-ESTEEM AND FIELD OF STUDY AND ITS EFFECT ON ACADEMIC BURNOUT IN STUDENTS OF SHIRAZ UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES A CONCERN REVIEW ON POTENCY OF IoT APPLICATIONS WITH EXAMPLE CASE STUDY PRAGMATIC CONSTRUCTIVISM AS A SOFT-METHODOLOGY OF THE HRM CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT OF HOSPITAL TEMPLES WITH ENGINEERING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS A SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE IMPLEMENTATION MODEL WITH COMPARATIVE STUDIES APPROACH: CASE STUDY OF BRANCHES OF QARZ-AL-HASANAH MEHR IRAN AND RESALAT BANKS SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ISSUES OF MOUNTAIN AREA RURAL TERRITORIES IN DEPRESSIVE REPUBLICS OF NORTHERN CAUCASUS

Cover photo is contour of the deformed body, in this issue paper entitled THE METHOD OF BOUNDARY STATES IN PROBLEMS OF TORSION OF ANISOTROPIC CYLINDERS OF FINITE LENGTH,

by Ivanychev et al.

2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

International Editorial Board

Editor-in-Chief Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, PhD Professor UniversitiSains Malaysia, MALAYSIA

Executive Editor BoonsapWitchayangkoon, PhD Associate Professor Thammasat University, THAILAND

Editorial Board:

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohamed Gadi (University of Nottingham, UNITED KINGDOM) Professor Dr.Hitoshi YAMADA (Yokohama National University, JAPAN) Professor Dr. Chuen-Sheng Cheng (Yuan Ze University, TAIWAN ) Emeritus Professor Dr.Mikio SATOMURA (Shizuoka University, JAPAN) Professor Dr.Chuen-Sheng Cheng (Yuan Ze University, TAIWAN) Emeritus Professor Dr.Mike Jenks (Oxford Brookes University, UNITED KINGDOM ) Professor Dr.INyomanPujawan (SepuluhNopember Institute of Technology, INDONESIA) Professor Dr.Toshio YOSHII (EHIME University, JAPAN) Professor Dr.NevenDuić (University of Zagreb, CROATIA) Professor Dr.Dewan Muhammad Nuruzzaman (University Malaysia Pahang MALAYSIA) Professor Dr.Masato SAITOH (Saitama University, JAPAN)

Scientificand Technical Committee & Editorial Review Board on Engineering, Technologies and Applied Sciences:

Associate Prof. Dr. Paulo Cesar Lima Segantine (University of São Paulo, BRASIL) Associate Prof. Dr. Kurt B. Wurm (New Mexico State University, USA ) Associate Prof. Dr. Truong Vu Bang Giang (Vietnam National University, Hanoi, VIETNAM ) Associate Prof. Dr. Fatemeh Khozaei (Islamic Azad University Kerman Branch, IRAN) Associate Prof.Dr. Zoe D. Ziaka (International Hellenic University, GREECE ) Associate Prof.Dr.Junji SHIKATA (Yokohama National University, JAPAN) Assistant Prof.Dr.Akeel Noori Abdul Hameed (University of Sharjah, UAE) Dr. David Kuria (Kimathi University College of Technology, KENYA ) Dr. Mazran bin Ismail (Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA ) Dr. Salahaddin Yasin Baper (Salahaddin University - Hawler, IRAQ ) Dr. Foong Swee Yeok (Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA) Dr.Azusa FUKUSHIMA (Kobe Gakuin University, JAPAN) Dr.Yasser Arab (Ittihad Private University, SYRIA)

Contacts & Offices: Professor Dr.Ahmad Sanusi Hassan (Editor-in-Chief), School of Housing, Building and Planning, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA, 11800 Minden, Penang, MALAYSIA. Tel: +60-4-653-2835 Fax: +60-4-657 6523, Sanusi@usm.my, Editor@TuEngr.com Associate Professor Dr.Boonsap Witchayangkoon (Executive Editor), Faculty of Engineering, THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY, Klong-Luang, Pathumtani, 12120, THAILAND. Tel: +662-5643005 Ext 3101. Fax: +66-2-5643022 DrBoonsap@gmail.com Managing Office: TuEngr Group, 88/244 Moo3 Klong#2 Klong-Luang Pathumtani 12120 Thailand. Tel: +66-99-5535450. Editor@TuEngr.com Postal Paid in MALAYSIA/THAILAND.

©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.

:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies Volume 10 Issue 2 (2019) http://TuEngr.com

ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642

FEATURE PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLES

AN INVESTIGATION ON EFFECTIVENESS OF THE EDUCATIONAL SHORT-TERM TRAINING COURSES IN IRANIAN OIL COMPANIES

149

MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION RURAL TERRITORIES WITHIN THE CONDITION OF DIVERSIFIED RURAL ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT

159

EFFECT OF WATER STRESS ON GROWTH TRAITS OF ROOTS AND SHOOTS (FRESH AND DRY WEIGHTS, AND AMOUNT OF WATER) OF THE WHITE SEEDLESS GRAPE

169

THE METHOD OF BOUNDARY STATES IN PROBLEMS OF TORSION OF ANISOTROPIC CYLINDERS OF FINITE LENGTH

183

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACADEMIC BURNOUT AND ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS WITH LIFE EXPECTANCY IN STUDENTS OF SHIRAZ UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES

193

BIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF COWS’ MILK UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF TECHNOGENIC AGRICULTURAL ECOSPHERE WHEN USING BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES

203

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) OF SOUTH PARS SPECIAL ZONE (ASSALOOYEH) IN CREATING A STABLE ENVIRONMENT USING THE LEOPOLD MATRIX

211

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-ESTEEM AND FIELD OF STUDY AND ITS EFFECT ON ACADEMIC BURNOUT IN STUDENTS OF SHIRAZ UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES

225

A CONCERN REVIEW ON POTENCY OF IoT APPLICATIONS WITH EXAMPLE CASE STUDY

233

PRAGMATIC CONSTRUCTIVISM AS A SOFT-METHODOLOGY OF THE HRM CONCEPT

245

DEVELOPMENT OF HOSPITAL TEMPLES WITH ENGINEERING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

255

A SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE IMPLEMENTATION MODEL WITH COMPARATIVE STUDIES APPROACH: CASE STUDY OF BRANCHES OF QARZ-ALHASANAH MEHR IRAN AND RESALAT BANKS

261

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ISSUES OF MOUNTAIN AREA RURAL TERRITORIES IN DEPRESSIVE REPUBLICS OF NORTHERN CAUCASUS

275

i

©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

AN INVESTIGATION ON EFFECTIVENESS OF THE EDUCATIONAL SHORT-TERM TRAINING COURSES IN IRANIAN OIL COMPANIES Diana Gandomfeshan a* a Department

of Educational Management, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, IRAN

ARTICLEINFO

Article history: Received 01 August 2018 Received in revised form 18 December 2018 Accepted 24 January 2019 Available online 25 January 2019

Keywords: Middle-class Managers; one sample t-test; Cronbach’s alpha method; Manager training courses.

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the effect of short-term training courses on knowledge, attitude, and performance of middle-class managers in Iran oil companies. Among the total of middle-class managers of the Iran Central areas Oil Companies in cities of Tehran, Shiraz, Mashhad, and Kermanshah, 100 managers were selected as a sample using simple random sampling (number of statistical society is 133 middle- class managers). Using descriptive research method and using a researchermade questionnaire containing 77 questions in four options (based on the Likert spectrum), the viewpoints of middle-ranking managers regarding the effect of short-term training courses on their knowledge, attitude and performance it was measured. The reliability of knowledge questions, the level of reliability of the attitude and the reliability of the questions of performance were obtained. Data were analyzed using inferential statistics (one-way analysis of variance, one sample t-test, Cronbach’s alpha method – for determining the reliability of the questionnaire, multivariate regression analysis, and Pearson correlation coefficient).

The results of this research that have been carried out using a questionnaire, show that short-term training courses of middle-class managers is effective in increasing knowledge, improving positive attitudes in managers, their performance and among the variables studied, the variable of attitude has an effect on improving the performance of middle-class managers. © 2019 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

1. INTRODUCTION

The fact is that in today's world what is the most important are human resources. So that manpower training can be used as one of the major pillars of the development of a country (Bazazjazayeri, 2011). It can be said in the definition of training that is a planned process to change attitudes, knowledge and or personal skills through learning in order to achieve effective performance in an activity or a range of activities (Armstrong, 2003). In other words, the training is a process in *Corresponding author (Diana Gandomfeshan). E-mail: diana.feshan@yahoo.com. ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/149.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.15

149

order to change employees’ behavior at the time of work through the application of the principles of learning, that the behavioral change is usually concentrated on knowledge, information, skills, activities, attitudes or values (Anderson, 1993). Paying attention to manpower training and development of talents and creativities of individuals is the characteristics of today's societies (Saadat, 2016). In a society that is rapidly changing, manpower training is not only desirable, but also an activity that any organization should consider resources for that as it can has always efficient and informed human resources at its disposal (Dulan, et al., 2001). Large investments in education confirm the particular attention to the effect of education on human resources development (A group of Management Professors, 2001). Due to the rapid technological changes, that it generally changes the nature of some methods of doing work for some jobs, job training is vital for organizational staff (Parhizgar, 2003). Paying attention to the role of education in relation to the use of material resources determines human resources in any organization are the base of work (Asgarian, 1999). Training of human resources is one of the safest and the most basic ways of organizational improvement (Mirkamali, 2008). Training and improvement of employees is a strategic action that at the individual level makes a valuable person, at the organizational level makes organizational improvement and development and at the national and even transnational level lead to Increasing productivity and the next results (Abbaszadegan and Torkzadeh, 2009). An approved training program should be designed while meeting organizational goals; it can also be responsible for individual goals of the staff too (Jazani, 2015). Investment in human resource training is the best guarantee and investment that losses will not be in it (Taheri, 2009). Managers have found that investing for training causes multiply their returns (Dadrasyeganeh, 2007). Since the organization life and its continuation depends largely on the knowledge and skills of its employees, more skilled and more educated people will have a more effective role in the efficiency and productivity of the organization (Ebili, 2004).

John F. Mee in-service training definition says: “In-service training is systematic and continuous improvement of employees in terms of knowledge, skills, and behaviors that help their welfare and the organization of their service� (Fathi Vajargah, 2015). In the other words, In-service training is the development system of patterns, skills, knowledge and personal attitudes and its purpose is that individual is able to do special performance of his work on a certain level of ability. In-service training can be formal or informal (Berube, et al., 2001). It specifically, in particular, includes training and exercises that focuses on achieving a certain level of ability or operational efficiency (Tight, 2004).

Generally, in-service training in an organization forms further in support of main needs such as skills and knowledge of employees in the workplace (Nickols, 2000). Although managers can be found in all parts of the organization, but recognizing that they are at different levels of an organization is very important (Beheshtian and Abolhasani, 2008). Each manager needs to the degree of managerial skills according to the type of work, the organization level and circumstances available. The most of scholars emphasize on the following three levels of management (Rezaian, 2006): 1- Operational managers: These managers spend most of their time with subordinates to resolve future issues and some of it with colleagues and with superiors or people outside the organization (Rezaian, 2014). 2Middle-class managers: Middle-class managers are between senior and operational managers (Robbins, 2015). These managers have the highest number in most organizations that supervise front- line executives. They are responsible for the implementation of policies and developed programs by senior managers of organization and supervision, coordination and control activities of

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lower-level managers (Fakhimi, 2013). In order to increase effectiveness, these managers are responsible to evaluate; does the organization pursues goals that appropriate or not (Entesari, 2014).

3- Superior managers: These managers are a relatively small group of managers who control and manage all affairs of the organization, set up the goals and strategies of organization (Bakhtiar, 2015).

Regardless of the management levels, the role of oil industry in economic development and its status as one of the most important options for sustainable development based on the oil and gas industry, has a major responsibility for the National Iranian Oil Company. Along with the development of oil industry plans, it is somewhat planned to provide, equip and train human resources (Mirnejad, et al., 2010). The maintenance of the optimum oil and gas production capacity requires the operation of the facility and the efficient utilization of facilities and most importantly of all efficient manpower (Oil Company Public Relations, 2011), and all of them depend on the correct, effective, and proper of human resources training in all areas and in this regard, management education is of particular importance. Management requires qualitative evolution and guidance, therefore, management education as a thoughtful and constructive part and as well as an important component of the organization's human resources is of paramount importance (Jahanian, 2004). The correct management requires considerable skill and time and patience that should be applied by managers, and part of it is related to management and staff training, training and educational planning and implementation of training courses at all levels of manpower, execute methods and perform specific duties of each person (Maghi and Tehyer, 2009). The issue of education in oil industry has long been considered. The policy of Iran's oil company is based on the fact that the situation will reach such a degree of growth and perfection that for each job and position (up to a specified level) a minimum preliminary training and previous experience and a minimum of training and experience and some general education that has been agreed upon to be determined (Kazerooni, 2005). Large sums are spent on human resources training in oil industry. If the training is not be appropriate and fails to achieve the course objectives, it will be an additional charge imposed on the company that could be spent elsewhere. Training courses can improve the level of knowledge, attitude, and performance of managers and staff, so the need for planning for these courses is taken for granted, but without examining the effectiveness of training courses, it is not possible to ensure the usefulness of training courses.

2. HYPOTHESES AND QUESTION OF RESEARCH The research hypotheses are as follows: 1- Short-term training courses for middle-class managers causes to increase the knowledge level of managers.

2- Short-term training courses for middle-class managers causes to increase the positive attitudes in managers.

3- Short-term training courses for middle-class managers causes to improve the performance of managers.

The research question is: Among the variables of knowledge, attitude, gender, Level of *Corresponding author (Diana Gandomfeshan). E-mail: diana.feshan@yahoo.com. Š2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/149.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.15

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education, management experience and work experience, which one has the most effect on improving the performance of middle-class managers?

3. RESEARCH METHOD The statistical population of this study is all the middle-class managers of the Iran Central areas Oil Company who in training courses that is held by the organization have participated. The sampling method used in this research is simple random sampling. The sample size according to Morgan's table was considered 100 people. A questionnaire was used to collect data, consisting four sections: Part 1: Includes demographic data of the samples (gender, level of education, management experience, and work experience) Part 2: Includes questions related to the effectiveness of short-term educational training courses on the level of knowledge of middle-class managers Part 3: Includes questions related to the effectiveness of short-term educational training on the attitude of middle-class managers Part 4: Includes questions related to the effectiveness of short-term educational training on the performance level of middle-class managers The questions were set after the preliminary tests and obtaining validity and reliability. In this questionnaire, the 4-point Likert scale has been used. In this research, data was analysed using SPSSÂŽ software.

4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 DESCRIPTION OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC The study of descriptive data related to demographic characteristics of the sample indicate the most number of sample are men with 95.5%, 59.7% of middle-class managers have bachelor's degrees, 64.9 % of middle-class managers have up to 10 years of management experience and 39.1% have work experience between 11 and 20 years.

4.2 HYPOTHESES ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH QUESTION Hypothesis 1- To examine the first hypothesis that "Short-term training courses for middle-class managers causes to increase the knowledge level of managers.", first, this hypothesis is written as a statistical hypothesis: H0: đ?‘‹Ě… − đ?œ‡ = 0 (1) H1: đ?‘‹Ě… − đ?œ‡ ≠0 đ?‘‹Ě… = Mean level of knowledge of participating middle- class managers in short-term training courses in the sample group

đ?œ‡ = Mean level of knowledge of middle- class managers in society To test the first hypothesis, one-sample t-test was used which results and data analyses are provided in Table 1.

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Table 1: one-sample t-test mean of managers’ knowledge participating in training courses �̅ 3.792

C 2.33

S 2.93

Sx 0.333

T 4.378

Df 76

Sig 0

According to the data presented in Table (1), since the t obtained at the 99% confidence level is significant, so null hypothesis is rejected and contrary hypothesis is accepted that means short-term training courses for middle-class managers have increased their knowledge level.

Hypothesis 2- To examine the first hypothesis that "Short-term training courses for middle-class managers causes to increase the positive attitudes in managers.", first, this hypothesis is written as a statistical hypothesis: H0: đ?‘‹Ě… − đ?œ‡ = 0 (2) H1: đ?‘‹Ě… − đ?œ‡ ≠0 đ?‘‹Ě… = Mean level of attitude of participating middle- class managers in short-term training courses in the sample group

đ?œ‡ = Mean level of attitude of middle- class managers in society To test the second hypothesis, one-sample t-test was used which results and data analyses are provided in Table 2 below: Table 2: one-sample t-test mean of managers’ attitude participating in training courses đ?‘‹Ě… 25.529

C 110

S 20.741

Sx 2.904

T 5.347

Df 50

Sig 0.000

According to the data presented in Table (2), since the t obtained at the 99% confidence level is significant, so null hypothesis is rejected and contrary hypothesis is accepted that means short-term training courses for middle-class managers have improved positive attitudes in managers.

Hypothesis 3- To examine the first hypothesis that "Short-term training courses for middle-class managers causes to improve the performance of managers.", first, this hypothesis is written as a statistical hypothesis: H0: đ?‘‹Ě… − đ?œ‡ = 0 (3) H1: đ?‘‹Ě… − đ?œ‡ ≠0 đ?‘‹Ě… = Mean level of performance of participating middle- class managers in short-term training courses in the sample group đ?œ‡ = Mean level of performance of middle- class managers in society To test the third hypothesis, one-sample t-test was used which results and data analyses are provided in Table 3. *Corresponding author (Diana Gandomfeshan). E-mail: diana.feshan@yahoo.com. Š2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/149.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.15

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Table 3: One-sample t-test mean of managers’ performance participating in training courses �̅ 75.228

C 62.5

S 9.163

Sx 1.213

T 10.487

Df 56

Sig 0.000

According to the data presented in Table (3), since the t obtained at the 99% confidence level is significant, so null hypothesis is rejected and contrary hypothesis is accepted that is short-term training courses for middle-class managers have improved their performance.

To investigate the research question that "Among the variables of knowledge, attitude, gender, Level of education, management experience and work experience, which one has the most effect on improving the performance of middle-class managers?", statistical analysis of multiple regression analysis has been used: Y= Level of performance of managers participating in short-term training courses Y1= Level of knowledge of participating managers in short-term training courses Y2= Level of attitude of participating managers in short-term training courses Y3= Level of education of participating managers in short-term training courses Y4= Management experience of participating managers in short-term training courses Y5= Work experience of participating managers in short-term training courses Among the predictor variables, Y2 has the highest auto-correlation with Y: ryy = 0.808. The rate of variations explained of the criterion variable by Y2 is 64.2%. The statistical method of oneway ANOVA was used to determine the significance of this rate of variations, the results of which are shown in Table 4.

Table 4: ANOVA to determine significance of the coefficient of determination Sources of Change Regression The remaining Total

Sum of squares 1451.506 769.463 2220.969

Degrees of freedom 1 30 31

Mean Square 1451.506 25.649

F

Sig

56.592

0

According to the Table 4, since F= 56.592 in the level of 99% confidence is significant, so it can be seen that the rate of variations explained of the criterion variable by Y2 is significant. Therefore, the variations equation at this stage is as follows: Y= 28/861 + 0/368 Y2

(4)

Considering that the angle coefficient of the other variables is not significant at 95% confidence level, therefore, the calculations will be completed at this stage and as a result it can be seen that only Y2 is the predictor variable of the criterion variable, that is, only attitude can be effective in improving the performance of middle-class managers.

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Figure 1: Research result showing the link between variables.

4.3 CONCLUSION The study found the short-term training courses for middle-level managers of the oil companies of central parts of Iran have had a direct positive effectiveness on their knowledge. Findings show knowledge directly affects the attitudes of managers; knowledge plays the role of a Mediating variable between the educational course and attitude, and the most important effect can have on the attitude of managers, which means that if the educational courses helps to raise the level of knowledge of middle-class managers, certainly it also affects on Improve managers' attitude. Attitude of managers can change through the knowledge provided for them in the educational training course, and this point is considerable. As mentioned above, attitudes affect directly on performance too, so knowledge affects indirectly the performance of managers by influencing on attitudes. The overall result of the study can be summarized in Figure 1 which confirms the study results.

Whatever the evaluation of the knowledge provided in the training courses of the organization has higher and more objective criteria, one can expect that the level of attitude of managers improve too, and also this directly affects the improvement of management performance. In other words, here the attitude plays the role of a mediating variable between knowledge and performance and has the most effect on the performance of middle-class managers. This means that if the training course can directly increase the level of knowledge of managers, this can be expected it can have a positive effect on the attitudes of managers and thus on their type of performance indirectly.

The relationship between knowledge and attitude plays a role of a mediating variable between training course and performance and can lead directly to improving the performance of managers by organizing and holding the proper training course. Research results indicate that the level of education affects on the relationship between the training course and knowledge directly, which means that middle-class managers improve their level of management knowledge by participating in the training courses of the organization consequently and has a positive effect on their attitude. So, the relationship between training course and knowledge plays the role of a mediating variable (between education level and attitude), and affects on the improvement of managers' attitudes directly.

The important of the study is that shows attitude is the variable and important determinant factor *Corresponding author (Diana Gandomfeshan). E-mail: diana.feshan@yahoo.com. Š2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/149.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.15

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in planning the training courses in the Iranian oil company; according to the findings of the research, among all the variables studied in this study, managers' attitude have has the relationship and direct effect on the performance of middle-class managers. In fact, by emphasizing managers 'attitudes and its positive change and improving managers' attitudes (along with a set of other factors), we can be sure that the level of performance of managers in the desired direction improve; a positive attitude can be a determining factor for a desirable performance, and this finding is considered in the planning of the organization's training courses.

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256 – 257.

Taheri, Abolghasem (2009). Research method and Finding Resources (field of management), PayamNoor Publications, Tehran- Iran. P. 115.

Dr. Diana Gandomfeshan earned her Ph.D in Business Administration, Human Recourses Management and Organizational Behaviour from Payame Noor University (PNU), Iran. Her master's degree was in Adult Education from Department of Educational Sciences and Psychology Shahid Beheshti University, Iran. This research was done in Shahid Beheshti University with cooperation of Iran Central Areas Oil Companies.

*Corresponding author (Diana Gandomfeshan). E-mail: diana.feshan@yahoo.com. ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/149.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.15

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MULTIFUNCTIONALITY OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION RURAL TERRITORIES WITHIN THE CONDITION OF DIVERSIFIED RURAL ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT Natalia V. Prokhorova a*, Avgustina B. Urusova b, Bela M. Musaeva c, Anzor V. Misakov d, Valery S. Misakov e a Department

of Political Economy, FSBEI HE RSAU - Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev, RUSSIA b Department of Finance and Credit, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education North Caucasus State Academy, RUSSIA c Department of Enterprise Economics, FSBEI of HE, Chechen State University, RUSSIA d Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, RUSSIA e Nature Management Laboratory, Tembotov Institute of Ecology of Mountain Territories of Russian Academy of Science, RUSSIA ARTICLEINFO

Article history: Received 01 August 2018 Received in revised form 18 December 2018 Accepted 28 January 2019 Available online 01 February 2019

Keywords: Economic crisis; depressed state; rural territories; agriculture; market economy; diversification; competition.

ABSTRACT

The transition to market relations, the departure from the planned economy destroyed the economic entities of Russian Federation rural territories, and also caused new socio-ecological and economic problems. This is despite the fact that agriculture is a life-supporting sector of the national economy by its nature and the country food security depends on it. Today, one of the priority strategic tasks aimed at an unacceptable differentiation of rural settlement reduction is their diversification. It is carried out through the involvement of unused internal reserves in the turnover and sustainable development AIC branches on this basis, whose products always have an increased market demand. Under these conditions, the transition of rural areas to the rails of diversified development is of paramount importance, which will create the maximum possible diversity of economic forms and activities in the countryside, use the resources of the territories comprehensively, ensure rural employment and reduce social tensions. © 2019 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

1. INTRODUCTION

The protracted general structural crisis of Russian Federation (RF) led to the collapse of job number, not only in industry, but also in agriculture, the service sector, etc. However, agriculture is still the backbone sector of the rural economy. All this is coupled with the peculiarities and the lifestyle of the rural population mentality, who used to live for many years in the absence of favorable conditions for the discovery of alternative activities in the *Corresponding author (N.V.Prokhorova). E-mail: Prokhorova.nv45@gmail.com. ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/159.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.16

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countryside.

All this actualizes the significance of rural territory transition to the path of diversified development and the creation of all sorts of various economic forms and activities in villages, the integrated use of territory resources and the employment of a rural settlement.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW The goal set before the society - the provision of economy sustainable development requires not only large-scale investments and innovative technologies, but also applied innovations that will improve the methodological and the social approaches to the processes of the necessary change of priorities and national economy development goals, i.e. diversified development focus. Such an approach requires the solution of a set of practical problems interlinking the analysis of diversification conditions and factors and the dynamics of socio-ecological-economic development, the identification and the systematization of advantages, and the resource capabilities of Russian regions.

This, first of all, is very significant for regional agro-industrial complexes, which have large unused resources, although their products are characterized by steady and high market demand.

Moreover, all this is accompanied by negative processes in labor, demographic and other spheres of rural areas, which actualized the need to create a new, socially oriented, diversified model of sustainable rural development, that will ensure the integrated use of resources and will improve the living conditions of villagers [7,11,12].

Before delving into the research, it is necessary to explain the meaning of the term “diversification”.

The etymology of this word has a double meaning in the translation from Latin and means, on the one hand, “change, diversity”, and the performance of different things, on the other. If we omit the philosophical interpretation, then this concept can be reduced to the following - in general, it means “going beyond the ordinary”, into a certain form of improvement and development. As can be seen, such an approach suggests that it is closer to the concept of “comprehensive development”, which is common both in classical political economy and in modern economic theory [3,15,16].

From the practical position, diversification is the whole range of economic activities, starting from product range expansion to the activity type change.

There are the following types of diversification in special economic literature: - the diversification of loans by the distribution of capital contributed to the economy in order to reduce risks and ensure higher incomes; - production diversification through the development of new types of production and product range expansion. The goals can be completely different, ranging from bankruptcy avoidance to the competitive advantage development;

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- material diversification in order to master new forms and fields of activity [7].

In our opinion, any diversification should pursue two goals at least – the improvement of competitiveness and an economic entity sustainable development provision. Only this will allow to create new jobs, to develop all types of entrepreneurial activities, and to implement state support for small and medium-sized businesses on a large scale. It is clear that all of this in total will ensure the stability of societies.

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The object of the research is the economic relations formed in the process of diversification formation and development in rural areas.

In the process of research, they used general scientific methods of theoretical and empirical cognition: the dialectical method to analyze the socio-economic processes, deduction, decomposition, systemic and comparative analysis.

4. RESEARCH RESULTS It is necessary to distinguish between the diversification at the enterprise level and at the regional level. The diversification at the level of an economic entity is implemented through the strategy of sales market increase by expanding the product range, clientele and markets.

At the same time, entrepreneurs can create a new vector of production and marketing activities through the development of new production structures, etc. [5,10].

The regional aspect of diversification is aimed at the development of various branches of territories. The main difference between the diversification of the regional economic system and the diversification of enterprises is in the fact that this process affects the entire set of business structures in the region, changes the employment structure of the population and product totality, which is clearly associated with the need for socio-ecologicaleconomic, organizational, financial and other relationship state regulation [9].

They have the following in common: these types of diversification are the response to the socio-economic and environmental problems of territorial development.

All of the above allows us to interpret diversification as the combination of various processes and phenomena that focus on the potential implementation to achieve the set goals.

Now, let's turn to the consideration of rural area diversification concept. Although there is no specific scientific substantiation of this term in special domestic economic literature, nevertheless, it can be generalized in the following interpretation. The diversification of rural areas is the use of competitive advantages (labor, natural and other resources), the technological modernization of production and economy, and the self-development of these territories.

This process is characterized by agrocentricity, and on the development of nonagricultural activities at the same time, which, however, is characteristic of the current *Corresponding author (N.V.Prokhorova). E-mail: Prokhorova.nv45@gmail.com. Š2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/159.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.16

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evolution stage for socio-economic relations in rural areas.

In the conditions of increasing competition agriculture remains not only the most priority sector of rural areas, but also the most problematic one, which negatively affects the budgeting of municipalities.

The diversification in rural areas is carried out by joining inefficient agricultural enterprises to more sustainable enterprises of the agro-industrial complex, usually processing ones, the creation of new agricultural enterprises (by investors), the transfer of land shares to the authorized capital of an enterprise investor, etc. [3,13].

Figure 1: The place of rural tourism in leisure activities The analysis of foreign experience shows that the greatest synergistic effect with other sectors in rural areas is achieved by optimizing the pace and the nature of the agricultural sector development. This is a natural process, because in the opposite case the imbalance takes place necessarily, leading to economic crises, social tensions and the economic situation worsening. Agriculture, as a rule, is not competitive in comparison with other sectors of the rural economy in the case of its separate development. However, when it informally interacts with tourism (Figure 1) , processing, trade and other industries, there is a high probability of its sustainable development.

In Western countries, diversification is a powerful tool for the competitive development of rural areas, which determines and forms the diverse structure of economy.

It should also be noted that much attention is paid to the development and the implementation of highly effective approaches in the countries of the European Union, to the development of rural areas. It is noteworthy that all these directional processes are actively stimulated by new conditions of the reforms carried out by the Single Agrarian Party of the EU. The analysis of the ongoing diversification processes in Europe rural economy suggests that - one third of farmers is not focused on agriculture while ensuring their income; - more than 85% of rural population is engaged in other (non-agricultural) activities, where 95% of the additional product value is created [14].

During the consideration of farm structure in EU countries with alternative sources of income, it is possible to note the variation from 18% in Belgium to 60% in Sweden (32% on the average). The different share of diversified farms in their overall structure indicates

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various possibilities for diversification [15].

Now there is a new trend in the world practice of rural economy restructuring agrotourism. Its activation makes it possible to transfer labor resources to another industry and thus open new rural jobs.

For reference, the number of agrotourists is growing and, for example, in Austria it reached 16%, and 15% in France of the total number of rural tourists in the EU [15].

It should be noted that there is no common understanding on the problem under study among foreign scientists. Thus, in the studies of the European Parliament, diversification is considered at the level of small-scale production at diversified farms [8]. At the same time, all types of activities (except agricultural one) that have an economic impact on the household are considered from the point of view of income-generating opportunities.

The abovementioned allows to define the definition of “rural area diversification� as a continuous process contributing to their development through the engagement of their labor and natural resources, aimed at meeting the needs of rural population in goods and services through the formation of a multi-industry production and the organization of a socially oriented territorial economic complex. This approach to the diversification of rural areas is based on an integrated and interrelated basis, which involves the development of this process in three aspects: - resource base development; - development (change); - (capacity) use.

The main objective of rural area diversified development is to ensure their socioeconomic sustainability and stability and to improve the living standards of villagers.

It should be noted that the depressed agro-oriented republics of the North Caucasus are characterized by a catastrophic decline of rural population, the decrease in their incomes, the worsening of demographic situation, the rise of unemployment, an unacceptably low level of security and social and market infrastructure development, an uncontrolled consumption of territory natural resources, the impoverishment and the desertion of rural areas.

Partially, this situation in the republics of the North Caucasus, especially in mountainous areas, can be explained by the peculiarities of rural mentality and the way of highlander life.

But for the sake of objectivity, it is necessary to note the imperfection of the relevant legislation, the acute lack of working capital for investments, the underdevelopment of the market environment, the unsatisfactory development of small business, the underdevelopment of engineering and social infrastructure, weak management activities of municipalities, the lack of personnel with market thinking, etc. [12].

Such a situation may violate the territorial integrity of Russia. A serious situation remains in a complex geopolitical region, which is aggravated by an acute shortage of land, *Corresponding author (N.V.Prokhorova). E-mail: Prokhorova.nv45@gmail.com. Š2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/159.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.16

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water and other resources, and a large labor surplus in the border areas, which requires an immediate solution.

A key factor for the implementation of multifunctional rural development principle is the multifunctionality of agriculture, which is a village-forming sector.

This is natural, because agriculture is a complex natural-socio-economic system, the functions of which are differentiated in accordance with various options for its interaction with the environment and other systems.

Scientists have studied the complex of agriculture functions in detail, incl. basic, agrofood, socio-ecological-economic, cultural and others [13].

The basic function of the industry in question is the provision of food independence, the sustainable development of rural areas and national economy, the preservation of rural community national identity. It should be noted that despite the similarity and direct connection of rural area and agriculture functions, they can't be identical. Also, it is impossible to identify the workers of agricultural enterprises with rural residents.

At the same time, as diversification processes are popularized in rural areas and despite the fact that agriculture and forestry are the basic sectors of the economy and the main users of land resources, the “agrocentric� understanding of the rural economy has become illegal.

This phenomenon can be explained by the agrarian sphere role decrease, and this is natural, because it ceases to be the leading sphere of villager employment and income. Other sectors of rural economy have an undoubted higher profitability, better working conditions, are more attractive and are more positioned towards the rapid introduction of innovations, etc.

It is well known that social and economic development increases the demand for industrial products and services much faster than for agricultural products and food. This contributes to the intensification of basic resource transfer from the agricultural sector to other sectors and hinders the growth of agricultural production. Together with this, there is a significant increase in labor productivity in the agricultural sector. Thus, the need for them is developed in other sectors ...

The analysis of rural area multifunctionality (as a complex natural-socio-economic system of rural society life activity) allows to detail the polystructural rural economy, consisting of a number of important subsystems: the national economy, rural society, the natural system, etc. [6,13].

Together with polystructural nature, the importance of the rural economy polysystem increases, which entails a complex relationship and a relative independence of all its functions, as well as the need to comply with the requirement of their functional completeness and inevitability.

Such an integrated approach to the sustainable development of the village causes the duality of rural area multifunctional content. Thus, multifunctionality, on the one hand,

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implies the implementation of many diverse functions in rural areas, and, on the other hand, the diversified development of rural areas [6].

