inclinede30degreAtModeratelydifficulttoConstruct.anglecolumnhasoptimumangleforairflow.[4] [3]ncolumalVertic
1.INTRODUCTION For generating electricity, we were using non renewable resources such as: coal, fossil fuel, petroleum, natural gas, etc.Butbecauseofthatnon renewableresourcesdepleted, and it also create tremendous amount of pollution in the environment. To overcome this situation renewable energywereused,Suchas:solar,wind,biogas,geothermal, nuclear, hydro, ocean energy. There is limitation of using solar and wind energy such as: solar energy works only when there is sunlight and in case of wind energy can be used only at mountainous region and when there is a heavywind.About71%ofearthiscoveredbyoceanitcan be a great source of energy. So, we can use ocean energy (waveenergy)inIndiaandallaroundtheworldbecauseit is available all the time and also it is under development andunfavourable.Infutureithasveryvastpotential. In next section, various research papers had studied and brief literature review about column and turbine is presented. Later, design and 3D model OCW was developed and successfully implemented in making of prototype.
2.1Column
Abstract - Renewable sources have become an important part for generating electricity and to reduce carbon emission. Tidal energy of oceans, being one of the largest renewable sources, can be used to generate electricity. In this work power generation using Oscillating Water Column (OWC) is proposed. The OWC is a kind of Wave Energy Converter which uses Air flow produce by Ocean waves. Work of various related research papers are shown for better understanding of the OWC. The design for prototype by using one of 3 D modelling application is developed. The formulation of wave energy generation is proposed. The prototype model of OWC is fabricated as per design. The experiments are conducted on model. Waves are generated manually, and the power generated with turbine are measured. Key Words: Wave energy, Oscillating water column, Turbine,Inclinedchamber.
Kshitij Walekar1, Soham Singh2, Shrikrushna Patil3, Niteshkumar Shukla4, and Dr. A S Bhongade5 1 4Student, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering, Navi Mumbai, India 5Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering, Navi Mumbai, India ***
2. LITERATURE REVIEW As seen from column literature review, we cannot use tensionleg platformandsparbuoyOWCbecausethey are offshore column, and we are doing project on onshore oscillating water column so because of that leg platform andspar buoycolumnareelixatedonthespotandcannot be used.So,the options availablearevertical andinclined column. In inclined column due to inclination section air efficiencyismoreascomparedtoverticalcolumn.Andfor more air flow through column, they are specifically made inclined.so because of having more advantages and more efficiency in air flow we see going to use inclined column.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 12 | Dec 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page457 OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN: DESIGN AND PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT
The various turbines used by investigators/researchers areshownintableTable2.1. review Cost encMaintena ioApplicatn encmaintenaModerate Used columnonshoreas airLowerflow Chea p encmaintenaLower Used columnonshoreas dteConstrucEasily
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Remarks [1,2]eInclindcolumn airHigherflow mncolucalvertitoparestLowcocomd
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 12 | Dec 2021 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page458 [4]rplatfoonTensilegm floweModeratair Costly encmaintenaHigher Used columnoffshoreas tconstructoDifficult Table2.2Turbinereview turbineofTypes oDescriptin Cost nEfficiecy tiApplicaon Remark ][5,6,7,8turbineWell ,modellinglNumericaDesign,Fabrication pChea Lower Used columnwaternoscillatiforg energy.specificLowviproductiHighnce,LowticonstrucEasyon,maintenaEasytodesign.ty. 12]turbineeImpuls[9,10,11, ,modellinglNumericaDesign,Fabrication yCostl 45%eturbinHigherthanwellby Used columnwaternoscillatiforg energy.specificviproductiLowamaintenHighticonstrucDifficulton,nce,ty.High [13,14]turbinesSavoniu ,modellinglNumericaDesign,Fabrication nturbilimputoaredcomppCheasee aModerte Used columnwaternoscillatiforg
The schematic of model is shown in fig.2, is a 3D model developedfromAutodeskfusion360beforeconstructinga prototype.
