Abstract
The main objective of the search is to find viable alternatives of the construction materials commonlyusedinSyria,whichmainlycontributetothereconstructionof thecountryduring such a tragic situation.
This research has been studied a developed construction material which is the lightweight Polystyrene Cement ( Polystyrene foam concrete) and to clarify its potential structural , advantages , properties and its preferences in terms of cost and speed of construction compared to the other widely used materials.
Introduction:
Scienceandtechnologyarein arapid progress and manychangesoccurata short timeshows the importance of such research in this very time.
Whereas ongoing hard and tough times Syria is facing a hard time , most of theinfrastructure have devastated in addition to the destruction of more than 40% of the constructions, and the urgent need for reconstruction and construction by a minimum cost and time of completion and utilization of the available raw materials in the country, so we have to find all the ways and possible means to find an alternative to all that is not currently available.
The construction materials are reaching 55 65% of the construction cost and sometimes are coming up to 70%, therefore it has an important aspect should be adopted in the selection of constructive methods in terms of:
1. Abundant of the construction material locally.
2. Economical Construction Materials in terms of initial, transportation installation and maintenance costs after construction.
3. Performance efficiency of the construction materials in terms of:
• Constructional strength and durability.
3
• The good insulation properties (thermal and acoustic) and fire resistance.
• A good proportion between the weight of the material and the weights to be borne upon.
The used of construction materials in Syria had been studied shows the concrete control over 70% of the constructions except the use of stone in the southern region ,and dirt stones in some rural areas.
Due to the difficult reality in which we live as of destroyed infrastructure since the war had demolishedmorethan40%oftheconstructionsandweare,asweseektorebuild thecountry, we must look forward the future, and here we find that the increased demand of construction material (cement) will lead to a shortage of it and thus higher prices and delay of the construction process, therefore we are finding the following:
• The use of alternatives for construction materials such as Polystyrene Cement aims to alleviate of the mentality which is associated with traditional materials and to minimize the impact of the market which depends on these materials, and hence reduce the construction cost.
• The Polystyrene concrete production as a substitute for ordinary concrete (Portlander) is not to compensate for the shortage will happen and by, but versatile material, economic and non polluting of environment, and do not require a lot of energy during manufacturing, light weight, providing cost savings in the transportation, lifting and of a High thermal and sound insulation resistance to fires.
4
Aim of the research:
The main objective of the search is to find viable alternatives to construction materials currently used in Syria , which mainly contribute to the reconstruction, so the recovering of the country will be faster and with lower cost.
In order to respect the human person we must look for alternative construction materials and providing less cost and manpower and reduce the time of achievement and put a solution to environmental issues and preserve human safety.
Research Methodology:
The search had adopted:
1 the Descriptive quantitative and analytical method of the problem.
2 Gather available information, reports, books, research, sources in regarding the research topic.
3 this research had adopted the comparative analysis method to clarify the schematic indicators and the economic analysis of the alternatives of the construction materials
4. Using a schematic method (achieve the goals matrix) to choose the best construction material
The theoretical axis:
1 to benefit from the experiences of others:
5
A
overview of the construction boom that followed the wars
wars rolled all over the world hit cities in which led to a massive destruction and significant loss, and wars continue to the current era, as a result a term appeared called “reconstruction
to rebuild the ruined cities and revived again and this process was always influenced by several factors and data such as social, physical the surrounding environment and the geography of the region terms.
Perhaps the most important experience for the advancement of civilization after wars and crises is the German experience after World War II:
* Germany in World War II:
World War II ended with the victory of the Allied forces and resulted to wide range of wreckage, the most important obstacles that faced Germany in the reconstruction:
More Than seven million victims.
shortage and turning the age pyramid upside down to a pyramid with a huge base and a very meager central.
Division of the country as resulted of the war to East and West Germany.
collapsed economy
6
historical
”
Fig no 1. The destruction under wars on the write Germany after the World war 2 , on the left Kosovo after the war with Serbia
Labor
Completely
KosovoGermany
Massive destruction of infrastructure and the German metadata
The German in both countries could overcome war in 40 years in which Known as the economic miracle.
And that was achieved through:
*Both countries relied on external financing, mainly to reconstruct the debris which resulted out of the war.
*The intensive involvement of civilians in the reconstruction process and without charge.
*West Germanygot the necessaryfunding (billion dollars) through the Marshall Plan,which owned more than 75% of gold reserves in the world.
Urban planning for reconstruction in West Germany
Taking a Western character and was purely interested in the job on the shape taking into account of technical progress in the imported constructions made the shape looks like a modern American architecture.
Chicago modernity invaded schools, function and construction.
Urban Planning in East Germany
Adopted in the reconstruction process on all ages groups within its basis partisan volunteer organizations focused on youth activism.