In other words, the multifunctionality of rural settlements is the ability to perform many functions, whereas the multifunctionality of a rural territory implies the mission that requires the implementation of many functions.

In the course of the special literature analysis, we were convinced that the issues of rural economy basic function development are not worked out still. It seems to us that, if we mean the purpose associated with the implementation of socio-ecological-economic component needs in rural areas by function, the functions of the rural economy should be formed during the emergence of "object-environment" relations.

For the environment, the environmental-natural component characterizes a set of multidirectional factors, processes and phenomena affecting the course of the rural economy development, and the socio-economic component is focused on the interests of economic relation subjects at all levels ...

All mentioned above allows us to generalize the diversity of modern views on the problem of the rural economy multifunctionality and reduce it to two points of view: - The rural economy is monofunctional; - The rural economy is multifunctional.

As can be seen, the proponents of the first point of view focus on the development of a single industry in the rural economy, usually agriculture. At the same time, they substantiate that the sustainability of rural development is significantly dependent on the situation of agriculture, which is not only the main “supplier” of rural jobs, but also has a unique and significant economic sector that ensures the preservation of natural landscapes and cultural heritage [11,13].

The supporters of the second approach argue that the rural economy is multifunctional, justifying the inevitability of rural economy “agrocentricity” reduction, primarily due to the inability of agricultural producers to provide the rural population with the necessary level, since at present both agriculture and forestry are no longer the main sources of employment and income for the rural population.

In this context, it is advisable to point out rather significant non-agricultural potential of the rural economy, which consists of a significant number of industrial population, as well as of those working in traditional rural and non-core industries...

We propose to diversify the rural economy as the transition from one exclusively agricultural activity to a diverse non-agricultural sector of the rural economy. In other words, the increase of non-agricultural sector share in the production structure of rural areas.

Indeed, today we clearly see that the sustainability of rural development has a significant dependence on the multifunctionality of the rural economy due to the fullest implementation and an effective use of village resource potential, which makes it possible to change the *Corresponding author (N.V.Prokhorova). E-mail: Prokhorova.nv45@gmail.com. ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/159.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.16

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traditional production orientation of the agricultural sector to new activity areas.

5. CONCLUSION Thus, the following can be noted: - further development of rural settlements cannot be carried out monofunctionally; - complex balancing of village; along with agricultural production, it requires the mandatory development of infrastructure and non-agricultural business; - polyfunctionality of the village has gained a special significance. At the same time, the multiplicity of rural area functions is a kind of indicator of the country socio-ecological and economic development level.

During the implementation of diversification process, its main areas should be those industries that will provide: - economic effect (increased contributions to the municipal budget); - social effect (the growth of employment and incomes for peasants, the improvement of life quality); - environmental impact (the improvement of environmental safety, the production of environmentally friendly products).

6. REFERENCES Federal Law №264-FL "On the development of agriculture" issued on December 29, 2006.

The Order of RF Government No. 2136-p “On the approval of sustainable development concept on RF rural territories for the period up to 2020" issued on 30.11.2010.

Abramov L.A. Theoretical approaches to the diversification of ecological systems // Economic analysis: theory and practice. - 2009 - №28 - pp. 37-42.

Adukov R.Kh. The relevance and the problems of rural area economic potential evaluation // Economy, labor, management in agriculture - 2017- №1. pp. 2-5.

Bondarenko L.V. Regional policy of rural area state support // AIC: Economy, management. - 2015. - №3 - pp. 71-82.

Gaisin R.S. Multifunctionality as an essential condition for sustainable rural development. - M.: VIAPI named after Nikonov: "Encyclopedia of Russian villages." 2007. - pp. 370-373.

Glotko A.V. The provision of rural area sustainable development through the improvement of the socioeconomic system. Monograph / Gorno-Altaisk: GAUGU 2013 - 200 p.

Kuznetsov V.V. The features of rural area development in Russia and abroad // Scientific Review. 2015. №1. - pp. 71-77.

Markova A.L. State regulation directions and methods for sustainable rural development.

Herter I.K., Misakov V.S. The features and the main factors influencing the development of mountain region rural infrastructure in the North Caucasus // Tezza economicus. 2012. №44. pp. 56-60.

Uyanaev B.B., Misakov V.S. New Model of Rural Development and Russia Food Security Provision // Proceedings of the Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

2015. № 3 (65). pp. 135-140.

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Petrikov A.V. Multifunctionality of agriculture: theoretic and political aspects // AIC: Economy, management. - 2007. №12 Pitts R.F., Horpins H.D., Firm diversity: Conceptualization and measurement// Academy of Management Review 1982№7 Booz, Allen, Hamilton. Diversification//A. Survey of European Chief Executives, N.Y.: Booz, Allen, Hamilton. 1985 Rural development in the European Union/Statistical and European Union/Statistical and Economic information. – Commission. - 401p.

Dr. Natalia V. Prokhorova is an Associate Professor in Department Political Economy at FSBEI HE RSAU Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev, Russia. She earned her Ph.D. in Economics.

Dr. Avgustina B. Urusova is an Associate Professor in Department of Finance and Credit at Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education, North Caucasus State Academy, Russia. Dr. Avgustina B. Urusova got a Ph.D. in Economics.

Bela M. Musaeva is a Lecturer in Department of Enterprise Economics at FSBEI of HE, Chechen State University, Russia.

Dr.Anzor V. Misakov is a researcher of the Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Dr.Anzor V. Misakov obtained a Ph.D. in Economics.

Professor Dr.Valery S. Misakov is Professor of the Nature Management Laboratory at the Tembotov Institute of Ecology of Mountain Territories of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Professor Dr.Valery S. Misakov got a Doctor of Economics degree.

*Corresponding author (N.V.Prokhorova). E-mail: Prokhorova.nv45@gmail.com. ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/159.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.16

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EFFECT OF WATER STRESS ON GROWTH TRAITS OF ROOTS AND SHOOTS (FRESH AND DRY WEIGHTS, AND AMOUNT OF WATER) OF THE WHITE SEEDLESS GRAPE Mohammad Aslanpour (Mohammad Omar Aziz) a*, Hamed Doulati Baneh b, Ali Tehranifar c, Mahmoud Shoor c a

Department of Horticulture, University of Raparin Rania, Sulaimany, IRAQ Horticulture Crops Research Department, West Azerbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Uremia, IRAN c Horticultural Sciences and Landscape Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IRAN b

ARTICLEINFO

Article history: Received 05 October 2018 Received in revised form 18 January 2019 Accepted 24 January 2019 Available online 04 February 2019

Keywords: Water stress condition; morphological traits; Drought resistance; Mycorrhiza plant; Glomus fungi; Horticulture; Grapevine.

ABSTRACT

To determine effects of infected roots of seedless white currant grape cultivar with three species of Mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus fasiculatum, Glomus intraradices, and Glomus mosseae) on growth traits (branch length, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of branch, root and leaf) under the water stress conditions, this factorial experiment was implemented in the randomized complete block design with four treatments. The obtained results showed that the increase in drought stress led to a reduction in the factors including branch growth, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight of root and branch. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi had a positive effect on the above-mentioned traits compared with control group; in this case, among fungal treatment traits, the Glomus fasiculatum had the highest positive effect on the dry weight of roots. All three funguses had an effect on the fresh weight of leaf.

There was not any difference between irrigation levels of 25% and 50% under the water stress. © 2019 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

1. INTRODUCTION

Being the Iran main horticultural product with greatest cultivation area, grape is economically ranked after pistachio and date palm [1]. Water scarcity, an important factor, limits the function of fruit trees in arid and semi-arid areas. Functional assessment of fruit trees under stress conditions and application of beneficial soil microorganisms as biological fertilizers to reduce damages caused by environmental stresses are novel solutions in sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions to reduce pollutions and environmental degradation [2], [3]. The term of Mycorrhiza indicates the symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots, which is the most common symbiosis.

Mycorrhiza is formed by the fungal penetration into the intercellular spaces of rootstock in which, a *Corresponding author (Mohammad Aslanpour) E-mail: Aslanpour.mohammad@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/169.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.17

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network of fungus hyphae form a colony over the root. The fungal coating can expand itself in the soil and facilitate the water uptake [4]. According to estimations, about 70% of microbial biomass of soils contains hyphae of the mentioned funguses. However, the use of VAM in agriculture is highly important. In general, mycorrhiza affects only on those nutrients, which have very low mobility in soil and low concentration of them exists in soil solution for plant [5, 6]. Under drought stress conditions, mycorrhizal funguses can reduce stress effects and improve growth and function of host plants in sustainable agriculture system by increasing absorption of nutrients (phosphorous, nitrogen and some micronutrients) and increasing water uptake [7, 8, 9].

2. RESEARCH NECESSITIES Mycorrhiza funguses, in particular, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal funguses play a vital role in proving water and nutritional needs of plants and mycorrhizal symbiotic plants can endure higher concentration of heavy metals, salinity, and soil dryness and resist against different pathogens and high soil heat. In addition, another practical and significant aspect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal funguses is their function as a biological fertilizer in agricultural lands so that they can be used instead of chemical fertilizers in order to reduce the danger of chemical fertilizers in soil texture. Hence, sustainable agriculture can be developed by spending lower cost while protecting the ecological balance of the ecosystem.

3. THEORETICAL LITERATURE 3.1 BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION OF GRAPEVINE

Grapevine is from the Ampelidaceae family called Saramantaceae or Vitaceae. This family belongs to the Rhamnales species, which is Dialypetalae belonged to the angiosperms from the Spermatophytes. Such species include shrubs with Knitted shoots and grows upward due to their ivies. These ivies are located in front of claw-shaped leaves using them to stick to the tree or wall moving upward. Ampelography is the field of identifying genre, species, and variety of plants, which belongs to grapevines [10].

As drought is the significant geographical characteristic of Iran, there is not any way out of this natural phenomenon, and as there is increasing consumption of energy resources, water, and nutrients, some practices such as correct exploitation of water should be done through correct farming methods like planting resistant species, recognizing the relation between water deficit, soil and growth of products at each step, assessing morphological, physiological and metabolic reactions, identifying the beneficial associations in plants in exposure to the stress, transferring resistant traits to abundant but sensitive cultivars into the land and some other cases, which develop plantation in arid regions [11].

3.2 WHITE SEEDLESS GRAPE

The white seedless cultivar has larger cultivation area compared with the red seedless grape. The white cultivar is grown rapidly and its branch length reaches to 2.5m with bright brown color. End buds of this cultivar are closed, hairy and white. Leaves are not hairy and have a dark green color with bright yellow nervure. This cultivar has thin leaves used for food (Dolma), green nodes in purple color at lower parts.

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3.3 DROUGHT STRESS

Drought is defined as environmental conditions in which, soil or air prevent from enough water uptake by the plant, which leads to loss of critical function and water in plant’s tissue [12]. Drought is a factor, which limits the production of agricultural products in the world leading to considerable damage to such produces. Average rainfall in Iran is lower than one-third of the world [13]. Drought stress affects the morphological traits of the plant such as leaf area, branch growth and root expansion, plant pigments, fresh and dry weight of leaf and root, physiological traits such as leaf’s water potential, stomatal resistance, relative water rate of leaf, photosynthesis activity, photosynthetic adsorption of CO2, evaporation and Proline accumulation [14-15]. In addition, drought stress leads to a water loss of plant tissue and cells, food deficit and reduction in CO2 adsorption due to closed stomata and plant starvation [16]. In some studies, drought stress led to a reduction in fresh and dry weight of leaf and roots, leaf area, leaf water potential and relative water amount of olive and grape leaf [14-15]. The plant growth is influenced by the mutual effects of several internal processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, transmission, water relations, and nutrients balance. Growth is a process of increase in the dry matter, volume, length or level of the cell. Water stress effect on cellular development is more obvious than the cell division because growing cell occurs due to turgor pressure. Hence, any water deficit leads to a growth pause [17].

Severe water deficit at grape growth step wilts the leaves and diminishes moisture in shoots. This wilting process can be seen in grapes, which are cultivated in the pot with the soil, which is wilting.

Such condition is observable in hot weather and sand low-deep soils, which all parts of them reach to the wilting point under the farm conditions. This situation is rarely seen in deep soils, as the soil around the growth area does not wilt within a short time [18].

Drought stress in grapevine dries the petioles, ivy and young leaves on the shoots. Moreover, long drought stress may create necrotic spots on the margin of grape leaves; these spots can be seen in lower leaves on the branch. Leaf color also indicates the effect of drought stress so that young leaves on the shoots are green to yellow and mature leaves show gray-green color. Drought stress leads to early aging in lower leaves. Severe drought stress reduces the number of branches and leaves as well as evaporation rate [19].

3.4 MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI

The term “mycorrhizal”, introduced by Frank in 1885; is composed of two words “Myco”, which means fungus and “Rhiza”, which means roots indicating symbiosis between the fungus and plant roots. In this system, the fungus forms the broad coverage of the filamentous called hyphae around the host plant's root. Many plants can form mycorrhizal system; 83% of Dicotyledon and 79% of Monocotyledon plants can develop a mycorrhizal system [5].

3.5 MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN GRAPE

Nowadays, Vinifera grape species is cultivated in regions with enough rainfall within the rainfed form and due to its drought and limestone soil resistance [20]. However, severe drought stresses in some years reduce the function rate at sensitive phonological steps such as fruit formation time. On the other hand, plantation of one-year-old seedlings in these arid regions makes problem in initial years owing to water deficit and improper soil. In addition to the use of resistant and premature *Corresponding author (Mohammad Aslanpour) E-mail: Aslanpour.mohammad@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/169.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.17

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cultivars, resistant bases and water management (rainwater harvesting, limited irrigation, and regional irrigation or PRDI), rootstock of grapevine is infected with mycorrhiza fungus (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)) in order to develop gardens in arid and semi-arid regions [21].

Mycorrhiza is a fungus, which exists in all type of soils and makes a connection with plants’ roots. Nutrients uptake is increased in the symbiosis between this fungus and grapevine roots so that the grapevine send photosynthetic materials to the fungus. Such a connection between grapevine and fungus is called symbiosis in which, both grapevine and fungus will be symbionts. Nutrients will be transferred through tree branch-like structure into the root or Arbuscular cells, which expand the connection area between the host and fungus; hence, they are called Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF). The thinnest grapevine root is 500-1000 times larger than mycorrhiza hyphae. Various studies implemented in pots and farms have shown that grape seedlings with mycorrhiza grow better under drought and improper soil conditions so that they can absorb water and other elements such as phosphorous and iron in comparison with control subjects. In addition, such samples are highly resistant against soil pathogens. It has been also proved that mycorrhizas protect and stabilize the soil texture due to connected soil grains by hyphae. [21] showed that the infection rate of the roots with the fungus, growth, and nutrient uptake rate through inoculation of grape roots with mycorrhiza might vary depending on the type of fungus and cultivar. Use of AMF leads to increase in height, dry weight of branch, dry weight of root and dry weight of branch to root ratio, and root colonization of different types of citrus. Many of citrus species show a positive response to AMF, while some species such as lime and pomelo have rapid growth compared with other species. Different citrus species and varieties respond to AMF in different methods [22].

4. MATERIALS AND METHODS 4.1 EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS, PLAN, AND TREATMENTS

This study was conducted to improve nutritional situation, soil fertility and growth of white seedless grape under drought stress conditions; in this case, effects of inoculated one-year grape seedlings with several mycorrhiza funguses was examined on the water and nutrition relations under low irrigation conditions in the pot compared with the control group (without inoculation). This study was done during two years (2013-2014) in the form of a factorial experiment in the randomized complete block design with four treatments. The factors included inoculation with three mycorrhiza fungus species (Glomus mosseae, G. fasciculatum, and G. intraradices) and without inoculation (four levels), and irrigation at three levels (stress levels). The soil bed of the pot composed of wind sand and crop soil in equal amount. The white seedless grape cuttings were prepared then rooted in the wind sand using Mamarov method [32]. Half of the seedlings were inoculated in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi suspension at the same bed and the rest of them were used as the control samples.

4.2 PREPARATION OF MYCORRHIZA PLANTS

Mycorrhiza fungus inoculums (spore, mycelium, mycorrhizal roots, and soil) were taken from the Turan Biotechnology Company of Shahrood and propagated on Sorghum roots. To produce mycorrhizal seedlings, woody white seedless grape were put on the rhizogenic antiseptic rootstock sand bed, which has been mixed with Mycorrhizal fungus inoculum based on the 15:1000 ratio then

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sampling was done at each week in order to make sure of root colonization. Staining the root with Trypan blue 0.5% and making sure of colonization, colonization percent of roots was determined at the final step. Rooted seedlings, which were inoculated with mycorrhiza fungus at next step (end of winter), were put in 20-liter plastic pots. The seedlings were pruned as twin buds in early spring. The seedlings were pruned as twin buds in early spring. After 20-cm vegetative growth and plantation of seedlings, drought stresses were imposed as follows: the usable water for the plant was calculated based on the weight percent of agricultural capacity and wilting point then this rate was expressed as weight vale by consideration of the pot soil weight. Accordingly, the obtained usable water and stress treatments were applied. Irrigation treatments included 35%, 55%, and 75% of usable water (agricultural capacity), which were not applicable in 100% capacity due to the constant need for water. According to the surveys, the irrigation plan was implemented within 2 days, 4 days and 6 days. To determine the physiochemical situation of the soil composition used for plantation of rooted seedlings, a soil sample was sent to the laboratory. The obtained results are reported in Table 1.

Table1. Results of pots’ soil analysis Row

Characteristic

Unit

1 2

Depth Electrical conduction (EC*103) Acidity (PH) Saturation percent (SP) Lime percent (Caco3) (T.N.V) Organic carbon percent (O.C) Total nitrogen percent (T.N) Available phosphorous (Pava) Available potassium (Kava) Clay percent Silt percent Sand percent Soil texture Copper (Cu) Iron (Fe) Manganese (Mn) Zinc (Zn)

cm Ds/m

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

irrigation plan was implemented within 2 days 4 days 6 days 0-30cm 30-60cm 60-90cm 1.61 -

% % % Mg/kg Mg/kg % % % -

7.43 34 9.4 0.16 0.02 2.5 154 14 14 72 Sa.L 1.23 5.91 4.03 0.528

-

-

Optimal range <2 5.5-6.7 40 <15 >2 >0.2 >15 >350 20-30 30-40 30-40 Loam, clay loam -

4.3 FRESH AND DRY WEIGHT OF ROOT AND SHOOT

To examine the effect of treatments on some of the vegetative traits of grape in all water treatments at the end of the experiment, one pot was selected randomly from each experimental unit and shrubs with their roots were removed from the pot. Measuring the height of shrub (by using a ruler), each shrub was divided into three parts of leaves, shoot and roots. Then, a number of leaves, leaf area (using graph paper) and fresh and dry weight of leaves, shoots, and roots (using a digital scale with a precision of 001 / g) were measured. To determine dry weight, different organs were put on the oven under 70°C for 72 hours.

4.4 MEASURING DRY WEIGHT OF LEAF

After drying leaves under the 70°C of the oven, the dry weight of them was measured using a digital scale with 0.01-gram accuracy. *Corresponding author (Mohammad Aslanpour) E-mail: Aslanpour.mohammad@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/169.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.17

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4.5 DRY WEIGHT OF ROOTS AND SHOOTS

After drying roots and shoots under the 70°C of the oven for 48 hours, the dry weight of them was measured using a digital scale with 0.01-gram accuracy.

4.6 FRESH WEIGHT OF ROOTS, SHOOTS, AND LEAVES

Fresh weight of roots, shoots, and leaves was measured using a digital scale with 0.01-gram accuracy.

4.7 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA AND APPLIED SOFTWARE

Before data analysis, normal distribution of data was examined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S) through SPSS® Software. Variables with non-normal distribution were standardized using suitable conversions.

The SAS® software was employed for analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a comparison of the measured traits. Means were compared using Duncan's multi-domain test. Moreover, Excel software was used to plot charts.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ANOVA Results of effects of mycorrhizal fungus treatments and water stress on the growth traits of roots and shoots- characteristics of roots and shoots (fresh and dry weight as well as the amount of water) (Table 2) Table2. ANOVA of roots and shoots’ characteristics Change source

df

Fresh weight of shoot 18.766ns 313.08**

Dry weight of shoot 5.253* 55.493*

Mean square Fresh Dry weight of weight of root root 1620.02** 145.489* 5026.94** 603.147**

Roots’ amount of water 879.02* 2149.3** 18.07**

Shoots’ amount of water 9.33ns 110.36** 712.67**

Fungus 3 Irrigation 2 Fungus × 6 32.451ns 8.037 ns 478.08ns 100.880* irrigation Error 36 38.163 13.730 245.574 35.420 203.88 17.25 Change 19 15 12 8 17 10 percentage ns: lack of significant difference ** and * indicate significant difference at 1% and 5% levels, respectively

Figure1. Comparing the average fresh weight of shoots affected by different irrigation levels.

5.1 FRESH WEIGHT OF SHOOT

ANOVA results showed that water treatment had a significant effect on the fresh weight of the

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white seedless grapes’ shoot (Table 2). Average fresh weight of shoot was significantly reduced at stress levels of 50% and 25% in comparison with 75% of farming capacity (Figure 1).

5.2 DRY WEIGHT OF SHOOT

ANOVA results showed that water treatment had a significant effect on the dry weight of the white seedless grapes’ shoot at a level of 5% (Table 2). Water stress had an effect on the dry weight of grapevines’ shoots so that the average dry weight of shoot at a stress level of 25% was significantly lower than 75% level (Figure 2).

Figure2. Comparing the average dry weight of shoots affected by different irrigation levels

5.3 FRESH WEIGHT OF ROOT

ANOVA results showed that fungal and water treatment had a significant effect on the fresh weight of the white seedless grapes’ root at 1% level (Table 2). Highest fresh weight of root in grapevines inoculated with three types of mycorrhiza funguses was significantly higher than grapevines without fungal infections (control subjects) (Figure 3).

Control

Figure3. Comparing the average fresh weight of roots affected by fungal treatments Average fresh weight of roots at a 75% level of water requirement was significantly different two other levels (Figure 4).

Considering the effect of drought stress on reduction in a dry matter of plants, water scarcity decreases nutrients uptake, transfer, and consumption at each growth step leading to lower carbon storage and dry matter [23]. If plant height and number of leaves are reduced under drought stress conditions, dry weight of aerial organs will be reduced. Reduction in leaf growth leads to a decline in carbon and energy consumption in aerial organs as well as the higher contribution of assimilated materials, which distribute in roots where the high potential of water and minerals uptake is possible; *Corresponding author (Mohammad Aslanpour) E-mail: Aslanpour.mohammad@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/169.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.17

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therefore, root to aerial organ ratio is increased and water stress removes low-depth roots while expands deep roots. Aerial organs compete with roots to uptake photosynthetic materials under the drought stress conditions and this may affect the growth of these organs [24].

Figure4. Comparing the average fresh weight of roots affected by different irrigation levels Leaf growth is more sensitive related to root growth under drought stress conditions. In similar water potential, reduction in leaves growth is higher than roots, because root cells are capable of keeping more cell turgor in comparison with leaf cells. On the other hand, it may be affected by the generation of Abscisic acid hormone by roots under the stress conditions. This hormone has an inhibitory feature for aerial organs while it develops the growth process of roots [24]. [18] investigated the effect of different moisture levels on four grape cultivars (Fakhri, Ghezel, raisins, and Khalili) and reported a decline in dry matter and branch length owing to the increase in stress level.

A study was conducted to examine the effect of mycorrhizal colonization on growth parameters of onion (Allium cepa L.) under different irrigation levels; the total dry matter was increased in mycorrhizal plants compared with non-mycorrhizal ones; in addition, increased irrigation gaps led to declining in biomass [25].

All three species of funguses had a significant effect on the fresh weight of leaf and fresh and dry weight of root so that these variables experience a significant difference and higher growth. It seems that the reason for such difference depends on the penetration of fungal hyphae and using a higher volume of soil and penetration in deeper depths as well as nutrients uptake, which leads to activation of biochemical and hormonal reactions, increase in weight of roots and leaves, and weaker effect of drought stress.

5.4 DRY WEIGHT OF ROOT

ANOVA results indicated the significant mutual effect of fungus and water stress on the dry weight of white seedless grapesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; root at 5% level (table 2). There was a high probability of mutual effects of fungus and stress on dry weight of roots of grapevine infected with mycorrhiza funguses at all of the water treatments compared with grapevines without funguses; however, there was not any significant difference in dry weight of control grapevines and samples inoculated with Glomus intraradices at water treatment of 75%. Increase in water stress up to 25% of plantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water need led to the higher effect of funguses on the increase in dry weight of roots in comparison with control

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subjects. at 75% level of water need treatment, GF fungus had the highest effect on the increase in dry weight of root compared to other funguses, while this effect was seen at 50% and 25% water treatments for Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices funguses, respectively.

Accordingly, a specific species may have a different effect on the increase in root weight at each water stress level. Increase in water stress level led to a decline in dry weight of roots of all types of control grapevines and sample infected by mycorrhiza funguses. However, grapevines infected with Glomus intraradices fungus had the highest weight of root under the severest drought stress indicating the efficient function of this fungus in colonization under drought conditions (Figure 5).

Figure5. Comparing the average dry weight of roots affected by fungal treatments and different water stress levels Considering the effect of drought stress on reduction in a dry matter of plants, water scarcity decreases nutrients uptake, transfer, and consumption at each growth step leading to lower carbon storage and dry matter [23]. Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizae fungi had a significant effect on the increase in vegetative indicators of the plant under drought stress conditions. In this case, the largest number of leave, dry weight and area of leaf, shrub height, number of branches, dry weight of shoot, and length and dry weight of root were seen in inoculation process of Satureja hortensis L. with G. versiformis while the lowest number of these traits were obtained for non-mycorrhizal treatment. The obtained results, in this case, are in line with a study on Capsicum annuum L. conducted by [26].

The work [27] reported an increase in dry matter accumulation in symbiotic Nigella sativa L. with mycorrhizal funguses of G. intraradices during the 10-day growth period and this rise reached to the peak (24.71% rise related to the control sample) 89 days after growing. Figure 5 shows the positive effects of mycorrhizal fungus of Glomus fasiculatum under the mutual effect of fungus and irrigation, which is matched with previous works. Water deficit leads to a decline in cell size, cell division, cell wall composition, plant size and dry and fresh weight of the plant, which are general growth indicators. The initial sign of water shortage is reduced turgor and therefore cell growth and development, particularly in shoots and leaves. Cell growth is the most sensitive process, which is influenced by water stress. The decline in cell growth leads to a reduction in organ size; hence, the first observable effect of water shortage on the plant can be seen in the limited size of leaves or plant height [24]. Mycorrhizal colonization increases drought resistance. As the mycorrhizal colonization *Corresponding author (Mohammad Aslanpour) E-mail: Aslanpour.mohammad@gmail.com Š2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/169.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.17

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changes root’s characteristics such as root length and structure and as root can improve nutrients uptake, mycorrhizal plants have more optimal growth related to non-mycorrhizal plants under drought stress [28-31].

5.5 ROOTS’ WATER LEVEL

ANOVA results indicated the significant mutual effect of fungus and water stress on the water level of white seedless grapes’ root at 1% level (table 2). There was a high probability of mutual effects of fungus and stress on dry weight of roots of grapevine infected with mycorrhiza funguses at all of the water treatments compared with grapevines without funguses; however, there was not any significant difference in dry weight of control grapevines and samples inoculated with Glomus intraradices and GF at water treatment of 75%. Increase in water stress up to 25% of plant’s water need led to a lower effect of funguses on the increase in water level of roots in comparison with control subjects. At 75% level of water need treatment, GF fungus had the highest effect on the increase in water level of root compared to other funguses, while this effect was seen at 50% and 25% water treatments for GM and Glomus intraradices funguses, respectively.

Accordingly, a specific species may have a different effect on the increase in roots’ water weight at each water stress level. Increase in water stress level led to a decline in water level of roots of all types of control grapevines and sample infected by mycorrhiza funguses. However, grapevines infected with Glomus intraradices fungus had the highest water amount of root under the severest drought stress indicating the efficient function of this fungus in colonization under drought conditions. There was not any significant difference at the 5% level (Figure 6).

Figure6. Comparing average roots’ water level affected by fungal treatments and different water stress levels

5.6 SHOOTS’ WATER LEVEL

ANOVA results indicated the significant mutual effect of fungus and water stress on the water level of white seedless grapes’ shoot at 5% level (Table 2). There was a high probability of mutual effects of fungus and stress on dry weight of shoots of grapevine infected with mycorrhiza funguses at all of the water treatments compared with grapevines without funguses; however, there was not any significant difference in dry weight of control grapevines and samples inoculated with Glomus intraradices and GF at water treatment of 75%. Increase in water stress up to 25% of plant’s water need led to a lower effect of funguses on the increase in water level of shoots in comparison with control subjects. At 75% level of water need treatment, GF fungus had the highest effect on the

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increase in water level of shoot compared to other funguses, while this effect did not show any difference between funguses at 50% and 25% water treatments. Figures 6 and 7 demonstrate this result, which was obtained in this research.

Increase in water stress level led to a decline in water level of shoots of all types of control grapevines and sample infected by mycorrhiza funguses. However, grapevines infected with GF fungus had the highest water amount of shoot under the severest drought stress indicating the efficient function of this fungus in colonization under drought conditions (Figure 6).

Figure7. Comparing average shoots’ water level affected by fungal treatments and different water stress levels.

6. CONCLUSION In this paper, the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on the absorption rate of macro and microelements in the leaf of grape cv. sefid bidaneh under drought conditions were investigated. Conducted studies on the performance of mycorrhizal funguses indicate that there is a significant mutual effect of fungus and water stress on the water level of white seedless grapes’ shoot. In other words, it can be concluded that the roots inoculated with the fungus lead to increase in water and minerals (particularly, phosphorous) uptake owing to more optimal penetration pf hyphae in the soil; the adsorbed materials are sent to leaves to be converted to osmolyte.

7. REFERENCES [1] Nazmiyeh, A. Fine-grained supplementary fruits, MA pamphlet, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University, 1999.

[2] Wilson, S.B., Stoffella, P.J. and Graetz, D.A. Compost-amended media for growth and development of Mexican heather. Compost Science & Utilization, 2001, 9(1): 60-64.

[3] Ebhin Masto, R., Chhonkar, P.K., Singh, D. and Patra, A.K. Changes in soil biological and biochemical characteristics in a long-term field trial on a sub-tropical incept soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2006, 38: 1577–1582.

[4] Salehi Jouzani, Gh. Biotechnology and its importance in agriculture, Publication of the Committee on Extension and Communication of the Head of Technology of the country, 2008, 10-31.

[5] Mostajeran, A., Vozoee, F. Mycorrhizal symbiosis, Isfahan University Press, 2006, P. 226. *Corresponding author (Mohammad Aslanpour) E-mail: Aslanpour.mohammad@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN 2228-9860 eISSN 1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/169.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.17

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[6] Rejali, F., Asadi Rahmani, H., Khavazi, K., Asgharzadeh, A., Afshari, M. The position of biological phosphates fertilizers and their necessity for development in Iran’s agriculture, The First Congress on Fertilizer Challenges in Iran: The Half-Century consumption of Fertilizer, Tehran, 2010.

[7] Sainz, M.J., Taboada-Castro, M.T. and Vilarino, A. Growth, mineral nutrition and mycorrhizal colonization of red clover and cucumber plants grown in a soil amended with composted urban wastes.

Plant and Soil, 1998, 205: 85-92.

[8] Ruiz-Lozano, J. M., Azcón, R. and Gómez, M. Alleviation of salt stress by arbuscular-mycorrhizal Glomus species in Lactuca sativa plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 1996, 98: 767–772. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1996.tb06683.x [9] Gadkar, V., David- Schwartz, R., Kunik, T. and Kapulnik, Y. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization. Factors involved in host recognition. Plant Physiology. 2001, 127: 1493- 1499 [10] Amir Ghasemi, T. Grapes: planting, harvesting, processing, Tehran, Ayandegan Pub, 2004.

[11] Hasani, A. Effects of water stresses and salinity of sodium chloride on some of the morphological and physiological characteristics of basil, University of Tarbiat Modares, 2003, p.199.

[12] Levitt, J. Responses of plants to environmental stress. Academic Press. New York, 1980.

[13] Islamian, S., Soltani, S. Flood frequency analysis (translation), Arkan Publications, 2002, P. 344.

[14] Sadrzadeh, M., N. Moalemi, N., Alemzadeh Ansari, N. Effect of irrigation and potassium on some vegetative properties of seedlings in two olive citrus cultivars and Malek Garden, The 5th Iranian Horticultural Science Congress, Shiraz, 2007, 204.

[15] Zarabi, M., Talaee, A. Response of some biochemical changes and physiology of six olive cultivars to drought stress, Sixth Congress of Iranian Horticultural Science, Gilan, 2009, 1672-1674.

[16] Kramer, Paul J.; Boyer, John S. Water relations of plants and soils, 1995. The University of Delaware Library. http://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/2830 [17] Lambers, H., Chapin, F.S. and Pons, T. Plant physiological ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1998.

[18] Hesabi Isfahlan, P. Effect of different levels of drought stresses and reduction of soil moisture in growth of several grape cultivars, MA Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University, 1999, P. 65.

[19] Rabiei, V. A Study of physiological and morphological responses of some grapevine cultivars to drought stress, Ph.D. dissertation in Horticulture, University of Tehran, 2003.

[20] Bavaresco, L., and Fogher, C. Lime-induced chlorosis of grapevine as affected by rootstock and root infection with arbuscular mycorrhiza and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Vitis.1996, 35 (3): 119-123.

[21] Linderman, R.G and Davis, E.A. Comparision response of selected grapevine rootstock and cultivars to inoculation with different mycorrhizal fungi. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 2001, 52: 8-11 [22] Youpensuka, S., S.Lordkaew, and B.Rercasem. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with tangerine (Citrus reticulate) in Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand, and their effects on the host plant. Biological Sciences, 2008, 34: 259-264.