As from the above literature review, we can see that well turbineis frequentlyusedinthe oscillatingwater column, buttheefficiencyofthewellturbineislessascomparedto radial impulse turbine and Savonius turbine. Radial impulse turbine hashighest efficiencycompared toall the turbines mentioned in the table, but its production cost is high, it is difficult to construct, maintenance is high, etc. Andbidirectionalturbineis morescalablecomparedtoall the above turbine mentioned in above literature review, but its efficiency is less because it is bidirectional turbine and not unidirectional turbine. Its efficiency is high comparedtowellturbineandbidirectionalturbineandits efficiencyislessascomparedtoradialimpulseturbine,but itsproductioncostandmaintenancecostislesscompared to radial impulse turbine and it is also easy to construct. So, it is better to choose Savonius turbine for proposed work. Thus, from above review, Savonius turbine with Inclined column seemstobemoresuitableforourwork.
Figureprocess.1:Oscillatingwatercolumn.
3. DESIGN OF OSCILLATING WATER COLUMN
An oscillating water column (OWC) is a wave energy converting technology that can be installed onshore as well as offshore as shown in fig. 1. The device consists of large wave chamber, lip, wing wall, platform for turbine andairchamber.Whenwavesapproach,waveenterunder the partially submerged lip that traps air in an air chamber, forcing the air upwards through the air turbine. This air pressure forces the turbine to spin, which producestorquethusrotationalenergyisgeneratedwhich thenrotatesshaftofgeneratormotorandgeneratormotor converts rotational energy into electrical energy which is then reservedinto batteryordirectlysuppliedforvarious applications. As the waves is retreating, air enters back into the air chamber from the other side of the turbine, thusrepeatingthe
ModeratviproductiMediumamainteneModeratticonstruceModeraton.nce.ty.especificenergy.
To make our prototype, we first develop the tank of dimension 36x12x18 inches by taking glass as our base material. Then to make our column we used two acrylic sheets of size 19x12 inch and 12x12 inch which were attachat30degreeand60degreeatbottomandtheupper section of the tank. To mount out turbine we made a hole of 2.5 inch diameter on the acrylic sheet of 8x12 inch and whichwasthengluedtogetherwiththeuppercolumn.We created our waves manually. The turbine was connected with generator motor which is further connected to the multimeter. So the mechanical energy of turbine is converted in electrical energy by the help of generator motor. The multimeter is used to measure current and voltage. The overall developed prototype is shown in Figure4.
4. FORMULATION
(1) Where istheamplitude,istheangularfrequency is the wavenumber, iswaveperiodand is the wavelength.Where isthewaveheight, is the waterdepth, isthecrestheight, is the trough heightand isthewavelength. Ocean wave energy ( ) is the amount of energy that is transmitted in a horizontal wavefront, perpendicular to thedirectionofwave. (2) Wavetopneumaticenergy ForanalysingtheproposedOWCmodelforenergybalance equationisapplied.Byenergybalanceequation Where: The incident wave energy The energy transmitted to the pneumaticchamber. The reflectedwaveenergy Thefrictionalenergylossduetoviscosityand turbulent motion of the waves Turbine torque measurement (3) P=OutputinNm/s(1N•m/s=1W=0.00136metrichp) M=TorqueinNmω=Angularspeedins 1N=Rotational speedinrpm (4) Thus,theequationofTorque,thequantitytobemeasured isgivenby, (5) OutputPower(P)=Voltage*Current (6) Efficiency(Ƞ)=OutputPower/InputPower (7) 5. FABRICATION
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 12 | Dec 2021 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page459 Figure2:3DMODEl
Theregularwavefunctionequationshownineq.1isgiven withtwovariables.
[2] Experimental studies on the flow characteristics in an inclined bend free OWC device Krishnil Ravinesh Rama, Mohammed Rafiuddin Ahmeda, , MohammedAsidZullahb,Young HoLeeb
7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
REFERENCES
[1] Pecher and J.P. Kofoed (eds.), Handbook of Ocean WaveEnergy,OceanEngineering&Oceanography 7,DOI10.1007/978 3 319 39889 1_6
[3] Hydrodynamics of a Free Floating Vertical Axisymmetric Oscillating Water Column Device S. A.Mavrakos,D.N.Konispoliatis
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 12 | Dec 2021 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page460 Figure4.Prototypemodel 6. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Waves are generated manually, and the power generated with turbine are measured. The results so obtained are showninTable3. Table3Results irvateObson eAngl (α) (cm)tAmpliude egVolta(V) (A)entrCur (W)rPowetuOutp (W)erwPotuInp eEfficincy (Ƞ) 4321 303030300000 141488 3.435.6732.5 20.740.450.20.3 2.472.50.750.75 661.91.9 641.1841.5741.6741.6 Therefore, from Equation 1 the Ocean wave energy generatediscalculated. Therefore, Input power by Ocean wave energy is measuredbymultiplyingwithtimewhichis2secforeach Thewave.Voltage and Current aremeasuredbymultimeter. The Output power is calculated from eqn6. As we have used inclined columns, for which inclination angle cannot be Whenchanged.column is inclined at different angles the air stored in chamber might increase or decrease due to which the air required to rotate turbine will change and different outputpowerisavailable. If angle is 30 degrees, the air flow will increase, and turbine will be rotatedat highspeed which maygive high output Therefore,power.from equation 7 Efficiency of prototype is 41.67%.