It has got the necessary funding for the reconstruction from the Soviet Union, and its urban planning were based on the socialist foundations whereas pre fabricated buildings had spread widely with green spaces in between the buildings.
7
1-The origin of the material
The history of cement
The history of cement goes back to the roman era and being developed by other civilizations whereas they had used the gypsum and the cement was close to mortar cement than the current cement during the past time, cement as known is a mixer of gypsum, mod and buzzolana, in which the current cement became well known as it is now in the 19 century.
In the year 1817, the scientist Louis Vicant had discovered the moisture mystery in the gypsum which was called the Hydrated Gypsum.
•
In 1840 discovered the theory of limited lime, this theory was based on the production of a type of lime cannot be hydrated by water which earns a greater hardness of the material at cohesion.
In the year 1876 the scientist James Parker had discovered on SHAIBY island of Great Britain the easy cement (Natural Cement with fast fusion) and he called it the Roman cement.
In 1924 the British scientist Joseph Aspalin consigned a patent for the manufacture of the hydrated lime and called it Portland cement in relative to the Portland Upper Peninsula on the shores of the Munch Sea that separates France and Britain.
The first cement plant invented by Dupont et demarlé in the year 1846 in Boulogne Sur-Mer area, and the cement industry had developed after the emergence of new materials such as (kinetic rotating kiln), clinker granules crusher, and thus cement industry and its equipment had developed and still ongoing.
In 1870,to produceone tonof clinker (themain componentof cement)takes 40 hours, but now it is only 3 minutes.
The cement had improved and developed a lot and had a numerous types such as foam cement, light cement and fast solidification ... etc.
8 CEMENT
9
3- What is the Polystyrene foam concrete?
It is a Kind of concrete which consists of light weight elements and consists of three main components, Polystyrene, foam and cement and it features lightweight, light intensity and good thermal insulation properties and resistance to fire and frost.
4- The benefits of Polystyrene foam concrete:
1 has a low cost in most cases.
2- Possesses good operative run, which allows a different treatments of the surface.
3- Can reduce the weight with a wide range of densities and resistors.
4 Can achieve an additional saving due to a less of the dead weight of the building.
5 Weight reduction leads to easy transportation and reduces cost.
6 Economy as well as in transportation and in manpower effort.
7-It benefits ofenergypreservation duetogood thermal insulation properties and thus reducing cost air conditioning.
8- Acoustic characteristics as this type of concrete cause sound absorption and thus reducing the noise.
9 Polystyrene concrete has high fire resistant
10
Fig 3 the Polystyrene foam concrete Block
Granulated Polystyrene cement:
Cement Polystyrene granules are mixed with water and cement by special ratio on site rates and pumped through the pumping machine and used in:
Figure 7 the method of making the concrete
1 - in acoustic insulation.
2 in the foundations, roads and walkways in parks and sidewalks.
3 - Tiling the playgrounds and tennis courts.
4 Filling in cutouts between terrestrial bridges.
5 - In the facilities to resist blast.
6 - Protect the slopes.
7 In all installations of the reinforced and none enforced buildings.
14
The Physical features of The Polystyrene foam concrete :
1. SavingEnergy: Thesebuildingmaterialscanbeusedtoconstructenergy-efficient buildings
2. Lightweight.
3. Easy finishing and construction
4. The loadbearing Capacity : Durability Lightweight polyester cement relatively competes regular concrete 192 Kg/ Cm2
5. Environmental Features : Contains recyclable materials
6. Lightweight polyester cement contains no harmful substances
7. Fast Construction : Within two weeks the house is ready for housing due to its light weight, fast hardening and easy finishing works.
Laboratory Numbers :
1. Light Weight : 300 kg/M3
2. Loadbearing capacity : 192 Kg/cm2
3. Thermal insulation: R- 6.3/inch
4. Water absorption: 6 20 %
5. Sound insulation : 10 cm Panel gives > 48 DCP
6. Fire resistance:the material doesn’t burnonlyglows , 10 cmpanel can resist1000 degree direct fire for 60 minutes
7. Thermal connectivity: 0.066 w/ m.k for 300kg/m3 = 0.056 Kcal
15
in
Water
be in site
High Power
easy to
insulation
good
Environment No pollution low power demand
able substances
Thermal connectivity
/M. Ka
insulation Moderate
pollution low power demand no Recycle able substances
power demand need for soil that is good for farming
16 Table ( 1 ) projecting the comparison between three different material technologies used for building in Syria number Details Polystyrene foam Concrete Concrete Brick 1 Raw
Cement Foam Polystyrene Water adhesives Cement
Gravel Sand Soil
2 Production
It can be in site or pre casted / no need for coverage It can
or pre casted / it needs coverage 3 Weight 300 kg / M3 2400 Kg/M3 1400 KG/M3 4 Absorption 6 20 % 75 % 65 % 5 Finishing Easy
( it can be cut with a blade ) Hard to fix or cut Medium /
break 6 Sound
Very
Bad
7
Recycle
No
High
8
W
0.066 for 300 Kg/M3 0.4 9 Vibration after casting It doesn’t need It needs It needs 10 Thermal insulation X X/12 X/7
between available Materials
Syria
Production
The production line
cost of
production capacity
euros.
a factory area
m2 manufacturing halls
m2 warehouses
m 2 offices
offices
35000 m 2
By three imports for 260 working days by 150 workers,
factory produces 140,000 square meters of buildings annually
It produces 195,000 m3 of polyester cement.