[23] Hu, Y. and Schmidhalter, U. Drought and salinity: A comparison of their effects on mineral nutrition of plants. Plant Nutrition. 2005, 168: 541-549.

[24] Hsiao, T.C. and Xu, L.K. Sensitivity of growth of roots versus leaves to water stress: biophysical analysis and relation to water transport. Journal of Experimental Botany, 2000, 51, 1595-1616.

[25] Bolandnazar, S.A., Neyshaboury, M.R., Aliasgharzad, N. and Chapazadeh, N. Effects of mycorrhizal colonization on growth parameters of onion under different irrigation and soil conditions.

Pakistan Journal of Biology Sciences, 2007, 10(9): 1491-1495.

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[26] Sensoy, S., Demir, S., Turkmen, O., Erdinc, C., Burak, C. and Savur, O. Responses of some different pepper (Capsicum annum L.) genotypes to inoculation with two different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Scientia Horticulturae, 2007, 113: 92-95.

[27] Khoramdel, S., Koochaki. A., Nasiri Mahallati, M., and Ghorbani, R. Influence of biologic fertilizers on growth indices of Nigella sativa L. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Researches, 2008, 6(2), 285-294.

[28] Wu, Q.S. and Xia, R.X. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence growth, osmotic adjustment and photosynthesis of citrus under well-watered and water stress conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2006, 163: 417-425.

[29] Wu, Q.S., Xia, R.X., Zou, Y.N. Improved soil structure and citrus growth after inoculation with three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under drought stress. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 2008, 44, 122–128.

[30] Khalvati, M. Arbuscular mycorrhizal association is beneficial for growth and detoxification of xenobiotics of barley under drought stress. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 2010, 10(1): p. 564.

[31] Ruiz – sanchez M, AROCA r, Munoz, Y, polon R, Ruiz- Lazano JM. The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis enhances the photosynthetic efficiency and the antioxidative response of rice plants subjected to drought stress. J plant physoil, 2010, 167: 862-869.

[32] Mamarov, P. The position of the basal cut as effecting root formation in grapevine root-stock cuttings. Lozar. Vinar. (Sofia) 1973, 22, 3-5.

Dr.Mohammad Aslanpour is a Lecturer at Department of Horticulture University of Raparin, Rania, Sulaimany, Iraq. He concentrates on Grapevine and Horticulture researches.

Dr. Hamed Doulati Baneh is associated with Horticulture Crops Research Department, West Azerbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Uremia, Iran. His research focuses on Plant Physiology, Plant Biotechnology, Horticulture, and SSR.

Professor Dr. Ali Tehranifar is Professor at Horticultural Sciences and Landscape Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. His researches concentrate on Vegetable Growth and Fruit Productions.

Dr. Mahmoud Shoor is an Associate Professor at Horticultural Sciences and Landscape Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. His researches spotlight on Ecological Horticulture.

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THE METHOD OF BOUNDARY STATES IN PROBLEMS OF TORSION OF ANISOTROPIC CYLINDERS OF FINITE LENGTH Ivanychev D.A. a*, Levina E.Yu. b, Abdullakh L.S. a, Glazkova Yu. A. a a Lipetsk

State Technical University, Lipetsk, RUSSIA State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman, Moscow, RUSSIA

b Moscow

ARTICLEINFO

Article history: Received 12 November 2018 Received in revised form 21 January 2019 Accepted 01 February 2019 Available online 08 February 2019

Keywords: Boundary state method; Torsion analysis; Anisotropic bodies; Saint-Venant problem; State spaces.

ABSTRACT

The work is devoted to the development of the boundary state method for the class of problems of torsion of cylindrical bodies with a nontrivial cross-sectional shape made from anisotropic materials. At the ends of the final cylinder, the forces are specified, resulting in torsion moments. The concepts of the spaces of internal and boundary states for an anisotropic medium are formulated. The theory of constructing bases of these spaces was developed using the general solution of Lekhnitsky.

The basis of internal states includes the components of the displacement vector, the strain tensor, and the stress tensor. The basis of the boundary states includes the forces at the boundary of the cylinder, and the displacement of the boundary points. Scalar products are introduced in each of the spaces. In the basis of internal states, the scalar product expresses the internal energy of elastic deformation. In the basis of boundary states, it expresses the work of external forces. An isomorphism of the state space is established, which establishes a one-toone correspondence between their elements. Isomorphism allows the search for the internal state to be reduced to the study of the boundary state that is isomorphic to it. The state spaces are orthogonalized and the desired state is decomposed into a Fourier series in terms of the orthonormal basis elements, where the given surface forces act as coefficients. The problem is solved for a cylinder whose cross section is in the shape of an I-beam made of anisotropic material. Signs of convergence of the solution are given. The main features of the problem solution are formulated. The results are presented in graphical form. © 2019 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

1. INTRODUCTION

In solid mechanics, the determination of the characteristics of the stress-strain state of a rod during its torsion is a difficult task even for an isotropic body, since there is a non-symmetric distribution of stresses, failure of cross-sections, etc. To solve the problems of torsion of rods from a material having an anisotropy of a common type; these include polymers, reinforced fiberglass, *Corresponding author (Ivanychev D.A.). E-mail: Lsivdmal@mail.ru. ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/183.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.18

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glass reinforcement, etc., applied the method of boundary states.

The problems of torsion of rods were considered in works of various directions in mechanics.

For example, in [1] the particle method was applied to the problems of torsion of a rod to the stage of destruction. An experimental diagram of the torsion of a fluoroplastic sample was constructed, and microscopy of the rupture section was performed. In [2], the torsion of an ideal-plastic rectangular prismatic rod with inclusion was considered. The stress state of the rod was determined, the lines of breaking of stresses were found, the field of characteristics was constructed. In [3], the problems of free and constrained torsion of an isotropic rod of a continuous circular cross section were solved numerically on the basis of the tensor-linear defining relation written through energetically consistent Cauchy stress tensors and Henki logarithmic deformations. In [4], the problems of torsion of a rod in an elastoplastic formulation by the method of boundary elements were solved. A study of the convergence of the solution depending on the parameters of the problem. In [5], a variant of flow theory was developed for the case of materials with large anisotropic elastoplastic deformations. The corresponding dynamic problem was formulated and a numerical method for solving twodimensional axisymmetric problems was developed.

A number of papers are devoted to the torsion of bodies from anisotropic materials, for example, in [6], the stress-strain state of anisotropic cylindrical and prismatic rods was investigated under an arbitrary plasticity condition. In [7], a study was made of the peculiarities of the distribution of stresses and displacements in individual layers of a multilayer anisotropic rod. In [8], a method is proposed for solving the problem of torsion of layered anisotropic rods by the finite element method.

The problem of torsion of rods of rhomboid section and section of compressor is considered. In [9], an analysis of solutions of problems of torsion and stretching of nanotubes with two types of cylindrical anisotropy is given, the theory of which was constructed by S.G. Lehnitsky in the framework of the classical theory of elasticity.

The boundary state method [10] is a new method of mechanics of a deformable solid. To date, its application in mechanics concerned a narrow range of tasks: torsion of prismatic rods, hydrodynamics of ideal liquids, static problems of the theory of elasticity of isotropic bodies, as in the absence of mass -output, and if there are any, problems of the linear theory of elasticity for inhomogeneous bodies, flat and spatial problems of the theory of elasticity for anisotropic bodies, dynamic problems: the study of forced oscillations of elastic bodies solution-set boundary value problems with singularities geometric and physical nature.

2. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM We consider the equilibrium of an elastic homogeneous body (figure 1), bounded by a cylindrical surface, in the general case not circular, with general anisotropy. The domain of the cross section is finite and simply connected; body length is finite.

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Figure1: Anisotropic cylinder At the ends of the cylinder, there are forces p x ( x, y) and p y ( x, y) , leading to torsion moments M relative to the z-axis. No initial stresses and bulk forces.

3. SOLUTION METHOD To solve this problem, we use the boundary state method (MHS) [10]. MHS is a new energy method for solving problems of equations of mathematical physics. He showed his efficiency in solving boundary problems of the theory of elasticity, both for isotropic and anisotropic media, in solving problems of thermoelasticity, hydrodynamics of an ideal fluid, dynamics (oscillations) of isotropic bodies.

The foundation of the method is the space of internal  and boundary à states:   1, 2 , 3 , ...,k , ...; à   1,  2 ,  3 ,..., k ,... .

The internal state is determined by the sets of components of the vector of displacements, tensors of deformations and stresses: k  {uik ,  ijk , ijk } .

(1)

The main difficulty of forming a solution in the MHS is the design of the basis of internal states, which relies on a common or fundamental solution for the environment; It is also possible to use any private or special solutions. The method of constructing the basis of internal states will be described below.

Scalar product in the space of internal states  is expressed through the internal energy of elastic deformation (hence the membership of the method in the energy class). For example, for the first and second internal state of the body occupying the V region:



(1 , 2 )   ij1 ij2 dV .

V

Moreover, due to the commutatively of the states of the medium:





(1 ,  2 )  ( 2 , 1 )   ij1 ij2 dV   ij2 ij1 dV .

V

V

The boundary state is determined by the components of the vector of displacement of the points of the boundary and surface forces:  k  {u ik , pik } , p ik   ijk n j . *Corresponding author (Ivanychev D.A.). E-mail: Lsivdmal@mail.ru. ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/183.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.18

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where n j is a component of the normal to the boundary.

In the space of boundary states Г, the scalar product expresses the work of external forces on the surface of the body S, for example, for the first and second states:



( 1 ,  2 )  p i1u i2 dS .

S

Moreover, by virtue of the principle of possible movements:





( 1 ,  2 )  ( 2 ,  1 )  p i1u i2 dS  p i2 u i1 dS .

S

S

It is proved that in the case of a smooth boundary both state spaces are Hilbert and are conjugated by an isomorphism [10]. By definition, each element of  k   corresponds to a single element of  k  Ã , and this correspondence is one-to-one:  k   k . This allows the search for the internal state

to be reduced to the construction of a boundary state that is isomorphic to it. The latter essentially depends on the boundary conditions. In the case of the first and second main problems of mechanics, the problem reduces to a resolving system of equations for the Fourier coefficients, decomposition of the desired inner  and boundary  states in a series in terms of the orthonormal basis elements: 





ck k



;    ck  k , k 1

k 1

or explicitly: pi 



 k 1

c k p ik







k 1

k 1

k 1

; u i   c k u ik ;  ij   c k  ijk ;  ij   c k  ijk .

The Fourier coefficients in the case of the first primary problem with the forces given by the ends of the cylinder p  { px0 , p y 0} are:



c k  (p, u k )  ( p x 0 u k  p y 0 v k )dS , S

where p x 0 , and p y 0 are set at the end of the effort, and u k  {u k , v k , wk } indicating displacement vector in the basic element  k  {uik , pik } .

4. CONSTRUCTION OF THE BASIS OF INTERNAL STATES Lekhnitsky [11] received a general solution of the generalized Saint-Venant problem in the absence of mass forces:  x  2 Re[  12 1' z1    22  '2 z 2    23 3  3' z 3 ] ;  y  2 Re[1' z1    '2 z 2   3  3' z 3 ];

 xy  2 Re[  1 1' z1    2  '2 z 2    3 3  3' z 3 ];  yz  2 Re[11' z1   2  '2 z 2    3' z 3 ] 

 0 ; x

 xz  2 Re[  1 11' z1    2 2  '2 z 2    3  3' z 3 ]  z 

186

(2)  0 ; y

1  Ax  By  C   1 a13 x  a23 y  a34 yz  a35 xz  a36 xy ; a33 a33



Ivanychev D.A., Levina E.Yu., Abdullakh L.S., Glazkova Yu. A.



A 2 z  yz  U ; 2 B v   z 2  xz  V ; 2 w  ( Ax  By  C ) z  W ;

u

 3  3  3    U  2 Re p k  k ( z k )  U 0  ; V  2 Re qk  k ( z k )  V0  ; W  2 Re rk  k ( z k )  W0  ,  k 1  k 1  k 1   







here entered the notation:



p k  11  k2  12  16  k  k 15  k  14 ;



p3  3 11  32  12  16  3  15  3  14 ;

q k  12  k   26 

     22     k   25  k  24  ; q3  3  12  3  22   26    25  24 ; 3 k 3 k    

rk  14  k   46 

  24    k   45  k  44  ; k k  

    r3  3  14  3  24   46    45  44 ; 3 3  

(k  1, 2);

 ij  aij 

ai 3 a j 3 a33

i, j  1, 2, 4, 5, 6 is reduced strain factors;

aij is strain factors;  0 is partial

solution of an inhomogeneous system of differential equations [3]. The terms U 0 , V0 , W0 refer to particular solutions of differential equations [12], the corresponding  0 , 0 

 2  ( Aa34  Ba35 ) (  55 x 2  2 45 xy   44 y 2 ) 4a33 (  44  55   452 )

.

Constants A, B, C, are determined from the equilibrium conditions at the ends:

 a   a   a  dxdy;   a   a   a   a  dxdy ;   a   a   a   a  dxdy ;

CS 

13

x

23

y

36 xy

BI 1

13

x

23

y

36 xy

35 xz

13

x

23

y

36 xy

34 yz

AI 2

 x

yz



 y xz dxdy  M t ,

here I1 , I 2 are the main moments of inertia of the cross section (relative to the x and y-axes); M t – torsion moment, to which the forces on the ends lead (Figure 1), where z1, z 2 , z 3 are the generalized complex variables with z1 x  1 y , z 2  x   2 y , z 3  x  3 y ,  1,  2,  3 – various complex roots of the characteristic equation [2]. 1 z1  

dF dF1 dF ;  2 z 2   2 ;  3 z 3   3 ; dz 3 dz1 dz 2 1' z1  

d d1 d ;  '2 z 2   2 ;  3' z 3   3 ; dz 3 dz1 dz 2

(3)

F  2 ReF1 ( z1 )  F2 ( z 2 )  F3 ( z3 );

*Corresponding author (Ivanychev D.A.). E-mail: Lsivdmal@mail.ru. ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/183.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.18

187



  2 Re1 F1' ( z1 )  2 F2' ( z 2 )  

 F3' ( z3 ) ; 3  1

where F and  are stress functions.

Base sets of internal states can be constructed by generating all sorts of options for the three analytical functions. For a simply connected domain, it has the form [13]: k k   1 z1    z1   0   0   iz1   0   0      k k   2 z 2    0 ,  z 2 ,  0 ,  0 ,  iz 2 ,  0  : k  1,2,... .   z    0   0   k   0   0   k    3 3        z3     iz3  

(4).

By giving the analytical functions (3) successively the values (4), all components of the elastic state (2) are determined, thereby determining the basis of the internal states (1).

Next comes the orthogonalization of the bases of the state spaces.

5. THE SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM As mentioned in section 3, MHS approach utilized for solving the problem. For instance, we considered the torsion problem of an anisotropic rod, the cross section of which is in the shape of an I-beam (Figure 2). The most general case of anisotropy is assumed, when the number of strain coefficients is 21. At the ends were set efforts [14]:   p x   y; p y  x; p z  0; z  2;    p x  y; p y   x; p z  0; z  2.

There are no forces on the side surface.

Figure 2: Boundary conditions The problem is solved approximately; 240 elements of an orthonormal basis were used. The difficulty lies in the time spent on the process of orthonormalization of the basis of internal states and on the calculation of the Fourier coefficients, the headings of which are shown in Figure 3.

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Ivanychev D.A., Levina E.Yu., Abdullakh L.S., Glazkova Yu. A.

Figure 3: The values of the Fourier coefficients.

240

In Figure 4 shows the graph of saturation of the Bessel sum b   c j 2 (left side of the Parseval n 1

inequality).

Figure 4: Bessel sum In Figure 5 shows the contour of the deformed cylinder (due to small deformations, the contour is presented in a hypertrophied form).

Figure 5: Contour of the deformed body *Corresponding author (Ivanychev D.A.). E-mail: Lsivdmal@mail.ru. ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/183.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.18

189

The integral value of the specified torque is 74.667, while the resulting solution is 74.693.

6. CONCLUSION It should be noted that the singularity of the body geometry does not affect the convergence of the solution of the problems of torsion, bending and stretching of the rods. However, the picture changes dramatically for the worse if efforts are made on the side surface. To examine the boundary states, we consider torsion of circular bars with one end fixed and the other end free on which tractions that results in a pure torque are prescribed arbitrarily over the free end surface. Exact solutions that satisfy the prescribed boundary conditions point by point over the entire boundary surfaces are derived in a unified manner for problems of torsion of anisotropic cylinders with or without radial inhomogeneity. The following conclusions can be drawn from the analysis. (1) The classical solution based on the boundary states is useful for torsion of isotropic circular bars with or without radial inhomogeneity. The stress disturbance is confined to the local region near the end where the torsion load is applied. (2) The stresses at the fixed end of circular bars under torsion can be evaluated using the solution based on MHS except in the case of strong anisotropy Results showed that by the MHS, the Fourier coefficients for calculating the boundary beam problem efficiently applied. The boundary state method was successfully implemented in terms of solving the torsion problem of anisotropic cylindrical bodies; the solution is reduced to the routine calculation of certain integrals. A specific solution for the problem of torsion for a complex contour body is constructed. When solving these problems, a rather “long” basis is required.

7. REFERENCES [1] Arinchev S.V., Buketkin B. V. Modeling the process of torsion of a rod made of fluoroplast by the particle method. News of higher educational institutions. Engineering.2014. No. 4 . pp.

38-43.

[2] Mironov Yu. B., Mironov B. G. On the question of the torsion of prismatic rods with inclusion.

Bulletin of the Chuvash State Pedagogical University. I. Ya. Yakovlev. Series: Limit state mechanics. 2017.No. 2 (32). pp. 18-22.

[3] Panov A. D., Shumaev V. V. Application of the logarithmic measure of deformations for solving problems of torsion Izvestia of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Solid mechanics.2012.

No. 1. pp. 92-100.

[4] Themis Yu. M., Lazarev A. A., Malanova O. L. The generalized method of additional deformations in the problem of rod torsion. Izvestiya MSTU "MAMI".2012. No. 2 (14). Vol. 2. pp. 336-341.

[5] Dimitrienko Yu. I. The anisotropic theory of finite elaatic-plastic deformations. Vestnik MGTim. N.E. Bauman. Ser. "Natural Sciences".2003. No 2. pp. 47-59.

[6] Mironov. B. G., Derevyannykh E. A. On the general relations of the theory of torsion of anisotropic rods. Vestnik ChGPU im. I. Ya. Yakovlev.2012. No. 4 (76). pp. 108-112.

[7] Nurimbetov A. U. Torsion of a multi-layered prismatic anisotropic rod composed of orthotropic materials. Vestnik RUDN Series Math. Computer science. Physics.2009. No. 4. pp. 63–75.

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[8] Nurimbetov A. U. Stress-strain state of layered composite rods and blades during torsion.

Construction mechanics of engineering structures and structures.2015. No. 1. pp. 59-66.

[9] Goldstein R. V., Gorodtsov V. A., Lisovenko D. S. To the description of multilayer nanotubes within the framework of cylindrical anisotropic elasticity models. Physical mesomechanics.2009. No. 12 5. pp. 5-14.

[10]

Penkov V. B. The method of boundary states for solving problems of linear mechanics. Far eastern mathematical journal. 2001. Vol. 2. No. 2. pp. 115-137.

[11]

Lekhnitskiy S. G. Anisotropic plates. - M .: GITTL, 1957. - 463 p.

[12]

Lekhnitskiy S. G. Theory of elasticity of anisotropic body. - M .: Nauka, 1977. - 416 p.

[13]

Ivanychev D. A. The method of boundary states in problems of the theory of anisotropic elasticity. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. KG Dudweiler Landstr, 2011. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 99 p. 66123 Saarbrucken, Germany.

[14]

Ivanychev D. A. The method of boundary states in problems of torsion of anisotropic rods of complex section. Conduct higher educational institutions of Chernozem region. Scientific, technical and production journal. - Lipetsk, LSTU.2013. No. 1. pp. 34-38.

.

Dr. Ivanychev D.A. is an Associate Professor in Department of Mechanics, Lipetsk State Technical University, Lipetsk, RUSSIA. He earned his Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics. He is a candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. His works are in areas of theoretical mechanics and strength of materials.

Dr. Levina E.Yu is assocated with Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman, Moscow, Russia.

Dr. Abdullakh L.S. is assocated with Lipetsk State Technical University, Lipetsk, RUSSIA.

Dr. Glazkova Yu. A. is assocated with Lipetsk State Technical University, Lipetsk, RUSSIA.

*Corresponding author (Ivanychev D.A.). E-mail: Lsivdmal@mail.ru. Š2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/183.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.18

191

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACADEMIC BURNOUT AND ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS WITH LIFE EXPECTANCY IN STUDENTS OF SHIRAZ UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Fatemeh Mahmoudi a, Abdolreza Mahmoudi b*, Hadi Raeisi Shahraki c, Maryam Shamsaei b, Hashem Kakaei b a

Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, IRAN Islamic Education Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IRAN c Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, IRAN b

ARTICLEINFO

Article history: Received 26 October 2018 Received in revised form 31 January 2018 Accepted 05 February 2019 Available online 08 February 2019

Keywords: Socioeconomic factors; Students’ environment; Likert scale; Questionnaire; SPSS; Pearson correlation; Regression.

ABSTRACT

Life expectancy is considered as one of the most important variables affecting the success and adaptability of the environment in students.

Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the variables affecting life expectancy. A sample of 600 students from Shiraz University of Medical Sciences was selected randomly.

Demographic, life expectancy, academic burnout questionnaire were used to collect data.

Data were analyzed using SPSS®. The results of this study showed a significant negative relationship between life expectancy and academic burnout. So, with increasing life expectancy, academic burnout declines, and burnout increases with declining life expectancy. Burnout in male students is slightly higher than female students, but this difference was not statistically significant. Also, academic burnout was higher in dormitory students without a car and personal laptop than in other students, but this difference was not statistically significant. The results of one-variable analysis of variance showed that living place is one of the important factors related to the life expectancy of students. So that students who live with the family have a significantly higher life expectancy. Also, academic burnout in married students was significantly higher than single students. According to the findings of the study, the variables of academic burnout and economic, social factors are related to life expectancy. Therefore, effective planning to reduce academic burnout and improve socioeconomic conditions is important for authorities. © 2019 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

*Corresponding author (Abdolreza Mahmoudi) E-mail: amahmoudi@yahoo.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/193.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.19

193

1. INTRODUCTION The University plays an important role in educating the human resources necessary for the development of society and is the most important scientific base and training center for knowledgeable and experienced specialists. Studying at university is a matter of concern and pressure for a number of students, including males and females with various disciplines, or socioeconomic status, because facing a wider school environment and new rules, different expectations, the beginning of an independent life, entering the world of adolescence, the formation of human intimate relationships are all new conditions that require the adoption of new strategies for adaptation. [1] Various factors affect students' more and more adaptation to the university environment.

One of these psychological variables is life expectancy. Hope is not a conscious experience; but whenever a person is in the difficulty and crisis of life, the sense of hope in a hopeful person comes alive and it is hoped that after experiencing different crises, the person returns to calmness. In fact, hope has a supportive role in preserving negative emotions at a low level and it can lead to a person's adaptive improvement [2]. The hope of moving towards health, which means expecting a better future, is one of the characteristics of life that makes people look for tomorrow. The more hope in a person, the higher the probability of success in various fields of study, occupation, sports, physical and mental health, etc. In fact, the effective role of hope in life has been proven both before and after the occurrence of a problem in life [3]. Thus, the attention to the role of the life expectancy in different strata, especially students, as the young, educated and specialist manpower is very important and should be considered as factors that are relevant to this important variable.

One of the psychological variables, that seems related to life expectancy is academic burnout [4]. Burnout is an emotional exhaustion syndrome, depersonalization, and diminished personal perfection, which is accompanied by a state of physical exhaustion, emotional exertion and a deep sense of failure. This exhaustion is the result of chronic stresses, such as the role of pressure and time constraints, and the lack of necessary resources to carry out tasks and assignments [5]. According to this definition, one of the most vulnerable strata against burnout is the students [6]. Academic burnout among college or college students refers to feeling tired due to academic demands and requirements, having a pessimistic feeling with no interest in homework (disinterest), and a feeling of inadequacy as a student (low efficiency). [5] In fact, university students may experience the phenomenon of burnout because learning conditions for them require high levels of effort, and don't prepare supportive mechanisms which facilitate effective coping with problems [1]. Many students suffer from academic burnout. Students' burnout can lead to more absenteeism, less motivation to do the required duties, and a higher percentage of university drop-outs and etc. [5]. There are also many social and economic factors that are related to the student's life expectancy and affect them.

In fact, positive emotions about their social and economic conditions, despite being mental elements, are rooted in the living conditions of individuals. So, it can be stated that the main component in the people's positive and negative evaluation is the analysis and

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evaluation of the mental condition from their own situation and society in comparison with the others. If people's assessment of their personal circumstances leads to negative results, this negative feeling will not be limited in the same area and many of their behaviors and attitudes will affect the individual situation and social conditions [7]. Therefore, it seems that these factors are related to the academic burnout and the life expectancy of students.

However, no coherent study of these variables has been found. So, according to what mentioned above, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between academic burnout and socioeconomic factors with life expectancy in students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.

2. METHODOLOGY This study was descriptive-cross sectional. The statistical population of the present study was Shiraz University of Medical Sciences students who were selected by stratified random sampling method. The sample size of 300 was selected which is the minimum sample size for the correlation studies [8]. Then, in order to increase the statistical capacity and manage the potential loss of the participants, a sample size of 600 people was selected. Sample selection criteria included students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, informed consent and willingness to participate in the study, willingness to cooperate in completing instruments, and age range from 18 to 30 years. Exit criteria included not willing to cooperate in completing questionnaires and age range greater than 30 years. The following questionnaires were used to collect information: Demographic questionnaire included age, sex, marital status, the field of study, the term of education, father's degree, mother's education, place of residence, and ethnicity. This questionnaire was prepared and evaluated by researchers in this study.

Life expectancy questionnaire: Snyder (1991) designed a scale to determine the amount of life expectancy in adults which consists of a 12-item, two-component broker (six questions) and pass (six questions) questionnaire. This scale has a Likert spectrum from one (totally disagreed) to 4 (totally agreed) and the range of grades from 12 to 48 [6]. The internal consistency of the entire test is reported between 0.74 and 0.84, and validity reported 0.85 [9]. In Iran, the reliability of this questionnaire was calculated and obtained through Cronbach's alpha for the whole scale of 0.8 [6].

Academic Burnout Questionnaire: This questionnaire was prepared by Schaufeli et al. in 2002 which has 15 questions and includes 3 dimensions of academic fatigue (questions 1, 4, 7, 10, 13), academic disinterest (questions 2, 5, 11, 14) and educational inadequacy (questions 3, 6, 8, 9, 12, and 15). The questionnaire was scored on the 5-point Likert scale (totally agree = 5, agree = 4, neither agree nor disagree = 3, disagree = 2 and totally disagree = 1) [10]. The questionnaire's validity was approved by its creators using Factor Analysis Method and its dimensions' reliability has been reported in [11] by 0.70, 0.82 and 0.75 respectively. Sheikholeslami et al. [10] also obtained the reliability of the total score of the questionnaire by using Cronbach's alpha (0.81). *Corresponding author (Abdolreza Mahmoudi) E-mail: amahmoudi@yahoo.com Š2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/193.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.19

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3. STATISTICAL METHODS Data were analyzed using SPSS®18. Also, descriptive statistics indices such as mean, standard deviation, frequency, frequency percentage, and inferential statistics indices such as single variable variance analysis, independent t groups, Pearson correlation, and regression were used. P-values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.

Table 1. Demographic and socio-economic factors of undergraduate students Characteristic Gender Age Marital status Residence

Ethnicity

Major Private car Private laptop

Male Female ≤ 20 >20 Single Married With family Dormitory Other

Frequency (%) 202 (33.7) 398 (66.3) 323 (53.8) 277 (46.2) 527 (87.8) 73 (12.2) 301 (50.2) 271 (45.2) 28 (4.7)

Fars

453 (75.5)

Lor Other Medical(medical, dental and pharmaceutical) Para- medical No Yes No Yes

80 (13.3) 66 (11.2)

Subgroup

309 (51.5) 291 (48.5) 459 (76.5) 141 (23.5) 211 (35.2) 389 (64.8)

Characteristic Father education Mother education Individual's position among the children of the family Monthly Self-income Monthly family income

Subgroup ≤6 years 7-12 years > 12 years ≤6 years 7-12 years > 12 years First Second Third Forth and higher Nothing < 100 $ 100-200 $ > 200 $ < 300 $ 300-600 $ 600-900 $ > 900 $

Frequency (%) 20 (3.3) 228 (38.0) 352 (58.7) 17 (2.8) 314 (52.3) 269 (44.8) 249 (41.5) 189 (31.5) 84 (14.0) 78 (13.0) 468 (78) 57 (9.5) 30 (5.0) 45 (7.5) 140 (23.3) 238 (39.7) 110 (18.3) 112 (18.7)

4. RESULTS In the current study, 600 undergraduate students from 20 majors with a mean age of 21.5 ± 4.3 were enrolled. Most of the participants were female (66.3%), single (87.8%), lived with their family (50.2%) and without any income (78.0%). (Table 1) shows all the information about the demographic and economic characteristics of the students.

Mean ± SD of burnout score was 38.1 ± 15.2(ranged from 0 to 90) and Mean ± SD of life expectancy was 41.3± 5.1 (ranged from 21 to 52) among participants. Pearson correlation showed that there was a significant correlation between burnout score and life expectancy (r=-0.50, P<0.001) as a lower score of life expectancy is associated with higher burnout.

Table 2, the mean score of burnout in females was 38.3± 15.2 and in males was 37.9± 15.3 but observed that the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.75). A score of burnout among married students was 33.5± 13.9 which was significantly lower than single students (38.8± 15.3, P=0.005). Our results also showed that burnout among younger students, students who live in dormitory and students without private car and laptop was higher than others but reported differences were not significant. Moreover, there was no significant difference between medical (medical, dental and pharmaceutical) and paramedical students in burnout (P=0.07), Table 2.

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Assessment univariate effect of demographic and socio-economic factors on life expectancy suggests that residence is one of the most important factors as students who lived with their family gained a significantly higher score of life expectancy than others (P=0.04).

Moreover mean score of life expectancy among married students was 42.4± 4.9 which was significantly higher than singles (41.1± 5.1, P=0.046) but we didn’t find significant differences between males and females, medical and para-medical students with different ethnicities and incomes in term of life expectancy (Table 2).

Table 2. Burnout score and life expectancy among different subgroups of undergraduate students Characteristic

Gender Age Marital status Residence Ethnicity Major Private car Private laptop Father education Mother education Individual's position among the children of the family Monthly Selfincome Monthly family income

Subgroup Male Female ≤ 20 >20 Single Married With family Dormitory Other Fars Lor Other Medical(medical, dental and pharmaceutical) Para-medical No Yes No Yes ≤6 years 7-12 years > 12 years ≤6 years 7-12 years > 12 years First Second Third Forth and higher Nothing < 100 $ 100-200 $ > 200 $ < 300 $ 300-600 $ 600-900 $ > 900 $

Burnout score 37.9± 15.3 38.3± 15.2 39.1± 14.9 37.0± 15.6 38.8± 15.3 33.5± 13.9 37.5± 16.0 38.9± 13.6 38.2± 20.6 38.1± 15.4 37.4± 15.2 39.2± 14.6 39.2± 14.9 37.0± 15.5 38.7± 15.0 36.2± 15.7 38.5± 15.2 38.0± 15.3 39.0± 22.7 37.1± 14.1 38.8± 15.4 39.7± 20.6 38.2± 15.0 37.9± 15.1 37.2± 15.0 40.3± 14.7 38.5± 15.3 35.5± 16.5 38.7± 15.0 39.2± 15.7 34.0± 16.3 33.4± 15.7 37.8± 15.8 38.1± 13.5 36.1± 16.2 40.7± 16.6

P-value 0.75 0.08 0.005 0.54 0.77 0.07 0.08 0.69 0.42 0.89

0.06

0.06

0.16

life expectancy 41.7± 5.1 41.1± 5.1 41.1± 4.8 41.5± 5.4 41.1± 5.1 42.4± 4.9 41.7±5.0 40.9± 5.04 39.8± 6.2 41.5± 4.9 40.8± 5.7 40.3± 5.6 41.2± 5.0 41.4± 5.2 41.1± 5.2 42.0± 4.7 40.9± 5.1 41.5± 5.1 41.6± 6.4 41.6± 4.8 41.1± 5.2 41.4± 5.2 41.3± 5.1 41.3± 5.0 41.6± 4.9 40.5± 4.9 41.9± 5.1 41.4± 6.1 41.1± 4.8 41.4± 5.1 42.5± 5.9 41.9± 6.9 41.3± 5.7 41.1± 4.8 42.0± 4.8 41.0± 5.1

P-value 0.15 0.43 0.046 0.04 0.14 0.61 0.05 0.15 0.47 0.99

0.11

0.41

0.39

Linear regression analysis showed that after adjusting the effect of the other factors, burnout is significantly associated with life expectancy (P<0.001) in (Table 3). *Corresponding author (Abdolreza Mahmoudi) E-mail: amahmoudi@yahoo.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/193.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.19

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Table 3. Results of linear regression analysis for life expectancy modeling Characteristic

gender Marital status Residence Private car Private laptop Individual's position among the children of the family Ethnicity Burnout

Subgroup Male Female Single Married With family Dormitory Other No Yes No Yes First Second Third Forth and higher Fars Lor Other

Coefficient baseline -0.58 baseline 0.56 baseline 0.29 -1.41 baseline -0.16 baseline -0.51 baseline -0.36 0.68 -0.12 baseline -0.60 -0.97 -0.16

SE --0.39 --0.59 --0.40 0.89 --0.46 --0.40 --0.43 0.56 0.60 --0.56 0.59 0.01

P-value 0.14 0.35 0.47 0.11 0.73 0.20 0.40 0.22 0.84 0.28 0.10 <0.001

5. DISCUSSION Regarding the aim of the present study, the results of analysis and linear regression analysis showed that there is a significant negative relationship between life expectancy and academic burnout, based on a cross-sectional study on social and socioeconomic issues.