Ocean energy can be used to produce electricity. The rotationofturbinedependsupontheair,whichistrapped inthechamber,moretheairtrappedthemorewill bethe rotationofturbineandmorewill bethepowergenerated. Totrapmoreairtheinclinationofcolumncanbechangeto certaindegree(i.e.,at30degrees),whichwillincreasethe generation of electricity. Electricity generating column does not need any fuel to produce power. It just uses the energy thatisnotused and islostbythe human. Thislost energy can be helpful in reducing power crisis Then this wave energy can be viewed as a next promising source of generatingpower,especiallyinacountrylikeIndia,where we have a lot of power crisis, and population explosion. Spreading this technology on large scale would be much cheaperandefficientthananyotherrenewablesourcesof energy, and it should be highly recommended. This technology is completely harmless to life of any sort, and the environment, and highly beneficial, especially in our developingnation. Furtherresearchcanbedoneonmaterials,andthedesign, toimprovetheefficiency.Itcangenerateelectricityforthe underdeveloped nearby region (village). It can also be a touristpointandcanalsobeusedforthesourceofincome forthenearbyregions.Itcanalsobeactasfloodbreakerat time of flood. And it can also use in full utilization of energy of the ocean, sea and river which are currently goingasawasteandisnotusedtogeneratedelectricity. The prototype developed can be used to simulate experiments on small scale. It can be used further with wave generator equipment, sensors, altering water column, inclination angle etc. and measure its effect on powergeneration.
[11] Performance studies on an oscillating water column employing a Savonius rotor Sandeep K PATEL1, Krishnil RAM1, M. Rafiuddin AHMED1 & Young HoLEE [12] Oscillating water column wave energy converters andairturbines:AreviewAntonioF.O.Falc ao~*, JoaoC.C.Henriques [13] World Energy Council. Survey of Energy ResourcesExecutiveSummary, (2007)
[4] Design and Analysis of a Tension Leg Platform’s ColumnforArabianSeaLatifU*andNaeemShah A [5] S. Raghunathan, C. P. Tan, and N. A. J. Wells. Theory and performance of a Wells turbine. J. Energy,6:157 160, (1982) [6] Brito Melo, L. M. C. Gato, and A. J. N. A. Sarmento. Analysis of Wells turbine design parameters by numerical simulation of the OWC performance. OceanEng.,29:1463 1477, (2002)
[8] T. SETOGUCHI, S. SANTHAKUMAR, M. TAKAO, K. KANAKO: "A Performance Study of a Radial TurbineforWaveEnergyConversion",J.ofPower andEnergy,Vol216 (2002),PartA,pp.15 22.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 12 | Dec 2021 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page461
[7] Bhattacharyya R, McCormick M E. Wave Energy Conversion. Elsevier Ocean Engineering Book Series, (2003).7 18.
[9] M. TAKAO, Y. FUJIOKA, T. SETOGUCHI: "Effect of Pitch Controlled Guide Vanes on the Performance ofa RadialTurbinefor WaveEnergyConversion", OceanEngineering32 (2005) 2079 2087.
[14] A Thakker, J Jarvis, A Sahedme. “Quasi steady state analytical model benchmark of an impulse turbine for wave energy extraction” International journal of rotary machinery Volume (2008), ArticleID536079,12pages.
[10] Bruno Pereias atall.“An improved radial impulse turbine for OWC”. Renewable Energy 36 (2011) 1477 1484.