6,500 tons of metal profiles for load bearing structures
It consumes 0.008 MWh
150 m3 of water per day.
energy (to produce steam, gas or electricity)
gallons per day.
17
Lines:
contains: (manufacturing halls warehouses
infrastructure) at a
7500000
The
of
of
6300
22000
600
The
And
Water:
Thermal
50
number Material Quantity Price ($) 1 Polystyrene 15 kg 22.5 2 Cement 270 kg 22.95 3 Water 130 L 0.52 4 Adhesives 4 L 3.55 5 Productivity 150 M3/ day 0.28 6 Electricity Mega What / Hour 0.008 0.39 7 Heating Mega What / Hour 15 1.93 Table (2) shows the prices of making 1 M3 of Polystyrene foam Concrete
Goal Achievement Complex
18 General goals & Main Factors Detailed Objectives Building Materials Importance of the main goal Sequence of detailed objective Importance of detailed objective Importance Matrix Notes Poly foam concrete ( A ) Brick ( B ) Concrete ( C ) Polyfoam concrete (A) Brick ( B ) Concrete ( C ) Economical Goals 1 1 Reducing Building Cost 3 1 2 4 1 1 1.5 4.5 1.5 3.0 1 2 Reducing dead loads 3 1 2 1-2 0.75 2.25 0.75 1.5 1 3 Reducing construction time 3 1 1 1 3 0.75 2.25 0.75 0.75 1 4 Reducing transportation cost 3 1 2 1 4 0.5 1.5 0.5 1 1 5 power save 3 0 2 1 5 0.25 0.75 0 0.5 1 6 reducing adhesive s 3 1 2 1 6 0.25 0.75 0.25 0.5
19 Environmental Goals 2 1 reducing city pollution 3 0 2 2 2 1 0.75 2.25 0 1.5 2 2 saving soil for planting 3 0 2 2 2 0.75 2.25 0 1.5 2 3 reducing harm to environment 3 0 2 2 3 0.5 1.5 0 1.5 Social Goals 3 1 Housing for people low cost 3 1 2 3 3 1 1.5 4.5 1.5 3 3 2 saving cost of skilled workers 3 1 2 3 2 0.75 2.25 1.5 1.5 3 3 reducing housing problems 3 1 2 3 3 0.75 2.25 0.75 1.5 Design & Construction Goals 4 1 thermal insulation 3 1 2 1 4-1 0.5 1.5 0.5 1 4 2 water absorb 3 1 2 4 2 0.5 1.5 0.5 1
Table (3) shows the goal achievement complex that is (invented by Blaise Pascal)based on the importance of specific factors to compare the preferable building material based on the goals and factors that we set before comparison
From the numbers above we can see that the Polystyrene foam Concrete is the best among those materials
Study Results:
1. Providing similar examples in post war reconstruction
2. Providing practical alternatives to the building materials used in Syria
3. Definition of lightweight polyester concrete and its characteristics and appliances
4. Making comparisons between the different building materials prevailing in our country and the polyester concrete
5. Adopting the schematic principle by clarifying its preference over other materials
6. Studying the production lines of this article and clarify the ease of work and low costs
7. Highlighting the future situation by example
Conclusion:
In the end, this article is one of the possible alternatives, but it is certainly not the only solution. The main aim of the research is to open eyes to new alternatives in building materials that can be used for reconstruction.
20 Sum of the Units 30 7.75 19.75
:
1. COMPARATIVE STUDY TO EMPLOY LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE ALTERNATIVE FROM TRADITIONAL BRICKS IN BUILDING PARTITIONS / Faysal Kazem Abdulhasan Intisar Qadori Jumaa / Baghdad institute of Technology 10/11/2010
2. Ízzet Yüksek : The Evaluation of Building Materials in Terms of Energy Efficiency : Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering /2014
3. Ministry of Industry in Syria : Cement Industry in Syria : T D I 1024 : June 2013
4. Some companies products / http://www.wywblock.com/eng/
5. http://loglen.hu/hu/
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YkLw3p9ra6E
7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4qrXJUeDdk
21 References