So, academic burnout declines with increasing life expectancy and increases with a decrease in life expectancy. This finding is consistent with Sheikholeslami et al. [10], Kamalpour, et al. [1], Ghadampour et al [12], Fooladi and Shahidi [2], and Kiafar et al. [13] in different researches.

Sheikholeslami, et al. [10] stated in the explanation of the similar data that students who have high life expectancy and enjoy a decent standard of living can outgrow academic excellence and achieve the necessary academic achievements due to the ability to establish stronger social networks, social support, emotional stability, prediction of desirable goals in the future and the effective adaptation with environmental stressors. Fooladi and Shahidi [2] stated in the explanation of the similar data[increase in hope is associated with life experiences and negative emotions]that the long experience of negative emotions such as anxiety and stress lead to burnout and a reduction in hope for every individual [2]. Kiafar, et al. [6] stated in the explanation of similar data [the high level of hope have a direct relationship with academic achievement and graduation status) that hope is the only predictor of academic achievements which its power is higher than intelligence, personality, and advancements. Indeed, hope can be a strong coping strategy to prevent academic procrastination, and low levels of hope anticipate a high level of anxiety, and students with lower levels of hope will use more inefficient and avoiding coping strategies.

6. CONCLUSION In the field of demographic information, the findings of this study showed that academic

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burnout in male students was slightly higher than female students, but this difference was not statistically significant. Also, academic burnout in dormitory students without a car and personal laptop was higher than other students, but this difference was not statistically significant too. The findings of single variable variance analysis for socio-economic and population-cognitive factors showed that the place of residence is one of the important factors associated with the life expectancy of students. So that students who live with the family have a significantly higher life expectancy. Also, academic burnout in married students was significantly higher than single students. There was no significant difference between students in terms of gender, ethnicity and income level. This finding is consistent with Hosseini [14], Naderi and Hosseini [15], Sharifirad et al. [1395], and Ahookhosh and Alibeigi [17] who showed that life expectancy and academic burnout have a significant relationship with multiple demographic variables such as marital status, living with family and etc. Also, the findings of this study showed that there was no significant relationship between life expectancy with gender, marital status, place of residence, personal car, and personal laptop, birth rank, and ethnicity. This finding is consistent with the studies by Fereshtehnejad et al. [18] and Taheri et al. [19] in various studies. The inconsistency of the results of this study with the previous ones can be because of the differences in the statistical population, sampling method, the expression of the measurement, or the focus of the research project and the purpose of the study. This means that in previous studies, such as the study of Farshnejad et al. [18] which investigated the relationship between life expectancy and multiple social factors has been investigated in families of Tehran, or the study by Taheri et al [20] which investigated socioeconomic factors affecting life expectancy in Iran and finally showed that per capita rate of social welfare expenditures has a significant relationship with the life expectancy of the people.

7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research was supported by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Also, we appreciate all the students who participated in this research.

8. REFERENCES [1] Kamalpour S, Azizzadeh-Forouzi M, Tirgary B. A Study of the Relationship between Resilience and Academic Burnout in Nursing Students. Strides Dev Med Educ. 2017; 13 (5): 476-487.

[2] Fouladi N, Shahidi E. The Role of Personality Characteristics and Hope in Prediction of Hardiness in Students Regarding to Sexuality. CPAP. 2017; 15(1):93-101.

[3] Hoseini SM, Kalantar SM & Mirzaee O. Studying the role of gender and employment in the relationship between the existential crisis and the life expectancies of Allameh Tabatabai University students. Counseling and psychotherapy culture.2014; 5 (17): 39-24.

[4] Ekrami AA, Rezaei T & Bayanis AA. Relationship between Hope to Work and Academic Motivation With Academic Burnout. Journal of Knowledge & Health 2015; 10(1):44-50. *Corresponding author (Abdolreza Mahmoudi) E-mail: amahmoudi@yahoo.com Š2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/193.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.19

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[5] HayatiD, Ogbahi A, Ahangarani AH & Abarghuei MA. Investigating the relationships between quality of learning experience’s components and self-efficacy on academic burnout among students of Allamme Tabatabaei University of Tehran. Educational Development of Jundishapur.2012. 3 (4): 18-29. 2012.

[6] Kiafar MS, Kareshki H & Hashemi F. The Role of Hope ComponentsAnd Optimism on Academic Motivation of Graduate Students of Ferdowsi University And Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2014; 14 (6): 517-526.

[7] Sujoodi A, Masoomi Rad R, Avardide S, Abdi F. examining social factors affecting life satisfaction ( case study students Payame Noor University unit of the shaft ). frooyesh. 2015; 4 (3): 19-30.

[8] Delavar, A. Research Methods in psychology and educational Sciences.Tehran: Edited Press, 2007.

[9] Snyder CR & Lopez SJ. Positive psychology: The scientific and practical exploration of human strengths, Newyork, Sage Pablication Inc. 2007.

[10] Sheikholeslami A, KarimianPoor GH & Veisi R. Prediction of academic burnout on the basis of academic quality of life and hope for employment in students. Psycho educational. 2016, 12 (29): 25-43.

[11] Breso E. Salanova M & Schoufeli B. In search of the third dimension of Burnout. Applied psychology, 1997; 56(3), 460–472.

[12] Ghadampour E, Farhadi A, Naghibeiranvand F. The relationship among academic burnout, academic engagement and performance of students of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences. rme. 2016; 8 (2): 60-68.

[13] Taheri Kharameh Z, Sharififard F, Asayesh H, Sepahvandi M R. Academic Resilience and Burnout Relationship of The Student of Qom University of Medical Sciences. Educ Strategy Med Sci. 2017; 10 (5): 375-383.

[14] Hoseini SM. The relationship between life expectancy and psychological hardiness. Thought and Behavior (Applied Psychology). 2010; 3 (12): 57-65.

[15] Naderi F & Hoseini SM. Relationship of life expectancy and psychological hardiness in male and female students of Islamic Azad University of Gachsaran. Woman and Society (Women's Sociology). 2011; 1 (2): 132-141.

[16] SharififardF, Asayesh H, Nourozi K, Hosseini MA, Taheri Kharameh Z. The Relationship between Motivation and Academic burnout in Nursing and Paramedical Students Qom University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal. 2016; 9 (12): 72-78.

[17] AhookhoshP&Alibeigi A. The factors influencing on educational burnout in students of agriculture and natural resources field in Razi University. Journal of Agricultural Education.

2017; 44-55.

[18] Ribera, Jordi Planella, and Joxe Jimenez-Jimenez. "Espacios reales y simbólicos de la pedagogía social: la praxis de la redención, entre el control y la emancipación." Opción 34.86 (2018): 547576.

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[19] Taheri S, Karim zade M & Tahsili H. The study of socioeconomic factors affecting life expectancy in Iran. Economic magazine. 2015; 1 (2): 77-94.

Fatemeh Mahmoudi is a PhD student of the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

Dr. Abdolreza Mahmoudi is an Assistant professor of Islamic Education Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

Dr. Hadi Raeisi Shahraki is an Assistant Professor in Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. He obtained his PhD from the Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

Dr. Maryam Shamsaei is an Assistant Professor of Islamic Education Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Her researches are related to Education Sciences.

Dr. Hashem Kakaei is an Instructor of Islamic Education Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

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BIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF COWS’ MILK UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF TECHNOGENIC AGRICULTURAL ECOSPHERE WHEN USING BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES Irina Donnik a, Olga Bykova a, Anna Krivonogova a, b, Albina Isaeva a, b, Olga Loretts a* , Anna Baranova a, Nina Musikhina a, Anastasia Romanova a a

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Ural State Agrarian University, (FSBEI HE Ural SAU), 42, K. Liebknechta St., Ekaterinburg, RUSSIA b Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Ural Federal Agrarian Scientific Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (FSBSI UrFASRC, UrB of RAS), 112 А, Belinskogo St., Еkaterinburg, RUSSIA ARTICLEINFO

Article history: Received 12 November 2018 Received in revised form 12 February 2019 Accepted 14 February 2019 Available online 15 February 2019

Keywords: technogenic agricultural pollution; diary produce; chemical substances; biologically active substances; biological safety; Heavy metal.

ABSTRACT

These days environmental pollutions are occurred all over in the world. Unfavourable environmental background significantly affects animals’ health and productivity. At the modern stage of development of dairy cattle breeding, quality of milk and new methods of agricultural production meeting latest sanitary and hygienic requirements have become very important. The article presents the data on the research on influence of a complex of biologically active substances on ecological safety of milk of the cows kept in the territories contaminated with Ni, Pb and Cd. It is stated that the usage of a complex of biologically active substances under the conditions of technogenic agricultural ecosystem significantly reduces excess iron status in cows’ blood and milk and increases content of Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), so that it restores balance of essential microelements. The complex shows high adhesive properties regarding Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd), that are potentially dangerous elements. Content of Pb in cows’ blood by the 14th and 28th days of research is proved to reduce by 1,5 times, and content of Cd – by 3 times, as compared with the original status. At the same time, content of Pb in cows’ milk reduced by 9 times, and content of Cd – by 3 times.

That fact proves the necessity to use a complex of biologically active substances, in order to provide biological safety of cows’ milk. © 2019 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

1. INTRODUCTION

The issue of production of ecologically safe animal products is closely connected with continuously growing man-made contamination of environment with toxicants [1, 2, 6, 8]. The Ural area, where concentration of industry is 4-5 times higher than average level in the Russian Federation, *Corresponding author (O.Loretts) Tel: +79530457994 E-mail: Xoshyn@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/203.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.20

203

is considered to be the one of the most ecologically unsafe regions [8]. The growth of emissions into the atmosphere results in increased content of heavy metals salts, harmful chemical substances and their compounds in environmental compartments. Contamination of biosphere with ecotoxicants significantly affects level of animals’ productivity, as well as biological value of animal products, including milk. Lately proportion of milk samples and dairy products not meeting hygienic standards according to health criteria has increased and been proved to be the highest among all the groups of food products. Because of unfavourable ecological situations in a number of the areas in Russia, development and usage of the latest biologically active complexes that make it possible to improve animals’ autarcesis, reduce negative effect of technogenic factors, improve the quality and provide ecological safety of animal products, is becoming especially important and practically significant [3,4,5,7,9,10,11,12]. In this respect, the medications based on mineral elements, vitamins and various groups of organic acids are of special interest.

2. AIM AND METHODS OF RESEARCH

According to the above-mentioned, the aim of the work was research on the effect of new combination of biologically active substances on biological safety of milk of the cows kept under the conditions of technogenic agricultural ecosphere. Scientific and production experiments were done at an agricultural enterprise with methods of animal welfare and breed and age distribution of animals typical for the Ural area, average level of productivity, and with high content of Ni and Cd in its environmental compartments. The objects of the research were blood and milk of black-and-white cows selected according to analogue principle, with body weight of 500–550 kg, two lactations.

According to analogue principle, the cows were divided into two groups, 20 cows each. Feeding and welfare were similar.

In the course of experiment, the cows from the experimental group were given a complex of biologically active substances (mineral elements, vitamins – pyridoxin, vitamin C, cholecalciferol in micelle solution, carboxylic and amino acids) in the form of water slurry (1 litre per each cow a day), together with common feed stuff. A complex of biologically active substances was added to cows’ diet for 28 days, starting with the first day of the second phase of lactation. Blood for the research was taken before the experiment, and then on the 7th, 14th and 28th day from the moment of the usage of the medication. Content of mineral elements in cows’ milk was tested at the same time.

Concentration of chemical elements (Fe, Cu, Zn, and Ni) in cows’ blood and milk was measured by the method of atomic absorption spectrophotometry (GOST 26929–94 “Primary produce and food products”). Content of Pb and Cd, as potentially dangerous substances, was measured according to GOST 26932–86 “Primary produce and food products. Methods of Pb test» and GOST 26933–86 “Primary produce and food products. Methods of Cd test”.

3. RESULTS OF RESEARCH According to the results of the research (Table 1), it shows that when using a complex of biologically active substances there was a tendency towards reduced concentration of Fe in blood serum of the cows from the experimental group. Thus, on the 14th day of research, concentration of Fe in their blood was 17.85 mcmole/l (micromoles per litre) that was 12.99 % lower, as compared to the original level and 11.65 % lower, as compared to the cows from the control group. By the 28th

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Javad Zarekara, Gholamhassan Payganeh, Mehrdad Nouri Khajavi

day that parameter was 1.6 times lower than the control one. It is worth to note that on the 7th day from the moment of the usage of a complex of biologically active substances content of Fe in cows’ blood reduced by 10.46%. Probably, it was caused by an ability of elements in the complex to сomplex free ferrous ions with proteins, that improves bod defense reaction against possible toxic effect of free ferrous ions. In the blood of the cows from the control group content of Fe changed insignificantly and did not have any verified differences as compared with the original data during the whole course of research. It is worth to note that concentration of ions of the metal in blood of the animals from the experimental group was within phisiologically normal state, whereas in the control group on the 7th day of research it was 4.7 % more than the limit; on the 14th day – 1.16% more; on the 28th day – 1.47 times more (Р<0.001).

Table 1: Dynamics of mineral elements in cows’ blood when using a complex of biologically active substances, mcmole/l (Õ ± Sx, n = 20) Element

Standard

Fe

16.1-19.7

Cu

14.1-15.7

Zn

19.9-26.0

Ni

0.12

Pb

0.50

Cd

-

Group

Baseline value

control experimental control experimental control experimental control experimental control experimental control experimental

19.87±0.71 20.17±0.64 12.69±0.44 12.73±0.52 16.98±0.76 17.24±0.68 2.25±0.18 2.30±0.21 0.077±0.003 0.075±0.002 0.093±0.003 0.095±0.002

Note: here and further: *Р<0.05; **Р<0.01; ***Р<0.001.

Days of research 7 14 28 20.62±0.85 19.93±0.96 29.00±1.12 18.26±0.90 17.85±0.77 18.10±1.20*** 12.58±0.51 12.61±0.39 12.90±0.34 14.21±0.38 14.58±0.46 14.97±0.30** 17.79±0.73 14.44±0.95 12.75±0.86 20.82±0.65 22.05±1.22** 22.94±1.18** 2.45±0.12 2.37±0.17 2.13±0.32 2.21±0.15 1.32±0.19* 0.49±0.09*** 0.093±0.002 0.096±0.004 0.088±0.005 0.062±0.001 0.048±0.002*** 0.047±0.003*** 0.085±0.003 0.088±0.002 0.083±0.003 0.031±0.001*** 0.030±0.001*** -

As for content of Cu, the opposite tendency was stated. Thus, in the blood of the cows from the control group, concentration of Cu was within the limits of 12.58–12.90 mcmole/l that was lower than the standards. In the group of the cows given a complex of biologically active substances added to their diet, there was verified increase of concentration of Cu by 16.04% as compared to the control group and by 17.59% as compared with baseline value (on the 28th day).

Similar tendency was characterized for Zn, that is an element responsible for immune system. Its content in the blood of the cows from the experimental group was within physiologically normal state and proved to increase on the 14th (1.53 times) and 28th (1.79 times) days of research as compared to the control figure and, respectively, 1.28 and 1.33 times, as compared to the original figure. In the blood of the cows from the control group content of Zn did not reach low limit of physiologically normal state at every stage of research, and its concentration, as compared to baseline value, reduced by 17.59% and by 33.18% on the 14th and 28th days of research respectively.

The blood of the cows from the control and experimental groups had excess content of Ni that was a few times more than the standards. When using a complex of biologically active substances in the diet of animals from the experimental group, concentration of Ni in blood (by original level of 2.30 mcmole/l) reduced up to 1.32 mcmole/l on the 14th day of research and up to 0.49 mcmole/l – on the 28th day of research. It is worth to note, that reduction of Ni in cows’ blood by the end of the *Corresponding author (O.Loretts) Tel: +79530457994 E-mail: Xoshyn@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/203.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.20

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research period caused increase of content of Zn in blood, because of formation of zink-thionine that is considered to be favourable in the course of correction by a complex of biologically active substances during chronic administration of heavy metal salts into cows’ body, as synthesis of zinkthionines is essential for DNA synthesis for liver regeneration. A complex of biologically active substances shows high adhesive properties regarding to Pb and Cd, that are potentially dangerous substances for animal body.

The data in Table 1 show that on the 7th day of experiment content of Pb among the cows from the experimental group reduced by 20.97%, as compared to baseline value, and by the 14 th and 28th day – by 1.5 times respectively. As compared to the control figures, this property was 1.48 – 1.93 lower. It seems that the effective elimination of Pb from blood was caused by balanced increase of Zn (which is a physiological antagonist of Pb) in cows’ body. At the same time content of Pb in the blood of the cows from the control group stayed the same at every stage of research, but it was lower than the allowed standard.

In the blood of the cows from the control and experimental group some insignificant amount of Cd was found. However, concentration of that element changed differently, depending on the usage of biologically active complexes in animals’ diet. In the control group of the cows, at every stage of research, concentration of Cd stayed the same and was 0.08 mcmole/l that was 12/5% lower than baseline value. In the blood of the cows from the experimental group content of Cd also stayed the same during the research period, but was 2.67 times lower than the control figures and 3 times lower than baseline value. It is worth to note that on the 28th day of research in the blood of the cows from the experimental group no presence of Cd was found, whereas in the control group its concentration was at the same level.

Analysis of the obtained results has proved significant effect of a complex of biologically active substances on mineral composition of cows’ milk (Table 2). Thus, by the end of the experiment (the 28th day) an effect of a complex of biologically active substances caused reduction of Fe in cows’ milk by 1.4 times, as compared to baseline and control value. On the 14th and 28th days of research content of Cu in the blood of the cows from the experimental group increased by 37,23 and 38,87% respectively, that was 29,64% and 1,5 times higher than control value at those stages of research.

Content of Zn in the milk of the cows from the experimental group was proved to have grown by the end of the experiment by 23.26% as compared to baseline value and by 1.45 times as compared to control value. The control group had the figure of the parameter lower than original concentration of Zn on the 14th and 28th days of research – by 15.20 and 18.16% respectively. In relation to toxic elements – Ni, Pb and Cd – the usage of a complex of biologically active substances showed high adhesive ability. Verified reduction of content of the above-mentioned elements are registered on the 14th and 28th days of research. On the 14th and 28th days of research concentration of Ni in the milk of the cows from the experimental group was respectively 1.75 and 5.38 times lower than original level; Pb – 9 times lower; and Cd – by 3 times. In the milk of the cows from the control group content of Ni, Pb and Cd at every stage of the experiment was at the level of baseline value. Reduction of Fe, Ni, Pb and Cd and increase of content of Cu and Zn improved quality properties of milk – increase

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of weight content of total protein, casein, fat, lactose and nonfat milk solids (MSNF). Thus, in the milk of the cows from the experimental group on the 28th day of research content of total protein increased by 2.9 %. In the control group in the course of the experiment the figure of this property reduced by 2.7% – 3.7%.

Table 2: Dynamics of mineral elements in cows’ blood when using a complex of biologically active substances (Õ ± Sx, n = 20) Element. mcmole/l Fe Cu Zn Ni Pb Cd

Group

Baseline value

control experimental control experimental control experimental control experimental control experimental control experimental

32.29±1.12 31.98±1.37 4.61±0.45 4.27±0.52 32.67±2.15 32.54±3.00 0.68±0.03 0.70±0.02 0.10±0.001 0.09±0.001 0.03±0.002 0.03±0.001

7 32.72±1.65 29.39±1.30 4.76±0.37 5.32±0.29 32.43±1.17 32.87±0.96 0.71±0.02 0.44±0.03 0.09±0.001 0.04±0.001*** 0.03±0.003 0.01±0.001***

Day of research 14 31.84±1.48 28.46±1.26 4.52±0.41 5.86±0.23* 28.96±2.34 36.68±2.10 0.65±0.03 0.40±0.03*** 0.08±0.001 0.01±0.001*** 0.03±0.001 0.01±0.001***

28 32.61±1.59 22.78±1.44** 3.99±0.35 5.93±0.31** 27.65±2.29 40.11±2.38* 0.75±0.04 0.13±0.02*** 0.09±0.001 0.01±0.001*** 0.04±0.002 -

By the end of the experiment in the experimental group concentration of the main milk protein – casein, that shows nutrition value of milk, - increased by 3.7 % as compared to baseline value. At the same time content of casein in the milk of the cows from the control group reduced insignificantly.

The usage of biologically active complexes in the diet of the cows from the experimental group had an effect on content of fat in milk. Its content in cows’ milk most significantly increased on the 28th day of research (8.9%). Along with increased content of fat in milk there was a tendency towards increased concentration of nonfat milk solids. Thus, content of MSNF in the milk of the cows given a complex of biologically active substances with baseline value of 8.00% by the 14th and 28th days of research increased by 1.38 and 1.88 %. Weight content of lactose in the milk of the cows from the experimental group during those periods increased by 2.7% and 2,9% respectively, as compared with baseline value.

4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The obtained results and stated tendencies prove the fact that the usage of a complex of biologically active substances under the conditions of technogenic agricultural ecosystem significantly reduces content of potentially dangerous substances (Ni, Pb, Cd) in cows’ blood and milk, improves balance of such microelements, such Zn and Cu; increases concentration of total protein, casein, fat, lactose and MSNF. In order to improve sanitary quality and provide biological safety and full value of cows' milk kept under the conditions of technogenic agricultural ecosphere it is recommended to use this complex of biologically active substances in the form of water slurry in the amount of 1 litre per animal a day during the whole lactation period.

5. CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors confirm that the data presented here have no conflict of interest.

*Corresponding author (O.Loretts) Tel: +79530457994 E-mail: Xoshyn@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/203.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.20

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6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors acknowledge research grant of the Russian Science Foundation (Project №16-1600071). The work was prepared with the support of (FSBEI HE), Ural State Agrarian University; FSBSI “Ural Federal Agrarian Scientific Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.”

7. REFERENCES [1] Babkin D.V. Optimization of content of heavy metals in the diet of milk cows in suburban areas// Thesis work. … Candidate of agricultural Science: 03.00.16. Kurgan. 2017. 177 pages.

[2] Verotchenko M.A., Gimadeeva L.S., Gusev I.V. System of measures to reduce content of heavy metals in trophic chain for agricultural enterprises in the areas of man-made contamination // Recommendations of VIZh. Dubrovitsy. Дубровицы. 2017. 43 pages.

[3] Rysina O.N. Effects of transfer of heavy metals into milk in the agricultural territories with various levels of contamination // Thesis work. … Candidate of biological Science: 03.00.13.

Orel. 2013. 135 pages.

[4] Shkuratova I.A., Donnik I.M., Isaeva A.G., Krivonogova A.S.. Ecobiological characteristics of cattle under the conditions of technogenesis // Statutory regulation in veterinary science. 2015. № 2. P. 42–46.

[5] Gertman A.M. Method of reduction of content of Ni and Pb in cows’ blood and milk in technogenic province// Patent for an invention of the RF 3002109. 2017. 17 pages.

[6] Iliazov R.G., Akhmetzianova Ph.K., Gilemkhanov M.I. Efficiency of reduction of transfer of heavy metals from feed stuff into milk when using sorbents in cows’ diet // Transactions of the Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine. Volume 191. Kazan, 2008. P. 100-109.

[7] Mukhamediarova L.G., Phrolova M.A., Albulov A.I., Gizatulina Yu.A., Shariphianova V.R., Krasnokutsky R.S., Tairova.A.R. Method of reduction of content of heavy metals in cows’ milk// Patent for an invention of the RF № 2613470. 2015. 24 pages.

[8] Tairova A.R.. Evaluation of effect of chitosan on intensity of adaptive processes in body of Simmental cows of Austrian selection under new ecological economic conditions of South Ural// Achievements of modern Natural Science. 2012. № 1. P. 94–96.

[9] Alejo L. Pérez-Carrera, Flavia E. Arellano, Alicia Fernández-Cirelli. Concentration of trace elements in raw milk from cows in the southeast of Córdoba province, Argentina // Dairy Science and Technology. 2016. 96. Р. 591–602.

[10] Chantal Chassaing, Cécile Sibra, Jože Verbič, Odd Magne Harstad, Jaroslav Golecký, Bruno Martin, Anne Ferlay, Isabelle Constant, Carole Delavaud, Catherine Hurtaud, Vida Žnidaršič Pongrac, Claire Agabrie. Mineral, vitamin A and fat composition of bulk milk related to European production conditions throughout the year // Dairy Science and Technology. 2016. 96. Р. 715– 733.

[11] Md. Iftakharul Muhib, Muhammed Alamgir Zaman Chowdhury, Nusrat Jakarin Easha, Md Mostafizur Rahman, Mashura Shammi, Zeenath Fardous, Mohammad Latiful Bari, M. Khabir Uddin, Masaaki Kurasaki and Md. Khorshed Alam. Investigation of heavy metal contents in Cow

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milk samples from area of Dhaka, Bangladesh // International Journal of Food Contamination.

2016. 3. Р. 16-26.

[12] Girma K, Tilahun Z, Haimanot D. Review on Milk Safety with Emphasis on Its. Public Health // World J Dairy Food Sci. 2014. 9(2). Р. 166–183.

Professor Dr.Irina Donnik is associated with Ural State Agrarian University. Her work focuses on fundamental and innovative sciences.

Dr. Olga Bykova is associated with Ural State Agrarian University.

Dr. Anna Krivonogova is associated with Ural State Agrarian University and Ural Federal Agrarian Scientific Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Dr.Albina Isaeva is associated with Ural State Agrarian University and Ural Federal Agrarian Scientific Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Dr.Olga Loretts is an Associate Professor and Rector of Ural State Agrarian University. She got a Doctor of Biological Sciences degree. She also got a degree in Psychology from Ural State Pedagogical University. Her research interests include a scientifically-based system for increasing milk production and milk quality in cows with industrial content, taking into account ecological zoning.

Dr.Anna Baranova is associated with Ural State Agrarian University

Dr.Nina Musikhina is associated with Ural State Agrarian University

Dr.Anastasia Romanova is associated with Ural State Agrarian University

*Corresponding author (O.Loretts) Tel: +79530457994 E-mail: Xoshyn@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/203.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.20

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) OF SOUTH PARS SPECIAL ZONE (ASSALOOYEH) IN CREATING A STABLE ENVIRONMENT USING THE LEOPOLD MATRIX Seyedeh Atefeh Qassemi a, Ayatollah Momayez a* a

Department of Entrepreneurship in Technology, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, IRAN ARTICLEINFO

Article history: Received 03 December 2018 Received in revised form 01 February 2019 Accepted 15 February 2019 Available online 15 February 2019

Keywords: Environmental concern; Leopold matrix evaluation; environmental consequences; Environmental management and monitoring; Qualitative environmental impact assessment method.

ABSTRACT

Because of the negative effects of human activities on the environment, particularly in industrial sectors, paying attention to the environmental considerations in designing, implementing, establishing and utilizing industrial and civil projects has particular importance.

Accordingly, oil industry, due to its key role in the national economy and global exchanges, and its producing substantial emission from the production stage to the extraction and refining of crude petroleum and consumption of oil products, has a special place. South Pars Special Zone (Assalooyeh) was established in 1998 in Iran, and, according to estimations, the construction of 28 gas phases has been planned. The main part of these establishments has been or is being constructed in Assalooyeh region. In the present article, the effects of the activities in South Pars Special Zone in two marine and terrestrial environments were studied using Leopold Matrix. The results of the matrix of evaluation of the environmental effects indicate that waste oil, the burning of separated gases in burners, the displacement of crude oil, etc. are among the most environmental consequences of the region, paving the way for water, soil, noise, and air pollution and its subsequent consequences. To control and eliminate harmful effects due to petroleum activities in the region, it is necessary to have environmental considerations in the process and to do reforming measures. © 2019 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

1. INTRODUCTION

The action and interaction of natural and man-made systems in an ecosystem can sometimes become a threat to the environment and people. Known as environmental problems, these threats are, wittingly or unwittingly, produced by human factors. Nowadays, the effect of industry and technology as factors of economic growth of every country in general, and growth and development of different regions, in particular, is clear for everyone. However, because each human activity takes place in a natural environment, manipulation of the nature and utilization of its Devine blessings should be accompanied by *Corresponding author (Ayatollah Momayez) Fax: +98-21-88339098 E-mail: AMomayez@ut.ac.ir ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/211.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.21

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thought and sustainable development so that besides rational, appropriate utilization, the ecological balance is preserved, too. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is among the very efficient methods which, by identifying environment and understanding its importance, evaluates the effects of different sections and activities of a project on the environmental components, and, eventually, by taking the results into consideration, suggests some strategies for achieving greater compatibility. This method was devised and explained the late 1960safyer the introduction of the matrix method by Leopold as a technique which considers all environmental consequences of every project in a systemic structure, and, after being passed by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), it was explained in the global arena (Hester, 2002; Elgueta, et al,2018).

Conducting environmental impact assessment for projects is one of the acceptable ways for accessing the objectives of sustainable development. It can serve managers, planners, and decision-makers as a planning tool based on which potential environmental impacts produced due to the implementation of civil and industrial projects are identified and solved by different measures. In the present study, after reviewing different methods of evaluation and comparing different methods using quality assessment criteria, an optimal method was selected for evaluating environmental impacts (Shariat, 1996). The Leopold Matrix method, due to its flexibility, repeatability, multi-dimensionality, the possibility for comparing alternatives and possibility of application in this research, was selected as the most appropriate method to evaluate the environmental impacts in the present research.

2. METHODOLOGY The present study was conducted using field study and library research in the South Pars Special Zone (Assalooyeh). The ideas of experts, professors, and the elite were used in conducting the study. As mentioned, for investigating the effects of petroleum activities on the environment and surrounding population centers, the matrix method was employed. In the Leopold Matrix, the list of activities of the project is put in the columns of the matrix, and the list of environmental factors influenced by the project is put in the rows. This list is explicated in two marine and terrestrial environments and is composed of the following steps: 1. Explaining the environment of the region (identifying the environment surrounding the project economically, socially and ecologically).

2. Explaining the activities of the project (attentively and completely identifying the project).

3. Identifying environmental features and effective activities.

4. Identifying different outcomes due to industrial activities.

5. Determining the suggested scenarios and comparing effects.

6. Selecting optimal scenarios.

3. RESEARCH FINDINGS 3.1 FIRST STEP: EXPLAINATION OF THE INFLUENCED ENVIRONMENT

The region is placed in a coastal basin and the only surface river of the region is the Gavbandi River of which the water is salty and brine. It contains high levels of chlorine and

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sulfate and is very corrosive and depositional. The Special Economic Zone is located in Dashti region, the general flow of groundwater is toward the sea, and its depth in the northern territory is at least 2.5 to 5 meters and in the southern territory is 0.5 meters. In terms of capacity, the territory of the region is placed in 6 main mountain, hill, floodplain, alluvial fan, gravel-bearing plain-range, plateaus, and upper terraces types (Institute of Soil and Water, 1996; Mahajan, & Raghuwanshi, 2017).

In terms of geological structure, Assalooyeh region is placed in the northern flank of the formations and has the outcrop from young to old and Bakhtiari Formation to Fahlian Formation. The only active fault in the region is the Gavbandi Fault which is placed at a distance less than 5 km northeast of Nayband National Park (Mobaraki, 2000).

In terms of vegetation, the plants of the region are from Leguminous, Palmaceae, Cactaceae, Polygonaceae families, and are categorized in some groups of weeds and some categories of grass and bushes, shrubs, trees, ornamental trees, and fruit trees. It should be noted that the establishment of industries in these regions gradually causes grasslands to face severe loss of quality and degradation. In the plain part, the entering of organic materials from plants of the South Pars, the greater number of individuals working at sea, marine and coastal pollution, and flow of pollutants into the Persian Gulf, oil pollution from tankers, and other activities related to it in Assalooyeh and its surroundings are the main factors leading to the destruction of vegetation (Lar Consulting Engineers, 2005). Studies on the birds of the region indicate that in the target scope, the community of birds has an acceptable diversity. The existence of different habitats on land and water enables a high level of diversity of birds to live in the region (Mansouri, 2000). Located beside one of the most valuable marine habitats of the Persian Gulf, i.e. Nayband Marine National Park and Basatin and Bidkhun Estuaries which serve as biological reserves and favorite places for the spawning of aquatics and their nursery, the South Pars region is an important site.

Sensitive habitats of the region are marked with legal bans and natural constraints. Sea warming; oil pollution; the entering of industrial, agricultural and urban wastewater; diseases; overfishing; habitat destruction, etc. can be among the factors threatening water species in the region adjacent to oil and gas facilities in the region (Owfi, 2004).

Assalooyeh can be threatening in two ways. One indirectly occurs due to developmental activities in the region, including coastal construction and the other directly occurs due to the possibility of the spilling of oil, gas and their derivatives into the water of the region (Shaeikhi Narani, 2007). Economically and socially speaking, although before exploring oil and mining operations the study area had only a native population, with the start of the activities of refineries, individuals from different parts of Iran migrated to this region.

3.2 SECOND STEP: EXPLANATION OF THE PROJECT ACTIVITIES (INVESTIGATION ON THE STATUS OF THE POLLUTANTS RELATED TO PROJECTS)

Identifying the pollutants is in fact a primary step for environmental management and provision of them, principally, a quantitative estimation of this pollutants in such projects is *Corresponding author (Ayatollah Momayez) Fax: +98-21-88339098 E-mail: AMomayez@ut.ac.ir Š2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/211.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.21

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so difficult and a real scope of them cannot be presented, but with a general investigation about predicted activities in the project, the effects of these pollutants on the environment can be predicted.

3.2.1

EXPLOITATION PHASE POLLUTANTS Identifying the pollutants is, in fact, the first step to provide environmental management and measures for tackling the pollutants. It should be noted that oil and gas industries are international ones, and, in the industrial classification, in terms of pollution, they are categorized into the group of large industries with severe pollution. Paying attention to the factors decreasing and removing different pollutions, and also preventing their production in different stages of production, extraction, and refining of oil and gas are possible only by identifying them attentively and planning and managing them appropriately. The pollutants related to utilization phase are explained as follows: 3.2.2 AIR POLLUTANTS In the process of utilizing the projects of gas and oil industries, in different units, air pollutions in many cases cause irreversible dangers. Table 1 briefly mentions air pollutions during the utilization process of oil and gas industries.

Table 1: air and gas pollutant emissions during the utilization process

(Source: HSE agenda, General Directorate of Health, Safety and Environment, Ministry of Petroleum, 2005) Sources of Available components and emitted Reason of occurrence pollution pollution Burners H2S SO2 NOx CO2 Due to sour gas burning in the burners Unburned hydrocarbons aerosols Thermal Oxidizer H2S SO2 NOx CO2 Pressure reinforcing stations Unburned hydrocarbons aerosols Boiler H2S SO2 NOx CO2 Due to fuel consumption for thermal power Unburned hydrocarbons aerosols generation( exploitation process) Gas Turbine Volatile gases

H2S SO2 NOx CO2 Unburned hydrocarbons aerosols hydrocarbons HCS

Gas turbines use gas to provide the driving force (in pressure reinforcing stations) From storage volumes and resources

3.2.3 NOISE POLLUTION Different units of industries, whether in refineries or in petrochemical industries, have noise pollution. In these units, the amount of noise produced is higher than standard levels in such a way that in some units, noise pollution is greater than 80 DB. Considering that the produced noise is higher than standard levels, the safety precautions for the staff, such as the use of safety devices, should be observed. In addition, it should be stated that producing noise pollution in coastal regions prevents aquatics such as fish and sea turtles from approaching shores for spawning.

3.2.4 WASTEWATER Wastewater is one of the most important pollutants in the oil and gas industries. One type of wastewater in different units is the sludge resulting from refinery operations. In a visit to phase I, it was observed that the final wastewater ready to be discharged to surface water contained a lot of oily materials. Heavy metals which are used in the different processes of refineries and petrochemical plants, whether in the form of refinery feedstock

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or in the form of products, are among the dangerous pollutants of surface water and groundwater. The high temperature of wastewater compared to water to which wastewater is discharged leads to the lowering of the level of oxygen dissolved in water, and, consequently, results in the reduction of the number of coastal aquatics including Zooplanktons and Indicolars.

The wastewater produced in the process of projects was not a factor distinct from the projects and in fact, it is the consequence of utilization. Not controlling them and not collecting, storing, transporting and disposing of wastewater will cause serious damages to the environment. These damages result in the reduction of the quality of water, air, soil, and biologic resources and human environments.

Table 2: producing wastewater and waste products in the utilization phase

Components of environmental pollution Amines Glucose filtered Sludge, metal sulfides H2S metals filters salts and caustics Detergents solids BOD Coliform bacteria Types of waste BOD construction and installation of solid material Pathogenic microorganisms Plastics Drug bottles different injection drugs heavy materials and metals، Solvents، Hydrocarbons CFC,HCFC

Scrap metal، used plastic materials and …

Mineral salts, heavy metals and chemicals، Hydrocarbons، NORMs Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Metals and acids

Main sources

Type of waste products

Bath, and WC wastewater Package of wastewater treatment

Domestic wastewater and its sludge

Catering Kitchen and it's martial

food waste

Construction Waste

Waste products resulting from repair and maintenance

Clinical and hospital cleaning materials -Blood samples ,etc.

Pharmaceutical and hospital waste

Paint, thinner and coatings Air Conditioning Used pieces of pipe, Used and useless equipment, Used electronic Cables, Empty storage containers, Second-hand Materials, Second-hand pipes and metals Aluminum cans Used boxes and pallets The remaining wire lines during repairing

painting and coloring materials Coolers and ice makers

Crumbs and waste left

Separation and sedimentation tanks Storage tanks Drainage and water storage tanks

The residue of the tanks and storage containers

Transportation

machinery battery

3.2.5 HUMAN WASTE According to the statistics retrieved from gas and oil and petrochemical projects, similar experiences, expert inferences and studies mentioned in the site of equipment of the workshop of the plan of land use in the Pars Special Economic Energy Zone, it is estimated that in the time of utilization, about 60000 workers work in the Special Zone (Rah Shahr Consulting Engineers, Assalooyeh Comprehensive Project). Considering Iran's per capita waste (0.75-0.80 kg per person per day), the total amount of human waste produced in the Zone will be 45 tons per day. Table 2 displays waste products in the utilization phase and *Corresponding author (Ayatollah Momayez) Fax: +98-21-88339098 E-mail: AMomayez@ut.ac.ir ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/211.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.21

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Table 3 illustrates different kinds of environmental pollutions due to industrial activities based on the degree of importance.

Table 3: different kinds of environmental pollution resulting from industrial activities (Torkianfar, 2006) Kinds of industries Petrochemical industries Food Industries Gas industries Wood Industries Paper industries Non-metallic minerals industries Heavy metals industries Metal machinery and products

Air pollution Very high Moderate High Moderate Low High

Water pollution Very high Low High Low High Moderate

Noise pollution High Moderate High Low Low High

Very high Low

Very high Low

Moderate Moderate

Wastage High Moderate High High High High and dangerous High Low

3.3 THIRD STEP: ENVIRONMENTAL IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION

To evaluate the environmental effects, regarding the activities done in the region, two sections of land and sea environments were considered and for each, a matrix was made separately.

3.3.1 IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES AND ACTIVITIES INFLUENCING AND BEING INFLUENCED BY THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT In the matrix of the marine environment, considering oil and gas drilling operations and extraction, a set of factors including seawater pollution, air pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, (in physical factors group), aquatic plants, sensitive habitats (coral reef), the diversity of plant and animal species (biological factors group), and project income, direct and affiliated employment, facilities and equipment, and beauty of landscape (economicsocial factors group) are considered as the rows of the matrix in the list of environmental factors, and, to complete the columns of the matrix (the activities done in the sea), oil and gas extraction from wells, separation of oil from gas and water, burning gas, discharging sanitary and gas sewage into the sea, transition of oil and gas onshore, excavation, oil spill, storage and use of chemicals and fuels, and the risk of fire and explosion are considered.

3.3.2 IDENTIFYING THE ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES AND ACTIVITIES INFLUENCING AND INFLUENCED BY LAND ENVIRONMENT In this stage, a list of activities likely to influence and be influenced by environmental attributes and a list of environmental attribute likely to change in the utilization phase are identified using the list of activities and variables of the Leopold Matrix as follows: 3.3.2.1 List of activities in the utilization phase in South Pars Special Economic Zone The list of activities in the utilization phase in South Pars Special Economic Zone includes food industries, petrochemical industries, wood, and paper industries, metal industries, non-metallic mineral industries, electrical and electronic industries, marine industries, transportation networks, sewerage network, business utilities, and welfare services, and green space.

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Activity factors Food industries Petrochemic al industries Paper and wood industries

Table 4: effects of industrial activities on the environment Artificial activities Negative Positive Job creation Population attraction Public welfare Negative Vision Job creation Noise pollution Public welfare Population attraction Flammability Job creation stored materials Public welfare

Gas industries

Noise pollution ‫آ‬air pollution Soil pollution Water pollution

Metal industries

Noise pollution Unfavorable vision

non-metallic mineral industries

Job creation Local economic development

electrical and electronic industries transportatio n networks

Air pollution

Sewerage network

Producing unpleasant odor The decrease in land prices

business utilities and welfare services Green space

Job creation Developing chemical industry of the Zone National and local economic development Increase in migration Job creation Increase in migration Public welfare

Density of vehicles

Job creation Industry development Public welfare Increase in the employment rate

Water supply for green spaces

Job creation Public welfare Increase in land values Increase in public welfare Improving visions flood risk reduction The relative reduction of air pollution and dust Reduction of noise pollution

Natural activities Negative Positive Water pollution Waste and residues Noise pollution

Unpleasant odor Creation of waste Air pollution Water pollution Unpleasant odor Creation of waste Noise pollution Water pollution Severe air pollution Water physical and chemical pollution Hazardous liquid waste Unpleasant odor Destruction of vegetation and agricultural lands Section of hydrocarbons Physical pollution of water Noise pollution Production of solid waste Producing dust Disturbing for industries and welfare services Destruction of the natural environment Producing and stockpiling waste Noise pollution

Air pollution Dust Noise pollution Reduction of water quality Soil pollution Chemical and toxic water pollution Water consumption

The flow of surface water

Stylizing temperature Increase in relative humidity Relative influence of wind blowing Reduction of air pollution Increase in soil permeability Proper drainage of soil Soil quality

*Corresponding author (Ayatollah Momayez) Fax: +98-21-88339098 E-mail: AMomayez@ut.ac.ir ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/211.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.21

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3.3.2.2 List of environmental factors The list of environmental factors are o Water resources: groundwater storage, water balance, water quality; o Vegetation: pasture, agriculture, woodland; o Types of pollution include (air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, and soil pollution); o Air pollution: carbon monoxide, sulfur oxide, aerosols, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, unpleasant odor; o Water pollution: biological, chemical, physical and toxics; o Soil pollution: wastewater, chemicals, waste; o Noise pollution: physical and psychological ones. o Man-made environmental factors include socio-economic features, employment structure, industry development, public welfare and income distribution, social structure, vision, and infrastructure.

3.3.3 IDENTIFY THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES ON NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ENVIRONMENTS In this stage, using environmental factors and different kinds of activities in the utilization phase of South Pars Special Economic Zone identified in the previous stage, the positive and negative effects of activities of South Pars Special Economic Zone are identified and determined in two natural and artificial environments (Table 4).

3.4 FOURTH STEP: ANALYSIS THE CONSEQUENCES RESULTING FROM ESTABLISHMENT OF SOUTH PARS SPECIAL ZONE

In this stage, the evaluation results were identified as indicated in Tables 5 and 6 after scoring, concluding and qualifying the results of the matrix of the most important environmental effects of the Zone in marine and terrestrial environments:

Table 5: identifying the degree of importance of the effects of the activities on the environmental factors in the marine environment Environmental factors Soil pollution Increasing water in oil Seawater pollution Unpleasant odor Noise pollution Aquatics Water plants The value of Aquatics The diversity of plant and animal species Direct employment Indirect employment The beauty of the landscape Utilities and equipment

Ranking mean -2.1 -2.1 -2.4 -2.5 -2.6 -1.8 -1.7 -1.5 -1.5 0.5 0.3 -1.6 1

Importance of positive effects

Less important Less important Important

Importance of negative effects Highly important Highly important Highly important Highly important Highly important Important Important Important Important Important

The results obtained from the Leopold Matrix method in evaluating the environmental effects of the activities in South Pars Zone indicate that considering the very important role of the Zone in national economy, it is impossible to stop the industrial activities of the Zone; However, due to the zoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s being located in a very sensitive environment with very rare and endangered species, paying attention to environmental considerations is necessary. According

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to the results of the Leopold Matrix, the most important negative effects of South Pars Special Industrial Zone on the region are as follows:  Seawater pollution  Air pollution  Noise pollution  Region's soil pollution  Threats to the lives of the plant and animal species, and reduction of biological diversity

Table 6: Identify the degree of importance of the effects of activities on environmental factors Environmental factors Underground storage Water balance Water quality Pasture Agriculture Woodlands Carbon monoxide Sulfur oxide Aerosols Nitrogen oxide Hydrocarbons Odors Biology Chemical Physical Psychological Wastewater Chemicals Waste Employment Industry development Public welfare Social structure Infrastructure Vision

Ranking mean -1.5 -0.7 -0.2 -0.7 -1.5 -0.7 -0.2 -1.5 -0.4 -0.3 -1.8 -2.5 -1.8 -2.3 -0.8 -0.7 -3.3 -2.3 -2.5 4.7 2 3.2 1.8 1.7 0.4

Importance of positive effects

Importance of negative effects Important Less important Less important Less important Important Less important Less important Important Less important Less important Important Highly important Important Highly important Less important Less important Highly important Highly important Highly important

Highly important Highly important Highly important Important Important Less important

3.5 FIFTH STEP: DEVELOPMENT OF EVALUATION SCENARIOS FOR THE EFFECTS OF SOUTH PARS SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE

After evaluations in the previous steps regarding the effects of the Zone on environmental factors, in this step, using the results of the investigations, three alternatives are selected and investigated for comparing the effects of establishing the Zone in each of them. These alternatives are compared to one another based on different criteria such as effects on air condition, quality, and quantity of water, effects on employment structure and economic dimensions, population structure and social-population dimensions, industry development in the region, etc. The three scenarios are as follows: The first scenario: The Special Economic Zone Development Plan should be executed completely. *Corresponding author (Ayatollah Momayez) Fax: +98-21-88339098 E-mail: AMomayez@ut.ac.ir ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/211.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.21

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The second scenario: The Special Economic Zone Development Plan should remain in the status quo, it should be executed deficiently.

The third scenario: The Special Economic Zone Development Plan should be executed based on reformative suggestions.

3.6 SIXTH STEP: SELECTION FOR THE OPTIMAL SCENARIO

After evaluating and comparing the effects of the Zone in each of the three alternatives, in the sixth step, the best alternative is selected. Among the alternatives, the reformative plan is selected as the optimal alternative considering the positive effects it can exert on employment structure and public welfare as well as the least degree of effects and negative variations it may impose on the environment. Some suggestions are selected and mentioned in the conclusion section of the article.

Table 7: Evaluation of the effects of the South Pars Special Economic Zone Development Plan (based on the results of the evaluation of matrices).

Items Emissions of air pollutants Creation of unpleasant odor Changes in plant diversity and decreases in pastures Reduction in groundwater reserves Reduction in water quality Reduction water used in industries Increase toxic hazardous materials Physical pollution of water Accumulation of solid waste Noise pollution Increase in employment levels through new opportunities in the region Changes in the public welfare of the region Changes in the population density or growth in the region Increase in housing demands Optimal use of space

Completely executing South Pars Special Economic Zone Development Plan High Very high Moderate

Deficiently executing South Pars Special Economic Zone Development Plan High High

Reformative Development Plan

Low

Low

Very high Very high High High High Very high Moderate

Moderate High High High High High Moderate

Low Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Low

Moderate

Low

High

Moderate

Low

High

Very high

Moderate

High

High Moderate

Moderate Low

Moderate Very high

4. CONCLUSION

Moderate Moderate

The introduction of industry into Assalooyeh Region has caused serious damages to the environment including damages to the soil, water, and air. Considering the very important role of the region in the national economy, it is impossible to stop the industrial activities of the region; however, due to its establishment in a very sensitive environment with very rare and endangered species, it is vital to pay attention to the environmental considerations. In addition, due to air, soil and water pollution resulting from the establishment of the Zone and considering the direction of wind blow which is toward the villages of Akhanad and Chah Mobarak, the windflaw drives the pollution resulting from this installation toward villages, and this causes damages to the gardens and farms of these villages, in such a way that according to the people of these villages as well as the statistics issued by the Agricultural Jihad of the region, tomato production which is the main agricultural activity of the region has reduced from 32 tons per hectare in the years before the establishment of the Zone (1996) to 5 tons per hectare at the

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present time.

According to the results of the evaluation of the environment, the most important petroleum activities resulting in negative consequences are as follows:  Risk of fire and explosion;  Oil and gas spill;  Burning excess gas at the burner;  Radioactive substances evaporated from heavy metals which are produced or used during extraction and refining gases as the feedstock of the petrochemical industry are among the factors affecting aquatics and humans.

Accordingly, the most important negative consequences of South Pars Industrial Zone are as follows: o Seawater pollution o Air pollution o Noise pollution o Region's soil pollution o Threats to the lives of plant and animal species and the reduction in biological diversity Considering that the environmental effects resulting from industrial activities are directly related to industrial activities and are not considered as dependent effects, and as mentioned in the documents of the principle of environmental protection, now, considering the degree of environmental pollution in the region (the results of the Leopold Matrix), after 10 years since the beginning of industrial activities in this area, not only have the principles of environmental protection not been followed, but the process was also reverse and destructive. The results of evaluation of the environmental effects indicate that considering the fact the reformative plans can have positive effects on employment structure and public welfare while exerting the lowest degree of effects and negative changes in the environment, such plans can reduce the environmental consequences of the region.

Finally, considering the shared role of different Persian Gulf countries in creating pollution in the Gulf, and the environmental protection of the region, it seems necessary to implement coordinated measures including study and research activities, protection, and implementation, cleaning, etc. to solve environmental issues. Therefore, by adopting the aforementioned environmental considerations, in addition to realization of the objectives of national development, job creation, and the establishment of infrastructures, the implementation of the project can follow other objectives the most important of which are as follows: - Preventing improper distribution of industrial plants in natural environments and agricultural fields, and preventing the disturbing of environmental balances, expansion of pollution, destruction of natural resources and land use transformation in urban and rural regions.

Logical establishment of different industrial groups in proper spaces for each group of industry and proper utilization of lands with the purpose of achieving an optimal model of land use and infrastructural facilities in line with the purpose of sustainable development.

5. SUGGESTION

The approach suggested in this project is creating a cleaner product-based environmental management system. According to a definition of this system, the continuous application of the *Corresponding author (Ayatollah Momayez) Fax: +98-21-88339098 E-mail: AMomayez@ut.ac.ir ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/211.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.21

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comprehensive environmental strategy of preventing in processes, products, and services are identified as three continuous, preventing and comprehensive parts for increasing efficiency and reducing human and environmental threats.

The priorities of this type of management considered as the merged section of production and process are suggested and advised as follows: - Preventing pollution through sources of pollution - Recovery and recycling of lesions and waste - Proper and principled waste disposal - Filtration of pollutants The environmental management system must be continuously promoted and improved, and, in some parts of the system, some measures must always be considered to eliminate the weaknesses and improve the status quo of project activities. Attempts must be made to use the best available technologies with the objective of using technical knowledge; improving technology; reducing waste; achieving high productivity; and having less energy consumption, less emission of pollutants, optimal methods of wastewaters and optimal methods of waste disposal.

To realize the environmental management system with the aforementioned objectives, the following measures should be prioritized: - Protecting and monitoring the quality of surface water resources in identified stations.

- Protecting and monitoring the quality of underground water resources in identified stations.

- Monitoring noise pollution in the described area.

- Monitoring soil pollution and comparing it to the state of soil before performing the project.

- Specialized, semi-specialized and general training program.

- Developing a Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan in the industrialized area of the region.

- Conducting painstaking studies about the region's environment including: ď&#x201A;§ Precise identification of the aquatic communities around the region and determination of the situation of marine animal and plant colonies; ď&#x201A;§ Evaluation of the degree of sensitivity of the marine environment to marine activities; ď&#x201A;§ Studying the native and immigrant birds of the region and its wildlife and vegetation.

- Reinforcing the natural environment of the region with expansion of green space by planting native species and compatible ones The environmental management system should be consistently improving and advancing, and some measures should always be applied in some parts of the system to improve the status quo and sub-activities of the project.

6. REFERENCES Abadi Consulting Engineers (2005). Reorganization and guidance plan of developing the city of Assalooyeh port. Municipality of Assalooyeh, Deputy of Coordinating Construction Affairs, Technical Office, Bushehr Governance.

Bustan Consulting Engineers (2004).Study on Groundwater Assalooyeh. Pars Special Economic Energy Zone Company.

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Bushehr Department of Environmental Protection (2002). Environmental interaction with Pars Special Economic Zone.

Canter, L.W. 1996.Environmental Impact Assessment, McGraw Hill Book Co. Baltimore.

Danteravanich, S., (2004) The current status and future outlook for waste management, science publisher, Inc., USA, PP.30-40, Elgueta, Martín Quintana, et al. "Contexto y desafíos en Formación de profesores, Universidad de Los Lagos, Chile." Opción 34.86 (2018): 450-480.

Hester, R.E.and Harrison, R.M. (2002) environmental and Health Impact Solid Waste Management activities, issues in environmental, science and Technology, Royal society of chemistry.

Institute of Research on Soil and Water (1996). The map of resources of land capability of Bushehr Province.

Pp. 134-155.

Lar Consulting Engineers (2005). Zoning Nayband National Park. P. 211.

Meteorological Organization of Iran (2005). Statistical Yearbook synoptic stations, climatology and rain gauge (1970-2004). Tehran.

Mobaraki, A. (2000). The strategy of protecting sea turtles. Environment Journal. No. 3.

Mansouri, J. (2000). Birds of Iran. 1st Ed. Tehran: Zehn Aviz Publication.

Mahajan, M. M., & Raghuwanshi, P. B. (2017). Ultrasonic studies of N-(2-hydroxy benzylidene)-3-substituted pyridine-2-amine Schiff bases in binary mixture of 1, 4-dioxane-water at 293, 297 and 300 K. International Journal of Engineering, Science and Mathematics, 6(1), 35-44.

Owfi,F. 2004. Status of Coral Reefs and their associated communities. Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture.

Pars Special Economic Zone, Health, safety and environment affairs (2006). Air pollution and its role in increasing cardiovascular diseases.

Petrochemical Industries Development Management Company (2003). Predicting and analyzing environmental effects and Environmental Management Plan schemes of urea and ammonia in the region of Assalooyeh.

Rahshar Consulting Engineers (2001). Land Use Plan of Pars Special Economic Energy Zone. Pars Special Economic Energy Zone Company.

Razavu, A.1997.Continental Shelf Delimitational and Related Marine Issues in the Persian Gulf. London.

Shariat, S.M. and Monavari, S. M. (1996). Evaluating environmental effects. The Environmental Protection Organization Publications.

Sheikhi Narani, T. (2007). Positioning the place of hazardous wastes disposal. MSc thesis of Earth Sciences, Shahroud University of Technology.

Torkianfar, F. (2006). Investigating the threats due to constructing activities in South Pars on the coastline.

MSc thesis. Faculty of Environment, Tehran University.

Seyedeh Atefeh Qassemi was associated with Department of Urbanism-Urban and Regional planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

Dr. Ayatollah Momayez is an Assistant Professor at Department of Entrepreneurship in Technology, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Jahan, IRAN. He obtained his B.Sc. in Civil Engineering from Isfahan University of Technology, Iran. He earned his Master's and PhD degrees in Civil Engineering from Amirkabir University of Technology - Tehran Polytechnic, Iran. His researches encompass Sustainable and Technology-based Entrepreneurship and Urban Management. *Corresponding author (Ayatollah Momayez) Fax: +98-21-88339098 E-mail: AMomayez@ut.ac.ir ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/211.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.21

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-ESTEEM AND FIELD OF STUDY AND ITS EFFECT ON ACADEMIC BURNOUT IN STUDENTS OF SHIRAZ UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Fatemeh Mahmoudi a, Abdolreza Mahmoudi b, Hadi Raeisi Shahraki c*, Maryam Shamsaei b, Hashem Kakaei b a

Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, IRAN Islamic Education Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IRAN c Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, IRAN b

ARTICLEINFO

Article history: Received 19 October 2018 Received in revised form 08 February 2019 Accepted 15 February 2019 Available online 18 February 2019

Keywords: Regression analysis; Questionnaire survey; SPSS; Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI); Rosenberg self-esteem standardized questionnaire.

ABSTRACT

Medical students are prone to burnout due to high volume and stressful courses and also attending medical centers. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-esteem and field of study and its effect on academic burnout in students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 600 students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences selected by multi-stage cluster sampling in 2018. Data were analyzed by SPSS® software. The mean score of self-esteem in men was higher than that of women and the mean score of burnout in men was lower than that of women, but this difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in the mean of self-esteem among single and married students. Also, the level of academic burnout was significantly lower among married students than single students. There was a significant negative correlation between self-esteem and academic burnout. The results of the regression analysis showed that academic burnout is the only predictor of student self-esteem. The precise and principled planning for medical and paramedical students who are prone to severe academic burnout due to their very difficult educational situation can play an important role in increasing self-esteem in these students. © 2019 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

1. INTRODUCTION

Young people can circle the social, economic, and political activities of a society, transform the community and bring it to the height of glory and success, or to decay and annihilate. At the same time, students are very important as young human resources in *Corresponding author (H.R.Shahraki) E-mail: HRShahraki@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/225.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.22

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preparation for providing services and management in the future of the country [1].

Meanwhile, during the period of study, all students, especially students of the medical sciences department who, in addition to having the same problems of other students in other fields, encounter various problems and difficulties of their specialty, including psychological stresses in the hospital environment, emergency and also dealing with patients, which is why they are at greater risks of losing mental health than other students [2]. Therefore, identifying and, if necessary, intervening in many factors affecting the mental health of students, especially students in the medical and paramedical department, is very important.

Individual characteristics of students are one of the important factors influencing their professional development. One of the most important characteristics of a normal personality is self-esteem (3). Moreover, self-esteem is said to be one of the most important factors affecting mental health and coping ability of students in confronting multiple life difficulties, including problems related to their education period [4]. Self-esteem is an aspect of selfconcept and the most definite factor in the mental development of individuals and it means the judgments that a person has about his values. In fact, one can say the degree and value that a person attributes to himself [2]. In other words, self-esteem affects all thoughts, perceptions, excitements, aspirations, values, and goals of the individual and is the key to his behavior [5]. The dimensions of self-esteem include the social dimension (the emotion that people have about themselves as friends to others), the educational dimension (matching themselves to the desired educational criteria), the family dimension (the individualsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; feelings about themselves as members of families) and then public self-esteem (a more general assessment of self that deals with its assessment in all areas) (4). At the same time, it seems that in an academic context, low self-esteem and fear of failure in individuals may cause them to lose the position that may provide an individual's educational growth and prosperity despite the challenges.

Several studies have shown that individuals with high self-esteem, in contrast to those with a low one, are more likely to resist against life problems, and thus have a higher probability of success [6]. However, students' self-esteem seems to be related to a number of factors such as the field of study [7]. For example, Asgari et al. [2] in a study investigating the dimensions of self-esteem among students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences, reported the relationship between self-esteem and field of study as one of their research findings and showed that the mean scores of self-esteem have a significant relationship with the student's field of study. However, in the literature review of studies conducted in Iran, few studies have investigated the relationship between self-esteem and field of study in medical students. Therefore, one of the aims of this research is to investigate the relationship between self-esteem and field of study in medical students.

Also, academic burnout as one of the common problems of students, especially in the medical group due to the difficulty and stressfulness of the courses and their various activities are worthy of attention. Academic burnout is a condition of emotional exhaustion, pessimism about assignments, lack of competence and efficiency. Students experience

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negative emotional excitement against chronic stresses due to the lack of resources necessary to perform their duties and assignments [8]. In fact, students who are suffering from burnout are feeling exhausted because of the large volume of assignments. Also, another feature of people involved with academic burnout is that they are pessimistic about assignments and are not eager to improve their academic performance. Therefore they suffer from a sense of competence and low self-efficacy, which may be the problem generalized to other areas of their lives [9]. For example, a student who is not successful in the field of education does not receive positive feedback from family members and close friends and may face other negative consequences such as reduced self-esteem and problems in interpersonal communication. Academic burnout can occur because of various reasons.

Knowing these factors plays an important role in controlling it [8]. Based on the results of the studies, academic burnout has an adverse effect on the academic performance of students and their psychological problems. For example, there is a positive and significant relationship between academic burnout and fragile self-esteem and mental health disorder [10].

According to the above-mentioned, it seems that academic burnout affects students' selfesteem. It is also clear that paying attention to psychological factors which may be problematic in this group of people and trying to solve their problems is of particular importance. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between selfesteem and field of study and its effect on academic burnout in students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.

2. METHODOLOGY This study was descriptive/cross-sectional. The statistical population of this study was Shiraz University of Medical Sciences students who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. At first, four departments were selected and then five majors were selected from each department. Sample selection criteria included students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, undergraduate education, informed consent and willingness to participate in the study, willingness to cooperate in completing instruments and age range from 18 to 30 years.

The following questionnaires were used to collect information: Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI): This inventory, which consists of 15 questions, is prepared by Schaufeli et al. The questionnaire was scored based on the Likert scale of fiveoptions (totally agree = 5, agree = 4, disregard = 3, disagree = 2 and totally disagree = 1).

The validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed by its makers using factor analysis method and its dimensions' reliability has been reported 0.70, 0.82 and 0.75 respectively by Breso et al. [12]. Sheikholeslami et al. [11] also obtained the reliability of the total score of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha (0.81). Also, Shabani's research results, et al.

[13], showed that the structural analysis of the confirmatory factor, both the three-factor model based on the findings of the main components analysis and based on the main constructive findings, is more fitted to the data than the one-factor model. The results of the *Corresponding author (H.R.Shahraki) E-mail: HRShahraki@gmail.com Š2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/225.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.22

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internal consistency of the whole scale and its factors indicated the acceptable reliability of this scale. The correlation between each scale item and the total score varied from 0.33 to 0.75 and was significant.

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Standardized Questionnaire: The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (1965) was used to measure self-esteem in this research. This scale consists of 10 general terms that measure the degree of life satisfaction and a good feeling about you (Sally and Silverstone, 2003) and based on a four-degree Likert scale [21]. Validity and reliability of this scale have been shown in several studies (Rajabi and Bohloul, 2007, Alizadeh et al., 2005), which was examined by internal consistency and Cronbach's alpha was 85%.

3. STATISTICAL METHOD

Descriptive statistics were reported as mean± SD and frequency (%) for categorical and continuous variables respectively. Inferential statistics also performed via Pearson correlation, independent t-test and finally variables with p<0.30 were entered in multiple linear regression. All the P-values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant in SPSS®20 software.

4. RESULTS

Out of 600 students, 398 (66.3%) were female, 202 (33.7%) were male and the mean age of participants was 21.5 ± 4.3. Only 73 (12.2%) students were married, nearly half of them (50.2%) at time of the study lived with their own family and almost two-thirds of them (64.8%) had a personal laptop. Moreover as shown in (Table 1), most of the students claimed that they have no source of income.

Table 1. Socio-demographic Characteristics of 600 undergraduate students at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Characteristic Gender Age Marital status Residence Ethnicity

Major Private car Private laptop

Subgroup

Frequency (%)

Male Female ≤ 20 >20 Single Married With family Dormitory Other Fars Lor Other Medical(medical, dental and pharmaceutical) Para- medical No Yes No Yes

202 (33.7) 398 (66.3) 323 (53.8) 277 (46.2) 527 (87.8) 73 (12.2) 301 (50.2) 271 (45.2) 28 (4.7) 453 (75.5) 80 (13.3) 66 (11.2) 309 (51.5) 291 (48.5) 459 (76.5) 141 (23.5) 211 (35.2) 389 (64.8)

Characteristic Father education Mother education Individual's position among the children of the family Monthly Selfincome

Monthly family income

Subgroup ≤6 years 7-12 years > 12 years ≤6 years 7-12 years > 12 years First Second Third Forth and higher Nothing < 100 $ 100-200 $ > 200 $ < 300 $ 300-600 $ 600-900 $ > 900 $

Frequency (%) 20 (3.3) 228 (38.0) 352 (58.7) 17 (2.8) 314 (52.3) 269 (44.8) 249 (41.5) 189 (31.5) 84 (14.0) 78 (13.0) 468 (78) 57 (9.5) 30 (5.0) 45 (7.5) 140 (23.3) 238 (39.7) 110 (18.3) 112 (18.7)

Mean ± SD of burnout score was 38.1 ± 15.2(median= 39.0, ranged from 0 to 90) and Mean ± SD of self-esteem was 5.42± 4.97 (median= 8.0, ranged from -10 to 10) among students. A significant correlation observed between self-esteem and burnout (r= -0.47,

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P<0.001) as students with a higher score of self-esteem had a lower score of burnout and vice versa.

Our results showed that males earned a slightly higher score of self-esteem and slightly lower burnout score than females but none of this differences were not statistically significant (P=0.86 and P=0.75 respectively). Mean score of self-esteem among married and single students were 6.41± 3.68 and 5.28± 5.11 respectively but the observed difference was not statistically significant (P=0.07). Married students also had significantly lower scores of burnout than single ones (33.5± 13.9 versus 38.8± 15.3, P= 0.005). In Table 2, no significant difference was detected in the subgroup of demographic and socio-economic factors in term of self-esteem and burnout score.

Table 2. Comparison of the mean score of burnout and self-esteem among a subgroup of socio-demographic variables Characteristic Gender Age Marital status Residence Ethnicity Major Private car Private laptop Father education Mother education Individual's position among the children of the family Monthly Selfincome Monthly family income

Subgroup Male Female ≤ 20 >20 Single Married With family Dormitory Other Fars Lor Other Medical(medical, dental and pharmaceutical) Para-medical No Yes No Yes ≤6 years 7-12 years > 12 years ≤6 years 7-12 years > 12 years First Second Third

Burnout score 37.9± 15.3 38.3± 15.2 39.1± 14.9 37.0± 15.6 38.8± 15.3 33.5± 13.9 37.5± 16.0 38.9± 13.6 38.2± 20.6 38.1± 15.4 37.4± 15.2 39.2± 14.6

Forth and higher

35.5± 16.5

4.79± 5.37

Nothing < 100 $ 100-200 $ > 200 $ < 300 $ 300-600 $ 600-900 $ > 900 $

38.7± 15.0 39.2± 15.7 34.0± 16.3 33.4± 15.7 37.8± 15.8 38.1± 13.5 36.1± 16.2 40.7± 16.6

5.41± 5.00 4.42± 5.23 5.87± 5.41 6.40± 3.76 5.37± 5.10 5.28± 4.70 6.02± 5.15 5.18± 5.21

39.2± 14.9 37.0± 15.5 38.7± 15.0 36.2± 15.7 38.5± 15.2 38.0± 15.3 39.0± 22.7 37.1± 14.1 38.8± 15.4 39.7± 20.6 38.2± 15.0 37.9± 15.1 37.2± 15.0 40.3± 14.7 38.5± 15.3

P-value 0.75 0.08 0.005 0.54 0.77 0.07 0.08 0.69 0.42 0.89

0.06

0.06

0.16

Self-esteem 5.47± 5.19 5.39± 4.86 5.40± 5.09 5.44± 4.83 5.28± 5.11 6.41± 3.68 5.35± 5.22 5.60± 4.58 4.36± 5.79 5.55± 4.94 4.95± 5.05 5.04± 5.06 5.54± 5.00 5.09± 4.08 5.24± 5.08 5.99± 4.55 5.13± 4.95 5.57± 4.98 5.40± 5.24 5.41± 5.04 5.42± 4.93 5.06± 5.20 5.17± 5.11 5.73± 4.79 5.50± 5.13 5.24± 4.62 6.14± 4.84

P-value 0.86 0.93 0.07 0.43 0.49 0.68 0.12 0.30 0.99 0.37

0.34

0.23

0.56

Results of regression analysis revealed that burnout is the only effective factor in self*Corresponding author (H.R.Shahraki) E-mail: HRShahraki@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/225.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.22

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esteem as each unit increase on burnout score leads to 0.15 decrease on self-esteem score (Table 3).

Table 3. Results of linear regression analysis for self-esteem modeling Characteristic

Marital status Private car Private laptop Monthly Selfincome Burnout

Subgroup Single Married No Yes No Yes Nothing < 100 $ 100-200 $ > 200 $

Coefficient --0.44 ---0.32 ---0.40 ---1.00 -0.53 -0.18 -0.15

SE --0.64 --0.46 --0.39 --0.62 0.87 0.80 0.01

p-value 0.49 0.49 0.29 --0.11 0.54 0.82 <0.001

5. CONCLUSION

Regarding the purpose of this study in order to investigate the relationship between selfesteem and field of study and its effect on academic burnout in students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, findings from the statistical analysis showed that self-esteem between two groups of medical and paramedical students has no significant differences. This finding was consistent to Zare's study in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, which showed that there is no significant difference between the mean scores of self-esteem in various fields (medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, nursing rehabilitation, midwifery and rehabilitation, paramedical, management and health) [16].

Also, this finding is consistent to Hassanzadeh's study on second-grade students in mathematics-physics and experimental sciences in Amol NODET high school which showed there were no significant differences between students' self-esteem and field of study [17].

Therefore, it can be stated that considering the self-esteem of individuals can be influenced by how people interact with each other, this finding can indicate that professors, faculty, and staff of the education and training department of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences towards students of different disciplines. On the other hand, in explaining this finding it can be stated that students' self-esteem (as the core of individual psychological structures in coping with stresses such as psychological, personal, social, educational, etc.), different medical and non-medical disciplines of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences has not created different coping skills, and students of all disciplines have a decent level of selfesteem.

Also, this study findings of statistical analysis showed that there is a negative correlation between self-esteem and academic burnout among students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. As with increased self-esteem, academic burnout decreases and vice versa. The results of the regression analysis showed that academic burnout is the only predictor of students' self-esteem. This finding is consistent with the study by Rahimnia et al. [18] which showed that there was a significant negative correlation between job burnout and self-esteem in nurses. This finding is consistent with studies by Jabri et al. [19] and Fors et al. [20].

Rahimnia and colleagues stated in the same explanation that high self-esteem reduces

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stress and interpersonal problems, reducing job burnout. In other words, in general, a person with high self-esteem is expected to be less stressed and its consequences. While people with low self-esteem are prone to burnout, they have few resources to deal with stressors that lead to burnout. In addition, they are always seeking approval from the others, and this is particularly problematic in those environments that have an emotional load, such as a hospital or at times when people are away from their family and emotional resources, such as the university's atmosphere [21, 22].

Also, it can be stated in explaining this finding that those who have low self-esteem are more affected by environmental conditions than their peers with high self-esteem despite the general flexibility of attitude and behavior. Such people, in stressful situations, show more anxiety, depression and neuroticism, and less of effectiveness, self-efficacy, initiative, and merit. Therefore, they are more exposed to prolonged periods of burnout, and so selfesteem can affect burnout.

6. REFERENCES

[1] Asgari P, Safar Zade S & Mazaheri MM. The relationship between religious beliefs and life expectancy with spiritual health. Intercultural Studies Quarterly. 2013; 7 (18): 135-157.

[2] Asgari F, Mirzaee M, Tabari R, Kazemnejad Leili E. Self-esteem in students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. rme. 2016; 8 (2):18-26.

[3] Aziznajad B, Pourheidar R, Soltani P. A Study on the Relationship between Mental Health and Internal Factors among Public Health Students in Urmia University Of Medical Scientists. J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Fac. 2015; 12 (12):1139-1146.

[4] Alizadeh S, Namazi A, kouchakzadeh talami S. A Comparative Study of self-esteem in nursing and midwifery students of Islamic Azad University of Rasht and its correlation with academic success. 3 JNE. 2016; 4 (4):17-25.

[5] Fakuori E, Pilehvarzadeh M, Shamsi A, Ghaderi M. The relationship between religious beliefs and selfesteem in students. Zanko J Med Sci. 2015; 16 (49): 50-60.

[6] Hosseini M A, Dejkam M, Mirlashari J. Correlation between Academic Achievement and Self–esteem in Rehabilitation Students in Tehran University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2007; 7 (1):137-142.

[7] Khadivi AA & Haji Nazari Y. The study of the relationship between self-esteem and the choice of the field of study between two groups of psychology and education students of Payame Noor University in Urmia.

International Congress on Management, Economics and Business Development, Tabriz, Permanent Secretariat of the Congress. 2014. https://www.civilica.com/Paper-ICMBA01-ICMBA01_178.html.

[8] Seif M, Rastgar A, Ershaddi R. The Relationship between Perfectionism with Burnout through Academic Engagement. rme. 2017; 9 (2):43-34.

[9] Najafi A, Rahmani Far J & rashvanloo F. Academic self-esteem, self-disability and academic burnout in students. Congress of Iranian Psychological Association. 2017; 6 (12): 1769-1765.

[10] Soltani Z, Sadegh mahboob S, Ghsemi jobaneh R, Yoosefi N. Role of psychological capital in academic burnout of Students. Educ Strategy Med Sci. 2016; 9 (2):156-162.

[11] Sheikholeslami A, KarimianPoor GH & Veisi R. Prediction of academic burnout on the basis of academic quality of life and hope for employment in students. Psycho educational. 2016, 12 (29): 25-43.

[12] Breso E. Salanova M & Schoufeli B. In search of the third dimension of Burnout. Applied psychology, 1997; 56(3), 460–472. *Corresponding author (H.R.Shahraki) E-mail: HRShahraki@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/225.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.22

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[13] Hashemi SheykhshabaniE, Bazrafkan H & Azizi M. Factor Structure of Maslach Burnout InventoryStudent Survey in Female University Students. Social psychological studies of women. 2013; 1 (11): 175204.

[14] Shahbazi M, Vazini Taher A. A Survey to the Mental Health and Self-esteem of Freshmen and Seniors at a Military University. J Mil Med. 2013; 15 (2):103-110.

[15] Zare N, Daneshpajooh F, Amini M, Razeghi M, Fallahzadeh M. The Relationship between self-esteem, General Health and Academic Achievement in Students of Shiraz University of MedicalSciences. Iranian Journal of Medical Education. 2007;7(1):59-67.

[16] Zare N, Daneshpajooh F, Amini M, Razeghi M, Fallahzadeh MH.[The relationship between self-esteem, general health and academic achievement in students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences]. Iranian journal of medical education 2007; 7 (1): 59-67.

[17] Hasanzade R, Imani for P. [Relationship between creativity and self-esteem with Academic achievement of adolescents and youth]. Journal of Sociology. 2010, 1. (3): 55-65.

[18] Rahimnia F, Sadeghian S, Yazdani P. The Moderating Role of Self-esteem between Burnout and Social Undermining in the Nurses of Charity Hospitals in Mashhad. IJN. 2017; 30 (109):67-79.

[19] Sheini-Jaberi P, Baraz-Pordanjani S, Beiranvand S. [Relationship between self-esteem and burnout in nurses]. Journal of Clinical Nursing and Midwifery. 2014;3(3):52-62.

[20] Force LM. The influence of causal attribution on work exhaustion and turnover intention of traditional discipline engineers in the United States: Arizona State University; 2008.

[21] Salsali, M. & Silverston, P.H. (2003) Low self –esteem and demographic factors and psychosocial stressors in psychiatric patients.Annals of General Hospital Psychiatry. Full text retrieved February 11, 2003, from PubMed central database Press.

[22] Manso, Almudena García, and Artenira Silva. "Investigadoras investigando: Aproximación exploratoria a la feminidad infantil en Maranhão (Brasil)." Opción 34.86 (2018): 577-611.

Fatemeh Mahmoudi is a PhD student of the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Psychology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

Dr. Abdolreza Mahmoudi is an Assistant professor of Islamic Education Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

Dr. Hadi Raeisi Shahraki is an Assistant Professor in Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. He obtained his PhD from the Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

Dr. Maryam Shamsaei is an Assistant Professor of Islamic Education Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

Dr. Hashem Kakaei is an Instructor of Islamic Education Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

Trademarks Disclaimer: All products names including trademarks™ or registered® trademarks mentioned in this article are the property of their respective owners, using for identification purposes only. Use of them does not imply any endorsement or affiliation.

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©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.

International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com

A CONCERN REVIEW ON POTENCY OF IoT APPLICATIONS WITH EXAMPLE CASE STUDY Vijayasaro.V a *, Niveathasaro.V b a

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, PRIST University, Thanjavur, 613403 INDIA Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mahath Amma Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pudukkottai, 622001 INDIA b

ARTICLEINFO

ABSTRACT

Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks; Internet of Things; Temperature and Relative humidity; Gateway.

© 2019 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

Article history: Received 19 October 2018 Received in revised form 08 February 2019 Accepted 15 February 2019 Available online 18 February 2019

This paper illuminates the significance of Internet of Things (IoT) and its potential strength especially concerning the application areas of IoT that reflects our day to day life in all over the world. The novel approach of wireless sensor networks enhances its features to persuade the demand of people’s fastest lifestyle. This paper describes the concept, significance and main applications of Internet of Things (IoT) by exemplifying a simple case study. The case study illustrates the design framework for analysis of temperature and relative humidity in our surroundings and explains the gateway concept in Internet of Things.

1. INTRODUCTION

IoT is the innovative emerging concept for research. Because due to development of technology, future generation depends on sensors to communicate with one another intelligently. More than couple of years with progression of inserted gadgets and remote sensors, the event of IoT applications are beneficial, comfort, simple to utilize, Cost compelling. IoT can possibly speak with boundless gadgets over the web. [1] IoT knowledge is the innovative insurgency for future constant applications.

Web of things gives promising answer for incorporating sensors microcontroller remote conventions to associate physical gadget to the web. IoT rises as new stage for purchaser hardware keep on achieving execution regarding force and usefulness and decrease cost of the framework. In the latest scientific era, the evolving technology in the field of electronics are embedded systems and wireless sensor network respectively. [2] Internet of things is the innovative modern advancement in technology in the last few years that has a unique style which combines both wireless communication and networking in a single platform.

Internet of things serves as an outstanding channel by which the data can be composed through the sensors stores and data process occurs in the microcontroller and through the wireless protocols data links to the internet. Internet of things is the current advancement in the technology which is *Corresponding author (Vijayasaro) E-mail: viji.saro17@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/233.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.23

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primarily designed to make things easier among the people in their day to day life. The most important purpose of internet of things is to monitor and regulate the competence of several applications. [3] The Internet of things is predominantly used in various streams that include teaching field, Business, and research. Internet of things is used by the humans to chat with other organisms that are alive through the high-end technology. Internet of things is the most suitable technology through which the communication and control with the non-living organism can be established using the internet.

Integration of sensors, microcontroller, and wireless protocols is optimally possible with the help of internet of things by which the physical device can be connected to the internet. [4] IoT is another period of knowledge of innovation, mix of to disentangle individual way of life.

I0T has capacity to screen and additionally control ability for various applications. IoT can be utilized for different fields, for example, Academics, Business and research. People speak with other living things utilizing different innovation, additionally convey and control with non-living things utilizing web is IoT [5]. Web of things gives promising answer for incorporating sensors microcontroller remote conventions to associate physical gadget to the internet. IOT enables peoples and things to be associated Anytime, Anyplace, with anything and anyone, in a perfect world utilizing any way/organize and any administration". IOT rises as new stage for customer hardware keep on achieving execution as far as power and usefulness and decrease cost of the framework. [6-9]

2. IoT STANDARDIZATION AND PROTOCOLS There will be around 50 to 100 billion devices will be connected to the internet electronically by the year 2020. The tremendous increase in the things linked to the internet from the year 1988 and the projections until 2020 is shown in Figure 1. The machines can communicate with each other through a smart technology called Internet of Things (IoT) and through the common channel variety of information is communicated [10]. The wide acceptability of this new modern technology is entirely based on the regularization which makes the technology more compactable, interoperable and reliable.

Connected Objects (In Billions)

This also makes the application more acceptable globally [11] Nowadays approximately more than sixty companies that use prominent technologies in communication process are following the international standards includes IETF, IEEE, ITU for creating a novel IP related technologies for Internet of things [12].

60

Development of Internet of Things

50 40 Number of Devices (In Billions)

30 20

Expon. (Number of Devices (In Billions))

10 0 Years

Figure 1: Development of Internet of Things.

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3. INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATIONS There are wide ranges of applications of internet of things that are linked with our day to day life which includes smart cities, home transportation, health care sector, energy, and smart environment.

Figure 2: Smart Cities Aspect.

3.1 SMART CITIES

Many cities across the world are developed into smart cities with the advanced applications of internet of things, including New York, Toyoko, Shanghai, Singapore Amsterdam, and Dubai. [13] There is a need for careful planning in implementation and monitoring stages of such projects. It also requires support and cooperation from the citizens to implement this new modern technology called internet of things in all the aspects. With the help of internet of things, the infrastructure of the cities can be improved. Advancing the public transportation will decreases the traffic congestion and further reduces the road traffic accidents thereby ensuring the safety of the citizens. [14] Incorporating all the systems (Figure 2) in the country such as health system, transportation and weather monitoring station under one roof can be achieved by the internet of things. In addition to that, it enhances the public access of various databases such as airport, railway, and transportation. These all application will further strengthen the Information and communication system and make it as a smart city. [15, 16]

3.2 SMART HOME AND BUILDINGS

There is extensive range of electronic devices such as television, mobile devices, and several other appliances are supported at the home level with the high-end technology called WIFI. [17] As a result of easy accessibility and affordability wifi has become the regular part of home IP network.

Since the usage of the smartphone and tablets has enormously increased over the period of years that simultaneously increased the adoption of WIFI at the home level. For example, the online streaming services or the network at the individual house level and the particular device functionality can be controlled over the network. [18] The gateway is one of the channel through which the internet from the system can be connected to the mobile and vice versa with the help of applications of internet of things. [19] Now there is a trend of incorporating this smart technology into the basic infrastructure of various sectors such as health care industry, entertainment business, and several others. The energy monitoring and the wireless sensor monitoring are the most novel applications that are widely practiced across all the sectors. [20] Through the recent innovative applications of internet of things many devices and objects at the individual home and at the commercial sites can be operated smartly, Figure 3.

*Corresponding author (Vijayasaro) E-mail: viji.saro17@gmail.com Š2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/233.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.23

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Figure 3: Smart Home Applications

3.3 SMART HEALTH

The physiological condition of the patients admitted in the hospitals can be monitored by using the applications of internet of things. Health-related parameters are collected by using the sensors and through the gateway, it can be communicated and it is analyzed and further stored at the cloud, Figure 4. Furthermore, the analyzed data can be shared with the stakeholders, partner organization and to the caregiver of the patients in a wireless manner. [24] This substituteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s conventional method of routine monitoring of vital signs of the patients by the clinician. Thereby it improves the quality of clinical care provided to the students and also it reduces the cost associated with the traditional way of monitoring the patients at the hospital. This also provides an electronic data which can be used for research and development purpose. [25]

Figure 4: Smart Applications in Health care

3.4 SMART TRANSPORTATION AND MOBILITY

Enhancing the transport facility in the country will improve the standard of living of the people.

Observing and cautioning the condition in the road is one of the main significant transformations that have happened due to the advanced high-end technology named internet of things, Figure 5. [26] The crowdsourcing and participatory sensing is the two main major important principles that are used in the notion of smart transportation and mobility. The users started accessing the smartphones for finding the routes of their destination. [27] The three key concepts that are present in the smart transportations are transportation analytics, transportation control, and vehicle connectivity respectively. Demand prediction and anomaly detection can be carried out by using the transportation

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analytics. The transportation control provides information regarding the traffic management, speed control and route of the vehicles.

Figure 5: Smart Transportation Application

4. CASE STUDY SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE This case study describes a high security and privacy necessities for using the gateway and for reducing the energy consumption. The main objective of the paper is to use the gateway for the security and for connecting two devices together. This paper also explores nRF protocol used for fastest transmission of data to alert the population during natural disasters. This case study only focuses on monitoring two environmental parameters through the wireless network using nRF protocol. There is a need for further study that can measure and monitor several other environmental factors by using various wireless network sensors.

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

In this section, we explain about block diagram for temperature and humidity monitoring (Figure 6). Here we are using ATMEGA328 microcontroller as a heart of the paper. It belongs to Arduino family [28,29]. It needs advanced version of embedded C for programming. DHT22 as a temperature and relative humidity sensor. It is low-cost digital sensor to acquire data and fed data to microcontroller. When compared to Zigbee, WIFI, nRF2401 protocol is cost-efficient, easy to use with sensors and microcontroller. Using nRF transmission protocol sends the data to the gateway.

From the gateway, data send to cloud by using the HTTP based wifi.

Figure 6: Block diagram of the paper

4.2 ATMEGA328 MICROCONTROLLER

Atmega328 (Figure 7) is very popular device in electronics because of its extraordinary characteristics. Microcontroller is the heart of the real-time embedded system. It belongs to Atmel and is Harvard architecture. Arduino is open source prototype, circuit board provides Arduino IDE *Corresponding author (Vijayasaro) E-mail: viji.saro17@gmail.com Š2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/233.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.23

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which can be programmed and ready-made software.

Arduino IDE is developed circuit board for simply writing software code on that board. It does not want extra hardware for developing code on to the board. [30, 31]

Figure 7: ATMEGA328 Microcontroller board diagram

4.3 DHT22 SENSOR

It is Low-cost sensor, high reliability, excellent stability, also named as AM2302. By using the DHT22 sensor (Figure 8), microcontroller can read temperature and humidity values as digital output.

The surrounding air and spits out a digital signal on the data pin is measured by using the capacitive humidity sensor and a thermostat. There is no necessity of using the analog pins. Sensors output will be printed to serial monitor. [32]

1- VCC 2- DATA 3-NC 4- GND

Figure 8: DHT22 Sensor and Pin Assignments.

4.4 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

In IOT projects wireless module plays a vital role in development of the project. In this paper, we use two platforms for data transmission. They are nRF transmission, IEE802.11. By using nRF transmission (Figure 9), sensed data can store in microcontroller and send to gateway and in gateway, it acknowledges the data what is happening in gateway. From the gateway, the data send to the cloud by using ThingSpeak software platform. It is open source platform and it needs the open source access for IoT applications [38].

Figure 9: NRF2401 board

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The nRF24L01 is an ISM brand which is a radio receiver made of a single chip and it belongs to the series of 2.4 GHz radio module. [39]The primary purpose of designing the nRF24L01 is to have an extraordinary speediness in communications with maximum rate of 2Mbit/Sec at a very minimal cost and with less consumption of electricity. A completely incorporated frequency synthesizer, a power amplifier, crystal oscillator, demodulator, modulator, and enhanced shock burst protocol engine are part of the transceiver. Further, a modern recent on-chip hardware solution named “Multicenter” is also portion of nRF24L01 that can concurrently support maximum of six wireless communication devices. This is the uniqueness of nRF24L01 through which the wireless personal area networks can be built in an extensive variety of applications. [40] The printed circuit board that is present in this wireless sensor network node is about two inches in diameter and is circular in shape [41].

4.5 IMPLEMENTATION

Depends upon the block diagram, implementation model designed with flow chart and circuit hook up diagram. It explains the functionalities of the example case study and defines each module shows how to develop in implementation.

4.5.1 FLOW CHART Based on block diagram modules (Figure 10), we frame the implementation flowchart below.

The flowchart shows how interfacing with sensors and their functionalities. In this implementation model, we used ATMEGA328 board with nRF module is an embedded device for sensing and storing the data in cloud. Internet gateway used for security purpose in the IOT applications. Gateway used as proxy server and checks the status needed data retrieving and whether correct user name password given. From the gateway send the data by ThingSpeak software to the cloud.

Figure 10: Flow chart of the implementation 4.5.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Figure 11 shows the circuit diagram of interfacing ATMEGA 328 with DHT22 sensor. The sensor send corresponding parameter value with the help of its features and then microcontroller processes and stores the data. The stored data then retrieved through wireless protocol to cloud. *Corresponding author (Vijayasaro) E-mail: viji.saro17@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/233.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.23

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Figure 11: Interfacing diagram between ATMEGA328 and DHT22 sensor.

4.5.3 PROTOTYPE Figure 12 shows the hardware prototype with gateway for temperature and relative humidity sensor.

Figure 12: Hardware setup.

5. Results and Discussions

Figure 13: Output in Serial Monitor.

5.1 Output in ARDUINO IDE Serial Monitor

Figure 13 shows the temperature and relative humidity values of microcontroller after sensing the data. The output data is automatically updated to the internet if proper connection established.

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The parameters can be analyzed by using the output that are stored in the server and it can also be used for the purpose of systematic observation.

5.2 OUTPUT IN ThingSpeakTM DOMAIN

Figure 14 shows the output of the cloud for environmental parameters such as temperature and relative humidity measurement. The Cloud has capability to monitor and control the whole applications.

Figure 14: Output to the cloud

6. CONCLUSION In this paper, we explained about basics of innovative concept named IoT. IoT can be widely used in all the departments. By the year 2025 people all over the world satisfy their needs with the help of this novel technology. We designed a case study has advantage, high security and privacy requirements using gateway and low power consumption using communication protocol.

Environmental monitoring mainly for creating awareness to the people how people affected due to natural disasters. We focused only temperature and relative humidity, in future we use water level sensor, pressure sensor, LDR sensor, sound sensor, CO2 sensor. Furthermore, we are trying to implement both software and hardware Gateway for better security. This idea is the novel approach for saving energy and to provide security in low cost.

7. REFERENCES [1] Rafiullah Khan, Sarmad Ullah Khan, Rifaqat Zaheer and Shahid Khan, ”Future Internet: The Internet of Things Architecture, Possible Applications and Key Challenges,” in Proceedings of Frontiers of Information Technology (FIT), 2012, pp. 257-260 [2] G. Mois, T.Sanislav and S.C. Folea, Analysis of Three IoT-Based Wireless Sensors for Environmental Monitoring, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[3] Saranya C. M., Nitha K. P., Analysis of Security methods in Internet of Things. International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication, 3(4), 2015.

[4] D. Giusto, A. Iera, G. Morabito, L. Atzori (Eds.), The Internet of Things, Springer, 2010. ISBN: 978-14419-1673-0.

[5] S. Misra et al., Security Challenges and Approaches in Internet of Things. Springer Briefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2016.

[6] Suwimon Vongsing thong and Sucha Smanchat. A Review of Data Management in Internet of Things.

KKU Res. J. 2015. *Corresponding author (Vijayasaro) E-mail: viji.saro17@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/233.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.23

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[7] Sapandeep Kaur, Ikvinderpal Singh. A Survey Report on Internet of Things Applications. International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology, 4(2), 2016.

[8] Patrick Guillemin, et al., Internet of Things Position Paper on Standardization for IoT technologies.

European research cluster on the internet of things; January 2015.

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Vijayasaro.V is associated with Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, PRIST University, Thanjavur, INDIA.

Niveathasaro.V is associated with Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mahath Amma Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pudukkottai, INDIA.

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PRAGMATIC CONSTRUCTIVISM AS A SOFTMETHODOLOGY OF THE HRM CONCEPT Ivanova O.E. a*, Ryabinina E.V. a, Tyunin A.I. a a

Department of Economics, Management and Law, South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University, Chelyabinsk, the RUSSIAN FEDERATION ARTICLEINFO

Article history: Received 14 December 2018 Received in revised form 07 February 2019 Accepted 12 February 2019 Available online 18 February 2019

Keywords: Human resources management concept; Soft-methodology; Radical constructivism, Risk management; Management accounting; Bank lending.

ABSTRACT

The development of methodological foundations of the human resources management (HRM) concept in a modern organization is carried out via the philosophical approach. The appeal to Softmethodology is caused by the need to solve new management problems, inevitably accompanying post-industrial society, from the position of flexible and rapid response to the challenges of the external environment.

The identification of the essential features of radical constructivism as the epistemologically and ontologically most viable direction in the framework of the general constructive movement and the classical American version of pragmatism and their generalization in the context of the HRM concept allowed justifying the appeal to the integration of these approaches, implemented in pragmatic constructivism. In addition, the appeal to pragmatic constructivism as a methodological basis for the human resources management concept took into account the western practice of implementing this approach to risk management, management accounting, bank lending.

It is established that pragmatic constructivism is a subject-based approach, indicating the subjective-value active perception and transformation of reality, aimed at achieving useful results for the organization. Subject-designer has certain value ideas about the world, based on their own experience and reflection on it and adjusted taking into account new impressions. In accordance with these guidelines, organizational reality is constructed, not reflected. The truth of this design determines its practical usefulness for the organization. Taking this into account, pragmatic constructivism is Soft-methodology of human resource management concept. This methodology is a flexible, instrumental, contextual practical use of the system of methods and principles, which is designed to ensure effective human management in the organization. The key principles of pragmatic constructivism as Soft-methodology are the principles of communication, design, criticality and creativity, and the meritocracy of ideas. © 2019 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

*Corresponding author (Ivanova) E-mail: Ivanovaoe@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/245.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.24

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1. INTRODUCTION

The concept of post-industrial society in the understanding of its consistent developer D. Bell, suggests that “in the economy there is a shift from manufacturing industries to services; in technology, the leading role of science-based industries is affirmed; in the sociological dimension, new technocratic elites are formed and a new principle of stratification arises”. In addition, D. Bell further stressed that “any significant social changes create new management problems for society” [1, p. 661].

The realities of modern society – the transience of changes, the short-term relationship between the person and the organization and the persistence of organizational migration of personnel – determine the instability of organizational reality and require changes in the system of “principles, methods of organization and construction of theoretical and practical activities in the field of HRM” [2, p. 218]. Under these conditions, the so-called Soft-methodology is needed – a methodology that allows flexible and timely response to the challenges of time.

2. RECENT RESEARCH REVIEW The value of constructivism for modern epistemology, philosophy, and science is analyzed, the question of the ability to construct as a unique property of a person realizing the indissoluble unity of consciousness and activity is identified [3]. The conceptual content of the radical constructivism doctrine is investigated, the insufficient radicalism of constructivism in relation to the classical theory of cognition is criticized [4]. The analysis of constructivist practices of cognition is carried out, the difference between classical and modern constructivism is revealed [5]. The ideas of radical constructivism are critically reconsidered; the problem of correlation of illusion and reality is designated [6].

In modern western studies, the explication of the methodology of constructivism to the management of the organization is the trend. Glasersfeld’s radical constructivism as a viable research decision is identified as a component of HRM model in the project-oriented organization serving as construction [7]. The use of a combination of constructivism and pragmatism, implemented in pragmatic constructivism, in relation to management and management accounting [8; 9], to study the problem of joint presence of different cultures in the organization in the context of bank lending is studied [10].

The novelty of this study is the application of a philosophical approach to the development of methodological foundations as sufficient conditions, systems of ideas and principles of substantiation of the human resources management concept in post-industrial organization. The Soft-methodology is pragmatic constructivism, the necessary elements of which are the provisions of radical constructivism and pragmatism in the classical American version, the clarification of the essential features of which is required in the first place.

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH The methodological basis of the human management concept in a modern organization defined pragmatic realism as a method that avoids dogmatism, “takes into account the human interest and

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insists on philosophical groundlessness and deliberate doom of attempts to highlight any single “veritable” undertaken by “metaphysicians”) the relationship of conformity between the terms and referents”, a method that refuses to “oppose the objective to subjective, actual to conventional, empirical to theoretical” [11, p. 115]. Pragmatic realism emphasizes the interdependence of objective reality with subjective experience. Constructivism as a general methodological concept serves as the basis for the justification and development of methodological foundations of the human management concept in the organization – viable in a changed environment of communication. To assess the problems of human management in the organization at the level of grounds led to the necessary appeal to the method of critical analysis. The development of methodological foundations of the HRM concept, integrating the provisions of pragmatism and constructivism, is carried out from the position of a systematic approach, taking into account the integrity of interrelated elements, objects, relations.

Communicative-active approach is necessary for the consideration of the HRM concept in the context of the theory of the postindustrial society with the aim of identifying the grounds for the reflection and revision of the relationship between man and organization.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In general, the viability of constructivism provides, on the one hand, its substantive aspect as an interdisciplinary direction, integrating the ideas of modern ideas about man and social values, on the other hand – instrumental philosophical and methodological installation of designing reality as opposed to the idea of its reflection.

In the social and humanitarian knowledge, the concept of “constructivism” gained popularity since the Seventies of XX century. Meanwhile, the philosophical origins of constructivism can be found in the idea of the emerging and changing reality of Heraclitus, in the Protagoras’s concept of man as a measure of all things, in the dialogical interpretation and contextual-experimental construction of knowledge of Socrates, in the Sextus Empiricus’s antidogmatism, in the G. Vico’s idea of constructing rational knowledge by man himself, man’s knowledge of the world of experience created by him, in view of the experience as the totality of internal sensations by George Berkeley, in the anthropological paradigm and the transcendental subject of Kant, in the I. Fichte’s concept of “I” creative force, in the skepticism of David Hume concerning experienced limitations of the ideas, in the H. Vaihinger’s theory of fiction expressed through design “as if”, the K. Marx’s idea of transforming the world, in D. Dewey’s instrumentalism, in the F. de Saussure’s iconic theory and the process of signification as a construction of reality, in the methodological anarchism of P. Feyerabend, G. Bachelard’s rationalist constructivism and the corresponding task of explaining the knowledge based on its own elements etc. Currently, the ideas of constructivism are basic not only in philosophy but also in psychology, sociology, anthropology, technical sciences, art, and mathematics. Researchers within a constructivist paradigm [12] distinguish a phenomenological constructivism (E. Mach), biological constructivism (H. von Foerster, H. Maturana, F. Var ela), cognitive constructivism (J. Piaget, W. Nasser), radical constructivism (E. von Glasersfeld).

Radical constructivism based by E. von Glasersfeld given direction of the general design movement is more viable in the epistemological and ontological aspects. And it is not just that the *Corresponding author (Ivanova) E-mail: Ivanovaoe@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/245.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.24

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pioneer of this direction defines it as the only one actually constructivist in philosophy, rejecting the concept of reflection of reality. For Glasersfeld radical constructivism is “post-epistemology” [13, p.

24], free from metaphysics. Defining constructivism as “radical” is not synonymous with “extremist”, most likely, it means “thoroughly consistent” [12, p. 246]. From the Glasersfeld’s point of view, radical constructivism is an unconventional approach to the problem of knowledge and cognition. “It starts from the assumption that knowledge, no matter how it be defined, is in the heads of persons, and that the thinking subject has no alternative but to construct what he or she knows on the basis of his or her own experience. What we make of experience constitutes the only world we consciously live in. It can be sorted into many kinds, such as things, self, others, and so on. But all kinds of experience are essentially subjective, and though I may find reasons to believe that my experience may not be unlike yours, I have no way of knowing that it is the same” [14, p. 1].

The focus of radical constructivism is on epistemological problems, the solution of which is assumed within the framework of two basic principles of constructivism, which were formulated by Glazersfeld, based on the J. Piaget’s ideas, who applied the biological concept of adaptation to epistemology. According to the first principle, “knowledge is not passively received either through the senses or by way of communication, but it is actively built up by the cognizing subject”, in accordance with the second principle, “the function of cognition is adaptive and serves the subject’s organization of the experiential world, not the discovery of an objective ontological reality” [15, р.

83].

Radical constructivism excludes the so-called “objective” reality. There can be no reality beyond human experience: ontological reality cannot be verified, hence it does not exist. The constructivists oppose a constructed reality that represents the interpretative world of possibilities in which man lives “in a world created by its interaction with the objective world”, consisting “of the capabilities, which a man opens by his activity” to the denial of this physical world [16, p. 38]. An active subjectconstructor (or creator) of reality is a person.

Denying the existence of ontological reality as inexperienced, constructivists also argue that knowledge does not correspond exclusively to objective reality. Knowledge is the result of a coherent reality that, according to Glasersfeld, “made up of the network of things and relationships that we rely on in our living, and on which, we believe, others rely on, too” [17, p. 7].

Constructivists proclaim personal experience as the basis of knowledge. Own living situation and reflection on the experience allow a person to build their own idea of reality in the consciousness: “all that is said – is said by the observer” [18, p. 25].

The perception of the world is active: all our knowledge of the world is a structure – a certain structure that represents the mutual arrangement of the elements of experience and reflection on it, created and evaluated from the standpoint of viability and significance for the community, and not revealed in existence. The process of construction is a creative process that involves the creation of something new: “in the course of this activity, something arises that was not known; at least, to the subject himself or that has not been in reality yet. This “something” is a construction in the most general sense of the word” [3].

However, the construction determines the issue of the relationship of illusion and reality, marked

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by V.A. Lektorsky as a problem of the continued existence of the designed artificial world a s a special reality. “The activity of designing and using such representations involves the participation of consciousness. But they themselves, as were created, form a special sphere of reality, because they exist regardless of their awareness and knowledge by separate individual. At the same time, the latter may not know everything and understand everything in their ideal content. But the meaning of such representations is not that this kind of independent reality existing by itself, and that they represent reality external to them”, said V. A. Lektorsky [6, p. 18].

The principle of reality construction in comparison with the principle of its reflection, undoubtedly, provides wider prospects for understanding the nature, essence, and development of reality. However, taking into account that constructivism “focus on self-referential and organizationally closed systems. Such systems strive for control over their inputs rather than their outputs. Cognitive system (mind) is operationally closed” [19, р. 4], it should be clarified that, in fact, the possibilities for design are not unlimited. On the contrary, they appear to be limited by the limits of individual experience and a certain community, in which the produced collective constructions are divided: “not everything can be implemented, constructed, built, but only what is consistent with internal trends” [20, p. 78]. In principle, it is recognized by Glasersfeld in the historical review, devoted to the 30th anniversary of radical constructivism: “we can only check the coherence of our constructs with other experiences, … as our thinking, our conceptualizing, and our language are developed from and in the domain of our experience, we have no way of incorporating anything that lies beyond this domain” [21, р. 11].

The existence of an infinite number of experiments denies the existence of a single reality, as well as the explication of the only adequate methodology of its study. Taking into account the above, let us generalize the essential characteristics of constructivism in the context of the conceptual foundations of the methodology of human resources management.

The organization does not exist as an objectively perceived reality. This is a subjective, creatively built in the consciousness the construction of reality, based on the individual experience of the subject, both ordinary and organizational. In the process of communication in the organization, a collective structure is created between the subjects, shared by the participants of a certain community and limited by the limits of their experience. At the same time, this coordinated intra -organizational collective structure may not correspond to the ideas about it in the external environment.

The appeal to pragmatism, first of all, a method of solving problems will allow assessing the usefulness of the various agreed organizational structures. From D. Dewey’s point of view, one of the founders of the philosophy of pragmatism, pragmatic method implements the logic of research in relation to the possible consequences of social decisions and actions, represents the “the rule of referring all thinking, all reflective considerations, to consequences for final meaning and test”, which by nature can be different – aesthetic, moral, political – or religious – theory requires only that “they be in some way consequences of thinking” [22, р. 330].

The theory and methodology of pragmatism in its classical American version are analyzed and justified as a methodological basis for the concept of human resources management [23]. The HRM *Corresponding author (Ivanova) E-mail: Ivanovaoe@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/245.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.24

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concept is a human resource management tool in an organization. It is established that the true criterion of the HRM concept is efficiency in solving organizational problems and promoting the company. The truth of the HRM concept is determined by the results of organizational experience. It makes no sense to say anything hypothetically about the effectiveness of this concept, regardless of the opportunities to implement it in practice. The only basis for determining the truth of the HRM concept in the context of pragmatism is its effectiveness: “no matter what theory or theories of management the HRM concept is based on, no matter what authoritative dogma it refers to, including the experience of other organizations, its truth can be determined only in practice and relevant to the experience of a particular organization and belonging HR company” [23, p. 111]. The concept of human resources management cannot be considered either true or false until the result of its effectiveness, expressed, in particular, in increasing the productivity and quality of customer service, and, consequently, in increasing customer satisfaction and reducing the number of complaints, in increasing the level of sales, leading to a higher level of profit of the company and an increase in the price of shares, is recorded in practice.

From the point of view of pragmatism, the value of human resource is determined by its functional significance – benefit for the company. HR is a tool to solve problems and improve the competitiveness of the organization. The value of HR has a short-term value, limited by the period of staff contribution to the achievement of business goals of the company.

The integration of pragmatism and constructivism makes it possible to take into account the priority of experience and practice and the resulting values, to evaluate the designs developed by the community in terms of their organizational usefulness. Conceptually, this combination of concepts is realized in the concept of “pragmatic constructivism”, in the structure of which from the ontological point of view, based on the position of G. Frege, the component “pragmatic” indicates the meaning of the subject, “constructivism” – denoter. Performing the way of description of denoter, the “pragmatic” defines the aspect of constructivism consideration, pointing “the way of entity [denotatum]” [24, p. 26] and is not identical to subjective views about the content of the sign.

Pragmatic constructivism emphasizes the role of actors in the construction of an ordered reality and the successful functioning of the structure. This is a “an actor-based approach that accounts for the subjective, value-laden nature of human perception”, an approach that “causes a shift from deterministic management and control toward actor-based leadership, in which actors co-create their managerial reality” [8, р. 74]. Recognizing the special role of the subject-designer – active, cognizing and transforming reality – pragmatic constructivism does not limit it to the individual. Rather, the subject-designer represents the community consisting of representatives of various departments of the organization. Organization is the necessary intersubjective environment that creates the conditions for the construction, operation, and adjustment of an effective coordinated design.

Pragmatic constructivism, as a methodology aimed at achieving practical useful results, should first of all be applied in determining and clarifying the problems that may arise in the process of constructing reality, in terms of how their solution affects the usefulness of the concepts developed.

The construction of organizational reality is carried out in accordance with the value concepts of the subject of the world, based on experience and reflection on it and corrected in the context of new impressions received in the process of communication. In principle, the construction of reality is the

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result of inter-subject relations and relations between subjects and the world. It is an intersubjective world whose actors share a common understanding of reality.

Pragmatic constructivism allows assessing the truth of the relative design, determined by its practical usefulness for the organization. The truth of this agreed design is beyond doubt as long as it benefits the company. Therefore, the pragmatic constructivism focuses on the creation of wellfunctioning structures of reality. This perspective involves the integration of experience, reflection, values, capabilities, and communication, and allows for the organization to be seen as a coherent set of multiple individual realities.

The above allows us to determine the pragmatic constructivism as Soft-methodology of the concept of human resources management in the organization.

In defining the Soft-methodology of the HRM concept, we proceed from the explanation of the modern American philosopher of science M. Thompson, who believed that the methodology “is based on the arguments of mind and experience, and is not guided by political or economic considerations” [25, p. 271]. Soft-methodology is a flexible, variable system of methods and principles used for human management in the organization, allowing dynamic perception of the world. Based on the meaning of the subject and denoter of a certain Soft-methodology, the appropriate methods are the method of sequential (radical) constructivism, pragmatic method, method of critical and contextual analysis, system and communicative-activity approaches.

HRM Soft-methodology is designed to provide an effective solution to the problems of human management in the practice of the organization on the basis of interrelated principles: communication, design, criticality and creativity, meritocracy of ideas.

The principle of communication points to interaction as a necessary condition for the construction of a collectively agreed design. Communication, in this case, is understood as a meaningful rational multidirectional interaction, involving mutual understanding between community members and understanding of the meaning of the transmitted and received message, as well as effective management of this interaction.

The principle of construction – the active construction of reality by the cognizing collective subject – allows designing organizational reality, including the relationship between human resources and the organization as a whole, and between people in the organization. The implementation of this principle assumes the adaptability of the projected reality in relation to the rapidly changing environment and confirms the viability of the new reality.

The principles of criticality and creativity determine the features of the design process: the ability to identify problems and non-standard approach to their solution, to evaluate and improve business projects based on their practical usefulness for the organization.

The principle of meritocracy of ideas ensures the implementation of the mechanism of effective decision-making. In this case, we rely on the successful implementation of meritocracy of ideas in the investment company Bridgewater Associates, the main meaning of which was expressed by its founder R. Dalio. “The essence of the meritocracy of ideas”, explains Dalio, “is to bring together *Corresponding author (Ivanova) E-mail: Ivanovaoe@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/245.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.24

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smart, independent-minded people, to allow them to express openly different points of view, to formulate the best collective decision and to resolve differences based on the competence of the participants” [26, p. 348].

5. CONCLUSION Pragmatic constructivism is the methodological basis of the concept of human resources management in the organization. It is Soft-methodology of the concept of human resource management that does not contradict well-established in the theory and practice of management “soft dimension” of HRM, “emphasizes communication, training and development, motivation, culture, values and involvement” [27, p. 11;28]. Moreover, pragmatic constructivism as a Soft-methodology is characterized by instrumental suitability and usefulness, which allows building the most adaptive as an effective design of organizational reality, especially valuable in an unstable society.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The reported study was funded by RFBR according to the research project № 19 -010-00322 “Transformation of the concept of human management: understanding the relationship of man and organization in the era of post-industrialism in the light of the influx of a new generation of workforce.

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[12] Riegler A. Constructivism / Paradigms in Theory Construction / Luciano L'Abate (ed.). Springer Science & Business Media, 2012, 235-255.

[13] Glasersfeld E. von. Questions and answers about radical constructivism / The practice of constructivism in science education / K. Tobin (Ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

1993, 23-38.

[14] Glasersfeld von E. Radical constructivism: A way of knowing and learning. Washington, DC: Falmer Press. 1995, 213 p.

[15] Glasersfeld E. von. The reluctance to change a way of thinking // Irish Journal of Psychology. 1988, 9 (1), 83-90.

[16] Nikiforov A.L. Ontological constructivism and epistemological agnosticism // Epistemology and philosophy of science. 2014, 42(4), 36-40.

[17] von Glasersfeld, E. (1995b). A constructivist approach to teaching. In L. Steffe & J.Gale (Eds.).

(1995b). Constructivism in education, (pp. 3-16). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. [18] Maturana H.R. Biologie der Realität / H.R. Maturana. Übersetzt von W.K. Köck. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. 1998, 390 s.

[19] Riegler A. Editorial. The Constructivist Challenge // Constructivist Foundations. 2005, 1(1), 1-8.

[20] Problems of subjects in postnonclassical science / Preprint under the ed. of V.I. Arshinov and V. E. Lepsky. M.: Kogito-Center, 2007, 176 p.

[21] Glasersfeld E. von. Thirty Years Radical Constructivism // Constructivist Foundations. 2005, 1(1) Р. 9-12.

[22] Gagare, S. B., & Jadhav, P. S. (2017). Comparative Phytochemical profiling of various extracts, from different parts of Sesuvium portulacastrum using GCMS, FTIR and ICP AES. International Journal of Engineering, Science and Mathematics, 6(6).

[23] Ivanova O.E. Methodological foundations of the concept of human resources management // Azimut of scientific research: Economics and management. 2018, 7(3), 109-112.

[24] Frege G. Sense and meaning / Selected works / G. Frege. M: House of intellectual books, Russian phenomenological society, 1997, 25-49.

[25] Thompson M. Philosophy of science. M.: FAIR-PRESS, 2003. 304 p.

[26] Dalio R. Principles. Life and work / Ray Dalio; tr. from English by Yu. Konstantinova. Moscow: Mann, Ivanov and Ferber, 2018, 608 p.

[27] Story J. Human resource management today: an assessment / Human Resource Management: A critical text. 3 nd. edn. Cengage Learning EMEA, 2007, 3-20.

[28] Gual, Roger Sanchis, Joan J. Solaz-Portolés, and Vicent Sanjosé López. "Creencias sobre tiempo meteorológico, clima y cambio climático en estudiantes de secundaria." Opción34.86 (2018): 9871010.

Professor Ivanova O.E., Doctor of Philosophical Sciences (Advanced Doctor), is Professor of the Department of Economics, Management and Law, South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University, Chelyabinsk, the Russian Federation.

Ryabinina E.V., a candidate of Pedagogic Sciences (Ph.D.), is an Associate Professor at the Department of Economics, Management and Law, South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University, Chelyabinsk, the Russian Federation.

Tyunin A.I., a candidate of Pedagogic Sciences (Ph.D.), is an Associate Professor at the Department of Economics, Management and Law, South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University, Chelyabinsk, the Russian Federation.

*Corresponding author (Ivanova) E-mail: Ivanovaoe@gmail.com ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/245.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.24

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DEVELOPMENT OF HOSPITAL TEMPLES WITH ENGINEERING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Kantaryuk Ekaterina Anatolyevna a*, Kantaryuk Mark Vasilyevich a a

Lipetsk State Technical University, Lipetsk, RUSSIA ARTICLEINFO

Article history: Received 04 January 2019 Received in revised form 14 February 2018 Accepted 18 February 2019 Available online 19 February 2019

Keywords: virtual routing; built environment; health care workspace design.

ABSTRACT

The work is an original design project of interactive social map of Russian hospital temples. The goal of the work is a detection and virtual routing of hospital temples as locus of orthodox socio-cultural space.

The sociological methods of collection and processing of information (continuous interrogation, diagrammatic construction, scaling, etc.), design methods are used. First, all hospital Orthodox churches in Russia are detecting. The presented design project is oriented on application in sociocultural research and in different provinces of humanitarian and social activities of the Russian Orthodox Church, information provision of patients who in need of spiritual support, directly social consolidation within the framework of a religious (orthodox) community, medical staff and social workers provided complex care for the patient and creating optimal conditions for his recovery. The hospital design has been tested and the good result has been obtained. © 2019 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

1. INTRODUCTION

Health insurance premiums and the cost of hospital services and care have risen significantly over the past few years. Public and private data recently analyzed by [1-3] for the American Hospital Association and the Federation of American Hospitals confirmed that from 1997 to 2001 spending on hospital care increased by $83.6 billion [4, 5]. In present Russia, keen on revising their own life bases - from spiritual and religious to only practical, the problems of the new social consolidation of society are becoming more and more clear. In the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church after the so-called “the second Christening of Russia” it made itself felt in various ways - in the creation and implementation of various charitable programs, the organization of new communities (including the sisterhoods of mercy), spiritual and educational centers in areas of compact residence or professional activity, virtual social sites . Hospital temples have become a special form of social care [6].

During the two thousand year church history of Christianity, hospitals were built at the temple.

The present history of Russia began with the restoration of hospital temples and the construction of new ones at the already existing medical institutions. Work on the revival of hospital churches was *Corresponding author (K.E.Anatolyevna) E-mail: e.abaeva@mail.ru ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/255.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.25

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carried out and is ongoing. In accordance with the Agreement on Cooperation between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated July 8, 2011, these structures are supposed to cooperate in creating conditions for the activities of Orthodox religious organizations and Orthodox social services, including the holding of religious services and the organization of home temples in inpatient health care and social development [7].

The social-cultural disposition “hospital - hospital temple” is unique and needs special study [8].

2. METHODOLOGY Today, medical environments are heavily dependent on the type of building structures, the type of unit design, decoration and medical equipment to complete the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

In addition, in contrast to the competitive and complex face of the health care system, hospitals must also meet and control costs in response to these conditions. The medical equipment management system is mainly used in data collection and management. This system integrates the existing equipment, the order system, the maintenance/prevention of equipment, the management of outsourcing contracts and all service services. In addition, as a management tool for tracking equipment, starting work orders, obtaining performance indicators, determine the failure process of identifying educational needs and generating management reports.

2.1 THE SIX PHASES OF THE BUILDING PROCESS Any time an organization embarks on a large project, it can be helpful to reduce that project to small, easy-to-manage parts. With that in mind, most building projects can be organized into six distinct phases: 1. Planning. This includes “blue sky” (“wish list”) considerations, master planning, and predesign efforts.

2. Schematic design. This involves drawing a rough outline of the project, including preliminary room layout, structure, and scope.

3. Design and development. This includes adding details to the design, including fixtures, furniture location, and decor.

4. Construction documents. This requires converting all aspects of the design into a template from which contractors can estimate costs, identify issues, and plan construction activities.

At this point, organizations will discuss contract conditions—the rights and duties of all participants, including the owner, the contractor, and the architect.

5. Construction. This is the phase in which the building or facility is actually built.

6. Commissioning. Before taking ownership of a building, project, or renovation, an organization must make sure that all specifications are met and that all systems, components, equipment, and so forth are fully operational.

When developing a design-project for an interactive map of hospital temples in Orthodox Russia, we turned to sociological research methods that allowed us to identify the main body of hospital churches in Russia (60 metropolitan and 1 Moscow diocese (city and regional) were surveyed, of which 273 hospital churches were counted and that 105 temples are located in the premises of medical institutions). The results of the study were the primary information base for the development of a design project of a social (interactive) map of hospital temples. Work on the creation of an interactive map was carried out in the program Visual Studio Code. This program is designed to edit the source code, developed by Microsoft for Windows, Linux, and macOS. After exporting our map to svg, all the points on which the regions were drawn, we moved to one structured file in the program. Then

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the information about the regions of the map was streamlined and systematized, and there was a need to connect it with a newly created file, including information about the presence of hospital churches in each region, which would allow the user to find out how many hospital churches there are in the cursor on the region. A separate page was created to display extended information about hospital churches in each metropolis. Thus, the system of subordination of all elements and user interaction with them on the site was written in the Visual Studio Code program [4]. This development is original and has no analogs.

3. RESULTS The design project of the social (interactive) map of the Orthodox hospital temples in Russia creates new virtual opportunities for research in various areas of the humanitarian and social activities of the Russian Orthodox Church. The practical significance of the proposed project is to provide information to patients who need spiritual support and immediate social consolidation within the religious (Orthodox) community of a medical institution that provides comprehensive care for the patient and creates optimal conditions for his recovery [5].

The new room design balanced privacy with high observation and created a healing environment for the patient. The windows facing the interior hallway were electronically charged. With the flip of a switch located on the wall, the window in front of the decentralized nursing station could become clear or opaque. (The same effect could be provided with an inexpensive blind.) The nurses used an infrared tracking system to reduce hunting and gathering time to find each other on the unit. The phone was modem capable for family or patient use, and blood analysis modules were in each patient room, so routine blood tests could be done quickly, at the point of care, to reduce lead time for physicians and caregivers.

Figure 1: Designer in center interacts with the activities (R: Representation, G: Generation, E: Evaluation and P: Performance) 3.1 DESIGN OF HOSPITAL The numerical design models can apply quantitative and qualitative knowledge and thereby include a broad understanding of performances as generative parameters or evaluators. The performance-based models intend to act directly upon analysis and simulation for the specific design [9]. The chosen performances or functionalities actively generate the design. As illustrated in Figure 1, by a generic schema of components, relationships, and properties. The models contain four *Corresponding author (K.E.Anatolyevna) E-mail: e.abaeva@mail.ru Š2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/255.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.25

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basic components of the traditional design activities of Representation, Generation, Evaluation and Performance. In the performance-based design models, performance data drives the form generation.

The designer interacts with the three modules, defining the respective criteria in the respective modules while interacting directly through the digital representation The formalization of the functional, architectural and engineering objectives defines the framework of performances and evaluations in the design model, as illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 2: The performance-based generation model based on functionality, engineering and architectural parameters formally described as performance input parameters in the correlation matrix and as evaluation parameters as constraints

Figure 3: Typical critical-care patient room.

As electronic medical records become more prevalent, hospitals should think about changing how they use the space of a centralized nursing station. This centralized space could become a business/care center for interdisciplinary practice (nurses and physicians), which would, in turn, make physician office and department practices more efficient. The nursing stations could be decentralized to reduce travel time and workload index and increase direct-care time. Problems relating to cultural change and human factors (nurses are most familiar with centralized stations) can be resolved with concerted effort. The data are clearâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;decentralized stations reduce the waste and inefficiency of typical work patterns of hospital nurses (see Figure 3).

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The Department of Medical Engineering of the Hospital has been established as a medical equipment engineer since 2000 and is currently one of the best and most advanced medical engineering centers in the world, and has been active annually for a number of undergraduates and graduate students Medical engineering (biotechnology, biomechanics, biotechnology, radiation therapy and electronic engineering) to attend training courses from top universities of the country.

In this department, which is under the supervision of the hospital's paraclinical management, the specialties related to medical engineering are combined in a way that includes all the fields related to medical devices. These specialties include medical engineering, electronic engineering, mechanical engineering, Management of medical engineering. In this department, all the affairs related to medical devices and activities related to medical equipment engineering, such as medical device identification, are available in the comprehensive software engineering system of medicine, and this information is visible in all parts of the hospital. Among the most important activities are: o

Establishment of medical equipment management system in the form of software automation

o

Establishment of the PACS Medical Upload and Archiving System and the establishment of standards related to radiological images and digital radiology devices for the first time in the country since 2006.

o

Periodic inspection visit of the medical equipment and preventive maintenance of the PM equipment, performing all repairs of the devices that are outside the coverage of the warranty or commitment of the company.

o

Performing qualitative control and comparing the performance of the devices with a standard sample (calibration) carried out periodically and all calibration reports are available both in software and in the written report.

o

Monitoring the performance of medical equipment companies in connection with the installation of new devices, as well as repairs performed inside and outside the hospital, and the quantitative and qualitative review of the reports, as well as the costs of the devices according to the current regulations of the Ministry of Health

o

Carrying out cross-sectional studies on the effectiveness of existing equipment in the hospital and field assessment and the effectiveness of their use.

o

Perform training on the operation and operation of medical devices in general, special units, operating rooms and other parts of the hospital for users routinely or on request of departments Planning and forecasting replacement of old hospitals with new and needed medical equipment in the hospital

o

Preparation and planning of the required future devices, procurement, and procurement procedures, as well as the needs assessment of the devices and the preparation of technical comparisons for submission to the hospital procurement commission

o

Scientific and technical support of hospital Scientific and Applied Science Center and the launching of medical equipment technology fields in various operating room equipment, infective control equipment, CSSD and laboratory equipment.

*Corresponding author (K.E.Anatolyevna) E-mail: e.abaeva@mail.ru Š2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/255.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.25

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4. CONCLUSION The built environment, enabled by technology, provides an enormous untapped opportunity for reducing waste and improving care when non-value-added analysis is used to improve caregiver workspaces. The development of new care delivery models to match new hospital environments will be an imperative for the future. This demonstration unit, which provided a healing, patientcentered design to support the patient and caregivers, improved both clinical and fiscal outcomes.

The design has been tested and the good result has been obtained.

5. REFERENCES [1] Hendrich AL, Fay J, Sorrells AK. Cardiac comprehensive critical care: the impact of acuity adaptable patient rooms on current patient flow bottlenecks and future care delivery. American Journal of Critical Care. 2003 Accepted for publication.

[2] Dyer, J., Gregersen, H., &Christensen, C. The innovator’s DNA: Mastering the five skills of disruptive innovators.Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business Review Press. 2011.

[3] Hendrich A, Lee N. The Cost of Inter-Unit Hospital Patient Transfers. 2003b Manuscript in progress.

[4] American Hospital Association.

Fast facts on U.S. hospitals. 2014. Retrieved from http://www.aha.org/research/rc/stat-studies/fast-facts.shtml [5] PricewaterhouseCoopers. Washington, D.C: American Hospital Association and Federation of American Hospitals; 2003. Cost of Caring: Key Drivers of Growth in Spending on Hospital Care.

[6] Theophan the Recluse, prelate. Our relations to temples: From Words to Tambov and Vladimir flocks, 1859–1862, 1867 and 1869. - M.: Ancestral home, 2011, p.33.

[7] The Minister of Health of the Russian Federation, T. A. Golikov: not allowing a priest to a patient is illegal and immoral. // URL: http://www.pravoslavie.ru/48234.html (access date: 08/03/2017).

[8] Kantaryuk E.A. Hospital temples in the Orthodox culture of modern Russia (semiotic and artistic meanings) // Society: philosophy, history, culture. 2016, 5, 45–47.

[9] Brown E., Guide to the creation of modern websites, 2017, 363 p.

[10] SVG decoration options Electronic data - Access http://css.yoksel.ru/svg-decoration/, free. - Title from the screen. - Language Russian, 2018.

Dr. Kantaryuk Ekaterina Anatolyevna is an Assistant Professor at Lipetsk State Technical University, Lipetsk, Russia. Kantaryuk Ekaterina Anatolyevna is a Cand. Sc.( Philosophy).

Kantaryuk Mark Vasilyevich is a junior student at Lipetsk State Technical University, Lipetsk, Russia.

Trademarks Disclaimer: All products names including trademarks™ or registered® trademarks mentioned in this article are the property of their respective owners, using for identification purposes only. Use of them does not imply any endorsement or affiliation.

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©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.

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A SERVICE-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE IMPLEMENTATION MODEL WITH COMPARATIVE STUDIES APPROACH: CASE STUDY OF BRANCHES OF QARZ-AL-HASANAH MEHR IRAN AND RESALAT BANKS Mohammad Ali Darvishzadeh a , Sanjar Salajeghe a* , Masoud Pourkiani a, Saeed Sayadi a , Vahid Amirzadeh a a Department

of Governmental Management, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, IRAN

ARTICLEINFO

Article history: Received 24 September 2018 Received in revised form 01 February 2019 Accepted 22 February 2019 Available online 22 February 2019

Keywords: Service-oriented architecture, Adoption area of SOA, maturation level of SOA, Authority levels of SOA, Structural Health Monitoring of management layer in applying SOA, Middleware application.

ABSTRACT

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is an appropriate approach for improving agility and increasing system efficiency. With respect to the wide scope of the organizational architecture projects’ effects, it is advisable for the organization to be aware of its capability to accept this new approach before executing and carrying out the relevant huge expenses. The correct understanding of organizational readiness is crucial for the proper orientation of efforts and the formulation of appropriate strategies. The main objective of this research was to provide a SOA implementation model with comparative studies approach (A case study: Branches of Qarz-al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran and Resalat Banks). The pattern aimed to introduce the factors by which one could evaluate the readiness of an organization to implement a SOA. In the current research, the predictor variable included the factors relating to the SOA implementation and its components, and the criterion variable was the implementation of the SOA and its components. These factors, all, included the SOA acceptance scope, the servicing architectural maturity levels, SOA governance levels, Structural Health Assessment (SHM), management layers in the application of SOA and the use of middleware. Statistical population of this study was eventually consisted of 194 employees of Iran's Qarz-al-Hasanah Mehr Bank and 536 employees of Qarz-al-Hasanah Resalat Bank. In order to design the pattern, the components and attributes of the factors relating to the implementation of the SOA were extracted through setting up the questionnaire. The results were analyzed using SPSS®23, and AMOS®24 software. The findings of the research indicated that considering the related factors, the presentation of the SOA implementation model was desirable in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran and Resalat Bank. © 2019 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH.

*Corresponding author (S. Salajeghe). E-mail: Salajeghe_187@yahoo.com. ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/261.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.26

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1. INTRODUCTION

There is a positive relationship between the degree of readiness of the organization and the successful implementation of the desired system; on the other hand, there is also a positive relationship between the successful implementation of the desired system and the acquisition of business values. Thus, organizations not having enough readiness to use the desired systems would not be capable of realizing the real benefits of them and the implementation costs and expenses would be a surplus. Therefore, the rate of return of the capitals of such systems would be really low (Anjainy & Zeki, 2011:3). One of the reasons for the organizations failure is that they do not have sufficient readiness to implement the desired system; therefore, organizational readiness is a prerequisite for the successful implementation of the desired system, because the lack of accurate information on the level of the organization readiness may cause wrong decisions. Organizational readiness is sometimes described as a risk analysis tool and readiness assessment for such technologies would reduce the risk of failure (Anjainy & Zeki, 2011:4). Generally, organization's readiness assessment should answer two questions: what is the current ability of the company or organization in this particular area, and what changes should be made before the start of the relevant plans (Soysa & Nanayakkara, 2006:29).

Having authority over service-oriented architecture (SOA) is a process that ensures the realization of the interests of all stakeholders in information technology and business by planning, funding, and implementing a SOA initiative. It is also a kind of strategic investment in which the institution and its functions in projects are supported in the best possible form (Software AG, 2005). Through examining the levels of governance in the SOA, analysis and assessment of the levels of maturity of this authority and the scope of acceptance of this style of organizational architecture is necessary. Due to the fundamental role of middleware in implementing SOA and the role of structural health assessment of management layers existing in the employment of SOA, a model with the mentioned fundamentals modes and dimensions has been developed that requires a quantitative and qualitative analysis in order to optimize the implementation of this type of construction and organizational architecture. Regarding the indexes and dimensions identified in the application and presentation of the productive model of the implementation of SOA, the analysis of IT-based services organizations seems to be one of the most important pillars in the applied modes of these models (Simonis, 2011).

Banks as the institutions that make the most use of IT resources are not excluded from this rule. The new generation of banking systems, generally known as the full form of core banking, has, benefited from tangible advances in technology as well as business over time, and has built the main axis of its service based on SOA in recent years. The full form of core banking products have changed their new versions with a SOA and featured targeted markets with the service-centric slogans. To this end, in the present research, the dimensions of the implementation of the SOA were identified in order to achieve a model in implementing this kind of organizational structure by combining these indexes productively. According to the assessments, the five main indexes of implementing the structure of SOA include the

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acceptance scope of SOA, the maturity level of SOA, the authority levels of SOA, Structural Health Monitoring of management layers in applying SOA and middleware application.

Therefore, with respect to this research’s objectives, this research had tried to answer the questions: The first main question: What are the features of the implementation model of SOA in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat Banks?

The second main question: What is the validity of presenting a model of SOA implementation with the approach of comparative studies (a case study of the Qarz alHasaneh Mehr Iran Bank and Qarz al- Hasaneh Resalat Bank)?

Other sub-questions include: Is there a relationship between the factors relating to the implementation of SOA in Qarz al- Hasaneh Mehr Iran and Qarz al- Hasaneh Resalat Banks?

Is there a difference between the factors relating to the implementation of SOA in Qarz alHasaneh Mehr Iran and Qarz al- Hasaneh Resalat Banks?

Is there a difference between the implementation of SOA in Qarz al- Hasaneh Mehr Iran Bank and Qarz al- Hasaneh Resalat Bank?

Is there a difference between the relationship of the factors relating to the implementation of SOA in Qarz al- Hasaneh Mehr Iran Bank and Qarz al- Hasaneh Resalat Bank?

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Nowadays, the main priorities of organizations to be competitive include increasing the operational efficiency and enhancing the income and production (Setrag, 2006). SOA is a kind of architecture that relies more on the service as the main design. In fact, the key feature of the SOA is combining the business with IT. Hence the processes should be seen from the service-oriented point and they should be supported in the level of management profession (Abdolmenan, 2011). In general, SOA reduces the organizational complexity and improves communication between business and information and also communication technology.

These services will be able to change, grow and development at the lowest possible cost with minimal cost. Of course, it should be noted that in this area, the quality of service is also important and the more the quality of a service is, the more the quality of the business increases (Alwadian et al, 2015; Texeria et al, 2015).

Service- oriented architecture specifically focuses on ruling and authority of services (Yashar, 2008) and provides a fundamental framework for achieving a functional and nonfunctional Interactivity (Yashar, 2009). Authority is a key factor for the success of organization’s SOA projects. In the absence of authority, organization cannot fully understand the value of SOA (Mittal, 2006). If the authority of the SOA is successful, the organization can create qualified and secure services, which would increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization (Hassanzadeh & Namdaran, 2010:515, 2011:719).

According to Marks, a comprehensive maturity model of SOA has some dimensions like the adoption of SOA and general maturity model of SOA. Adoption model is very useful *Corresponding author (S. Salajeghe). E-mail: Salajeghe_187@yahoo.com. ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/261.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.26

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for the assessment of organizationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s success in the field of understanding and accepting SOA, determining organizationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strategic goals and plans, where does the organization stand these days and where is it going to go and when is it going. General model of SOA maturation provides a picture of SOA maturation of organizations based on main needs and requirements of SOA and shows weakness and main gaps which should be considered by organization (Marks, 2008).

If the organization does not know where it stands now, a map could not help it and if the organization does not know its target, it may chose every coming path. Maturation levels usually provide a guideline map for the organization to predict the performance in a domain or set of domains. Regardless of the current levels of maturity, the organization cannot understand and reach the maturity of the service architecture's authority. The first step for authority levels of maturity is assessing the current situation of the organization in various domains of authority. This assessment helps the organizations to identify the main areas on which they need to focus and better prioritize those that need to be improved (Dehghani & Emadi, 2014:264).

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of management layers is used to apply SOA in order for analyzing the modals and identifying the damages. There are 8 basic features that are important for SHM including resource optimization, dynamic network mappings, network processing, service quality, heterogeneity, fault tolerance, real world awareness and time overview. SHM automatically recognizes the damage in structure. SOA also provides the flexibility of adding new services at the time of performance. The new services also are added in order to deal with different WSN applications. The SHM application is used to detect and report errors in the transmission and processing of data and also identify reading defective sensors (Yourajsani, et. al., 2017).

3. HYPOTHESES DEVELOPMENT

The middleware also offers similar capabilities for integrating and reusing software components on demands. However, it does not easily support online or on-demand integration. This has been generally targeted as an internal solution instead of having access to desired service. Middleware methods have been used to facilitate the design of services, development and integration of them. The middleware helps to distribute and abstract heterogeneity of infrastructure computing environment and existing services. In addition, it supports non-usable features such as performance, scalability, reliability, availability, usability and ability to manage productivity and security. A number of middleware platforms have been developed to support value-added systems in a variety of areas such as organizational systems, cluster computing, wireless sensor networks, mobile contingency networks and robotics. Mechanisms and methods are often required to reuse the existing methods and software protocols for adding required values. This appropriate approach easily exists in the concept of service-oriented computing (Shabani Sijani & Soleimani Nisiani, 2016:5).

According to the view of the experts` and researchâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s` results, it is expected that the banks

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will be informed of their capability to accept this new approach by examining the factors related to SOA implementation in branches of Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran Bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat bank through which we can assess the readiness of banks under the study. By providing a pattern of SOA implementation, banks plan to guide their efforts and formulate appropriate strategies. According to the above-mentioned principles, the following hypotheses have been considered and tested to achieve the main and secondary goals of the research: H1: Presenting a SOA implementation in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat bank.

H1a: There is a significant relationship between implementation in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat bank.

H1a1: There is a significant relationship between adoption of SOA and implementation of SOA in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat bank.

H1a2: There is a significant relationship between maturity level of SOA and implementation of SOA in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat bank.

H1a3: There is a significant relationship between authority level and implementation of SOA in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat bank.

H1a4: There is a significant relationship between structural health monitoring of management layers in applying SOA and implementation of SOA in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat bank.

H1a5: There is a significant relationship between middleware application and implementation of SOA in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat bank.

H2: The validity of presenting SOA implementation with comparative studies approach (case study Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat bank) is confirmed.

H2b: There is significant relationship between factors relating to the implementation of SOA and implementation of SOA in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat bank.

H2b1: There is significant difference between the adoption of SOA and implementation of SOA in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat bank.

H2b2: There is significant difference between the maturity level of SOA and implementation of SOA in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat bank.

H2b3: There is significant difference between the authority levels and implementations of SOA in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat bank.

H2b4: There is significant difference between structural health monitoring of management layers in applying SOA and implementation of SOA in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat bank.

H2b5: There is significant difference between middleware applications and *Corresponding author (S. Salajeghe). E-mail: Salajeghe_187@yahoo.com. Š2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/261.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.26

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implementation of SOA in Qarz al-H in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank and Qarz alHasaneh Resalat bank.

The obtained factors in optimal implementation of SOA and 5 identified factors are indicated in Figure 1.

The factors relating to the service architecture implementation

Implementing SOA

Adoption of SOA Maturity level of SOA Authority level of SOA Structural health monitoring of management layer in SOA application

Figure 1: Conceptual model and hypotheses.

4. METHODOLOGY This is an applied research regarding its objectives and a descriptive correlation one regarding its data collection procedure in which the relationship between variables were analyzed based on the research’s goal. To determine the reliability of a preliminary study of the sample population, reliability of the questionnaire of factors related to the service oriented architecture implementation and SOA implementation (Table 1) was calculated using Cronbach's alpha and given that the Cronbach's alpha values were higher than (0.7), the internal reliability of all dimensions was confirmed. The value of this statistics showed that the questionnaire enjoyed high reliability.

Table 1. Reliability of research’s dimensions questionnaire Dimension Adoption area of SOA Maturity level of SOA Authority level Structural health monitoring of management layers in applying SOA Firmware application The factors related to SOA implementation SOA implementation

0.807 0.925 0.865 0.881

The number of question of each dimension 8 38 15 16

0.800

4

0.961

81

0.933

50

Cronbach’s alpha

The number (3.00) which showed the moderate level studies has been used to reject or confirm the indexes and if considered index’s score was higher than theoretical value (3.00), the proposed index would remain in the model. The results showed that among 128 proposed indexes for the factors relating to SPA implementation, 81 indexes were confirmed by experts and 47 ones were eliminated and all the 50 proposed indexes were confirmed by expert in order to implement SOA. The statistical population of this research included experts and banking experts and professors in the field of service oriented architecture system, IT management and customer relationship management. The sampling method used in this study was a random-stratified sampling method proportional to the size of society. Considering that structural equation approach and confirmatory factor analysis were used, the sample size was considered to be between 5 and 10 times of the number of questionnaire questions (Westlan, 2010:480).

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Considering the probability that some of the completed questionnaires may not be usable, a total of 750 questionnaires were distributed in the desired range. Finally, 730 questionnaires including 194 employees of the Gharz al- Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank and 536 employees of the Bank of Gharz al- Hasaneh Resalat bank were considered as the basis of the analyses of the statistical data. The majority of respondents aged 31 to 35 years with bachelor degree and all were male. In this research, descriptive statistics techniques and inferential statistics were used for obtained data analysis and binomial test was used to reject or confirm the hypotheses. Data was analyzed using software SPSS version 23 and AMOS version 24. The significance level of the present study was considered to be 0.05.

5. FINDINGS 5.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIABLES` DIMENSIONS FACTORS RELATING TO SOA IMPLEMENTATION

The factors relating to SOA implementation variable has been consisted of 81 questions of five options. The descriptive information of the factors relating to the SOA implementation variable included average, standard deviation, minimum and maximum separated to Gharz al- Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank and Gharz al- Hasaneh Resalat Bank which were presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of the variables` dimensions of the factors related to SOA implementation among respondents.

Dimension

Organization

Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran Bank Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat Bank Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran Bank Maturity level of SOA Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat Bank Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran Bank Authority level Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat Bank Structural health Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran Bank monitoring of management layers in Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat Bank applying SOA Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran Bank Firmware application Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat Bank Adoption area of SOA

485 4.76 4.75 4.71 4.75 4.73 4.74

Standard deviation 0.22 0.30 0.22 025 0.23 0.28 0.27

The least 3.75 2.88 4.00 3.89 3.93 3.87 3.69

The most 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00

536

4.74

0.27

3.69

5.00

194 536

4.72 4.72

0.33 0.35

3.50 3.50

5.00 5.00

Number

Average

194 536 194 536 194 536 194

Scoring scale of Bazargan et al. (1999:3) which has been presented in Table 3 was used for better interpretation of the mean. According to empirical averages and based on the scale of Bazargan et al. (1999:3)., it could be concluded that the dimensions of adoption areas of SOA, the maturity level of SOA, authority levels, the structural health monitoring of the management layer in the application of SOA and the middleware application in the bank of Gharz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank and Gharz al Hasaneh Resalat bank were at a very high level.

Very strong

Strong

4.51-4.99

4.00-4.50

Table 3: Scoring scale (Bazargan et al., 1999). good

Higher than satisfactory

Satisfactory

marginal

unsatisfactory

3.61-3.99

3.00-3.60

2.50-2.99

2.49-2.00

Less than 2.00

*Corresponding author (S. Salajeghe). E-mail: Salajeghe_187@yahoo.com. Š2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/261.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.26

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5.2 DESCRIPTION OF SOA IMPLEMENTATION VARIABLE

This variable consisted of 50 questions of 5-options. The descriptive information which included average, standard deviation, the least and the most separating to Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran Bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat Bank have been presented in Table 4. Scoring scale of Abbas Bazargan et al which has been presented in Table5 was used for better interpretation of the mean (Bazargan et al, 1999:13). According to empirical means (4.76 and 4.73) and based on Bazargan et al. (1999) scale, it could be concluded that SOA implementation variable in the bank of Gharz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank and Gharz al Hasaneh Resalat bank was at a very strong level.

Table 4: Descriptive statistic of SOA implementation variable among respondents Organization

Number

Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran Bank Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat Bank

194 536

Averag e 4.76 4.73

Standard deviation

The least

The most

0.20 0.23

4.02 3.88

5.00 5.00

5.3 TESTING THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The main question: What are the characteristics of the SOA implementation model in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran Bank and Qarz a-Hasaneh Resalat Bank?

The software output showed the appropriateness of research’s proposed model so that Root Mean Squares Estimated Error was equal to 0.042, The Normalized Chi-Square Value was equal to 2.618 and Goodness Fit Index was equal to 0.916. Other fit indexes of research’s proposed model have been presented in Table 5.

The results of Table 6 showed the positive significant effect of the factors relating to SOA implementation on SOA implementation (0.984) in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran Bank and it indicated the positive significant effect of the factors relating to SOA implementation on SOA implementation (0.912) in Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat Bank.

Table 5. Fitness indexes of the proposed model of study

Index Root Mean Squares Estimated Error Normalized chi-square(CMIN/DF) Goodness fit index Adjusted goodness Comparative fit index Normalized fit index Tucker-Lewis index Incremental fit index

Acceptable limit Equal or less than 0.08 Equal or less than 3 Equal or higher than 0.9 Equal or higher than 0.

Equal or higher than 0.9 Equal or higher than 0.9 Equal or higher than 0.9 Equal or higher than 0.9

Reported value 0.042 2.618 0.916 0.888 0.914 0.908 0.915

Table 6: The path coefficient and its significance and evaluation of the research’s hypothesis in the main path’s analysis model Organization

Hypothesis

Path coefficient

T value

Kind of relation

Qarz al-Hasaneh Factors relating to→ architecture 0.984 7.289** incremental Mehr Iran Bank Implementation Qarz al-Hasaneh Factors relating to→ architecture 0.912 10.801** incremental Resalat Bank Implementation **The value higher than 1096 is significant at 0.05 level, *the value higher than 1.64 is significant at 0.1 level

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Figure 2. Structural Equation Results for Investigating the Proposed Model of Research (Qarz-al-Hasanah Mehr Iran Bank) The second main question: How much is the validity of presenting SOA implementation model with comparative studies approach (A case study: Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran Bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat Bank)? The conceptual model and the results of testing the hypotheses of the present research were presented to the experts who participated in the design of the model in order to investigate and determine the effectiveness of the research’s proposed model and they were asked to whether the proposed model has been effective or not according to conceptual model and the results of the of research’s hypotheses test. The results showed that 27 (90%) of experts had confirmed the effectiveness of model (Table 7).

Table 7: Assessing the validity of research’s model Experts’ view Model verification Model rejection Total

Frequency 27 3 30

Frequency percentage 90.0 10.0 100.0

The first sub-question: Is there a relationship between the factors relating to SOA implementation in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran Bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat Bank?

The Pearson correlation coefficient has been used to evaluate the relationship between the variables (quantitative and normal data). The results of correlation test showed that there was a significant relationship between the dimensions including adoption areas of SOA, maturity level of SOA, authority levels, Structural health monitoring of management layers in applying SOA and middleware application and SOA implementation in Qarz alHasaneh Mehr Iran Bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat Bank (p-value<0.05). *Corresponding author (S. Salajeghe). E-mail: Salajeghe_187@yahoo.com. ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/261.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.26

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Figure 3: Structural Equation Results for Investigating the Proposed Model of Research (Qarz-al-Hasanah Resalat Bank) Table 8: Evaluation of the relationship between the dimensions of the factors relating to SOA implementation and SOA implementation organization Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran Bank

organization Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat Bank

variable 1 2 3 1-SOA implementation 1 2-Adoption area of SOA 0.522** 1 3-Maturity level of SOA 0.795** 0.497 1 4-Authority levels 0.687** 0.510 0.675 5-Structural health monitoring of 0.792** 0.453 0.735 management layers in applying SOA 6- Firmware application 0.581 0.287 0.445 variable 1 2 3 1-SOA implementation 1 2-Adoption area of SOA 0.616** 1 3-Maturity level of SOA 0.802** 0.658 1 4-Authority levels 0.684** 0.544 0.746 5-Structural health monitoring of 0.627** 0.505 0.650 management layers in applying SOA 6- Firmware application 0.547** 0.388 0.536 ** = Significant at level of 0.01, *= significant at level of 0.05

4

5

1 0.663

1

0.456 4

0.551 5

1 0.600

1

0.375

0.605

6

1 6

1

Due to the positive correlation coefficients calculated, these relations were of direct (incremental) types. In other words, by increasing each of the dimensions of the factors related to the SOA implementation, SOA implementation variable also increased. According to correlation coefficients calculated, it could be said that the relationship between maturity level of SOA and SOA implementation was strong in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran Bank and the relationship between maturity level of SOA and SOA implementation was strong in Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat Bank, see Table 8.

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The second sub-question: Is there a difference between the factors relating to SOA implementation in Qarz al-Hasaneh bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat bank? Two independent sample t-tests have been used to evaluate this hypothesis. This test was used to compare the average of two independent groups and in the present study; two independent groups included the employees of Qarz al-Hasaneh bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat bank.

This test’s defaults consisted of scores distribution normality and homogeneity of variance.

The first default of this test was that the variables follow the normal distribution. The second default was the establishment of homogeneity between variance of groups under study. The results of Table10 showed that the scores’ variance of the factors relating to SOA implementation in two groups including Qarz al-Hasaneh bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat bank were not compatible (p-value). Therefore, the second default has not been considered, however, the use of t-test was appropriate and t statistic has been replaced. The results of Table 9 showed that there was no significant difference between the factors related to SOA implementation in two groups including Qarz al-Hasaneh bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat bank (p-value>0.05).

Table 9: The results of testing research’s question

Homogeneity of variance test Levene test p-value statistic 7.929 0.005

Equality of average test

T statistic

degree of freedom

p-value

1.867

385.851

385.851

The third sub-question: Is there a difference between SOA implementation in Qarz alHasaneh Mehr Iran Bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat Bank? Two independent samples ttest was used in order to test this hypothesis. The first presumption of this test was that the variables follow the normal distribution. This assumption was considered for the SOA implementation variable. The second default was the establishment of variance’s homogeneity of groups under study. The results of Table 11 showed that the variance of scores of two groups including Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank and Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat bank were compatible (p-value>0.05). Therefore, the second default has been also considered. The results of Table 10 showed that there was no significant difference between the SOA implementation variable in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank and Qarz alHasaneh Resalat bank (p-value>0.05).

Table 10. The results of testing research’s question

Homogeneity of variance test Levene test p-value statistic 4.617 0.032 Variable

Equality of average test

T statistic

degree of freedom

p-value

1.925

387.663

0.055

Table 11: The results of testing research’s question

The factors related to SOA implementation

organization Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat Bank

SOA implementation 0.865 0.827

F statistic

p-value

1.21

0.113

The forth sub-question: Is there difference between the factors relating to SOA implementation and SOA implementation in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran bank and Qarz al*Corresponding author (S. Salajeghe). E-mail: Salajeghe_187@yahoo.com. ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/261.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.26

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Hasaneh Resalat Bank? Fisher's test was used to test this hypothesis. The results of Table11 showed that there was not a significant difference between the severity of the relationship between the factors related to the implementation of service oriented architecture with the implementation of SOA in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran Bank and Qarz al- Hasaneh Resalat Bank.

6. CONCLUSION

The presentation of SOA implementation along with comparative approach (case study: Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran and Resalat Banks) has been studied in this research. According the main hypothesis, the results showed that the proposed model was appropriate and there was a positive significant relationship between the factors relating to the implementing SOA and SOA implementation in Qarz al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran Bank and there was also a positive significant relationship between the factors relating to the implementation of SOA and SOA in Qarz al-Hasaneh Resalat bank. This means that the level of success of SOA implementation in organization was directly due to the awareness of organization about it.

The low cost and time required to evaluate a SOA program, due to well-defined criteria and the precise definition of each activity required in each of the essential components of SOA, could be considered as another advantage of this approach. Logically, the creation of information sharing and sharing experiences and service-oriented knowledge with other business units and IT would lead to improved decision-making in the area of serviceorientation. Some items including training, attracting the participation of specialists in the field of service, strengthening communication skills in the project team and the participation teams of different units were suggested in order to promote the understanding, training and empowerment of all members of the organization regarding the service-orientation value.

7. REFERENCES

Ahmed, H. Anjariny, A. & Zeki, M. (2011). Development of Model for assessing organizations’ Readiness toward Successful Business Intelligence Systems. Research and Innovation in Information Systems (ICRIIS. International Conference on, Page(s) 1-6.

Ayed A., Erwin F., Axel K. & Michael R. (2015). Empirical insights into the development of a service-oriented enterprise architecture. Data & Knowledge Engineering.

Bazargan A., Mosavi S., Malek F., Malek M., Babayi M., Qahreman Fard, F. & Haj Aqajani, S. (1998). Internal assessment, a process for improving the medical education quality: the case: internal training group of Semnan’s University of Medical Sciences, quarterly journal of Semnan’s medical science university, 1(2), 11-18 C, Gu & X, Zhang. (2010). An SOA based Enterprise Application Integration Approach. in Third International Symposium on Electronic Commerce and Security, 324-327.

Dehqani M. & Emadi S. (2015). Presenting a framework based on SOA for authority maturity model COBIT, 20th annual national computer society of Iran, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 269-263.

F. Yashar. (2009). SOA Governance: How Best To Embrace it, Part 3: Governance Maturity, Tooling, Vitality and Success Patterns. May. Hassanzadeh. A. & Namdarian. L. (2010). Developing a framework for service oriented Architecture Governance Maturity (SOAGM), in Telecommunications (IST), 5th International Symposium, 513520.

Hassanzadeh. A. & Namdarian. L. (2011). Developing a Framework For evaluating service oriented architecture Governance (SOAG), Know. Based systems, 24(5), 716-730.

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K. Mittal. (2006). SOA Governance for developer and Architecture: find out how it affects and your job Today find out how it affects you and your job today. IBM Corporation.

Mahshitah Abdul Manan. (2011). Enterprise Soa Implementation Readiness: A Case Study in Malaysia. Acis Proceedings, Paper 64.

Marcelo T., Richardson R., Cesar O., Ricardo M. (2015). A quality-driven approach for resources planning in Service-Oriented Architectures. Expert Systems with Applications.

Marks, E. A. (2008). Service-Oriented Architecture Governance for the Services Driven Enterprise, John Wiley & Sons Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey.

Norjansalika J. & Mohd Shanudin, Z. (2009). B2B E-commerce Readiness Assessment Indicators based on the Critical Success Factors. International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics – IEEE. Setrag Khoshafian. (2006). Service Oriented Enterprsies, Auerbach Publications, ISBN 0-8493-5360-2.

Shabani Sijani H. & Soleimani Neisani B. (2016). A review on SOA based on service-oriented firmware and web services, the first international conference of new perspectives in Electrical engineering and computer science.

Shanaka de Soysa and Julian Nanayakkara. (2006). Readiness for ERP Implementation in an Organization Development of an Assessment Model. IEEE, page27-32.

Simonis, J. Echterhof. (2011). Ogc sensor planning service implementation standard, OpenGIS Standard OGC 09-000, Open Geospatial Consortium, March.

Software, A. G. (2005). SOA Governance Rule Your SOA. BP Trends.

Westlan, C. (2010). Lower Bounds on Sample Size in Structural Equation Modeling. Electron. Commerce Res. Appl. 9 (6), 476–487.

Y. Sahni, J. Cao, X. Liu. (2017). MidSHM: A Middleware for WSN-based SHM Application using Service – Oriented Architecture Future Generation Computer Systems.

Yashar .F. (2008). SOA governance – how best to embrace it? Part 3: Governance Maturity, tooling, vitality and success patterns. http:www.ibm.com/developerworks/web services/library/ WsSOAGovernancepart3/index.html Mohammad Ali Darvishzadeh is a PhD student of Department of Governmental Management, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, IRAN.

Dr. Sanjar Salajegheh is an Associate Professor, Department of Management, Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch, Kerman, Iran. His main interest includes Succession Planning System, government management, compensation system, and related topics.

Dr. Masoud Pourkiani is assocated with Department of Governmental Management, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.

Dr. Saeed Sayadi is assocated with Department of Governmental Management, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.

Dr. Vahid Amirzadeh is assocated with Department of Governmental Management, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran.

Trademarks Disclaimer: All products names including trademarks™ or registered® trademarks mentioned in this article are the property of their respective owners, using for identification purposes only. Use of them does not imply any endorsement or affiliation. *Corresponding author (S. Salajeghe). E-mail: Salajeghe_187@yahoo.com. ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/261.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.26

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SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ISSUES OF MOUNTAIN AREA RURAL TERRITORIES IN DEPRESSIVE REPUBLICS OF NORTHERN CAUCASUS Saida K. Shardan a*, Luiza A. Yandarbayeva b, Fatima E. Karaeva c, Anzor V. Misakov d , Valery S. Misakov e a

North Caucasian State Academy, Cherkessk, RUSSIA Department of State and Municipal Management, FSBEI HE Chechen State University, RUSSIA c Department of Economics, FSBEI HE Kabardino-Balkarian State Agrarian University named after V.М.

Kokov, RUSSIA d FSBU Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, RUSSIA e Nature Management Laboratory, Tembotov Institute of Ecology of Mountain Territories of Russian Academy of Sciences, RUSSIA b

ARTICLEINFO

ABSTRACT

The genesis and the establishment of social infrastructure essence show that the conditions of market economy development in Russian Federation require its content rethinking, the basis of which is the gradual transformation of social infrastructure purpose understanding - from the creation of the necessary conditions for population proper functioning to ensure the reproduction of man and society. This approach allows us to Keywords: understand the essence of the social infrastructure more deeply and Economic world crisis; realize clearly that the purpose of its operation is a favorable living Market economy; Depressed republics; Life environment creation, focused on rural population life and activity reasoning, and its intellectual, spiritual and physical development quality; Rural social provision. infrastructure; Infra© 2019 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH. systematicity.

Article history: Received 10 December 2018 Received in revised form 18 February 2018 Accepted 22 February 2019 Available online 22 February 2019

1. INTRODUCTION

The problems of mountain resource formation and development in rural areas are extremely important socially and economically without the creation of conditions for the implementation of the full-fledged livelihood for the rural population, it will be very difficult to develop both individual rural territories and the country as a whole.

The study of social infrastructure essence makes it possible to say that even before the appearance of this term there were many different works devoted to the problems of i ts formation. The following phenomenon is inherent in social infrastructure - it is not directly included in material production, but the second (production) cannot be developed without the first one. With the development of the reproductive complex of material production *Corresponding author (K.E.Anatolyevna) E-mail: shardansaida@mail.ru ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/275.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.27

275

branches, the objective need to increase the number of serving infrastructure units became more important.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

In many works, the concept of “social infrastructure” is identified with “a non productive sphere” quite often, which is unacceptable. Indeed, the category “non-production sphere” implies the complex of industries and activities and does not participate in the sphere of material production directly.

It is also important that the criterion of the service sector effectiveness is the quality of the provided service, whereas the criterion of social infrastructure development effectiveness is the population life quality increase.

The fundamental approach of “social infrastructure” category essence understanding is the structural approach consisting of material and sectoral. From the very name , it is immediately clear what is meant by it [5].

It seems to us that such an interpretation of the social infrastructure (closing on material and sectoral approaches) narrows its significance. Apparently, for this reason, reproductive and activity approaches have been developed [2, 12, 15].

The representatives of the reproductive approach assumed to understand the studied category as "the set of structural elements that form the conditions to meet a wide range of needs for the purpose of human and social reproduction" [2].

The supporters of the activity approach suggest that social infrastructure means “the system of special functions implemented by the relevant sectors (objects) as the real conditions of the rural population social detail” [5]. As can be seen from this definition, the end result of social infrastructure activity is the provision of social services, through which they develop a certain system of life activity forms [ 2,8,13].

It should also be noted that over a long period of time the definition “rural social infrastructure” was identified with the social infrastructure of agriculture.” Partially, this can be explained by the dominance of agricultural production in the rural economy and the peculiarities of infrastructure sectoral financing.

Actually, the rural social infrastructure is formed on the basis of the territorial and sectoral principle organic state. At the same time, it is aimed not at a specialized industry consumer, but at a territorial one. In other words - it is focused on the population of rural areas. And this is natural because the rural social infrastructure is firmly connected with the rural territory.

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The object of research is the problems and organizational, environmental and economic aspects of the rural social infrastructure formation and development in the mountainous areas of the North Caucasus depressed republics.

In the process of research, the team of authors used both ge neral scientific and private

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Saida K. Shardan, Luiza A. Yandarbayeva, Fatima E. Karaeva, Anzor V. Misakov, Valery S. Misakov

methods of socio-economic research: dialectical, abstract-logical, monographic, economicstatistical, structural, functional, and comparison.

4. RESEARCH RESULTS

The social infrastructure of rural areas is still characterized by t he remnants of planning and administrative system - an inadequate development level, the preservation of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;residualâ&#x20AC;? principle of financing, etc., which certainly requires an active market reform of the institutional system by budgetary institution opti mization and state management mechanism via the transition to target-oriented approach and budgeting according to the final results [10,14,18].

The change of rural development branch model to the territorial one in the mountainous territories of the North Caucasus republics should, first of all, form effective mechanisms and instruments for the sustainable development of rural territory social infrastructure corresponding to a market economy. The survey for various countries as shown in Figure 1 demonstrates the country development in economic issues.

Figure 1: Trust in the national economy In accordance with a systematic methodological approach, the development of rural infrastructure can be viewed as an end result of management activities focused on socially significant goal provision, the vector, and effectiveness of which depend on the availability of appropriate resources [3,11,17]. Indeed, it can be argued that this process depends on the established territorial conditions (the economic situation of rural economic entities, the financial capacity of local budget, the investment attractiveness of territories, its human potential, and much more), as well as on environmental factors.

It should be noted that this also forms the quality of rural population life, sets the pace for sustainable socio-ecological and economic development of rural areas. Moreover, the systematic nature of the social rural infrastructure creates opportunities for its timely development of both direct (linear) and synergistic ( systemic) effects.

The comprehensive application of the above mentioned methodological approaches convincingly suggests that the modernization of rural social infrastructure should be subject to the principles of infra-systematicity. This means that all elements of the rural social infrastructure (structural approach) must work and develop in conjunction to ensure the high efficiency concerning the activities of territorial service complexes for peasants (systemic approach) and correspond to the advanced level of social development (evolutionary *Corresponding author (K.E.Anatolyevna) E-mail: shardansaida@mail.ru Š2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/275.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.27

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approach). Thus, social infrastructure is aimed at human need implementation and population life quality serves as its effectiveness criterion.

We took a typical region of the North Caucasus - the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (CBR) to analyze the development of social infrastructure on the rural areas of mountainous territories and to study the current conditions of its functioning. To do this, we had to consider the current conditions in which the village social i nfrastructure functions and develops, to identify the resources available in rural areas and to assess the potential ability of the territories to fulfill their functional duties.

In the course of the rural area current situation in the mountainous regions of the republic, we found that a great deal depends on the level of agricultural sector development.

The territories of the CBR are able to provide up to 20% of the gross regional product from agricultural production (animal husbandry), hunting and personal farming (judging by the available resources), however, the analysis of agricultural production and the growth rates of the industry development over the last 10 years allows to highlight the following - there is the production decline, which is not conditioned by the global economic crisis.

During the transition to market relations, almost all agricultural enterprises were destroyed. 4-6 landowners appeared in each village, usually from former and current officials. For various years in the case study is presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Inflation comparison for costumer and producer.

In the mountainous areas, local entrepreneurs are not able to introduce new technologies, buy imported seeds, which multiply the yield of crops, livestock productivity, et c. for a simple reason - the lack of sufficient funds. Commercial banks, as a rule, refuse to lend the residents of mountainous areas, explaining this by the absence of the liquid base from borrowers, as well as by the extremely high level of agricultural production risks in the rural areas of mountainous regions.

It should be noted also that some unused land areas of mountainous territories have been abandoned, many farms have been destroyed. At the same time, it is difficult to understand and agree that, on the one hand, credit resources become more expensive, and, on the other hand, there is the reduction of financial support in mountain areas.

The existing farms of mountain areas have a purely nominal profit, especially in animal husbandry. Partially, this can be explained by the increasing disparity of prices for

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agricultural and industrial products, as well as by an unacceptably small share of agricultural producers in the final product retail price.

This situation adversely affects the development of social infrastructure in rural mountainous areas. Obviously, modern realities demand to revive agricultural production and to diversify the rural economy in order to revive the food processing industry, construction, and to develop new industries - tourism, hunting tourism, eco-tourism, tourism, and recreational services.

In addition to the economic aspects, the state of social and labor sphere aff ects the development of rural areas quite actively. There is an increased outflow of area residents in the mountainous areas - 8.2 p.p.

Moreover, there are no objective reasons to talk about the possibility of this situation change, because the demographic development of the Caucasian village rural areas is characterized by depopulation - mostly elderly people remained in the highland settlements.

Besides, an extremely low total reproduction rate can be observed everywhere against the background of high mortality of men under 60 years, due to intractable problems of social nature (difficult living and work conditions, drunkenness, etc.). In rural mountainous areas, the actual unemployment is higher than the official one and reaches 80% (the registered unemployment makes 12%). The wage levels and the income of rural residents tend to reduce.

It is difficult to speak of the financial base reality in the municipal regions of mountainous areas within these conditions, and this is a key source of rural area development. A separate burden is also the excessive centralization of tax authority at the federal level, which makes revenue base insufficient, and also causes the complete financial dependence of municipalities, especially mountainous areas, on the trans fers from higherlevel budgets.

The data of the RF Ministry of Finance confirm that a rather significant part of local budget revenues was formed through inter-budgetary transfers and subventions. At that, their share makes about 50% in urban settlements, while in rural settlements it makes more than 75%. This situation does not allow local municipalities to plan their budget policy even for a short-term period.

During the analysis of local budget implementation in the context of rural area municipalities, we found that the share of rural settlements makes 6.6% in the income structure of RF local budgets, which is 2.5 p.p. more than in the mountain regions. The consequence of this situation is that the local budgets of CBR mountain region rural areas are executed with some deficit almost annually.

The analysis of internal resources and the potential capacity of CBR territorial system showed that there is a certain increase of agro-industrial production and agricultural enterprise efficiency in the regional economy, and the process of depopulation and the growth of employment are reduced in the social and labor spheres. However, with all this, *Corresponding author (K.E.Anatolyevna) E-mail: shardansaida@mail.ru Š2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/275.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.27

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the living standard of villagers is still unacceptably low in mountainous areas, which, first of all, is associated with insufficient incomes and unsatisfied provision of rural residents with socio-economic services. The neutralization of the aggravating socio-ecological and economic problems in the village is constrained by the lack of a financial and economic base of rural territory budgets, and the main volume of their resources depends on state support significantly.

During the study they found that in terms of rural area social arrangement in the mountainous regions of the country they have the worst indicators as compared with the flat rural areas (the provision of children with school and preschool educational institutions, the number of cultural and residential facility objects per 1000 of men, the provision of roads with hard surface, etc.).

One can also note that rural areas are much worse provided with social infrastructure objects, including outlets - 26%, consumer services - 47%, hospital beds - 2.1 times, the proportion of the total area equipped with water supply is less by 12.4 %.

The structural transformations of the regional economic system became an impossible burden, also when they transferred all the objects of social and cultural purposes into the ownership of municipal equipment.

Local municipalities are not able (materially) to support their work at the app ropriate level. Thus, the elimination of socially significant objects continues in mountainous villages.

There is the gap increase between lowland settlements and the villages of mountainous territories concerning the level of social infrastructure development and the provision of villagers with socially necessary services.

In mountainous areas, there is a chronic absolute insufficiency and the inconstancy of basic and additional funding for the development of rural social infrastructure, and this is almost an insoluble problem for local authorities. Besides, it is burdened by the frequent change of municipal institution owners. All of this provokes the shortage of socially necessary facilities in the villages of mountainous areas, a high degree of instituti on material and technical base wear and tear, poor staffing and poor quality of provided services.

Additional difficulties during the provision of social and cultural services in rural areas are incomparably higher costs in comparison with the flat terrain for the construction of new social facilities and the operation of existing ones, the repair of roads, as well as the features of working and living conditions in the highlands.

In the rural settlements of CBR mountainous areas, the territories are not de veloped by authorities or by business. This problem is left to the villagers, and they are forced to solve it themselves, not hoping for anyone. The mountain villages have no central heating, sewage , and hot water supply. There are also big problems that have not been solved for decades because of the budget scarcity, like the supply with plain cold water. Mountain villages are provided with kindergartens by 60-70%. A paradoxical situation is also observed here - on the one hand, there is an acute shortage of institutions for children in rural settlements, on the other, there is a large redundancy of places in working kindergartens. This is mainly due

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to the low incomes of the rural population - young parents are unemployed, as a rule, and unable to pay for their children in kindergarten.

The situation with school places in mountain villages is more or less normal. Although this provision occurs for a banal reason - there is a big migration, the birth rate is falling. If thirty years ago 3-4 groups of first-graders were recruited in a rural school during fall, it is now hard to get half a group. There was not a single first grader in the village of Verkhniy Lesken during 2018. It should also be noted that the regulatory per capita financing introduced in schools, involving the transfer of funds from the local budget depending on the actual number of students, makes a destructive effect on the maintenance of small -scale rural schools with all the consequences up to their closure. It is difficult to call it the “ policy of optimization” for the network of educational institutions in mountain villages.

There are similar problems in the public health of rural mountainous regions - the “optimization policy” also dominates there, according to which, in particular, all the firstaid and obstetric centers (FAOC), small local hospitals have been completely eliminated over the past 5 years. In these conditions, there is no possibility even to speculate about the provision of high-tech types of medical care to the population of mountainous areas (at least in the district center). All this leads to the fact that it is cheaper to be ill than to be treated for a villager in mountainous areas. Apparently, this is one of the key reasons for the high mortality of men under 60 years.

The abovementioned allows us to state that despite certain positive developments in Kabardino-Balkaria, conditioned by the implementation of a set of targeted federal and regional programs and social projects, the fundamental change of rural settlement s ocial infrastructure improvement is practically not observed in rural areas.

5. CONCLUSION The study of social infrastructure functioning and development in the rural areas of the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus depressed republics was carried out on the materials of a typical Kabardino-Balkarian region. A number of significant trends was identified, mostly negative ones, which requires the rethinking of social infrastructure model development and its improvement, aimed at internal source of its modernization increase and including the goal, the objectives, the principles and developme nt concept, as well as specifying the subjects, the consolidation of which will allow to solve the accumulated problems existing for decades.

The etymological analysis of the definition “the social infrastructure of rural settlements in mountainous territories” allowed to consider its significance, composition, the principles of territorial organization and its functions. They substantiated that the social rural infrastructure affects the quality of villagers’ life in two ways: directly - by creating population living conditions and activities, and indirectly - by creating the basis for the development of socio-ecological-economic processes in rural areas. *Corresponding author (K.E.Anatolyevna) E-mail: shardansaida@mail.ru ©2019 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies. Volume 10 No.2 ISSN2228-9860 eISSN1906-9642 http://TUENGR.COM/V10/275.pdf DOI: 10.14456/ITJEMAST.2019.27

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6. CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors confirm that the presented data do not contain a conflict of interest .

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Dr. Saida K. Shardan is associated with North Caucasian State Academy, Cherkessk, Russia.

Dr.Luiza A. Yandarbayeva is an Associate Professor at Department of State and Municipal Management, FSBEI HE Chechen State University, Russia. Luiza A. Yandarbayeva is a candidate in Economics.

Dr.Fatima E. Karaeva is an Associate Professor at Economics Department, FSBEI HE Kabardino-Balkarian State Agrarian University named after V.М. Kokov. Dr.Fatima E. Karaeva earned a Doctor of Economics degree.

Dr.Anzor V. Misakov is a researcher of the Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Dr.Anzor V. Misakov obtained a Ph.D. in Economics.

Professor Dr.Valery S. Misakov is Professor of the Nature Management Laboratory at the Tembotov Institute of Ecology of Mountain Territories of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Professor Dr.Valery S. Misakov got a Doctor of Economics degree. Russia.

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